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HANDBOUND 
AT  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF 


FOUNDERS  OF 


(Canadian  Annual  ftrmrut 
of  Publir  Affairs 


Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O. 

Colonel  The  Hon.  James  Mason 
Colonel  Sir  Henry  M.  Pellatt,  C.V.O.,  D.C.L.,  A.D.C. 

Senator  George  A.  Cox 

J.  W.  Flavelle,  Esq.  LL.D. 

Cawthra  Mulock,    Esq. 

A.  E.  Ames,  Esq. 
Sir  Edmund  Boyd  Osier,  M.P. 

The  Late  R.  Wilson-Smith 

Sir  Thomas  G.  Shaughnessy,  K.C.V.O. 

A.  J.  Russell  Snow,  Esq.,  K.C. 

D.  R.  Wilkie,  Esq. 

The  Late  J.  R.  Bond 

J.  Castell  Hopkins,  Esq. 


THE 

CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

OF  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 


Y 


Printed  by 

WILLIAM  BRIGGS 

Toronto 


HER  ROYAL  HIGHNESS 
THE   PRINCESS  PATRICIA  OF  CONNAUGHT 


3Y    SPECIAL    PERMISSION 
(FROM    PHOTOGRAPH    BY 
/WALTER    MACKENZIE   AND 
JFENWICK    CUTTEN.    MONTREAL 


THE 

CANADIAN 

ANNUAL   REVIEW 

OF 


1912 


BY 

J.  CASTELL  HOPKINS,  F.S.S. 


TWELFTH    YEAR    OF    ISSUE 


ILLUSTRATED 


TORONTO 

THE    ANNUAL   REVIEW   PUBLISHING   COMPANY 
LIMITED 


MRS.  ROBERT  LAIRD  BORDER. 
Wife  of  the  Prime  Minister  of  Canada. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


I.— THE  NAVAL  QUESTION. 

PAGE 

The  Defence  of  the  Empire 17 

Great  Britain's  Naval  Policy  and  Action 19 

German  Ambitions,  Policy  and  Position 26N 

Views  of  German  and  British  Visitors  in  Canada 31 

Canadian  Press  Opinion  of  the  Issue — Conservative '. 33 

Individual  Conservative  Opinion  of  the  Issue 36 

Press  and  Personal  Opinion  in  the  Liberal  Party 39 

French-Canadian  View  of  the  Defence  Question 42 

The  Non-Party  Movement  and  the  Naval  Question 44 

The  Naval  Question  in  the  First  Session  of  1912 48 

The  Prime  Minister's  Visit  to  Great  Britain 49 

Popular  Reception  of  the  Premier  on  His  Return  to  Canada 61 

Mr.  Borden  makes  His  Announcement  to  Parliament 64 

The  Admiralty  Memorandum  on  the  Naval  Situation 69 

Public  Comments  on  Mr.  Borden's  Speech  and  Policy 72 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  the  Opposition  Policy 74 

A  Brief  Parliamentary  Debate  on  Naval  Affairs 76 

British  and  Imperial  Opinion  of  the  Two  Policies 79 

Official  View  of  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence 82 

Canadian  Opinions  and  Incidents  in  Connection  with  Naval  Defence.  84 

II.— IMPERIAL  RELATIONS. 

H.R.H.  The  Duke  of  Connaught  in  Canada 88 

The  Royal  Tour  of  the  Western  Provinces 99 

Canada  and  British  Affairs  during  1912 107 

Canadian  Relations  with  the  West  Indies 114 

Relations  with  Australia  and  Other  Countries  of  the  Empire 118 

/  Lord  Strathcona's  Work  in  Great  Britain  during  1912 120 

Canada  and  the  Judicial  Committee  Decisions  of  1912 123 

The  Congress  of  Chambers  of  Commerce  of  the  Empire 130 

Empire  Educational  Meetings  in  London 133 

/British  Trade;   Imperial  Preference  and  Tariff  Reform 137 

/The  Royal  Commission  on  Imperial  Trade 140 

Canada  and  the  Irish  Home  Rule  Question 141 

The  Work  of  Empire  Organizations  in  Canada  during  1912 145 

^British  Investments  in  Canada;  Canadian  Credit  in  Great  Britain..  152 

British  Visitors  in  Canada  during  1912 158 

Imperial  Incidents  of  Canadian  Concern 164 

Canadian  Incidents  of  Imperial  Concern 167 

Important  Empire  Books  of  the  Year 168 


8  CONTENTS 

III— DOMINION  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. 

PAGE 

Record  of  the  Borden  Administration  in  1912 169— 

Government  Commissions  and  Official  Inquiries  of  the  Year 199 

Summarized  Record  of  the  Parliamentary  Sessions  of  1912 208 

The  Manitoba  Boundary  Settlement  and  the  School  Question 220 

The  Important  Legislation  Rejected  by  the  Senate 228 

x  The  Hon.  W.  T.  White's  First  Budget 235 

Marriage  Laws  and  the  Ne  Temere  Decree  238 

Dominion    Bye-elections   of    1912 — South    Renfrew,    Macdonald    and 

Hochelaga   245 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Speeches  during  1912 254 

S Tariff  Questions  and  Canadian  Manufacturers 258 » 

Political  Incidents  and  Miscellaneous  Affairs  of  the  Year 264 

Orangeism  and  'Nationalism  during  the  Year 268 

Labour  Organizations  and  Problems  in  1912 272— "=<• 

The  Increased  and  Increasing  Cost  of  Living  278 

Record  and  Condition  of  the  Militia  in  1912 284 

The  Canadian  Club  Movement  during  1912 294 

Women's  Work  and  Organizations;  The  Suffrage  Question 304 

IV.— ONTARIO  PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

The  Whitney  Administration  during  1912 313 

The  1912  Session  of  the  Ontario  Legislature 327 

Government  Policy  in  Northern  Ontario  and  regarding  Provincial 

Highways    338 

Boundary  Extension  and  the  District  of  Patricia 343 

Budget  Speech  of  the  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas 347 

Temperance  Questions  and  Policy;  The  New  Liberal  Leader 349 

Electric  Power  and  the  Commission's  Work 355 

Mr.  Rowell  in  Northern  Ontario;  Liberal  Incidents  of  1912 360 

Educational  Affairs  and  Interests  of  the  Year 363 

BMingual  Schools  and  the  Political  Discussion 367 

Employees'  Compensation  and  the  Farmers  Bank  Affair 374 

Resources  and  Development  of  the  Province  in  1912 377 

New  Ontario;   Cobalt  and  Porcupine  Development 380 

V.— QUEBEC  PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS. 

Record  of  the  Gouin  Administration  during  1912 389 

The  4th  Session  of  the  Quebec  Legislature  in  1912 395 

The  Annexation  of  the  District  of  Ungava  to  Quebec 405  % 

The  Provincial  Elections  of  1912 408  ' 

The  1st  Session  of  the  New  Legislative  Assembly 416 

Mr.  Mackenzie's  Two  Budget  Speeches  of  1912 420 

The  French  Language  Congress  of  1912  at  Quebec 424 N 

Education  in  Quebec;    Temperance  Matters  and  the  License  Com- 
mission      429 

Resources  and  Development  of  Quebec  Province 438 


CONTENTS  9 

VL— THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES. 

PAGE 

The  Flemming  Administration  and  Legislative  Session  in  New  Bruns- 
wick      443 

The  General  Elections  of  1912  in  New  Brunswick 452 

Immigration,  Education  and  Temperance  in  New  Brunswick 460 

Resources  and  Development  of  New  Brunswick 463 

Administration,  Finance  and  Education  in  Nova  Scotia 468 

The  1912  Session  of  -the  Nova  Scotian  Legislature 473 

Resources  and  Development  of  Nova   Scotia 479 

Prince  Edward  Island  Elections  and  Administration 482 

Resources  and  Development  of  Prince  Edward  Island 488 

VII.— MANITOBA  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. 

The  Roblin  Administration  and  Politics  in  Manitoba  during  1912...  490 

The  Manitoba  Legislative  Session  of  1912 497 

The  Government  Telephones  and  Elevators  in  Manitoba 506 

The  Extension  of  Manitoba's  Boundaries  and  Area 511 

Education  in  General;  The  University  of  Manitoba 516 

Resources  and  Development  of  Manitoba  in  1912 521 

The  Grain  Growers  Association  of  Manitoba 524 

Separate  Schools  and  Bi-lingual  Problems  in  Manitoba 526 

VIII.— SASKATCHEWAN  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. 

Administration  and  Political  Events  in  Saskatchewan 531 

The  Last  Session  of  the  2nd  Saskatchewan  Legislature 540 

The  Grain  Growers;  The  Elevator  Interests  and  Direct  Legislation.  550 

Mr.  Calder's  Budget ;  Good  Roads  and  Railways 554 

Educational   Affairs;    BMingualism;    Saskatchewan   University 558 

General  Elections-;  Liberal  and  Conservative  Platforms 561 

The  1st  Session  of  the  New  Legislature 570 

The  Resources  and  Development  of  Saskatchewan 575 

IX.— PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  IN  ALBERTA. 

Administration;    Bye-elections    and    Political    Conditions 577 

The  1911-12  Session  of  the  Alberta  Legislature 584 

Alberta  Great  Waterways  Case;  Railway  Development 586 

Educational  Conditions  in  Alberta 589 

Alberta  Resources  and  Development  in  1912 591 

X.— PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  IN  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

Administration  and  Politics  in  the  Pacific  Province 595 

The  Legislative  Assembly ;   Railway  Legislation 603 

Education  and  the  New  Provincial  University 609 

Provincial  General  Elections  of  1912 611 

Resources  and  Development  of  British  Columbia 616 


10  CONTENTS 

XL— INTER-PROVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS. 

PAGE 

Boards  of  Trade  Meetings;  Municipal  Associations  and  Statistics  . .  621 

XIL— TRANSPORTATION    INTERESTS    AND    INCIDENTS. 

General  Railway,  Canal  and  Shipping  Conditions 631 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 634 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railway 637 

Transcontinental  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railways  638 

The  Canadian  Northern  Railway 640 

XIII.— FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS. 

Incidents  of  the  Year 642 

Bank  Branches  Opened  or  Closed  in  1912 647 

The  Chief  Bank  Appointments  of  1912 650 

Chief  Industrial  and  Financial  Appointments 651 

XIV. — Canadian  Development  and  Resources 652 

XV. — Canadian  Literature  and  Journalism 656 

XVI.— Relations  with  Foreign  Countries 665 

XVII. — Miscellaneous  Events  and  Incidents 670 


• 


Canadian  Obituary  in  1912 673 

Canadian   Books  of  the   Year ' 13 

Index  of  Names 680 

Index  of  Events  and   Affairs 694 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

H.R.H.  PRINCESS  PATRICIA  OF  CONNAUGHT Frontispiece 

MRS.  ROBERT  LAIRD  BORDEN,  Wife  of  the  Prime  Minister  of  Canada. . .         6 

MR.  D.  R.  WILKIE,   President,  Imperial  Bank  of  Canada.     Elected 

President  of  the  Canadian  Bankers  Association   16 

THE  RT.  HON.  SIR  GEORGE  HOUSTON  REID,  G.C.M.G.,  High  Commissioner 
in  London  from  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia.  A  Visitor  to 
Canada  in  1912 65 

A  VIEW  OF  OTTAWA  AND  THE  CHATEAU  LAURIER 113 

MRS.  A.  E.  GOODERHAM,  Elected  President  Imperial  Order  Daughters 

of  the  Empire,  1912 145 

MRS.  F.  H.  TORRINGTON,  Re-elected  President  of  the  National  Council 

of  Women  for  Canada,  1912 145 

MB.    JAMES   CARRUTHERS,    Elected    President   of   the   Richelieu    and 

Ontario  Navigation  Co 209 

MR.  B.  HAL.  BROWN,  Appointed  President  of  the  Prudential  Trust 

Company,   Montreal,   1912 209 

THE  HON.  NATHANIEL  CURRY,  Elected  President  of  the  Canadian 
Manufacturers  Association,  1912;  appointed  Senator  of  Canada, 
1912  263 

COLONEL  WM.  CAMPBELL  MACDONALD,  Secretary  of  the  Confederation 
Life  Association;  elected  President  Actuarial  Society  of  America, 
1912  263 

MRS.  J.  S.  DIGNAM,  Re-elected  President  of  the  Woman's  Art  Associa- 
tion of  Canada,  1912 305 

MRS.  ARTHUR  MURPHY,  President  of  the  Woman's  Canadian  Club, 
Edmonton;  President  of  the  Canadian  Woman's  Press  Club, 
Edmonton,  1912  305 

THE  HON.  WM.  HENRY  HOYLE,  M.L.A.,  Elected  Speaker  of  the  Ontario 

Legislature,   1912 389 

THE   HON.    OLIVIER   CYRILLE    FRASER   DELAGE,    LL.D.,    M.L.A.,    Elected 

Speaker  of  the  Quebec  Legislative  Assembly,  1912 389 

THE  HON.  JAMES  ALEXANDER  MURRAY,  M.L.A.,  Appointed  President  of 

the  Executive  Council  of  New  Brunswick,  1912  449 


12  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGE 

MB.  WELLINGTON  B.  WUXOTJGHBT,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  M.L.A.,  Elected  in  1912 

Leader  of  the  Conservative  Opposition  in  Saskatchewan 449 

THE  HON.  JAMES  FRASEK  ELLIS,  M.D.,  M.L.A.,  Elected  Speaker  of  the 

Nova  Scotia  House  of  Assembly  in  1912 473 

MB.  D.  MACGILLIVRAY,  President  Canadian  Club,  Halifax;    Presided 

at  Dedication  of  Memorial  Tower,  Halifax,  1912 473 

MB.  WILLIAM  DAWSON  LE  SUEUB,  B.A.,  Elected  President  of  the  Royal 

Society  of  Canada,  1912 545 

THE  HON.  JOHN  ALEXANDEB  SHEPPABD,  M.L.A.,  Elected  Speaker  of  the 

Saskatchewan  Legislature  in  1912   545 

FBUIT-GBOWING  ON  THE  PACIFIC  COAST;  A  STBAWBEBBY  PATCH  NEAB 

BUBNABT,  BBITISH   COLUMBIA 601 


SWPLEMENT. 

THE  NEW  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMEBCE  BUILDING  AT  WINNIPEG,  1912.  2 
THE  NEW  BUILDING  OF  THE  BANK  OF  MONTBEAL,  WINNIPEG,  1912  ----  29 
MB.  EDSON  L.  PEASE,  Vice-President  and  General  Manager  Royal  Bank 


of  Canada 


THE  NEW  BUILDING  OF  THE  SUN  LIFE  OF  CANADA  —  Construction  Com- 

menced in  1912  ..............................................       57 

PLANT  OF  THE  ABITIBI  PULP   &  PAPEB  Co.,  LTD.,  IN  NEW  ONTABIO  ......       61 

THE  PBOJECTED  PABLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  OF  MANITOBA  AT  WINNIPEG  — 

under  construction  in  1912  ....................................       70 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  1912* 


NOVELS  AND   ROMANCES. 


Name  of  Book.                                   Author. 
Rayton — A  Backwoods  Mission- 
ary   Theodore    G.    Roberts 

Corporal  Cameron    Rev.   C.  W.   Gordon    (Ralph 

Connor)     

The  Toll  of  the  Tides Theodore  G.  Roberts 

The  Consort   Mrs.    Everard    Cotes 

A    Rebellion    F.    Douglas    Reville .  , 


Jean   N.   Mcllwraith. .  . 

Norman   Duncan    

Mrs.  M.  W.  Alloway..  . 

Alice    Jones    

H.   A.   Cody 

Mrs.  Nellie  L.  McClung 
L.   M.    Montgomery. .  . . 

George  Pattullo    

Anna   Preston    

Robert    Barr    

Willa    S.    Gather.  . 


A  Diana  of  Quebec 

The  Best  of  a  Bad  Job 

Crossed   Swords    

Marcus  Holbeach's  Daughter... 

The  Long  Patrol 

The      Black      Creek      Stopping 

House    

The  Chronicles  of  Avonlea 

The   Sheriff  of  Badger 

The  Record  of  a  Silent  Life . . . 
Lady  Eleanor :  Law  Breaker .  . . 
Alexander's  Bridge  

A  Wilderness  Wooing W.  Victor  Cook 

The  Flower  of  the  North J.    O.    Curwood 

The  Red  Lane Holman    Day    

Stories   and   Verses Mary    Stewart    Durie    (Gib- 
son)      

The  One  and  I Elizabeth    Freemantle    

Love  in  Manitoba Canon  E.  A.  W.   Gill 

The  Lady  of  the  Snows Edith  O.    Harrison 

The  Lad  Felix Henry  Miller    (H.   M.  Wod- 

son)     

The  Going  of  the  White  Swan .  .  Sir  Gilbert  Parker 

The  Brentons   Annie   Chaplin   Ray 


Publisher. 
Boston:   L.  C.  Page. 

Toronto:  Westminster  Co. 
.Toronto:   Bell  &  Cockburn. 
.London:    Stanley  Paul. 
.  Brantford :    Privately    Pub- 
lished. 

.Toronto:   Bell  &  Cockburn. 
.Toronto:   Henry  Frowde. 
.Toronto:   Wm.  Briggs. 
.Toronto:   McLeod  &  Allen. 


.Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 

.Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 
.Boston:   L.   C.    Page. 
.New  York:  Appleton. 
.  New  York  :   Heubach. 
.New  York:   Rand,    McNally. 
.  Toronto  :   MoClelland-Good- 
child. 

Toronto: 

Toronto  : 


Bell  &  Cockburn. 
Musson. 


Toronto:  Wm.   Briggs. 


Toronto  : 
Toronto  : 
Toronto  : 
Toronto  : 
child. 


Privately  Published. 
Musson. 
Musson. 
McCleUand-Good- 


A  Man  in  the  Open Roger    Pocock    

Maid  of  the  Whispering  Hills.  .Vingie  E.  Roe 

The   Traitor    F.    Clifford    Smith 

The  Amishman Judge  George  Smith   ( Clyde 

Smith)     

The  Turning  Point Ohas.  Sparrow 

A  Cry  in  the  Wilderness Mary    E.    Waller 

The     Wildcatters:     A     Tale     of 

Cobalt    S.  A.  White. . 


Toronto:  Wm.   Briggs. 
New   York  :   Appleton. 
Toronto  :   McClelland-Good- 

child. 

McLeod  &  Allen. 
Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 
Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 

Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 
Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 
.Toronto:  McClelland  &  Good- 
child. 

.Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 


HISTORY,    POLITICS    AND    BIOGRAPHY. 


Name  of  Book. 

Ottawa      Canadian      Club      Ad- 
dresses   (Edited)    

Toronto     Canadian     Club     Ad 
dresses  .(Edited)    

Morven:    The   Highland   United 
Empire  Loyalist   

Brock:     The    Hero    of     Upper 
Canada    

Le  Marquis  de  Montcalm 

Reminiscences   

Wolfe     

Montcalm     

History      of      the      12th     York 
Rangers     


Author. 


Publisher. 


F.  A.  Acland  .............  Ottawa  :   Mortimer   Press. 

F.  D.  L.   Smith  ...........  Toronto:  Warwick  &  Rutter. 

Robert  Sellar    ............  Huntingdon  :   Gleaner. 

T.  G.  Marquis  ............  Toronto  :   Robert   Glasgow. 

Hon.  Thomas  Chapais  ......  Quebec:  J.  P.  Garneau. 

Sir    Richard   J.    Cartwright  .  Toronto  :  Wm.  Briggs. 
Lieut.-Colonel  Wm.  Wood.  .  .Toronto 
Lieut.-Colonel  Wm.  Wood  ...  Toronto 


Robert   Glasgow. 
Robert   Glasgow. 


Oapt.  A.  T.  Hunter  ........  Toronto  :  Murray  Ptg.  Co. 


*  NOTE. — A   number   of   Books    reviewed    on   pages    671-679    are   not   men- 
tioned in  this  List. 


14  CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  THE  YEAR 

Name  of  Book.  Author.  Publisher. 

Legends   of   Vancouver E.    Pauline   Johnson Vancouver :  Privately  Printed. 

The  Story  of  our  Country J.    Oastell   Hopkins Toronto:  Winston  &  Co. 

The  Kingdom   Papers J.   S.  Ewart,   K.c Ottawa:   Privately    Printed. 

Our  Task   in   Canada R.   G.  McBeth,   if  .A Toronto :  Westminster   Co. 

Canada    and    the    French-Cana- 
dian   T.    H.   Boggs Boggs,   Hanover,   N.H. 

Some     Reminiscences     of     Old 

Victoria    Edgar  Fawcett Toronto :  Wm.   Briggg. 

The    Evolution    of    the    Prairie 

Provinces    W.   S.   Herrington,   B.A Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

Leading  American  Inventors . . .  George    lies    New  York :   Holt. 

The    Book    of    Woodcraft    and 

Indian  Lore   Ernest   Thompson- Seton    . .  .Toronto:   Musson. 

History  of  New  France Marc      Lescarbot      ( Re-pub- Champlain  Society. 

lished)     

Journey  from   Prince  of  Wales 

Fort  on   Hudson  Bay  to  the 

Northern    Ocean,    1769-1772.  (Re-published)    Toronto:  Champlain    Society. 

Through  Trackless  Labrador ...  Hesketh  Pritchard Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

_^  -TaW  of  the  Porcupine  Trails .  .  Milton  Yorke   Toronto :   Musson. 

8th   Report   Ontario   Bureau   of 

Archive*     (Edited) Alex.  Fraser,  LL.D.  Toronto:  King's    Printer. 

Hietoire    des    Seigneurs    de    la 

Rivifcre  du  Sud L'Abbe  A.  C.  Despris St.  Hyacinthe:   La  Tribune. 

Catholic    Centennial    Souvenir, 

1812-1912 Winnipeg:  West  Canada  Co. 

CANADIAN    WORKS    OF    BETEBENCE. 

Name  of  Book.  Author.  Publisher. 

The    Canadian    Annual    Review 

of  Public  Affairs,  1911 J.  Castell  Hopkins Toronto:  Annual  Review  Co. 

Canada    To-Day,    1912 London :   Canada. 

Canadian    Men    and   Women    of 

the  Time Henry   J.    Morgan Toronto :  Wtn.    Briggs. 

Review    of    Historical    Publica- Prof." G.  M.  Wrong I  Toronto-   University 

tions  Relating  to  Canada.  .  .   H.    H.    Langton /  *' 

The         Parliamentary         Guide 

(Edited)    E.  J.  Chambers Ottawa:   Mortimer  Co. 

Heaton's  Annual   (Edited)...    .Ernest  Heaton   Toronto:  Heaton. 

The        Canada       Year       Book 

(Edited)     Archibald    Blue Ottawa:    Dept.   Agriculture. 

The    Canadian    Catholic    Direc- 
tory   Toronto:  Catholic  Pub.  Co. 

The    Annual    Financial    Review 

(Edited)      W.   R.   Houston Toronto:   Houston. 

Houston's  Directory  of  Directors. 

1912    Toronto :   Houston. 

MONOGRAPHS  AND  PAMPHLETS. 
Name  of  Book.  Author.  Publisher. 

Historical    Memoirs    of    Clifton, 

N.B R.  W.  Wetmore Privately  Printed. 

^e      Hamilton      Manufacturer 

(Edited)  C.  R.  McCullough. Hamilton:    Ontario    Engrav- 

ing Co. 

Problems  of   Colonization Ernest  Heaton,   B.A Toronto:  Heaton. 

The  Days  of  Old  and   Days  of 

Oold  Victoria :  King  s  Printer. 

The  Flag  of  Canada!  '.               '. .  Sir  Joseph  Pope,  K.C.M.G.  .  .Ottawa:    Privately    Printed. 
Canada  and  the  Empire C.  A.  Magrath Ottawa:    Privately    Printed. 

Pour   La   Justice )  H"  l^^n,  x.C. '  '. '. '. '. '. '.    Montreal:  L<  Dnolr' 

The     Semi-Centennial     Celebra- 
tion     C.  R.  McCullough Hamilton:    Ontario    Engrav- 
ing Co. 
\>  Why   the   Navy   Act    Should   be 

Repealed    H.  Bonrassa Montreal:  Le  Devoir. 

The   Naval   Question John  Boyd    Montreal:  Privately  Printed. 

Address     to     N.    Y.     Canadian 

Club     Sir  Edmund  Walker,    c.v.O. Toronto:    Privately   Printed. 

Historical    Sketch   of  the   Bank 

of   Montreal    J.    Castell   Hopkins Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  THE  YEAR 


15 


Name  of  Book.  Author.  Publisher. 

-Historical        Sketch,        Ontario 

Department   of    Agriculture .. J.    Castell   Hopkins Toronto:  Wm.   Briggs. 

, Historical    Sketch,    The    British 

America    Assurance    Co J.    Caetell   Hopkins Toronto :  Wm.  Briggs. 

The    Naval   Question Victor  E.  Mitchell,  K.c Montreal:   Privately  Printed. 

, Canada's    Canal    Problem    and 

its    Solution    Toronto :  Privately  Printed. 

Papers :        Niagara       Historical 

Society No.    22    Niagara :  Privately  Printed. 

Papers :        Niagara      Historical 

Society No.   23    Niagara :  Privately  Printed. 

Civil   and  Criminal  Practice   in 

Ontario    Hon.  W.  R.   Riddell .......  New  York :   Privately  Printed. 

The  Courts  of  Ontario Hon.  W.  R.   Riddell New  York:   Privately  Printed. 

Banking  as  a  Public  Service ...  Sir   Edmund  Walker,    C.v.O .  Toronto :    Privately   Printed. 
The     Single    Tax    Humbug    in 

Vancouver F.  C.  Wade,  K.G Vancouver:   The   Province. 

The  Canadian  Method  of  Pre- 
venting Strikes W.  L.  Mackenzie  King New  York:  Railway  Asao- 

Canada:     For    the    Millions    of  ciation. 

Great  Britain T.    W.    Sheffield Bristol:  Arrowsmith. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Name  of  Book.  Author.  Publisher. 

I  Believe  That Alan  Sullivan Toronto :  Tyrrell. 

The     Innocents:     A     Christmas 

Story Rev.   A.   P.    Stratford Montreal :   Lovell. 

From  Tenderfoot  to  Scout A.  C.  Ruddy Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

Treatise  on  Harmony D.  J.  Humphrey  Anger ....  Boston  Music  Co. 

The     Christian     View     of     the 

World    Prof.   G.   J.   Blewett Toronto:  Wm.   Briggs. 

The  Science  of   Spiritual  Life..  Rev.  Marshall  P.  Tailing ...  New  York:  F.  H.  Revell. 

McConnelTs   Vanity   Fair Caricatures  by  Newton  Mc- 

Connell    Toronto :  McConnell. 

A  Colonial  Governor  in  Mary- 
land   Lady  Edgar  » Montreal :  Renouf . 

Index  of  Canadian  Cases  Judi- 
cially Noticed,  1823-1910 
(Edited)  E.  R.  Cameron,  K.C Toronto:  Carswell  Co. 

Canadian     Case     Law     Annual 

Digest    (Edited)     W.  E.  Lear Toronto:   Carswell   Co. 

King's    Law    of    Criminal    Libel 

in    Canada    John   King,    K.C '. . .  .Toronto:   Carswell   Co. 

Mystery  of  Golf T.  Arnold  Haultain London :   Macmillan. 

Just     Before     the     Dawn      (in 

Japan)     R.  C.  Armstrong London :  Macmillan. 

Report  of  Conservation  Com- 
mission in  1912  Montreal:  Lovell. 

The  Way  to  Union A.   S.  Morton Toronto :  Briggs. 

The      History      of      Psychology, 

Ancient  and  Patristic G.    8.   Brett London:  Macmillan. 

The   Preacher   and  the   Modern 

Mind    Prof.  George  Jackson Toronto :  Briggs. 

The  Interpretation  of  Religious 

Experience    Prof.'  John  Watson London:   Macmillan. 

-.Book    of    Woodcraft Ernest   Thompson- Seton    ...Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

The  Forester's   Manual Ernest   Thompson- Seton    ...Toronto:  Musson. 

Wholesale     Prices     in     Canada, 

1912    Report  by  R.  H.  Coats,  T. 8. 8. Ottawa:  Government  Bureau. 

The  Sunday  Law  in  Canada.  .  .G.  S.  Holmstead Toronto:   Poole  &  Co. 

The  Marriage  Law_  of  Canada.  .G.  S.  Holmstead Toronto:  Poole  &  Co. 

Matrimonial      Jurisdiction      in 

Ontario  and  Quebec G.  S.  Holmstead Toronto:   Poole  &  Co. 

POETRY   AND   DRAMA. 

Name  of  Book.                                    Author.  Publisher. 

Irish  Poems    Arthur    Stringer    Toronto :  McClelland  &  Good- 
child. 
Poems     (Memorial    Edition)     of 

George  Murray,  B.A.  (Edited). John   Reade    Montreal:  E.   G.   O'Connor. 

Le  Miroir  des  Jours Albert   Lozeau Montreal :  Le  Devoir. 

Wood   Notes  Wild J.  W.   Robertson Toronto:  Wm.  Briggs. 


16 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  THE  YEAR 


Name  of  Book. 
The     Poems     of     Win.     Henry 

Drummond    

Songs  of  the  Makers  of  Canada. 

Canadian  Canticles    

Le  Paon  d'  Email 

The  Light  of  Genius  and  Other 

Poems    

Fugitives 

Last  Songs  from  Vagaboudia .  .  . 

Life  Thoughts 

'Our  Destiny,  and  Other  Poems. 

Fragments    

Indian    Tales    

Canadian  Heart  Songs 

Lyrics  and  Poems 

Poems  and  Addresses 

Niagara   and   Nature  Worship.. 

Poems  of  F.  H.  B 

Voices  from  the  Range 

The  Songs  of  Frank  Lawson .  .  . 


Author. 


Publisher. 


Complete    Edition     New  York :   Putnams. 

J.    D.    Logan Toronto :  Wm.   Briggs. 

Toronto :   Mussou. 

Paul   Morin Paris:   Lemene. 


Mrs.  R.  T.   Scott Toronto: 

Alex.    Louis   Fraser St.  John 

Bliss  Carman   Toronto : 

child. 

Paul    R.    Ager •.Toronto : 

Ernest    J.    Bowden Toronto : 

Mrs.   M.   L.   Hope Toronto : 

Mrs.   M.   L.   Hope Toronto : 

C.   W.    McCrossan Toronto : 

A.   R.   Michie Toronto : 

Robert  Nairn   Toronto : 

Wm.    Sharpe,    M.D Toronto : 

Toronto : 

Rhoda    Sivell    Toronto : 

Toronto : 


Wm.   Briggs. 
Globe. 
McClelland  &  Good- 

Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 


Books  About  Canada— Not  Written  By  Canadians 


The   Boy's   Parkman L.   S.  Hasbrouck. 

A  Boy  of  the  Dominion F.  S.  Brereton.  .  . 

Self-Government  in  Canada.... F.    Bradshaw    ... 


.  Toronto : 

child. 

.  Toronto : 

.  Toronto : 

child. 


McClelland  &  Good- 

Copp  Clark. 
McClelland  &  Good- 


ierg,   Ph.D.  . 

.  .London: 
.  .  London  : 

P.  S.  King. 
A.   &   C.    Black. 

dams  

.  .  Toronto  : 

McClelland  &  Good- 

Lucas.  .  .  . 

child. 
.  .  London: 

Clarendon    Press. 

.  .Toronto: 

Bell  &   Cockburn. 

Cabot  

.  .  Toronto  : 

Bell  &  Cockburn. 

Y    
:er  

.  .  Toronto  : 
.  .  Toronto  : 

Bell  &   Cockburn. 
Musson. 

.  .  Toronto  : 

Musson. 

London:   Causton  Ss  Sons. 


Toronto : 
London : 


Macmillan. 
Macmillan. 


Bliss     Carman:     A     Study     in 

Canadian  Poetry    H.  D.  C.  Lee Buxton:  Herald   Co. 

Provincial    and    Local   Taxation 

in   Canada    Solomon  Vineberg,   Ph.D .  .  .  .  1 

Making   Good   in   Canada F.   A.    Talbot 

Ten    Thousand    Miles    Through 

Canada    Rev.  Joseph  Adams . 

Lord  Durham's  Report  on  Brit- 
ish North  America    (Edited). Sir  Charles  P.  Lucas 

Hidden  in  Canadian  Wilds. ..  .John  MacKay 

In   Northern   Labrador Wm.   Brookes   Cabot 

From  Halifax   to  Vancouver. .  . B.   Pullen-Bury    

Canadian    Trails    E.  G.  F.  Walker 

The  Province  of  Alberta Leo  Thwaites 

-The     Imperial     Highway     (The 

C.P.R.)    A.  N.  Homer,   r.R.0.8 

How    to    Make    Good    in    West- 
ern  Canada    Fred    A.   Talbot 

Ranching  in  the  Canadian  West. A.   B.   Stock 

Canada's    Story    Told    to    Boys 

and   Girls    H.   E.   Marshall 

Canadian   North-West   as   It   Is 

To-day     J.  M.  Cook 

Sport   in   Vancouver   and   New- 
foundland     Sir  John  Rogers 

With  the  Indians  in  the  Rockies..!.  Willard  Schultz 

A  Home  Help  in  Canada Ella  C.  Sykes 

Reminiscences  of  the  Yukon.  .  .Hon.  S.  Tollemaehe 

n         i     •     n  i  /  Harold  Copping \ 

Canada  in  Colour:   A  Portfolio.  •{  Emily  P    Weaver  / 

British    Columbia:    Its   History, 

People,  Commerce,  Industries  |  H.  J.  Boam   ) 

and  Resources    I  A.  G.  Brown * 

Trails,  Trappers  and  Tenderfeet 

in    Western    Canada Stanley  Washburn 

A  Fisherman's  Summer  in  Can- 
ada     F.  G.   Aflalo.  . 

Among  the  Eskimo  Hunters  of 

Labrador S.  K.  Hutton . 


Boston:  Stokes. 
Los   Angeles:   Cook. 

London  :Dutton. 
Boston:  Houghton. 
London:   Smith,  Elder. 
Toronto :   Bricy* 
London:  Religious    Tract 
Society. 

'  London :  Sells  Ltd. 

.Toronto:  McClelland  &  Good- 
child. 

.Toronto:  McClelland  &  Good- 
child. 

.  Toronto :   Musson. 


MR.   DANIEL  ROBERT  WILKIE. 

President  of  the  Imperial  Bank   of  Canada.     Elected   President  of  the 
Canadian   Bankers'   Association,   1912. 


THE  CANADIAN 

ANNUAL  REVIEW 


I.— THE  NAVAL  QUESTION 

As,  in  1911,  the  great  issue  before  the  Canadian 
me  Defence  people  was  the  problem  of  their  relations  with  the  United 
Empire  States  so,  in  1912,  the  chief  question  was  also  external 

— their  relations  with  the  Empire  and  with  Foreign 
countries  through  and  by  reason  of  that  relationship.  Action  in  other 
parts  of  the  Empire  as  to  Defence  was  varied  in  nature  and  detail; 
opinions  expressed  as  to  constitutional  and  naval  issues  were  many; 
the  actual  conditions  important  in  any  study  of  the  Canadian  situa- 
tion. At  the  1909  Defence  Conference  Australia  had  supported  the 
Admiralty  in  its  suggestion  of  a  Pacific  fleet  composed  of  Australian 
ships  and  those  of  New  Zealand  and  Canada,  which  should  take  charge 
of  the  Pacific  so  far  as  British  interests  were  concerned;  and  had 
since  then  proceeded  with  the  establishment  of  the  Eoyal  Australian 
Navy.  It  had  spent  upon  this  project  in  three  years  (including  the 
estimates  of  $27,500,000  for  1912-13)  the  large  total  of  $65,000,000; 
under  the  plan  propounded  by  Admiral  Sir  Reginald  Henderson  at 
the  request  of,  and  accepted  by,  the  Fisher  Government  this  Australian 
Navy  was  to  have  23  warships  in  commission  by  1918  and  52  by  1933 
costing,  with  Naval  works  and  docks  as  well  as  submarines,  torpedoes, 
etc.,  $442,500,000.  The  cost  of  maintenance  in  1911-12  was  $7,500,- 
000;  in  1932-33  it  was  estimated  at  $25,000,000. 

The  first  part  of  this  programme  was  the  Fleet  unit,  approved  by 
the  Admiralty  in  1909  and  composed  of  one  Dreadnought  cruiser, 
three  smaller  cruisers,  six  destroyers  and  three  submarines,  and  in 
1912  it  was  well  under  way.  On  May  30,  the  Melbourne,  the  second 
Australian  cruiser  (the  Australia  having  been  launched  in  1911  and 
completed  in  October,  1912)  was  launched  at  Birkenhead,  while  on 
August  29th  another,  the  Sydney,  was  launched  at  Glasgow.  The  dif- 
ference between  this  policy  and  any  of  the  Canadian  plans  was  that 
Australia  recognized  the  imperative  British  necessity  for  a  fleet  in 
Pacific  waters  and  undertook  to  protect  both  its  own  and  Imperial 
interests  by  creating  and  maintaining  one  in  those  waters.  TheJ 
compulsory  training  system,  under  which  every  male  between  the 
ages  of  18  and  21  must  receive  military  training  and  perform  military 
duties,  was  being  worked  out  along  the  lines  of  Lord  Kitchener's 
recommendations;  the  Victorian  State  Government  on  July  1  an- 


18  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

nounced  that  in  future  British  firms  would  have  a  preference  over  the 
Krupp-Geraian  interests  in  tendering  for  railway  requirements  in  that 
State;  Sir  George  H.  Reid,  Australian  High  Commissioner,  spoke  in 
various  Canadian  centres  and  took  the  ground  that  the  duty  and 
interest  of  Canada,  as  of  Australia,  lay  in  protecting  and  promoting 
the  power  of  the  Empire  Navy  on  the  high  seas  or,  as  he  put  it  in 
Toronto  (September  3) :  "I  think  I  have  a  right  to  say  after  what 
we  have  done  in  Australia,  that  whatever  the  Empire  has  got  to  do,  or 
is  willing  to  do,  to  strengthen  the  hands  of  our  Motherland,  ought  to 
be  done  quickly."  Negotiations  were  commenced  with  New  Zealand 
for  combined  Naval  action,  and  on  September  26th  Mr.  Fisher,  Pre- 
mier of  Australia,  approved  the  idea  of  holding  biennial  personal 
consultations  with  British  Military  and  Naval  authorities  and 
of  return  visits  by  Imperial  Ministers  to  the  various  Dominions. 
He  did  not  approve  (December  10  in  London  Times)  the  appointment 
of  an  Australian  representative  on  the  Imperial  Defence  Committee. 

New  Zealand  offered  its  Dreadnought,  costing  $10,000,000,  for 
use  wherever  the  Admiralty  deemed  best;  it  was  launched  as  H.M.S. 
New  Zealand  and  completed  in  October.  Shortly  afterwards  the  Gov- 
ernment announced  that  another  would  be  built  if  it  were  required. 
This  little  Dominion  also  presented  a  cash  contribution  of  $500,000  to 
the  Imperial  Naval  funds,  and  its  new  Prime  Minister  (Hon.  W.  F. 
Massey)  announced  on  Sept.  25th  that  they  were  expending  altogether 
$3,750,000  a  year  on  Defence  and  had  28,000  men  under  compulsory 
military  training;  Sir  Joseph  Ward,  the  ex-Premier,  supported  the 
Contribution  policy  (Oct.  3)  and  the  Hon.  Thomas  Mackenzie,  new 
High  Commissioner  in  London,  said  on  Oct.  9th :  "  I  am  not  a  believer 
in  local  navies,  scattered  all  over  the  Empire,  under  separate  control 
and  direction,  even  in  time  of  peace,  much  less  of  war.  I  am  a  profound 
believer  in  one  Empire  and  one  Navy  and  I  am  glad  to  say  that  the 
New  Zealanders  as  a  whole  are  as  deeply  committed  to  that  principle 
as  I  am."  The  Government  which  he  represented  approved  the  Aus- 
tralian proposals  for  united  action  up  to  a  certain  point,  and  on 
Nov.  27th  Admiral  King-Hall,  Commander  of  the  Australian  Navy, 
expressed  at  Auckland,  N.Z.,  the  hope  that  there  would  "eventually 
be  established  a  Pacific  fleet  as  a  unit  of  the  Imperial  navy  and  com- 
prising divisions  from  Canada,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand."  Mr. 
Allen,  Minister  of  Defence,  left  for  England  in  December  to  consult 
with  the  Admiralty. 

South  Africa  discussed  the  question  under  varied  conditions  of 
racial  and  political  difficulty,  but  a  Defence  Bill  expending  $2,500,000 
a  year  was  finally  approved  which  proposed  to  organize  within  two 
years  a  system  of  military  training  for  every  citizen  between  the  ages 
of  17  and  25.  Sir  Richard  Solomon,  High  Commissioner  in  London, 
declared  on  May  21st  "  that  South  Africa  would  shortly  take  upon 
itself  its  share  in  the  burden  of  maintaining  an  Imperial  Navy  that 
would  help  to  defend  the  Empire  as  a  whole."  In  this  statement  he 
was  afterwards  supported  by  Sir  David  Graaf,  one  of  General  Botha's 
Ministers.  The  preceding  contributions  of  Natal  ($175,000  a  year) 


GREAT  BRITAIN'S  NAVAL  POLICY  AND  ACTION  19 

and  Cape  Colony  ($250,000  a  year)  had  already  been  continued  by 
the  Union.  In  August  General  Beyers,  Commandant-General  of  the 
Citizen  Defence  Force,  visited  England  and  on  the  26th  said  to  the 
Daily  Mail  that :  "  The  South  Africa  Coast  Defence  force  will  be  avail- 
able for  purposes  of  the  Imperial  Navy  in  any  part  of  the  Empire, 
and  we  have  made  provision  to  obtain  from  the  Imperial  Government 
coast  garrison  troops  and  to  pay  them  out  of  the  Union  Exchequer. 
The  Coast  Defence  and  Marine  Corps  show  that  South  Africa  is  fully 
alive  to  the  naval  as  well  as  the  military  necessities  of  defence,  but  for 
the  present  we  shall  just  continue  our  small  Naval  contribution." 
Speaking  at  Durban  on  Sept.  26th  Sir  Thomas  Smartt,  the  new  Leader 
of  the  Unionist  Opposition,  stated  that  "  the  first  thing  Unionists 
would  do  when  they  got  into  power  would  be  to  recognize  the  obliga- 
tions of  South  Africa  by  an  increased  Naval  contribution."  At  Maga- 
liesburg,  on  Oct.  1st,  General  Botha  deprecated  the  making  of  this 
question  a  party  issue  and  declared  that  he  "recognized  that  some- 
thing would  have  to  be  done  to  protect  the  Oversea  trade,  which  he 
wished  to  see  increase,  but  public  opinion  was  at  present  not  sufficiently 
mature  on  this  subject."  On  Nov.  23rd,  at  Standerton,  he  announced 
that  the  Cabinet  was  considering  the  offer  of  a  new  Naval  contribution 
to  the  Empire  but  would  first  consult  the  Admiralty. 

On  Nov.  18th  it  was  announced  that  the  Federated  Malay  States — 
represented  by  the  Sultans  of  Perak,  Selangor  and  Penang,  the  Yam 
Tuan  of  Negri-Sembilan,  the  Chinese  and  three  other  members  of  the 
Federal  Council — including  a  population  of  1,035,000,  had  offered 
one  first-class  armoured  Battleship  to  Great  Britain,  costing  $11,000,- 
000,  to  be  paid  for  in  five  years,  and  that  this  offer  had  been  accepted 
by  the  Admiralty  with  "  deep  gratitude."  The  London  Times'  com- 
ment was  that  "  such  an  offering  from  subject  peoples  to  an  Empire 
swayed  by  an  alien  and  distant  race  has  found  no  place  in  history 
hitherto.  It  reveals  the  Empire  in  a  keen  and  sudden  light  as  a  Power 
without  a  parallel  for  recognizing  the  most  divergent  levels  of  civiliza- 
tion." On  Nov.  30th  it  was  stated  in  the  London  Press  that  an 
influential  group  of  native  Princes,  rulers  and  statesmen  in  India  were 
engaged  upon  a  plan  of  voluntary  contribution  to  the  Naval  protection 
of  that  great  Empire — having  it  may  be  said  a  sea-borne  trade  in 
1910-1911  of  $1,300,000,000— which  might  run  up  to  £25,000,000. 
In  Canada,  meanwhile,  and  during  much  of  the  year  1912,  politicians, 
Parliament,  Press  and  people  were  discussing  the  plans  and  policy  of 
the  Borden  Government  in  this  connection. 

Great  During  this  far-flung  discussion  and  varied  action 

Britain'*  Great  Britain  had,   meantime,   continued  the  steady, 

Naval  Policy  systematic  construction  of  battleships.  The  year  com- 
and  Action  menced  with  Mr.  Winston  Churchill,  as  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  re-organizing  the  management  of  that  Department  by 
creating  Intelligence,  Operations,  and  Mobilization  Divisions  and 
appointing  Sir  Francis  J.  S.  Hopwood,  as  an  additional  Civil  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty,  to  be  a  sort  of  business  manager  and  Bear- Admiral 


20 

Sir  E.  C.  Troubridge  as  Chief  of  its  War  Staff.  At  Glasgow  on  Feb. 
9th  Mr.  Churchill  handled  the  Naval  situation  with  characteristic 
clearness :  "  The  purposes  of  British  naval  power  are  essentially 
defensive.  "We  have  no  thought — and  we  never  had  any  thought — of 
aggression.  There  is,  however,  this  difference  between  the  British 
Naval  power  and  the  naval  power  of  the  great  and  friendly  Empire — 
and  I  trust  it  may  long  remain  the  great  and  friendly  empire — of 
Germany.  The  British  Navy  is  to  us  a  necessity  and  from  some 
points  of  view  the  German  Navy  is  to  them  more  in  the  nature  of  a 
luxury.  Our  naval  power  involves  British  existence.  It  is  existence 
to  us;  it  is  expansion  to  them.  We  cannot  menace  the  power  of  a 
single  Continental  hamlet  nor  do  we  wish  to  do  so  no  matter  how 
great  and  supreme  our  Navy  may  become ;  but  on  the  other  hand,  the 
whole  fortunes  of  our  race  and  Empire,  the  whole  treasure  accumulated 
during  many  centuries  of  sacrifice  and  achievement  would  perish  and 
be  swept  utterly  away  if  our  Naval  supremacy  were  to  be  endangered." 

He  was  confident  as  to  the  future.  "  Whatever  may  happen 
abroad,"  he  concluded,  "  there  will  be  no  whining  heard ;  no  signals 
of  distress  will  be  hoisted,  no  cries  for  help  or  succour  will  go  out. 
We  will  face  the  future  as  our  ancestors  have  faced  it,  without  dis- 
quiet, without  arrogance,  but  with  solid  and  inflexible  determination. 
We  should  be  the  first  Power  to  welcome  any  retardation  or  slackening 
of  rivalries.  We  will  meet  any  such  slackening,  not  by  words,  but  by 
deeds ;  but  if  there  is  to  be  an  increase — if  there  are  to  be  increases — 
upon  the  Continent  of  Europe  we  shall  have  no  difficulty  in  meeting 
them  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  country  at  large."  On  the  same  day 
Lord  Haldane,  Lord  Chancellor,  left  for  Berlin  on  what  was  avowedly 
a  peace  mission  and  he  was  received  with  natural  courtesy  by  the 
Emperor  and  his  leading  statesmen.  What  Mr.  Premier  Asquith 
described  in  the  House  (Feb.  15)  as  "informal  and  non-committal 
conversations  "  took  place  with  a  result  of  "  unmistakable  evidence  of 
a  sincere  and  resolute  desire  on  both  sides  for  the  establishment  of  a 
better  footing  between  us."  To  a  Manchester  audience  on  Feb.  18th 
Sir  Edward  Grey,  Foreign  Secretary,  put  the  situation  thus:  "A 
margin  of  Naval  strength  is  essential  to  us  not  for  purposes  of  con- 
quest, not  for  domination,  but  as  a  condition  necessary  to  enable  us 
to  live  on  equal  terms  with  other  nations  that  have  armies  much 
greater  than  our  own.  With  an  Army  kept  within  the  limits  within 
which  ours  is  kept,  the  proper  margin  of  Naval  strength  as  against  any 
probable  combination  likely  to  be  brought  against  us  is  essential  to 
the  defence  of  this  country.  Without  that  we  should  be  exposed  to 
the  risk  of  being  struck  down  in  our  own  house  without  power  to 
resist.  That  is  a  risk  from  which  Continental  nations  protect  them- 
selves by  large  armies." 

The  Navy  estimates  for  1912-13  were  presented  to  Parliament  by 
Mr.  Churchill  on  Mch.  12th  and  totalled  £44,085,400,  or  about  $220,- 
000,000,  with  4  new  large  armoured  battleships,  8  light  armoured 
cruisers  and  20  destroyers  to  be  laid  down,  and  a  total  of  10  battle- 
ships, 6  battle-cruisers  (including  one  each  for  Australia  and  New 


GREAT  BRITAIN'S  NAVAL  POLICY  AND  ACTION  21 

Zealand),  8  second-class  protected  cruisers  (including  two  for  Aus- 
tralia), 2  unarmoured  cruisers,  31  destroyers,  15  submarines  and  2 
river  gunboats.  As  to  Canadian  policy  the  First  Lord  could  say 
nothing  definite  except  that  "  the  Admiralty  will  earnestly  co-operate 
in  any  scheme  which  will  enable  Canada  to  take  a  real  and  effective 
part  in  the  Naval  defence  of  the  Empire."  Speaking  in  the  Commons 
on  Mch.  18th,  Mr.  Churchill  declared  the  supremacy  of  British  Naval 
power  at  the  moment  to  be  absolute.  "  We  possess  more  Dreadnoughts 
than  any  two  Powers  to-day.  But  if  all  the  Dreadnoughts  in  the 
world  were  sunk  to-night  our  naval  superiority  would  be  far  greater 
than  it  is  at  the  present  time.  We  cannot  imagine  any  naval  war 
which  would  not  tend  steadily  to  increase  the  relative  fighting  value  of 
the  large  resources  we  possess  in  pre-Dreadnoughts  until,  as  time  went 
on,  quite  old  vessels  would  come  out  and  play  an  important  part." 

He  deprecated  the  building  of  ships  a  day  before  they  were  needed 
and  declared  that  the  Admiralty  was  "prepared  to  guarantee,  abso- 
lutely, the  main  security  of  the  country  and  of  the  Empire,  day  by  day 
during  the  next  few  years,  and  if  the  House  should  grant  us  what  we 
ask  for  the  future,  this  prospect  may  be  indefinitely  extended."  He 
stated  that  any  "  slowing  down  "  by  Germany  in  construction  would 
be  at  once  followed  by  Great  Britain  and  deprecated  war  and  the 
rivalry  of  nations  but  concluded  as  follows :  "  Still,  we  cannot  conceal 
from  ourselves  the  fact  that  we  live  in  an  age  of  incipient  violence  and 
strong  and  deep-seated  unrest.  The  utility  of  war,  even  to  the  victor, 
may  in  most  cases  be  an  illusion.  Certainly  all  wars  of  every  kind  will 
be  destitute  of  any  positive  advantage  to  the  British  Empire.  But 
war,  itself,  if  it  ever  comes,  will  not  be  an  illusion.  The  Admiralty 
must  leave  to  others  the  task  of  mending  the  times  in  which  we  live, 
and  confine  ourselves  to  the  more  limited  and  more  simple  duty  of 
making  quite  sure  that  whatever  the  times  may  be,  our  Island  and  its 
people  will  come  safely  through  them."  Following  this  came  a  re- 
organizing of  Fleets — the  first  and  principal  one  with  8  squadrons 
being  confined  to  Home  waters  and  the  Atlantic. 

Then  came  the  announcement  of  Germany's  increased  Naval  pro- 
gramme and  on  Apl.  3rd  the  British  Cabinet  stated  that  6%  millions 
sterling  or  $32,500,000  would  be  at  once  appropriated  for  an  Emer- 
gency Construction  Fund.  On  May  9th  the  King  inspected  the  British 
Aerial  fleet  and  witnessed  manosuvres  which  were  said  to  prove  its 
superiority  of  character,  if  not  in  numbers,  over  any  other  similar 
fleet.  At  the  same  time  His  Majesty  witnessed  a  great  display  of 
warships  and,  three  days  later,  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
announced  that  on  May  1st  the  Destroyers  of  the  Fleet  had  com- 
menced a  continuous  all-the-year-round  patrol  of  the  British  coasts. 
Speaking  on  May  15,  in  London,  Mr.  Churchill  dealt  with  the  Naval 
action  of  the  outer  Dominions  as  follows :  "  Arrangements  should  be 
made  to  give  to  the  Dominions  a  full  measure  of  control  over  move- 
ments in  peace  of  any  Naval  forces  which,  with  our  help,  they  may 
bring  into  efficient  existence.  In  war-time  we  know  our  countrymen 
over  seas  will  have  only  one  wish;  to  encounter  the  enemy  wherever 


22  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

need  and  danger  are  most  severe.  An  important  thing  is  that  gaps 
should  be  filled  so  that  while  we  in  the  Old  Country  guard  the  decisive 
centre  our  comrades  and  brothers  across  the  seas  shall  keep  the  flag 
flying  on  the  oceans  of  the  world."  Almost  at  the  same  moment  the 
Admiralty  was  accepting  New  Zealand's  battleship  for  service  in  Home 
waters  and  on  May  29th,  after  much  public  discussion  as  to  Britain's 
Naval  weakness  in  the  Mediterranean,  Mr.  Premier  Asquith  and  Mr. 
Churchill  held  at  Malta  a  Conference  with  Admiral  Sir  E.  Poe, 
General  Sir  Ian  Hamilton  and  F.  M.  Lord  Kitchener  to  deal  with 
a  situation  created  primarily  by  requirements  in  the  North  Sea.  As 
to  this  situation  Admiral  Lord  Charles  Beresford,  in  the  press  of  July 
22nd,  vigorously  denounced  the  abandonment  of  the  Mediterranean 
(with  its  British  trade  of  $1,000,000,000)  and  urged  the  following 
proposals : 

1.  The  food  supply  of  the  country  should  be  secured  against  panic  by 
the  establishment  of  granaries. 

2.  A  selected  number  of  merchant  vessels  on  each  trade  route  should 
be  equipped  with  guns  and  trained  gunners. 

3.  The  garrisons  of  Malta,  Gibraltar  and  Egypt  should  be  increased 
and  the  armament  strengthened. 

4.  The  ships  of  the  fully-manned  fleet  should  be  increased  in  number. 
At  present  there  are  223  vessels  in  commission  for  the  manoeuvres.    Only 
123  are  really  efficient  for  a  sudden  emergency. 

He  defended  these  suggestions  on  the  ground  that  "we  are  in  a 
state  of  potential  war."  Speaking  in  the  Commons  (July  22nd)  Mr. 
Churchill  dealt  elaborately  and  technically  with  the  new  German  pro- 
gramme which  was  described  as  "  a  remarkable  expansion  of  strength 
and  efficiency  as  applied,  particularly,  to  striking  power."  A  con- 
siderable British  re-organization  had,  therefore,  become  necessary  and 
eight  battleships  from  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Atlantic  had  been 
brought  to  Home  waters.  He  declared  that  British  policy,  in  view  of 
the  five  large  successive  increases  in  German  naval  strength  in  14 
years,  of  the  current  development  in  Austrian  construction  and  of  the 
awful  suddenness  and  destructiveness  which  characterizes  naval  war- 
fare, must  be  one  of  "  steady  and  systematic  development  of  our  Naval 
force — untiring  and  pursued  over  a  number  of  years."  After  describing 
in  detail  the  new  demands  of  the  situation  Mr.  Churchill  stated  that 
during  the  past  few  weeks  it  had  been  "  a  source  of  comfort  and 
encouragement  to  have  by  our  side  the  Prime  Minister  and  other 
Ministers  of  Canada."  It  was  "  like  the  touch  of  the  strong  hand  of  a 
friend  when  serious  business  had  to  be  done."  Mr.  Borden  and  his 
colleagues  had  been  given  every  possible  information  and  he  was 
authorized  to  say  that  Canadian  aid  would  be  an  addition  to  the 
existing  British  fleet  and  would  not  be  delayed  "  pending  the  develop- 
.  ment  and  settlement  of  a  final  and  permanent  Naval  arrangement." 
As  to  the  rest: 

The  task  of  maintaining  the  Naval  power  of  the  Empire  under  exist- 
ing conditions  is  a  heavy  one.  All  the  world  is  arming  as  it  has  never 
armed  before.  We  have  simultaneous  building  by  many  nations  of  great 


GREAT  BRITAIN'S  NAVAL  POLICY  AND  ACTION  23 

modern  ships  of  war.  We  have  to  protect  Dominions  and  territories 
scattered  over  every  continent  and  across  every  ocean.  Well  do  we 
understand  the  truth  of  Mr.  Borden's  words  '  The  day  of  peril  is  too  late 
for  preparation.'  There  is  an  earnest  desire  on  the  part  of  the  self-govern- 
ing Dominions  to  assist  in  the  common  defence  of  the  Empire.  The  time 
is  now  come  to  make  that  disposition  effective.  Apart  altogether  from 
material  aid  the  moral  effect  of  the  arrival  on  the  blue  waters  of  those 
new  nations  of  the  British  Empire  cannot  be  measured.  A  united  British 
Empire  carries  with  it  the  safety  of  its  component  parts,  and  the  safety 
of  the  British  Empire  probably  carries  with  it  the  peace  of  the  world. 
If  we  are  told  that  the  beginnings  of  co-operation  in  Defence  must  carry"* 
with  them  the  beginnings  of  association  in  policy  then  I  say  that  both 
measured  by  Defence  and  by  Policy  the  co-operation  of  the  Dominions 
with  the  United  Kingdom  will  be  of  inestimable  benefit  to  the  strength 
of  the  Empire  and  the  general  cause  of  peace 

Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour,  in  following,  described  the  situation  as  too  grave 
for  partisan  criticism,  declared  that  the  preservation  of  peace  by 
adequate  preparation,  with  all  its  costliness,  was  better  than  war,  and 
hoped  that  the  fleets  of  the  Triple  Entente — Britain,  France  and 
Russia — 'Would  be  adequate  to  meet  any  emergency.  He  described 
the  interests  of  Canada  as  closely  bound  up  in  these  matters  with  the 
interests  of  Britain.  The  Premier  (Mr.  H.  H.  Asquith)  declared 
that  "  the  increase  in  the  number  of  our  ships,  in  the  personnel  of 
our  fleet,  in  its  superior  equipment,  in  the  expenditure  which  all  these 
things  entail,  is  in  the  first  place  to  maintain  the  security  of  our 
shores,  our  Dominions,  and  our  commerce,  and  in  the  next  place  to 
ensure  the  peace  of  the  world."  As  to  Canadian  policy  he  could 
make  no  definite  statement;  it  was  for  Mr.  Borden  to  do  that  upon 
his  return  to  Ottawa.  "  Whatever  it  may  be  I  am  perfectly  certain 
that  it  will  be  adequate  to  the  dignity  and  to  the  patriotic  spirit  of 
the  great  Canadian  Dominion,  and  we  shall  receive  it  here  as  an 
acknowledgment  that  we  are  true  co-partners  in  this  great  Empire, 
that  its  burdens  and  responsibilities  are  shared  between  the  Mother 
Country  and  the  Dominions,  and  that  we  cannot  either  in  peace  or 
war  isolate  ourselves  from  one  another."  In  the  matter  of  Canadian 
representation  in  the  machinery  of  Imperial  government  he  could 
only  say  that  "  we  share  with  our  great  Dominions  the  feeling,  which 
has  become  more  and  more  conscious  and  more  and  more  articulate 
as  years  have  gone  on  throughout  every  part  of  the  Empire,  that  we 
have  a  common  heritage  and  common  interests  and  that  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  that  heritage  and  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  those  interests 
involve  we  are  more  and  more  conscious  partners  one  with  the  other." 

Three  days  later  Mr.  Asquith  reiterated  the  peaceful  aims  of  hie 
Government  and  of  England.  "We  covet  no  heritage,  we  have  no 
inclination  or  temptation  to  extend  in  any  way  the  range  of  our 
responsibilities.  But,  these  responsibilities  are  world-wide,  and  if  we 
are  compelled  to  divert  from  other  purposes  more  productive,  more 
advantageous  to  mankind,  the  sums  which  we  are  now  spending  for 
the  maintenance  of  our  supremacy  at  sea,  I  am  speaking  what  every 
one  in  the  House  knows  to  be  absolutely  and  literally  a  fact,  when  I 
say  that  expenditure  is  regarded  by  us  simply  as  an  insurance,  a  neces- 


24  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

sary  insurance,  of  which  the  Government  of  this  country  and  the 
House  of  Commons  are,  or  ought  to  be,  the  faithful  and  vigilant  trus- 
tees." As  to  this  general  situation  a  cable  in  the  Toronto  Star  (Lib.) 
declared  on  July  27th  that :  "  The  people  of  England  are  beginning  to 
think  that  we  may  at  any  moment  be  confronted  by  a  condition  of 
actual  hostilities.  Our  arsenals  have  for  months  worked  day  and 
night  completing  stores  of  armaments.  England  has  absolutely  no 
desire  for  war.  Boasting  has  died  away.  The  '  Mafeking '  spirit 
has  vanished.  The  nation  stands  ready  for  battle,  yet  longing  for 
peace.  Undoubtedly,  however,  the  conviction  is  rapidly  gaining 
ground  among  all  classes  that  war  is  almost  inevitable."  Another 
change  took  place  at  the  Admiralty  when  Mr.  Churchill  announced  on 
Sept.  8th  a  revision  and  review  of  its  work.  In  future  the  functions 
and  duties,  or  charges  of  the  more  important  officials  would  be  as 
follows:  First  Lord — General  direction  of  all  business;  First  Sea 
Lord — Organization  for  War  and  distribution  of  the  Fleet;  Second 
Sea  Lord — Personnel;  Third  Sea  Lord — Material ;  Fourth  Sea  Lord — 
Stores  and  Transport;  Civil  Lord — Works,  Buildings  and  Greenwich 
Hospital ;  Additional  Civil  Lord — Contracts  and  Dockyards'  business ; 
Parliamentary  Secretary — Finance ;  Permanent  Secretary — Admiralty 
business.  On  Sept.  llth  the  First  Lord  was  able  to  announce  a  definite 
concentration  of  Naval  forces  in  the  Mediterranean  by  Britain  and 
France,  combined,  as  the  result  of  special  arrangements  which  would, 
he  thought,  absolutely  safeguard  British  interests  in  those  waters. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  various  British  leaders  made  definite 
and  clear  statements  as  to  the  Naval  situation  from  a  national  point 
of  view.  Lord  Eoberts,  on  Sept.  23rd.,  described  the  Mediterranean 
changes  as  a  very  serious  matter :  "  It  is  the  most  important  of  our 
bread  routes.  Two-thirds  of  our  supplies  come  to  us  from  Southern 
Russia  and  India  by  its  waters.  Unless  we  are  masters  in  that  sea 
we  cannot  continue  to  hold  Malta  and  Gibraltar  and  our  position  in 
India  will  be  seriously  jeopardised."  He  was  very  pessimistic  as  to 
the  condition  of  the  Army.  "  Moreover,"  he  added,  "  our  Naval 
supremacy  is  being  challenged  by  a  nation  whose  fleets  are  rapidly 
becoming  as  numerous  and  as  powerful  as  ours,  and — what  is  a  most 
important  consideration — every  single  vessel  of  the  former  can  be 
concentrated  in  one  sea,  while  a  large  proportion  of  our  Navy  must 
necessarily  always  be  engaged  in  protecting  the  vessels  conveying  our 
food  supplies."  The  Rt.  Hon.  F.  E.  Smith,  M.P.,  a  Conservative 
leader,  declared  in  a  London  paper  at  this  time  that  Great  Britain 
had  witnessed  '"  ever-growing,  silently,  swiftly  and  relentlessly  a  fleet 
avowedly  built  to  menace  ours,  belonging  to  the  strongest  military 
nation  in  the  world,  and  compassing  England  with  an  atmosphere  of 
peril  more  serious  than  we  have  breathed  since  the  Napoleonic  war." 
Following  the  recrudescence  of  the  Eastern  question,  with  all  its 
hidden  perils  and  complexities,  came  Lord  Roberts'  remarkable  speech 
at  Manchester  on  Oct.  22nd: 

Now  in  this  year  1912  as  in  1866  and  in  1870,  war  will  take  place  the 
instant  the  German  forces  are,  by  superiority  from  every  point  of  view, 


GEEAT  BBITAIN'S  NAVAL  POLICY  AND  ACTION  25 

as  certain  of  victory  as  anything  in  human  calculation  can  be.  Germany 
strikes  when  Germany's  hour  has  struck.  That  is  the  time-honoured 
policy  of  her  Foreign  Office.  Under  that  policy  Germany  has  within  the 
last  ten  years  sprung  at  a  bound  from  one  of  the  weakest  of  naval  Powers 
to  the  greatest  naval  Power,  save  one,  on  the  globe.  It  is  but  yesterday, 
so  to  speak,  that  the  British  fleets  did  not  feel  the  furrows  of  the  German 
war-keel  on  the  wide  seas.  To-day  every  British  warship  and  every  British 
merchant  vessel  thrills  in  all  its  iron  nerves  to  that  mighty  presence.  .  .  . 
We  have  lost  command  of  every  sea  save  one,  the  North  Sea,  and  our 
supremacy  over  that  sea  is  now  a  matter  of  dispute.  Whereas  your  fore- 
fathers traded  as  of  right  on  every  sea,  you  now  only  trade  by  sufferance 
of  other  Powers.  Germany  always  advances — towards  complete  supremacy 
by  land  and  sea.  She  has  built  a  mighty  fleet,  but  still  she  presses  on, 
here  establishing  a  new  Heligoland — for  every  available  Island  in  the 
North  Sea  now  has  been  strongly  fortified — there  encircling  Holland  in 
a  network  of  new  canals;  elsewhere  deepening  old  river  beds  for  the 
swifter  transport  of  munitions  of  war.  How  impressive  is  this  magnificent, 
unresting  energy?  It  has  the  mark  of  true  greatness.  It  extorts  admira- 
tion even  from  those  against  whom  it  is  directed. 

He  urged  a  strengthening  of  the  Army  as  well  as  the  Navy.  Lord 
Charles  Beresford  at  Portsmouth  on  Oct.  25th  endorsed  this  appeal 
and  declared  that  Britain's  situation  was  "never  more  serious." 
Vigorous  protests  followed,  and  Mr.  Walter  Runciman,  a  member  of 
the  Government,  denounced  (Oct.  25th)  Lord  Roberts'  statements  as 
"  deplorable  and  pernicious."  The  rivalry  between  England  and  Ger- 
many was  "  more  commercial  than  military."  At  Sheffield,  however, 
on  the  30th  Mr.  Churchill  pressed  these  warnings  home  and  told  those 
who  feared  Militarism  and  suspected  statesmen  that  the  Balkan  war 
had  come  in  a  night  and  despite  rulers  and  diplomats.  "  Paced  with 
this  manifestation  who  is  the  man  bold  enough  to  say  that  force  is 
never  the  remedy  ?  Who  is  the  man  foolish  enough  to  say  that  martial 
virtues  do  not  play  a  principal  part  in  the  health  and  honour  of  every 
people?  Who  is  the  man  vain  enough  to  suppose  that  the  long 
antagonisms  of  history  can  always  be  adjusted  by  the  smooth  super- 
ficial conventions  of  politicians  and  ambassadors?  ....  We 
live  in  a  world  of  unceasing  change.  A  spirit  of  decay  pervades  all 
human  arrangement.  No  race,  no  Empire,  no  institution,  reposes  for 
any  length  of  time  on  past  virtues  and  past  achievements.  Unless  we 
renew  our  strength  continually  and  revise  and  exhort  without  ceasing 
those  impulses  of  comradeship  and  duty  which  are  the  true  sources 
of  national  strength,  we  cannot  hope  to  preserve  indefinitely  our 
happy  and  prosperous  position." 

In  London,  on  Nov.  9th,  the  First  Lord  reviewed  the  situation: 
"  This  year  has  witnessed  important  Naval  developments.  The  fleet 
has  been  re-organized  upon  a  complete  symmetrical  plan.  An  entire 
new  squadron  of  very  powerful  ships  has  been  placed  in  full  commis- 
sion, and  we  have  recruited  the  largest  number  of  sailors  and  stokers 
of  any  year  in  modern  times.  .  .  .  We  had  not  proposed  last  year 
to  create  the  6th  Battle  Squadron  until  1915  but,  by  various  adminis- 
trative arrangements,  it  will  be  possible  to  bring  that  squadron  into 
existence  next  year."  As  to  Germany  he  was  explicit.  "  The  Ger- 
mans are  a  nation  of  robust  minds  and  a  high  sense  of  honour  and 


26  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

fair  play.  They  look  at  affairs  in  a  practical  military  spirit.  Rela- 
tions have  steadily  improved  with  every  evidence  of  our  determination 
to  maintain  our  Naval  supremacy.  The  best  way  to  make  these 
arrangements  thoroughly  healthy  and  comfortable  is  to  go  right  on 
and  put  an  end  to  this  Naval  rivalry  by  proving  that  we  cannot  be 
overtaken.  But,  after  all,  what  has  made  this  year  memorable  in  the 
history  of  the  Navy  has  been  the  spontaneous  and  simultaneous  move- 
ment of  the  great  Dominions  of  the  Crown  towards  the  effective 
participation  in  Imperial  Naval  Defence."  The  German  Naval 
manoeuvres  at  this  time  aroused  much  interest  and  the  three  great 
Fleets  combining  in  the  Baltic  within  one  day's  steaming  of  England ; 
the  increase  in  Germany's  Naval  estimates  to  $119,000,000  for  1913; 
the  announced  putting  down  of  three  additional  Dreadnaughts  by 
Austria  and  three  by  Italy — the  other  members  of  the  Triple  Alliance ; 
the  sudden  popular  demand  for  8  British  battleships  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean; all  combined  to  cause  an  anxious  discussion  which,  however, 
was  relieved  by  the  current  evidences  of  Empire  support.  At  the 
close  of  the  year  Admiral  Sir  F.  Bridgeman  retired  from  the  post  of 
First  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  and  wa«  succeeded  by  Admiral 
Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg,  a  most  able  and  experienced  officer. 

Meantime,  what  of  the  country  whose  policy  was 

Germ  an  Ambi-  ..  «  1111  «       T»    •    •   i         • 

tion«,  Policy  creating  such  memorable  developments  m  British  his- 
ana  poBition  tory  and  Imperial  evolution !  The  German  nation  has 
never  been  the  enemy  of  the  British  people  and,  until 
its  belated  entrance  upon  the  field  of  world  politics  and  expansion, 
they  had  not  even  been  rivals.  In  the  long  series  of  wars  between 
1688  and  1815  the  German  states  were  allies  and  friends  of  England. 
The  German  Empire  is  now  a  great  national  force  in  the  world 
and  its  spirit  of  unity,  pride  of  power,  energy  in  trade,  skill  and  suc- 
cess in  industry,  vigour  of  development  in  tariffs,  progress  in  military 
power  and  naval  construction  are,  from  the  standpoint  of  its  own  people, 
altogether  admirable.  Since  the  Franco-Prussian  War  it  has  also  been 
gradually  attaining  European  supremacy.  Austria  held  out  for  long 
and,  had  its  internal  conditions  been  harmonious,  would  probably 
have  continued  to  do  so.  Like  Italy  its  traditional  policy  had  been 
one  of  alliance  or  friendship  with  Britain.  But  the  temporary  collapse 
of  Russia  and  the  consequent  transfer  of  the  balance  wheels  of  power 
threw  it  into  the  arms  of  its  great  rival.  France,  despite  its  recupera- 
tion since  1870  and  its  wonderful  stores  of  growing  wealth,  is  no 
longer  the  great  military  power  it  once  was  and  it  has  now  ceased  to 
attempt  rivalry  with  Great  Britain  or  Germany  at  sea. 

In  the  matter  of  Colonies  Germany  has  for  twenty  years  had  a 
natural  and  unquestioned  ambition.  The  marriage  of  Queen  Wil- 
helmina  and,  later  the  birth  of  an  heir,  averted  any  immediate  prob- 
ability of  acquiring  Holland  and,  with  it,  the  Dutch  Colonial  pos- 
sessions. The  assertion  of  the  United  States'  Monroe  Doctrine  checked 
the  German  efforts  which  had  been  directed  to  South  America  and 
concentrated  in  Brazil,  where  100,000  Germans  have  settled  and 
where  trade  relations  had  become  very  close.  British  diplomacy  of  a 


GERMAN  AMBITIONS,  POLICY  AND  POSITION  27 

trade  as  well  as  political  character  in  Persia  prevented  certain  railway 
schemes  from  being  carried  out  which  would  have  given  Germany  a 
dominating  influence  in  the  Persian  Gulf.  Although  the  partition 
of  Africa  gave  the  German  Empire  nearly  one  million  square  miles 
and  an  obvious  opening  for  colonization  and  power,  the  inexperience 
and  ineptitude  of  German  officials  in  Colonial  government,  the  dislike 
also,  of  Germans  for  emigration,  and  the  fact  that  the  movement  of 
settlers  abroad  has  steadily  decreased  in  late  years,  tended  to  prevent 
on  that  Continent  expansion  which  would,  perhaps,  have  been  a  fact 
under  British  colonizing  and  business  effort. 

'  At  the  same  time  the  acquisition  of  these  and  other  regions  such 
as  Samoa  was  significant.  Prior  to  1870  Germany  was  a  geographical 
expression  which  meant  a  loose  combination  of  States,  with  some- 
times clashing  interests,  and  incoherent  expression  and  a  somewhat 
varied  patriotism.  German  trade  was  then  small,  its  industries  too 
poor  to  compete  with  those  of  Britain,  while  its  people  possessed  not 
an  acre  of  soil  beyond  their  European  boundaries.  Since  then  it  has 
become  a  closely-united  people  with  an  army  of  over  four  million 
men — admittedly  the  best  trained  troops  in  the  world;  with  a  trade 
totalling  £880,000,000  and  competing  in  Britain's  home  market,  tak- 
ing away  her  contracts  in  India  and  some  of  the  Colonies,  beating  her 
in  many  foreign  fields;  with  an  industrial  production  which  includes 
great  steel  works  such  as  those  of  Essen  and  Krupp,  shipbuilding  yards 
said  to  be  of  greater  productive  power  than  those  of  Britain,  factories 
of  well-kept  character  operating  at  high  pressure,  workmen  trained 
in  the  best  technical  system  in  the  world  to-day,  and  receiving  wages 
higher  than  those  paid  in  Britain;  with  other  productive  conditions 
aided  by  high  protective  duties  and  with  exports  totalling  (1910) 
£404,000,000,  and  imports  of  £476,000,000 ;  with  Saving  Banks  des- 
posits  in  1911  totalling  £900,000,000  as  against  a  British  total  of 
£227,000,000. 

Couple  these  conditions  with  Colonial  ambition  dwarfed,  or  unsuc- 
cessful, in  comparison  with  British  success;  continental  power  as 
supreme,  by  virtue  of  military  strength,  as  Napoleon's  was  one 
hundred  years  ago  by  the  force  of  genius,  but  hampered  as  was  his,  by 
the  power  of  Britain  on  the  seas ;  a  productive  force  of  industry  increas- 
ing out  of  all  proportion  to  home  requirements,  competing  with  British 
commerce  in  every  corner  of  the  world  and  threatened  by  a  possible, 
but  now  postponed,  fiscal  combination  of  British  countries  including 
Tariff  protection  in  Britain  herself ;  a  population  of  64,000,000,  increas- 
ing at  the  rate  of  one  million  a  year  and  having  no  suitable  opening 
for  emigration  or  settlement  within  its  own  territories ;  and  we  have 
conditions  which  explain  and  emphasize  German  Naval  construction. 
Both  German  ambition  and  German  naval  construction  are,  therefore, 
easily  comprehensible.  Nor  has  this  ambition  for  sea-power  been  con- 
cealed. The  first  large  Naval  programme  was  passed  by  the  Reichstag 
in  1898  and  fixed  the  naval  estimates  up  to  1903,  when  the  total 
expenditure  was  to  be  £9,000,000 — in  1906  the  Naval  expenditure  was 
over  twelve  million  pounds.  The  second  Naval  Bill  was  passed  in  1900 


28 

during  the  Boer  War,  and  the  preamble  to  this  Act  stated  that  its 
object  was  to  give  Germany  "  a  fleet  of  such  strength  that  even  for  the 
mightiest  Naval  Power,  a  war  with  her  would  involve  such  risk  as  to 
endanger  its  own  supremacy."  Other  Acts  were  passed  in  1906  and 
1908  and  for  the  years  1908-17  arrangements  were  made  for  a  total 
expenditure  of  £207,000,000 — this  including  a  portion  of  the  "  accel- 
erated programme"  and  a  special  Dreadnought  construction  which 
caused  the  memorable  debate  in  the  British  Commons  in  1909. 

The  new  Law  of  1912 — passing  the  Reichstag  on  May  21 — pro- 
vided for  an  addition  to  the  programme  of  three  battleships,  three 
large  cruisers  and  three  small  ones.  During  the  years  1898-1904 
Great  Britain  launched  26  battleships  to  Germany's  14,  with  27  arm- 
oured cruisers,  17  protected  cruisers  and  55  destroyers  to  Germany's 
5,  16  and  35,  respectively,  or  a  total  of  125  to  70.  In  1905-11  Great 
Britain  launched  20  battleships  to  Germany's  15  with  13  armoured 
cruisers,  10  protected  cruisers  and  80  destroyers  to  Germany's  6,  16 
and  70  respectively,  or  a  total  of  123  to  107.  Excluding  destroyers 
Great  Britain  launched  70  sea-going  warships  in  the  first  period  to 
Germany's  35  and  in  the  second  period  43  to  37.  According  to  Lord 
Hythe  in  the  Naval  Annual  for  1912  the  Navy  estimates  of  Great 
Britain  and  Germany  for  the  eleven  years  1900-1911  totalled  £383,- 
000,000  and  £157,000,000  respectively.  A  careful  analysis  of  the 
situation,  present  and  prospective,  was  given  by  a  naval  authority  in 
the  London  Standard  of  Sept.  3rd.  The  development  of  British  and 
German  commissioned  battle  fleets  in  the  North  Sea  was  traced  from 
1904  to  1914,  it  being  assumed  that  in  the  latter  year  each  Power 
would  have  its  best  and  newest  ships  in  service  in  those  waters,  with  a 
supposed  result  of  25  British  battleships  having  a  tonnage  of  530,700 
and  25  German  battleships  with  a  tonnage  of  482,862 ;  and  battle  guns 
in  the  former  case  numbering  232  and  in  the  German  case  212  with 
medium  guns  totalling,  respectively,  82  and  342.  As  to  Armies  an 
official  statement  of  the  British  Under  Secretary  for  War  (May  23, 
1912)  gave  the  figures  on  the  active  and  reserve  force  of  the  British 
Empire  as  970,864  and  of  Germany  as  4,768,520. 

Passing  from  statistics  which  are  usually  unsatisfactory  because  of 
their  variable  character  and  because,  in  this  case,  they  depend  so  much 
upon  the  age  of  ships,  the  style  of  construction,  the  number  and 
nature  of  guns,  the  speed  and  other  technical  considerations,  it  may 
be  stated  that  Germany  has  in  recent  years  made  enormous  advances 
in  the  fortification  of  its  coasts,  in  the  construction  of  dock  and  similar 
facilities,  in  the  arrangements  for  transportation  of  troops,  in  every 
minute  detail  of  war  preparation.  Heligoland,  the  island  handed 
over  by  Britain  in  1890  in  exchange  for  certain  East  African  rights, 
has  become  the  key  and  centre  of  the  whole  German  coast  defence 
system.  Cuxhaven,  Borkum,  Emden,  Wilhelmshaven — with  twice  as 
many  Dreadnought  Docks  as  Portsmouth — Wangeroog,  Bremerhaven, 
Geestemunde,  etc.,  have  been  magnificently  fortified  and  guarded. 

Whether  dictated  by  diplomatic  considerations  and  affected  lat- 
terly by  the  British-French  alliance,  or  influenced  by  Colonial  and 


GERMAN  AMBITIONS,  POLICY  AND  POSITION  29 

Naval  and  commercial  ambitions,  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  general  situa- 
tion— from  the  German  standpoint  doubtless  a  quite  justifiable 
development.  In  a  book  entitled  England  and  Germany,  published 
during  1912,  various  German  leaders  expressed  varied  views.  Vice- 
Admiral  H.  Von  Ahlefeld  said:  "We  desire  full 'and  justifiable 
equality  with  England  on  the  high  seas."  Prince  Lichnowsky  wrote 
as  follows  of  the  French  entente :  "  From  the  standpoint  of  British 
policy  it  may  appear  justifiable  to  protect  the  weak  against  the  strong, 
to  oppose  every  new  continental  or  colonial  development  of  power, 
but  it  gives  us  food  for  thought  when  we  always  find  England  on  the 
side  of  our  enemies."  Ernest  Bassermann,  Leader  of  the  National 
Liberal  party,  said :  "  Our  Naval  programme  is  not  dictated  by  a 
desire  to  equal  that  of  England.  It  is  laid  down  on  account  of  the 
belief  that,  as  Germany's  commerce  grows  and  her  Colonies  expand, 
so  the  need  for  protection  of  Germany  and  German  possessions  abroad 
becomes  greater."  Dr.  Walter  Rathenau,  controlling  a  prominent, 
German  newspaper,  touched  the  French  issue:  "  England  is  allied 
by  entente  to  a  Power  the  breeding,  ethics,  and  often  the  declared  policy 
of  whose  people,  are  all  directed  to  robbing  the  German  Empire  of  a 
certain  important  piece  of  territory,  a  Power  which  has  for  forty 
years  shown  itself  unfriendly  towards  Germany."  To  these  and  other 
similar  statements  Mr.  Balf our  replied  on  behalf  of  Britain : — 

It  must  be  remembered  In  the  first  place  that  we  are  a  commercial 
nation,  and  war,  whatever  Its  issue,  Is  ruinous  to  commerce  and  to  the 
credit  on  which  commerce  depends.  It  must  be  remembered  in  the  second 
place  that  we  are  a  political  nation,  and  an  unprovoked  war  (by  us) 
would  shatter  in  a  day  the  most  powerful  Government  and  the  most 
united  party.  It  must  be  remembered  in  the  third  place  that  we  are  an 
insular  nation,  wholly  dependent  on  sea-borne  supplies,  possessing  no 
considerable  army  either  for  home  defence  or  foreign  service,  and  com- 
pelled, therefore  to  play  for  very  unequal  stakes  should  Germany  be  our 
opponent  in  the  hazardous  game  of  war.  It  is  this  last  consideration  which 
I  should  earnestly  ask  enlightened  Germans  to  weigh  well  if  they  would 
understand  the  British  point  of  view.  It  can  be  made  clear  in  a  very  few 
sentences.  There  are  two  ways  in  which  a  hostile  country  can  be 
crushed.  It  can  be  conquered,  or  it  can  be  starved.  If  Germany  were 
supreme  in  our  home  waters  she  could  apply  both  methods  to  Britain. 
Were  Britain  ten  times  mistress  in  the  North  Sea  she  could  apply  neither 
method  to  Germany!  Without  a  superior  fleet  Britain  could  no  longer 
count  as  a  Power.  Without  any  fleet  at  all  Germany  would  remain  the 
greatest  Power  in  Europe." 

Incidents  of  the  year  1912  may  be  briefly  reviewed.  On  Jan.  28th 
the  German  Defence  Society  was  organized  at  Berlin  with  a  view  to 
increasing  the  Empire's  military  strength;  the  German  Emperor's 
speech  to  the  Eeichstag  on  Feb.  7th  asserted  that  "  it  is  my  constant 
duty  and  care  to  preserve  and  strengthen  the  defensive  forces  on  land 
and  sea  of  the  German  people — which  is-  not  lacking  young  men  able  to 
bear  arms."  The  ensuing  Naval  Bill  added  three  battle-ships  and  two 
cruisers  to  the  constructive  programme  and  an  Army  Bill  29,000  more 
men  to  the  Army;  on  Jan.  22  the  London  Standard  published  an 
evidently  important  article  from  a  German  diplomatist  pleading  for 


30  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

"  a  place  in  the  sun  "  and  describing  the  needs  of  Germany  as  being 
(1)  a  field  for  its  growing  commerce,  (2)  more  colonies,  (3)  coaling 
stations;  a  cabled  interview  in  the  London  Times  on  May  27th  gave 
Professor  Delbrueck's  view  of  the  situation  as  follows :  "  The  German 
people  since  attaining  unity  as  a  great  nation  have  gradually  reached 
the  determination  not  to  permit  the  world  to  be  divided  up  amongst 
other  nations  but  to  demand  their  own  share.  Since  1871  enormous 
and  very  productive  territories  have  continually  been  seized  by  Great 
Britain,  France,  Russia,  the  United  States  and  Japan.  That  is  a 
natural  process  and  Germany  has  no  reason  to  oppose  it,  but  she  wants 
to  participate  in  it.  For  this  object  she  needs  a  fleet." 

In  September  Herman  Von  Rath  wrote  strongly  in  the  German 
press  as  to  the  menace  involved  in  England's  possible  return  to  Protec- 
tive duties ;  at  the  close  of  October  a  Conference  was  held  in  London  by 
the  Associated  Councils  of  the  British  and  German  Churches  with  the 
object  of  fostering  friendly  relations,  while  the  appointment  of  Prince 
Lichnowsky  as  German  Ambassador — following  upon  the  brief  term 
of  Count  Von  Biberstein — was  regarded  as  indicative  of  peaceful 
intentions.  General  Von  Bernhardt  published  a  book  in  the  summer 
entitled  Germany  and  the  Next  War,  of  which  the  following  extract 
illustrates  the  nature :  "  War  is  unavoidable,  and  we  must  see  the 
thing  through  cost  us  what  it  may.  We  have  succeeded  by  diplomatic 
means  in  putting  this  war  off  at  the  expense  of  our  prestige  and 
influence,  but  we  must  not  be  blind  to  the  fact  that  we  are  now  living 
in  the  midst  of  terrible  though  latent  world  crises.  In  our  last  war 
we  fought  to  conquer  our  unity  and  the  rank  of  a  European  Power. 
Our  next  war  will  be  fought  to  conquer  for  Germany  the  rank  of  a 
World  Power  which  has  thus  far  been  denied  her." 

A  variety  of  things  went  into  the  making  of  German  public  opinion 
during  the  year.  There  was  a  belief  in  Britain's  coming  decline  and 
an  exaggeration  of  the  alleged  degeneracy  in  certain  classes;  a  con- 
stant and  natural  feeling  of  irritation  over  checks  in  diplomacy  such 
as  the  Morocco  affair,  or  the  Bagdad  Railway,  and  a  belief  that  Ger- 
many's day  would  come  when  its  Navy  was  strong  enough ;  a  growing 
realization  amongst  German  statesmen  that  construction  of  ships  must 
be  maintained  for  economic  as  well  as  other  reasons  and  because  of 
the  enormous  sum  invested  in  Krupp's  and  similar  establishments;  a 
belief  that  England  could  not  forever  bear  a  burden  of  construction 
and  naval  expenditure  which  in  1900-11  totalled  1,915  million  dollars; 
an  increasing  realization  of  the  fact  that  the  invention  of  Dread- 
naughts  had  given  the  only  chance  in  a  century  for  a  rival  Power  to 
equal  Britain  in  the  first  line  of  its  defence;  a  fear  that  the  revival 
of  Protection  in  England  would  close  a  free  market  for  $250,000,000 
of  German  goods  or  compel  changes  in  the  German  import  duties  from 
the  industrial  profits  of  which  much  of  the  money  had  come  for  Naval 
construction. 


VIEWS  OF  GERMAN  AND  BRITISH  VISITORS  IN  CANADA        31 

There  was  a  curious  unanimity  of  opinion  expressed 
view*  of  jjy  these  visitors  to  Canada  during  the  year.  The  Ger- 

Briuj^vii^.  mans  almost  invariably  declared  that  there  was  no 
tors  in  Canada  danger  of  war ;  the  British,  with  a  few  exceptions,  pro- 
claimed the  situation  as  critical.  There  were,  of  course, 
a  great  many  German  settlers  in  Canada  and  they  were  amongst  the 
best;  there  were  German  social  Clubs  in  many  of  the  cities;  there  were 
individual  German-Canadians  prominent  in  social,  business,  and  public 
life.  In  more  than  one  City,  notably  Vancouver  and  Winnipeg,  Ger- 
man newspapers  had  been  established,  while  German  capital  was  being 
freely  invested  in  the  West  straight  through  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 

On  Jan.  26th  the  German  Club  of  Victoria,  B.C.,  held  a  banquet 
in  honour  of  the  Kaiser's  birthday  with  150  present.  Many  refer- 
ences were  made  to  the  Emperor's  love  of  peace,  his  patriotism,  rela- 
tionship to  the  British  Eoyal  family  and  the  ties  which  ought  to  bind 
the  two  Empires  together.  Carl  Legien,  a  Social-Democrat  in  the 
Eeichstag,  addressed  a  Labour  meeting  at  Toronto,  on  Apr.  22nd 
and  proclaimed  peace,  liberty  and  equality  as  the  policy  of  his  party. 
Herman  Paasche,  Vice-President  of  the  Eeichstag,  was  banquetted  by 
100  German  residents  of  Vancouver  on  July  24  and  told  the  local 
press  that  both  the  Liberal  and  Conservative  parties  of  Germany  sup- 
ported the  increased  Naval  expenditures.  "  We  feel  justified  in  pro- 
tecting our  seaports,  lines  of  communication  and  sea-borne  commerce. 
It  must  also  be  remembered  that  we  have  colonies  in  many  parts  of 
the  world.  War  sometimes  comes  unheralded,  and,  like  other  nations, 
we  believe  in  being  prepared  for  any  emergency.  However,  I  feel  I 
speak  German  sentiment  when  I  declare  that  our  Navy  is  not  being 
built  with  the  object  of  striking  a  blow  at  the  British  Empire.  The 
blame  lies  with  France,  which  is  not  well  disposed  towards  us  and 
which  sees  a  possible  advantage  in  arraying  England  against  us." 
Another  visitor  was  Dr.  H.  Hammam,  who  came  to  Canada  in  August 
on  behalf  of  the  German- Canadian  Economic  Association  of  Berlin. 
On  Oct.  3rd,  250  German  physicians  and  hygienists,  fresh  from  an 
International  Congress  at  Washington,  were  entertained  in  Toronto 
and  various  peace-embracing  speeches  made. 

Dr.  Gustav  Streseman,  President  of  the  German-Economic  Asso- 
ciation, toured  Canada  during  the  autumn  and  addressed  the  German 
Club,  Toronto,  on  Oct.  23rd  and  the  National  Club  on  the  26th.  He 
declared  the  talk  of  war  to  be  "  positively  ridiculous."  Court  Coun- 
cillor Horst  Weber  of  the  Illustrirte  Zeitung,  Leipsic,  passed  through 
Canada,  and  at  Vancouver  on  Nov.  2nd  told  the  press  that  "  the  sober 
thought  of  the  German  nation  is  utterly  opposed  to  war  with  Great 
Britain.  I  believe  the  feeling  in  England  is  equally  against  war." 
He  thought  that  there  were  400,000  Germans  in  Canada  and  that  the 
Dominion  would  become  more  and  more  a  uniting  element  between 
Great  Britain  and  Germany.  E.  R.  Von  der  Osten  of  Berlin  told 
the  St.  John  Telegraph  (Dec.  9)  that  allegations  of  German  hostile 
feeling  were  idle  talk  and  newspaper  sensationalism. 

The  opinions  of  British  visitors  were  less  reserved  or  diplomatic. 


32  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

They  came  from  a  country  whose  national  policy,  expenditure,  de- 
fensive system  and  diplomacy  were  all  affected  by  the  tremendous 
pressure  of  Germany's  huge  standing  army  upon  world  conditions  as 
touched  by  Europe.  A  careful  and  moderate  exponent  of  Imperial 
thought,  Mr.  Phillip  H.  Kerr,  Editor  of  the  widely  respected  Round- 
Table  magazine  of  London,  stated  in  "Winnipeg  on  July  24  that  Ger- 
many had  "  through  her  persistent,  expensive  naval  programme,  in 
the  face  of  a  reduction  of  armament  among  other  nations,  revealed 
aspirations  to  become  the  first  world-power,  by  the  means  of  armed 
force."  British  and  other  preparations  for  war  were  the  only  possible 
answer.  At  Victoria,  July  8th,  he  had  been  even  more  explicit :  "  The 
real  cause  of  the  threatening  trouble  between  the  two  Powers  is  that 
Germany  has  a  national  ideal  which  is  inconsistent  with  the  perpetua- 
tion of  the  British  Empire.  Germany  must  expand.  Everybody 
admits  that,  and  nobody  would  object  if  that  expansion  took  place 
along  legitimate  lines.  I  am  not  in  any  sense  a  scaremonger,  but  I 
will  tell  you  what  I  believe  to  be  the  plain  unvarnished  truth.  Ger- 
many has  ambitions  which  are  inconsistent  with  the  ambition  of  Bri- 
tain and  which  threaten  the  existence  of  the  British  Empire." 

Sir  George  Doughty,  M.P.,  in  the  Montreal  Star  of  Aug.  3rd,  was 
emphatic :  "  The  Germans  have  never  done  anything  without  a  design. 
They  prepared  for  years  for  the  Franco-German  War,  and  when  they 
were  ready  they  struck.  Similarly,  they  are  preparing  now  for  war 
with  Great  Britain,  and  because  that  war  must  be  on  the  sea,  they  are 
building  up  at  tremendous  sacrifice  to  themselves,  the  great  German 
Navy  which  we  see  evolving  before  our  eyes.  They  are  doing  that  de- 
spite the  fact  that  the  present  relations  between  the  German  and  the  Brit- 
ish Governments  are  of  a  friendly  character;  that  there  is  no  single 
cause  for  difference  between  the  two  Nations ;  that  Great  Britain  is  in 
no  wise  menacing  them ;  that  they  are  allowed  to  trade  quite  as  freely 
in  every  port  of  the  British  Empire,  and  on  every  sea  in  the  world, 
as  are  the  British  themselves."  In  Edmonton,  on  Aug.  20th,  Lord 
Congleton  declared  war  inevitable  unless  a  curtailment  of  armaments 
could  be  effected.  Sir  Max  Aitken,  the  Canadian  Member  of  the 
British  Parliament,  expressed  to  the  Toronto  News  (Aug.  21)  an 
"  absolute  belief  in  the  German  menace,"  and  added :  "  I  hope  that 
Canada  will  make  a  considerable  contribution  towards  Imperial  Naval 
Defence,  and  give  the  70,000,000  Germans  to  understand  that  they 
must  compete  not  only  with  England's  45,000,000,  but  with  Canada's 
8,000,000  and  with  all  the  other  Colonies."  Sir  Arthur  Lawley, 
lately  Governor  of  Madras,  told  a  meeting  at  Ottawa  on  Aug.  27th 
that  Germany  was  now  the  first  military  and  second  naval  Power  in 
the  world.  "  I  find  it  difficult  to  escape  the  conviction  that  at  any 
moment  England  may  be  embarked  on  a  struggle  of  colossal  magnitude 
in  which  her  very  existence  will  be  at  stake.  A  continental  war,  what- 
ever the  duration,  whatever  the  issue,  will  have  a  paralyzing  effect  on 
Canada."  Canon  Hensley  Henson,  of  Westminster,  speaking  in  Win- 
nipeg on  Sept.  19th,  described  war  as  possible.  "  There  are  forces 
making  for  peace  in  Germany  which  may  perhaps  restrain  the  other 


CANADIAN  PRESS  OPINION  OF  THE  ISSUE — CONSERVATIVE      33 

forces  which  are  at  this  moment  making  for  war.  Nothing  will  assist 
those  peace-making  forces  more  than  a  great  demonstration  by  Canada 
that  the  race  of  armaments  is  something  which  Germany,  at  least, 
will  have  to  pay  dearly  to  maintain." 

On  the  other  hand  certain  Eadical  visitors  deprecated  all  possi- 
bilities or  thought  of  war.  Mr.  Keir  Hardie,  M.P.,  told  the  Toronto 
press  on  Sept.  9th  that :  "  So  strongly  do  we  of  the  Labour  Party 
feel  on  a  matter  of  war  that  we  are  now  engaged  in  an  effort  to 
organize  the  working-class  feeling  in  all  countries  to  such  an  extent 
that  if  every  means  fail  in  averting  war  we  are  prepared  to  organize 
a  revolutionary  general  strike  which  would  necessitate  the  presence 
of  the  armies  at  home  and  prevent  them  being  sent  out  to  slaughter 
each  other  in  a  quarrel  which  is  not  theirs."  J.  Allen  Baker,  M.P. 
(Toronto,  Oct.  15)  declared  the  war  opinion  to  be  manufactured  by 
a  small  but  noisy  clique  of  Jingoes  and  people  interested  in  construct- 
ing armament.  "  The  German  peril  does  not  exist."  F.  Neilson, 
M.P.,  expressed  similar  views  at  Winnipeg  on  Sept.  llth. 

A  British  leader  who  spoke  very  clearly  from  his  point  of  view 
was  the  Bt.  Hon.  W.  H.  Long,  M.P.  After  referring  at  Winnipeg 
(Aug.  27)  to  the  Boer  War  and  Canada's  aid  he  said:  "Once  again 
the  note  of  danger  has  been  sounded.  Once  again  the  Mother  Country 
has  been  called  upon  to  face  a  serious  situation.  The  years  have  come 
and  gone  and  time  has  altered  conditions  and  she  is  no  longer  in  a 
position  to  maintain  that  supremacy  of  the  sea  that  she  has  held  for  so 
many  years."  Sir  George  Armstrong,  a  great  English  Naval  authority 
and  publicist,  on  the  same  day  told  the  Winnipeg  press  that  German 
pressure  in  the  North  Sea  had  become  so  great  as  to  compel  England 
to  withdraw  her  battleships  from  the  Mediterranean — the  cruisers 
recently  sent  there  being  in  response  to  public  opinion  and  not  because 
they  could  be  spared: 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  sending  of  the  armoured  cruisers  to  the 
Mediterranean  deprived  the  Commander-in-Chief  in  home  waters  of 
a  most  vital  adjunct  to  his  fleet — a  something  that  could  ill  be  spared. 
The  time  has  come  when  students  of  naval  affairs  must  realize  that 
we  hold  our  great  Empire  by  the  world's  suffrance  and  not  by  the 
strength  of  our  right  arm.  And,  unless  the  Empire  as  a  whole  rises 
to  the  proper  perception  of  the  position,  the  day  will  inevitably  come, 
sooner  than  most  of  us  realize,  when  our  Empire  may  be  wrested  from 
us  by  a  jealous  and  envious  world.  It  is  impossible  for  us  to  exist 
merely  on  prestige.  The  prizes  which  the  British  Crown  possesses  all 
over  the  world  are  looked  on  with*  covetous  eyes  by  our  rivals  in  Europe, 
and  by  Germany  in  particular — Germany,  a  great  and  virile  nation  whicfc 
is  seeking  outlets  for  expansion,  and  is  determined  to  get  them  if  she  can. 

Meanwhile    what    of    Canadian    opinion    in    this 
c0111160^011  ?     Action  had  been    suspended    when    the 
—    change  of  Government  put  the  Canadian  Naval  project 
conservative     up  in  the  air.     At  the  beginning  of  the  year  and  prior 
to  Mr.  Borden's  visit  to  London,  during  the  discussion 
caused  by  that  event  or  in  the  interval  between  the  Ministers'  return 
and  the  presentment  of  the  Government  policy  to  Parliament,  there 

2 


34  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIBW 

was  every  sort  of  view  expressed  and  some  of  it  not  on  strictly  party 
lines.  The  difference  of  opinion  as  to  Contribution  versus  Canadian 
Navy  was  not  a  party  one — some  in  'both  parties  wanting  a  combina- 
tion of  the  two  policies  or  believing  in  the  latter  as  a  permanent 
policy  if  the  local  Navy  were  large,  efficient  and  under  British  control 
in  war-time.  The  dominant  Conservative  view,  outside  of  Quebec, 
was  that  if  an  emergency  or  danger  to  British  interests  and  naval 
supremacy  existed  it  should  be  met  at  once  by  Canadian  action  upon 
a  large  and  liberal  scale.  Permanent  policies  might  well  be  discussed 
later  on. 

In  support  of  this  view  the  action  already  taken  by  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  was  pointed  out  and  the  non-partisan  declarations  of 
British  statesmen  and  leaders  of  all  kinds  quoted ;  it  was  urged  that 
Canada's  experimental  Navy  of  two  training  ships  was  already  costing 
$1,790,017  (1911)  a  year  while  its  continuance  would  lead  to  endless 
expenditure;  it  was  claimed  that  slowness  of  construction  and  action 
were  proved  in  the  fact  that  a  policy  arranged  at  the  Imperial  Con- 
ference of  1909  had  only  resulted  in  tenders  for  ships  being  still  under 
consideration  in  May,  1911,  and  that  when  the  Laurier  Government 
left  office  nothing  had  been  actually  achieved  although  Australian 
and  New  Zealand  battleships  had  meanwhile  been  launched;  the 
value  and  necessity  of  British  sea  power  were  urged,  the  vital  need  for 
more  battleships  in  the  fighting  line  dealt  with;  the  claim  of  an 
essential  one-ness  in  any  great  Naval  force  for  effective  striking 
strength  was  based  upon  the  authority  of  Mahan,  Beresford,  Fisher, 
and  the  experience  of  all  nations  and  naval  warfare;  the  greater 
cheapness  and  effectiveness  of  helping  a  vast  and  powerful  Navy 
already  in  existence  than  of  trying  to  build  up  by  crude  and  costly 
effort  a  small  and  practically  useless  defensive  fleet  were  urged. 

The  Montreal  Star  and  the  Toronto  News  led  the  Conservative 
press  in  a  campaign  along  the  lines  of  Contribution,  concentration  of 
/  Vh  Naval  power  at  the  point  of  peril,  the  urgency  of  the  situation  and 
the  necessity  of  meeting  the  tremendous  and  menacing  building  pro- 
gramme of  the  German  Empire  with  Colonial  support  to  Britain's 
defence  policy.  "  Get  the  advice  of  the  Admiralty  and  take  it "  was 
also  a  suggestion  presented  by  them  to  the  Borden  Government.  On 
vi/  May  26th  The  News  urged  the  immediate  contribution  and  construc- 
'  tion  in  Britain  of  two  Canadian  Dreadnoughts.  "  The  people  of  this 
country  are  ashamed  of  being  pensioners  on  the  rest  of  the  Empire. 
The  citizens  of  all  the  Provinces  want  to  wipe  out  the  stigma  and  take 
their  place  on  that  first  line  of  defence  which  safeguards  their  own 
security,  their  own  liberties,  and  British  traditions  and  ideals  the 
world  over.  In  a  growing  sense  they  realise  the  vast  significance 
of  the  Empire  for  themselves  and  for  civilization  everywhere.  There- 
fore they  want  to  contribute  in  a  very  real  and  large  manner  towards 
its  upkeep  and  maintenance."  The  Montreal  Star  of  June  25th 
declared  that  the  net  result  of  "  programmes  "  and  official  or  unofficial 
but  reliable  statements,  was  that  Germany  had  up  to  date  projected  the 
construction  of  61  battleships  or  Dreadnoughts  while  Great  Britain, 


CANADIAN  PBESS  OPINION  OF  THE  ISSUE — CONSERVATIVE      35 

with  its  wider  interests,  had  to  meet  the  situation,  and  was  prepared 
to  construct  103  similar  ships  at  an  estimated  cost  or  liability  of  over 
1,000  million  dollars.  "  We  are  confronted  'by  a  condition  of  things 
whose  dominant  and  persistent  note  is  'urgency/  and  who  imagines 
that  we  have  time,  at  this  juncture  in  the  fortunes  of  the  Empire 
under  whose  shelter  we  must  live — if  we  are  to  live  at  all — to  slowly 
learn  the  difficult  and  intricate  business  of  building  up  a  Navy,  and 
then  manning  it  and  fighting  it.  .  .  .  There  must  be  Canadian 
'  Dreadnoughts '  in  the  North  Sea ;  they  must  be  there  as  soon  as 
they  can  be  put  there ;  and  they  must  stay  there  till  all  danger  in  that 
quarter  is  past." 

There  were  other  points  of  Conservative  view.  The  Halifax  Herald 
(Feb.  16)  urged  "one  Navy  for  the  strategic  defence  of  the  Empire 
and  all  its  parts,  under  one  permanent  and  complete  control  in  peace 
and  war,  to  be  provided  by  the  co-operation  of  the  five  great  divisions 
of  the  Empire."  The  Orange  Sentinel  of  Toronto  (May  30)  declared 
that  "  the  most  effective  policy  would  provide  for  the  building  of 
Dreadnoughts  in  Canada  and  their  presentation  to  the  Navy."  The 
Quebec  Chronicle  (April  £)  said,  in  a  much  discussed  editorial :  "  The 
message  of  Canada  to  the  world  is  that  the  Canadian  people  are  deter- 
mined that  the  supremacy  of  the  Imperial  Navy  is  of  most  vital 
importance,  and  that  she  is  determined  that  she  will  take  upon  her 
shoulders  her  full  share  of  the  responsibilities  for  its  maintenance. 
Her  message  to  Great  Britain  is  '  We  will  co-operate,  but  representa- 
tion is  a  sine  qua  non  of  contribution. '  We  demand  the  immediate 
creation  of  a  special  Imperial  Squadron  to  be  controlled  by  a  Board 
representative  of  our  own  and  Imperial  interests/  * 

The  Contribution  idea  was  approved  by  the  Kingston  Standard, 
the  Guelph  Herald,  the  Hamilton  Spectator,  the  Toronto  Mail  and 
Empire,  the  Stratford  Herald  and  other  party  journals.  The  Win- 
nipeg Telegram  (March  15)  urged  that  "  Canada's  part  is  to  hold  the 
Atlantic  trade  route  inviolate  and  to  assist  Australia  and  New  Zealand 
in  the  protection  of  the  Pacific ;"  and  on  July  24th  expressed,  also,  the 
belief  that  "  one  Dreadnought  which  Canada  may  place  in  the  British 
battle  line  to-day  may  be  worth  a  whole  Squadron  five  years  hence." 
The  Toronto  Telegram  (Aug.  6)  dealing  with  the  Autonomy  talk  of 
the  moment  expressed  this  rather  original  view:  "Where  is  the 
essential  difference  between  the  military  canals,  roads,  dockyards  and 
barracks  created  with  the  money  of  the  British  taxpayers  being  con- 
trolled by  the  representatives  of  the  Canadian  taxpayers  and  Dread- 
naughts,  created  with  the  money  of  the  Canadian  taxpayers,  being 
controlled  by  the  representatives  of  the  English  taxpayers." 

As  to  the  proposed,  and  apparently  abandoned,  project  of  Mr. 
Churchill's  visit  to  Canada  during  the  discussion  of  the  question,  the 
Montreal  Star  and  other  'Conservative  papers  supported  the  plan  and 
even  suggested  a  non-political  conference  at  Ottawa  :between  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  and  various  leaders  in  Canadian  finance,  indus- 
try, journalism,  and  public  life.  When  Liberal  opposition  began  to 
be  strongly  expressed,  however,  the  Mail  and  Empire  (Aug.  16)  stated 


36  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

this  view :  "  If  there  is  a  genuine  feeling  of  concern  in  any  quarter 
at  the  possibility  of  Mr.  Churchill's  presence  here  being  regarded  as 
an  interference  by  the  British  Government  then,  -we  say,  let  it  be 
delicately  intimated  to  Mr.  'Churchill  that  it  is  advisable  for  him  to 
defer  his  visit  until  this  matter  is  disposed  of."  The  St.  John 
Standard,  while  accepting  the  Contribution  view,  declared  (Sept.  18) 
that  "  no  greater  responsibility  devolves  on  'Canada  to-day  than  the 
protection  of  her  trade  routes."  The  Victoria  Colonist,  which  had 
favoured  and  continued  to  favour  the  Canadian  Navy  idea  for  the 
future,  supported  (July  26)  a  "gift  of  money  to  build  ships,  the 
property  of  the  ships  to  remain  in  Canada  and  to  form  bye  and  'bye  a 
part  of  the  Canadian  Navy  but,  in  the  meantime,  to  be  wholly  and 
absolutely  under  the  control  of  the  Admiralty."  The  Calgary  Herald 
(Nov.  2)  took  a  big  Western  view  of  the  subject  and  strongly  supported 
quick  and  spontaneous  action.  "Great  Britain  is  spending  this  year  close 
on  $250,000,000  for  naval  construction  and  maintenance.  This  Navy 
defends  Canada  as  much  as  it  does  Great  Britain.  It  protects  Cana- 
dian shipping  as  well  as  ships  belonging  to  the  British  Isles.  If 
Canada  paid  her  share  in  proportion  to  the  shipping  she  owns  her 
Navy  Bill  would  be  over  $12,000,000  a  year.  If  she  paid  in  propor- 
tion to  her  population  the  annual  Bill  would  be  three  times  that  sum. 
If  she  paid  according  to  her  ability  to  pay  and  to  the  value  of  her 
domain  at  stake  her  share  would  still  be  greater." 

individual  Individual  Conservative  opinion  was  largely  one  of 

conservative  confidence  in  the  final  action  of  the  Government  with  a 
opinion  of  tendency  in  some  quarters  to  think  in  combined  terms  of 
the  issue  Dreadnoughts  and  a  Canadian  fleet  and,  in  a  limited 

French-'Canadian  section  of  the  party,  to  desire  a  Referendum. 
W.  F.  Maclean,  M.P.,  believed  in  both  the  Canadian  Navy  and  imme- 
diate Contribution  policies;  J.  S.  Willison  was  ready  to  support  any 
policy  (Toronto,  April  24)  which  would  give  Canada  "  the  office  of 
leadership  in  a  reorganization  and  consolidation  of  the  British  Em- 
pire " ;  Clive  Phillipps-Wolley,  of  Victoria,  B.C.,  wrote  and  spoke 
frequently  upon  the  necessity  of  strengthening  the  Imperial  Navy  by 
immediate  contribution  and  the  establishment  of  a  fleet  upon  the 
Pacific  Coast ;  R.  E.  Gosnell,  of  Victoria,  assumed  that  a  Canadian 
Navy  upon  an  independent  basis  would  mean  disintegration  and 
urged  naval  co-operation  with  Britain  and  the  self-governing 
Dominions. 

The  most  important  early  contribution  of  the  year  to  the  dis- 
cussion was,  however,  the  speech  of  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  Minister  of 
Finance,  at  the  National  Club,  Toronto  (May  17),  on  a  non-partisan 
occasion  and  with  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  as  his  oratorical  col- 
league. Mr.  White's  address  was  cabled  to  London  and  attracted 
attention  there  as  well  as  at  home.  He  dealt  at  length  with  the  growth 
of  Canada,  the  evolution  of  the  Empire  from  its  heart  in  the  North 
Sea,  the  extension  of  its  territory,  liberties  and  power,  the  necessity 
of  the  five  nations  of  Britain,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  South  Africa 


INDIVIDUAL  CONSERVATIVE  OPINION  OP  THE  ISSUE          37 

and  Canada  getting  together  and  standing  together  in  the  face  of 
other  great  empires  which  have  come  or  are  in  the  making.  "  At 
present  the  world  is  at  peace.  Let  us  hope  it  will  remain  so.  In 
order  to  maintain  peace  it  is  necessary  to  be  strong  and  that  is  the 
reason  the  five  nations  are  getting  together,  not  for  aggression,  'but 
for  defence.  That  the  Parliament  and  the  people  of  -Canada  will  be 
prepared  to  do  their  full  share  in  the  matter  of  Imperial  defence  I 
entertain  no  manner  of  doubt.  What  will  be  the  farther  future  and 
under  what  Federal  system  shall  the  Empire  be  federated?  I  shall 
not  attempt  to  forecast  but  it  seems  to  me  to  present  no  insuperable 
difficulty.  It  will  be  a  matter  of  growth,  of  development,  as  is  always 
the  case  with  the  British  Empire." 

Equal  in  importance  to  Mr.  White's  pronouncement  was  the 
unswerving  expression  of  opinion  by  Sir  Eichard  McBride,  Premier 
of  British  Columbia.  In  the  Legislature,  in  the  Provincial  Elections 
of  the  year,  in  a  visit  to  England,  in  various  interviews,  he  took  the 
ground  that  the  Canadian  Navy  policy,  as  so  far  developed,  was  a 
"  monstrous  absurdity  "  and  useless ;  that  a  Navy  might,  however,  be 
created  and  employed  in  Canadian  waters  which  would  be  at  once 
strong  and  effective  and  include  some  of  the  greatest  battleships  of 
the  day;  that  Canada  was  now  dwelling  in  a  humiliating  position  of 
inadequate  local  defence  and  entire  Naval  dependence  upon  the 
Motherland,  and  that  British  Columbia,  in  particular,  needed  special 
coast  protection;  that  the  great,  almost  illimitable,  resources  of 
Canada  demanded  more  and  more  protection  as  they  grew  in  develop- 
ment and  public  knowledge  and  became  increasingly  the  object  of 
international  cupidity  and  possible  attack;  that,  finally,  there  is  and 
had  "been  a  British  naval  emergency  which  Canada  must  help  to  meet 
and  action  upon  which  it  would  be  cowardly  to  avoid. 

At  a  mass-meeting  in  Victoria,  B.C.,  on  Oct.  30,  Sir  Richard 
spoke  to  a  Resolution  declaring  that  "  it  is  the  duty,  interest  and  wish 
of  'Canada  to  meet  the  present  Imperial  emergency  by  a  prompt, 
adequate  and  unconditional  gift  to  the  Empire  of  battleships  or  their 
equivalent,  to  be  followed  as  soon  as  may  be  by  a  permanent  policy 
which  will  assure  to  our  Dominion  representation  worthy  of  her  dig- 
nity in  the  defence  of  the  Empire."  To  the  Ottawa  press  of  Nov. 
7th  he  said:  "We  (in  British  Columbia)  feel  convinced  that  our 
main  stability  lies  in  the  continued  strength  and  dominance  of  the 
British  Navy,  and  that  should  anything  befall  it  we  are  at  once  at 
the  mercy  of  our  foes."  In  the  Montreal  Star  (Nov.  9)  Sir  Richard 
referred  to  the  British  money  pouring  into  Canada  and  declared  the 
country's  duty  and  self-interest  to  demand  an  adequate  Defence 
arrangement.  At  the  meeting  referred  to  a'bove  a  letter  was  read 
from  Gordon  Hunter,  Chief  Justice  of  British  Columbia,  dated  Oct. 
29th  and  containing  this  statement :  "  If  the  Imperial  Government 
has  advised  the  Canadian  Government  that  an  emergency  exists  which 
sooner  or  later  is  likely  to  ripen  into  a  crisis,  then  that  ought,  I  think, 
to  be  sufficient  for  the  people  of  Canada;  and  the  question  ought  to 
be  approached,  not  in  the  spirit  of  how  little  we  can  contribute  in 


38  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

order  to  avoid  the  charge  of  being  a  niggardly  or  penurious  people,  not 
even  in  that  of  how  much  we  can  afford,  but  rather  in  that  of  how 
much  is  necessary  to  ensure  an  Imperial  victory  in  the  event  of 
conflict." 

A  prominent  Montreal  Conservative,  C.  H.  Cahan,  K.C. — once 
the  Party  leader  in  Nova  Scotia  and  now  a  financial  magnate — took 
a  somewhat  complicated  view  of  the  situation.  In  a  series  of  able 
letters  to  the  Montreal  Star  (Got.  12,  17,  21,  23)  and  one  to  The 
Gazette  of  Oct.  8th  he  claimed,  with  elaborate  quotations  from  political 
utterances  by  British  statesmen,  that  there  was  no  need  for  help  and 
no  emergency  warranting  a  Canadian  offer  of  aid;  denounced  any 
defence  policy  or  Colonial  assistance  before  arrangements  were  made 
for  Colonial  representation;  disliked  the  proposal  of  a  contribution 
without  representation  as  involving  a  dangerous  precedent;  depre- 
cated the  idea  that  Canadians  of  this  generation  owed  any  debt  to  the 
British  people  of  this  generation  and  declared  that  the  paramount 
obligation  of  Canadians  was  and  is  to  themselves,  their  people,  and 
their  country;  admitted,  however,  an  indebtedness  to  England  for 
British  institutions,  liberty  and  traditions  and  acknowledged  the  duty 
of  maintaining  these — with  modifications;  disbelieved  in  the  "war- 
scare  "  as  serious  but  was  willing  to  support  a  Canadian  contribution 
to  Great  Britain  "as  part  of  a  permanent  Naval  policy  for  Canada" 
and  provided  that  "  effective  representation  in  Imperial  affairs  "  was 
granted ;  urged  that  "  Canada  should  provide  adequate  protection  for 
our  ports  on  the  Atlantic  and  on  the  Pacific,  create  naval  bases,  safe 
harbours  of  refuge  for  mercantile  shipping,  coaling  stations,  dry- 
docks,  repairing  equipment  for  disabled  ships,  electrical  means  of 
communication,  torpedo  boats  for  harbour  protection  and,  if  need  be, 
cruisers  for  convoying  our  merchant  shipping  in  times  of  war."  In 
a  Star  interview  on  Oct.  25th  he  demanded  that  Britain  at  once  pro- 
ceed to  organize  her  Empire  "  into  harmony  of  action,  cohesiveness  of 
effort  and  singleness  of  purpose,"  arouse  the  military  ardour  of  her 
own  people,  and  recognize  the  birthright  of  her  Colonial  sons.  In  a 
strong  pamphlet  also  issued  at  this  time  Mr.  John  Boyd,  of  the 
Montreal  Gazette,  replied  to  Mr.  Cahan  and  urged  a  national  policy 
of  adequate  coast  defence,  supplemented  by  an  effective  Canadian 
Fleet  unit  "under  control  of  the  Canadian  Government  acting  in 
co-operation  with  the  Imperial  authorities."  A  Contribution  would 
be  a  passing  and  perhaps  necessary  action  as  a  result  of  the  obvious 
ambitions  of  Germany. 

Another  Montreal  publicist,  Victor  E.  Mitchell,  K.C.,  also  replied 
in  The  Star  of  October  14,  18,  25  and  Nov.  2,  and  issued  an  effective 
pamphlet  in  this  connection.  He  expressed  belief  in  the  danger 
arising  from  German  rivalry ;  supported  the  principle  of  co-operation 
in  Imperial  defence  and  a  voice  for  Canada  in  questions  of  peace  and 
war;  described  the  per  capita  wealth  of  Britain  as  £351  and  its  defence 
expenditure  as  £1 12s.  6d.,  while  Canada's  wealth  was  £288  per  head  and 
its  defence  expenditure  £0  6s.  5d. ;  quoted  the  Duke  of  Westminster  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century  and  After  for  November  to  prove  that  the 


PEESS  AND  PEBSONAL  OPINION  IN  THE  LIBERAL  PARTY       39 

British  Empire  in  its  commerce,  shipping,  seaside  cities,  ports  and 
islands  was  essentially  a  result  of  maritime  power  and  dependent  for 
its  existence  upon  maritime  supremacy. 

The  policy  of  the  Liberal  party  outside  of  Parlia- 
Press  and  ment  was  not  very  clearly  expressed  during  the  first 
personal  par^  Of  £he  year — though  the  tendency  of  its  press  and 

Opinion  in  i__  .  n         j-  IT 

the  liberal  speakers  was  to  stand  by  the  Canadian  Navy  plan. 
Party  Very  naturally  Liberals  awaited  the  announcement  of 

Government  policy  and  action.  At  first  there  was  a 
distinct  inclination  in  powerful  quarters  to  admit  the  existence  of 
danger  to  Britain.  The  Toronto  Globe  of  March  21st  described  the 
Anglo-German  rivalry  in  Naval  construction  as,  in  Mr.  Churchill's 
words,  "  a  modern  substitute  "  for  actual  war  and  added :  "  Under 
these  circumstances,  however  deplorable,  there  can  be  no  slackening 
in  the  national  defence  of  Britain.  German  diplomacy,  speaking  from 
the  bridge  of  the  Dreadnoughts,  menaces  the  peace  of  the  world.  It 
no  longer  rests  on  moral  suasion.  Britain  has  spoken  the  last  word. 
British  naval  supremacy  is  justified  in  the  face  of  the  world."  On 
April  8,  however,  it  quoted  the  London  Morning  Leader  as  stating  the 
investment  of  $140,000,000  in  six  firms  for  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions of  war  and  declared  that  war  scares  "  depended  upon  publicity 
campaigns  promoted  by  vested  interests." 

On  June  13,  The  Globe  dealt  with  the  need  of  cruisers  to  police 
the  seas  and  guard  commerce;  on  June  27th,  it  argued  that  there 
could  'be  no  contribution  without  representation  and  that  representa- 
tion was  impossible  to  arrange;  on  July  15,  it  denounced  the  giving 
of  Dreadnoughts  and  advocated  cruiser  squadrons — "These  squad- 
rons would  always  'be  under  the  control  of  the  Canadian  Parliament, 
the  intention  being  that  whenever  the  Empire  is  at  war  they  should 
be  under  the  control  and  orders  of  the  British  Admiralty";  on  the 
19th  it  defined  the  sort  of  Imperial  wars  in  which  Canada  should  or 
should  not  participate  and  anticipated  the  "abyssmal  depths"  of 
aggressive  warfare  into  which  Canadians  might  be  plunged  if  Mr. 
Borden's  plan  of  Imperial  representation  was  carried  out.  On  the 
24th  it  proclaimed  the  following  policy :  "  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
Dominions  to  say  to  Britain :  '  We  will  undertake  to  guard  the  out- 
lying portions  of  the  Empire  against  small  raiding  squadrons  and 
keep  open  the  trade  routes  of  the  Empire  if  you  will  see  to  it  that  the 
shores  of  Britain  are  kept  inviolate  and  the  British  'battle  fleet  is 
maintained  on  a  basis  of  superiority  to  that  of  any  probable  European 
combination/  " 

As  time  passed  on  The  Globe  found  Mr.  Winston  Churchill's 
speeches  too  Imperialistic  and  described  him  on  Aug.  2nd  as  pre- 
paring "  to  return  to  the  Tory  party  " ;  urged  (19th)  that  "  autonomy" 
was  the  basis  of  Empire  with  the  future  dependent  upon  Canada 
being  "unfettered  by  bonds  and  bargains";  claimed  (Aug.  17) 
that  there  was  reason  in  Germany's  attitude  so  far  as  it  was 
influenced  by  Britain's  refusal  to  eliminate  the  right  of  destroy- 


40  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

ing  "private  commerce" — whatever  that  was — upon  the  seas  in 
war-time;  declared  on  Sept.  24th  that  there  could  be  no 
"emergency"  warranting  Canadian  contribution  unless  the  Brit- 
ish Government  stated  in  black  and  white  that  the  situation  was 
"  grave  " — in  the  diplomatic  language  of  Europe  a  term  used  only  on 
the  verge  of  war.  The  Toronto  Star  did  not  discuss  the  subject  very 
seriously.  It  pointed  out  that  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  had  passed  through 
"  the  attentions  and  flatteries  of  a  London  season "  without  being 
carried  off  his  feet  or  hurried  into  "  rash  and  impractical  measures  " ; 
it  thought  the  principal  foreign  interest  of  Canada,  and  the  one 
Canadians  knew  most  about,  was  the  relations  of  the  Dominion  and 
the  United  States ;  it  considered  a  'Contribution  of  no  particular  value 
to  Britain  and  a  Canadian  Navy  the  best  policy;  it  waxed  very  sar- 
castic over  the  suggested  visit  of  Mr.  Churchill  to  'Canada  "  riding 
on  a  Dreadnought";  but  seemed  inclined,  upon  the  whole,  to  treat 
the  issue  in  a  humorous  and  non-partisan  manner. 

The  position  of  the  Montreal  Herald  was  critical  but  it  was  also 
constructive.  On  July  5th  it  declared  its  faith  in  autonomy  as  an 
Empire  principle  and,  after  referring  to  the  difficulties  before  Mr. 
Borden  and  the  country,  said :  "  Out  of  the  whole  tangle  there  is  but 
one  sure  road,  one  road  which  sooner  or  later  must  be  taken.  That 
road  is  Imperial  Federation."  On  the  12th  it  was  stated  that  if  they 
were  required  Canada  might  well  contribute  two  or  three  Dread- 
naughts  and  on  the  23rd  this  point  was  further  emphasized :  "  If 
there  is  danger,  and  to  meet  that  danger  the  people  of  the  British 
Isles  are  straining  every  nerve,  then  we  Canadians  cannot  wait  for 
the  development  of  a  permanent  policy  to  range  ourselves  alongside 
our  brethren,  but  must  act  promptly  in  helping  to  present  to  the 
world  the  spectacle  of  a  United  Empire."  In  other  articles  this  view 
and  the  reality  of  the  menace  to  British  supremacy  on  the  seas  was 
pressed  home;  at  the  same  time  the  principle  of  a  Canadian  Navy 
was  declared  to  have  been  and  to  be  sound  and  patriotic  and  essential 
to  Canada's  future  development.  As  a  result  of  views  which  repre- 
sented the  proprietor  (Mr.  J.  S.  Brierley)  and  not  the  Editor  (Mr. 
J.  C.  Walsh)  the  latter  resigned  and  in  an  article  published  in  the 
Canadian  Courier  after  the  announcement  of  Mr.  Borden's  policy 
described  the  latter  as  "  a  policy  of  tribute  and  a  serious  injury  to 
Canada's  self-government." 

There  were  other  variations  of  opinion.  The  Ottawa  Free  Press 
(July  12)  seemed  to  favour  the  idea  of  representation.  "That 
Dominions  sharing  in  Empire  defence  should  have  a  voice  in  Empire 
policy  is  a  noble  sentiment  but  hitherto  it  has  been  found  impossible 
to  devise  any  workable  scheme.  ...  If  the  Imperial  authorities 
need  two  or  three  more  Dreadnoughts,  Canada  could  contribute  them 
without  prejudice  to  any  future  plans  she  might  desire  to  make.  Per- 
haps Mr.  Borden  may  succeed  where  others  have  failed/'  The  St. 
John  Telegraph  of  July  24th  and  the  Brantford  Expositor  of  the 
same  date  approved  the  Contribution  policy  plus  the  Canadian  Navy 
plan  while  the  Regina  Leader  demanded  efficient  and  non-party  action. 
The  Manitoba  Free  Press  (July  25)  believed  in  Germany's  "  steady, 


PRESS  AND  PERSONAL  OPINION  IN  THE  LIBERAL  PARTY       41 

remorseless  struggle,  by  military  and  naval  strength,  to  reach  a  posi- 
tion of  predominance  in  the  world."  If  there  was  an  emergency 
action  must  be  large  and  effective.  This  journal  .also  was  inclined  to 
favour  non-party  treatment  of  the  subject  as  was  its  Editor — Mr. 
J.  W.  Dafoe.  The  Montreal  Witness  supported  the  ideal  of  "one 
Empire  and  one  Navy";  the  Saturday  Sunset  of  Vancouver  while 
hating  war  talk  was  yet  willing  to  contribute  if  proper  representation 
were  accorded;  the  Toronto  Weekly  Sun  was  unflinching  in  its  con- 
tinuous denunciation  of  Jingoism,  war-scares,  "  misguided  and  blatant 
Imperialism,"  militarism  and  all  the  other  names  for  those  who 
'believed  in  rapid  constructive  effort  and  immediate  organized  action. 
There  was  no  danger  of  war,  and  the  development  of  Germany  was 
really  a  good  thing,  according  to  this  journal. 

Personal  opinion  found  expression  amongst  the  Liberal  leaders  in 
some  of  the  Bye-elections  of  the  year  and  during  Sir  W.  Laurier's 
October  speeches  in  Ontario.  Mr.  Mackenzie  King,  ex-Minister  of 
Labour,  at  Belleville  on  April  17th,  denounced  the  Government  for 
doing  nothing  and  described  his  Party's  policy  as  the  building  "up 
of  a  real  Empire  with  Great  Britain  as  the  centre  but  all  the  parts 
establishing  new  Naval  centres  of  strength."  At  Ottawa,  on  Aug. 
27th,  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  made  an  explicit  statement  of  opinion,  after 
Sir  Arthur  Lawley  and  Mr.  A.  M.  Grenfell  had  expressed  equally 
clear  and  distinct  views  upon  the  menace  they  believed  to  exist  in 
Germany's  effort  for  sea  supremacy.  With  precise  plainness  he  used 
these  words:  "Thank  God  Canada  shall  never  go  into  it  (the  race  for 
armaments)  to  settle  her  differences.  In  England  you  think  of  arma- 
ments and  war;  in  Canada  we  think  of  Canals  and  Railways  and 
Public  Works."  At  Cornwall  on  Sept.  30  Sir  Wilfrid  described  his 
policy  as  follows.  "  I  said  Canada  should  build  a  Navy  in  Canada, 
equip  it  in  Canada,  man  it  in  Canada,  and  that  it  should  be  under  the 
control  of  the  people  of  Canada.  That  was  our  policy  at  the  last 
election  and  that  is  the  policy  of  the  Liberal  Party  now.  We  want  a 
Canadian  Navy,  but  if  England  were  in  danger  every  -Canadian  would 
assist  the  Motherland."  To  a  meeting  at  Sherbrooke  he  reiterated 
this  view :  "  There  are  those  who  say  to  me,  '  Give  up  this  Naval 
policy ' ;  but  no,  I  will  not  give  it  up.  So  long  as  I  lead  the  Liberal 
Party  so  long  will  it  do  its  duty  by -the  nation  and  by  the  Empire." 
In  the  Hochelaga  contest,  however,  a  letter  from  Sir  Wilfrid  stated 
that  he  would  not  take  up  the  fight  for  his  Naval  policy  until  Mr. 
Borden's  intentions  were  known. 

Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Provincial  Liberal  leader  in  Ontario,  took 
clear  ground  in  various  speeches  upon  the  duty  of  aiding  the  Empire 
promptly  and  strongly.  At  Montreal  on  Nov.  llth  he  said:  "We 
have  our  self-respect  as  one  of  the  free  nations  of  the  Empire  to  defend 
and  our  self-respect  demands  that  we  no  longer  delay  accepting  our 
share  of  the  responsibilities  for  maintaining  our  trade  routes  and  the 
defence  of  the  Empire."  Later,  on  Dec.  6th,  at  Gait,  he  expressed 
regret  that  the  Liberal  Navy  policy  had  not  been  carried  out.  As  to 
the  Government's  policy  he  said :  "  In  view  of  the  great  burden  Great 


French- 
Canadian 
View  of  the 


42  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Britain  is  now  carrying  in  Naval  defence,  a  burden  involving  the  gift 
of  her  sons  to  man  her  ships  as  well  as  of  her  money  to  maintain  them, 
in  view  of  the  great  demands  upon  the  British  Exchequer  for  moneys 
to  carry  out  important  schemes  of  social  reform,  I  cannot  but  confess 
my  own  great  personal  regret  that  Canada  is  not  manning  and  main- 
taining, as  well  as  giving,  these  Dreadnoughts." 

The  opinion  of  French  Canada,  or  Quebec,  upon  all 
matters  01  an  Imperial  nature  is  more  or  less  passive 
until  disturbed  by  agitation  and  leadership.     There  is 
Defence  "        plenty  of  readiness  to  work  with  the  rest  of  Canada  and 
Question  plenty  of  quiet  loyalty  to  British  relationship  and  the 

Empire;  but  conditions  of  language,  race  and  creed 
-  combine  to  create  characteristics  easily  susceptible  to  the  influence  of 
oratory  and  exaggerated  opinion.  Hence  the  importance  of  the 
Nationalism  represented  by  clever  and  eloquent  men  such  as  Mr. 
Bourassa.  During  1912,  however,  a  new  development  took  place  in 
this  form  of  political  thought  and  was  represented  by  the  claim  that 
any  share  in  Imperial  defence  must  be  accompanied  by  a  share  in 
control  of  Empire  policy.  Mr.  Bourassa's  organ,  Le  Devoir — in  which 
the  Hon.  F.  D.  Monk,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  stated  in  Parlia- 
ment (Feb.  10)  that  he  had  some  financial  interest — contained  a  long 
series  of  articles  during  the  year  on  many  phases  of  the  Defence  ques- 
tion and  of  the  Manitoba  and  Ontario  School  issues.  For  a  time, 
indeed,  the  Manitoba  or  Keewatin  School  question  put  the  Navy  mat- 
ter in  the  shade.  Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Mch.  18th  Mr.  Bour^assa 
said  of  the  latter : 

A  Canadian  is  not  disloyal  simply  because  he  refuses  to  contribute  to 
Imperial  wars  until  he  is  given  a  voice  in  the  Imperial  Parliament — until 
seven  millions  of  Canadians  have  as  much  to  say  in  the  Government  of 
the  Empire  as  one  working-man  has  in  the  City  of  London,  Liverpool, 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Dublin  or  Belfast.  We  French  and  Irish  in  Canada 
are  British  because  we  consider  the  maintenance  of  British  connection 
best  for  Canadian  nationality. 

The  Nationalist  leader  was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election  during  the 
Provincial  contest  which  followed  but  went  away  on  a  trip  to  Europe. 
Upon  his  return,  in  Le  Devoir  of  July  17th,  he  amplified  his  long- 
standing objection  to  Imperialism  and  his  advocacy  of  equal  rights 
in  language  and  laws  for  his  compatriots  by  the  new  argument  that 
certain  alleged  restrictions  in  French-Canadian  privileges  were  remov- 
ing all  objection  in  the  minds  of  his  people  to  Annexation.  In  fact 
they  no  longer  feared  it.  The  position  of  Quebec  in  Confederation 
was  likened  to  "  a  Reserve  in  which  the  French-Canadian  lives  as  free 
as  the  Iroquois  "  in  the  Indian  Reserves  of  St.  Regis  or  Caughnawaga ! 
On  July  24th,  dealing  with  Mr.  Borden's  utterances  in  England, 
Le  Devoir  said :  "  Mr.  Borden  should  know  that  all  participation  in 
Imperial  Naval  affairs  is  distasteful  to  French-Canadians  and,  if  he 
has  forgotten  it,  we  have  only  to  remind  him  of  the  vote  in  Drum- 
mond-Arthabaska  where  the  Bye^election  was  fought  out  on  the  Naval 
question."  To  this  and  other  articles  La  Patrie  (Ind.)  replied  on 


FRENCH-CANADIAN  VIEW  OF  THE  DEFENCE  QUESTION        43 

Aug.  2nd.  "  Mr.  Bourassa  fought  the  Naval  policy  of  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier.  He  is  now  fighting  that  of  the  'Conservative  Ministry.  These 
two  policies,  nevertheless,  meet  the  views  of  all  Canadians,  no  matter 
what  their  origin.  Mr.  Bourassa  and  him  alone  they  do  not  suit.  Let 
him  tell  us  clearly  what  he  wants,  toward  what  end  he  is  dragging 
our  fellow-countrymen  with  his  eternal  recriminations." 

In  a  succeeding  article  Mr.  Bourassa  declared  that  Great  Britain 
had  never  stood  and  never  would  stand  by  Canada  against  the  United 
States.  He  denounced  the  British  "  spoliation  of  the  Boers  " ;  stated 
that  the  United  States  paid  "  no  more  attention  to  Canadian  wailings 
(over  the  Panama  question)  than  they  did  to  the  complaints  of  the 
remnants  of  Indian  tribes  " ;  alleged  the  German  menace  to  be  merely 
an  invention  of  scare-mongers,  in  the  pay  of  those  who  had  guns  and 
armaments  to  sell;  claimed  in  reiterated  terms  that  Britain  main- 
tained her  Navy  solely  for  her  own  selfish  interests  and  would  have 
to  keep  it  up  if  Canada  did  not  exist;  described  present  conditions, 
whether  menacing  or  not,  as  created  by  a  Foreign  policy  in  which 
Canadians  had  no  share  and  declared  that  Britain  did  not  contribute 
a  cent  to  the  help  or  defence  of  Canada. 

Speaking  at  Montreal,  Nov.  15th,  Armand  Lavergne,  M.L.A.,  said : 
"  I  love  Canada  better  than  the  whole  British  Empire,  better  than 
all  the  Empires  of  the  World,  because  it  is  my  own  country,  my  native 
land ;  and  I  claim  for  it  that  we  shall  not  take  part,  nor  give  a  single 
ressel,  a  single  cent  or  a  single  soldier  to  an  Imperial  war  until  we 
have  a  voice  ia  the  questions  of  peace  or  war  in  the  British  Empire. 
But,  Mr.  Asquith  says  war  is  an  Imperial  prerogative  which  Great 
Britain  wishes  to  guard  herself.  Very  well,  let  her  guard  it,  we  have 
a  National  prerogative,  and  we  will  guard  that  and  guard  it  for  ever." 
Canada,  he  alleged,  owed  nothing  to  Great  Britain — the  country  which 
had  given  away  Oregon,  Ohio,  Illinois  and  Michigan  to  the  United 
States  "  because  it  was  afraid  of  being  beaten  "  and  ceded  the  ports 
of  Alaska  for  the  same  reason !  In  Le  Devoir  on  Dec.  12th  the  Ger- 
man emergency  was  described  as  a  "ridiculous  subterfuge"  and  the 
proposed  contribution  as  merely  the  thin  end  of  an  Imperialist  wedge. 
"  If,  to-day,  we  acknowledge  the  duty,  how  shall  we  justly  and  logi- 
cally avoid  its  accomplishment  every  time  similar  circumstance 
arise  ?  To-day  the  approaching  or  remote  danger  is  in  the  North  Sea. 
It  may  be  to-morrow  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  day  after  to-morrow 
in  the  Sea  of  Japan." 

On  the  following  day  Mr.  Bourassa  denounced  the  Liberal  policy 
as  well.  To  a  tribute  of  gold  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  wished  to  add  that 
of  blood.  "  He  desires  to  fill  these  Dreadnoughts  with  human  cargoes 
as  food  for  guns."  Both  policies  were  equally  fatal  and  the  people 
must  be  consulted.  To  this  he  added  the  opinion  that  Imperialism 
meant  the  keeping  of  Canadians  in  a  position  akin  to  that  of  the 
Kaffirs  in  Africa  or  the  Coolies  of  India;  that  it  involved  neither 
patriotism  nor  pride.  "  The  Naval  policy  of  the  two  parties  is  hurry- 
ing  us  along  rapidly — more  rapidly  th^n  is  healthy  either  for  Canada 
or  the  Empire — to  choose  between  the  absolute  independence  of  Can- 


44  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

ada  and  the  integral  sharing  of  Imperial  responsibility."     To  these 
'views  the  Hon.  Rodolphe  Lemieux,  M.P.,  a  leading  Liberal  exponent 
of  the  Canadian  Navy,  gave  the  following  reply  —  embodying  opinions 
he  had  in  1911  frequently  put  before  the  people  of  Quebec: 

At  each  stage,  and  whilst  liberty  has  broadened  for  all,  to  the  French- 
Canadians  have  been  maintained  the  rights  secured  to  them  at  the  time 
of  the  Conquest  —  the  rights  of  language,  law  and  religion.  You  ask  me 
why  I  am  a  British  subject  and  why  I  wish  to  remain  one.  I  reply  that 
I  honour  the  flag  that  honours  its  obligations;  that  I  prize  most  those 
institutions  that  secure  me  most  strongly  in  my  rights  and  liberties;  that 
I  am  proud  to  be  a  sharer  in  the  great  work  of  advancing  peace  and  pro- 
gress throughout  the  world  for  which  the  British  Empire  stands.  Grati- 
tude for  what  has  been  done  for  them  in  the  past,  contentment  in  the 
liberties  which  they  to-day  enjoy,  pride  in  the  future  greatness  of  Eng- 
land and  her  Dominions  scattered  throughout  the  whole  of  the  globe  — 
this,  and  much  more,  warms  the  hearts  of  French-Canadians  to  the  Mother- 
land and  makes  of  them  loyal  subjects,  second  to  none  under  the  British 
Crown.  By  the  vastness  of  the  Empire  their  imaginations  are  stirred;  by 
the  self  government  it  ensures  their  devotion  is  secured.  All  that  there 
is  of  charm  in  monarchical  government  is  retained;  all  that  there  is  of 
democracy  in  a  republic  is  well  maintained. 

I  There  was  a  distinct  movement,  a  strong  effort,  made 

The  Hon-Farty  during  the  year  to  have  the  Naval  controversy  settled 
theVjira*ia  *"*  ky  combined  action  of  the  two  Parties  in  a  compro- 
mise  which  would  involve  the  immediate  Contribution 


of  battleships  and  the  future  construction  of  a  Canadian 
Fleet  or  Navy.  In  Toronto,  Mr.  G.  Frank  Beer,  a  well-known  manu- 
facturer and  a  Liberal  in  politics,  was  the  chief  promoter  of  this  pro- 
posed action.  At  his  invitation  a  private  Dinner  (Aug.  7)  brought 
together  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  Senator  R.  Jaffray,  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie, 
N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  D.  B.  Hanna,  J.  W.  Flavelle,  J.  E.  Atkin- 
son, Dr.  J.  A.  Macdonald,  W.  E.  Rundle,  J.  A.  Cooper  and  others  in  the 
discussion  of  a  question  which,  finally,  was  brought  into  the  following 
shape:  "  (1)  That  in  the  existing  international  situation  it  is  desir- 
able that  the  Naval  policy  of  Canada  should  be  a  national  policy  sup- 
ported by  all  parties;  (2)  that  in  order  to  achieve  this  result  the 
Prime  Minister  and  the  Leader  of  the  Opposition  should  be  asked  to 
meet,  before  any  public  announcement  of  the  Government  policy  is 
made,  and  discuss  whether  an  agreed  policy  cannot  be  submitted  to 
Parliament  and  the  nation."  This  was  not  acceptable  to  all  those 
named  above  but,  eventually,  the  Toronto  group,  supported  by  one 
in  Winnipeg  under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Vere  Brown,  Inspector  of 
the  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  and  in  Hamilton  by  Mr  Robert 
Hobson,  agreed  upon  the  following  Memorial  : 

1.  That  in  our  judgment  it  is  the  desire  of  the  majority  of  the  people 
of  Canada  that  the  Dominion  should  forthwith  take  her  part  in  the  Naval 
defence  of  the  Empire. 

2.  That  capacity  for  self-defence  being  a  necessary  incident  of  nation- 
hood, the  Canadian  people  looks  forward  to  equipping  itself,  with  all 
reasonable  despatch,  with  the  necessary  means  of  defence;  and  that  the 
permanent  policy  of  the  Dominion  should  look  to  the  establishment  of  a 
Navy  that  will  be  worthy  of  our  national  aspirations. 

3.  That  if  international  relations,  as  disclosed  by  official  information, 


THE  NON-PARTY  MOVEMENT  AND  THE  NAVAL  QUESTION      45 

are  such  as  to  indicate  the  existence  of  an  urgent  situation,  substantial 
evidence  should  be  given  forthwith  of  Canada's  recognition  of  her  respon- 
sibilities as  part  of  the  Empire;  and  that  the  action  taken  in  accordance 
with  this  idea  should  be  of  such  a  notable  character  as  to  be  adequate  in 
the  light  of  the  responsibilities  of  Canada,  and  of  the  exigencies  of  the 
case,  and  worthy  of  Canada's  material  wealth  and  prosperity. 

4.  That  the  motive  animating  Canadians  is  not  to  promote  the  military 
spirit  as  such  and,  in  particular,  is  not  to  render  more  acute  the  tension 
between  Great  Britain  and  any  other  Power;  but  to  show  in  a  practical 
way  their  belief  that  the  effective  maintenance  of  the  British  Navy  makes 
for  the  preservation  of  the  world's  peace,  and  to  demonstrate  unmistak- 
ably the  strength  of  the  Overseas'  resources  which  are  available  for  the 
defence  of  the  Empire. 

5.  That  it  is  highly  desirable  that  the  policy  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  both  for  the  moment  and  permanently,  with  regard  to  this  mat- 
ter, should  not  be,  or  become,  a  party  question. 

6.  That  without  delay  an  earnest  effort  should  therefore  be  made  by 
the  Government,  through  friendly  consultation  with  His  Majesty's  Oppo- 
sition in  Canada,  to  give  to  such  immediate  action  and  to  the  Dominion's 
permanent  policy,  a  form  which,  securing  the  adhesion  of  both  parties, 
may  remove  the  whole  question  of  Imperial  Defence  from  the  domain  of 
contentious  politics. 

This  Memorial  was  signed  by  a  selected  number  from  both  Parties  in 
Toronto,  Winnipeg,  Edmonton,  Eegina,  Saskatoon  and  Hamilton. 
The  Toronto  men  included  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  Senator  Kobert  Jaf- 
fray,  President  of  The  Globe  Company,  J.  W.  Flavelle,  D.  B.  Hanna, 
The  Bishop  of  Toronto,  R.  S.  Gourlay,  W.  K.  McNaught,  M.L.A., 
W.  J.  Gage,  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie,  J.  A.  Cooper,  J.  E.  Atkinson,  S.  Mor- 
ley  Wickett,  Geo.  H.  Locke,  W.  E.  Rundle,  Sir  Mortimer  Clark,  Sir 
Edmund  Osier,  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C.,  Z.  A.  Lash,  K.C.,  Col.  G.  T. 
Denison,  Hon.  George  A.  Cox,  Chester  D.  Massey,  F.  S.  Spence,  Col. 
James  Mason,  Rev.  L.  Minehan,  J.  P.  Murray,  R,  D.  Fairbairn,  E.  N. 
Armour,  H.  C.  Hocken,  Hon.  Thomas  Crawford,  J.  Castell  Hopkins. 
In  Winnipeg,  Mr.  D.  C.  Cameron,  Lieut-Governor,  The  Archbishop 
of  Rupert's  Land,  Sir  R.  P.  Roblin,  Sir  D.  H.  McMillan,  Hon.  H.  J. 
Macdonald,  Hon.  W.  H.  Montague,  Sir  William  Whyte,  A.  M.  Nanton, 
Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh,  J.  D.  McArthur,  Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell,  James 
Fisher,  K.C.,  F.  0.  Fowler,  Isaac  Campbell,  K.C.,  Prof.  W.  F.  Osborne, 
C.  N.  Bell,  Hugh  Sutherland,  J.  W.  Dafoe,  R.  L.  Richardson  and  Sir 
Joseph  Dubuc  signed  the  document.  In  Hamilton  the  signatures 
included  those  of  Robert  Hobson,  Cyrus  A.  Birge,  Col.  the  Hon.  J.  S. 
Hendrie,  George  E.  Tuckett,  H.  J.  Waddie,  C.  R.  McCullough, 
Lieut.-Col.  G.  S.  Rennie,  Lieut.-Col.  S.  C.  Mewburn,  F.  C.  Bruce,  ex- 
M.P.,  John  Leggatt,  W.  J.  Southam,  C.  S.  Wilcox,  H.  H.  Champ  and 
F.  H.  Whitton.  The  document  was,  informally,  presented  to  the 
Leaders  in  due  course. 

Meanwhile,  a  prominent  Montreal  Liberal,  W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C., 
had  written  the  press  (June  15th)  as  follows:  "The  question  now 
before  us  is  that  of  an  Emergency  policy.  All  differences  of  party  or 
personal  views  ought  to  be  set  aside  for  the  time  being  and  a  loyal  and 
undivided  national  support  given  the  Government  in  any  action  or 
expenditure  it  may  see  the  need  of  making  for  the  common  defence  of 
the  Empire." 


46  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Winnipeg  Tribune  (Ind.-Liberal)  urged  the 'non-party  policy 
very  strongly,  wanted  all  Canadians  to  "  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder 
in  defence  of  the  Empire  "  and,  on  Dec.  13th,  came  out  in  favour  of 
a  straight  contribution  policy  as  follows :  '  Canada,  as  a  member  of 
the  Imperial  family,  cannot  escape  Imperial  responsibilities.  We  have 
advocated  facing  those  responsibilities  by  a  plan  of  co-operation,  in 
other  words,  giving  our  money  towards  the  maintenance  of  a  powerful, 
central  Navy,  a  Navy  that  has  been  and  will  be  as  ready  and  as  cap- 
able of  defending  the  shores  of  Canada  as  the  coasts  of  Britain  or  any 
part  of  the  Empire.  If  possible,  let  us  know  what  contribution  is 
necessary,  prospectively,  from  year  to  year,  and  let  us  contribute  the 
amount  cheerfully."  The  St.  John  Telegraph  (July  24)  said :  "  Most 
Canadians,  we  believe,  will  hope  that  the  question  of  Imperial  defence 
may  be  raised  above  the  lower  levels  of  domestic  politics,  and  that 
whatever  form  the  Canadian  policy  may  take,  it  shall  be  one  giving 
telling  effect  to  the  general  Canadian  desire  to  strengthen  the 
Empire's  power  on  the  high  seas  by  such  assistance  as  might  properly 
be  forthcoming  from  a  member  of  the  British  family  so  prosperous, 
and  potentially  so  wealthy  and  so  powerful,  as  this  Dominion."  The 
Regina  Leader  of  the  same  date  was  also  explicit : 

We  can  only  hope  that  the  Borden  Government  will  fully  meet  the 
demands  of  the  situation,  and  that  Canada  will  not  much  longer  have  to 
blush  for  shame  that,  while  enjoying  all  the  benefits  and  protection  of  the 
British  Navy,  it  is  not  doing  anything  towards  protecting  its  own  shores, 
its  own  commerce,  or  in  the  way  of  assisting  in  the  general  work  of 
Empire  Defence.  Canada  is  too  big,  too  manly,  too  prosperous  to  any 
longer  remain  an  additional  burden  on  the  already  tremendously  over- 
taxed people  of  the  British  Isles.  Speaking  for  itself  the  Leader  would 
fain  see  the  matter  of  Canada's  participation  in  the  naval  defence  of  the 
Empire  removed  from  the  realms  of  party  politics  and  dealt  with  on  the 
same  high  plane  that  prevails  in  the  Motherland. 

The  Toronto  Globe,  however,  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
proposal  and  its  Editor,  Dr.  J.  A.  Macdonald,  did  not  sign  the 
Memorial.  This  view  was  expressed  on  July  29th :  "  Keep  the  Naval 
question  out  of  Politics?  Keep  the  Tariff  question  out  of  Politics? 
Keep  the  Temperance  question  out  of  Politics?  These  things  cannot 
be  done  in  a  free  country.  To  do  them  would  be  to  deny  the  funda- 
mentals of  democracy  and  to  prepare  the  way  back  a-gain  for  the  auto- 
crat and  tyrant.  Are  we  to  be  told  that  Downing  Street  is  again  to 
dominate  in  Canada?  That  millions  of  money  from  Canadian  taxes 
are  to  be  handed  over  for  the  expenditure  by  Ministers  not  responsible 
to  the  Parliament  and  people  of  Canada  ?  If  these  things  must  needs 
be,  let  the  people  at  least  have  the  old-time  right  of  free  discussion !" 
On  Aug.  10th  it  urged  that  the  wishes  of  all  parties  could  be  met  by 
the  immediate  construction  of  battleships  in  Britain  for  Canada  which 
should,  as  an  "  Emergency  "  contribution,  be  placed  at  the  temporary 
service  of  the  Admiralty,  and  thereafter  come  under  the  Laurier 
Naval  Service  Act. 

The  Conservative  press  did  not  say  very  much  about  the  matter. 
The  Toronto  Mail  and  The  News  welcomed  such  letters  as  Mr.  Light- 


THE  NON-PARTY  MOVEMENT  AND  THE  NAVAL  QUESTION      47 

hall's;  the  World  was  inclined  to  support  the  general  idea;  W.  F. 
Maclean,  M.P.,  did  so  in  the  House ;  the  Ottawa  Journal  approved  the 
conception  of  a  Canadian  Navy  and  urged  prompt  action  of  some 
kind;  the  Montreal  Star  did  not  like  the  general  proposal,  did  not 
approve  a  conference  of  rival  leaders  and  believed  in  the  Government 
taking  definite  action  and  carrying  its  own  responsibility.  As  to  indi- 
vidual opinion  there  were  some  pronounced  statements.  Sir  Donald 
Mann  in  the  Victoria  Colonist  (July  10)  and  elsewhere  supported  an 
"  immediate  grant  of  money  to  the  Admiralty  "  for  the  strengthening 
of  the  Navy.  As  to  the  future  this  was  his  policy :  "  We  have  not  the 
technical  knowledge,  nor  the  materials,  nor  the  skilled  labour,  so  that 
it  is  out  of  the  question  to  talk  of  building  warships  in  Canada  for 
some  time  to  come.  Therefore,  I  would  advise  the  laying  down  of 
vessels  to  constitute  Fleet  units.  They  should  be  ordered  in  British 
yards  through  the  Admiralty.  Simultaneously  there  should  be  dry- 
docks  and  ship-building  yards  established  on  both  the  Atlantic  and 
the  Pacific,  which  should  be  the  nucleus  of  plants  which  would  ulti- 
mately be  able  to  undertake  steel  construction." 

Principal  Peterson,  C.M.G.,  of  McGill  (Oct.  1)  was  explicit:  "I 
think  that  such  matters  as  these  should  be  kept  altogether  out  of  the 
sphere  of  politics.  It  is  the  one  and  only  way  of  salvation  in  dealing 
with  them."  J.  Castell  Hopkins  in  a  tour  of  the  West  during 
October  and  November  addressed  a  number  of  non-political  meet- 
ings and  urged  a  large  Emergency  contribution  as  high  as  $50,000,- 
000.  An  interview  with  him  in  the  Eegina  Leader  of  Oct.  24th  con- 
tained this  statement :  "  My  personal  view  is  that  we  ought  to  cable 
to  the  Imperial  Government  at  an  early  date  an  order  for  the  con- 
struction of  at  least  three  Dreadnoughts,  with  subsidiary  war  vessels ; 
these  ships  to  be  owned  by  Canada  but  to  be  placed  wherever  the 
Admiralty  thinks  is  the  danger-point  for  the  time  being;  and  at  the 
same  time  to  form  a  nucleus  of  future  Canadian  Fleets  upon  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  which  shall  be  a  part  of  the  Imperial  Navy  under 
some  new  system  of  combined  control."  Meanwhile  the  Liberal  party 
attitude  had  been  pretty  well  defined.  The  Ottawa  Free  Press,  the 
Party  organ  at  the  capital,  announced  on  Aug.  16th  that  Liberalism 
had  a  policy  and  would  stand  by  it  until  a  better  one  was  offered.  It 
was,  also,  officially  stated — following  a  meeting  on  the  15th  of  the 
Opposition  Leader  and  Messrs.  Fisher,  Murphy  and  Sir  F.  Borden — 
that  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  would  take  no  part  in  any  conference  on  the 
subject  with  the  Premier.  At  Cornwall,  on  Sept.  19th,  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  dealt  with  the  movement  as  follows : 

At  the  present  time  there  are  some  men  In  Toronto  and  Winnipeg, 
well  disposed  men  in  both  parties,  Liberal  and  Conservative,  who  have 
signed  a  Memorial,  a  copy  of  which  they  have  sent  to  me,  asking  the 
Leader  of  the  Government  to  consult  with  the  Leader  of  the  Opposition, 
my  humble  self,  with  a  view  of  making  the  policy  unanimous.  But  the 
thought  forced  itself  upon  me,  would  it  not  make  more  for  the  unanimity 
of  the  Naval  policy  to  address  the  request  to  the  two  warring  factions  in 
the  Conservative  Party,  to  Mr.  Bourassa  and  Mr.  Borden,  to  Mr.  Monk 
and  to  Colonel  Hughes,  to  the  Nationalists  and  the  Imperialists,  and  urge 


48  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

them  earnestly,  patriotically,  to  try  and  come  together  and  evolve  a 
worthy  policy,  worthy  of  Canada  and  worthy  of  a  daughter  of  the  Mother- 
land. 

During  the  early  part  of  1912  there  was  no  very 
The  Naval  serious  discussion  of  the  Naval  question  in  Parliament. 
theTVint  Albert  Sevigny,  Conservative  member  for  Dorchester, 
session  of  gave  notice  of  a  Resolution  on  Feb.  7th  which,  how- 
19i2  ever,  never  came  before  the  House  for  discussion  and 

in  which  he  urged  the  repeal  of  the  existing  Naval  Act 
— because  it  established  a  policy  of  far-reaching  importance  and  con- 
sequences without  full  consideration  by  the  people  and  because  it 
bore  evidences  of  being  "  hastily  and  ill-advisedly  prepared."  It  was 
also  alleged  that  "our  duty  to  the  Empire  cannot  be  suitably  dis- 
charged by  the  enforcement  of  this  measure;  that  the  plan  involves 
the  creation  of  a  Naval  force  which  will  be  utterly  useless  in  time 
of  war  and,  consequently  of  no  benefit  to  the  Empire  or  to  Canada; 
that  to  construct  and  equip  the  proposed  Navy,  immense  sums  of 
money  would  be  required,  and  that  the  probable  result  in  time  of  war 
would  be  the  needless  sacrifice  of  human  lives  without  an  iota  being 
added  to  the  fighting  force  of  the  Empire  or  Canada." 

On  Feb.  28th,  in  the  Senate,  the  Hon.  P.  A.  Choquette  (Lib.), 
seconded  by  Hon.  H.  J.  Cloran  (Lib.),  presented  an  Act  to  repeal 
the  Naval  Service  Act.  Senator  Choquette  said  that  he  wanted  to 
prove  (1)  his  own  consistency  of  opinion,  (2)  to  make  the  Govern- 
ment prove  theirs  by  dealing  with  the  subject  and  (3)  to  give  those 
who  voted  for  the  Naval  Act  in  the  first  place  a  chance  to  correct 
their  mistake.  Hon.  J.  A.  Lougheed,  the  Government  Leader,  pointed 
out  that  the  Naval  Act  covered  a  wide  field  in  addition  to  the  matter 
of  constructing  ships;  that  it  dealt  with  the  creation  of  a  Depart- 
ment now  administering  such  services  as  the  Naval  Branch,  Fisheries 
Protection,  Wireless  Telegraph,  Hydrographic  Survey,  and  Tidal  Ser- 
vice ;  that  obligations  had  been  incurred  by  the  late  Government  which 
could  not  be  drastically  dealt  with  at  a  moment's  notice.  After  some 
further  discussion  the  2nd  reading  of  Mr.  Choquette's  Bill  was  voted 
down  by  51  to  2. 

Speaking  in  the  Commons  on  Mch.  13th  W.  F.  Maclean  (Ind.- 
Cons.)  took  the  ground  that  the  British  Empire  was  in  jeopardy,  that 
Canadian  immigration  and  development,  money  for  Canada's  finan- 
cial and  industrial  needs,  money  for  its  railways  and  farmers,  every- 
thing at  the  basis  of  its  trade  and  growth,  and  national  credit,  and 
national  resources,  turned  upon  the  Motherland's  security  and  the 
safety  of  the  seas  and  shores  of  the  Empire.  "  Would  it  be  too  much 
to  ask  Canada  that  she  should  vote  ten  millions  of  dollars  a  year  to 
help  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the  British  fleet  and  also  to  maintain, 
what  I  believe  in,  a  Canadian  Navy  for  this  country.  .  .  .  I  say 
that  the  best  investment  this  country  could  enter  on,  would  be  to  join 
in  sharing  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  British  Navy,  and  by  thus 
securing  the  supremacy  of  England  ensure  for  ourselves  that  supply 
of  capital  which  is  so  essential  to  our  national  development."  Five 


THE  PRIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  49 

days  later  a  long  discussion  took  place  in  Committee  upon  the  vote 
of  $1,660,000  for  the  Naval  Service,  and  including  the  purchase  and 
maintenance  of  ships,  the  maintenance  and  up-keep  of  dockyards  at 
Esquimalt  and  Halifax,  and  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a 
Naval  training  school. 

The  Hon.  B.  Lemieux  did  his  best  to  find  out  what  the  Government 
policy  was  going  to  be.  Mr.  Pelletier,  for  the  Government,  refused  to 
be  drawn  and  said  that  the  announcement  of  policy  would  be  made 
when  a  decision  was  arrived  at.  It  would  be  a  new  one;  to  the  plans 
of  the  late  Government  he  was  totally  opposed.  Sir  W.  Laurier 
declared  that  the  Government  was  providing  for  the  frills  and  feathers 
of  the  Naval  Service  but  nothing  for  practical  action.  Mr.  Pelletier 
replied  by  asking  if  the  new  Government  should  have  burned  the 
Naval  College  and  sunk  the  existing  ships!  A  lively  personal  alter- 
cation followed  between  Messrs.  Pelletier  and  Lemieux  ;  then  the  Hon. 
W.  Pugsley  claimed  that  the  arguments  used  against  the  late  Gov- 
ernment in  this  respect  could  have  been  used  against  the  United 
States  or  Japan  or  any  other  nation  starting  the  construction  of  a 
Navy.  Mr.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine,  was  explicit  in  his  reply  :  "  I 
say  it  is  our  duty  to  contribute  our  share  fairly  to  the  support  of  the 
British  Navy;  but  a  navy  to  be  effective  must  be  for  the  purposes  of 
the  Empire.  If  we  are  to  continue  as  an  Empire  we  cannot  have  one 
navy  for  New  Zealand,  another  for  Australia,  another  for  South 
Africa,  another  for  Canada  and  another  for  the  British  Isles." 

It  was  alleged  by  Conservative  speakers  that  most  of  the  vessels 
for  the  proposed  Canadian  Navy  would  have  been  obsolete  at  the  end 
of  six  years.  Liberal  speakers  stated  that  similar  ships  were  still 
being  constructed  for  the  British  Admiralty.  Mr.  Borden  concluded 
the  debate  with  the  statement  that  the  Naval  policy  of  the  late  Gov- 
ernment would  not  be  continued  and  that  great  issues  were  involved 
as  to  which,  in  any  permanent  form,  the  country  must  be  consulted. 
"  It  is  a  problem,  as  I  have  said  on  many  previous  occasions  in  this 
House,  that  concerns  in  the  most  vital,  in  the  closest  way,  the  rela- 
tions between  the  self-governing  Dominions  and  the  Mother-Country 
because  no  man  in  this  House  or  in  this  country  need  disguise  from 
himself  the  fact  that  if  the  various  Dominions  of  the  Empire  do  enter 
into  a  system  of  Naval  defence  which  shall  concern  and  belong  to  the 
whole  Empire,  those  Dominions,  while  that  system  continues,  cannot 
be  very  well  excluded  from  having  a  greater  voice  in  the  councils  of 
the  Empire  than  they  have  had  in  past  years."  Meantime  the  Gov- 
ernment would  consult  the  Admiralty  and  the  Naval  experts  of  Eng- 
land and  study  the  situation  carefully. 

Wide  interest  was  taken  in  the  official  visit  of  Mr. 
Th«  Prime        &  i,  Borden  and  some  of  his  colleagues  to  London,  fol- 
*         lowing  this  Session  of  Parliament,  and  much  speculation 


oreat  Britain    was  indulged  in  as  to  the  policy  which  would  develop  out 

of  the  information  thus  obtained.  Mr.  Borden  had,  how- 

ever, given  some  indication  of  what  would  be  done  before  he  obtained 

power.  In  the  Commons  on  Jan.  12,  1910,  he  had  said  to  Sir  Wilfrid 

4 


50 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 


Laurier :  "  Go  on  with  your  Naval  service,  proceed  slowly,  cautiously 
and  surely.  Lay  your  proposals  before  the  people,  and  give  them,  if 
necessary,  opportunity  to  be  heard,  but  do  not  forget  that  we  are  con- 
fronted with  an  emergency  which  may  rend  this  Empire  asunder  before 
the  proposed  action  is  carried  out.  We  have  no  Dreadnoughts  ready, 
we  have  no  Fleet  unit  at  hand ;  but  we  have  the  resources  and,  I  trust, 
the  patriotism  to  provide  a  Fleet  unit  or  at  least  a  Dreadnought  with- 
out one  moment's  unnecessary  delay ;  or,  and  in  my  opinion  this  would 
be  the  better  course,  we  can  place  the  equivalent  in  cash  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Admiralty  to  be  used  for  Naval  defence  under  such  conditions 
as  we  may  prescribe."  On  Feb.  3rd,  April  20th  and  Nov.  21st  of  the 
same  year  Mr.  Borden  had  spoken  along  the  same  lines.  During  the 
Elections  of  1911  he  took  similar  ground,  coupled  with  the  statement 
that  co-operation  in  Defence  should  involve  some  form  of  representa- 
tion in  Imperial  counsels.* 

On  June  14th,  1912,  it  was  announced  that  Mr.  Borden,  accom- 
panied by  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier,  Postmaster-General,  Hon.  J.  Douglas 
Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  and  Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty, 
Minister  of  Justice,  would  shortly  proceed  to  London  in  order  to  con- 
sult with  the  Imperial  authorities  as  to  Naval  and  other  matters.  The 
Hon.  G.  E.  Foster,  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  was  already 
there  in  connection  with  the  Koyal  Commission  on  Imperial  Trade. 
So  was  the  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp,  Minister  without  Portfolio,  and  Hon. 
Robert  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  was  expected  to  arrive  at  the 
end  of  July.  The  Ministers  sailed  (June  25th)  on  the  Royal  George 
of  the  Canadian  Northern  Line,  accompanied  by  Sir  Joseph  Pope, 
Under  Secretary  for  Naval  Affairs,  and  Admiral  C.  E.  Kingsmill  of 
the  Naval  Service.  Mr.  A.  E.  Blount,  the  Premier's  Secretary,  was 
with  Mr.  Borden,  while  Messrs.  Cameron  Stanton,  G.  Heidmann  and 
W.  Hackett  accompanied  the  other  Ministers.  The  ladies  of  the  party 
included  Mrs.  Borden,  Mrs.  Hazen,  Mde.  Pelletier  and  Miss  Doherty. 
The  London  Press  welcomed  the  coming  Premier  with  non-partisan 
and  Imperial  warmth.  The  Times  looked  to  "  a  real  re-inforcement 
of  the  Empire's  Naval  strength"  as  a  result;  the  News  &  Leader 
(Lib.)  described  Mr.  Borden  as  "  a  sincere  servant  of  the  State";  the 
Daily  Mail  believed  he  would  help  in  leading  the  five  nations  of  the 
Empire  "  to  fight  under  one  flag  and  under  one  supreme  direction 
properly  representative  of  them  all."  Many  pictures  of  the  Canadian 
Premier  appeared  in  the  press  and  articles  of  varied  character  and 
interest.  An  interesting  despatch  in  the  Toronto  Star  from  its  Lon- 
don correspondent  on  July  6th  stated  that: 

Canada's  Premier  has  had  a  reception  in  London  which  Kings  might 
envy.  For  days  before  his  arrival  the  leading  newspapers,  from  The  Times 
downwards,  made  his  visit  their  chief  news'  feature.  Englishmen,  irre- 
spective of  party,  recognize  that  Mr.  Borden's  visit  is  the  pivotal  point 
in  Imperial  relations.  He  comes  with  proposals  which  cannot  but  raise 
the  whole  issue  of  jSmpire  defence  afresh..  What  are  his  proposals  for 
helping  England's  naval  problem  at  this  most  critical  hour  of  England's 

*  NOTE. — See  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  RHVIBW  for  1910  and  1911. 


THE  PRIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  51 

international  position  since  Waterloo?  Surmises,  forecasts,  intelligent 
anticipations,  fill  our  newspaper  columns.  This  much  may  well  be  said. 
Every  Englishman,  irrespective  of  party,  desires  the  world's  peace.  Every 
statesman,  from  Lloyd-George  to  the  veriest  Jingo,  is  confident  that  the 
only  way  to  secure  peace  is  the  possession  of  an  overwhelming  British 
strength  at  sea.  Both  political  parties  are  united  in  the  agreement  to 
make  any  sacrifices  necessary  to  maintain  this.  The  burden  is  heavy. 
Canada's  help  may  set  an  example  to  all  the  overseas  Dominions.  Hence 
the  keen  tension  among  all  classes  over  the  presence  here  of  the  Canadian 
Ministers. 

The  Premier  was  welcomed  to  London  on  July  4th  by  Lord  Strath- 
cona  and  a  few  prominent  Canadians — after  receiving  at  Bristol  an 
official  welcome  from  the  Lord  Mayor  and  a  large  local  delegation. 
To  the  latter  he  made  his  first  speech  during  this  mission  and  con- 
cluded as  follows:  "We,  in  Canada,  are  determined  to  work  out  our 
destiny  as  a  nation  of,  and  within,  this  great  Empire;  to  take  our 
full  share  in  the  world-wide  mission  which  has  been  so  well  performed 
in  the  past  and  which,  I  trust,  will  be  performed  with  equal  credit  and 
equal  advantage  to  humanity  and  civilization  in  all  the  glorious  years 
to  come."  Within  two  days  of  their  arrival  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Borden  had 
engagements  arranged  for  almost  every  available  hour  of  their  stay  in 
the  country  and  invitations  were  still  pouring  in  upon  them.  The 
others  of  the  party  were  equally  well  treated  in  this  respect.  The  next 
two  days  were  spent  in  official  visits  and  conferences  with  Lord  Strath- 
cona.  On  the  9th  Mr.  Borden  and  his  colleagues  were  the  guests  of 
Mr.  Winston  Churchill  and  the  Admiralty  to  witness  a  Royal  review 
of  315  fighting  vessels  of  the  British  Navy.  In  the  Yacht  Enchant- 
ress they  passed  between  the  lines  of  this  mighty  fleet,  stretching  for 
five  miles  of  defensive  naval  power,  and  including  every  known  type 
of  war  machine.  They  watched  a  display  of  aeroplanes  and  hydro- 
aeroplanes performing  marvellous  evolutions  against  the  blue-grey  sky, 
saw  the  submarines  make  a  snake-like  attack  on  the  Dreadnoughts  and 
witnessed  an  almost  terrifying  attack  by  Destroyers. 

On  July  10th  Mr.  Borden  delivered  what  was,  perhaps,  his  most 
important  public  utterance  while  in  England.  It  was  at  a  great 
banquet  tendered  him  by  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  with  Lieut.- 
General  Sir  Bevan  Edwards  in  the  chair  and  with  him,  besides  the 
Canadian  Ministers,  were  the  Duke  of  Argyll,  the  Earls  of  Onslow  and 
Selborne,  Lord  Brassey,  Lord  Strathcona  and  Mr.  Alfred  Lyttelton. 
In  his  speech  Mr.  Borden  said  he  could  make  no  definite  announce- 
ment as  yet.  He  had  come  as  the  representative  of  a  people  deter- 
mined to  work  out  their  destiny  as  a  great  nation  of  the  British 
Empire.  "  We  realize  as  you  do,"  said  the  Canadian  Premier,  "  that 
the  supremacy  of  Britain  upon  the  seas  is  the  very  breath  of  life  to  the 
British  Empire.  ...  I  have  always  held  the  conviction,  and  hold 
it  to-day,  that  the  sea-defences  of  the  Empire  can  best  be  secured  by 
one  Navy.  Our  ideal  has  been  one  King,  one  Flag,  one  Empire,  one 
Navy — the  latter  powerful  enough  to  vindicate  the  flag  and  maintain 
the  integrity  of  the  Empire."  After  a  reference  to  the  value  and 
necessity  of  autonomy  for  the  Dominions  he  proceeded :  "  I  would  like 


52  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

you  to  remember  that  those  who  are  or  who  become  responsible  for 
Empire  defence  must,  in  the  very  nature  of  things,  have  some  voice 
in  the  policy  which  shapes  the  issues  of  peace  and  of  war.  I  would 
like  you  to  understand  that  Canada  does  not  propose  to  be  an  adjunct, 
even  of  the  British  Empire.  As  has  been  well  and  eloquently 
expressed,  it  desires  to  be  a  great  portion  of  the  greater  whole."  To 
this  address  unstinted  praise  was  accorded  by  the  British  newspapers 
— The  Times  declaring  that  "  the  speech  assures  Mr.  Borden  his  place 
in  English  esteem  as  a  leading,  trusted  and  inspiring  figure  in  the 
great  arena  of  affairs." 

During  the  day  the  Premier  and  his  colleagues  had  been  in  close 
conference  with  the  members  of  the  Government  and  were  understood 
to  have  received  an  elaborate  Memorandum  from  the  Admiralty  denn- 
ing the  situation  as  to  Naval  conditions  and  Defence  requirements. 
The  British  Premier  (Rt.  Hon.  H.  H.  Asquith)  presided  at  the  gath- 
ering and  others  present  were  Mr.  Churchill,  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  Sir  Edward  Grey,  Foreign  Secretary,  General  Sir  John 
French,  Inspector-General  of  the  Forces,  Mr.  Harcourt,  Colonial 
Secretary,  the  Marquess  of  Crewe,  Secretary  for  India,  Colonel  Seeley, 
Secretary  for  War,  Lord  Haldane,  Lord  Chancellor  and  Mr.  Lloyd 
George,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  In  the  next  two  days,  also, 
several  meetings  of  the  Imperial  Defence  Committee  took  place  at 
which  Mr.  Borden  and  his  colleagues,  including  Mr.  Foster,  were 
present.  On  the  15th  Mr.  Borden  conferred  at  length  with  the  Col- 
onial Secretary  at  Downing  Street.  On  the  16th  a  banquet  was  ten- 
dered the  Canadian  Premier  in  the  Harcourt  Boom  of  the  House  of 
Commons  by  the  Empire  Parliamentary  Association — a  powerful 
•organization  composed  of  United  Kingdom,  Canadian,  Australian  and 
South  African  Branches  which  had  been  formed  largely  by  the  efforts 
of  Mr.  Howard  D'Egville  and  which  included  a  large  proportion  of 
Members  of  Parliament  in  the  different  Dominions  of  the  Empire 
amongst  its  members.  , 

Mr.  A.  Lyttelton,  ex-Colonial  Secretary,  was  in  the  chair  and, 
besides  the  Canadian  Ministers,  Lord  Strathcona,  Mr.  Sydney  Bux- 
ton,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker,  Lord  Crewe  and  a  large  and  distinguished 
gathering  was  present.  In  his  speech  Mr.  Borden  declared  that  "  the 
next  10  or  20  years  will  be  critical  in  the  history  of  the  Empire;  they 
may  be  even  decisive  of  its  future.  God  grant  that,  whether  we  be 
of  these  Mother  Islands  or  of  the  great  Dominions  beyond  the  Seas 
•we  may  so  bear  ourselves  that  the  future  shall  not  hold  to  our  lips 
the  chalice  of  vain  regret  for  opportunities  neglected  and  dead."  As 
to  the  existing  Imperial  situation  he  defined  it  as  follows :  "  The  policy 
which  settles  the  issues  of  peace  and  war  for  the  entire  Empire  is 
formulated  and  carried  out  by  a  Government  which  is  responsible  only 
to  a  House  of  Commons  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  which  continues  in  office  so  long  only  as  it  enjoys  the 
confidence  of  that  House  whose  composition  is  usually  determined  by 
domestic  issues.  So  long  as  the  British  supremacy  of  the  seas  was 
unchallenged,  so  long  as  that  supremacy  was  maintained  by  Britain 


THE  PRIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  53 

alone,  there  was  little  cause  to  criticize  this'  condition,  which  was 
supposed  to  be  based  on  a  theory  of  guardianship  or  trusteeship. 
.  .  .  The  time  is  at  hand  when  the  Dominions  will  be  called  upon 
to  take  their  reasonable  and  legitimate  share  in  maintaining  the 
security  of  the  Empire's  existence.  I  need  not  say  that  in  time  of  peril 
I  believe  every  Dominion,  I  am  sure  that  Canada,  would  give  a  response 
not  less  than  loyal  or  less  earnest  than  that  of  the  Motherland  herself. 
One  realizes,  however,  that  when  the  day  of  peril  shall  have  arrived 
the  day  for  effective  preparation  may  have  passed.  I  conceive  that 
those  who  accept  a  share  in  and  a  responsibility  for  the  defence,  and 
security  of  this  vast  Empire  are  no  longer  to  be  considered  as  wards 
by  self -constituted  guardians." 

On  July  "18  it  was  officially  announced  that  no  statement  of  the 
result  of  pending  negotiations  would  be  made  until  Mr.  Borden 
returned  to  Canada  though  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Toronto 
News  had  a  cable  on  the  preceding  day  forecasting  a  contribution  of 
three  Dreadnoughts  as  a  temporary  measure.  Further  conferences 
with  the  Admiralty  followed  and,  on  the  22nd,  Mr.  Churchill  pre- 
sented his  Naval  estimates  to  the  Commons  with  the  Canadian 
Premier  and  his  colleagues  in  the  galleries  of  the  House.  He  made 
such  guarded  and  appreciative  references  as  were  possible  to  the 
pending  arrangements  and,  with  Mr.  Premier  Asquith  and  Mr.  Bal- 
four,  pledged  every  aid  to  a  policy  which,  they  assumed,  would  mean 
a  united  British  Empire  and,  therefore,  ensure  the  safety  of  the 
British  realms.*  On  the  same  evening  the  London  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  with  Lord  Desborough  in  the  chair,  and  500  people 
present,  entertained  Mr.  Borden  and  his  colleagues  at  dinner.  Lord 
Strathcona  and  the  Duke  of  Argyll  were  present  and  received  strong 
tributes  of  respect  from  Mr.  Borden  in  the  course  of  his  speech.  He 
eulogized  the  work  done  by  the  Chambers  of  Commerce  Congresses 
and  took  the  opportunity  to  testify  to  the  splendid  loyalty  of  the 
French-Canadian  population  to  the  Empire.  He  declared  that  the 
citizens  of  the  Dominions  generally  were  not  afraid  of  the  responsi- 
bility of  Empire  however  great  that  responsibility  might  be.  In  a 
cable  despatch  at  this  time  to  the  New  York  Sun  (July  25)  its  corre- 
spondent said:  "The  words  of  the  Canadian  Prime  Minister,  uttered 
at  a  time  conceived  in  England  to  be  critical,  have  had  an  influence 
not  to  be  disregarded  by  those  who  are  examining  the  present  and 
future  problems  of  Empire." 

Speaking  in  the  Commons  on  the  same  date  Mr.  Premier  Asquith 
referred  to  the  elaborate  details  and  facts  as  to  Defence  and  diplo- 
matic conditions  which  had  been  laid  before  the  Colonial  Premiers  at 
the  1911  Conference  and  referred  to  the  recent  attendance  of  Mr. 
Borden  at  the  Imperial  Defence  Committee.  "  I  do  not  think  it  is 
possible  to  exaggerate,  in  the  necessarily  loose  and  informal  develop- 
ment of  our  constitutional  arrangements  as  an  Imperial  Power,  the 
value  of  a  body  like  this  which,  from  time  to  time,  gives  to  the  states- 

*  NOTE. — See  pages  22,  23,  of  this  volume. 


54  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

men  of  the  Mother-Country  a  meeting-ground  where  they  can  inter- 
change, in  the  fullest  confidence,  their  respective  views,  experiences, 
and  knowledge,  in  regard  to  those  matters  which  we  growingly  feel 
affect  not  only  the  Mother  Country  but  the  Dominions."  There  were 
now  in  this  body  four  permanent  Sub-committees — dealing  respectively 
with  Home  Ports,  with  Overseas  Defence,  with  Co-ordinated  action 
in  the  event  of  War,  with  Aviation.  An  interesting  suggestion  was 
made  in  The  Times  on  the  26th  to  the  effect  that  a  return  visit  to 
Canada  of  British  Ministers  would  be  a  reasonable  compliment. 
"  Could  not  Mr.  Asquith  and  Mr.  Churchill  devote  a  part  of  the  com- 
ing Recess  to  a  visit  to  Canada?  We  are  confident  that  such  a  step 
would  be  taken  by  all  the  world  as  marking  a  new  era  in  the  annals 
of  the  Empire."  Four  days  later  the  Daily  Mail  stated — though  this 
was  never  officially  confirmed — that  the  Canadian  Government  had 
invited  Mr.  Asquith  and  Mr.  Churchill  to  come  to  Canada  in  the 
Autumn  when  the  new  Naval  policy  was  to  be  presented  to  Parliament. 

On  the  same  day  the  Canadian  Ministers  were  entertained  at 
luncheon  by  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London  and  Mr.  Borden,  later, 
received  a  deputation  headed  by  Lord  Weardale,  Lord  Norreys,  and 
other  representatives  of  the  ship-building  interests,  with  a  view  to 
pressing  the  "  All  Red  Line  "  upon  his  attention.  During  the  inter- 
view particular  attention  was  paid  to  the  advantages  of  having  fast 
Steamships  on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  which  could  be  armed  and 
used  as  cruisers  in  case  of  need.  Following  these  incidents,  and  inter- 
jected into  the  serious  discussions  of  the  moment,  was  a  brief  visit  to 
Paris  with  a  cordial  welcome  at  the  hands  of  the  French  Government 
and  people.  After  three  weeks  of  a  strenuous  life  Mr.  Borden,  accom- 
panied by  his  wife,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hazen,  and  Mr.  and  Miss  Doherty, 
left  London  for  the  French  capital  on  July  27th.  Mr.  Pelletier  had 
preceded  them  by  a  day  or  so.  On  the  29th  Sir  Francis  Bertie,  the 
British  Ambassador,  accompanied  the  visiting  Ministers  (who  now 
included  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp)  to  the  Elysee  where  they  were  cordially 
welcomed  by  President  Fallieres.  His  Excellency  referred  to  the 
existing  friendship  between  France  and  Britain  and  to  the  traditional 
bonds  uniting  Canada  and  France.  He  hoped  these  would  grow 
stronger  in  every  way  and  stated  that  his  Ministers  would  gladly 
expedite  trade  and  other  negotiations  and  consummate,  if  possible,  an 
arrangement  to  the  mutual  advantage  of  the  two  countries.  Mr. 
Borden  replied  in  suitable  terms,  speaking  in  French. 

A  Luncheon  was  given  the  visitors  by  the  British  Chamber  of 
Commerce  at  which  the  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier  won  much  applause  by 
saying  that  "  the  entente  cordiale  between  Britain  and  France  is  no 
new  thing  amongst  the  two  races  in  Canada.  It  was  instituted  by 
Macdonald  and  'Cartier  and  the  good  feeling  they  engendered  has 
proved  to  be  the  foundation  of  Canadian  contentment."  He  hoped 
for  success  in  the  negotiations  regarding  penny  postage  between 
France  and  Canada.  Mr.  Borden  described  Canada  as  the  master 
of  her  own  destiny,  one  which,  with  the  co-operation  of  her  constitu- 
ent races,  would  make  her  a  great  and  powerful  nation,  inspired  by 


THE  PEIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  55 

the  example  and  traditions  of  Great  Britain  and  France.  "  Any 
action  taken  by  Canada  with  regard  to  the  Imperial  Navy  should 
strengthen  the  ties  between  both  the  Mother  countries  and  the  Over- 
seas offspring." 

To  these  speeches  the  French  press  accorded  a  warm  welcome. 
La  Siecle  declared  that  the  more  the  French- Canadians  loved  France 
the  more  freely  would  they  contribute  to  Imperial  defence.  "When 
the  day  of  battle  comes  and  British  warships  given  by  Canada  are 
engaged  in  the  North  Sea  FrenchnCanadians  will  be  protecting  not 
only  the  honour  and  interest  of  Britain,  but  also  the  glory  and 
security  of  France."  Le  Temps,  the  leading  Parisian  journal,  referred 
to  the  rumours  of  large  Canadian  Naval  aid  and  added :  "  Canada,  by 
this  step,  heightens  the  bonds  which  have  been  established  between 
Great  Britain  and  France.  .  .  .  France,  Canada  and  Britain  owe 
to  their  glorious  past  the  mutual  esteem  which  exists  to-day."  Or 
July  30th  a  banquet  was  given  the  visitors  by  the  French-American 
Committee  at  which  M.  Gabriel  Hanotaux,  ex-Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  presided  and  speeches  were  made  by  the  French  Premier, 
M.  Poincare",  and  by  Mr.  Borden,  eulogizing  the  entente  cordiale. 
The  French  Premier  hoped  for  "  a  still  closer  rapprochement  on  the 
part  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Canada/'  and  the  wish  was  warmly 
reciprocated  by  the  Canadian  Ministers.  Leaders  of  French  politics, 
art,  literature,  finance  and  the  Army  and  Navy  were  present. 

By  July  31st  Mr.  Borden  was  back  in  London  engaged  in  renewed 
negotiations  with  the  Admiralty  and  the  Ministers.  In  the  evening 
he  was  entertained,  with  his  colleagues,  by  the  Worshipful  Company 
of  Leathersellers  at  a  banquet  and  in  the  course  of  his  speech  the  'Cana- 
dian Premier  stated  that  their  conferences  with  the  Imperial  Minis- 
ters had  been  most  cordial,  friendly  and  satisfactory.  "  We  in  Canada 
are  determined  that  this  Empire  of  ours  shall  be  maintained,  that  the 
open  path  across  the  seas  shall  be  kept  secure,  and  that  the  British 
peoples  on  all  the  continents  and  on  all  the  isles  of  the  sea 'shall  con- 
tinue to  perform  in  the  future  their  great  work."  On  August  1st  the 
Canada  'Club  gave  the  visiting  Ministers  a  Luncheon  at  which  Lord 
Strathcona  presided;  a  meeting  of  the  Imperial  Defence  Committee 
was  attended  at  which  most  of  the  members  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment were  present  as  well  as  F.  M.  Lord  Kitchener,  Admiral  Lord 
Fisher  of  Kilverstone  and  various  high  military  and  naval  officials; 
a  complimentary  banquet  was  given  in  the  evening  by  the  National 
Liberal  Club  to  the  Canadian  Premier  and  his  colleagues.  The 
Marquess  of  Lincolnshire  presided  and  Sir  Rufus  Isaacs,  in  speaking, 
described  all  parties  as  united  in  welcoming  these  Imperial  guests  as 
they  were  also  united  in  maintaining  the  Naval  supremacy  of  Great 
Britain. 

Mr.  Borden  in  his  address  said  that  he  and  his  colleagues  had  come 
to  England  "not  as  politicians  but  as  kinsmen,"  that  the  grant  of 
Colonial  self-government  had  been  a  great  success  and  that  "  the 
supremacy  of  the  seas  must  be  maintained  by  one  Navy,  for  that 
supremacy  could  be  maintained  only  by  a  Navy  established  under  one 


56  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

central  control  and  direction."  He  suggested  that  visits  by  British 
statesmen  to  the  external  Dominions  would  be  a  wise  and  useful  step. 
Mr.  Douglas  Hazen,  in  his  speech,  described  the  need  of  keeping  the 
trade  routes  of  the  Empire  open  in  peace  and  war  and  the  necessity 
of  a  Navy  with  no  divided  control.  A  cable  to  Canadian  papers  via 
the  New  York  press  on  Aug.  2nd  stated  that  Mr.  Churchill  had 
accepted  the  Canadian  Premier's  invitation  and  would  shortly  visit 
Canada — probably  in  a  warship.  This  invitation  was  never  confirmed 
as  other  than  a  general  one,  nor  was  the  similar  announcement  that 
Mr.  Borden  was  to  shortly  visit  Berlin.  The  Chronicle,  however, 
on  August  5th  expressed  a  hope  that  the  general  invitation  to  British 
Ministers  would  be  accepted.  "  We  can  imagine  nothing  better  cal- 
culated to  signalize  the  entry  of  Canada  into  full  and  responsible  part- 
nership with  Britain  in  the  councils  of  peace  and  war  than  the 
presence  of  the  leading  British  Ministers,  especially  if  they  be  accom- 
panied by  a  squadron  of  British  warships."  On  the  9th  a  further 
cable  to  Canada  stated  that  Mr.  Churchill  would  be  accompanied  by 
Admiral  Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg  in  command  of  a  Squadron  and 
that  the  former  would  make  a  tour  of  the  Dominion.  The  Toronto 
Globe  correspondent  confirmed  this  story  but  the  Toronto  Star  (Aug. 
10)  had  a  cable  stating  that  the  invitation  would  not  be  officially  given 
until  Mr.  Borden  returned.  The  matter  was  largely  discussed  in 
Canada  but  no  action  was  taken.  So  with  the  alleged  German  visit. 

On  Aug.  2nd  occurred  the  most  exclusive  social  function  and 
marked  personal  compliment  tendered  Mr.  Borden  during  his  visit. 
For  the  first  time  in  its  history  the  famous  Carlton  Club  opened  its 
doors  to  an  outside  guest  and  entertained  Mr.  Borden  and  his  col- 
leagues at  Dinner.  Amongst  the  more  notable  of  the  350  Conserva- 
tives in  attendance  were  Lord  Claud  Hamilton,  M.P.  (Chairman), 
the  Marquess  of  Londonderry,  the  Earls  of  Selborne,  Minto  and  Derby, 
Viscount  Midleton,  Lord  Desborough,  Messrs.  Henry  Chaplin  and 
A.  Bonar  Law,  Sir  Joseph  Lawrence,  Sir  John  Lonsdale  and  Sir 
Robert  Finlay.  The  speeches  rang  with  Imperialism.  Mr.  Bonar 
Law  was  explicit :  "  We  are  engaged  with  Germany  in  a  war  of  arma- 
ments and  in  the  long  run  victory  will  rest  with  the  nation  which 
has  the  greatest  resources  and  which  employs  most  steadfastly  the 
working  of  those  resources.  If  we  are  to  rely  on  the  resources  of  these 
Islands  alone  the  time  will  come,  and  will  come  soon,  when  it  will 
be  utterly  impossible  for  us  to  bear  the  burden  of  that  supreme  Navy 
which  is  necessary  for  our  national  existence."  Mr.  Borden  replied 
that  "  the  time  has  come  when  these  growing  nations  should  take 
their  part  and  they  are  prepared  to  take  their  part  in  binding 
together  this  Empire  and  in  preserving  it  as  a  great  force  in  the  cause 
of  humanity,  of  civilization,  and  of  peace  throughout  the  world."  An 
interesting  incident  of  the  6th  was  a  visit  made  by  Mr.  Borden  and 
his  colleagues  to  Mr.  John  E.  Redmond,  Chairman  of  the  Irish  Par- 
liamentary Party  at  the  House  of  Commons,  where  they  were  after- 
wards entertained  at  Tea. 


THE  PRIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  57 

Mr.  Borden  visited  Glasgow  on  Aug.  16th  where  he  was  given  the 
Freedom  of  the  City  with  all  possible  ceremony  and  in  his  address 
was  optimistic  and  assured.  "  The  security  of  the  seas  is  as  essential 
to  the  Empire  as  the  breath  of  life  to  an  individual.  Great  as  has 
been  the  Empire's  work  in  the  past  a  greater  work  lies  in  the  future." 
He  also  renewed  his  urgent  plea  for  a  better  organization  of  the 
Empire.  The  ensuing  Luncheon  in  his  honour  included  500  guests 
and  a  motor  ride  around  historic  Loch  Lomond  followed.  At  Clyde- 
bank  on  the  17th  Mrs.  Borden  officiated  at  the  christening  of  tne 
steamship  Niagara  built  for  the  Canadian- Australian  Service  and  Mr. 
Borden,  in  a  stirring  speech,  expressed  his  confirmed  hope  in  Empire 
unity,  and  power,  and  permanence: 

Wider  still  and  wider  may  her  bounds  be  set, 
God  who  made  her  Mighty  make  her  Mightier  yet. 

In  London,  on  the  28th,  the  'Canadian  Premier  received  a  deputation 
of  Suffragettes  led  by  Miss  Eachel  Barratt  who,  in  her  speech,  said 
that  upon  Mr.  Borden's  reply  would  be  based  "  the  kind  of  advice  we 
give  our  friends  in  Canada.  We  shall  definitely  consider  whether  we 
shall  not  commence  to  conduct  an  agitation  there."  His  statement 
was  concise.  At  present  the  matter  was  one  of  Provincial  and  not 
Federal  jurisdiction.  The  women  of  Canada  must  go  to  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislatures  and  the  Provincial  Governments.  "  So  far  as 
we  are  concerned,  we  would  have  to  be  assured  that  it  was  expedient 
to  abolish  a  law  which  has  been  in  force  for  fifteen  years,  to  disregard 
the  Provincial  enactments  in  regard  to  the  franchise,  and  to  estab- 
lish a  general  franchise  law  for  Federal  affairs  throughout  Canada." 
As  to  conditions  in  England  he  would  express  no  opinion;  if  there 
was  injustice  to  women  in  Canadian  laws  that  injustice  should  be 
remedied.  Eegarding  the  veiled  threat  of  Militant  methods  being 
employed  in  Canada  he  was  emphatic  in  saying  that  nothing  of  the 
kind  would  influence  his  judgment,  opinion,  or  action.  Nor  did  he 
think  the  women  of  Canada  would  accept  dictation  along  this  line 
from  the  English  Suffragettes.  An  anti- Suffrage  deputation  was  after- 
wards received.  Mr.  Borden  bade  farewell  to  England  on  Aug.  29th 
and  sailed  for  Canada  in  the  Allan  R.  M.  S.  Victorian,  with  some  of 
his  party,  on  the  30th. 

Before  leaving,  the  Premier  issued  a  statement  to  the  press  which 
expressed  appreciation  of  the  value  of  conferences  with  the  Imperial 
Defence  Committee;  declared  that  His  Majesty's  Ministers  had 
received  them  most  cordially  and  that  matters  had  been  discussed 
with  "  mutual  frankness  " ;  stated  that  "  full  information  in  its  final 
form"  had  not  yet  been  received  regarding  the  Naval  defence  ques- 
tion; denied  the  rumours  as  to  an  alleged  invitation  to  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  to  meet  himself  and  visiting  British  Ministers  at  Ottawa  in 
conference;  and  described  the  warmth  of  the  reception  given  himself 
and  colleagues  not  only  in  Britain  but  in  France.  "  Especially  have 
we  been  impressed  by  the  keen  interest  of  the  British  people  in  the 
progress,  development  and  influence  of  the  Oversea  Dominions. 
Beyond  doubt  there  is  in  these  Islands  an  earnest  and  confident  spirit 


58  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

of  hope  and  anticipation  that  in  the  momentous  years  which  are 
already  upon  us  the  complex  and  difficult  problems  that  confront  this 
vast  Empire  will  be  solved,  wisely  and  worthily,  and  in  accordance 
with  the  loftiest  traditions  of  our  history." 

Glowing  tributes  to  the  Canadian  Premier  were  paid  by  the  press 
and  special  attention  was  called  to  Mr.  Borden's  last  words  before 
sailing:  "We  are  returning  with  the  conviction  and  assurance  that, 
although  a  great  ocean  may  roll  between  us,  we  are  still  one  people/' 
Press  despatches  and  letters  to  Canada  indicated  that  the  impression 
made  by  Mr.  Borden  upon  British  opinion  and  public  affairs  had  been 
marked  and  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette  of  Aug.  30th  represented  much 
current  comment  in  its  words :  "  He  came  to  us  less  than  two  months 
ago,  the  victor  in  a  great  Imperial  struggle;  he  has  won  the  admira- 
tion and  affection  of  the  whole  nation  by  his  earnestness,  his  strength 
of  purpose,  his  discernment  and  his  frank  straightforwardness,  no 
less  than  by  the  lofty  ideals  of  the  duty  and  the  future  of  the  Empire 
which  he  has  held  up.  He  has  taken  his  place  forever  in  the  growing 
roll  of  statesmen  from  the  Dominions  oversea  who  have  won  the  right 
to  stand  beside  our  greatest,  if  not  in  opportunity,  at  any  rate  in  the 
capacity  and  the  will  to  seize  it  when  it  comes."  So  also  with  the 
statements  of  returning  Canadians — notably  G.  H.  Barnard,  M.P., 
Sir  Max  Aitken,  M.P.,  J.  J.  E.  Guerin,  ex-Mayor  of  Montreal — who 
described  the  impression  made  by  Mr.  Borden  as  profound.  At  this 
point  a  summarized  statement  may  be  given  as  to  the  social  side  of  the 
visit — something  unique  even  amongst  the  various  cordial  welcomes 
given  to  Canada's  representatives  at  other  times.  In  chronological 
form  it  was,  in  the  main,  as  follows : 

July     2. — Luncheon  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  Norton  Griffiths  at  the  Ranelagh 

Club  in  honour  of  Mrs.  Borden  and  the  Ladies  of  the  Canadian 

Party. 
July     6. — Week-end  spent  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Borden  at  Donald  Macmaster's 

country  seat,  "  Charters,"  Sunninghill,  Berks. 
July     8. — Large  Dinner  given  by  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Bonar  Law,  M.P.,  at  the 

Carlton  Hotel. 

July     9. — Dinner  given  by  Rt  Hon.  Lewis  Harcourt,  Colonial  Secretary. 
July  10. — Dance  given  by  the  Marchioness  of  Donegall  at  the  Ritz  Hotel. 
July  10. — Mr.  Borden  lunches  with  Mr.  Joseph  Chamberlain. 
July  11. — The  Postmaster-General  and   Mrs.   Samuel   entertain   Mr.  and 

Mrs.  Pelletier  at  Dinner — at  the  House  of  Commons. 
July  11.— A  Garden  Party  given  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Asquith,  Prime  Minister. 
July  12.— Dinner    and    Reception    at    Norfolk  House  by  the  Duke  and 

Duchess  of  Norfolk. 
July  13. — A  Luncheon  given  by  Their  Majesties  the  King  and  Queen  at 

Buckingham  Palace  in  honour  of  the  Canadian  Premier  and 

his  colleagues. 
July  13. — A  Garden  Party  given  by  Lord  Rothschild  and  attended  by  Their 

Majesties. 

July  14.— Week-end  spent  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Borden  with  the  Duke  of  Nor- 
folk at  Arundel  Castle. 
July  15. — Dinner  and  Ball  given  by  the  American  Ambassador  and  Mrs. 

Whitelaw  Reid. 
July  16. — Garden  Party  given  by  Sir  George  H.  Reid,  High  Commissioner 

for  Australia,  and  Lady  Reid. 


THE  PBIME  MINISTER'S  VISIT  TO  GREAT  BRITAIN  59 

July  16. — Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  lunches  with  Mr.  Balfour  and  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain at  the  latter's  house. 
July  17. — A  Dinner  given  by  Lord  and  Lady  Londonderry  in  honour  of 

.the  visitors. 
July  18.— Royal  Garden  Party  at  Windsor  Castle  where    the    Canadian 

Premier  and  his  colleagues  are  honoured  guests. 
July  18. — Reception  given  by  the  Marquess  and  Marchioness  of  Zetland 

to  meet  the  Leaders  of  the  Unionist  Party. 
July  18. — Luncheon  by  Captain  Faber,  M.P.,  at  the  Army  and  Navy  Club, 

.where  Mr.  Borden  meets  the  leaders  in  this  line  of  thought  or 

action. 
July  19. — Mr.  Borden  formally  takes  the  oath  before  the  King,  as  an 

Imperial  Privy  Councillor. 
July  19. — Court  Ball  at  Buckingham  Palace  attended  by  the  Canadian 

Premier  and  colleagues  with  their  wives. 
July  20. — Week-end  spent  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Borden  with  the  Marquess  and 

Marchioness  of  Salisbury  at  Hatfield  House. 
July  23. — Dinner  given  A.  W.  Smithers,  Chairman  of  the  Grand  Trunk 

Railway  System,  at  the  Royal  Automobile  Club — of  which  Mr. 

Borden  is  elected  an  Honorary  Member. 
July  25. — Dinner  and  Reception  given  by  Lord  and  Lady  Strathcona  in 

honour  of  Mr.  Borden  and  his  colleagues. 
July  25. — Luncheon  by  the  Junior  Constitutional  Club  in  honour  of  the 

Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen. 
July  29. — Luncheon  at  Ritz  Hotel  given  by  Mrs.  F.  Williams  Taylor  in 

honour  of  Mrs.  Borden  and  Mrs.  Kingsmill. 
July  31. — Dinner  given  by  His  Majesty's  Government  at  the  Admiralty 

with  Mr.  Harcourt,  Colonial  Secretary,  in  the  chair. 
Aug.     1. — Dinner    and    Reception    by  Lord  and  Lady  Strathcona  at  28 

Grosvenor  Square,  London. 

Aug.     2. — Garden  Party  given  by  Lord  and  Lady  Cheylesmore. 
Aug.     9. — Luncheon  given  at  Downing  Street  by  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  in  honour  of  Mr.  Borden  and  Mr.  Hazen. 
Aug.  10. — Mr.  and  Mrs.  Borden  spend  the  week-end  at  Cliveden  as  guests 

of  Mr.  W.  W.  Astor. 
Aug.  14. — Mr.  Borden  visits  the  Steel  and  Ordnance  Works  of  Armstrong, 

Whitworth  and  Company  and  those  of  Messrs.  Vickers  at  Bar- 

row-in-Furness;      at   Newcastle   on   the   15th  he   inspects   the 
t  Elswick  Works  of  a  similar  character. 

Aug.  17. — Mr.   Borden  spends  the  week-end  with    Field    Marshal    Lord 

Roberts. 
Aug.  28. — After  a  week  or  two  spent  in  private  travel  throughout  Great 

Britain   Mr.   and   Mrs.   Borden   are  entertained  at  a  farewell 

Dinner  in  London  by  Sir  Phillip  and  Lady  Watts. 

During  these  crowded  weeks  Mrs.  Borden  was,  of  course,  an  object 
of  much  interest  to  the  public.  Several  interviews,  not  always  accur- 
ate, were  published  and  her  picture  appeared  frequently  in  the  press. 
To  The  Standard  on  July  10  she  made  the  statement  that  domestic 
servants  were  the  class  most  needed  in  Canada  and  after  that  the 
woman  with  a  little  capital — provided  she  had  also  some  initiative. 
To  Canada  (July  13)  she  said  there  was  not  much  difference  between 
English  and  Canadian  women  so  far  as  types  were  concerned;  indi- 
viduals, of  course,  differed.  Canadian  women  were  greatly  interested 
in  philanthropic  work.  "  I  am  amazed  at  the  amount  of  good  work 
done  by  men  and  women  in  England  for  those  not  so  fortunate.  The 
people  in  important  positions  appear  to  be  always  helping  others." 
On  July  22nd  Mrs.  Douglas  Hazen  officiated  at  the  naming  ceremony 


60 

of  the  great  floating  dock — The  Duke  of  Connaught — which  Vickers 
Limited  had  constructed  for  service  at  Montreal. 

Meanwhile  the  Ministers  who  accompanied  Mr.  Borden  were  not 
only  sharing  in  the  main  consultations  and  incidents  of  the  moment 
but  were  looking  after  separate  matters  of  their  own.  Mr.  Doherty, 
Minister  of  Justice,  studied  and  discussed  the  complicated  questions  of 
Imperial  Naturalization  and  the  Copyright  law.  Mr.  Pelletier,  Post- 
master-General, carried  on  negotiations  in  Paris  for  the  establishment 
of  two  cent  postage  between  Canada  and  France.  He  was  also  inter- 
ested in  an  improved  mail  service  and  in  cheaper  Empire  Cables.  To 
the  press  on  Aug.  30  Mr.  Pelletier  said :  "  Mr.  Herbert  Samuel,  Brit- 
ish Postmaster-General,  received  me  with  the  utmost  kindness  and 
courtesy.  We  had  together  many  conversations  as  well  as  negotiations 
with  the  Manager  of  one  of  the  two  Cable  Companies.  I  also  met 
the  President  of  the  other  Cable  Company  with  some  important  offi- 
cials of  Mr.  Samuel's  Department.  I  thought  it  preferable  to  end 
the  protracted  negotiations,  and  to  suggest  respectfully  to  the  British 
Postmaster-General,  among  other  things,  that  he  might  under  the 
authority  given  him  by  the  Landing  License  of  one  of  the  Companies 
(subject  to  the  appeal  provided  for  therein)  fix  the  rates  himself." 

Mr.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  received  on  July 
23rd  a  deputation  of  the  Imperial  Maritime  League  and  stated  that 
the  question  of  protecting  trade  routes  in  time  of  war  was  being  care- 
fully considered.  As  to  Canada's  permanent  policy  any  participation 
in  protection  must  be  accompanied  by  representation.  Any  Canadian 
contribution  at  this  time  must  supplement  and  not  reduce  British 
expenditure.  At  the  Junior  Constitutional  Club  (July  2'5)  he  esti- 
mated that  the  formation  of  Canada's  permanent  policy  might  require 
consultation  with  the  other  Overseas  Dominions.  Mr.  Foster,  Min- 
ister of  Trade  and  Commerce,  though  not  one  of  those  who  had 
the  negotiations  directly  in  hand,  was  naturally  closely  associated 
with  them.  He  had  been  in  London  some  time  before  this  and  had 
made  an  impression  by  several  powerful  speeches.  On  July  2nd  he 
was  entertained  at  the  Constitutional  Club  where  Mr.  Austen  Cham- 
berlain spoke  of  the  time  when  the  Unionists  would  be  in  power  and 
when  their  "first  task  and  proudest  duty  will  be  to  co-operate  with 
you  in  creating  those  bonds  of  commercial  union  which  will  foster 
and  cement  the  strength  of  the  Empire  as  a  whole."  With  charac- 
teristic eloquence  Mr.  Foster  said  in  one  of  his  sentences :  "  Canada 
is  a  great  Imperial  sanatorium  fitted  to  rejuvenate  your  nationality. 
It  offers  spaces  wide  and  green  and  wind-swept  for  your  sick  souls — 
for  souls  sick  from  lack  of  hope  and  opportunity." 

Mr.  Foster  also  spoke  to  the  Imperial  Mission  on  July  5  with 
Lord  Selborne  in  the  chair :  "  Some  people  are  fond  of  picturing  the 
Oversea  Dominions  as  allies.  The  children  of  a  family  are  not  allies 
of  a  family.  They  are  members  of  that  family,  and  the  Oversea 
Dominions  are  not  allies,  but  children  of  the  blood  and  members  of 
one  common  family.  I  think  we  should  pool  our  issues,  pool  our 
resources,  pool  our  intelligence,  pool  our  experience,  and  pool  every 


POPULAR  RECEPTION  OF  THE  PREMIER  ON  His  RETURN       61 

talent  and  grace  that  we  have,  in  order  to  make  more  successful  the 
common  issue  in  which  we  all  believe  and  which  we  all  wish  to  for- 
ward." On  June  12  he  had  addressed  a  Luncheon  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  denounced  any  laissez  faire  policy  in  Empire  matters,  urged 
construction  and  organization  and  the  "  calling  to  the  seats  of  Council 
the  best  experience  that  the  whole  Empire  grows/'  At  the  Chambers 
of  Commerce  banquet  (July  22nd)  he  spoke  with  the  same  ringing 
note :  "  We  are  in  many  senses  an  Imperial  people  in  the  Dominion  of 
Canada.  We  hate  Annexation  because  we  have  red  blood  in  our  veins 
and  young  blood.  We  have  not  any  desire  for  the  costly  contingencies 
and  charges  which  would  hamper  an  independent  race  but,  looking 
out  into  the  long  future  as  we  look  back  into  the  long  past,  our  ambi- 
tion in  Canada  is  to  sail  the  seas  of  our  destiny  under  the  Old  Flag." 
At  the  Lord  Mayor's  banquet  to  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  on  July  2nd,  Mr. 
Foster  proposed  a  toast  and  he  was  also  the  guest  of  honour  at  a 
Dinner  given  by  the  West  Indies  Committee  to  mark  the  completion 
of  Preferential  trade  arrangements.  He  spoke  also  at  a  Navy  League 
banquet  on  Oct.  20th  and  attended  various  meetings  of  the  Royal 
Trade  Commission. 

Much  had  been  cabled  to  Canada  and  uttered  or 
Popular  written  about  the  Prime  Minister's  Mission  to  London 

^^Fttnnier*  an<^  £reat  Public  interest  was  felt  in  his  return  and  in 
on  HIS  Return  the  possible  announcement  of  policy  he  might  make — 
to  Canada  despite  his  definite  and  reiterated  statement  that  Par- 
liament was  the  place  for  such  an  announcement. 
Varied  preparations  were  made  to  welcome  Mr.  Borden  at  Quebec, 
Montreal,  Ottawa  and  Toronto.  Returning  Ministers  whetted  public 
curiosity  with  statements  of  import.  Colonel  Hughes,  Minister  of 
Militia,  before  leaving  for  London  where  he  spent  September  had 
already  made  a  most  vigorous  and  widely  discussed  statement  at  Van- 
couver on  Aug.  7th :  "  Germany  has  to  be  taught  a  lesson  and  the  les- 
son to  be  taught  her  is  that  Canada,  South  Africa,  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  are  behind  the  Mother  Country.  We  know  that  Germany 
was  behind  Kruger  and  that  there  was  a  definite  scheme  to  oust  Great 
Britain  from  South  Africa;  but  the  fact  that  the  Colonies  sprang  to 
arms  and  sailed  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe  to  the  assistance  of 
Great  Britain  caused  that  scheme  to  be  frustrated.  Now,  gentlemen, 
the  time  has  come  when  a  definite  plan  of  Empire  defence  must  be 
adopted.  Let  it  take  the  form  of  a  full  partnership  with  the  Mother 
Country." 

Mr.  Foster,  returning  on  Aug.  4th,  told  the  press  at  Ottawa  that: 
"  Mr.  Borden's  declaration  that  Canada  has  irrevocably  made  up  its 
mind  to  stay  in  and  with  the  Empire;  that  for  any  emergency  she 
freely  and  without  condition  will  do  her  part;  and  that  as  to  per- 
manent policy,  some  basis  must  be  arrived  at  for  co-operation  in  aid 
of  Imperial  defence  in  which  we  shall  have  a  voice ;  has  been  warmly 
and  widely  approved  in  Britain."  Mr.  Hazen  told  the  St.  John 
Standard  on  Aug.  30th  that  "  by  all  parties  in  Great  Britain  the  Ger- 
man menace  is  regarded  as  a  very  live  question.  There  is,  practically, 


62  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

an  universal  opinion  that  Germany  is  increasing  her  Naval  arma- 
ments and  building  Dreadnoughts  for  the  purpose  of  contesting  the 
supremacy  of  Great  Britain  whenever  the  time  is  thought  to  be 
opportune  for  so  doing." 

On  Sept.  6th  the  Premier  arrived  at  Quebec  and  was  greeted  with 
national  and  patriotic  songs,  cheering  crowds  and  decorated  streets. 
A  procession  followed  to  the  City  Hall  where  Mayor  Drouin  pre- 
sented an  eulogistic  personal  Address  which,  however,  referred  only 
in  general  terms  to  the  Premier's  mission  and  said  nothing  about  the 
issues  involved.  The  Chateau  Frontenac  was  then  visited  and  an 
Address  read  by  Senator  Landry,  as  President  of  the  Quebec  Conser- 
vative Association,  which  concluded  as  follows :  "  We  hail  in  your  per- 
son the  distinguished  leader  given  to  us  by  Providence  for  the  triumph 
of  a  real  Canadian  policy,  desired  and  approved  by  the  people,  and 
one  that  will  bestow  on  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  land  of  ours  peace, 
prosperity,  and  happiness."  At  Three  Rivers  a  cordial  welcome  was 
given  the  Premier  as  he  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal.  Here, 
on  the  evening  of  the  7th,  Mr.  Borden  was  received  by  the  members 
of  his  Cabinet  and  greeted  by  distinguished  Conservatives  while  the 
ensuing  procession  passed  through  decorated,  crowded  and  brilliantly 
illuminated  streets  with  an  accompanying  flare  of  many  fireworks. 
At  the  pier  Mayor  Lavalee  presented  an  Address  to  which  the  Premier 
replied  in  French  and  then  in  English :  "  I  appreciate  most  warmly 
what  you  have  said  respecting  the  splendid  reception  I  received  not 
only  in  the  British  Isles  but  also  in  the  beautiful  land  of  France. 
There  could  have  been  no  warmer  welcome  in  either  France  or  the 
country  which  was  the  home  of  my  ancestors.  Long  may  that  entente 
cordiale  continue.  It  was  the  co-operation  of  the  two  races  of  pioneers 
that  made  this  nation  great,  so  will  that  co-operation  be  continued  in 
a  greater  measure  and  heartiness  and,  in  all  the  glorious  years  to 
come,  ensure  peace  amongst  the  nations  of  the  world."  It  was  a 
remarkable  reception — doubly  so  as  coming  from  French-Canadians 
to  an  English-speaking  Premier. 

At  Ottawa  on  the  9th  Mr.  Borden  was  cordially  received.  The  City 
was  decorated  and  in  a  procession  through  the  streets  crowds  gave 
hearty  cheers  of  welcome.  The  Civic  address  presented  by  Mayor 
Hopewel]  recapitulated  a  number  of  things  which  the  citizens  believed 
their  Premier  to  stand  for — personal  and  public  integrity,  encourage- 
ment to  transportation,  "  Canadians  for  Canada  "  rather  than  "  Can- 
ada for  Canadians,"  Canadian  trade  east  and  west  in  Canadian 
channels,  a  national  and  Imperial  spirit  combined,  Canadian  develop- 
ment as  part  of  the  British  Empire.  In  his  reply  the  Premier  declared 
the  people  of  Great  Britain  to  be  as  capable  of  holding  their  noble 
heritage  as  had  been  their  ancestors.  In  the  evening  a  great  ban- 
quet under  Conservative  auspices  was  given  in  the  Chateau  Laurier 
with  H.  P.  Hill,  President  of  the  Ottawa  Conservative  Association, 
in  the  chair  and  most  of  the  Party  leaders  present.  With  them  were 
Sir  George  Reid,  Australian  High  Commissioner  to  London,  and  Sir 
George  Askwith  of  Labour  conciliation  fame. 


POPULAR  RECEPTION  OF  THE  PREMIER  ON  His  RETURN       63 

In  a  brief  speech  Mr.  Hill  said  of  the  Premier :  "  He  left  us  a 
man  of  note,  he  returns  to  us  an  Imperial  figure.  He  left  us  with 
the  best  wishes  of  every  Canadian ;  he  returns  with  the  respect  of  all." 
Mr.  Borden  in  his  address  said :  "  We  were  received  on  the  other  side 
with  every  courtesy  by  His  Majesty's  Ministers.  We  were  admitted 
to  the  very  heart  secrets  of  the  Empire.  We  discussed  with  frank- 
ness and  confidence  questions  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  Empire. 
.  .  .  As  I  have  said,  before,  to-day  there  are  no  evidences  of  decline 
across  the  sea.  They  have  the  same  virility,  the  same  fidelity  to  trust, 
the  same  ability  to  defend  their  heritage  as  had  our  forefathers.  I 
may  add  that  the  influence  of  this  and  of  all  the  Dominions  will  be 
for  peace.  It  is  not,  perhaps,  a  creditable  spectacle  that  in  this  year 
of  grace  'Christian  nations  should  be  preparing  for  war,  but  so  long 
as  these  conditions  prevail  we  must  prepare  to  defend  ourselves  and 
I  believe  the  people  in  the  British  Isles  and  in  the  Dominions  beyond 
the  Seas  will  be  fully  prepared  to  do  their  duty."  Other  speakers 
were  J.  A.  Ellis,  M.L.A.,  Hon.  G.  E.  Poster,  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche,  and 
Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier. 

On  Sept.  21st  another  imposing  banquet  was  given  in  Montreal 
by  the  local  Conservative  Club  with  L.  T.  Marechal,  K.C.,  in  the  chair. 
Incidentally  it  was  the  anniversary  of  the  victory  at  the  General  Elec- 
tions of  1911  and  a  good  deal  of  political  enthusiasm  was  aroused 
and  expressed.  Many  of  the  Ministers  were  present,  all  the  chief 
Party  men  in  the  City,  and  Messrs.  Page  Croft  and  D.  Macmaster 
from  the  British  Parliament.  Mr.  Borden  dealt  with  the  union  of 
races  in  the  Club,  in  the  country,  in  the  Party;  described  the  Gov- 
ernment's policy  as  to  agriculture,  trade  and  tariffs;  spoke  of  the 
splendid  reception  given  to  him  and  his  colleagues  in  Britain  and  in 
France  and  of  the  wide  recognition  now  accorded  Canada's  greatness 
of  resource  and  future.  As  to  his  mission  he  had  everywhere  said 
that  permanent  co-operation  in  Imperial  defence  must  mean  a  certain 
voice  by  Canada  in  matters  of  peace  and  war — a  declaration  always 
warmly  received.  There  were  two  parts  of  the  question  which  he  had 
put  before  the  British  people  and  which  he  would  place  before  Par- 
liament at  its  coming  Session  in  November.  "  One  was  the  question 
of  grave  conditions  affecting  this  Empire  of  ours,  which  might  demand 
certain  consideration  and  certain  action  on  our  part;  and  the  other 
was  the  more  difficult  and  complex  question  of  permanent  co-operation 
in  the  defence  of  the  Empire  by  the  people  of  Canada  and  the  change 
in  our  relations  to  the  Empire  which  might  be  brought  about  in  that 
regard."  Other  speakers  were  Mr.  Marechal,  Hon.  Robert  Rogers, 
George  E.  Drummond,  Hon.  W.  T.  White  and  Hon.  F.  D.  Monk. 
They  dealt  chiefly  with  Reciprocity  and  the  recent  elections. 

Toronto,  on  Sept.  23rd,  gave  the  Premier  a  banquet  which  was 
absolutely  non-political  and  the  greatest  in  point  of  numbers  ever 
held  in  Canada.  The  new  Arena  building,  holding  10,000  people  in 
the  tiers  of  seats  and  at  the  tables  in  the  centre,  was  crowded,  the 
decorations  were  lavish  and  striking,  the  guests  enthusiastic  and  the 
speeches  varied  in  tone  and  character.  G.  T.  -Seiners,  President  of 


64  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  Board  of  Trade,  under  whose  auspices  the  Dinner  was  held,  occu- 
pied the  chair  and  was  the  first  speaker;  F.  G.  Morley,  the  energetic 
Secretary,  had  charge  of  arrangements.  Sir  James  Whitney  made 
an  eloquent  and  effective  speech  in  proposing  the  Premier's  health, 
and  described  his  mission  as  having  been  conducted  with  "  rare  prud- 
ence, dignity  and  skill."  Canada,  he  declared,  was  ready  to  assume 
"  whatever  share  of  the  Imperial  burden  the  future  might  bring." 
In  vigorous  terms  Mr.  Borden  emphasized  the  Imperial  character  of 
his  work  in  Britain  and  the  emergency  which  there  prevailed.  "  The 
people  of  the  Old  Land  are  convinced  that  the  existence  of  the  Empire 
depends  upon  their  maintaining  a  sure  path  across  the  seas  and  they 
are  determined  to  maintain  for  themselves  and  you  a  sure  path  across 
the  oceans  where  their  Dominions  lie."  He  had  come  back  with  a 
firmer  faith  in  the  future  of  the  Empire  and  in  its  working  out  of  the 
great  problems  of  its  destiny.  Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell,  Ontario's  Liberal 
leader,  made  a  speech  of  buoyant  Imperialism  which  the  following 
quotation  illustrates :  "  As  Canadians,  as  a  self-respecting,  liberty-lov- 
ing, virile  people,  shall  we  not  say  the  time  has  come  when  we  must 
bear  our  share  and  take  up  our  burden  with  you."  Other  speakers 
were  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp,  J.  E.  Atkinson,  Hon.  G.  E. 
Foster,  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier. 

By  the  close  of  September  frequent  Cabinet  meetings  were  being 
held,  additional  information  of  an  official  character  was  coming  in 
from  England,  and  preparations  were  under  way  for  the  meeting  of 
Parliament.  Ministers  in  occasional  speeches  gave  hints  of  future 
policy  but  nothing  more  definite  was  said  than  the  statement  by  Hon. 
Martin  Burrell,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  at  Calgary  (Sept.  25)  that: 
"  This  country  should  assume  its  full  share  of  responsibility  in  main- 
taining the  British  naval  supremacy  which  means  a  continuance  of 
everything  that  we  value  in  our  national  ideals,  and  at  the  same  time 
is  a  guarantee  of  the  unmolested  path  across  the  waters  to  British 
markets  of  the  produce  of  Canadian  farms  and  Canadian  industries." 
The  2nd  Session  of  Canada's  twelfth  Parliament 

JsIkf^HU1  was  °Pene(?  on  Nov-  21.8t  bv  H-R-H-  the  Duke  of  Con- 
Aanouncement  naugnt  amid  scenes  of  impressive  interest.  The  pivotal 
to  Parliament  subject  of  the  Speech  from  the  Throne  was  the  Naval 
policy;  it  was  the  central  theme  of  thought  and  dis-. 
cussion  and  the  announcement  made  by  His  Royal  Highness  was  as 
follows :  "  During  the  past  Summer  four  members  of  my  Government 
conferred  in  London  with  His  Majesty's  Government  on  the  question 
of  Naval  defence.  Important  discussions  took  place  and  conditions 
have  been  disclosed  which,  in  the  opinion  of  my  advisers,  render  it 
imperative  that  the  effective  Naval  forces  of  the  Empire  should  be 
strengthened  without  delay.  My  Advisers  are  convinced  that  it  is  the 
duty  of  Canada  at  this  juncture  to  afford  reasonable  and  necessary 
aid  for  that  purpose.  A  Bill  will  be  introduced  accordingly."  After 
the  mover  of  the  Address  ( J.  H.  Rainville)  and  the  seconder  (W.  F. 
Nickle,  K.C.)  had  spoken  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  the  Premier  spoke 
briefly  and  were  followed  by  many  others. 


THE  RT.  HON.  SIB  GEORGE  HOUSTON  REID,  G.C.M.G. 

High  Commissioner  in  London  from  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia. 
A   Visitor    to    Canada   in    1912. 


MR.  BORDEN  MAKES  His  ANNOUNCEMENT  TO  PARLIAMENT     65 

Little  was  said  by  the  Opposition  Leader  upon  the  Naval  question 
other  than  that  the  statement  of  emergency  was  not  borne  out  by  the 
utterances  of  the  British  Premier  and  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admir- 
alty. In  the  Senate  on  Nov.  26th  Sir  George  W.  Ross,  the  new  Lib- 
eral Leader  in  that  House,  demanded  "the  facts"  as  to  the  alleged 
situation  and  grew  very  sarcastic  over  the  statement  of  emergency. 
"  What  is  the  matter  with  Old  England  ?  Has  she  no  more  sailors  to 
man  her  ships?  Has  she  no  longer  an  Exchequer  with  which  to 
build  and  maintain  her  ships?"  A  Naval  policy  on  the  basis  of  a 
Contribution  was  no  policy  at  all  but  was  like  throwing  a  penny  in* 
a  beggar's  cap.  Senator  Domville  declared  that  Britain  had  all  the 
money  she  needed;  what  she  did  require  were  men  to  man  her  ships. 
The  Hon.  "W.  Pugsley  (Lib.),  in  the  Commons  on  Nov.  29th,  dealt 
briefly  with  the  Naval  question.  He  claimed  that  dry-dock  and  other 
facilities  at  Montreal,  Sydney,  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast  should  be 
available  for  the  construction  of  all  kinds  of  battleships  and  declared 
the  absence  of  a  permanent  policy  to  be  due  to  Nationalist  pressure 
from  Quebec.  "W.  F.  Maclean  (Cons.)  on  Dec.  2nd,  while  supporting 
a  -Contribution,  if  it  were  necessary,  took  strong  ground  for  a  Cana- 
dian Navy.  "  We  must  have  sea-power,  we  must  be  prepared  to  build 
ships,  we  must  be  prepared  to  man  them;  we  must  be  prepared  to 
fight  in  them  and,  if  necessary,  I  say  now  that  I  am  in  favour  of  a 
compulsory  Naval  service  in  Canada  in  the  interests  of  the  country 
and  of  the  Empire." 

The  debate  continued  with  isolated  arguments  in  this  connection. 
On  Dec.  3rd  A.  A.  Mondou  (Nat.  Cons.)  moved  the  following  amend- 
ment to  the  Address :  "  This  House  is  ready  and  willing  at  all  times 
to  adopt  effective  measures  for  the  defence  of  Canada  as  a  self-gov- 
erning colony  under  the  British  Crown.  But  this  House  is,  neverthe- 
less, of  the  opinion  that  the  Parliament  of  Canada  is  not  justified  in 
imposing  upon  the  people  of  Canada  obligations  for  the  general 
defence  of  the  Empire  so  long  as,  under  the  existing  constitutional 
relations  between  Canada  and  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  His  Majesty's  Government,  which  is  solely  responsible  to 
the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom,  retains  the  exclusive  direction  and 
control  of  Imperial  and  International  affairs."  It  was  voted  down, 
practically  without  discussion,  by  183  to  4 — the  supporters  of  M. 
Mondou  being  H.  Achin  of  Labelle,  P.  A.  Lamarche  of  Nicolet  and 
J.  A.  Barette  of  Berthier — all  Conservatives  with  Nationalist  lean- 
ings. 

With  every  member  in  his  seat,  with  densely  crowded  galleries, 
with  the  presence  of  T.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  and  Princess 
Patricia,  Mr.  Borden  on  Dec.  5th  introduced    his    long  looked-for  I 
measure — the  formal  Resolutions  being  in  exactly  the  same  terms  as  '• 
the  Bill  itself — in  a  speech  characterized  by  careful   preparation, 
thoughtful  and  statesmanlike  dignity  and  an  obvious  sense  of  responsi- 
bility.   He  commenced  in  a  brief  review  of  Canada's  relations  with  the 
Empire;  the  necessity  which  existed  in  these  days  of  growth  to  find 
some  means  of  combining  co-operation  with  autonomy;  the  obvious 

5 


66 

importance  of  co-operation  in  trade  and  defence  along  lines  of  effec- 
tive organization. 

Responsibility  for  the  Empire's  defence  upon  the  High  Seas,  in  which 
is  to  be  found  the  only  effective  guarantee  of  its  existence  and  which  has 
hitherto  been  assumed  by  the  United  Kingdom,  has  necessarily  carried 
with  it  responsibility  for  control  of  foreign  policy.  With  the  enormous 
increase  of  Naval  power  which  has  been  undertaken  by  all  great  nations 
in  recent  years,  this  tremendous  responsibility  has  cast  an  almost  impos- 
sible burden  upon  the  British  Islands  which  for  nearly  a  thousand  years 
have  exercised  so  profound  an  influence  upon  the  world's  history.  That 
burden  is  so  great  that  the  day  has  come  when  either  the  existence  of  this 
Empire  will  be  imperilled  or  the  young  and  mighty  Dominions  must  join 
with  the  Motherland  to  make  secure  the  common  safety  and  the  common 
heritage  of  all.  When  Great  Britain  no  longer  assumes  sole  responsibility 
for  defence  upon  the  High  Seas,  she  can  no  longer  undertake  to  assume 
sole  responsibility  for  and  sole  control  of  Foreign  policy  which  is  closely, 
vitally,  and  constantly  associated  with  that  defence  in  which  the  Domin- 
ions participate. 

After  quoting  his  1910  speech  in  Parliament  to  prove  the  carrying 
out  of  his  pledges  the  Premier  went  on  to  say  that  in  their  recent 
visit  to  England  he  and  his  colleagues  had  been  given  the  fullest  con- 
fidence of  the  British  Government  as  to  Foreign  policy  and  Defence 
— much  information  being  confidential.  Expert  opinion  of  every  kind 
had  also  been  obtained.  He  then  read  the  Memorandum  which  is 
printed  elsewhere,  with  the  covering  letter  from  Mr.  Harcourt,  Col- 
onial Secretary,  and  stated  that  the  document  had  been  prepared  under 
instructions  from  His  Majesty's  Government.  It  was  then  read  care- 
fully amidst  the  close  attention  of  the  House.  Mr.  Borden  proceeded 
to  express  regret  at  the  international  war  preparations  and  to  hope  for 
a  time  of  arbitration  and  assured  peace.  Meanwhile,  however,  Cana- 
dians were  joint  trustees  for  the  security  of  a  vast  heritage  and  must 
do  their  duty : 

Do  Canadians  sufficiently  realize  the  disparity  between  the  naval 
risks  of  our  Empire  and  those  of  any  other  nation?  The  armies  of  con- 
tinental Europe  number  their  men  by  the  million,  not  by  the  thousand; 
they  are  highly  equipped  and  organized.  The  whole  population  have  under- 
gone military  training  and  any  one  of  these  countries  is  absolutely  secure 
against  invasion  from  Great  Britain,  which  could  not  send  an  expedition- 
ary force  of  more  than  150,000  men  at  the  highest  estimate.  Such  a  force 
would  be  outnumbered,  twenty  to  one,  by  any  of  the  great  European 
Powers.  This  Empire  is  not  a  great  military  Power  and  it  has  based  its 
security  in  the  past,  as  in  the  present,  almost  entirely  on  the  strength  of 
the  Navy.  A  crushing  defeat  upon  the  High  Seas  would  render  the 
British  Isles  or  any  of  the  Dominions  subject  to  invasion  by  any  great 
military  Power.  The  loss  of  such  a  decisive  battle  by  Great  Britain  would 
practically  destroy  the  United  Kingdom,  shatter  the  British  Empire  to  its 
foundation,  and  change  profoundly  the  destiny  of  its  component  parts. 

Twelve  years  ago  the  British  Navy  was  supreme  on  the  seas;  to-day 
it  is  predominant  only  in  the  North  Sea.  In  1902  British  expenditure 
on  the  Navy  was  $152,000,000  and  to-day  it  is  $220,000,000.  Two 
points  were  here  specified :  "  It  should  never  be  forgotten  that  without 
war,  without  the  firing  of  a  single  shot  or  the  striking  of  a  blow,  our 
Naval  supremacy  may  disappear  and,  with  it,  the  sole  guarantee  of 


ME.  BORDEN  MAKES  His  ANNOUNCEMENT  TO  PARLIAMENT     67 

the  Empire's  continued  existence.  .  .  .  The  fact  that  trade  routes, 
vital  to  the  Empire's  continued  existence,  are  inadequately  defended 
and  protected,  by  reason  of  necessary  concentration  in  Home  waters, 
is  exceedingly  impressive  and  even  startling."  The  Premier  announced 
that  ship-building  would  be  encouraged  in  Canada.  "  I  am  assured, 
therefore,  that  the  Admiralty  are  prepared  in  the  early  future  to  give 
orders  for  the  construction  in  Canada  of  small  cruisers,  oil-tank  ves- 
sels, and  auxiliary  craft  of  various  kinds.  The  plant  required  is  rela- 
tively small,  as  compared  with  that  which  is  necessary  for  a  Dread- 
nought battleship,  and  such  an  undertaking  would  have  a  much  more 
secure  and  permanent  basis  from  a  business  standpoint." 

As  to  the  proposed  contribution  of  three  great  battleships  to  the 
Empire's  Navy  Mr.  Borden  made  this  statement:  "These  ships  will 
constitute  an  aid  brought  by  the  Canadian  people  to  His  Majesty  the 
King,  as  a  token  of  their  determination  to  maintain  the  integrity  of 
the  Empire  and  to  assist  in  repelling  any  danger  which  may  threaten 
its  security.  .  .  .  Canada  is  sending  these  ships  to  range  them- 
selves in  the  battle-line  of  the  Empire  with  those  of  the  Mother  Coun- 
try, of  Australia,  and  of  New  Zealand.  They  will  be  the  three  most 
powerful  battleships  in  the  world,  and  they  will  bear  historic  names 
associated  with  this  country."  'Comparison  was  made  with  the  Defence 
expenditure  of  other  countries  which  were  independent  nations — and 
not  very  strong  ones.  Argentine,  for  instance,  in  1909-12  spent 
$75,000,000  upon  Naval  and  Military  defence.  If  Canada  spent  as 
much  on  defence  per  head  as  the  United  States,  or  formed  a  part  of 
that  Bepublic,  its  annual  outlay  or  taxation  would  be  20  to  25  million 
dollars.  Eeference  was  made  to  the  powerful  British  squadrons  which 
were  once  maintained  on  Canadian  seaboards.  "  I  am  sure  that  the  aid 
which  we  propose  will  enable  such  special  arrangements  to  be  consum- 
mated that,  without  courting  disaster  at  home,  an  effective  fleet  of 
battleships  and  cruisers  can  be  established  in  the  Pacific,  and  a  power- 
ful squadron  can  periodically  visit  our  Atlantic  seaboard." 

At  this  point  the  Premier  emphasized  the  fact  that  a  system  of 
regular  and  periodical  contributions  was  not  proposed  and  was  not 
the  most  satisfactory  solution  of  the  permanent  question.  The  present 
one  was  to  meet  an  emergency  and  in  response  to  the  carefully  stated 
opinion  of  the  Admiralty  as  being  most  desirable :  "  These  ships  will 
be  at  the  disposal  of  His  Majesty,  the  King,  for  the  common  defence 
of  the  Empire.  They  will  be  maintained  and  controlled  as  part  of 
the  Eoyal  Navy ;  and  we  have  the  assurance  that  if  at  any  time  in  the 
future  it  should  be  the  will  of  the  Canadian  people  to  establish  a 
Canadian  unit  of  the  British  Navy  these  vessels  can  be  recalled  by 
the  Canadian  Government  to  form  part  of  that  Navy,  in  which  case, 
of  course,  they  would  be  maintained  by  Canada  and  not  by  Great 
Britain.  In  that  event  there  would  necessarily  be  reasonable  notice 
of  such  recall."  Mr.  Borden  eulogized  the  splendid  fabric  and  organi- 
zation of  Naval  power  embodied  in  the  Eoyal  Navy  and  deprecated 
proposals  looking  to  a  Canadian  Navy.  "  In  my  humble  opinion  noth- 
ing of  an  efficient  character  could  be  built  up  in  this  country  within 


68  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

a  quarter  of  a  century  or,  perhaps,  half  a  century.  Even  then  it  would 
be  a  poor  and  weak  susbtitute  for  that  splendid  organization  which  the 
Empire  already  possesses  and  which  has  been  evolved  and  built  up 
through  centuries  of  the  most  searching  experience  and  of  the  highest 
endeavour.  Is  there' really  any  need  that  we  should  undertake  this 
hazardous  and  costly  experiment  of  building  up  a  naval  organization 
especially  restricted  to  this  Dominion,  when  upon  just  and  self-respect- 
|  ing  terms  we  can  take  such  part  as  we  desire  in  Naval  defence  through 
f  the  existing  Naval  organization  of  the  Empire."  He  explained  that 
the  additional  cost  of  construction  in  Canada  of  the  three  ships  under 
consideration  would  be  $12,000,000  and  the  delay  a  matter  beyond 
estimate.  As  to  representation  in  Empire  'Councils  the  Committee 
of  Imperial  Defence  afforded  a  temporary  method  of  meeting  obvious 
difficulties : 

While  the  Committee  does  not  control  policy  in  any  way  and  could 
not  undertake  to  do  so,  as  it  is  not  responsible  to  Parliament,  it  is  neces- 
sarily and  constantly  obliged  to  consider  Foreign  policy  and  Foreign  rela- 
tions, for  the  obvious  reason  that  Defence,  and  especially  Naval  defence, 
is  inseparably  connected  with  such  consideration.  I  am  assured  by  His 
Majesty's  Government  that,  pending  a  final  solution  of  the  question  of 
voices  and  influence,  they  would  welcome  the  presence  in  London  of  a 
Canadian  Minister  during  the  whole  or  portion  of  each  year.  Such  Min- 
ister would  be  regularly  summoned  to  all  meetings  of  the  Committee  of 
Imperial  Defence,  and  would  be  regarded  as  one  of  its  permanent  members. 
No  important  step  in  Foreign  policy  would  be  undertaken  without  con- 
sultation with  such  a  representative  of  Canada. 

An  eloquent  peroration  followed :  "  Bringing  the  best  assistance  that 
we  may  in  the  urgency  of  the  moment  we  come  thus  to  her  aid,  in 
token  of  our  determination  to  protect  and  ensure  the  safety  and 
integrity  of  this  Empire,  and  of  our  resolve  to  defend  on  sea,  as  well 
as  on  land,  our  flag,  our  honour  and  our  heritage/'  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  then  moved  the  adjournment  and  merely  expressed  pleasure 
at  knowing  that  there  was  no  real  emergency  but  simply  the  usual 
tendency  towards  excessive  European  armament.  As  the  Premier 
concluded  his  supporters  rose  with  vigorous  and  long-continued  cheers. 
v  "  Eule  Britannia  "  and  "  God  Save  the  King  "  were  sung  and  joined 
in  by  the  Opposition  and  the  galleries  while  Mr.  Frank  Oliver  was 
conspicuous  as  the  only  member  who  remained  seated  and  who  did 
not  join  in  the  National  Anthem.  Supplementary  to  this  speech  and 
to  the  Official  document  which  follows  was  a  letter  from  Mr.  Churchill, 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  addressed  to  Mr.  Borden  and  dated  Nov. 
4th,  of  which  the  following  were  the  chief  paragraphs : 

I  have  given  careful  consideration  to  your  two  letters  about  the  encour- 
agement of  the  ship-building  industry  in  Canada.  I  recognize  the 
importance  of  such  a  policy  on  general  grounds  not  less  than  from  the 
immediate  Canadian  standpoint;  and  any  practical  scheme  for  Admiralty 
co-operation  would  command  my  support.  The  main  difficulty  to  be  sur- 
mounted is  to  obtain  that  high  degree  of  expert  knowledge  and  experience 
which  modern  warships  require  for  their  efficient  construction.  We  might, 
however,  in  the  first  instance  agree  upon  certain  classes  of  vessels  with 
which  it  may  be  considered  that  competent  Canadian  shipyards  would  be 


THE  ADMIKALTY  MEMORANDUM  ON  THE  NAVAL  SITUATION     69 

able  to  deal.  The  most  suitable  classes  of  vessels  with  which  to  inaugur- 
ate the  system  would  be  light  cruisers,  oil-tank  vessels,  and  small  craft 
for  auxiliary  services.  We  should,  if  it  would  meet  your  views,  be  pre- 
pared to  invite  tenders  from  approved  Canadian  firms  for  the  construe 
tion  of  some  vessels  of  such  classes  in  the  near  future. 

1.  The  Prime  Minister  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  has 
The  Admiralty  invited  His  Majesty's  Government  through  the  Board  of 
Memorandum  Admiralty  to  prepare  a  statement  of  the  present  and  imme- 
on  the  General  diately  prospective  requirements  of  the  Naval  defence  of 
Naval  the  Empire  for  presentation  to  the  Canadian  Parliament 

situation,  if  the  Dominion  Cabinet  deem  it  necessary.     The  Lords 

Transmitted  Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty  are  prepared  to  comply 
to  Ottawa,  and  to  supplement,  in  a  form  which  can  be  made  public, 
Oct.  25,  1918  the  confidential  communications  and  conversations  which 
have  passed  between  the  Admiralty  and  Ministers  of  the 
Dominion  Parliament  during  the  recent  visit  to  the  United  Kingdom.  The 
Admiralty  set  the  greatest  store  by  the  important  material,  and  still  more 
important  moral,  assistance  which  it  is  within  the  power  of  Canada  to  give 
to  maintaining  British  Naval  Supremacy  on  the  High  Seas,  but  they  think 
it  necessary  to  disclaim  any  intention,  however  indirect,  of  putting  pressure 
upon  Canadian  public  opinion,  or  of  seeking  to  influence  the  Dominion 
Parliament  in  a  decision  which  clearly  belongs  solely  to  Canada.  The 
Admiralty,  therefore,  confine  themselves  in  this  statement  exclusively  to 
facts,  and  it  is  for  the  Dominion  Government  and  Parliament  to  draw  their 
own  conclusions  therefrom. 

2.  The  power  of  the  British  Empire  to  maintain  the  superiority  on 
the  Sea,  which  is  essential  to  its  security,  must  obviously  be  measured 
from  time  to  time  by  reference  to  the  other  Naval  forces  of  the  world,  and 
such    a    comparison  does  not  imply  anything    unfriendly,  in    intention 
or  in  spirit,  to  any  other  Power  or  group  of  Powers.    From  this  point  of 
view  the  development  of  the  German  Fleet  during  the  last  fifteen  years 
is  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  Naval  situation  to-day.    That  develop- 
ment has  been  authorized  by  five  successive  Legislative  enactments,  viz., 
the  Fleet  Laws  of  1898,  1900,  1906,  1908  and  1912.    These  laws  cover  the 
period  up  to  1920.    Whereas  in  1898  the  German  Fleet  consisted  of  9  battle- 
ships (excluding  coast  defence  vessels),  3  large  cruisers,  28  small  cruisers, 
113  torpedo  boats,  and  25,000  men — maintained    at    an    annual    cost    of 
£6,000,000;  the  full  Fleet  of  1920  will  consist  of  41  battleships,  20  large 
cruisers,  40  small  cruisers,  144  torpedo-boats,  72  submarines  and  101,500 
men — estimated  to  be  maintained  at  an  annual  cost  of  £23,000,000. 

These  figures,  however,  give  no  real  idea  of  the  advance,  for  the  size 
and  cost  of  ships  has  risen  continually  during  the  period  and,  apart  from 
increasing  their  total  numbers,  Germany  has  systematically  replaced  old 
and  small  ships,  which  counted  as  units  in  her  earlier  Fleet,  by  the  most 
powerful  and  costly  modern  vessels.  Neither  does  the  money  provided 
by  the  Estimates  for  the  completed  Law  represent  the  increase  in  cost 
properly  attributable  to  the  German  Navy,  for  many  charges  borne  on 
British  Naval  funds  are  otherwise  defrayed  in  Germany;  and  the  German 
Navy  comprises  such  a  large  proportion  of  new  ships  that  the  cost  of 
maintenance  and  repair  is  considerably  less  than  in  Navies  which  have 
been  longer  established. 

3.  The  naval  expansion  of  Germany  has  not  been  provoked  by  British 
Naval  increases.    The  German  Government  have  repeatedly  declared  that 
their  Naval  Policy  has  not  been  influenced  by  British  action,  and  the  fol- 
lowing figures  speak  for  themselves:  In  1905  Great  Britain  was  building 
4  capital  ships  and  Germany  2;  in  1906  Great  Britain  reduced  to  3  capital 
ships  and  Germany  increased  to  3;  in  1907  Great  Britain  built  3  capital 
ships  and  Germany  built  3;  in  1908  Great  Britain  further  reduced  to  2 
capital  ships  and  Germany  further  increased  to  4.    It  was  not  until  the 
efforts  of  Great  Britain  to  procure  the  abatement  or  retardation  of  Naval 
rivalry  had  failed  for  3  successive  years  that  the  Admiralty  were  forced 


70  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

to  take  exceptional  measures  to  secure  against  all  possible  hazards  the 
safety  of  the  Empire.  In  that  year,  8  capital  ships  were  laid  down  in 
Great  Britain,  and  2  others  were  provided  by  the  Commonwealth  of  Aus- 
tralia and  the  Dominion  of  New  Zealand  respectively — a  total  of  10. 

4.  In  the  spring  of  the  present  year  the  fifth  German  Navy  Law  was 
in  1909,  upon  a  general  review  of  the  Naval  situation,  to  ask  Parliament 
increase  in  the  new  construction  of  Capital  ships,  though  that  is  important, 
assented  to  by  the  Reichstag.    The  main  feature  of  that  law  is  not  the 
but  rather  the  increase  in  the  striking  force  of  ships  of  all  classes,  which 
will  be  immediately  available  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.    A  third  squadron 
of  8  battleships  will  be  created  and  maintained  in  full  commission  as  part 
of  the  active  battle  fleet.    Whereas,  according  to  the  unamended  Law,  the 
active  battle  fleet  consisted  of  17  battleships,  4  battle  or  large  armoured 
cruisers,  and  12  small  cruisers,  It  will  in  the  near  future  consist  of  25 
battleships,  8  battle  or  large  armoured  cruisers,  and  18  small  cruisers; 
and  whereas  at  present,  owing  to  the  system  of  recruitment  which  pre- 
vails in  Germany,  the  German  Fleet  is  less  fully  mobile  during  the  winter 
than  during  the  summer  months,  it  will,  through  the  operation  of  this 
Law,  not  only  be  increased  in  strength,  but  rendered  much  more  readily 
available.     Ninety-nine  torpedo-boat  destroyers,  instead    of    66,  will  be 
maintained  in  full  commission  out  of  a  total  of  144;  72  new  submarines 
will  be  built  within  the  currency  of  the  new  Law,  and  of  these  it  is  appar- 
ently proposed  to  maintain  54  with  full  permanent  crews.    Taking  a  gen- 
eral view,  the  effect  of  the  Law  will  be  that  nearly  four-fifths  of  the  entire 
German  Navy  will  be  maintained  in  full  permanent  commission;  that  is 
to  say,  instantly  and  constantly  ready  for  war. 

So  great  a  change  and  development  in  the  German  Fleet  involves,  of 
course,  important  additions  to  their  personnel.  In  1898  the  officers  and 
men  of  the  German  Navy  amounted  to  25,000.  To-day  that  figure  has 
reached  66,000.  The  new  Law  adds  15,000  officers  and  men,  and  makes  a 
total  in  1920  of  101,500.  The  new  construction  under  the  Law  prescribes 
the  building  of  3  additional  battleships — 1  to  be  begun  next  year,  1  in  1916 
— and  2  small  cruisers,  of  which  the  date  has  not  yet  been  fixed.  The  date 
of  the  third  battleship  has  not  been  fixed.  It  has  been  presumed  to  be 
later  than  the  six  years  which  are  in  view.  The  cost  of  these  increases  in 
men  and  material  during  the  next  six  years  is  estimated  at  £10,500,000 
spread  over  that  period  above  the  previous  estimates.  The  facts  set  forth 
above  were  laid  before  the  House  of  Commons  on  the  22nd  July,  1912,  by 
the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 

5.  The  effect  of  the  new  German  Navy  Law  is  to  produce  a  remarkable 
expansion  of  strength  and  readiness.    The  number  of  battleships  and  large 
armoured  cruisers  which  will  be  kept  constantly  ready  and  in  full  com- 
mission will  be  raised  by  law  from  21,  the  present  figure,  to  33 — an  addi- 
tion of  12,  or  an  increase  of  about  57  per  cent.    The  new  Fleet  will,  in  the 
beginning,  include  about  20  battleships  and  large  cruisers  of  the  older 
type,  but  gradually  as  new  vessels  are  built  the  fighting  power  of  the 
Fleet  will  rise  until  in  the  end  it  will  consist  completely  of  modern  vessels. 
The  complete  organization  of  the  German  Fleet,  as  described  by  the  latest 
Law,  will  be  5  battle  squadrons  and  a  fleet  flagship,  comprising  41  battle- 
ships in  all,  each  attended  by  a  battle  or  armoured  cruiser  squadron,  com- 
plete with  small  cruisers  and  auxiliaries  of  all  kinds  and  accompanied  by 
numerous  flotillas  of  destroyers  and  submarines.    This  full  development 
will  only  be  realized  step  by  step;  but  already  in  1914  2  squadrons  will, 
according  to  Admiralty  information,  be  entirely  composed  of  what  are 
called  Dreadnoughts,  and  the  third  will  be  made  up  of  good  ships  like  the 
Deutschlands  and  the  Braunschweigs,  together  with  5  Dreadnought  battle 
cruisers.    This  great  fleet  is  not  dispersed  all  over  the  world  for  duties  of 
commerce  protection  or  in  discharge  of  Colonial  responsibilities;  nor  are 
its  composition  and  character  adapted  to  those  purposes.     It  is  concen- 
trated and  kept  concentrated  in  close  proximity  to  the  German  and  British 
coasts.    Attention  must  be  drawn  to  the  explicit  declaration  of  the  tactical 
objects  for  which  the  German  Fleet  exists  as  set  forth  in  the  preamble 
to  the  Naval  Law  of  1900  as  follows:  "  In  order  to  protect  German  trade 


THE  ADMIEALTY  MEMORANDUM  ON  THE  NAVAL  SITUATION     71 

and  commerce  under  existing  conditions,  only  one  thing  will  suffice, 
namely,  Germany  must  possess  a  battle  fleet  of  such  a  strength  that  even 
for  the  most  powerful  naval  adversary  a  war  would  involve  such  risks  as 
to  make  that  Power's  own  supremacy  doubtful.  For  this  purpose  it  is 
not  absolutely  necessary  that  the  German  Fleet  should  be  as  strong  as 
that  of  the  greatest  naval  Power,  for,  as  a  rule,  a  great  Naval  Power  will 
not  be  in  a  position  to  concentrate  all  its  forces  against  us." 

6.  It  is  now  necessary  to  look  forward  to  the  situation  in  1915.  In 
home  waters,  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1915,  Great  Britain  will  have  25 
"  Dreadnought "  battleships  and  2  "  Lord  Nelsons."  Germany  will  have 
17  "  Dreadnought "  battleships.  Great  Britain  will  have  6  battle  cruisers. 
Germany  will  have  6  battle  cruisers.  These  margins  in  new  ships  are 
sober  and  moderate.  They  do  not  err  on  the  side  of  excess.  The  reason 
they  suffice  for  the  present  is  that  Great  Britain  possesses  a  good  superi- 
ority in  battleships,  and  especially  armoured  cruisers,  of  the  pre-Dread- 
nought  era.  The  reserve  strength  will  steadily  diminish  every  year, 
actually,  because  the  ships  of  which  it  is  composed  grow  old,  and  rela- 
tively, because  the  new  ships  are  more  powerful.  It  will  diminish  more 
rapidly  if  new  construction  in  Germany  is  increased  or  accelerated.  As 
this  process  continues,  greater  exertions  will  be  required  by  the  British 
Empire.  Four  battle  cruisers  and  four  armoured  cruisers  will  be  required 
to  support  British  interests  in  the  Mediterranean  during  the  years  1913 
and  1914.  During  those  years  the  navies  of  Austria  and  Italy  will  gradu- 
ally increase  in  strength,  until  in  1915  they  will  each  possess  a  formidable 
fleet  of  4  and  6  Dreadnought  battleships  respectively,  together  with  strong 
battleships  of  the  pre-Dreadnought  types  and  other  units,  such  as  cruisers, 
torpedo-craft,  etc.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  in  the  year  1915  one  squad- 
ron of  4  battle  cruisers  and  4  armoured  cruisers  will  not  suffice  to  fulfil 
our  requirements,  and  its  whole  composition  must  be  re-considered.  It 
has  been  necessary  within  the  past  decade  to  concentrate  the  fleet  mainly 
in  Home  waters.  In  1902  there  were  160  British  vessels  on  the  Overseas 
stations  against  76  to-day. 

7.  Naval  supremacy  is  of  two  kinds:  general  and  local.  General  naval 
supremacy  consists  in  the  power  to  defeat  in  battle  and  drive  from  the 
seas  the  strongest  hostile  navy  or  combination  of  hostile  navies  wherever 
they  may  be  found.  Local  superiority  consists  in  the  power  to  send  in 
good  time  to,  or  maintain  permanently  in  some  distant  theatre,  forces 
adequate  to  defeat  the  enemy  or  hold  him  in  check  until  the  main  decision 
has  been  obtained  in  the  decisive  theatre.  It  is  the  general  naval 
supremacy  of  Great  Britain  which  is  the  primary  safeguard  of  the  security 
and  interests  of  the  great  Dominions  of  the  Crown,  and  which  for  all  these 
years  has  been  the  deterrent  upon  any  possible  designs  prejudicial  to  or 
inconsiderate  of  their  policy  and  safety.  The  rapid  expansion  of  Canadian 
sea-borne  trade,  and  the  immense  value  of  Canadian  cargoes  always 
afloat  in  British  and  Canadian  bottoms,  here  require  consideration.  On 
the  basis  of  the  figures  supplied  by  the  Board  of  Trade  to  the  Imperial 
Conference  of  1911,  the  annual  value  of  the  Overseas  trade  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  in  1909-10  was  not  less  than  £72,000,000  and  the  tonnage  of  Cana- 
dian vessels  was  718,000  tons,  and  these  proportions  have  already  increased 
and  are  still  increasing.  For  the  whole  of  this  trade,  wherever  it  may  be 
about  the  distant  waters  of  the  world,  as  well  as  for  the  maintenance  of 
her  communications,  both  with  Europe  and  Asia,  Canada  is  dependent,  and 
has  always  depended  upon,  the  Imperial  Navy,  without  corresponding 
contribution  or  cost.  Further,  at  the  present  time  and  in  the  immediate 
future  Great  Britain  still  has  the  power,  by  making  special  arrangements 
and  mobilizing  a  portion  of  the  reserves,  to  send,  without  courting  dis- 
aster at  home,  an  effective  fleet  of  battleships  and  cruisers  to  unite  with 
the  Royal  Australian  Navy  and  the  British  squadrons  in  China  and  the 
Pacific  for  the  defence  of  British  Columbia,  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 
And  these  communities  are  also  protected  and  their  interests  safeguarded 
by  the  power  and  authority  of  Great  Britain  so  long,  as  her  naval  strength 
is  unbroken. 

8.  This  power,  both  specific  and  general,  will  be  diminished  with  the 


72  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

growth  not  only  of  the  German  Navy,  but  by  the  simultaneous  building 
by  many  Powers  of  great  modern  ships  of  war.  Whereas,  in  the  present 
year,  Great  Britain  possesses  18  battleships  and  battle-cruisers  of  the 
Dreadnought  class  against  19  of  that  class  posessed  by  the  other  Powers 
of  Europe,  and  will  possess  in  1913,  24  to  21,  the  figures  in  1914  will  be 
31  to  33;  and  in  the  year  1915,  35  to  51.  The  existence  of  a  number  of 
navies  all  comprising  ships  of  high  quality  must  be  considered  in  so  far 
as  it  affects  the  possibilities  of  adverse  combinations  being  suddenly 
formed.  Larger  margins  of  superiority  at  Home  would,  among  other 
things,  restore  a  greater  freedom  to  the  movements  of  the  British  Squad- 
rons in  every  sea,  and  directly  promote  the  security  of  the  Dominions. 
Anything  which  increases  our  margin  in  the  newest  ships  diminishes  the 
strain  and  augments  our  security  and  our  chances  of  being  left  unmolested. 

9.  Whatever  may  be  the  decision  of  Canada  at  the  present  juncture, 
Great  Britain  will  not  in  any  circumstances  fail  in  her  duty  to  the  Over- 
sea Dominions  of  the  Crown.    She  has  before  now  successfully  made  head 
alone  and  unaided  against  the  most  formidable  combinations  and  she  has 
not  lost  her  capacity  by  a  wise  policy  and  strenuous  exertions  to  watch 
over  and  preserve  the  vital  interests  of  the  Empire.    The  Admiralty  are 
assured  that  His  Majesty's  Government  will  not  hesitate  to  ask  the  House 
of  Commons  for  whatever  provision  the  circumstances  of  each  year  may 
require.    But  the  aid  which  Canada  could  give  at  the  present  time  is  not 
to  be  measured  only  in  ships  or  money.    Any  action  on  the  part  of  Canada 
to  increase  the  power  and  mobility  of  the  Imperial  Navy,  and  thus  widen 
the  margin  of  our  common  safety,  would  be  recognized  everywhere  as  a 
most  significant  witness  to  the  united  strength  of  the  Empire,  and  to  the 
renewed  resolve  of  the  Overseas  Dominions  to  take  their  part  in  main- 
taining its  integrity. 

10.  The  Prime  Minister  of  the  Dominion  having  enquired  in  what 
form  any  immediate  aid  that  Canada  might  give  would  be  most  effective, 
we  have  no  hesitation  in  answering  after  a  prolonged  consideration  of  all 
the  circumstances  that  it  is  desirable  that  such  aid  should  include  the 
provision  of  a  certain  number  of  the  largest  and  strongest  ships  of  war 
which  science  can  build  or  money  supply. 

Conservative  opinion  was  practically  solid  in   (1) 
Public  approving  an  emergency  contribution  and  (2)  express- 

M^Borden-ii1  ™%  confidence  in  the  future  development  of  a  permanent 
speech  and  Government  policy  which  would  commend  itself  to  the 
Policy  people.  The  Hamilton  Spectator  compared  the  current 

impulse  of  approval  to  Canadian  feeling  at  the  time  of 
the  South  African  War;  the  Vancouver  Province  declared  that  emer- 
gency, or  no  emergency,  Canada  had  at  last  taken  her  place  in  the 
comity  of  nations—"  not  by  grace  of  Great  Britain  but  in  right  of  her 
own  strength  ";  the  Victoria  Colonist  described  Mr.  Borden  as  repre- 
senting the  sentiment  of  the  Canadian  people ;  the  Toronto  Mail  and 
Empire,  Montreal  Star,  the  Toronto  News,  and  other  party  journals 
were  enthusiastic  in  their  comments  and  the  last-mentioned  noted  this 
point :  "  For  hundreds  of  years  the  experts  at  the  Admiralty  have  had 
the  security  of  the  British  Dominions  in  their  charge.  The  Defence 
machine  which  they  have  so  long  maintained  is  the  most  efficient  in 
the  world  and  they,  only,  can  speak  with  the  last  word  of  authority 
on  this  question."  The  policy  involved  an  extension  of  autonomy,  an 
increase  in  Canadian  power;  with  prompt  action  if  the  emergency 
was  clear.  The  action  taken  was  wise,  patriotic,  and  economical ;  "  Let 
the  vote  be  unanimous,"  said  the  News. 


PUBLIC  COMMENTS  ON  ME.  BORDEN'S  SPEECH  AND  POLICY       73 

The  Toronto  Telegram  declared  that  Mr.  Borden  "  summons  the 
representatives  of  a  free  people  to  support  a  policy  that  is  an  exercise, 
not  an  abdication  of  national  sovereignty;  a  policy  that  implies  the 
vindication,  not  the  destruction  of  Canada's  autonomy."  Britain 
was  the  keeper  of  the  World's  peace  and,  in  supporting  her  Navy, 
Canada  stood  out  as  a  helper  in  this  great  cause.  Much  was  said  of 
the  Imperial  Defence  Committee  and  membership  in  it  as  a  step 
toward  closer  union  and  fuller  control  over  Imperial  affairs.  The 
Premier  received  at  this  time  a  multitude  of  congratulatory  telegrams 
from  Canada  and  Great  Britain  and,  on  Dec.  10th,  a  largely  attended 
Ministerial  caucus  met  at  Ottawa  and,  according  to  the  press  announce- 
ments, was  unanimous  -and  enthusiastic  in  support  of  the  Government's 
proposals. 

The  Liberal  press  was  not  a  unit  in  the  matter.  The  Calgary 
Albertan  was  quite  sure  of  its  position.  "  Thirty-five  millions  for 
three  Dreadnoughts,  which  are  not  needed,  passed  without  sanction, 
mandate,  or  any  authority  of  the  people  in  order  to  satisfy  the  Jingoes 
and  greedy  manufacturers.  There  is  no  emergency,  there  is  no  con- 
trol. It  is  right-about-face  in  our  methods  of  administration,  it 
weakens  our  autonomy.  It  is  an  enormous  amount  of  money.  It  is 
but  the  beginning  of  an  unnecessary  Naval  expenditure."  The  Van- 
couver Sun  claimed  that  "  the  argument  that  Britain  has  been  obliged 
to  withdraw  ships  and  reduce  the  Naval  strength  of  all  her  Overseas 
stations  can  be  effectively  met  so  far  as  Canada  is  concerned  by  build- 
ing a  Naval  defence  unit  on  the  Pacific."  To  the  Halifax  Chronicle 
the  plan  was  a  poor  and  humiliating  substitute  for  a  thoroughly  Cana- 
dian policy ;  to  the  Ottawa  Free  Press  it  was  a  dragging  of  the  Domin- 
ions into  the  maelstrom  of  European  Jingoism.  At  the  same  time  it 
was  a  question  if  Canada  could  maintain  her  self-respect  and  refuse. 
The  Toronto  Star  described  it  as  a  splurge,  not  a  policy ;  the  Hamilton  ; 
Times  feared  that  it  meant  the  beginning  of  a  system  of  continuous 
contribution.  The  Toronto  Globe  was  emphatic  in  its  opinions.  There 
was  no  emergency ;  there  was  a  destruction  of  autonomy : 

Mr.  Borden  and  his  supporters  stand  for  a  vote  of  $35,000,000  for  the 
building  of  Dreadnoughts  to  be  maintained  by  the  British  tax-payer.  Let 
Liberals  show  their  devotion  to  the  Empire  and  to  Canadian  autonomy 
by  demanding  that  Canada  shall  maintain  as  well  as  build  the  ships  and 
by  declaring  that  when  they  are  built,  they  will  be  kept  by  Canada  in 
the  North  Sea,  or  on  the  Atlantic,  or  wherever  the  Admiralty  advises  the 
Parliament  of  Canada  they  will  most  effectively  aid  in  upholding  the  flag 
of  the  United  Empire.  Mr.  Borden  proposes  tribute,  not  a  partnership. 
Liberalism  can  have  no  part  or  lot  in  a  policy  that  Australia  long  ago 
found  inconsistent  with  the  self-respect  of  a  great,  free,  self-governing  State. 

Some  Liberal  papers  took  a  different  view.  The  Montreal  Witness 
wanted  an  appeal  to  the  people  and  denounced  Mr.  Borden's  alleged 
change  of  attitude.  "We  may  say,  however,  that  his  policy  is  alto- 
gether in  accord  with  the  views  which  The  Witness  has  not  ceased  to 
express  since  very  long  before  the  Naval  question  became  acute."  The 
Montreal  Herald  (Nov.  30th)  deprecated  hostile  action  by  the  Oppos- 
sition.  Mr.  Borden  knew  his  ground  and  would  take  the  responsibility. 


74  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Why  not  leave  him  with  it !  "  We  are  unqualifiedly  in  favour  of  the 
principle  of  a  Canadian  Navy,  with  all  that  it  implies  in  an  augmented 
industrial  population ;  in  the  creation  of  a  Naval  spirit  and  the  preser- 
vation of  our  autonomy;  in  the  added  strength  in  men  that  it  will 
bring  to  the  Empire's  forces.  Yet  we  cannot  but  feel,  Sir  Wilfrid, 
that  this  is  not  the  time  to  declare  that  through  such  a  Navy  and 
only  through  it  will  the  Liberal  Party  consent  to  Canada's  participa- 
tion in  the  defence  of  the  Dominion  and  of  the  Empire.  The  time  is 
not  propitious  for  such  a  declaration."  On  Dec.  6th  it  stated  that 
there  was  nothing  unexpected  in  the  Government's  proposal  and  agreed 
with  Mr.  Borden  as  to  the  great  moral  effect  of  aid  to  Britain  at  this 
juncture.  There  were  many  difficulties  but  discussion  should  suffice 
to  settle  the  matter  without  partizan  action  by  the  Liberal  Opposition. 
The  reception  of  these  proposals  (Dec.  7th)  "  should  be  marked  by 
unanimity." 

The  Manitoba  Free  Press  was  explicit  on  certain  points.  On  Dec. 
5th  it  asserted  that  "  to  say  that  the  Dominion  of  Canada  cannot 
make  a  direct  gift  to  the  Imperial  Navy,  either  of  cash  or  Dread- 
noughts without  outraging  the  principles  of  self  government  is  just 
so  much  nonsense."  It  construed  the  Admiralty^  statement  as  a 
recommendation  for  permanent  contribution  and  considered  Canada's 
action  at  this  juncture  as  indicating,  probably,  the  permanent  policy 
of  its  people.  "  We  advise  the  Canadian  people  to  keep  their  minds 
open  upon  the  question — to  study  dispassionately  the  facts  as  they 
will  be  presented,  to  weigh  the  arguments  in  order  that  they  reach 
a  just  judgment  as  to  what  is  desirable  in  the  interests  alike  of  Can- 
ada and  the  Empire."  The  St.  John  Telegraph  (Dec.  7th)  depre- 
cated Mr.  Borden's  hostility  to  the  Canadian  Navy  scheme  but,  "  mis- 
taken as  we  believe  Mr.  Borden's  policy  to  be  in  these  respects,  we 
would  much  prefer  that  it  should  be  accepted  rather  than  that  Can- 
ada's participation  in  Imperial  Naval  defence  should  be  prevented  or 
delayed  unduly."  On  Dec.  6th  a  fully  attended  Liberal  caucus  at 
Ottawa  unanimously  expressed  itself  in  favour  of  a  Canadian  Navy, 
as  being  assured  that  there  was  no  emergency,  and  as  ready  to  vote 
the  $35,000,000  unanimously  if  applied  along  the  lines  approved  in 
1909. 

The  Leader  of  the  Liberal  Opposition  in  his  pre- 
sir  Wilfrid  sentation  of  policy  to  the  Commons  on  Dec.  12th  made 
the*  opposition  one  °^  the  most  important  speeches  of  his  public  life  and 
Policy  put  the  issue  strongly  from  the  standpoint  of  a  Cana- 

dian Navy.  He  argued  from  the  Admiralty  document 
that  "  there  is  no  emergency,  that  England  is  in  no  danger,  whether 
imminent  or  prospective."  It  showed,  however,  that  the  removal  of 
British  ships  from  the  seas  of  the  world  had  left  Canadian  commerce 
in  danger  and  this  danger  should  be  met  so  that  wherever — "  in  the 
distant  seas,  or  in  distant  countries,  in  Australia,  Canada  or  elsewhere 
— a  British  ship  has  been  removed  to  allow  of  concentration  in  Euro- 
pean waters,  that  ship  should  be  replaced  by  a  ship  built,  maintained, 
equipped  and  manned  by  the  young  nation  immediately  concerned." 


SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER  AND  THE  OPPOSITION  POLICY         75 

He  denounced  the  Premier  for  an  alleged  departure  from  his 
policy  of  1909  and  proceeded:  "What  is  this  Contribution  that  we 
have  to-day  before  us  and  upon  which  we  are  asked  to  vote?  It  is 
big  in  money;  it  is  big  in  figures.  Is  it  as  big  otherwise  as  it  ought 
to  be?  You  give  England  two  or  three  Dreadnoughts  to  be  paid  for 
by  Canada,  but  to  be  equipped,  maintained  and  manned  by  England. 
In  justice  to  my  Eight  Hon.  friend  I  must  qualify  that  statement 
because  he  told  us  that  he  had  secured  from  the  Imperial  authorities 
the  privilege  of  having  Canadian  officers  serve  on  these  ships.  Oh, 
ye  Tory  Jingoes,  is  that  the  amount  of  the  sacrifice  you  are  prepared 
to  make?  You  are  ready  to  furnish  Admirals,  Rear-Admirals,  Com- 
modores, Captains,  officers  of  all  grades,  plumes,  feathers  and  gold 
lace;  but  you  leave  it  to  England  to  supply  the  bone  and  sinews  on 
board  these  ships.  You  said  that  these  ships  shall  bear  Canadian 
names;  that  will  be  the  only  thing  Canadian  about  them.  You  hire 
somebody  to  do  your  work:  in  other  words  you  are  ready  to  do  any- 
thing except  the  fighting."  Sir  Wilfrid  concluded  by  moving  the 
following  Amendment  which  was  still  under  debate  at  the  close  of  the 
year  and  the  Christmas  adjournment  of  the  House : 

That  this  House  declines  to  concur  in  the  said  Resolution,  and  orders 
that  the  same  be  referred  back  to  the  Committee  with  instructions  to 
amend  the  same  in  the  following  particulars,  namely:  to  strike  out  all  the 
words  after  Clause  A  and  substitute  therefor  the  following: 

The  Memorandum  prepared  by  the  Board  of  Admiralty  on  the  gen- 
eral naval  situation  of  the  Empire  and  communicated  to  this  House  by 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Prime  Minister,  on  December  5th,  shows  that  several 
of  the  most  important  of  the  foreign  Powers  have  adopted  a  definite  policy 
of  rapidly  increasing  their  naval  strength;  that  this  condition  has  com- 
pelled the  United  Kingdom  to  concentrate  its  naval  forces  in  Home  waters 
involving  the  withdrawal  of  ships  from  the  outlying  portions  of  the 
Empire;  that  such  withdrawal  renders  it  necessary  that  Canada,  without 
further  delay,  should  enter  actively  upon  a  permanent  policy  of  Naval 
defence;  that  any  measure  of  Canadian  aid  to  Imperial  naval  defence 
which  does  not  employ  a  permanent  policy  of  participation  by  ships 
owned,  manned,  and  maintained  by  Canada,  and  contemplating  construc- 
tion as  soon  as  possible  in  Canada,  is  not  an  adequate  or  satisfactory 
expression  of  the  aspirations  of  the  Canadian  people  in  regard  to  Naval 
defence,  and  is  not  an  assumption  by  Canada  of  her  fair  share  in  the 
maintenance  of  the  naval  strength  of  the  Empire. 

This  House  regrets  to  learn  the  intention  of  the  Government  to  indefin- 
itely postpone  the  carrying  out  by  Canada  of  a  permanent  Naval  policy.  It 
is  the  opinion  of  this  House  that  measures  .should  be  taken  at  the  present 
Session  to  give  effect  actively  and  speedily  to  the  permanent  Naval  policy 
embodied  in  the  Naval  Service  Act  of  1910,  passed  pursuant  to  the  Reso- 
lution unanimously  approved  by  this  House  in  March,  1909.  This  House 
is  further  of  the  opinion  that  to  increase  the  power  and  mobility  of  the 
Imperial  navy  by  the  addition  by  Canada,  under  the  above  Act,  of  two  Fleet 
units,  to  be  stationed  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coasts  of  Canada, 
respectively,  rather  than  by  a  contribution  of  money  or  ships,  is'  the 
policy  best  calculated  to  afford  relief  to  the  United  Kingdom  in  respect 
of  the  burden  of  Imperial  naval  defence  and,  in  the  words  of  the  Admir- 
alty Memorandum,  to  'restore  greater  freedom  to  the  movements  of  the 
British  squadrons  in  every  sea,  and  directly  promote  the  security  of  the 
Dominions.'  And  that  the  Government  of  Canada  should  take  such  steps 
as  shall  lead  to  the  accomplishment  of  this  purpose  as  speedily  as  possible. 


76 

Clause  A  in  Mr.  Borden's  Resolutions  read  as  follows:  "  (1)  Out 
of  the  Consolidated  Revenue  Fund  of  Canada  there  shall  be  paid  and 
applied  a  sum  not  exceeding  thirty-five  million  dollars  for  the  purpose 
of  immediately  increasing  the  effective  Naval  forces  of  the  Empire." 
Unanimous  singing  of  the  National  Anthem  followed  the  Liberal 
Leader's  speech. 

During  the  ensuing  1912  portion  of  the  debate  upon 
A  Brief  Mr.  Borden's  Motion  and  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Amend- 

Fariiamentary  ment  the  Speakers  for  the  Government  were  Hon.  J.  D. 
S^lYffair.  Hazen,  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier,  H.  B.  Ames,  J.  A.  M. 
Aikins,  W.  S.  Middlebro,  J.  W.  Edwards,  H.  H.  Stevens, 
0.  J.  Wilcox,  Hon.  Geo.  E.  Foster;  for  the  Opposition  Hon.  G.  P. 
Graham,  Michael  Clark,  W.  M.  German,  D.  A.  Lafortune,  Hon.  Frank 
Oliver,  Hugh  Guthrie  and  E.  W.  Nesbitt.  Mr.  Hazen  charged  the 
Liberal  leader  with  partizanship  and  defended  Mr.  Borden's  consist- 
ency ;  quoted  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  as  refusing  the  Admiralty's  sugges- 
tion of  one  Fleet  unit  in  1909  and  as  now  himself  proposing  two  Fleet 
units ;  denied  that  the  Contribution  proposals  were  a  substitute  for  the 
Canadian  Navy  plans.  "  That  policy  might  have  existed,  it  might 
have  been  going  on  now,  and  yet  we  would  have  felt  compelled  to  ask 
Parliament  for  the  contribution  which  we  are  now  asking  it  to  make 
to  the  effective  Naval  forces  of  the  Empire.  It  is  a  contribution,  not 
part  of  a  permanent  policy — a  contribution  intended  to  meet  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case  as  they  are  now." 

The  defence  of  the  Empire  was  based  on  Sea-power  and  the  pro- 
tection of  British  food  supplies  as  well  as  commerce  depended  upon 
the  Navy.  In  1911  $330,000,000  worth  of  British  grain  supplies  came 
to  the  United  Kingdom  by  sea  and  in  1912  five  European  Powers,  the 
United  States  and  Japan,  spent  $522,000,000.00  upon  their  Naval 
forces  as  against  $287,000,000.00  in  1901.  If  the  expansion  of  the 
German  Navy  was  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  its  trade  a  great  fleet 
of  cruisers  would  have  been  built  and  scattered  over  the  world;  as  it 
is  there  were  immense  fleets  of  Dreadnoughts  centered  in  Home 
waters — on  a  small  coast  line  with  few  harbours  but  vast  fortifica- 
tions. Upon  the  charge  that  money  would  have  to  be  borrowed  for 
this  Contribution  Mr.  Hazen  said :  "  My  belief  is  that  these  ships  will 
be  obtained  and  equipped  without  adding  one  single  dollar  to  the  per- 
manent Debt  of  Canada  and  the  cost  mentioned  will  be  taken  from 
the  revenue  of  Canada  alone." 

Mr.  Aikins  argued  at  length  that  the  Liberal  policy  meant  aid  to 
the  Imperial  Navy  by  establishing  two  units,  separate  from  that  Navy, 
sometimes  acting  with  it,  sometimes  not  acting  with  it,  and  always 
under  separate  control.  Mr.  Pelletier  was  sarcastic  in  his  references 
to  manning  Canadian  Dreadnoughts  when  Canada  had  been  unable 
to  man  the  Nioibe  or  Rainbow  and  described  the  great  battle  of  the 
future  as  taking  place  far  from  Canadian  waters.  "  We  have  had  tons 
of  words  and  carloads  of  statements  but  what  'Canada  wants  to-day 
is  action.  .  .  .  We  are  becoming  partners  of  Great  Britain;  at 
all  events  we  are  getting  closer  to  Great  Britain,  and  this  will  be  one 


A  BRIEF  PAELIAMENTAEY  DEBATE  ON  NAVAL  AFFAIRS        77 

of  the  big  steps  in  that  direction.  "We  are  ceasing  to  be  a  colony  and 
becoming  something  more  important."  After  historical  references 
to  what  Great  Britain  had  done  for  the  French-Canadians  Mr.  .Pelle- 
tier  concluded  by  demanding  support  for  "  our  common  heritage  and 
our  common  Empire." 

As  to  Germany  and  trade  protection  H.  H.  Stevens  pointed  out 
(Dec.  16)  that  the  British  Empire  commerce  was  8,000  millions  and 
that  of  the  other  five  great  Powers  together  about  one-half  that 
amount;  yet  the  combined  armies  on  a  war  footing  of  those  countries 
exceeded  the  British  by  a  total  of  13,000,000  to  500,000  with,  also, 
total  Naval  forces  twice  the  size  of  the  British  fleets.  H.  B.  Ames' 
chief  point  was  that  Canadians  were  becoming  "  participating  citi- 
zens "  in  the  Empire.  Autonomy  was  the  dominant  idea  of  the  19th 
century;  co-partnership  is  to  be  the  all-embracing  ideal  and  reality 
of  the  20th.  0.  J.  Wilcox  dealt  with  the  burdens  and  greatness,  the 
difficulties  and  obligations  of  Empire  and  Canada's  duty  in  the 
premises.  "  What  makes  our  people  justly  proud  is  that  they  are  free- 
born  inheritors  of  not  only  the  biggest,  but  the  best  Empire  that  the 
world  has  ever  seen,  an  Empire  unique  in  the  world's  history,  a  united 
family  of  nations,  with  common  interests,  common  ideals,  a  common 
cause  and  all  devoted  to  human  progress  and  peace." 

Mr.  Foster  wound  up  the  debate  for  the  Government  (Dec.  18) 
and  for  the  year.  He  reviewed  the  history  of  Colonial  participation 
in  Naval  defence.  As  a  result  of  the  1902  Imperial  Conference  Cape 
Colony  increased  her  contribution  from  £30,000  to  £50,000  yearly; 
Australia  increased  her  contribution  from  £100,000  to  £200,000 
yearly;  Natal  increased  her*  contribution  from  £12,000  to  £35,000 
annually;  New  Zealand  from  £20,000  to  £40,000  annually  and  New- 
foundland from  £3,000  to  £4,800  annually.  Canada  did  nothing.  At 
the  1909  Conference  Australia  undertook  to  provide  a  Naval  unit  in 
the  Pacific  including  one  Dreadnought  and  New  Zealand  to  give  a 
single  Dreadnought.  The  Admiralty  proposals  were  as  follows:  "If 
Australia  will  build  a  Unit,  if  Canada  will  build  a  Unit,  and  if  New 
Zealand  will  do  her  part  as  she  promises  to  do,  Great  Britain  will 
add  what  is  necessary  to  make  New  Zealand  a  Unit,  and  China  and 
India  also  a  Unit.  These  four  Units — these  54  vessels,  headed  by  4 
great  fighting  machines — will  be  devoted  to  the  unprotected  Pacific 
Coast,  and  will  aid  the  Imperial  fleet  to  the  greatest  possible  extent  to 
which  aid  can  be  given."  Canada  again  refused  to  join  in  and  the 
only  result  was  the  Naval  Service  Act  of  1910  and  what  the  speaker 
described  as  its  useless  and  futile  results.  Now,  the  Opposition  Leader 
was  willing  to  give  two  Units  despite  his  contention  that  there  was 
no  emergency. 

The  Liberal  point  of  view  was  expressed  by  Hon.  George  P.  Graham 
on  Dec.  12.  His  main  idea  was  a  separate  consideration  of  the  duty 
of  Canadians  as  British  subjects  and  of  their  rights  and  privileges  as 
Canadians.  He  deprecated  the  giving  of  battleships  without  men; 
described  what  Canadians  had  done  to  hold  Canada  for  the  Empire; 
proclaimed  the  creation  of  Confederation  a  greater  Imperial  service 


78 

than  the  presentation  of  many  Dreadnoughts;  urged  the  value  of 
autonomy  and  responsibility  in  promoting  unity  and  action;  quoted 
British  statesmen,  such  as  Mr.  Balfour,  in  favour  of  the  claim  that 
local  autonomy  was  the  bulwark  of  the  Empire  and  centralization  its 
greatest  danger ;  declared  the  new  policy  a  menace  to  responsible  gov- 
ernment and  a  revival  of  Family  Compact  views.  He  summarized 
his  reasons  as  follows : 

I.  FOB  OPPOSING  MB.  BOBDEN'S  RESOLUTION. 

1.  It  constitutes  us  a  nation  of  substitutes,  willing  to  allow  others 
to  take  our  places  in  the  firing  line  in  the  defence  of  the  Empire 

2.  It  ignores  the  true  test  of  devotion — the  sacrifice  of  ourselves,  if 
necessary,  as  well  as  money,  in  the  defence  of  the  common  cause. 

3.  It  reverses  the  policy  of  the  past  seventy  years  and  is  a  retrograde 
step  in  the  constitutional  relations  existing  between  the  Motherland  and 
Canada. 

4.  At  the  best,  it  is  but  an  expedient,  humiliating  to  both  the  Empire 
and  Canada,  and  makes  no  provision  for  a  policy  of  permanent  benefit  to 
both. 

5.  It  is  in  no  wise  a  solution  of  the  problem  of  Naval  defence,  but 
merely  a  temporary  make-shift,  without  lasting  result  to  the  Motherland 
or  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

II.   FOB   SUPPOBTING  THE  AMENDMENT. 

1.  Because  it  is  a  real  and  permanent  policy  commensurate  at  once 
with  the  needs  of  the  Empire  and  the  dignity  of  the  Canadian  people. 

2.  It  will  establish  and   develop  a  large  ship-building  industry   in 
Canada,  giving  employment  to  many  of  our  people. 

3.  It  will  tend  to  strengthen  the  tie  that  binds  us  to  the  Motherland, 
and  will  intensify,  if  that  were  possible,  the  strong  feeling  of  loyalty  and 
patriotism  which  now  exists  in  Canada. 

Mr.  Hugh  Guthrie  maintained  that  Great  Britain  was  quite  able  to 
maintain  her  interests  against  Germany  and  that  there  was  no  crisis 
or  need  for  sudden  action  by  Canada;  denounced  those  who  thought 
or  said  that  Britain  was  begging  for  Colonial  aid;  urged  the 
importance  of  a  great  ship-building  industry  for  Canada ;  described  the 
Laurier  Government  as  having  in  1910  made  a  beginning  in  Empire 
defence  with  $13,000,000  involved  for  construction  and  $3,500,000 
yearly  for  maintenance ;  deprecated  Party  division  on  this  subject  and 
dwelt  on  the  value  of  Canada's  moral  support  to  Great  Britain.  He 
concluded  by  urging  a  compromise.  "  Is  there  then  a  very  great  dif- 
ference between  us  except  in  the  matter  of  form  ?  The  British  Admir- 
alty has  not  asked  for  any  specific  number  of  Dreadnoughts.  The 
Government  has  fixed  that  of  its  own  notion.  Might  not  that  portion 
of  the  Bill  be  modified  to  make  it  two  Dreadnoughts?  Might  not 
we  on  this  side  of  the  House  modify  our  proposals  a  little  and  allow 
these  Dreadnoughts  to  be  constructed  in  Great  Britain.  Then  the 
rest  of  the  Fleet  units  could  certainly  be  constructed  in  Canada  within 
a  reasonable  time?  We  could  establish  our  navy  yards  and  our  con- 
struction plants  and  go  on  with  the  work." 

Dr.  Michael  Clark  dwelt  at  length  on  the  value  to  the  Empire 
of  patrolling  fleets  owned  by  the  Dominions  and  upon  the  risk  of 


BRITISH  AND  IMPERIAL  OPINION  OP  THE  Two  POLICIES      79 

Canada  under  present  proposals  being  involved  in  "  the  maelstrom  of 
European  politics  "  and  "  the  ruin  of  civilization  through  armaments." 
The  contribution  was  unnecessary  and  it  was  assuming,  for  Canada,  a 
badge  of  inferiority.  Mr.  Frank  Oliver  argued  for  the  Canadian 
defence  of  trade  routes  and  referred  to  the  chance  of  one  small  hostile 
vessel  holding  up  the  commerce  of  Canada.  Canadian  ships  would 
protect  the  food  supply  passing  between  this  continent  and  Great 
Britain.  He  admitted  that  the  defeat  of  Britain  in  a  Naval  war 
might  mean  the  domination  of  Canada  by  a  hostile  Power.  A  suffi- 
cient Canadian  fleet  was,  therefore,  necessary  to  protect  Canadian 
territory  in  the  event  of  British  defeat.  This  Dominion  must  have 
full  control  of  ships  built  with  Canadian  money.  Mr.  Oliver  con- 
cluded by  defending  himself  from  not  standing  when  the  National 
Anthem  was  sung  after  Mr.  Borden's  speech  because  the  singing  was 
done  for  partisan  purposes.  The  difference  between  the  two  policies 
was  defined  as : 

The  difference  between  contribution  and  co-operation;  between  tem- 
porizing and  decision;  between  humiliation  and  self-respect;  between 
hiring  Naval  protection  and  providing  it;  between  contribution  to  the 
Naval  forces  where  they  are  the  strongest  and  strengthening  them  where 
they  are  the  weakest;  between  making  an  appeal  that  is  to  be  justified  to 
one  section  of  the  people  on  the  ground  of  Imperial  loyalty  and  to  another 
section  on  the  ground  of  Imperial  disloyalty,  and  making  an  appeal  to 
Canadians  of  all  sections  and  races  to  bear  their  fair  share  of  the  increas- 
ing burden  of  Imperial  Naval  defence. 

British  opinion  was,  with  some  important  excep- 
tions,  in  favour  of  Mr.  Borden's  policy.  It  was  claimed 
opinion  of  the  that  the  position  now  and  in  1909,  when  the  Admiralty 
TWO  Policies  supported  the  Naval  unit  idea,  had  entirely  changed. 
The  German  navy  was  not  then  an  immediate  menace. 
Now  four-fifths  of  Germany's  greatly  increased  Naval  force  was  main- 
tained on  a  war  footing  within  400  miles  of  the  British  shores;  her 
ships  were  always  kept  ready  for  attack  at  a  moment's  notice.  An 
interesting  statement  bearing  on  the  Canadian  discussion  was  made 
by  the  Canadian  Gazette  of  London  (Dec.  5th.)  :  "  As  for  the  man- 
ning of  the  new  ships  there  would,  we  are  assured,  be  no  difficulty. 
There  are  13  smaller  ships  in  the  British  Navy  to-day  which  have 
ceased  to  merit  a  place  in  the  first  fighting  line — ships  of  the  Canopus 
and  Duncan  class — which  were  built  for  the  Mediterranean  and  China 
seas,  but  which  are  no  match  for  the  foreign  Dreadnoughts  to  be  met 
there  to-day.  There  are  two  other  ships,  Swiftsure  and  Triumph, 
which  were  bought  at  the  beginning  of  the  Eusso-Japanese  War  to 
prevent  them  falling  into  the  hands  of  Eussia.  In  all,  these  ships 
employ  10,000  officers  and  men  or  enough  to  man  at  least  a  dozen 
Dreadnoughts." 

The  Manchester  Guardian  (Lib)  was  not  satisfied  (Dec.  5)  with 
the  Admiralty's  handling  of  this  question.  It  was  said  to  be  too  much 
after  the  style  of  Mr.  Chamberlain's  "Weary  Titan"  appeal.  The 
Westminster  Gazette  (Lib.)  said:  "We  share  none  of  the  misgivings 


80  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

expressed  in  some  quarters.  The  true  system  of  alliances  for  the 
British  Empire  is  that  of  alliances  with  her  own  peoples  beyond  the 
seas.  On  that  basis  the  British  Empire  will  not  be  drawn  into  Euro- 
pean militarism  but  will  evolve  on  its  own  principle  of  sea-power. 
Let  the  Dominion  statesmen  be  really  brought  into  confidential  rela- 
tions with  Foreign  affairs.  Let  them  be  told  everything  and  given  a 
fair  voice  and  that  voice,  we  are  confident,  will  be  for  peace  and  mod- 
eration." T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P.  (Ead.),  cabled  on  Dec.  7th  that  "  the 
general  sense  of  relief  at  the  end  of  continental  tension  was  followed 
by  the  new  and  even  greater  source  of  English  contentment  in  the 
announcement  of  Canada's  present  of  Dreadnoughts  to  the  British 
fleet.  The  first  impression  was  almost  stupefaction  at  the  great  size 
of  Canada's  offer,  and  the  papers  of  all  opinion  welcomed  this  proposal 
as  a  striking  demonstration  to  the  friends,  and  even  more  to  the  foes, 
of  Britain  of  the  solidarity  and  resources  of  the  British  Empire." 

In  the  Commons  on  Dec.  9  Mr.  Churchill  noted  the  fear  that 
Canada's  gift  might  be  used  in  curtailing  Britain's  own  programme  of 
construction  and  stated  that  he  agreed  with  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment's view  and  that  "the  aid  given  by  Canada  should  be  in  addi- 
tion to  the  existing  British  programme  and  that  any  steps  Canada 
might  take  should  directly  strengthen  the  Naval  forces  of  the  Empire 
and  the  margin  available  for  its  security."  As  to  the  Defence  Com- 
mittee The  Times  of  Dec.  9th  had  this  to  say :  "  It  is  a  purely  con- 
sultative body  and  its  character  will  not  be  altered  by  the  appointment 
of  a  Canadian  Minister.  Mr.  Borden  explained  its  powers  and  limita- 
tions with  perfect  clearness  in  his  speech.  These  powers  and  limi- 
tations are  not  affected  by  his  proposals  but  the  usefulness  of  the 
Committee  within  these  limitations  is  greatly  increased."  The  Times 
(Dec.  13)  also  pointed  out  that  "the  three  ships  proposed  by  Mr. 
Borden  cannot  be  built  in  three  years ;  so  that  a  permanent  policy  has 
full  time  to  mature  and,  meanwhile,  his  arrangements  with  the  Admir- 
alty will  secure  the  immediate  development  of  constructional  facili- 
ties in  Canada." 

The  Daily  Nail  (Cons.)  congratulated  Sir  W.  Laurier  upon  his 
improved  policy  but  pointed  out  that  "one  super-Dreadnought  in 
each  ocean,  separated  by  thousands  of  miles,  would  not  protect  Canada 
against  any  enemy  who  had  two  super-Dreadnoughts  in  either  sea." 
The  News-Leader  (Lib.)  opposed  the  Borden  proposals  as  weakening 
the  control  of  the  British  Commons  over  questions  of  Foreign  policy 
and  approved  his  opponent's  scheme  as  giving  Canada  a  Maritime 
force  of  its  own.  The  London  Standard  (Cons.)  was  sure  (Dec.  13) 
of  its  ground.  While  the  Admiralty  was  described  as  neutral  in  expres- 
sion of  opinion  "it  is  known  that  the  Admiralty  strategists  favour 
the  course  Mr.  Borden  proposes.  One  great  fleet,  under  one  control, 
concentrated  at  the  real  point  of  danger  is  the  most  effective  instru- 
ment for  offence  and  defence.  Canada  no  less  than  England  will  be 
the  best  protected  in  time  of  war  by  seeking  out  the  main  fleet  of  her 
strongest  opponent  and  striking  it  down.  If  we  are  to  fight  an  Euro- 
pean foe,  one  battleship  in  the  North  Sea  is  worth  half  a  dozen  in 


BKITISH  AND  IMPEEIAL  OPINION  OF  THE  Two  POLICIES      81 

the  Pacific.  Concentration  and  instant  readiness  to  deal  an  over- 
whelming blow  are  the  essence  of  Naval  strategy."  Personal  expres- 
sions of  appreciation  and  praise  as  to  the  gift  of  Dreadnoughts  were 
publicly  made  by  Earl  Grey,  Lord  Lansdowne,  F.  M.  Earl  Roberts, 
Earl  Brassey,  Admiral  Lord  Charles  Beresford,  Admiral  Sir  Edmund 
Freemantle,  Mr.  Herbert  Samuel,  Postmaster^General,  Et.  Hon.  J.  A. 
Pease  of  the  Board  of  Education,  Dr.  Macnamara,  M.P.,  Financial 
Secretary  to  the  Admiralty,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H.  Long,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  A. 
Lyttelton,  M.P.,  F.  E.  Smith,  K.C.,  M.P.,  R.  Yerburgh,  M.P.,  Chairman 
of  the  Navy  League,  and  Arthur  H.  Lee,  M.P.  A  few  further  com- 
ments of  the  British  press  may  be  given: 

Morning  Post  (Cons.):  It  is  help  in  time  of  need — the  sort  of  help 
which  proves  who  are  our  true  friends. 

Daily  Mail  (Cons.):  No  policy  could  be  more  statesmanlike  or  patri- 
otic than  this,  nor  could  it  have  been  proclaimed  in  nobler  and  more 
moving  words.  They  will  ring  throughout  the  world  as  a  declaration  that 
the  Dominions  stand  side  by  side  with  the  Mother  Country  in  the  great 
task  of  assuring  the  command  of  the  sea. 

Daily  Express  (Cons.) :  Mr.  Borden's  speech  and  the  decision  of  which 
it  is  the  considerate  expression  reshapes  the  whole  meaning  of  Empire 
and  establishes  on  a  new  basis  the  security  of  our  common  heritage. 

Daily  Chronicle  (Lib.):  The  spectacle  of  the  Daughter  nations  coming 
to  the  aid  of  the  Motherland  in  order  to  guard  their  common  heritage  is 
a  clear  warning  to  the  world  that  the  free  nations  of  the  British  Empire 
stand  welded  together  as  one  people  against  all  possible  combinations. 

The  Star  (Lib.):  Three  Dreadnoughts  voluntarily  provided  by  a 
Dominion  are  worth  more  to  the  Empire  and  the  fleet  than  the  same 
ships  provided  by  the  British  taxpayer.  They  are  so,  because  they  prove 
in  the  most  practical  way,  to  all  concerned  and  the  outer  world  as  well, 
that  the  basis  on  which  our  Naval  strength  is  founded  is  not  merely 
insular  but  Imperial. 

Observer  (Cons.):  A  plain  strong  man  of  Scottish  descent  has  spoken 
words  and  has  willed  a  deed  which  may  be  decisive  in  the  history  of  the 
world,  for  more  years  than  we,  our  children,  or  our  grand-children  shall 
see. 

Nation  (Lib.):  The  offer  records  the  success  of  the  policy  of  commit- 
ting our  Daughter  nations  to  new  lines  of  policy,  involving  dangerous 
consequences  to  their  and  our  constitutional  and  fiscal  liberties. 

The  Empire,  outside  of  Britain  and  Canada,  received  the  news  of 
Mr.  Borden's  policy  with,  upon  the  whole,  favourable  treatment.  Sir 
George  Reid,  Australian  High  Commissioner,  in  London,  said :  "  The 
«ldest  daughter  of  the  Imperial  family  has  done  something  worthy 
of  her  loyalty  and  rising  greatness.  Immediate,  splendid  help,  first, 
settlement  of  Naval  policy  afterwards,  exactly  meet  the  case  and  give 
the  Parliamentary  Opposition  the  chance  of  hearty  co-operation." 
Sir  Richard  Solomon,  the  High  Commissioner  for  South  Africa,  said : 
"  Canada's  offer  is  most  impressive.  I  do  not  know  when  I  ever  read 
a  speech  so  inspiring  as  that  of  Mr.  Borden  with  regard  to  the  Imperial 
obligations  of  the  Dominions."  The  Hon.  W.  F.  Massey,  Prime  Min- 
ister of  New  Zealand,  wa,s  very  pointed :  "  Canada's  Naval  proposals 
are  simply  splendid.  She  has  risen  to  the  occasion  in  a  magnificent 
manner." 

The  Lyttelton  Times  (New  Zealand)  eulogized  the  offer:  "The 
6 


82 

Canadian  Minister  goes  to  London  as  the  first  member  of  a  Cabinet 
of  Empire  and  the  other  Dominions  will  undoubtedly  be  admitted  to 
partnership."  The  New  Zealand  Times  was  unsympathetic  and  afraid 
of  Jingoism;  the  New  Zealand  Herald  considered  it  the  beginning  of 
an  Empire  partnership  as  did  the  Wellington  Post.  As  to  South 
Africa  the  Cape  Times  expressed  earnest  approval  and  hoped  the 
Union  Government  would  take  similar  action.  The  Cape  Town  Argus 
declared  that  €anada  had  "given  an  inspiring  lead  to  the  whole 
Empire  by  treating  the  question  as  one  of  sea  supremacy  and  not 
merely  as  one  of  defence  of  local  coasts  and  waters."  In  Australia 
the  Sydney  Telegraph  declared  that  Canada's  action  was  a  step  of 
the  greatest  importance  in  the  development  of  the  Imperial  constitu- 
tion. "  The  people  have  come  to  the  end  of  their  period  of  hesitation." 
The  Sydney  Herald  stated  that  Canada  had  taken  "  the  logical  course 
for  insuring  that  Britain  shall  retain  her  Naval  predominance  "  and 
the  Melbourne  Argus  described  the  scene  at  Ottawa,  after  Mr.  Borden's 
speech,  as  "  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  Empire  "  and  the  policy 
itself  as  "  an  important  step  forward  in  the  movement  towards  closer 
co-operation  between  the  Motherland  and  the  daughter  Dominions  for 
the  purpose  of  defence."  The  Melbourne  Age  declared  the  Borden 
policy  to  be  a  definite  indication  that  Britain's  Dominions  "  will  stand 
around  their  Mother." 

This  body  was  originally  established  by  Mr.  Balfour's 
official  view  initiative — when  he  was  Prime  Minister — as  in  the 
com^ttee  main  a  Committee  of  the  British  Cabinet.  In  1912  by 
of  imperial  a  species  of  natural  evolution  it  was  composed  of  the 
Defence  seven  chief  Ministers  of  the  Crown  and  the  four  prin- 

cipal chiefs  of  the  Naval  and  Military  forces  with  Lords 
Kitchener,  Fisher  and  Esher.  The  Premier  was  Chairman.  Tinder 
date  of  Dec.  11,  1912,  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lewis  Harcourt,  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies,  sent  the  following  despatch  to  the  Governors- 
General  of  Canada,  Australia,  and  South  Africa  and  the  Governors  of 
New  Zealand  and  Newfoundland — the  self-governing  Dominions  of 
the  Empire: 

My  Lord, — I  am  forwarding  by  post  for  the  confidential  information 
of  your  Ministers,  a  record  of  the  proceedings  at  the  Committee  of 
Imperial  Defence  on  30th  May,  1911,  during  the  Imperial  Conference,  and 
on  1st  August,  1912,  during  the  visit  of  the  Canadian  Ministers  to  London. 
This  record  deals  solely  with  the  question  of  the  representation  of  the 
Dominions  on  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence.  Your  Ministers  who* 
were  present  on  the  first  occasion  will  remember  that  the  matter  arose 
out  of  a  Resolution  by  Sir  Joseph  Ward  on  the  agenda  of  the  Imperial 
Conference,  asking  that  the  High  Commissioners  of  the  Dominions  should 
be  summoned  to  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  when  naval  and  mili- 
tary matters  affecting  the  Overseas  Dominions  were  under  consideration. 

The  unanimous  view  of  all  those  present  on  the  30th  May,  1911,  was- 
that  the  representations  of  the  Dominions  should  be  not  by  the  High 
Commissioners,  but  by  the  Ministers,  who  would  be  responsible  to  their 
own  colleagues  and  Parliament,  and  at  the  same  time  it  was  decided 
that  a  Defence  Committee  should  be  established  in  each  Dominion,  which 
would  be  kept  in  close  touch  with  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  at 
home.  The  Resolutions  ultimately  put  forward  by  His  Majesty's  Govern- 


OFFICIAL  VIEW  OF  THE  'COMMITTEE  OF  IMPERIAL  DEFENCE    83 

ment,  and  accepted  unanimously  by  the  members  of  the  Imperial  Confer- 
ence at  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  were  as  follows:  Firstly,  that 
one  or  more  representatives  appointed  by  the  respective  Govrnments  of  the 
Dominions  should  be  invited  to  attend  meetings  of  the  Committee  of 
Imperial  Defence  when  questions  of  naval  and  military  defence,  affecting 
the  Overseas  Dominions,  are  under  consideration;  secondly,  the  proposal 
that  a  Defence  Committee  should  be  established  in  each  Dominion  is 
accepted  in  principle;  the  constitution  of  these  Defence  Committees  is  a 
matter  for  each  Dominion  to  decide. 

The  Canadian  Government  having  changed  in  the  autumn  of  1911,  it 
was  necessary,  when  Mr.  Borden  and  his  colleagues  visited  England  this 
summer  to  put  these  proposals  before  them,  as  they  were,  of  course, 
unaware  of  the  previous  proceedings.  Subject  to  consultation  with  his 
colleagues  in  Canada,  Mr.  Borden  provisionally  accepted  the  Resolutions 
as  passed,  and  stated  that  he  saw  no  difficulty  in  one  of  his  Ministers 
either  with  or  without  portfolio,  spending  some  months  of  every  year 
in  London  in  order  to  carry  out  this  intention.  Mr.  Asquith  and  I  had 
subsequently  several  private  conversations  with  him,  at  which  he 
expressed  the  desire  that  the  Canadian  and  other  Dominion  Ministers 
who  might  be  in  London  as  members  of  the  Committee  of  Imperial 
Defence,  should  receive  in  confidence  knowledge  of  the  policy  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Imperial  Government  in  foreign  and  other  affairs. 

We  pointed  out  to  him  that  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  is 
a  purely  advisory  body  and  is  not,  and  cannot  under  any  circumstances 
become,  a  body  deciding  on  policy,  which  is  and  must  remain  the  sole 
prerogative  of  the  Cabinet,  subject  to  the  support  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, but  at  the  same  time  we  assured  him  that  any  Dominion  Ministers 
resident  here  would  at  all  times  have  free  and  full  access  to  the  Prime 
Minister,  the  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  and  Secretary  of 
State  for  the  Colonies  for  information  on  all  questions  of  Imperial  policy. 
In  a  public  speech,  which  I  made  a  short  time  ago,  I  used  the  following 
words:  '  There  is  on  the  part  of  Canadian  Ministers  and  people  a  natural 
and  laudable  desire  for  a  greater  measure  of  consultation  and  co-opera- 
tion with  us  in  the  future  than  they  have  had  in  the  past.  This  is  not 
intended  to,  and  it  need  not  open  up,  those  difficult  problems  of  Imperial 
Federation,  which  seeming  to  entail  questions  of  taxation  and  representa- 
tion, have  made  that  policy  for  many  years  a  dead  issue.  But,  speaking 
for  myself,  I  see  no  obstacle  and  certainly  no  objection  to  the  Govern- 
ments of  all  the  Dominions  being  given  at  once  a  larger  share  in  the  execu- 
tive direction  of  matters  of  defence  and  in  personal  consultation  and 
co-operation  with  individual  British  Ministers  whose  duty  it  is  to  frame 
policy  here.  I  should  welcome  a  more  continuous  representation  of  Domin- 
ion Ministers,  if  they  wish  it,  upon  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  and 
we  should  all  be  glad  if  a  member  or  members  of  those  Cabinets  could  be 
annually  in  London.  The  door  of  fellowship  is  always  open  to  them  and 
we  require  no  formalities  of  an  Imperial  Conference  for  the  continuity 
of  Imperial  confidence.' 

The  foregoing  accurately  represents  the  views  and  intentions  of  His 
Majesty's  Government.  From  Mr.  Borden's  public  speech  in  introducing  the 
Canadian  Naval  Bill  it  appears  that  he  accepts  the  proposals  which  we  have 
made.  The  same  offer  is,  of  course,  open  to  all  the  other  self-governing 
Dominions  if  and  when  they  wish  to  adopt  it;  but  the  proposal  is  not  one 
of  necessary  or  strict  uniformity  and  can  be  varied  in  the  case  of  each  or 
any  Dominion  to  suit  their  wishes  or  the  special  circumstances  of  their 
case.  I  should  be  glad  to  know  at  their  convenience  whether  your  Min- 
isters desire  to  adopt  some  such  method  of  more  continuous  connection  in 
naval  and  military  affairs  with  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

(Signed)     L.  HARCOUBT. 


84  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

With  the  proposals  of  both  Party  leaders  before  the 
and  people,  public  opinion  quietly  settled  down;  though  it 
incidents  in  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  very  much  excited  in  the 
connection  matter  at  any  time  during  the  year.  The  Liberal 
with  wavai  papers  published  immense  pictures  indicating  what  the 
future  Canadian  fleets  would  look  like  if  their  policy 
were  carried  out;  J.  C.  Walsh,  who  retired  from  the  Montreal  Herald 
upon  this  question  began  to  issue  a  series  of  pamphlets  entitled  The 
Moccasin  Prints  and  based  them  upon  the  idea  that  Canadian  self- 
government  was  threatened;  the  Canadian  Courier  (Ind.)  of  Toronto 
maintained  its  desire  for  a  Canadian  Navy  while  admitting  the  Bor- 
den  policy  to  be  an  emergency  one;  Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King 
(Lib.)  spoke  in  Montreal  (Dec.  13th),  denounced  the  Government 
proposal  as  a  policy  of  tribute,  as  leading  to  the  ruin  which  befell 
the  Roman  Empire  and  as  "  a  scheme  fraught  with  infinite  danger." 
The  Toronto  News  (Dec.  16th)  claimed  that  the  Liberal  Amend- 
ment involved  an  expenditure  of  $42,500,000  if  the  two  Fleet  units 
were  built  in  Britain  and  of  $56,000,000  if  built  in  Canada. 

On  Dec.  10th  Mr.  D.  C.  Cameron,  Lieut.-Governor  of  Manitoba, 
and  a  one-time  prominent  Liberal,  said  at  Brandon :  "  When  we  have 
such  a  wonderful  and  magnificent  heritage  handed  down  to  us  from 
Great  Britain,  while  we  have  vast  resources  such  as  are  possessed  by 
no  other  country  on  God's  earth,  surely  it  is  up  to  us — the  people  of 
Canada — at  this  time  to  come  forward  and,  it  matters  not  whether 
it  is  to  the  extent  of  thirty-five  millions,  or  one  hundred  millions,  or 
even  five  hundred  millions,  contribute  to  the  maintenance  by  Great 
Britain  of  the  freedom  of  the  seas  and  the  peace  of  the  world." 

After  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  speech  in  the  House  the  St.  John 
Telegraph  announced  its  support  of  his  policy  and  the  Ottawa  Free 
Press  demanded  an  "  enforced  Dissolution  " ;  the  Manitoba  Free  Press 
preferred  it  to  a  contribution  which  would  be  added  to  the  National 
Debt  and  borrowed  in  England  and  the  Montreal  Witness  returned  to 
its  allegiance;  the  Vancouver  World  and  Hamilton  Times  joined  in 
its  support  while  La  Presse  of  Montreal  declared  (Dec.  13th)  that  "Sir 
W.  Laurier  settles  definitely  the  question  by  proposing  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Navy  of  which  the  essence  will  be  to  be  useful  to  Canada 
and  the  accident  to  serve  the  Empire."  The  Toronto  Star  described 
the  Laurier  policy  as  best  from  both  the  British  and  Canadian  stand- 
points. Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell,  at  Peterborough  on  Dec.  17  pleaded  for 
continued  development  along  the  line  of  Imperial  Conferences  instead 
of  by  representation  in  Governments  or  Defence  Committees.  The 
Toronto  Globe  emphasized  the  value  of  autonomy  and  described  Mr. 
Borden's  policy  (Dec.  18)  as  "Treason  to  what  is  most  significant 
and  most  far-reaching  in  Canadian  history."  The  Toronto  Weekly 
Sun  denounced  the  whole  plan  as  be-devilling  Canadian  politics,  cur- 
tailing Canada's  liberties,  embodying  the  worship  of  Jingoism  and 
militarism. 

In  Quebec  Province  where  the  Government  had  to  meet  the  power- 
ful opposition  of  La  Presse,  the  denunciations  of  Mr.  Bourassa,  and 


CANADIAN  OPINIONS  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  NAVAL  DEFENCE    85 

an  active  campaign  by  Messrs.  Lemieux  and  Fisher  in  the  Eastern 
Townships,  the  following  extract  from  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier's  address 
to  the  Cartier  Club,  Quebec,  on  Dec.  30  is  of  interest :  "  We  are  of  the 
British  Empire  and  the  British  flag  has  been  ours  for  the  last  century 
and  a  half.  At  the  appeal  of  our  clergy  and  guided  by  their  example, 
our  fathers  defended  it  with  their  blood  and  with  their  money.  That 
flag  is  the  protector  of  our  national  future.  We  wish  to  become  a 
great  people  and  not  to  be  reduced  to  the  inferior  rank  of  an  American 
State.  In  order  to  realize  these  hopes,  which  are  as  truly  national  as 
legitimate  in  their  aim,  we  have  to  face  a  problem  and  we  do  so  fear- 
lessly and  without  hesitation.  The  British  Empire  has  need  of  our 
help.  We  must  let  it  be  known  that  Canada  is  ready  to  do  her  duty 
for  the  safe-guarding  if  the  Empire  and  to  give  her  aid  in  the  place 
where  that  aid  is  required."  The  following  were  some  of  the  miscel- 
laneous expressions  of  opinion : 

Jan.  .  6. — Dr.  L.  E.  Horning,  Professor  of  Teutonic  Philosophy  at  Toronto, 
declares  in  an  Ottawa  speech  that:  "Any  contribution  to  these 
insane  armaments  is  a  backward  step  and  we  have  always  been 
careful  in  Canada.  It  is  not  pdssible  to  think  that  these  great 
Teutonic  Nations,  with  the  same  high  ideals,  the  same  love  of 
home,  justice,  right  and  God,  and  the  same  high  thoughts,  can 
come  to  war." 

Mar.  1. — The  Round  Table,  a  London  quarterly  of  high  Imperial  and 
literary  character,  has  an  able  article  on  "  Lombard  Street  and 
War"  in  the  course  of  which  it  states  that  1,652  millions  ster- 
ling are  invested  by  Britain  in  British  countries  abroad  and 
1,620  millions  in  Foreign  countries.  The  former  would  all  be 
at  stake  in  the  event  of  war. 

Mar.  4. — In  the  House  of  Commons,  Mr.  A.  A.  Mondou  (Cons.)  asks  a 
series  of  important  questions  on  the  Naval  issue  to  which  Mr. 
Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  replies.  "  Mr. 
Mondou — Does  the  Government  intend  to  propose  the  repeal  of 
the  Naval  Service  Act?  Mr.  Hazen — Yes.  Mr.  Mondou — If  so, 
does  the  Government  intend,  in  case  of  such  repeal,  to  propose 
another  Act  containing  the  policy  of  the  Government  in  the 
matter?  Mr.  Hazen — Yes.  Mr.  Mondou — If  such  other  Act  is 
proposed,  is  it  the  intention  of  the  Government  to  submit  the 
same  for  the  approval  of  the  people  before  putting  it  into 
force?  Mr.  Hazen — Yes.  After  such  consideration  and  inquiry 
as  may  be  necessary,  the  Government  will  present  its  Naval 
policy  to  Parliament  and  to  the  people.  That  policy  will 
undoubtedly  require  legislation  which  will  involve  the  repeal  of 
the  present  Naval  Service  Act.  In  the  meantime  that  Act  will 
remain  on  the  Statute  book  for  purposes  in  connection  with  the 
Fishery  protection  service  and  otherwise.  Before  any  perman- 
ent Naval  policy  is  put  into  force  the  people  will  be  given  an 
opportunity  to  pronounce  upon  it." 

July  19. — Writing  in  Le  Devoir  on  "  The  Spectre  of  Annexation,"  Henri 
Bourassa  says :  "  Let  us  ask  the  simple  question :  '  If  all  Canada 
were  annexed  to  the  United  States  and  if  Quebec  became  a  State 
in  the  American  Union,  which  of  the  rights,  privileges,  usages, 
customs,  laws,  codes  and  charters  which  exist  to-day  in  this 
Province  would  be  abrogated,  lessened,  or  modified,  in  the  least 
degree.'  The  French-Canadians  have  never  thought  of  propos- 
ing this  question  as  long  as  they  were  in  a  position  to  believe 
that  Canada  was  really  their  country,  to  which  they  owed  all 
their  efforts,  and  where  they  could  claim  their  part  of  all  the 
favours.  For  some  time  past,  however,  they  have  heard  a  new 


86  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

doctrine,  a  new  patriotism,  and  a  new  state  of  things.  Efforts 
have  been  made  to  impose  extraordinary  sacrifices  on  behalf 
of  the  Empire  and  to  engulf  them  in  an  immense  combination 
of  naval  and  military  forces,  whose  political  and  strategic 
direction  will  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  Government  and  Par- 
liament submissive  to  the  will  of  the  people  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  By,  in  fact,  a  long  series  of  concessions  and  humilia- 
tions which  appear  to  see  no  ertd  they  are  forced  to  admit  that 
outside  their  reserve  here  in  Quebec  they  possess  no  more  privi- 
leges than  they  would  in  the  United  States." 

July  23. — La  Presse  (Lib.)  expresses  the  following  view:  "Canada  is 
the  granary  of  the  Empire.  Is  not  that  the  most  useful  manner 
in  which  to  contribute  to  Imperial  Defence?  We  supported  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier  without  hesitation  when  he  consented  to  pre- 
pare little  by  little  a  Canadian  Navy  for  the  defence  of  our  own 
territory,  but  what  Mr.  Borden  proposes  to-day  is  not  the  same 
thing.  Led  astray  by  a  false  sentimentalism,  intoxicated  by 
the  incense  which  mounts  to  his  nostrils  from  the  Canadian 
censors,  he  sees  nothing  now  but  the  Empire  and  forgets  Can- 
ada! What  he  proposes  is  nothing  more  or  less  than  the  pro- 
gressive effacement  of  our  national  autonomy." 

July  27. — Joseph  Bernier,  a  French-Canadian  member  of  the  Manitoba 
Legislature,  replies  to  Mr.  Bourassa  in  the  Winnipeg  Telegram: 
"We  believe  in  Imperial  unity,  not  in  any  jingoistic  sense  in 
a  Navy;  we  believe  that  if  Canada  is  to  be  strong,  Great  Britain, 
the  centre,  must  be  strong.  Any  effort  to  bring  closer  rela-* 
tions  between  Great  Britain  and  Canada  must  be  seconded  and 
approved  by  all  people  irrespective  of  any  political  or  racial 
sentiments.  We  must  know  only  one  Crown  and  only  one  Flag, 
and  our  duty  is  to  tell  the  world  that  whenever  Great  Britain  is 
attacked  she  will  not  be  alone  in  the  fight  but  that  every 
Colony  in  the  British  Empire  will  be  in  the  fight;  because  if 
ever  Great  Britain  loses  its  supremacy  the  Overseas  Dominions 
will  be  scattered  to  the  four  winds." 

July  30. — At  a  public  meeting  in  Victoria  all  the  Navy  League  branches 
of  the  Province  are  federated  as  the  British  Columbia  Navy 
League  with  Captain  Clive  Phillipps-Wolley  as  President.  The 
following  Resolution  is  passed  unanimously:  "No  time  should 
be  lost  in  deciding  on  a  Dominion  policy  in  a  matter  so  vital 
to  the  interests  of  the  Dominion  and  the  Empire,  and  no  policy 
will  be  satisfactory  to  the  people  of  British  Columbia  which 
does  not  include  substantial  and  prompt  Contribution  and  the 
establishment  of  a  Fleet  unit  on  the  Pacific  coast." 

Aug.  1. — Sir  William  Mackenzie  tells  the  Montreal  Star  of  the  German 
situation:  "  It  is  a  grave  menace  that  warrants  the  most  seri- 
ous alarm.  The  supreme  effort  being  put  forth  by  Germany  to 
build  a  Navy  that  will  overpower  that  of  Great  Britain  is  not 
the  only  threatening  feature  of  the  situation.  Great  Britain  is 
building  not  only  in  competition  with  Germany  but  with  the 
three  nations  composing  the  Triple  Alliance.  Such  competition 
cannot  continue  indefinitely." 

Oct.  4. — In  reference  to  remarks  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  at  Peterborough 
on  Oct.  2nd  Lord  Milner  telegraphs  from  Montreal  to  the 
Toronto  Mail  and  Empire  as  follows:  "  I  believe  Sir  Wilfrid 
was  alluding  to  my  speech  in  Toronto  four  years  ago.  I  then 
advocated  a  Canadian  Navy,  but  specially  emphasized  that  it 
should  be  for  Imperial,  not  merely  for  Canadian  purposes. 
What  I  said  to  the  reporters  at  Halifax  during  my  present  visit 
was  substantially  as  follows:  Don't  ask  me  what  form  Cana- 
dian assistance  in  Imperial  defence  should  take.  That  is  a 
question  for  Canadians.  The  British  people  will  welcome  any- 
thing Canada  may  decide  to  do,  and  appreciate  the  spirit  in 
which  she  has  taken  up  the  matter.  Personally  I  favour  Can- 


CANADIAN  OPINIONS  IN  CONNECTION  WITH  NAVAL  DEFENCE    8? 

ada  and  the  other  self-respecting  Dominions  creating  their  own 
Navies,  though  this  would  be  of  little  use  if,  when  established, 
they  did  not  act  as  one.  Meanwhile,  as  it  will  take  time  to 
build  up  a  Canadian  Navy,  a  direct  contribution  to  the  British 
Navy  may  be  desirable — preferably  of  ships,  not  money.  But 
any  share  the  Dominions  take  in  Imperial  defence  should 
involve  a  share  in  control  of  policy.  They  are  not  tributary 
States  but  partners  in  the  Navy." 

Nov.  1. — Armand  Lavergne,  M.L.A.,  states  at  Indian  Lorette  the  Nation- 
alist doctrine  in  these  words:  "  The  money  will  have  to  be  bor- 
rowed from  England  to  give  it  to  the  British  Admiralty  and 
to  reimburse  it,  later  on,  Canadians  may  have  to  be  taxed.  We 
need  that  money  for  the  public  works  of  Canada  and  England 
is  rich  enough  to  defray  her  own  Naval  expenses.  Even  if  there 
were  such  a  thing  as  the  German  menace  it  is  not  the  duty 
of  Canada  to  help  England  out  of  it  for  we  have  done  more 
for  the  Mother  Country  than  she  has  done  for  us." 

Nov.  6. — In  an  interview  at  Vancouver  J.  Castell  Hopkins  says  that 
Western  Canada  would  be  "  satisfied  with  a  big  naval  policy. 
It  is  not  afraid  of  large  sums  of  money  or  of  large  policies.  A 
contribution  of  $50,000,000  for  the  construction  of  Canadian 
battleships  to  stand  in  the  front  line  of  the  Empire's  Navy 
wherever  required  and  until  such  time  as  the  existing  crisis 
is  past,  would  not  seem  unreasonable  to  the  average  Westerner 
— not  nearly  so  much  so  as  to  some  of  the  smaller  and  more 
cramped  communities  of  the  East." 

Nov.  21. — Very  Rev.  W.  R.  Burke  in  the  Victoria  Colonist  declares  that 
"  those  who  say  that  there  is  no  danger  deceive  themselves. 
I  was  in  Germany  last  year.  I  saw  its  army  manoeuvres.  I 
talked  with  its  Generals,  with  its  Admirals,  and  with  its  states- 
men and  I  am  convinced  that  they  have  but  one  ambition,  and 
that  is  to  strike  at  Britain  when  the  expected  hour  has  come. 
The  menace  is  there." 

Dec.  6.— The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  Bart.,  tells  the  Vancouver 
press  that  "  the  position  taken  by  the  Borden  Government  on 
the  Naval  question  is  an  admirable  one  from  beginning  to  end. 
It  has  my  hearty  approval.  It  affords  a  happy  solution  of  a 
difficult  question.  Every  valid  question  is  met  and  it  marks 
an  immense  step  forward  in  the  establishment  of  permanent 
and  satisfactory  relations  between  the  Motherland  and  the 
Dominion." 

Dec.  31. — Incidents  of  the  year  in  connection  with  the  development  of  a 
Canadian  Navy  included  the  depletion  in  August  of  the  crew 
of  the  Rainbow  owing  to  expiration  of  their  agreement  and  the 
return  of  many  of  the  men  to  England;  the  great  difficulty  of 
getting  Canadian  recruits  for  either  this  ship  or  the  Niobe  and 
the  official  announcement  at  Plymouth,  England,  on  Nov.  22nd 
that  recruiting  for  the  Canadian  Navy  there  had  been 
indefinitely  postponed;  the  statement  in  Parliament  on  Dec. 
13th  by  Hon.  Mr.  Pelletier  that  the  total  first  cost  of  the  two 
Canadian  ships  had  been  $1,397,879  and  the  upkeep,  repairs, 
etc.,  to  date  $784,478;  a  Memorandum  tabled  in  the  Commons 
on  Mch.  10th,  prepared  by  Admiral  Kingsmill  in  the  previous 
October,  and  stating  in  this  general  connection  that  active 
enlistment  was  necessary,  public  lantern  slides  and  lectures  on 
Navy  life  desirable,  establishment  of  a  Pension  fund  required, 
development  of  the  Naval  College  essential  and  the  expendi- 
ture of  $1,300,000  on  a  new  Halifax  dockyard  imperative;  the 
statement  by  the  same  Naval  Commander  as  to  construction  of 
the  then  proposed  Canadian  ships — Oct.  9,  1911 — that  "owing 
to  the  rapidity  with  which  designs  change  it  is  anticipated  that 
if  it  takes  six  years  to  complete  the  programme  the  ships  will 
be  out  of  date  before  they  are  completed." 


II.— IMPERIAL  RELATIONS 

The  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Connaught  and  Princess 
H.B.H.  The  Patricia  had  a  busy  time  in  1912  and  won  a  well- 
con^a°rht  deserved  popularity  throughout  the  length  and  breadth 
iiTcanada  of  Canada.  His  Royal  Highness,  the  Governor-Gen- 
eral, delivered  a  number  of  brief,  incisive  and  really 
notable  speeches  which  touched  many  matters  vital  to  the  public  wel- 
fare and  were  of  unquestioned  service  to  the  community  at  large.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  year  a  private  visit  was  paid  to  New  York  as 
the  guests  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Whitelaw  Reid.  The  Royal  Party  arrived 
on  Jan.  22nd  and  spent  three  days  filled  with  elaborate  functions  and 
characterized  with  varied  efforts  by  press  and  people  to  make  the  visit 
a  public  one — the  papers  announcing  that  this  was  the  first  occasion 
on  which  a  Princess  of  the  blood-royal  had  ever  visited  America.  The 
programme,  however,  was  kept  of  a  purely  social  nature  with  such 
possible  exceptions  as  a  visit  to  Wall  Street  and  the  Stock  Exchange, 
to  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  to  the  President  at  Wash- 
ington on  Jan.  25th.  This  latter  trip,  taken  by  the  Duke  alone,  was 
an  after-thought  and  during  his  few  hours'  stay  at  the  United  States 
capital,  he  visited  the  National  Press  Club,  with  the  British  Ambassa- 
dor, and  told  the  assembled  Pressmen  that  he  hoped  "  England  and 
the  United  States  would  always  be  the  best  of  friends  for  the  good  of 
the  world."  English  comments  upon  this  visit  indicated  a  feeling 
that  someone  in  New  York  had  been  unable  to  see  the  difference 
between  a  Royal  visit  to  an  English  country  house  and  a  visit  of 
Royalty,  after  an  interval  of  forty-four  years,  to  the  financial 
Metropolis  of  a  friendly  nation. 

Upon  returning  to  Ottawa  on  Jan.  27th  His  Royal  Highness  was 
waited  upon  by  a  Deputation  from  the  Association  of  Canadian  Clubs 
— composed  of  C.  R.  McCullough,  Honorary  President,  Dr.  W.  S. 
Carter,  President,  and  Amos  O'Blenes,  Secretary — and  an  Address  of 
Welcome  presented.  In  his  reply  the  Duke  paid  a  high  tribute  to  the 
work  of  the  organizations  represented.  Three  days  later  a  month's 
period  of  mourning  for  the  Duke  of  Fife  was  announced  and  a  pro- 
posed visit  to  Montreal  cancelled.  On  Feb.  2nd  His  Royal  Highness 
received  at  Ottawa  a  Deputation  and  Address  from  the  Canadian 
Defence  League — the  latter  presented  by  Lieut.-Colonel  W.  Hamilton 
Merritt,  President.  In  his  reply  the  Duke  declared  himself  sympa- 
thetic toward  the  general  object  aimed  at :  "  The  first  essential  of 
military  training  is  the  production  of  a  healthy,  disciplined  manhood, 
and  no  thoughtful  person  can  possibly  dispute  the  desirability  of 
this  object.  Health  and  discipline  are  necessary  for  our  daily  life 
and  for  the  successful  conduct  of  business;  and  an  effort  to  secure 
them  for  the  rising  generation  cannot  be  laid  open  to  the  charge  of 


H.E.H.  THE  DUKE  OP  CONNAUGHT  IN  CANADA  89 

militarism  -which  has  sometimes  been  brought  by  the  ignorant  against 
Associations  such  as  yours."  In  his  position  as  Governor- General 
touch  was  naturally  kept  with  the  Tour  of  the  King  and  Queen  in 
India  and  the  interest  felt  by  so  many  Canadians  was  recorded  in  a 
despatch  sent  to  His  Majesty  on  Feb.  5th :  "  The  Government  and 
people  of  Canada  humbly  desire  to  offer  their  heartfelt  congratula- 
tions upon  Your  Majesties'  home-coming  and  they  rejoice  in  believing 
that  the  series  of  stately  and  splendid  pageants  which  have  marked 
Your  Majesties'  progress  through  India  testify  that  the  spirit  of 
affectionate  loyalty  which  animates  the  people  of  Canada  is  shared, 
in  equal  measure,  by  our  fellow-subjects  in  those  far-off  lands  from 
which,  through  the  blessing  of  God,  Your  Majesties  have  safely 
returned." 

The  Duke  attended  the  Dominion  Fruit  Conference  at  Ottawa  on 
Feb.  15th  and  spoke  briefly;  on  Mar.  8th  the  Ottawa  Social  and  Moral 
Eeform  Committee,  in  a  curiously-worded  Report,  censured  the  Gov- 
ernor-General for  attendance  at  sports  in  Rockliffe  Park  on  Sunday; 
on  Mar.  14th  he  received  a  Deputation  from,  andv  accepted  the  post 
of  Patron  in,  the  Canadian  Branch  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Sailors' 
Society.  To  the  Ottawa  Humane  Society,  on  the  22nd,  he  denounced 
the  docking  of  horses'  tails  as  a  relic  of  barbarism  and  condemned 
reckless  driving  and  over-loading.  By  Royal  Command  on  Mar.  25th, 
a  performance  of  the  Durbar  Kinemacolour  pictures  was  given  in 
Ottawa  and  on  Apr.  2nd  the  Governor- General  entertained  the  British 
West  Indian  Trade  Delegation  at  a  banquet  and  spoke  strongly  in 
favour  of  their  efforts  for  tariff  reciprocity  and  steamship  communica- 
tion with  Canada.  At  this  time,  also,  His  Royal  Highness  contributed 
a  trophy  to  the  Winnipeg  Horse  Show  for  competition,  became  Patron 
of  the  Canadian  Highway  Association  and  subscribed  $500  to  the 
Montreal  Titanic  Disaster  Fund — as  he  afterwards  did  to  the  Regina 
Cyclone  Fund. 

The  week  of  May  6th  was  spent  in  Montreal  by  the  Duke,  the 
Duchess,  and  Princess  Patricia,  and  the  programme  included  a  large 
Luncheon  given  by  the  Horse  Show  Association  at  the  St.  James  Club 
to  His  Royal  Highness;  various  vice-regal  dinners  at  Lord  Strath- 
cona's  home  where  the  visitors  were  staying ;  the  opening  of  the  Horse 
Show  by  the  Duke  and  a  visit  to  the  Montreal  Day  Nursery  by  Prin- 
cess Patricia;  several  games  at  the  Royal  Montreal  Golf  Club  and  an 
inspection  of  the  Harbour  by  the  Duke,  together  with  a  visit  by  the 
Royal  party  to  the  Nazareth  Institution  for  the  Blind;  a  Reception 
by  the  Women's  Branch  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  held  in  honour  of 
Their  Royal  Highnesses  in  the  historic  Chateau  de  Ramezay;  a  visit 
by  the  Duchess  to  the  Local  Branch  of  the  National  Council  of  Women 
and  by  the  Duke  and  Duchess  to  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  on  St. 
Denis  Street;  an  informal  call  upon  Mr.  W.  R.  Baker,  c.v.o.,  of  the 
C.P.R.,  who  was  ill  at  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital. 

In  Toronto  on  May  18-27th,  the  Royal  visitors  filled  a  most  elab- 
orate programme  of  a  social  and  public  character.  Welcomed  at 
the  North  Toronto  Station  by  Sir  John  Gibson  and  Mr.  R.  L. 


90 

Borden,  who  happened  to  be  in  the  City,  they  proceeded  to  Benvenuto 
which  had  been  lent  for  the  occasion  by  Sir  William  Mackenzie.  A 
Dinner  party  at  Government  House,  a  Ball  at  the  York  Club  and  a 
State  visit  to  the  Woodbine  Eaces,  followed,  within  the  next  two  days. 
The  Duke  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  a  new  Canadian  Military  Insti- 
tute building  on  the  18th,  and  in  the  course  of  his  address  said: 
"  There  are  in  the  world  a  great  number  of  very  ignorant  people  who 
seem  to  imagine  that  the  art  of  war  is  one  which  comes  naturally  to 
a  person,  and  that  the  heaven-born  soldier  can  come  straight  from 
the  plough,  or  the  office,  and  take  command  of  troops  in  the  field. 
.  .  .  In  other  arts  there  is  no  great  penalty  for  failure ;  in  the  art 
of  war,  however,  failure  means  the  sacrifice  of  men's  lives."  He 
inspected  the  Veterans'  Association,  reviewed  a  Garrison  Parade  and 
attended  Divine  Service  at  St.  James  Cathedral  (19th). 

The  Duke  lunched  with  the  Jockey  Club  on  May  20th  and,  on  the 
same  date  wrote  to  the  Canadian  Association  for  the  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis  describing  the  ravages  of  the  disease  and  expressing 
sympathy  with  the  Society :  "  It  is  terrible  to  think  of  the  ravages  of 
the  disease  in  the  Dominion  which  are  quite  out  of  proportion  to  the 
population.  The  plague  of  Tuberculosis  is  not  one  of  the  irresistible 
scourges  of  nature,  to  which  we  must  bow  as  to  the  inevitable.  The 
remedy  and  the  means  of  prevention  are  known."  On  May  23rd  His 
Royal  Highness  turned  the  first  sod  of  the  new  Grace  Church  on 
College  Heights  and,  in  the  evening,  attended  a  Dinner  of  the  Ontario 
Jockey  Club.  To  the  South  African  Veterans  who  presented  an 
Address  in  the  afternoon,  he  mentioned  having  served  in  all  parts  of 
the  Empire,  from  Canada  to  China,  during  a  period  of  forty-four 
years.  To  the  Cadets,  3,300  of  whom  were  reviewed,  the  Duke  on 
May  24th  spoke  in  direct  terms :  "  We  sometimes  hear  people  making 
very  foolish  remarks  about  militarism.  I  do  not  know  what  they 
mean.  Militarism  means  that  the  organization  of  a  country  and  all 
its  laws  are  subservient  to  military  law  and  discipline.  That  is  not 
the,  case  here,  and  never  will  be.  I  see  no  militarism  in  your  being 
taught  discipline  and  to  carry  out  your  duties  as  citizens.  I  will 
watch  with  interest  the  Cadet  movement  in  Canada  and  I  hope  it  will 
prosper  and  increase  year  by  year." 

A  Dinner  given  by  the  Empire  Club  of  Canada  was  attended  in 
the  evening  and  was  expected  to  inaugurate  a  series  of  similar  func- 
tions to  be  held  all  over  the  Empire  on  Empire  Day.  F.  B.  Fether- 
stonhaugh,  K.C.,  occupied  the  chair  and  the  Duchess  and  Princess 
Patricia  accompanied  the  Duke.  The  Hon.  Wallace  -Nesbitt,  K.C., 
the  Bishop  of  Toronto  (Dr.  Sweeny)  and  the  Hon.  W.  R.  Riddell  spoke 
after  the  Governor-General.  About  400  guests  were  present  and  the 
Duke  in  the  course  of  his  speech  said :  "  May  the  various  races  who 
have  built  up  the  Dominion  be  strong  and  loyal  to  themselves  and, 
above  all,  may  the  unity  of  Canada  be  the  foremost  wish  of  all  its 
people  and  of  those  who  are  called  on  to  direct  its  destinies.  I  feel 
convinced  that  if  Canada  is  true  to  herself  she  will  be  true  to  the 
Empire  of  which  all  Canadians,  of  whatever  station  in  life,  are  equal 


H.R.H.  THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT  IN  CANADA  91 

members,  and  in  whose  integrity  all  are  equally  interested.  .  .  . 
My  one  wish  is  to  be  able  to  aid  in  every  way  in  my  power  the  best 
interests  and  the  soundest  projects,  in  the  many  spheres  of  activity, 
throughout  the  Provinces  of  the  Dominion/'  On  May  27th  the  Duke 
laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  Tuberculosis  Hospital  at  Weston,  near 
Toronto,  and  in  the  afternoon  there  was  a  large  Garden  Party  at 
Benvenuto  where,  also,  there  had  already  been  held  various  Dinners, 
Musicales  and  other  social  entertainments.  At  the  close  of  this  visit 
The  News  paid  a  warm  tribute  to  the  Governor-General  and  Her 
Royal  Highness: 

We  are  finding  out  that  the  whole  attitude  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
towards  life  and  its  problems  and  duties  is  to  encourage  simplicity  in 
private  living,  to  exalt  character  and  culture  rather  than  possessions,  to 
lessen  and  not  to  accentuate  class  feeling,  to  suggest  that  in  books  and 
music  and  pictures  there  is  inspiration  and  elevation,  and  to  emphasize, 
however  delicately  and  unobtrusively,  the  eternal  truth  that  the  supreme 
thing  is  to  do  service  and  that  professional  parade,  insincerity  and  self- 
vaunting,  are  unbeautiful,  repugnant  to  true  gentlemanliness  and 
blemishes  in  individual  as  in  national  character. 

The  Royal  party  were  at  Niagara  on  the  28th  and  visited,  infor- 
mally, various  sights  which  included  the  Gorge  route,  the  Falls,  and 
the  different  Power  works.  Lundy's  Lane  battlefield  was  visited  and 
something  of  the  fruit  region  seen  under  the  personal  direction  of 
Sir  Henry  Pellatt,  A.D.O.  On  the  next  day  London  was  visited  and 
a  Civic  Address  presented  by  Mayor  Graham.  The  National  Coun- 
cil of  Women  were  honoured  by  the  Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia 
and  the  Royal  ladies  were  also  entertained  at  Luncheon  by  the  Mayor 
and  Corporation ;  a  monument  to  South  African  soldiers  was  unveiled 
by  the  Duke  and  the  Collegiate  Institute  visited  where  6,000  children 
sang  patriotic  songs;  Victoria  Hospital  was  next  inspected  and  a 
Graduating  Class  under  direction  of  Superintendent  Heard  received 
their  Diplomas  from  His  Royal  Highness.  At  the  Convent  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  a  clever  entertainment  was  given  by  the  pupils.  The 
Royal  party  were  in  Guelph  on  the  30th  when  the  Ontario  Agricul- 
tural College,  the  Prison  Farm  and  the  Dominion  (  Experimental 
Farm  were  inspected  by  the  Duke.  To  the  prisoners'  at  the  Prison 
Farm,  'the  Governor-General  said  a  few  well  chosen  words  at  the 
request  of  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  Provincial  Secretary:  "All  of  us  have 
two  sides  to  our  character,  the  weak  and  the  strong.  In  some  of  us 
the  weak  side  gets  the  better,  others  are  able  to  make  the  strong  pre- 
vail. I  hope  all  of  you  will  leave  here  stronger  men.  Nothing  gives 
one  in  authority  more  pain  than  to  be  compelled  to  be  an  instrument 
of  oppression  to  one's  fellow-men.  But,  in  your  case,  the  law  has 
truly  been  tempered  with  mercy  while  the  ends  of  justice  still  are 
met."  A  Royal  reception  was  held  at  the  City  Hall  and  the  streets 
were  gay  with  decorations  and  crowded  with  people. 

Following  these  visits  it  had  been  intended  to  spend  June  4-17  at 
Quebec,  and,  thereafter,  the  Duke  had  proposed  to  have  a  couple  of 
weeks'  fishing  on  the  Tobique  River  and  thence  proceed  on  a  tour 


92  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  the  Maritime  Provinces  early  in  August.  On  his  way  to  Quebec, 
the  Duke  (June  2)  reviewed  the  Royal  Highlanders  at  Montreal  and 
presented  them  with  new  Colours  donated  by  the  ladies  of  St. 
Andrew's  Society.  Lieut-Colonel  Rose  of  the  Black  Watch  was 
present  from  Great  Britain  and  25,000  people  watched  the  proceed- 
ings. At  Quebec  various  incidents  occurred  including  a  visit  to  Laval 
University  where  His  Royal  Highness  received  the  Honorary  Degree 
of  D.C.L.  and  a  State  Dinner  at  Government  House ;  but  all  arrange- 
ments were  upset  by  the  sudden  illness  of  the  Duchess  who,  on  June 
3rd,  was  attacked  with  peritonitis  and  was  at  once  taken  to  the  Royal 
Victoria  Hospital,  Montreal,  for  expert  attention.  Doctors  E.  S. 
Worthington,  A.  E.  Garrow  and  W.  W.  Chipman  were  called  in  attend- 
ance and,  by  June  9th,  the  Royal  patient  had  so  far  recovered  as  to 
be  out  of  danger.  Much  sympathy  had  been  expressed  in  the  Press 
and  by  personal  representation. 

The  Duke  visited  the  Petawawa  Training  Camp  on  June  17th, 
inspected  about  4,000  troops  and,  clad  in  the  undress  uniform  of  a 
British  Field  Marshal,  delighted  the  soldiers  by  taking  personal  part 
in  a  sham  battle — trudging  beside  the  men  up  and  down  hills,  through 
brushwood  and  over  rough  ground;  on  the  15th  he  had  told  the  visit- 
ing British  Manufacturers  Delegation  that  Canada  was  the  most 
loyal  part  of  the  Empire;  on  the  19th  he  visited  the  Royal  Military 
College  at  Kingston  and  inspected  the  Cadets;  on  the  22nd  he  paid 
the  first  visit  of  Royalty  to  Farnham,  P.Q.,  was  received  with  gay 
decorations,  by  cheering  crowds,  and  reviewed  the  local  troops  in 
camp.  On  July  3rd  the  Royal  party,  including  the  Duchess  who  was 
now  fully  recovered,  arrived  at  Quebec.  There,  Her  Royal  Highness 
remained  for  a  time,  while  the  Duke  and  Princess  Patricia  proceeded 
West  to  pay  a  promised  visit  to  Winnipeg  where  they  arrived  on  July 
9th  and  were  welcomed  enthusiastically  by  the  people  amidst  a  blaze 
of  light  and  colour,  with  gaiety  of  music  and  parading  of  great 
crowds,  with  flying  of  flags  and  banners,  illuminations  and  decora- 
tions galore.  At  8.30  in  the  morning  the  Royal  visitors  proceeded 
to  the  City  Hall  and  thence  to  the  residence  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Rogers, 
which  they  were  to  occupy,  between  a  fringe  of  soldiery  and  solid 
banks  of  people  on  either  side  estimated  to  number  150,000.  It  was 
said  by  the  Press  to  have  been  the  greatest  assemblage  of  people  in 
the  history  of  the  City  and  the  cheering  was  probably  the  heartiest 
which  the  Duke  had  yet  met  with  in  Canada. 

An  Address  was  presented  by  Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh  and,  in  his 
reply,  the  Duke  expressed  the  great  regret  of  the  Duchess  at  being 
unable  to  visit  the  City  at  this  time  and  his  own  deep  interest  in  the 
rapidly-moving  history  of  Winnipeg.  On  the  following  morning  His 
Royal  Highness  opened  the  Canadian  Industrial  Exhibition  which 
marked,  incidentally,  the  100th  anniversary  of  the  Selkirk  Settle- 
ment, amidst  much  ceremony  and  great  public  interest.  President 
A.  A.  Gilroy  presented  an  Address  and  referred  to  Canadian  loyalty 
to  the  Throne  and  the  hope  of  "  perpetuating  the  character  and  tradi- 
tions of  the  British  Empire."  The  Duke,  in  his  speech,  urged 


H.R.H.  THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAITGHT  IN  CANADA  93 

remembrance  and  appreciation  of  the  pioneers  who  had  founded  the 
City.  A  Directors'  Luncheon  followed  attended  by  350  representa- 
tive citizens.  On  the  following  day  the  Duke  was  the  guest  of  the 
Winnipeg  Automobile  Club  at  their  headquarters,  25  miles  in  the 
country,  and  also  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  King  Edward  Memorial 
Hospital.  He  again  visited  the  Exhibition  on  the  12th,  inspected  500 
Boy  Scouts  and  presented  a  King's  flag  to  the  1st  Winnipeg  Troop; 
in  the  afternoon  he  received  a  deputation  of  Indian  Chiefs  from 
Brandon  who  appeared  in  full  war-paint  and  were  presented  by  Arch- 
bishop Matheson;  in  the  evening  he  received  the  members  of  the 
Western  Canada,  British  Public  School,  Old  Boy's  Association. 
Meanwhile,  the  Princess  had  received  the  child  members  of  the 
Victoria-Patricia  Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire  and 
accepted  from  the  little  ones  an  Address  and  a  bouquet  of  flowers. 

On  the  following  day  the  Governor- General  and  Princess  Patricia 
attended  the  opening  of  the  new  St.  Charles  Country  Clubhouse  and 
on  Sunday  His  Eoyal  Highness  reviewed  at  the  Barracks  200  Veterans 
of  the  wars  of  half-a-century.  The  next  three  days  were  equally  busy 
and  crowded.  The  corner  stone  of  the  Lord  Selkirk  Statue  was  laid 
by  the  Duke  (July  15)  who  afterwards  attended  a  Luncheon  of  the 
Exhibition  Directors  and  met  surviving  pioneers  of  Eed  Eiver  Settle- 
ment days;  the  Canadian  Northern  and  Canadian  Pacific  work-shops 
were  visited  while  Princess  Patricia  was  the  guest  of  the  Women's 
Canadian  Club  at  a  Luncheon  where  she  received  an  Address  pre- 
sented by  Mrs.  W.  H.  Thompson  and  listened  to  a  speech  by  Hon. 
Hugh  J.  Macdonald.  The  Princess  afterwards  received  at  Incherra — 
Mr.  Rogers'  home — a  deputation  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire 
headed  by  Mrs.  €olin  H.  Campbell  and  accepted  membership  in  the 
National  Chapter  of  Canada  which  represented  10,000  women  of  the 
Dominion.  The  Duke  was  also  a  guest  of  the  Men's  Canadian  Club, 
after  addressing  (July  16th)  a  Session  of  the  Canadian  Housing  and 
Town  Planning  Association  in  terms  of  simple  directness : 

You  must  not  forget  that  some  of  the  problems  which  confront  you 
are  not  to  be  permanently  solved;  the  city  is  ever  on  the  move.  Where 
you  have  shot  prairie  chicken  your  sons  will  transact  business;  where 
your  fathers  fought  against  Indians  we  are  standing  this  morning.  The 
garden  suburb  of  to-day  is  the  manufacturing  district  of  to-morrow;  so 
you  must  look  to  it  that  your  improvements  keep  pace  with  the  growth 
of  the  City,  and  at  times  even  show  an  intelligent  anticipation  of  such 
growth.  Furthermore,  it  is  not*sufficient  to  provide  suitable  and  sani- 
tary buildings.  Many  thousands  of  the  working  classes  are  far  from 
grateful  for  being  put  into  them.  This  phenomenon  has  repeatedly 
evinced  itself  in  other  great  cities.  You  have  not  only  to  provide  improved 
conditions  of  housing,  but  you  have  also  to  educate  the  working  classes 
to  such  an  extent  that  they  will  insist  on  living  in  a  decent  and  sanitary 
manner. 

The  Canadian  Club  function  was  the  most  remarkable  in  the  history 
of  the  Club  for  both  attendance  and  enthusiasm.  There  were  over 
1,000  present,  W.  Sanford  Evans  presided,  and  the  Duke  accepted 
Honorary  membership  following  an  eloquent  speech  from  Mr.  J.  A.  M. 


94  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Aikins.  He  was  welcomed  by  the  Chairman  for  his  personality,  his 
services,  his  Royal  position  and  his  embodiment  of  Imperial  unity. 
The  Duke,  in  reply,  referred  briefly  to  his  military  services  in  Can- 
ada, spoke  of  his  desire  to  help  its  present  progress,  and  continued  in 
these  quiet  words :  "  I  feel  sure  that  if  Canada  will  be  true  to  herself 
she  will  be  equally  true  to  the  Empire.  After  all,  you  all  live  in  this 
country ;  you  love  this  country,  most  and  first.  Canada  for  the  Cana- 
dians. But  let  us  hope  all  Canadians  will  be  ready  to  respond  to  the 
Imperial  call,  should  it  ever  come,  and  that  they  will  support  the 
Crown  and  the  flag  in  the  future  as  they  have  done  in  the  past." 
St.  Boniface  was  also  visited  by  the  Royal  party  where  they  were 
welcomed  by  Mayor  Berry  in  a  loyal  Address  from  what  His  Royal 
Highness  termed  "  the  cradle  of  French-Canadian  colonization  in  the 
North-West."  St.  Boniface  Hospital  was  inspected,  though  Arch- 
bishop Langevin  was  absent  on  a  pastoral  tour,  and  a  Garden  Party 
was  given  by  the  Duke  and  Princess  in  the  grounds  of  Incherra.  On 
the  17th  His  Royal  Highness  formally  opened  the  Children's  Hos- 
pital; visited,  with  the  Princess,  the  Winnipeg  Grain  Exchange; 
inspected  the  new  Agricultural  College  at  St.  Vital.  In  the  evening 
the  Royal  visitors  departed  for  Ottawa  and  on  their  way  passed 
through  crowded  streets  and  much  cheering.  The  visit  was,  in  fact, 
one  of  the  most  striking  experiences  of  their  whole  Canadian  sojourn. 

On  July  27th,  the  Duke,  the  Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia  com- 
menced their  Maritime  Province  tour  by  landing  at  Point  du  Chene 
from  the  Steamer  Earl  Grey  and  going  by  special  train  to  Moncton, 
N.B.  After  a  loyal  Address  presented  by  Mayor  Robinson  and  a 
public  Reception  by  Their  Royal  Highnesses  they  proceeded  to  Sum- 
meiside,  P.E.I.,  where  Sunday  was  spent.  On  the  following  day  an 
Address  was  presented  by  Mayor  Morrison,  Prince  County  Hospital 
opened,  and  a  Black  fox  ranch  visited.  At  Charlottetown  the  Party 
was  duly  welcomed  and  the  Duke  received  several  formal  Addresses. 
They  passed  through  the  usual  decorated  streets,  heard  massed  school- 
children sing  patriotic  songs  and  watched  some  very  picturesque  illum- 
inations and  fireworks  in  the  evening.  The  Duke  planted  a  tree 
at  the  Government  Experimental  Farm.  On  the  30th  the  Royal 
party  took  a  trip  up  West  River  accompanied  by  many  prominent 
men  of  the  Island,  on  a  Government  Steamer,  and  on  the  following 
day  sailed  for  Pictou,  N.S.,  where  they  received  a  warm  welcome  in 
a  gaily  decorated  town — some  of  the  banners  bearing  the  legend  "  One 
Flag,  One  King,  One  Empire." 

Mayor  James  Primrose  presented  an  Address  and,  in  the  old 
Academy  Building,  the  Duke  unveiled  Tablets  in  honour  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Dawson  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  McCullough.  He  also  pre- 
sented Certificates  to  some  local  graduates  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Music.  In  the  evening  there  were  illuminated  motor-boat  parades  in 
the  Harbour,  bonfires  and  other  illuminations.  There  followed  a 
visit  to  New  Glasgow,  where  a  brief  stay  was  made,  an  Address  pre- 
sented by  Mayor  Underwood  and  the  Nova  Scotia  Steel  and  Coal 
Company  plant  visited.  At  Truro  a  great  turn-out  of  people  from 


H.R.H.  THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT  IN  CANADA      95 

all  over  Colchester  County  were  present  and  Mayor  G.  W.  Stuart  read 
a  Civic  Address.  A  Tablet  was  unveiled  by  the  Duke  in  honour  of 
the  British  settlement  of  this  locality  in  1760-2;  the  corner-stone  of 
a  new  Civic  Building  was  laid  and  a  visit  paid  to  the  Nova  Scotia 
Agricultural  College. 

At  Sydney  the  Eoyal  visitors  arrived  on  the  evening  of  Aug.  2nd 
and  found  the  City  ablaze  with  electric  light  and  gay  with  flags  and 
bunting.  On  the  following  day  the  Civic  address  was  presented  by 
Mayor  Gunn  and,  in  reply,  His  Royal  Highness  declared  that  "it 
was  a  most  impressive  sight  as  we  steamed  up  to  the  City  yesterday 
evening  to  see  the  great  activity  on  all  sides,  the  glow  of  the  busy 
furnaces,  the  piers  and  the  shipping,  all  denoting  energy  and  enter- 
prise of  the  highest  order."  The  Boy  Scouts  and  South  African  Vet- 
erans were  inspected  and  a  visit  paid  to  Sydney  Mines  where  a 
Memorial  Tablet  marking  the  site  of  King  Edward's  landing  in  1860 
was  unveiled.  Mayor  Kelly  of  North  Sydney  and  Mayor  Lowe  of 
Sydney  Mines  welcomed  the  visitors  and  the  decorations  were 
described  by  the  press  as  the  best  of  the  Tour  so  far.  On  Monday, 
Glace  Bay  with  its  great  collieries  and  enthusiastic  masses  of  people 
was  visited  and  an  Address  read  by  Mayor  McDonald;  there  followed 
a  trip  to  the  historic  ruins  of  Louisbourg  and  the  next  morning  was 
spent  in  inspecting  the  Dominion  Steel  Company  Plant  and  Works. 
A  fishing  expedition  by  the  Duke  (as  the  guest  of  James  Ross  of 
Montreal)  to  the  district  of  St.  Ann's,  C.B.,  followed — the  welcome 
given  being  a  Royal  Salute  of  21  charges  of  dynamite  placed  in  sand- 
rock. 

The  ensuing  Royal  visit  to  Halifax  aroused  special  public  interest 
as  being  associated  with  the  dedication  of  the  Memorial  Tower  which 
had  been  erected  by  public  subscription  in  honour  of  what  was  claimed 
to  be,  in  1758,  the  first  Representative  Assembly  in  the  British  Empire. 
To  this  splendid  structure  which  was  erected  largely  through  the  exer- 
tions of  the  Canadian  Club,  Halifax  and  the  gift  of  a  public  park 
and  site  by  Sir  Sandford  Fleming,  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute,  the 
Corporations  of  London,  Edinburgh,  Bath  and  Bristol,  the  Govern- 
ments of  Australia,  New  Zealand,  South  Africa,  Newfoundland,  and 
Canada,  the  Provinces  of  Canada,  and  many  Universities  and  learned 
Societies,  contributed  carved  Coats  of  Arms,  tablets,  figures,  etc.  To 
its  unveiling  ceremonies  came  Sir  G.  H.  Reid,  Australian  High  Com- 
missioner, and  Sir  Frank  Wills,  Lord  Mayor  of  Bristol ;  Sir  W.  Ram- 
say and  Sir  W.  Davies;  Dr.  G.  R.  Parkin,  C.M.G.,  Major  M.  Archer- 
Shee,  M.P.,  B.  H.  Morgan  and  J.  R.  Boose  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute. 

The  Royal  party  landed  at  Halifax  on  Aug.  14th  amidst  great 
demonstrations  of  popular  welcome.  It  is  impossible  to  more  than 
indicate  here  the  events  of  the  visit.  The  first  was  a  parade  through 
the  decorated  and  crowded  streets  followed  by  the  presentation  of 
Addresses  from  the  Government  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  Mayor  of  Halifax, 
the  Local  Council  of  Women  (to  Her  Royal  Highness),  the  North 
British  Society,  the  Charitable  Irish  Society  and  the  St.  George's 


96  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Society.  Then  came  the  dedication  of  the  Tower.  An  Address  was 
presented  to  His  Royal  Highness  by  the  Lord  Mayor  of  Bristol;  let- 
ters were  read  from  the  Mayor  of  Bath,  the  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour, 
Rt.  Hon.  L.  Harcourt,  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  Lord  Hal- 
dane,  Lord  High  Chancellor,  and  the  Hon.  Walter  Scott,  Premier  of 
Saskatchewan;  a  Cable  was  received  from  the  Premier  of  South 
Africa  who  expressed  the  hope  that  the  Tower  would  "  long  stand  as 
an  emblem  of  the  solidarity  of  the  Empire"  and  other  despatches 
came  from  the  Premiers  of  New  Zealand  and  Newfoundland. 

After  the  singing  of  the  National  Anthem  by  solid  masses  of 
children  and  some  brief  words  from  Sir  Sandford  Fleming  an  interest- 
ing historical  and  descriptive  speech  was  delivered  by  D.  MacGilli- 
vray,  President  of  the  Canadian  Club.  The  Lieut.-Governor  then 
requested  His  Royal  Highness  to  perform  the  dedication  which  he 
did  after  a  brief  address  in  which  attention  was  called  to  the  fact 
that  "  there  may  have  been  many  people  from  time  to  time  who  have 
been  ready  to  detract  from  the  colonial  policy  of  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment, but  the  careful  student  will  find  that  the  policy  has  always 
stood  for  freedom  and  justice  for  everyone,  and  that  the  Union  Jack, 
whose  proud  folds  cover  our  great  Empire,  is  the  permanent  emblem 
of  the  possession  of  such  privileges.  Nova  Scotia,  the  cradle  of  repre- 
sentative government  beyond  the  seas,  may  look  with  pride  on  this 
Memorial  Tower,  the  Canadian  Statue  of  Liberty,  which  I  now  dedi- 
cate to  the  commemoration  of  the  first  representative  parliament 
accorded  by  the  Mother  Country  to  any  portion  of  the  Dominions 
beyond  the  Seas."  A  despatch  was  then  sent  by  His  Royal  Highness 
to  the  King  advising  him  of  the  dedication  of  this  Tower  "  commem- 
orative of  the  first  Overseas  Legislative  Assembly."  A  €ivic  luncheon 
followed  the  event,  an  afternoon  regatta  shared  in  by  the  best  oarsmen 
of  the  Maritime  Provinces  was  held,  and  a  visit  was  paid  to  the 
Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart.  In  the  evening  the  City  and  the  suburb 
where  the  Tower  stood,  were  ablaze  with  light  while  there  was,  also, 
a  splendid  marine  illumination  which  included  the  Harbour  and  a 
great  flotilla  of  boats  and  ships  streaming  with  electric  fire. 

On  the  following  day  the  Duke  visited  the  Dock-yards,  reviewed 
the  Veterans  of  many  wars,  gave  Certificates  to  members  of  the  St. 
John  Ambulance  Association,  laid  the  corner-stone  of  a  new  Science 
Building  for  Dalhousie  University  and  unveiled  a  stone  marking  the 
place  where  Sir  John  Moore  once  had  his  quarters  in  Halifax.  Upon 
the  platform  at  the  College  ceremony  and  sharing  in  the  incident 
with  the  Royal  visitors  were  Sir  Ralph  "Williams,  Governor  of  New- 
foundland, Sir  Francois  Langelier,  Lieut.-Governor  of  Quebec,  Sir 
Lomer  Gouin,  Premier  of  Quebec,  and  Sir  George  Reid  of  Australia. 
In  the  afternoon  the  Princess  Patricia  opened  a  Kermesse  in  aid  of 
the  Children's  Hospital,  the  historic  St.  Paul's  Church  was  visited, 
and  in  the  evening  a  State  Dinner  was  attended  at  Government-House. 
On  the  16th,  Halifax  was  left  for  a  visit  to  Windsor  where,  at  his- 
toric King's  College,  the  Duke  received  a  D.C.L.  degree  and  unveiled 
a  Tablet  in  honour  of  the  foundation  of  the  Institution  in  1791  and 


H.R.H.  THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT  IN  CANADA      97 

one  in  honour  of  Thomas  Chandler  Haliburton.  Wolfville  was  the 
next  place  visited  and  there  a  drive  was  taken  to  Kentville.  On  the 
following  day  Middleton,  Annapolis  and  Digby  with  the  beautiful  and 
fruitful  Annapolis  Valley  were  seen.  The  usual  Addresses  were 
received  and  decorations  visible  while  crowds  came  from  all  parts  of 
the  country  to  see  and  welcome  the  Royal  visitors.  From  Digby  they 
passed  to  St.  John,  N.B.,  which  was  reached  on  the  evening  of 
the  17th. 

Church  service  was  quietly  attended  on  the  Sunday  and  the  public 
reception  commenced  on  the  19th  in  a  City  profusely  decorated  and 
filled  with  visitors.  A  procession  through  crowded  streets,  an  Official 
reception  and  an  Address  presented  by  Mayor  J.  H.  Frink  at  the 
City  Hall,  a  luncheon  by  the  Misses  Hazen  to  Princess  Patricia,  a 
Civic  Luncheon  given  to  the  Governor-General  at  the  Union  Club,  an 
inspection  of  the  Dry-dock  and  a  review  of  the  Imperial  Service  Vet- 
erans, the  opening  of  Public  Playgrounds  at  Rockwood  Park  and  an 
evening  Reception  in  honour  of  the  Royal  visitors  constituted  the 
programme  of  the  19th.  On  the  following  day,,  the  Royal  party  were 
guests  of  Lieut.-Governor  Josiah  Wood  in  a  sail  up  the  St.  John  River 
— to  which  also  many  prominent  local  people  were  invited.  After- 
wards they  left  for  'St.  Andrews  to  be  the  guests  of  Sir  William  Van- 
Home  for  several  days.  Here  golf  was  indulged  in,  the  usual  Address 
presented  by  Mayor  Armstrong,  the  new  Prince  Arthur  School  dedi- 
cated by  the  Duke,  and  a  Concert  held  under  Royal  patronage.  On 
the  24th  a  visit  was  paid  to  Fredericton  where  the  Royal  party  attended 
a  dedication  of  the  new  Christ  Church  Cathedral,  a  Garden  Party  at 
Government  House  and  a  Luncheon  tendered  by  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernor; an  Address  was  also  presented  by  the  Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming, 
Premier,  on  behalf  of  the  Province. 

Toronto  was  reached  on  Aug.  26th  when  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
and  Princess  Patricia  lunched  with  the  Directors  of  the  Canadian 
National  Exhibition  and  the  Governor-General  afterwards  opened  the 
Exhibition  itself  amidst  much  ceremonial  and  public  interest.  Presi- 
dent J.  G.  Kent  presented  an  Address  of  welcome  in  the  course  of 
which  he  said:  "You  will  see  here  to-day,  in  addition  to  Canadian 
manufactures  and  products,  exhibits  from  the  Motherland  and  from 
others  of  the  over-seas  Dominions,  music  and  art  loaned  by  the  Old 
Land  to  help  the  culture  of  the  new,  and  Cadets  from  the  various 
nations  of  the  Empire,  who  will  carry  to  their  homes  beyond  the  seas 
a  knowledge  of  the  other  component  parts  of  the  vast  Empire  to 
which  they  belong,  that  must  ensure  far-reaching  results  in  helping 
on  its  unification."  In  replying  His  Royal  Highness  referred  to  the 
Challenge  Cup  presented  by  the  King  for  competition  amongst  the 
Imperial  Cadets  and  expressed  a  high  sense  of  the  value  of  such  an 
Exhibition  as  that  of  Toronto.  A  Garden  Party  at  the  Royal  Cana- 
dian Yacht  Club  was  afterwards  attended.  On  the  27th  the  Duke 
opened  the  new  Wellesley  Hospital;  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  the 
Cathedral  of  St.  Albans  which  had  been  projected  and  commenced 
by  the  late  Archbishop  Sweatman  and  was  being  continued  by  Bishop 


98  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Sweeny;  and  reviewed  2,500  Cadets  gathered  from  various  parts  of 
the  Empire  at  the  Exhibition  Grounds — representing  England,  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  Newfoundland,  the  Provinces 
of  Ontario,  Alberta,  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  British  Columbia,  Nova 
Scotia,  Quebec  and  many  Cities  and  towns  of  Canada.  Several  further 
visits  were  paid  to  the  Exhibition.  On  the  28th,  the  Boy  Scouts  of 
Ontario  were  reviewed  and  in  the  evening  the  Eoyal  Party  left 
Toronto  for  a  Tour  of  the  West  which  lasted  till  Oct.  21st. 

Following  his  return  to  Ottawa  on  that  date,  the  Duke  left  for  a 
Moose-hunting  expedition  in  the  country  north-west  of  Sudbury 
where,  for  some  days,  he  occupied  Sir  Henry  Pellatt's  lodge.  He  was 
at  Montreal  on  Nov.  18th  dedicating  the  second  largest  floating-ship 
Dock  in  the  world — one  which  already  bore  the  name  of  Connaught. 
In  the  Address  of  the  Harbour  'Commissioners,  presented  by  Major 
G.  W.  Stephens,  it  was  declared  that  "  on  this  site  will  be  constructed 
a  ship-building  plant  capable  of  launching  three  ocean  ships  simul- 
taneously, which  will  add  to  the  power  and  glory  of  Canada  in  her 
desire  to  share  the  responsibilities  of  the  mighty  Empire  to  which  she 
proudly  belongs."  In  replying  the  Duke  said:  "By  the  arrival  and 
installation  of  your  great  floating  dock,  the  great  reproach  against  the 
St.  Lawrence  trade  route  has  been  removed,  and  the  largest  vessels 
can  now  run  up  to  Montreal,  secure  in  the  consciousness  of  entering 
a  port  which  is  in  possession  of  a  competent  modern  equipment  for 
repair  and  examination."  A  visit  was  paid  in  the  afternoon  to  Laval 
University  and  the  Degree  of  D.C.L.  accepted,  together  with  an 
Address  presented  by  Rev.  Canon  Dauth. 

Succeeding  incidents  of  1912  were  the  thoughtful  message  and 
wreath  sent  to  the  funeral  of  Sir  Edward  Clouston  on  Nov.  25th; 
the  election  of  the  Duke  as  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cape 
Town ;  the  Drawing-room  of  Nov.  23rd  held  at  Ottawa  after  the  open- 
ing of  Parliament  by  His  Royal  Highness;  a  visit  to  Montreal  on 
Dec.  10-14.  This  latter  included  the  attendance  of  the  Duke  and 
Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia  at  a  brilliant  Reception  held  by  the 
Mount  Royal  Club;  a  Luncheon  of  the  Montreal  Women's  Canadian 
Club  to  the  Royal  ladies  on  the  12th  and  a  visit  to  the  Hotel  Dieu; 
attendance  at  the  Opera  upon  several  evenings;  a  visit  to  the  Art 
Galleries  where  paintings  by  William  Bremner,  Maurice  Cullen  and 
others  were  on  exhibition,  and  the  purchase  of  several  pictures.  The 
Duchess  and  Princess  were  present  on  the  floor  of  the  House  when 
Mr.  Borden  made  his  Naval  policy  statement. 

Early  in  April,  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  issued  an  appeal  to 
augment  the  Fund  raised  in  1902  by  Lady  Minto  for  the  Victorian 
Order  of  Nurses.  Her  Royal  Highness  pointed  out  that  $500,000 
was  really  needed  for  the  work  which,  in  1911,  included  191  nurses, 
19,992  patients  and  162,373  visits  during  the  year  with  branches  in 
45  places  throughout  Canada.  Subscriptions  were  at  once  received 
and  continued  to  come  in  until  on  Dec.  26th  the  new  Fund  was  closed 
with  $220,000  in  hand.  The  chief  contributors  were  Sir  Henry  Pe'l- 
latt,  Andrew  Carnegie  and  Lord  Mount  Stephen,  $5,000  each;  Sir 


THE  EOYAL  TOUR  OF  THE  WESTERN  PROVINCES  99 

W.  €.  Macdonald  $3,000 ;  Sir  Donald  Mann,  Sir  William  Mackenzie, 
Colonel  A.  E.  Gooderham,  $2,500  each;  Sir  Edward  Clouston  and 
Sir  Edmund  Osier  $2,000  each ;  H.  V.  Meredith,  E.  B.  Angus,  Lady 
Drummond,  H.  S.  Holt  and  Birks  &  Sons,  of  Montreal,  $1,000  each. 
On  Apr.  23rd,  Sir  James  Whitney  announced  in  Toronto  that  H.E.H. 
the  Princess  Patricia  had  given  her  consent  to  the  new  Ontario  Dis- 
trict on  Hudson's  Bay  being  called  by  her  name. 

Especially  important  and  interesting  was  this  por- 
^Boyai        yon  of  the  Eoyal  work  of  the  year.    With  the  Duke  and 

Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia  on  a  journey  during 
Provinces  which  much  was  done  to  remind  Western  people  of 

British  traditions  and  history,  of  loyalty  to  monarchical 
ideals,  of  the  higher  problems  of  nationhood,  were  Miss  E.  Pelly,  Lady- 
in- Waiting  to  H.E.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught;  Miss  C.  Adam, 
Lady-in- Waiting  to  H.E.H.  the  Princess  Patricia;  Lieut.-Col.  H.  C. 
Lowther,  C.M.G.,  M.V.O.,  D.S.O.,  Military  Secretary ;  Capt.  T.  H.  Eivers- 
Bulkeley,  C.M.G.,  M.V.O.,  Comptroller  and  Equerry;  Major  S.  Worth- 
ington,  M.V.O.,  Medical  Officer;  Captain  W.  Long,  D.S.O.,  Aide-de- 
Camp ;  Mr.  W.  E.  Baker,  c.v.o.,  representing  the  C.P.E.,  with  several 
representatives  of  the  British,  American  and  Canadian  Press  Associa- 
tions. Over  8,000  miles  of  travelling  in  train  and  steamer,  over  prairie 
and  mountain,  on  lake  and  river,  was  undertaken  and  an  elaborate 
itinerary  prepared.  The  most  of  the  journey  was  made  in  a  special  and 
beautifully  equipped  train  over  the  lines  of  the  Canadian  Pacific — 
with,  also,  a  run  from  Winnipeg  to  Saskatoon  on  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  and  from  Saskatoon  to  Prince  Albert  and  Edmonton  on  the 
Canadian  Northern.  Constant  publicity,  continuous  travelling, 
innumerable  functions,  cheering  people,  and  the  meeting  of  a  multi- 
tude of  individuals,  were  a  part  of  this  two  months'  Tour. 

It  commenced  with  a  brief  visit  to  Sudbury  on  August  29th.  Here 
the  rail-mills,  blast-furnaces,  pulp  and  paper  mills,  etc.,  of  the  Lake 
Superior  Corporation,  with  the  famous  Canal,  were  inspected  and  a 
Civic  Luncheon  was  given  the  Duke;  a  special  entertainment  was 
tendered  the  Eoyal  ladies  at  the  residence  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  E. 
Talbot,  and  a  State  dinner  held  in  the  evening.  Special  illumina- 
tions and  brilliant  decorations  marked  the  occasion.  The  twin  Cities 
of  Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur  were  reached  on  Aug.  31st,  the 
usual  cordial  reception  given  with  gaily-decorated  streets  and  Civic 
addresses.  At  Port  Arthur,  in  the  morning,  Mayor  Eay  read  an 
Address  to  which  the  Duke  replied  by  urging  the  union  of  the  two 
Cities  and  referring  to  the  greatness  of  their  interests  as  a  national 
port.  "  Should  the  time  ever  come  when  Port  Arthur  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam desire  to  amalgamate  into  one  city  and  should  they  then  desire 
to  take  the  name  of  Oonnaught,  I  can  assure  you  that  it  will  be  a 
source  of  great  satisfaction  to  myself  thus  to  be  identified  with  the 
brilliant  future  which  lies  before  them."  A  concert  by  massed  school- 
children was  held  and  the  Eoyal  party  walked  beneath  a  canopy 
formed  of  flags  held  by  boys  on  one  side  and  girls  on  the  other.  In 
the  afternoon  Fort  William  was  visited — including  the  McKellar  Hos- 


100  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pital  and  the  Ogilvie  Elevator.  Replying  to  the  Address  presented 
by  Mayor  Graham,  His  Royal  Highness  urged  the  closer  union  of 
East  and  West: 

Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur,  the  city  which  competes  with  it, 
occupy  a  position  of  vital  importance  in  the  anatomy  of  the  Dominion,  for 
you  link  together  the  East  and  West.  There  is  for  the  present  a  differ- 
ence of  interests  on  each  side  of  you.  To  the  East  the  manufacturing 
interests  predominate,  while  to  the  West  the  agricultural  interests  are 
paramount.  The  reconciliation  of  such  interests  has  been  one  of  the 
problems  of  statesmen  in  every  country  in  the  world,  but  in  Canada  the 
problem  is  even  more  difficult  of  solution  than  elsewhere  on  account  of 
the  geographical  separation  of  these  interests.  It  is  true  that  the  situa- 
tion is  from  day  to  day  improving,  but  in  the  meantime  it  is  the  duty  of 
everyone  to  contribute  in  every  possible  way  to  the  consolidation  of  the 
Dominion,  and  to  make,  if  necessary,  concessions  to  that  end.  And  that 
is  why,  standing  over  the  threshold  of  the  East  and  West,  and  speaking  to 
both  East  and  West,  I  urge  both  sides  of  this  great  country  to  do  their 
best  to  help  in  every  way  that  work  of  consolidation  which  alone  can 
ensure  for  Canada  her  position  among  the  nations  of  the  world. 

The  visit  to  Winnipeg  was  only  for  a  few  hours  of  Sept.  1st  and 
thence  the  Royal  party  proceeded  to  Saskatoon  passing  through 
Rivers,  Melville,  Ituna,  Watrous  and  Allan  on  the  way  and  being 
everywhere  welcomed  by  cheering  people  and  decorations — of  a  num- 
ber and  nature  dependent  upon  the  size  of  the  place.  Saskatoon  was 
reached  on  the  2nd  when  a  great  crowd  of  local  people  and  visitors 
welcomed  them;  a  procession  followed  which  included  the  Legion  of 
Frontiersmen,  Boy  Scouts  and  detachments  of  the  Mounted  Police 
and  the  29th  Light  Horse ;  an  Address  was  presented  by  Mayor  Clink- 
skill  and  the  foundation  stone  of  St.  John's  Church  laid  by  the  Duke. 
Replying  to  the  Address  His  Royal  Highness  paid  high  compliment 
to  this  remarkable  centre :  "  Saskatoon  is  the  first  city  of  the  true 
West  that  I  have  visited  in  my  official  capacity  as  Governor-General, 
and  here  I  know  that  I  see  a  real  type  of  Western  city,  where  the 
energy  and  the  self-confidence  of  the  early  citizens  have  been  justified 
and  rewarded  by  success,  and  where  they  have  had  the  satisfaction 
of  seeing  a  busy,  thriving  town  standing  on  the  ground  where  they 
pitched  their  tents  but  a  few  short  years  ago." 

Prince  Albert  was  reached  in  the  evening,  after  passing  through 
Rosthern  and  smaller  places,  where  a  cordial  reception  was  given 
while  the  Duke,  in  reply  to  the  Civic  Address  presented,  said  that 
the  Dominion  was  growing  at  so  rapid  a  rate  that  towns  became 
unrecognizable  from  year  to  year — a  condition  which  made  Provin- 
cial and  Municipal  government  increasingly  difficult.  Roddick, 
Warman,  North  Battleford,  Vermilion  and  Lament  were  each  given 
a  brief  stay  en  route  to  Edmonton  where  the  Royal  party  arrived  on 
Sept.  3rd.  Here  the  Governor-General — who  wore  his  Field  Marshal's 
uniform — was  greeted  by  7,000  people  at  the  station,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing drive  through  gaily-decorated  streets  to  the  Court  House, 
where  Mayor  Armstrong  read  an  Address  and  another  was  presented 
to  the  Duchess  by  Mrs.  E.  L.  Hill  and  Mrs.  R.  W.  Cautley  for  the 
Local  Council  of  Women.  In  the  former  document  a  reference  was 


THE  EOTAL  TOUR  OF  THE  WESTERN  PROVINCES  101 

made  which  created  much  discussion  and  as  to  which  the  Mayor  after- 
wards explained  that  the  Address  was  prepared  by  A.  G.  MacKay, 
K.C.,  and  Wm.  Eae — both  prominent  Liberals — and  accepted  by  him 
without  alteration.  An  increase  in  the  British  preference  was  urged 
and  the  following  supposed  reference  to  Reciprocity  made :  "  It  is 
incumbent  upon  us,  if  we  are  true  to  our  best  interests,  to  use  all 
lawful  endeavours  to  enlarge  our  commercial  bounds  in  order  that 
ready  markets  may  be  obtained  for  the  ever-increasing  products  of 
the  soil,  to  the  end  that  our  people  may  know  that  they  are  subject  to 
only  fair  commercial  and  economic  conditions  and  in  order  that  the 
very  best  results  may  be  attained,  for  thus  and  thus  only  shall  con- 
tentment and  loyalty  rest  upon  a  permanent  and  abiding  basis."  The 
Governor-General's  reply  was  brief  and  did  not  refer  to  this  paragraph. 

The  central  event  of  the  visit  was,  however,  the  opening  of  the 
splendid  new  Parliament  Buildings  at  a  brilliant  function  shared  in 
by  the  leading  citizens  of  Alberta.  A  large  Government  Banquet  was 
given  in  the  evening  in  the  Parliament  Buildings  and  on  the  follow- 
ing day  1,500  school  children,  waving  flags  and  singing  patriotic 
songs,  were  reviewed  as  well  as  the  Military  Veterans  and  Boy  Scouts. 
The  Women's  Canadian  Club  held  a  Reception  for  the  Duchess  and 
Princess  Patricia  at  the  residence  of  the  Prime  Minister  (Mr.  Sifton) 
and  there  was  a  Municipal  Reception  at  the  Parliament  Buildings  in 
the  evening.  At  Red  Deer,  on  the  5th,  the  Duke  in  replying  to  the 
loyal  Address  made  some  very  practical  remarks :  "  I  feel  that  mixed 
farming  should  play  a  far  larger  part  than  it  does  in  the  prosperity 
of  the  country,  and  that  it  is  only  by  its  develppment  that  the  cost 
of  living  will  be  kept  within  bounds.  To  grow  grain  alone  is  extremely 
profitable,  and  is,  for  the  time  being,  a  necessity  in  the  West,  for 
capital  must  be  obtained  and  mixed  farming  cannot  be  started  with- 
out capital.  But  an  industry  which  is  dependent  oh  the  annual 
employment  of  thousands  of  casual  labourers,  and  takes  away  continu- 
ally from  the  soil  without  ever  putting  anything  back,  is  not  based  on 
a  foundation  which  makes  in  any  way  for  permanence." 

'Calgary  was  next  reached  after  passing  through  cheering  crowds 
at  Wetaskiwin,  Ponoka  and  Lacombe  and  here,  as  at  Edmonton  and 
Prince  Albert,  heavy  rain  greeted  the  Royal  visitors.  They  were  the 
guests  of  Senator  J.  A.  Lougheed  while  in  Calgary  and  enjoyed  several 
visits  to  the  "  Stampede "  which  was,  in  parades  and  pageants  and 
various  performances,  representative  of  the  Ranching  and  Indian  days 
of  Alberta  life.  Passing  through  splendidly  decorated  streets  to  the 
City  Hall,  the  Duke  received  the  usual  Address  from  Mayor  Mitchell 
and  took  occasion  to  welcome  United  States  settlers  in  Canada: 
"  There  are  around  me,  I  well  know,  a  great  number  of  our  American 
cousins  from  across  the  border,  who  have  been  drawn  here  by  the 
numerous  attractions  presented  by  the  Province  of  Alberta,  and  I 
wish  to  tell  them  that  they  are  very  welcome,  and  that  we  readily 
extend  to  them  the  hand  of  hospitality  which  they  have  extended  to 
our  young  men  in  the  Western  states  during  the  past."  Sept.  6th  was 
taken  up  with  Cowboy  and  Indian  performances,  a  review  of  Boy 


102  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Scouts,  School  Cadets  and  Legion  of  Frontiersmen,  presentation  of 
Certificates  to  graduates  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Music,  acceptance 
by  the  Royal  ladies  of  Addresses  from  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire 
and  Women's  Canadian  Club. 

On  the  7th,  Gleichen  was  visited  by  the  Duke  and  a  motqr  trip 
taken  to  the  Works  of  the  Southern  Alberta  Irrigation  Company. 
The  following  six  days  were  spent  in  Camp  near  Cochrane  with  fish- 
ing as  the  pursuit  and  the  wonderful  scenery  of  the  Rockies  as  a  close 
environment.  A  detachment  of  Royal  North-West  Police  was  in 
attendance.  From  the  13th  to  the  17th  Banff  and  its  splendid  scenery, 
Laggan,  Glacier,  and  Field,  were  visited.  Princess  Patricia  did  some 
painting  during  this  part  of  the  trip.  Lake  Louise  was  seen  together 
with  Lakes  Agnes  and  Mirror  and  other  sights  of  the  Rockies.  The 
Royal  train  was  taken  through  the  Mountains  only  in  daylight  so 
that  nothing  important  would  be  missed  en  route.  Revelstoke,  Kam- 
loops,  Mission  City  and  North  Bend  were  passed  through  on  the  17th 
and  were  gaily  decorated  for  the  flying  visit  of  Royalty. 

On  the  18th  Vancouver  was  reached  in  perfect  weather  and  a 
reception  given  which,  in  decorations,  cheering,  crowds,  illuminations 
and  general  public  interest,  excelled  anything  yet  experienced.  The 
Arches  included  those  of  the  Progress  Club,  Italians,  Indians,  Cana- 
dian Northern,  Japanese,  Chinese,  Germans,  Lumbermen,  Great 
Northern  and  City.  A  procession  through  densely-crowded  streets 
was  followed  by  the  Civic  address  presented  by  Mayor  Findlay.  A 
motor  trip  around  the  City,  a  visit  to  Stanley  Park,  a  call  by  His 
Royal  Highness  upon  Sir  Charles  Tupper  followed,  with  a  Banquet 
in  the  evening  by  the  Duke  of  Connaught's  Own  Rifles.  An  event 
of  the  day  was  the  singing  and  cheering  of  5,000  school-children  at 
one  point  in  the  procession.  The  programme  of  the  following  day 
included  a  Luncheon  tendered  to  the  Duke  by  the  Canadian  Club  and 
attended  by  1,100  members,  with  1,500  ladies  in  the  galleries,  and 
D.  Van  Cramer,  President,  in  the  chair.  In  his  speech  the  Duke  said : 
"  No  Sovereign  ever  had  a  better  knowledge  of  the  vast  Empire  which 
he  rules  than  has  King  George.  In  a  smaller  way  I  also  have  had  an 
advantage  in  serving  throughout  the  different  parts  of  the  Empire. 
There  is  a  strong  Imperial  spirit  springing  up  from  one  corner  of  the 
Empire  to  the  other  and  I  believe  that  it  will  continue  and  grow  more 
and  more  strong." 

In  the  morning  the  Connaught  Bridge  across  False  Creek,  costing 
$1,000,000,  had  been  christened  by  the  Duchess  and  opened  by  the 
Duke  and  a  motor  visit  paid  to  Point  Grey  and  Shaughnessy  Heights. 
The  Royal  party  in  the  afternoon  visited  Brockton  Point  where 
50,000  people  had  gathered  and  the  Duke  reviewed  the  Veteran  organi- 
zations, several  Militia  Regiments,  the  Ambulance  Corps  and  the  Boy 
Scouts.  The  Duchess  and  Princess  received  Addresses  from  the  Local 
Council  of  Women  and  the  Women's  Canadian  Club  together  with  a 
purse  of  gold  for  the  Royal  Victorian  Order  from  the  former  body. 
A  Reception  was  given  in  the  afternoon  by  the  Daughters  of  the 
Empire;  the  Chinese  native-born  residents  of  Vancouver  presented 


THE  ROYAL  TOUR  OF  THE  WESTERN  PROVINCES  103 

an  Address  to  the  Duke;  a  Royal  Reception  was  held  in  the  evening 
at  the  Hotel  Vancouver.  The  third  day  included  the  presentation  of 
medals  and  certificates  to  graduates  of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  at 
the  Labour  Temple;  a  visit  by  His  Royal  Highness  to  Miss  Pauline 
Johnson,  the  Indian  poetess,  and  to  North  Vancouver  in  the  after- 
noon when  an  enthusiastic  reception  was  given  and  an  Address  pre- 
sented by  Mayor  McNeish;  a  motor  ride  by  the  Royal  ladies  to 
Steveston  and  its  salmon  canneries. 

New  Westminster  was  visited  on  the  21st  by  the  Duke  who  received 
an  Address  from  the  City  read  by  Alderman  A.  W.  Gray  and  reviewed 
the  National  Reserve — a  new  Corps  of  Veterans — and  bodies  of  the 
Boy's  Brigade,  Boy  Scouts,  Indian  Chiefs,  Chinese  Boy  Scouts  and 
Army  Veterans.  The  Provincial  Farm  and  new  Insane  Asylum  were 
visited,  the  famous  Fraser  River  Sawmills — the  largest  plant  in  the 
world — inspected,  the  St.  Ann's  Convent  Academy  visited,  and  the 
corner-stone  of  the  new  High  School  laid.  On  the  way  Burnaby 
had  been  briefly  visited  and  amidst  crowds  and  cheers  an  Address 
accepted.  Vancouver  was  left  behind  on  the  22nd  and  a  day  later 
the  Royal  party  landed  at  Prince  Rupert  from  the  C.P.R.  steamer 
Princess  Alice  after  a  voyage  of  500  miles  through  a  varying  panor- 
ama of  islands,  water  and  distant  mountains.  A  Royal  Salute  of  21 
dynamite  blasts,  and  a  fleet  of  decorated  boats,  welcomed  the  visitors. 
Mayor  Newton  presented  the  Civic  Address,  etched  ,with  fire  on  cari- 
bou-skin, and  a  Luncheon  was  accepted  from  the  Canadian  Club  with 
Bishop  DuVernet  in  the  chair  and  400  present.  "  I  have  come/'  said 
the  Duke  "  to  see  men  and  what  men  are  doing."  A  block  was  laid 
by  His  Royal  Highness  to  complete  the  Acropolis  Reservoir,  an 
inscription  plate  was  put  on  the  new  Hospital,  a  Memorial  Tree 
planted  in  the  Park,  a  contest  between  eight  Indian  bands  listened 
to,  and  a  Concert  attended  in  the  evening.  On  the  following  day, 
a  trip  on  the  Mainland  was  taken  and  afterwards  a  large  deputa- 
tion of  Indians  received.  A  cruise  was  then  taken  north  to  the 
Alaska  boundary  with  a  brief  stay  at  Port  Simpson  and  a  pow-wow 
by  the  Duke  with  the  Indians  at  Alert  Bay. 

From  there  the  steamer  went  south  and,  on  Sept.  27th,  Nanaimo, 
on  Vancouver  Island,  turned  out  en  masse  to  welcome  the  Royal 
party.  The  usual  Civic  Address  was  presented  by  Mayor  Shaw,  a 
drive  followed  around  the  City,  and  then  departure  took  place  for 
Victoria.  Here,  the  Royal  party  were  guests  of  His  Honour,  T.  W. 
Paterson,  at  Government  House.  They  arrived  on  the  evening  of 
the  27th  and  were  received  with  much  ceremony  and  the  evidence  of 
strong  popular  interest.  At  the  Parliament  Buildings — close  to  the 
landing  place — an  Address  of  welcome  was  tendered  by  Mayor  Beck- 
.with  and  a  little  later  the  gaily-decorated  City  and  beautiful  Har- 
bour were  brilliantly  illuminated.  The  following  day  was  a  busy  one. 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  of  the  splendid  new  structure  which  was 
being  added  to  the  Parliament  Buildings,  to  house  a  not  less  important 
and  valuable  collection  of  books,  and  which  the  Duke  christened  in 
due  form  as  the  Connaught  Library.  Sir  Richard  McBride,  the 


104  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Premier,  on  this  occasion  presented  a  gold  paper  knife  to  the  Duchess. 

In  the  afternoon,  10,000  people  saw  the  Royal  party  as  they  visited 
the  Victoria  Fair,  inspected  the  varied  annual  Agricultural  and  Fruit 
exhibits  from  all  over  Vancouver  Island,  and  watched  a  polo  match 
between  Kamloops  and  Kelowna.  The  Duke  also  reviewed  the  Boy 
Scouts.  The  corner-stone  of  the  new  Seaman's  Institute  had  been 
previously  laid.  Late  in  the  afternoon  a  demonstration  by  the  British 
Columbia  units  of  the  St.  John's  Ambulance  Association  was  watched 
at  Government  House.  Other  incidents  of  the  visit  were  a  Royal 
Reception  held  at  the  Parliament  Buildings  which  were  decorated  and 
illuminated  in  every  possible  form  of  attractiveness;  an  Address  to 
the  Duchess  presented  by  the  Local  Council  of  Women;  an  inspection 
of  the  Esquimalt  fortifications  and  of  Fort  Camosun,  where  a  number 
of  Devon  people  had  built  up  a  flourishing  suburb  and  from  whom  a 
loyal  Address  was  received;  a  visit  to  the  Central  School  grounds 
where  4,000  children  sang  patriotic  songs ;  a  reception  by  the  Duke  of 
a  delegation  from  the  Industrial  Peace  Association  and  of  300  mem- 
bers of  the  Canadian  Club  at  Seattle,  United  States,  who  came  to 
present  loyal  greetings ;  a  Garden  Party  at  Government  House  and  a 
trip  made  by  His  Royal  Highness  with  the  Lieutenant-Governor  to 
Moresby  Island  for  some  pheasant  shooting;  a  motor  trip  by  the 
Duchess  and  Princess  to  the  logging-camp  of  the  Shawinigan  Lake 
Company  and  a  young  peoples'  dance  at  Government  House  in  honour 
of  the  Princess;  an  informal  visit  to  the  Jubilee  Hospital  and  Alex- 
andra (Women's)  Club. 

On  the  morning  of  Oct.  3rd  the  Royal  party  left  for  New  West- 
minster and  sailed  up  the  Fraser  River  through  hundreds  of  salmon 
fishing  craft  with  thousands  of  people  lining  the  shores.  At  the  Royal 
City  they  were  welcomed  by  Mayor  J.  A.  Lee  and  proceeded  to  the 
Exhibition  ground  by  motors — passing  under  one  Arch  constructed  of 
cans  of  Salmon  surmounted  by  fishermen  in  oilskins.  The  Exhibition 
was  formally  opened  by  the  Duke  in  the  presence  of  15,000  people,  a 
parade  of  live-stock  witnessed,  a  Tree  planted  in  the  grounds  and  then 
the  train  taken  for  Vernon  which  was  reached  on  the  morning  of  the 
4th.  Through  this  part  of  the  trip,  in  the  interior  of  the  Province, 
the  Royal  party  was  accompanied  by  Hon.  Martin  Burrell,  Dominion 
Minister  of  Agriculture.  The  beautiful  Okanagan  Valley  was  seen  at 
its  best.  Leaving  Vernon,  Okanagan  Landing  and  Penticton,  Sum- 
merland  and  Kelowna,  were  seen  and  everywhere  an  enthusiastic 
welcome  was  received.  Decorations,  arches,  loyal  Addresses,  cheering 
crowds  were  conspicuous  elements  of  the  journey.  So  with  the  Koote- 
nay, region  where  Arrowhead,  Robson,  Nelson,  Balfour,  and  Kootenay 
Landing  were  visited  on  the  6th  and  7th  with  trips  on  the  beautiful 
Arrow,  Kootenay  and  Okanagan  Lakes  in  the  C.P.R.  Steamers, 
Okanagan,  Bonnington  and  Moyie.  To  the  Fruit  country  His  Royal 
Highness  gave  some  wise  advice  at  Vernon  (Oct.  4th)  :  "  I  am  aware 
that  there  have  been  occasional  disappointments  in  the  Fruit-growing 
industry,  but  as  a  general  rule  the  individual  cases  of  failure  are  con- 
fined to  persons  who  have  embarked  on  this  highly  scientific  branch 


105 

of  agriculture  without  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  its  requirements,  or 
else  without  enough  capital  to  carry  the  work  through.  A  word  of 
warning  is,  therefore,  advisable — cautioning  the  over-rash  against 
such  temerity — for  by  their  failure  they  do  harm  to  the  Fruit-growing 
industry  as  a  whole."  Of  this  part  of  the  Tour,  Mr.  Burrell  said  to 
the  press  on  Oct.  7th : 

The  Duke's  unfailing  courtesy,  his  untiring  interest  in  everything 
connected  with  the  industries  and  the  progress  of  the  West  and  with  its 
problems,  have  been  deeply  appreciated  by  British  Columbia.  It  was  the 
psychological  moment  for  such  a  visit,  this  being  the  transition  period  of 
things  Imperial.  Unity  and  co-operation  must  be  more  than  mere  phrases 
if  the  work  of  the  Empire  is  to  be  rightly  done.  Duty  is  the  master- 
word  of  the  Duke's  life,  as  it  is  of  the  King's,  and  Western  people  have 
not  failed  to  recognize  this.  They  have  daily  witnessed  his  unselfish  and 
unflagging  efforts  to  promote  the  public  weal  and  the  result  of  this  Tour 
will  be  a  strengthening  of  the  devotion  to  the  Throne  which  has  always 
marked  the  people  of  Canada. 

From  British  Columbia — after  a  visit  to  Cranbrook  on  Oct.  8th — 
the  Eoyal  party  passed  again  into  Alberta.  The  sea-coast  and  moun- 
tains were  replaced  by  ranching  regions  and  level  plains.  At  Macleod 
the  Duke,  after  the  usual  Eeception  and  Address,  took  occasion  to 
say  to  the  large  concourse  of  Americans  who  had  gathered  from  far 
and  wide :  "  I  am  well  aware  that  among  those  whom  I  am  now 
addressing  there  are  a  very  great  proportion  who  were  not  born  under 
the  British  flag.  Most  of  these  will  have  realized  by  now  that  resi- 
dence under  that  flag  implies  no  disabilities;  all  we  ask  is  that  the 
laws  of  Canada  should  be  obeyed.  Our  American  cousins  are  welcome 
from  over  the  border.  Thrice  we  welcome  our  'Canadian  and  British 
brothers  who  return  to  the  Union  Jack  after  living  under  the  Stars 
and  Stripes.  History  is  repeating  itself.  For  many  years  hundreds 
of  young  Britishers  have  sought  fortune  in  the  Western  States;  time 
has  brought  about  a  change,  and  the  tide  has  set  in  the  other  direc- 
tion, bringing  across  the  frontier  numbers  of  our  neighbours  to  whom 
we  are  glad  to  return  hospitalities." 

At  Lethbridge  on  the  10th,  thousands  of  people  welcomed  the 
visitors.  There  was  a  Civic  holiday,  a  loyal  Address,  an  inspection 
of  the  local  Field  Battery,  the  dedication  of  a  Technical  Training 
Institute,  a  visit  to  the  Central  School  where  1,400  children  sang  patri- 
otic songs,  a  motor  ride  around  the  town.  Medicine  Hat  was  reached 
on  the  llth  with  the  usual  crowds  in  attendance.  To  the  Civic 
address  the  Duke  said :  "  My  long  journey  from  Coast  to  Coast  and 
back  again  is  drawing  to  a  close.  I  do  not  pretend  that  it  has  not 
been  sometimes  tiring,  but  any  feelings  of  fatigue  have  always  been 
obliterated  by  the  welcome  we  have  met  with,  and  by  a  sturdy,  virile 
spirit  which  has  shown  itself  among  those  we  have  met  on  our  travels." 
The  corner-stone  of  a  new  Public  School  was  laid.  After  a  brief  stop 
at  Swift  Current,  Moose  Jaw  was  reached  on  the  12th  and  here  the 
dedication  of  the  Boy's  Building  of  the  Saskatchewan  College  took 
place  with  a  notable  reference  by  His  Koyal  Highness  to  the  Boy  Scout 
movement : 


106  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

There  Is  no  doubt  that  the  movement  has  not  found  the  same  exten- 
sion and  healthy  growth  in  this  Province  that  it  has  in  other  parts  of 
Canada.  I  cannot  tell,  at  present,  whether  the  fault  lies  with  the  Pro- 
vincial organization  or  with  the  apathy  or  opposition  of  the  public.  I 
only  know  that  the  results  are  unsatisfactory.  Speaking  not  only  to  those 
present  but  to  all  Saskatchewan  in  my  capacity  as  Chief  Scout  of  the 
Dominion,  as  well  as  in  that  of  Governor-General,  I  ask  you  for  your 
help  and  encouragement  for  this  excellent  movement.  The  ignorant  and 
mischievous  have  sometimes  characterized  it  as  being  a  militarist  scheme. 
Such  a  charge  cannot  be  laid  at  its  doors  unless  it  be  militarism  to  teach 
boys  to  do  good  actions,  to  amuse  themselves  in  a  rational  manner,  to 
show  consideration  -for  others,  to  respect  their  elders  and  those  in 
authority,  and  to  be  healthy.  If  this  be  militarism  it  would  seem  to  be 
a  most  desirable  condition  for  the  youth  of  the  nation. 

A  brilliant  Reception  was  prepared  and  accorded  to  the  Royal  visi- 
tors at  Regina.  Flags,  banners  and  bunting  fluttered  everywhere,  elab- 
orate Arches  had  been  constructed,  cheering  thousands  thronged  the 
streets  from  the  Railway  station  to  the  City  Hall,  and  half-a-dozen 
bands  of  music  at  different  points  along  the  route  mingled  their  strains 
with  the  cheering.  The  Duke  wore  his  Field-Marshal's  uniform, 
which  he  had  worn  only  on  entering  the  capitals  of  the  Provinces  and 
at  the  military  reviews  at  Vancouver  and  Lethbridge,  and  all  the 
members  of  his  Staff  were  in  full  uniform.  At  the  City  Hall  Mayor 
McAra  presented  an  Address  and  in  the  evening,  after  a  State  Dinner 
at  Government  House  given  by  Lieut.-Governor  G.  W.  Brown,  the 
brilliantly  illuminated  and  decorated  Parliament  Buildings  were 
formally  opened  by  the  Duke.  This  was  followed  by  a  Royal  Recep- 
tion attended  by  1,500  people.  Sunday  was  spent  quietly  with  an 
informal  visit  to  the  new  Grey  Nun's  Hospital.  On  the  14th  the 
Collegiate  Grounds  were  visited  under  escort  of  the  16th  Light  Horse 
when  a  great  crowd  of  3,000  children  sang  patriotic  songs;  the  new 
Clergy  House  at  the  Railway  Mission  Chapel  had  its  corner-stone 
laid  by  the  Duke  as  did  a  Home  for  Girls  which  was  to  be  styled  the 
Princess  Patricia  Hostel;  Regina  College  was  formally  opened,  a 
formal  Luncheon  tendered  by  the  Government  at  the  Parliament 
Buildings;  the  Royal  North- West  Mounted  Police  inspected  by  the 
Duke  at  the  Barracks;  and  a  visit  paid  to  Russell  Taber's  Hillcrest 
farm  where  many  high-class  horses  had  been  raised.  Indian  Head 
was  reached  on  the  14th  where  a  Civic  Address  was  accepted,  a  Nelson 
shield — the  gift  of  Lord  Strathcona — presented  by  the  Duke  to  the 
High  School,  a  visit  paid  to  the  Dominion  Experimental  Farm  and 
a  motor  ride  taken  to  File  Hills,  the  Indian  Agency,  and  to  Qu'Appelle 
Lakes.  At  the  latter  point  the  Indian  Industrial  School  was  visited 
and  tea  taken  with  Father  Hugenard.  Broadview,  Sask.,  was  the 
next  place  visited  (Oct.  15th)  with  Brandon  and  Portage  la  Prairie 
in  Manitoba  on  the  following  day.  At  Brandon,  Mayor  Fleming  read 
an  Address,  to  which  the  Duke  replied,  with  an  interesting  reference 
to  the  rapid  development  of  the  West : 

That  development  sometimes  over-runs  what  is  good  for  health  and 
strength  is  as  true  in  the  history  of  a  prosperous  young  country  as  it  is 
in  the  case  of  a  growing  child.  The  discomforts  known  in  a  child  as 


CANADA  AND  BRITISH  AFFAIRS  DURING  1912  107 

growing  pains  are  apparent  in  the  case  of  a  young  country  in  over- 
speculation  and  consequent  temporary  and  local  distress.  The  general 
health  in  both  cases  remains  unimpaired  though  the  pain  may  be  acute. 
That  there  is  a  danger  of  such  over-speculation  in  the  Dominion  is 
undeniable,  but  the  wealth  of  the  country  and  the  energy  of  the  Canadian 
people  are  sufficient  to  minimize  the  harm  that  may  be  done. 

To  Mayor  Garland's  Address  at  Portage,  he  said :  "  I  can  only  assure 
you  that  to  know  Canada  well,  to  understand  its  aspirations,  to  sym- 
pathize with  its  disappointments,  in  fact  to  identify  myself  with  the 
nation  in  every  possible  way,  is  always  my  endeavour,  not  only  as  a 
matter  of  duty,  but  also  as  a  labour  of  love."    The  Royal  party  arrived 
at  Poplar  Point  on  the  16th  and  the  three  days  following  were  spent 
at  Senator  Kirchoffer's  Shooting  Camp  nearby.    Thence  to  Toronto, 
without  stop,  where  His  Royal  Highness,  on  Oct.  21st,  was  the  guest 
at  Luncheon  of  the  Canadian  Club.    It  was  a  brilliant  function  with 
Dr.  A.  H.  IT.  Colquhoun  in  the  chair  and  Lord  Milner,  Sir  James 
Whitney,  Sir  Thomas  Lipton,  Bishop  Sweeny,  Sir  G.  W.  Ross,  Colonel 
G.  T.  Denison,  K  W.  Rowell,  Sir  Henry  Pellatt  and  J.  S.  Willison 
amongst  the  guests.     Mr.  Willison  proposed  the  Governor-General's 
health  and  described  him  as  the  possessor  of  "  the  dignity  of  a  Prince, 
the  sympathy  of  a  democrat  and  the  courtesy  of  an  English  gentle- 
man."   In  his  speech  the  Duke  expressed  pleasure  that  while  Canada 
was  a  democratic  country  it  was  none  the  less  attached  to  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  country  from  which  so  many  of  its  people  had  come.    As 
to  the  West :  "  I  was  inspired  by  the  energy,  the  zeal  for  hard  work, 
and  the  strong,  fine  character  of  the  people.     With  such  an  asset  I 
have  no  misgivings  for  the  future.    The  country  will  go  on  increasing 
in  wealth  and  prosperity.     .     .     .     The  finest  buildings  in  the  West 
are  the  school-buildings  and  the  largest  expenditures  of  money  are 
for  educational  enterprise.     Another  thing  that  struck  me  forcibly 
is  the  strong  and  virile  national  sentiment  which  exists.    So  great  is 
the  interest  of  the  people  generally  that  they  are  ready  to  make  their 
political  views  subservient  to  the  advancement  of  the  country.     .     .     . 
I  rejoice  to  say  that  I  did  not  find  a  feeling  in  favour  of  separation 
from  the  Empire  in  a  single  instance.     From  one  end  of  Canada  to 
the  other,  through  the  Maritime  Provinces,  the  Central  portions  and 
the  West,  there  breathes  the  same  strong  ideal  of  Canadian  individu- 
ality ;  a  Canadian  people  under  the  flag  of  Empire."    The  Royal  party 
arrived  at  Ottawa  on  the  evening  of  the  21st  with  a  completed  record 
of  travel  in  the  12  months  which  the  Duke  had  spent  in  the  Dominion 
of  180,000  miles. 

His  Majesty  the  King  was,  during  this  year,  prom- 
Briti^  Affair  ^nen^  *n  various  matters  as  to  which  Canadians  took 
during  1912  *  great  interest.  The  Royal  visit  to  India  and  the  politi- 
cal changes  which  accompanied  that  event  were  keenly 
canvassed  and  were  followed  by  a  message  to  Their  Majesties  from 
the  Canadian  Government  on(  returning  from  the  Eastern  Empire. 
The  King's  reply  (Feb.  6th)  was  as  follows:  "From  the  happy 
experience  of  past  visits  to  the  Dominion  I  am  confident  that  my 


108  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Canadian  subjects  are  inspired  by  the  same  feelings  of  loyalty  and 
affection  as  those  which  have  been  so  strikingly  evinced  toward  us 
by  the  peoples  of  India.  GEOEGE  E.  I."  Other  incidents  included  the 
opening  of  the  King  George  Fifth  Institute  for  Fishermen  at  St. 
John's,  Newfoundland,  by  a  cabled  message  from  the  King  on  July 
loth ;  the  story  that  the  King  and  Queen  might  visit  Canada  to  open 
the  Transcontinental  Bailway  in  1914  or  to  share  in  the  projected 
Peace  Centenary  Celebrations  of  that  year;  the  presentation  of  a 
Flag  from  the  King  to  a  Winnipeg  troop  of  Boy  Scouts  on  Mch.  29th ; 
the  conferring  of  the  Albert  Medal  upon  Lord  Strathcona  and  a  Medal 
of  the  2nd  Class  upon  Edward  Bell  for  gallantry  during  the  fire  in 
the  Porcupine  region ;  the  incident  of  May  7-10th  when  His  Majesty 
took  personal  command  of  a  British  fleet  for  evolutions  and  practice — 
the  first  occurrence  of  the  kind  since  the  days  of  Edward  IIJ;  the 
King's  message  of  sympathy  to  the  people  of  Eegina  in  connection 
with  the  tornado  of  June  30th. 

Much  was  written  in  Canada  during  the  year  about  the  late  King 
Edward  and  the  Biography  by  Sir  Sidney  Lee,  with  Edward  Legge's 
volume  and  reply,  were  widely  discussed.  In  Montreal,  arrangements 
were  completed  for  a  Memorial  to  the  late  King  with  $64,664  col- 
lected up  to  March  20th  by  a  Committee  of  which  Sir  Thomas 
Shaughnessy  was  President  and  George  Hadrill  Secretary,  with  a 
design  by  Phillipe  Hebert,  C.M.G.,  accepted.  In  Toronto  a  King 
Edward  Memorial  Fund  for  Consumptives  was  initiated  by  W.  J.  Gage, 
who  had  already  done  much  to  aid  consumptives,  and  largely  sub- 
scribed to — some  of  the  chief  donors  being  the  City  of  Toronto  $200,- 
000,  Lord  Strathcona  $125,000,  W.  J.  Gage  $110,000,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
E.  W.  Prittie  $28,000,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  C.  Hardy  of  Brockville 
$25,000 ;  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie,  J.  W.  McConnell,  Montreal,  Chester  D. 
Massey,  F.  B.  Eobins,  E.  E.  Wood,  $10,000  each  and  the  Poster 
Advertising  Association  $8,000;  A.  E.  Ames,  Christie  Brown  &  Co., 
Ltd.,  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  Canadian  Northern  By.,  W.  S. 
Detlor,  Napanee,  D.  A.  Dunlop,  W.  Davies,  J.  &  W.  A.  Firstbrook, 
W.  G.  Gooderham,  W.  P.  Gundy,  Dr.  J.  L.  Hughes,  H.  H.  Love, 
E.  Mulholland,  Sir  Donald  Mann,  Denton  Massey,  Massey-Harris 
Co.,  Ltd.,  McLaughlin  Carriage  Co.,  Ltd.,  Oshawa,  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt, 
Lieut.-Col.  A.  G.  Peuchen,  Wm.  Thomson,  Orillia,  W.  G.  Tretheway, 
Mrs.  Lillian  Treble  Massey,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Crabbe,  $5,000  each;  A.  E. 
Denison,  B.  H.  Fairweather,  Garnet  P.  Grant,  Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  C.  H. 
Willson,  $2,500  each;  ^Emilius  Jarvis  and  John  Northway  $2,000 
each,  with  28  individual  subscriptions  of  $1,000  each.  A  King 
Edward  Memorial  Fountain  was  unveiled  at  Burlington  on  May  3rd 
and  another  at  Vancouver  on  May  15th. 

Empire  Day  had  its  ever-increasing  celebration.  In  the  Standard 
of  Empire  on  May  24th  messages  were  published  from  the  Canadian 
Premier,  Colonel  the  Hon.  S.  Hughes,  Lord  Strathcona,  Sir  T. 
Shaughnessy  and  Sir  Gilbert  Parker.  Mr.  Borden  was  concise  and 
emphatic :  "  The  people  of  Canada  to  whom  the  development  of  half 
a  continent  has  been  entrusted,  are  not  unmindful  of  their  great 


CANADA  AND  BEITISH  AFFAIRS  DURING  1912  109 

responsibility.  That  responsibility  is  undertaken  with  a  firm  deter- 
mination to  maintain  the  lofty  traditions  of  British  liberty  and  jus- 
tice, to  develop  their  resources  in  the  interests  of  the  whole  nation,  to 
justify  the  right  of  the  people  to  govern  themselves  and  to  strengthen 
the  ties  which  unite  Canada  to  the  Empire."  The  Earl  of  Meath 
published  his  usual  appeal  for  support  and  was  heralded  as  the 
Father  of  the  Movement  though  history  will  probably  describe  Sir 
George  W.  Eoss  of  Toronto  by  that  title,  with  Mrs.  Clementina  Fes- 
senden  of  Hamilton  as  an  enthusiastic  second,  and  Lord  Meath  as  first 
in  England  though  following  upon  Canadian  initiative.*  All  the 
centres  of  all  the  Dominions  and  countries  of  the  Empire  celebrated 
or  marked  the  day  in  one  way  or  another.  A  typical  incident,  per- 
haps, was  an  address  to  High  School  girls  in  Quebec  by  Bishop  Julius 
of  New  Zealand. 

A  personal  development  of  the  year  was  the  continued  interest 
of  Earl  Grey  in  Canadian  affairs.  Elected  in  January  as  Chairman 
of  the  new  British  Bank  of  Northern  Commerce  with  its  capital  of 
$10,000,000  ($5,000,000  subscribed)  he  received  on  Jan.  23rd  the 
Freedom  of  London  amidst  conditions  of  stately  ceremony  and  public 
eulogy  of  his  services  to  Canada  and  the  Empire.  During  his  address 
the  following  statement  was  made :  "  It  is  my  firm  conviction,  borne 
in  upon  me  by  my  happy  experience  of  seven  years  of  intimate  rela- 
tionship with  the  Canadian  people,  that  all  parties  in  Canada  are 
equally  loyal  to  the  Empire  and  the  Crown.  I  consider  myself  sin- 
gularly fortunate  in  that  my  official  connection  with  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  was  at  a  time  of  remarkable  economic  and  material  develop- 
ment and  of  a  growing  realization  of  the  privilege  they  possess  as  an 
integral,  and  in  time  to  come  a  controlling,  portion  of  the  Empire. 
The  day  is  approaching  when  Canadians  will  be  ready,  as  self-govern- 
ing subjects  of  the  Crown,  to  assume  the  full  status  of  partners  in  the 
responsibilities  and  obligations,  as  well  as  in  the  privileges  of  Empire." 

A  little  later  Lord  Grey  accepted  the  Presidency  of  the  Eoyal 
Colonial  Institute  and  immediately  took  steps  to  largely  increase  its 
membership  and  influence.  He  presided  at  the  first  annual  Empire 
Day  Banquet  of  the  Institute  in  London  when  cables  were  received 
from  gatherings  at  Sydney,  Melbourne  and  Brisbane  in  Australia; 
Buluwayo,  Pietermaritzburg  and  Johannesburg  in  South  Africa; 
Toronto  and  Montreal  in  Canada;  Ceylon,  Seychelles,  Bermuda  and 
Bahamas.  This  London  banquet  and  the  one  at  Toronto  attended  by 
the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Connaught  and  the  Princess  Patricia  and 
that  at  Sydney  presided  over  by  Lord  Chelmsford,  the  State  Governor, 
were  perhaps  the  most  important.  At  the  London  function  the 
speeches  of  Dr.  G.  E.  Parkin  of  Canada  and  Sir  Arthur  Lawley  from 
India  were  the  most  inspiring.  Speaking  on  Feb.  22nd  in  aid  of  the 
Western  Canada  Church  Mission  Fund  Lord  Grey  said  that  Western 
Canada  to-day  wanted  men  who  made  the  Church  a  centre  of  social, 
artistic,  and  industrial  life.  They  did  not  want  frills  and  formali- 

*  NOTE. — See  Origin  of  Empire  Day,  a  Pamphlet  by  J.  Castell  Hopkins, 
issued  in  1910. 


110  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ties.  They  wanted  Churchmen  to  be  free  from  the  British  way  of 
condescending  and  patronizing  superiority.  On  July  5th,  Lord  Grey 
was  in  South  Africa  unveiling  the  Rhodes  Memorial. 

The  question  of  cheaper  Cables  was  much  discussed  during  the 
year.  Mr.  Archer  Shee,  M.P.  for  Finsbury,  was  in  Ottawa  on  Feb. 
3rd  and  saw  Messrs.  Foster  and  Pelletier  of  the  Government  in  con- 
nection with  the  Empire  state-owned  Cable  project.  Mr.  Samuel,  the 
British  Postmaster-General,  stated  in  the  Commons  on  Apl.  2nd  that 
he  was  aware  of  the  general  desire  in  Canada  for  cheaper  and  easier 
Imperial  communications.  Since  the  Imperial  Conference  of  1911 
there  had  been  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent,  in  non-urgent  messages  in 
plain  language,  a  possible  reduction  in  press  telegrams  and  a  large 
reduction  for  deferred  or  cable  letters.  "  I  do  not  wish  to  regard 
these  reductions  as  final,  but  I  cannot  see  my  way  to  demand  further 
reductions  at  present.  Any  Company  coming  forward  to  lay  a  cable, 
owned  by  British  subjects,  between  Canada  and  the  United  Kingdom, 
either  with  a  reduced  tariff  or  at  the  rates  in  force,  would  be  welcomed 
by  the  Government,  but  they  are  not  prepared  to  grant  a  subsidy  for 
the  formation  of  such  a  Company."  Toward  the  close  of  the  year, 
however,  and  following  the  visit  of  Mr.  Pelletier  to  England,  still 
further  reductions  were  announced  on  Sept.  10th.  In  one  class  of 
message  the  cost  was  reduced  by  25  per  cent.,  and  in  other  classes  by 
about  20  per  cent.  There  was  also  a  great  acceleration  of  the  service 
as  regards  messages  sent  under  the  cheaper  rates  and  still  further 
facilities  were  offered  Press  messages. 

An  important  change  in  British  policy  occurred  on  Sept.  17th  in 
the  announcement  from  Ottawa  as  to  the  conclusion  of  an  arrange- 
ment between  Sir  Edward  Grey,  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  Hon.  Geo.  E.  Foster,  Canadian  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce, 
by  which  the  whole  British  Consular  service  was  rendered  available 
to  Canadian  business  men.  Mr.  Foster  had  been  working  at  the  plan 
all  Summer.  After  careful  investigation  he,  early  in  May,  passed 
through  the  Cabinet  an  Order-in-Council  which  formed  the  basis  of 
the  agreement.  The  Order-in-Council  after  giving  a  digest  of  the 
British  Consular  system,  and  describing  its  completeness  and  excel- 
lence, observed  that  much  of  the  information  collected  by  British 
Consuls  would  be  of  use  to  Canadian  business  interests  and  that  the 
British  Consulates  scattered  over  the  world  should  also  be  kept  sup- 
plied with  the  latest  information  respecting  Canada.  During  his  visit 
to  England,  Mr.  Foster  carried  on  negotiations  with  Sir  Edward  Grey 
and  the  final  arrangement  was  as  follows : 

1.  The  Foreign  Office  agrees  to  furnish  the  Department  of  Trade  and 
Commerce  with  copies  of  all  trade  reports  from  its  Consular  officers,  as 
soon  as  they  are  published,  from  any  districts  which  may  be  specified  by 
Canada  as  of  interest  to  Canadian  trade. 

2.  Any  Canadian  firms  or  business  men  will  be  at  liberty  to  apply 
direct  to  any  of  His  Majesty's  Consuls  in  any  part  of  the  world  for  infor- 
mation as  to  the  sale  of  Canadian  products,  methods  of  business  pursued, 
and  the  best  means  of  getting  in  touch  with  markets.    Persons  so  enquir- 
ing will  receive  all  possible  assistance. 


CANADA  AND  BRITISH  AFFAIRS  DURING  1912  111 

3.  His  Majesty's  Consuls  will  be  supplied  through  the  Foreign  Office 
with  statements  of  Canada's  commerce,  resources  and  development,  with 
lists  of  the  principal  industries  and  sources  of  supply,  and  the  questions 
upon  which  Canadian  merchants  and  manufacturers  desire  information. 

4.  Canadian  Trade  Commissioners  will  have  full  liberty  to  apply  to 
His  Majesty's  Consuls  for  assistance  and  advice  in  trade  matters.    Special 
trade  representatives  sent  out  by  Canada  to  study  and  report  will  have 
the  advantage  of  the  personal  assistance  of  the  Consular  staff;  they  will 
be  supplied  with  interpreters  and  will  be  introduced  to  the  principal  offi- 
cials and  merchants,  foreign  and  native,  of  the  country  they  may  be 
visiting. 

5.  Office  room  in  British  Consulates  will  be  afforded  to  Canadian  Com- 
mercial representatives  when  it  is  possible  and  convenient  to  arrange 
therefer. 

6.  Members  of  the  Canadian  Commercial  Service  will  be  eligible  for 
selection  for  and  entrance  to  the  British  Consular  Service  on  the  terms 
and  conditions  applicable  to  other  entrants  thereto,  subject  to  the  regula- 
tions of  the  British  Government  in  carrying  on  its  Service. 

An  incident  of  the  year  was  Sir  William  Mackenzie's  interview  in 
the  London  Standard,  on  July  25th,  when  he  reviewed  the  Imperial 
situation  in  general  and  declared  himself  in  this  connection  an  optim- 
ist. "A  strong  Canada  and  a  strong  Australia  do  not  mean  a  dis- 
united Empire,  but  an  Empire  that  is  strengthened  and  knit  together 
by  the  vigorous  children  of  the  Motherland."  He  believed  in  repre- 
sentation :  "  My  idea  is  that  England,  in  the  same  way  as  the  other 
countries  of  the  Empire,  should  have  a  Local  Parliament  to  look  after 
her  own  purely  domestic  affairs,  and  that  there  should  be  a  separate 
Imperial  Parliament  to  look  after  Imperial  affairs  such  as  the  Navy, 
for  instance,  and  the  question  of  Empire  defence  generally."  Pre- 
ferential tariffs  were  also  supported.  "  Twenty  years  ago  when  I  first 
came  to  England  not  one  person  in  a  thousand  believed  in  anything 
but  cast-iron  Free  Trade.  And  now  nearly  everybody  I  meet  seems 
to  favour  Imperial  Preference,  allied,  as  it  must  be,  with  a  tariff 
against  foreign  imports." 

The  Wolfe  Monument  Fund  organized  by  F.  C.  Wade,  K.C.,  of 
Vancouver  to  erect  a  Canadian  memorial  of  General  Wolfe  at  or  near 
his  birthplace  in  Greenwich,  England,  made  good  progress  during  the 
year.  To  it  the  citizens  of  Vancouver  had  contributed  by  the  close 
of  1912  over  $6,100,  those  of  Winnipeg  $4,300,  those  of  Toronto 
$3,000,  and  other  individuals  $1,000  with  $500  each  from  Lord  Strath- 
cona  and  Lord  Northcliffe.  The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury's  Western 
Canada  Church  Fund  continued  to  receive  contributions  and  at  a 
meeting  on  Feb.  23rd  in  London  it  was  announced  that  £57,000  or 
$285,000,  had  been  raised.  Negotiations  were  underway  during  the 
year  between  the  Canadian  Government  and  certain  British  and 
Canadian  Transportation  Companies  for  the  operation  of  a  fast 
Atlantic  Steamship  Line  but  nothing  was  arranged  although  there 
were  many  rumours.  On  Nov.  15th  it  was  announced  that,  in  pur- 
suance of  powers  conferred  by  the  Imperial  Parliament,  the  pro- 


112  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

moters  of  the  enterprise  which  had  Black-Sod  Bay,  Ireland,  as  its 
base,  had  entered  into  a  contract  for  the  construction  of  a  railway 
and  harbour  at  that  point  and  that  the  contractors  expected  to  com- 
plete the  work  in  about  two  years. 

A  Canadian  Chamber  of  Commerce  was,  during  January,  estab- 
lished in  London  for  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  Anglo- 
Canadian  trade  and  commerce,  the  safe-guarding  of  Canadian  credit, 
the  development  of  Canadian  industries  by  British  capital,  and  the 
furtherance  of  Canadian  interests  in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  Hon. 
J.  H.  Turner,  Agent-General  for  British  Columbia,  was  appointed 
Chairman  and  many  leading  Canadians  in  the  Metropolis  joined  the 
Council.  The  annual  Banquet  of  the  Canada  Club  in  London  on 
Dec.  4th  was  notable  for  an  eloquent  address  from  the  Chairman, 
G.  McLaren  Brown,  C.P.R.  representative  in  England.  Sir  J.  P. 
Whitney  and  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  of  Canada  also  spoke.  A  problem 
affecting  India  and  British  policy  in  the  East  was  revived  in  public 
discussion  during  1912  when  the  Sikhs  of  British  Columbia  tried 
once  more  to  obtain  the  right  of  free  entry  for  their  female  relations 
and  amelioration  in  the  general  regulations  as  to  Oriental  immigra- 
tion. The  Revd.  Dr.  Wilkie  put  the  matter  before  the  Women's  Cana- 
dian Club,  Toronto,  as  follows  on  Feb.  16th:  "  Our  King  and  Queen 
went  out  to  India  to  show  the  people  that  they  are  one  with  us,  while 
we  in  Canada  are  trying  to-day  to  show  them  that  they  are  not  fit  to 
associate  with  us.  England  only  holds  India  through  that  people's 
confidence  in  her  justice  and  fair  play,  and  it  is  useless  to  belittle  the 
unrest  in  the  face  of  actual  experiences."  The  same  Club  heard  H.  H. 
Stevens,  M.P.  for  Vancouver,  on  the  other  side  (Feb.  17th)  while  Dr. 
Sunder  "Singh,  a  leader  amongst  the  Sikhs  pf  British  Columbia,  visited 
Toronto,  Ottawa  and  other  centres  on  behalf  of  his  people.  Two 
Hindu  women  immigrants  were  admitted  during  the  year,  by  special 
arrangement,  after  long  delays,  various  Court  trials  and  the  sending 
of  a  Special  Government  Commissioner  from  Ottawa. 

Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  announcement  that  after 
Australia  had  come  into  the  Penny  Postage  system  only  Pitcairn 
Island,  in  the  entire  British  Empire,  now  remained  outside ;  the  state- 
ment that  during  1911  the  weight  of  British  newspapers,  magazines, 
etc.,  sent  to  Canada  had  increased  from  3,836,000  Ibs.  to  4,747,000 
Ibs. ;  the  gathering  of  the  Clan  Maclean  in  the  Island  of  Mull — includ- 
ing W.  F.  Maclean,  M.P.,  of  Toronto — and  the  formal  establishment 
of  its  Chief,  Sir  Fitzroy  Maclean,  Bart.,  in  the  historic  home  of  his 
race  at  Duart  Castle;  the  permission  of  the  King  to  the  Society  of 
Knights  Bachelor,  of  which  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  Toronto,  was  Presi- 
dent, to  change  its  name  to  that  of  the  Imperial  Society  of  Knights ; 
the  decision  of  the  British  Government  to  link  up  the  Empire  by 
Wireless  Telegraphy,  the  expenditure  of  £500,000  for  that  purpose, 
and  an  arrangement  with  Mr.  Marconi;  the  Banquet  given  by  the 
Canada  Club,  London,  on  Feb.  8th  in  honour  of  Sir  Thomas  Skinner 
and  his  elevation  to  a  Baronetcy. 


CANADA  AND  BRITISH  AFFAIRS  DURING  1912  113 

Some  purely  British  facts  of  Empire  interest  may  also  be  men- 
tioned. The  wealth  of  Britain,  according  to  F.  W.  Hirst  of  The 
Economist,  was  in  1816  $10,400,000,000  with  a  population  of  19,000,- 
000;  in  1850  it  was  $22,564,000,000  and  the  population  27,000,000; 
in  1885  the  wealth  was  $50,185,000,000  and  the  population  37,500,- 
000;  in  1909  the  figures  were,  respectively,  $88,725,000,000  and 
45,000,000.  The  Assets  of  British  banks  in  1911  were  £1,256,572,000 
or  over  $6,280,000,000,  and  the  Bank  of  England  remained  the  strong- 
est Bank  in  the  world  with  total  Assets  of  $540,000,000  and  a  Stock 
value  of  $176,000,000;  the  Coal  Miners'  Strike  of  Feb.  29-Apl.  6th 
resulted  in  an  expenditure  of  $9,970,000  out  of  the  Union  funds  and 
an  estimated  loss  to  British  trade  of  $65,000,000;  the  population  of 
the  Empire,  as  announced  in  1912  from  the  new  Census,  was  414,100,- 
000  of  which  the  United  Kingdom  had  45,000,000,  the  Dominions 
19,100,000  and  the  rest  of  the  Empire  350,000,000;  the  Stock 
Exchange  wealth  of  the  United  Kingdom  was  at  the  end  of  1910 
£27,406,000,000. 

The  British  and  Imperial  obituary  of  the  year  included  Henry 
Labouchere  on  Jan.  16tn;  the  Duke  of  Fife,  brother-in-law  of  the 
King,  and  for  many  years  Director  of  the  British  South  Africa  Com- 
pany, on  Jan.  29th;  Lord  Stanmore,  well-known  around  the  Empire 
as  <Sir  Arthur  Hamilton-Gordon  and  as  Governor  of  New  Brunswick, 
Trinidad,  New  Zealand  and  Ceylon  at  different  times,  on  Jan.  30th; 
Joseph,  Lord  Lister,  O.M.,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  the  famous  leader  of  modern 
surgery,  on  Feb.  10th;  Field  Marshal  Sir  George  Stuart  White,  v.c., 
the  Hero  of  Ladysmith,  on  June  24th;  Andrew  Lang,  scholar,  poet, 
critic  and  historian,  on  July  21st;  the  Hon.  Eichard  E.  O'Connor, 
Supreme  Court  of  Australia,  on  Nov.  20.  British  Honours  and 
Appointments  of  an  Empire  nature  and  interest  were  in  1912,  as 
follows : 

Lord   High   Chancellor Viscount  HalcLane  of  Cloan. 

Secretary  of  State  for  War Colonel  J.  E.  B.  Seely,  D.S.O.,  M.P. 

Member  of  the  Cabinet Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Rufus  Isaacs,  K.C.V.O.,  K.c. 

Knight  of  the  Garter Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Grey,  M.P. 

Commander    of    the    Troops    in    South 

Africa    General  Sir  Reginald  Hart. 

General    (Honorary    rank)    in    British 

Army     Rt.  Hon.  Louis  Botha. 

Baronet     Lionel  Phillips    M.L.A.,  of  South  Africa. 

Baronet     John  Henniker  Heaton,  M.P.,  of  London. 

K.Q.B Lieut-General  Sir  E.  T.  H.  Hutton,  K.C.M.O. 

Ambassador  to  Japan Sir  W.  Conyngham  Greene,  K.C.B. 

Ambassador  to  the  United  States Sir  Cecil  Spring-Rice,  o.c.v.o. 

Naval  Commander-dn-Chief,  Plymouth .  Vice- Admiral  Sir  G.  Le  C.  Egerton. 

Naval  Chief  of  the  War  Staff Vice-Admiral  Sir  H.  B.  Jackson. 

Commander  of  the  Royal  Naval  War 

College     Rear- Admiral  Hon.  Sir  A.  E.  Bethell. 

Commanding     Coast-guard     and     Re- 
serves     Vice- Admiral  A.  M.  Farquihar. 

Commander-in-Qhief,    China    Rear-Admiral  T.  H.  M.  Jerram. 

Commander-ln-CWef,   Bast  Indies Rear- Admiral  Richard  H.  Peirae. 

Commanding  2nd  Cruiser  Squadron . . .  Rear-Admiiral  P.  Q.  D.  Sturdee. 

Comimander-in-Chief,     Cape     of     Good 

tlope    Rear- Admiral  H.  G,  King-Hall. 

Commanding  1st  Cruiser  Squadron Rear- Admiral  David  Beatty. 

8 


114  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  situation  in  this  respect  underwent  very  great 
iMuttowi  changes  in  1912.  In  Parliament  on  Jan.  10th,  papers 
with  the*  were  tabled  respecting  negotiations  for  improved  trade 
we*t  mole*  relations  between  Canada,  the  British  West  Indies,  and 
British  Guiana.  It  was  stated  that  the  recommenda- 
tions of  the  Royal  Commission  of  1910*  had  been  accepted  in  prin- 
ciple by  all  the  West  Indian  Legislatures  with  the  exception  of 
Grenada,  Jamaica,  Honduras,  Bermuda  and  Bahamas  whose  condi- 
tions were  separately  treated  in  the  Report.  The  terms  of  the  pro- 
posed Conference  of  these  Colonies  with  Canada  were  discussed  and 
a  scheme  outlined  by  the  Colonial  Secretary.  In  the  Commons,  on 
Jan.  26th,  the  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley  (Lib.)  brought  up  the  question  of 
these  negotiations,  of  the  Steamship  service  between  St.  John  and  the 
Islands,  and  of  possible  arrangements  with  Australia.  He  described 
the  Opposition  as  being  in  sympathy  with  any  development  of  closer 
trade  relations  and  Preferential  Treaties  within  the  Empire.  The 
Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce  (Mr.  Foster)  pointed  out  that  the 
three  things  which  were  now  under  consideration  were  improved 
steamship,  telegraphic,  or  cable,  communication  and  improved  trade 
relations.  "  For  a  number  of  years  Canada  has  given  to  the  West 
Indian  Islands  a  large  preference  which  has  met  with  generous  appre- 
ciation in  the  Islands  and  which,  they  acknowledge,  has  been  a  help 
to  the  West  Indies  in  various  ways  and  particularly  in  reference  to  the 
encouragement  of  their  sugar  industries." 

Jamaica  did  not  send  a  Delegate  to  the  Ottawa  Conference.  The 
interests  of  the  Island  were  supposed  to  be  so  tied  up  commercially 
and  fiscally  with  the  United  States;  there  was  such  a  large  inter- 
change of  trade  and  so  much  American  money  invested  in  Jamaica; 
that  its  business  interests  were  afraid  of  any  dislocation  in  trade 
channels  and  of  any  fiscal  hostility  or  action  by  the  United  States. 
Negotiations  for  better  steamship  facilities  were,  however,  kept  under- 
way. Some  American  action  was  taken  to  make  the  Islanders,  in 
general,  fear  United  States  policy.  The  New  York  Produce  Exchange 
in  March  endeavoured  to  stir  up  feeling  along  this  line  and  issued  a 
circular  declaring  that :  "  The  flour  trade  with  the  West  Indies  is  very 
important  to  these  markets  and  it  would  be  foolish  to  stand  by  idly 
and  see  it  going  away  if  we  have  at  hand  some  weapon  to  prevent  it. 
The  United  States  offers  an  immense  market  for  West  Indian  produce, 
a  market  more  important  to  them  than  that  offered  by  Canada  and  it 
ought  to  be  possible  to  make  an  effective  protest."  United  States 
business  representatives  in  a  private  campaign  warned  merchants  and 
others  in  the  various  Islands  that  they  might  find  themselves  face  to 
face  with  hostile  legislation  along  tariff  lines  if  they  went  into  an 
agreement  with  Canada. 

Canadian  interests  were  also  active.  The  Royal  Bank  and  the 
Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  had  a  large  number  of  branches  in  the  British 
West  Indies  and  their  influence  was  considerable.  Mr.  T.  B.  Macaulay 
of  Montreal,  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  the  complete  union  of  the 

•  NOTE. — See  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW  for  1910. 


CANADIAN  KELATIONS  WITH  THE  WEST  INDIES  115 

Islands  with  Canada,  did  good  service,  also,  in  the  trade  connection. 
On  Feb.  13th,  in  addressing  a  public  meeting  at  Nassau,  Bahamas, 
he  assured  the  people  that  Canada  was  ready  to  discuss  the  question 
of  either  commercial  or  political  union  with  them.  The  Canadian 
West  Indian  League  was  organized  at  Montreal  with  Sir  T.  G.  Shaugh- 
nessy,  Sir  H.  M.  Allan  and  iSir  Alex.  Lacoste  as  Honorary  officials, 
Mr.  Macaulay  as  President,  E.  P.  Mousir  as  Secretary  and  the 
Canada-West  India  Magazine  as  an  official  organ.  The  total  trade 
of  the  Dominion  with  these  Islands  in  1893  (including  Bermuda) 
was  $3,109,233,  in  1903  $4,015,086  and  in  1911  (excluding  Bermuda) 
$10,582,652 — obviously  a  growing  trade.  The  imports  of  Canada  from 
the  Islands  in  1893  (merchandize)  were  $1,262,905  and  the  exports 
(merchandize)  $1,818,604;  in  1903  they  were,  respectively,  $1,829,330 
and  $2,184,833;  in  1911  they  were  $6,469,382  and  $4,113,270  respec- 
tively. Of  the  latter  year's  imports  into  Canada  the  chief  items  were 
fruits,  sugar  and  molasses;  the  chief  exports  were  grain,  wheat,  flour, 
drugs,  dyes  and  chemicals,  fish,  provisions,  wood  and  its  manufactured 
articles.  The  trade  of  the  Islands,  and  Barbados,  was  as  follows  in 
1910-11: 

Total  Imports.  Total  Exports.       Total  Trade. 

Barbados   £1,345,193  £1,088,829  £2,434,022 

Jamaica 2,614,943  2,568,221  5,183,164 

Grenada 279,368  291,760  571,128 

St    Lucia    277,207  238,954  516,161 

St.  Vincent 97,737  101,179  198,916 

Trinidad     3,343,011  3,467,588  6,810,599 

Leeward  Islands 541,713  537,832  1,079,545 

Bahamas    329,014  193,803  522,817 

British   Guiana    1,749,766  1,820,198  3,569,964 

Total     £10,577,952  £10,308,364  £20,886,316 

Total     $52,889,760  $51,541,820  $104,431,580 

From  March  27th  to  Apr.  9th,  when  an  Agreement  was  signed, 
the  following  representatives  of  the  Islands  discussed  with  Hon.  G.  E. 
Foster,  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  Min- 
ister of  Finance,  and  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid,  Minister  of  Customs  at  Ottawa, 
the  relations  of  the  Dominion  and  the  Islands:  H.  B.  Walcott,  Col- 
lector of  Customs,  Trinidad;  J.  M.  Eeid,  Comptroller  of  Customs, 
British  Guiana;  Dr.  W.  K.  Chanler,  C.M.G.,  Master-in-Chaacery,  Bar- 
bados; E.  J.  Cameron,  C.M.G.,  Administrator,  St.  Lucia;  F.  W.  Grif- 
fith, Supervisor  of  Customs,  St.  Vincent;  W.  D.  Auchinleck,  i.s.o., 
Auditor-General,  Antigua;  T.  L.  Roxburgh,  C.M.G.,  Administrator, 
St.  Kitts;  W.  H.  Porter,  i.s.o.,  Treasurer,  Dominica;  Lieut.-Col. 
W.  B.  Davidson-Houston,  C.M.G.,  Commissioner,  Montserrat.  Repre- 
sentatives of  various  commercial  bodies  in  the  Islands  were  also  present 
in  an  advisory  capacity.  Of  the  localities  represented  British  Guiana, 
Barbados,  Antigua  and  St.  Kitts-Nevis  were  purely  sugar-produc- 
ing countries;  Trinidad  possessed  asphalt,  mandrake,  oil,  cocoa  and 
sugar;  St.  Lucia,  cocoa,  with  sugar  as  a  secondary  consideration; 
St.  Vincent,  arrowroot  and  sugar;  Dominica  and  Montserrat,  fruit 
of  all  kinds — limes  principally. 

The  Delegates  were  informally  received  by  the  Canadian  Prime 
Minister  on  Mar.  28th  and  the  formal  sessions  of  the  Conference  com- 
menced on  Apl.  1st.  At  a  Dinner  given  by  H.R.H.  the  Governor- 


116  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

General  in  the  evening,  the  Duke  welcomed  the  delegates  on  behalf 
of  Canada.  He  recalled  a  mission  by  Hon.  Mr.  Foster  to  the  Islands 
22  years  before  and  indicated  the  difference  in  conditions  since  that 
time.  "  Your  sole  object,"  he  added,  "  in  coming  here  is  to  endeavour 
to  establish  the  maximum  benefit  at  the  minimum  mutual  sacrifice; 
for  the  West  Indies  have  products  which  we  need  in  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  and  Canada  can  supply  commodities  which  the  West  Indies 
need  and  do  not  produce."  An  official  Banquet  was  given  to  the 
Delegates  on  Apl.  3rd  and  Mr.  Borden,  in  a  brief  speech,  stated  that 
one  of  the  greatest  problems  of  the  day  was  closer  and  more  advan- 
tageous relations  between  the  different  parts  of  the  Empire.  Allied 
with  that  question — though  it  was  not  to  the  front  in  these  negotia- 
tions— was  the  question  of  defence  of  the  Empire.  Sir  W.  Laurier, 
J.  M.  Eeid,  T.  L.  Roxburgh,  J.  Norton  Griffiths,  M.P.,  and  Hon.  G.  E. 
Foster  also  spoke.  On  the  9th  an  Agreement  was  signed  in  the  pres- 
ence of  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  and  Mr.  Foster  made  the  fol- 
lowing official  announcement : 

The  Agreement  is  made  for  a  term  of  years  (ten)  and  is  revocable  at 
thS  end  of  the  period  named  therein  on  one  year's  notice.  It  includes 
exchange  of  products  on  a  wide  and  generous  scale  and  is  based  on  a 
preference  to  the  products  of  each  country  in  the  markets  of  the  other. 
The  Agreement  goes  to  the  Governments  of  the  Colonies  included  for 
•consideration,  and  comes  into  effect  when  approved  by  both  the  Dominion 
and  Colonial  Legislatures  and  His  Majesty's  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
•Colonies.  It  will  be  possible  for  all  these  to  consider  and  decide,  and 
for  the  Agreement  to  go  into  effect  before  the  beginning  of  the  year  1913. 
The  Agreement  is  between  Canada  and  the  interested  Colonies  alone,  and 
leaves  both  sides  with  complete  liberty  to  adjust  their  tariffs  as  respects 
all  other  countries.  Grenada,  the  Bahamas,  Bermuda,  Jamaica  and  Brit- 
ish Honduras  are  the  only  British  West  Indian  Colonies  that  are  not 
included.  .  .  .  The  questions  of  improved  cable  and  steamship  com- 
munications between  Canada  and  the  West  Indies  were  carefully  consid- 
ered, and  the  views  of  the  Conference  were  embodied  in  Resolutions 
unanimously  passed. 

Of  the  Resolutions  passed  one  declared  that  "  in  the  interests  of  Col- 
onial and  Imperial  commerce,  administration  and  defence,  improved 
and  cheaper  communication  by  Cable  is  urgently  required  and  should 
be  secured  at  the  earliest  possible  moment;  that  the  most  acceptable 
plan  is  by  an  extended  all-British  cable  system  from  Bermuda  to 
Barbados,  Trinidad  and  British  Guiana,  with  the  necessary  provi- 
sions of  auxiliary  inter-island  connections;  that  this  can  be  effected 
through  the  medium  of  some  responsible  Cable  company  by  the 
co-operation  of  the  West  Indian  Colonies,  Canada  and  the  Home 
Government,  either  by  guarantee  against  possible  inadequacy  of 
revenue  or  by  the  payment  of  supporting  subsidies  for  a  term  of  years 
in  the  proportion  of  one-third  for  each  of  the  three  parties  to  the 
Agreement;  that  in  every  such  arrangement  a  maximum  rate  per 
word  should  be  fixed  as  a  basis  and  that  the  Canadian  and  British 
Governments  should  exercise  control  of  rates  within  that  maximum." 
The  other  Resolution  urged  upon  the  Home  Government  "  the  extreme 
desirability  of  co-operating  with  the  Colonial  and  Canadian  Govern- 


CANADIAN  KELATIONS  WITH  THE  WEST  INDIES  117 

merits  in  providing  an  up-to-date  and  efficient  service  of  Steamships, 
especially  constructed  for,  and  run  in  strict  regard  to,  the  require- 
ments of  the  trade  between  Canada  and  the  West  Indies.  The  itin- 
erary of  these  steamers  might  be  so  arranged  as  to  make  sharp  con- 
nections with  the  'Canadian  mail  steamers  plying  between  Canadian 
and  British  Atlantic  ports  with  a  view  to  establishing  a  quick  and 
uniform  service  between  Great  Britain  and  the  West  Indies  via 
Canada,  and  thus  to  stimulate  travel  and  the  interchange  of  products 
between  the  great  Atlantic  portions  of  the  British  Empire." 

Accompanied  by  Messrs.  Foster  and  Eeid  of  the  Government,  the 
Delegates  visited  Toronto  on  the  10th  and  were  banquetted  at  the 
National  Club  by  the  Canadian  Manufacturers  Association  and  the 
Toronto  Board  of  Trade.  Mr.  Foster  in  his  speech  referred  to  steam- 
ship and  cable  communication  and  declared  that  the  Dominion  of 
Canada,  through  its  Government  and  the  people  behind  it,  was  pre- 
pared to  put  its  shoulder  to  the  wheel,  to  do  its  share,  and  double  its 
share  if  necessary,  in  order  that  these  two  matters  should  be  brought 
to  a  conclusion.  The  cable  rates,  anywhere  from  40  to  50  cents  and 
seven  shillings  a  word,  must  be  brought  down.  He  promised 
that  when  steamship  and  cable  communications  were  improved,  the 
Government  would  say  that  Preferential  goods  must  come  by  direct 
line  of  steamships  from  the  West  Indies  to  Canada  and  go  from  here 
in  the  same  way.  This  would  double  the  amount  of  products  shipped. 
A  warm  welcome  would  be  given  the  outstanding  Islands,  if  and  when 
they  came  in  and,  meanwhile,  the  Agreement  provided  that  Bahamas, 
Bermuda,  British  Honduras,  Grenada,  Jamaica  and  Newfoundland 
should,  for  a  limited  time,  enjoy  the  benefit  of  its  terms  so  far  as 
Canada  was  concerned. 

On  fish  and  meats  of  all  kinds,  on  wheat,  flour  and  cereal  foods,  on 
coal,  butter,  cheese,  lard,  hay,  animals  and  poultry  (living),  brooms 
and  brushes,  boots  and  shoes,  agricultural  implements,  iron  and  steel 
nails,  etc.,  wire,  machinery,  vehicles,  India-rubber,  paint  and  paper 
manufactures,  vegetables,  soap,  furniture,  manufactures  of  wood, 
pianos  and  organs,  cement,  glass-ware,  fresh,  canned  and  bottled  fruits, 
nickel-plated,  gilt  or  electro-plated  ware,  calcium-carbide  and  con- 
densed milk  the  Customs  duties  imposed  by  the  Islands  included 
in  the  Agreement,  upon  Canadian  products  or  manufactures,  were  not 
at  any  time  to  be  more  than  four-fifths  of  the  duties  imposed  by  them 
on  similar  Foreign  products  or  manufactures — provided  that  on  flour 
the  preference  in  Canada's  favour  was  not  to  be  less  than  12  cents 
per  100  Ibs.  Sugar,  molasses  and  syrups,  shredded  sugar  cane,  fresh 
fruits  and  cocoanuts,  asphalt,  coffee,  cotton  and  cotton  seed-oil,  rice, 
crude  petroleum,  oils,  rubber,  bulbs,  salt,  arrow-root,  sponges,  ginger 
and  other  unground  spices,  fresh  vegetables,  tapioca,  honey,  essential 
oils,  peanuts,  uncut  diamonds,  sawn  or  split  or  dressed  timber,  vanilla 
beans,  lime-juice  and  a  few  minor  products  were  to  enjoy  the  Prefer- 
ential tariff  when  imported  into  Canada.  On  cocoa  beans,  lime-juice 
and  limes  under  certain  conditions  Canada  was  to  impose  a  duty  when 
coming  from  Foreign  countries. 


118  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

In  a  general  way,  the  Agreement  worked  out  to  a  preference  of 
20  per  cent,  for  about  50  Canadian  articles  or  products  in  the  chief 
West  Indian  markets  (outside  of  Jamaica)  over  Canada's  only  For- 
eign competitor — the  United  States.  It  afforded  the  West  Indies  a 
guaranteed  preference  of  at  least  20  per  cent,  for  ten  years  in  the 
Canadian  markets  and  gave  certain  valuable  concessions  in  respect  to 
the  sugar  trade — the  notable  one  being  the  withdrawal  of  the  per- 
mission to  Canadian  refiners  of  purchasing  one-fifth  of  their  raw 
sugar  at  Preferential  rates  outside  the  Empire.  The  arrangement 
was  generally  approved.  E.  W.  Breadner  on  behalf  of  the  Manufac- 
turers Association  and  various  individual  manufacturers  praised  its 
provisions;  writers  in  the  Toronto  Star  expressed  doubt  as  to  its 
clauses  being  of  any  service  to  the  Canadian  consumer.  Early  in 
August  the  Islands  concerned  had  all  ratified  the  Agreement  despite 
agitation  by  various  American  interests — Trinidad  being  vigorously 
and  especially  attacked  in  this  respect  by  J.  F.  Dulles  of  New  York. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  Conservatives  made  a  party  point  by  asking 
how  a  Liberal  free-trade  Government  could  accept  such  a  compact  on 
behalf  of  the  West  Indies !  At  the  close  of  the  year  there  was  some 
discussion  in  Canada  as  to  the  position  of  Jamaica  and  the  grip  over 
its  interests  held  by  the  United  States  while  several  plans  were  dis- 
cussed in  England  looking  to  the  Federation  of  the  Islands.  Ratifica- 
tion of  the  Agreement  by  the  Canadian  Parliament  did  not  come  up 
till  the  New  Year. 

Th,ere  was  a  greatly  increased  interchange  of 
Delation*  with  thought,  discussion  and  visitors  between  Canada  and 
and  'other  Australasia  during  the  year.  Taking  the  Commonwealth 
countries  of  first,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  Canadian  exports  to 
the  Empire  Australia  (1911  Commonwealth  figures)  were  £844,235 
as  compared  with  £532,752  in  1908  and  the  Canadian 
imports  from  Australia  were,  respectively,  £118,284  and  £79,135.  In 
the  Defence  discussion  Australia's  rapid  construction  of  battleships 
interested  Canadians  and  it  was  early  understood  that  Mr.  Foster,  on 
behalf  of  the  Borden  Government,  would  press  fiscal  negotiations 
between  the  two  Dominions.  Mr.  H.  B.  Ames  (Cons.)  in  the  Com- 
mons on  Jan.  26th  dealt  with  the  Preferential  situation  as  follows: 
"Canada  has  made  an  arrangement  of  that  kind  with  New  Zealand 
and  with  South  Africa.  She  has  offered  concessions  to  the  West  Indies 
which  they  have  not  yet  reciprocated.  Australia,  on  her  part,  has 
reciprocal  trade  arrangements  with  South  Africa,  and  with  New 
Zealand,  and  she  grants  a  preference  on  British  goods  going  into  that 
country,  so  that  both  Canada  and  Australia  have  established  the  prece- 
dent that  they  are  prepared  to  make  arrangements  of  this  kind."  Out 
of  Australia's  yearly  total  importation  of  about  $300,000,000,  only 
1  1-3  per  cent,  came  from  Canada;  out  of  her  exportations  of  $360,- 
000,000,  only  l-19th  part  went  to  Canada! 

It  was  understood  at  this  time  and  so  stated  in  Australia  that 
Hon.  F.  G.  Tudor,  Minister  of  Customs,  was,  like  his  Canadian  com- 
patriot, a  believer  in  closer  trade  relations ;  in  July  the  Brisbane  and 


CANADIAN  RELATIONS  WITH  OTHER  COUNTRIES  OF  THE  EMPIRE    119 

Sydney  Chambers  of  Commerce  declared  in  favour  of  the  policy  as 
did  the  influential  Sydney  Morning  Herald;  during  the  year  a  large 
increase  in  the  Canadian  export  of  motor-cars  and  automobiles  to 
Australia  took  place;  Sir  George  Reid,  Australian  High  Commis- 
sioner in  London,  expressed  himself  during  a  Canadian  visit  as  in 
favour  of  a  trade  arrangement  and,  in  Toronto  on  Sept.  2nd,  said: 
"Australia  realizes  the  rapid  advance  of  the  Dominion  and  we  are 
most  anxious  to  promote  closer  trade  relations  between  the  two 
countries.  All  over  the  various  States  in  the  Commonwealth  the  same 
feeling  exists.  When  Mr.  Foster  arrives  in  Australia  he  will  receive 
an  exceptionally  warm  welcome  from  the  Government  and  people.  Of 
course,  there  will  be  many  difficulties  to  overcome  before  a  satisfac- 
tory treaty  can  be  drawn  up.  We  must  prepare  one  that  can  with- 
stand the  criticism  of  Parliaments,  and  also  be  satisfactory  to  the 
people  of  both  countries,  but  I  know  that  Australia  will  be  willing 
to  do  anything  that  can  be  done  to  further  the  drawing  up  of  such  a 
compact."  Similar  views  were  expressed  by  Sir  James  Mills,  Chair- 
man of  the  Union  Steamship  Company,  at  Vancouver  on  Oct.  23rd: 
"Trade  between  Canada  and  Australia  and  New  Zealand  has  been 
steadily  increasing  and  the  outlook  for  the  future  is  brighter  than  ever 
before  as  mutual  interests  are  being  developed  and  extended.  The 
people  on  the  other  side  of  the  Pacific  are  more  and  more  showing  a 
preference  to  travel  via  the  Vancouver  and  C.P.R.  route." 

Other  Australian  visitors  of  the  year  to  Canada  were  Hon.  R.  E. 
O'Connor,  of  the  High  Court  of  Australia,  who  described  the  Common- 
wealth as  enjoying  the  most  prosperous  year  in  its  history;  Dr.  J.  W. 
Barrett,  of  Melbourne  University,  who  urged  an  interchange  of  Cana- 
dian, British  and  Australian  Professors  in  the  Universities;  Hon. 
J.  G.  Jenkins  of  South  Australia  who  described  Canada's  great  advan- 
tage over  Australia  as  being  its  proximity  to  Great  Britain.  A  party 
of  Vancouver  High  School  Cadets  visited  the  Commonwealth  during 
the  Summer  and  had  a  reception  which  was  at  first  slightly  cool  but 
afterwards  enthusiastic  to  a  degree.  Addressing  them  at  Melbourne 
on  Aug.  19th,  Senator  G.  F.  Pearce,  Minister  of  Defence,  said:  "I 
desire  you  to  feel  that  we  in  Australia  are  your  kinsmen,  bound 
together  by  a  sentiment  of  brotherhood.  As  citizens  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  you  must  remember  that  we  desire  the  closest  relationship 
with  Canada  and  to  stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  as  brothers  in  the 
great  British  family."  Internal  politics,  including  difficulties  between 
organized  Labour  and  Socialism;  the  starting  of  a  Transcontinental 
Railway  from  Port  Augusta  in  South  Australia  to  Kalgoordie  in 
Western  Australia;  questions  of  immigration  and  the  establishment 
of  State  industries  such  as  woollen  mills ;  the  maternity  grant  scheme 
or  "baby-bonus"  of  $25.00  to  each  needy  mother;  were  some  of  the 
problems  under  discussion  in  Australia. 

New  Zealand  was  too  much  engrossed  in  its  changes  of  Govern- 
ment, land  tenure  questions,  arrangements  for  a  Senate  elected  by 
proportional  representation,  Naval  policy  and  Prohibition  votes,  to 
think  of  Canadian  affairs.  A  contingent  of  its  Cadets,  however, 


120 

visited  Canada  and  won  high  honours  at  the  Toronto  Exhibition.  In 
South  Africa  the  policy  of  Canada  was  adopted  in  voting  a  salary  to 
the  Leader  of  the  Opposition  in  the  Union  Parliament.  On  July  5th 
Earl  Grey  unveiled  the  great.  Memorial  to  Cecil  Ehodes  on  Table 
Mountain  and  in  doing  so  brought  the  Union  and  the  Dominion  into 
personal  touch.  The  publication  of  the  Eeport  of  a  Commission  to 
inquire  into  Commercial  and  Industrial  conditions — signed  by  Sir 
Thomas  Cullinan  ('Chairman)  and  four  out  of  the  other  six  members 
— recommended  "  adequate  protection  "  to  agriculture  and  industries 
and  swung  South  Africa  into  the  general  tariff  discussions  of  the 
Empire.  Local  conditions  of  racial  friction,  culminating  in  the 
temporary  retirement  of  General  Botha,  prevented,  however,  any  close 
approximation  of  policy  between  the  Union  and  other  countries  of 
the  "Empire.  Canada  had,  practically,  no  relations  with  the  Indian 
Empire  during  the  year  except  an  obvious  interest  in  the  visit  of  the 
King  and  Queen,  in  the  splendid  Reception  accorded  them,  and  in 
the  brilliant  success  of  their  tour  which  were  vividly  put  before  the 
people  in  the  Kinemacolour  exhibits.  Of  this  Royal  visit  and  the 
Durbar  T.  H.  Preston,  CX-M.L.A.,  of  Brantford,  wrote  a  series  of 
interesting  letters  in  The  Globe  and  other  journals  describing  the 
gorgeous  ceremonial  and  the  extraordinary  conditions  surrounding 
this  Empire  event.  Mr.  Justice  Martin  of  Victoria  also  witnessed 
the  Durbar. 

With  Newfoundland  there  was  naturally  a  close  relationship.  On 
June  3rd  the  Island  and  the  Mainland  of  Canada  were  connected 
through  a  daily  express  service  by  train  from  St.  John's  to  the  opposite 
seacoast  and  thence  by  steamer  to  North  Sydney.  It  was  a  year  of 
exceptional  progress  and  prosperity;  the  policy  of  the  Morris  Gov- 
ernment was  of  a  practical  and  beneficial  character;  the  generous 
equipment  of  a  Tuberculosis  Sanitarium  by  the  Reids  of  Railway 
fame  evoked  appreciation  in  Canada  as  well  as  locally;  the  question 
of  Confederation  remained  dormant  despite  Canada's  willingness  to 
negotiate  and  the  statement  of  Dr.  W.  T.  Grenfell  (Apl.  10th)  that 
it  would  promote  immense  development  in  Newfoundland;  the  Hon. 
M.  P.  Cashim,  Minister  of  Finance,  had  a  surplus  of  $172,000  for 
1910-11  and  an  estimated  one  of  $175,000  for  1911-12;  the  Census  of 
1911  showed  a  population  of  239,027  or  an  increase  of  ten  per  cent, 
in  the  decade.  In  trade  matters  Canada  gained  slightly  on  the  United 
States  and  the  total  trade  of  the  Island  increased  from  $25,300,000  in 
1911  to  $28,500,000  in  1912.  A  local  appointment  of  much  interest 
to  Canadians  was  that  of  P.  T.  McGrath,  journalist  and  politician,  to 
the  Legislative  'Council. 

The  work  of  Canada's  distinguished  High  Commis- 
x.ord  strath-  sioner  in  London  for  the  Dominion,  and  the  Empire, 
for^anaaa'ia  continued  and  indeed  increased  during  the  year.  The 
Great  Britain  veteran  statesman  received  his  usual  messages  and 
during-  i9ia  greetings  from  Canadian  leaders  and  the  Canadian 
press  at  the  first  of  the  year  and  exhibited  characteristic 
optimism  in  his  contributions  to  certain  annual  press  publications. 


LORD  STRATHCONA'S  WORK  FOR  OANADA  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN      121 

To  President  Joseph  Gibson  of  the  Ontario  Prohibition  Alliance  he 
cabled,  in  response  to  a  message  of  greeting  from  that  body,  as  follows, 
on  Feb.  14th :  "  The  greatness  of  a  nation  rests  largely  upon  the  well- 
ordered  homes  of  the  people,  and  in  no  land  is  the  word  home  more 
sacred  than  in  Canada.  The  devotion  in  which  it  is  held  by  all  classes 
makes  for  the  temperance  which  honourably  distinguishes  Canada 
among  the  countries  of  the  world.  Happily,  your  work  to  promote 
the  great  cause  is  more  favourably  regarded  than  that  of  similar  bodies 
in  older  lands.  It  is  a  work  well  worthy  of  earnest  endeavour,  and  I 
wish  you  every  success."  At  this  time,  also,  it  was  announced  that 
Lord  Strathcona  had  issued  orders  for  the  building  of  a  large  Lodge 
in  connection  with  the  Toubic  Eiver  salmon  fisheries  in  Quebec  for 
the  use  of  H.E.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  during  the  coming  season. 

On  Feb.  20th  it  was  stated  in  London  that  the  High  Commissioner 
was  suffering  from  influenza  and  that  Sir  Thomas  Barlow  was  in 
attendance.  Bordering  as  he  was  on  93  years  of  age,  public  anxiety 
was  natural  and  the  Dominion  Premier  and  others  cabled  their  wishes 
for  early  recovery.  The  trouble  gradually  passed  away  and  on  May 
10th  he  was  presiding  at  the  51st  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Home 
and  Hospital  for  Incurables,  Streatham.  On  May  27th,  E.  W.  Villen- 
euve,  'Secretary  of  the  Cartier  Memorial  Fund  at  Montreal  received  a 
letter  from  Lord  'Strathcona  enclosing  $2,500  as  a  tribute  to  "  an 
intimate  personal  friend  for  whom  I  entertained  the  highest  esteem." 
On  June  4th,  it  was  announced  that  the  Albert  Medal  of  the  Eoyal 
Society  of  Arts  for  the  current  year  had  been  awarded  by  the  Council, 
with  the  approval  of  the  President,  H.E.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught, 
to  the  Eight  Hon.  Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Eoyal,  G.C.M.G., 
G.C.V.O.,  "for  his  services  in  improving  the  railway  communications, 
developing  the  resources,  and  promoting  the  commerce  and  industry 
of  Canada  and  other  parts  of  the  British  Empire."  On  Nov.  15th 
the  Medal  was  officially  presented  by  Lord  Sanderson,  G.C.B.,  who 
read  a  message  from  the  Duke  of  Connaught  expressing  great  satis- 
faction in  having  been  able  to  select  Lord  Strathcona  for  the  dis- 
tinguished honour.  During  his  term  of  office  he  had  "  special  oppor- 
tunities for  realizing  the  great  services  the  High  Commissioner  had 
rendered  to  the  industrial  and  commercial  progress  of  the  Empire." 

The  Dominion  Day  banquet  in  London,  on  July  1st,  was  notable 
for  a  patriotic  speech  by  the  High  Commissioner  who,  as  usual,  pre- 
sided with  a  distinguished  company  on  either  hand  and  an  eloquent 
address  from  Hon.  G.  E.  Foster,  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce, 
who  paid  high  tribute  to  the  Chairman.  "He  is  not  present  as 
one  of  the  framers  of  our  constitution,  but  he  is  a  man  who,  in  the 
real  building  up  of  'Canada  as  she  exists  to-day,  has  done  as  much  and 
more  in  a  Canadian,  a  national,  and  an  Imperial  sense,  than  any  other 
subject  of  the  King  who  to-day  lives  under  the  British  flag."  Other 
speakers  were  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp,  Sir  Win.  Mulock  and  Dr.  G.  E. 
Parkin  of  Canada,  Sir  Edmund  Morris  of  Newfoundland,  Sir  George 
Eeid  of  Australia.  In  his  own  speech  Lord  Strathcona  referred  to  the 
progress  and  prosperity  of  Canada,  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of 


122 

Connaught,  his  still  buoyant  hope  for  a  4^  days'  service  to  Montreal, 
the  value  of  the  Imperial  Commission  on  Trade.  "  What  we  want  in 
order  to  promote  the  solidarity  of  the  Empire  and  the  common  inter- 
ests of  its  people  is  a  better  knowledge  of  its  component  parts,  and  of 
their  resources  and  potentialities,  and  I  believe  this  Commission  will 
do  a  great  work  in  supplying  this  need." 

In  July  the  High  Commissioner  took  the  lead  in  a  movement  to 
hold  an  Imperial  Exhibition  at  London  in  1915  and  a  large  and  influ- 
ential Committee  was  organized  of  which  he  accepted  the  Chairman- 
ship and  to  the  guarantee  fund  of  which  he  contributed  $25,000.  The 
Committee  included  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  the  Earls  of  Derby, 
Selborne,  Plymouth  and  Carrick,  Lords  Desborough,  Avebury  and 
Furness,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  and  many  more.  The  proposal  was  not 
to  spend  money  on  buildings  but  on  obtaining  a  representative  dis- 
play of  the  Empire's  resources.  On  July  18  the  veteran  statesman 
was  presiding  at  a  gathering  of  the  Congress  of  Universities  of  the 
Empire  and,  at  the  Canada  Club  banquet  to  Mr.  Borden  and  his  col- 
leagues on  Aug.  1st  Lord  Strathcona  also  presided.  Of  him  the 
Canadian  Premier  said  in  his  speech :  "  No  man  in  the  Empire  is  a 
greater  Imperial  figure  or  has  been  closer  associated  with  the  growth 
and  development  of  Canada  than  Lord  Strathcona."  In  the  August 
5th  issue  of  Country  Life  the  High  Commissioner  had  a  review  of 
the  Canada  which  he  first  knew  75  years  before  and  the  Canada  of  the 
present  time.  He  concluded  as  follows : 

To  go  through  that  Western  land  to-day  Is,  Indeed,  to  be  lost  in 
amazement  at  the  change  of  the  past  few  decades  and  to  gain  new  hope 
for  the  future.  May  many  more  Englishmen  and  leading  Englishmen  go 
there  to  see  the  work  of  civilization  for  themselves  and  find  how  to  take 
their  part  In  It.  But  great  as  have  been  the  advances  of  the  past,  they 
are  as  nothing  to  the  Improvements  which  some  of  those  now  living  will 
see  In  the  next  seventy  years.  What  the  United  Kingdom  Is  to-day  In 
population,  wealth  and  power  Canada  will  be  before  the  close  of  the 
present  century.  The  vast  lone  prairies  with  their  myriads  of  buffalo, 
Indians,  the  hunter  and  trapper,  the  Red  River  cart — they  have  passed, 
and  in  their  place  we  see  thriving  homesteads  and  busy  cities,  and  in 
them  we  have  promise  of  a  far  greater  future.  We  who  are  of  Canada 
have  higher  alms  than  to  be  a  mere  Dominion.  Our  Dominion  will  yet 
be  the  pivot  of  the  British  Empire,  and  it  is  our  hope  and  prayer  that  it 
may  be  an  Empire  which  will  ensure  peace  and  liberty  throughout  the 
world. 

During  1912  much  progress  was  made  in  a  matter  which  greatly 
interested  Lord  Strathcona — the  continued  distribution  to  Canadian 
Cities,  Colleges,  Schools,  etc.,  of  Shields  made  out  of  copper  plates 
taken  from  Nelson's  old  flagships,  the  Victory  and  Bellerophon.  The 
matter  was  handled  by  the  British  and  Foreign  Sailor's  Society  at 
Lord  Strathcona's  expense  and  the  distribution  arranged  by  Rev. 
Alfred  Hall,  M.A.,  who  in  August  and  September  of  this  year  pre- 
sented the  Shields  to  a  large  number  of  institutions  in  the  Maritime 
Provinces,  including  St.  John,  Fredericton,  Moncton.  Newcastle, 
Mount  Allison  University,  and  two  other  Universities,  Charlottetown, 
Halifax  and  other  centres.  He  had  previously  visited  Toronto,  Winni- 
peg, Eegina  and  other  places. 


The  year  was  also  marked  by  the  usual  number  of  contributions  by 
Lord  Strathcona  to' public,  benevolent,  or  Imperial  interests.  Many 
were  never  announced  or  heard  of  in  the  press ;  a  few  of  those  which 
became  known  may  be  mentioned.  They  included  a  gift  of  $25,000 
to  the  fund  of  $400,000  being  raised  to  provide  new  buildings  for 
Knox  College,  Toronto;  a  cheque  for  $10,000  toward  the  funds  of  the 
Montreal  School  for  the  Blind;  a  gift  of  $1,500  toward  the  Building 
Fund  of  St.  Bee's  Church,  Westville,  N.S. ;  $5,000  to  help  the  Fund 
of  $500,000  being  raised  for  the  extension  and  development  of  the 
London  School  of  Tropical  Medicine;  $4,000  to  the  Berlin  (Ont.) 
Y.W.C.A.;  $25,000  to  the  projected  University  of  Calgary;  $25,000 
towards  the  new  Municipal  Hospital  of  Edmonton;  $125,000  to  the 
King  Edward  Memorial  Fund  for  Consumptives,  Toronto. 

There  has  been  a  tendency  in  part  of  the  Canadian 
Canada  and  press  in  recent  years  to  attack  or  severely  criticize  the 
S^uitttlf1  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Imperial  Privy  Council 
Decision**  whenever  its  decisions,  as  the  final  Court  of  Appeal  in 
in  1912  an  important  range  of  Canadian  questions,  happened  to 

conflict  with  popular  feeling — perhaps  local,  perhaps 
Provincial,  perhaps  of  wider  scope.  During  1912  the  Committee 
consisted  of  certain  Official  members  who  included  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor, the  Lord  President,  and  any  former  still  living  Lords  Presi- 
dent, of  the  Privy  'Council ;  the  British  Lords  of  Appeal-in-Ordinary 
— Lords  Macnaghten,  Atkinson,  Shaw  and  Robson;  and  certain  other 
Members  of  the  Privy  Council,  qualified  under  special  Statutes  and 
including  the  Earl  of  Halsbury,  Viscount  Haldane,  Lord  Ashbourne, 
Lord  Gorell  and  Lord  Mersey.  Taken  together  these  were  the  most 
eminent  Judicial  minds  of  -Great  Britain.  With  them  were  the  fol- 
lowing Colonial  Members  of  the  Privy  Council — all  distinguished 
Judges : 

Union  of  South  Africa Liord  de  Villiiers,  G.C.M.G. 

Commonwealth  of  Australia Sir  Samuel  J.  Way,  Bant 

Commonwealth  of  Australia Sir  Edmund  Barton,  G.C.M.G. 

Commonwealth  of  Australia Sir  Samuel  W.  Griffith,  G.C.M.G. 

Empire  of  India Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Edge. 

Empire  of  India Right  Hon.  Syied  Amir  AH,  C.I.B. 

Dominion  of  Canada Sir  Charles  Ftttzpatrick,  G.C.M.G. 

Three  of  these  Judges  formed  a  quorum  and  the  Colonial  Members 
did  not  attend  very  frequently.  Technically,  and  constitutionally, 
these  Appeals  were  taken  to  the  King  and  His  Majesty  was  advised 
by  the  Judicial  Committee  of  his  Privy  CounciJ  to  do  so  and  so,  or 
not  to  do  it;  practically  the  Committee  was  an  Imperial  Court  of 
Appeal  in  Civil  cases  which  varied  in  character  and  scope  in  the 
different  countries  of  the  Empire.  In  this  connection,  it  may  be 
added,  Lord  Haldane  proposed  some  legislation  toward  the  close  of 
the  year  looking  to  the  improvement  in  certain  details  of  the  work  of 
the  Committee  and  about  his  proposals  the  Canadian  Associated  Press 
— a  Canadian  Government  subsidized  News  Agency — sent  on  Sept. 
3rd  a  curious  despatch  stating  that  there  was  underway  a  second 
attempt  to  strengthen  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council 


124 

"  whose  decisions  in  the  past  have  been  far  from  satisfactory  in  the 
Colonies.  Reports  that  Lord  Chancellor  Haldane  proposes  to  add 
the  name  of  Chief  Justice  Fitzpatrick  to  tHe  active  body  are  purely 
imaginary.  The  personnel  of  the  Committee  will  apparently  remain 
the  same  as  hitherto." ! 

On  Jan.  16th  the  City  of  Montreal  lost  an  appeal  from  the  deci- 
sion of  the  Supreme  Court  of  'Canada  regarding  the  question  of 
whether  certain  through  traffic  upon  the  Montreal  Street  Railway  was 
subject  to  the  authority  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada  and  the  Board 
of  Railway  Commissioners  under  the  B.N.A.  Act.  The  decision  appar- 
ently gave  the  Railway  Commission  jurisdiction  over  Provincial  rail- 
ways physically  connected  with  Dominion  Chartered  lines.  On  Feb. 
21st  the  long-standing  and  vexed  issue  between  the  Winnipeg  Electric 
Street  Railway  and  the  City  of  "Winnipeg  was  decided  in  an  elaborate 
judgment  read  by  Lord  Shaw.  It  was  against  the  claims  of  the  City 
and  with  all  costs  to  be  paid  by  Winnipeg.  Briefly  summarized  the 
decisions  of  the  Manitoba  Courts  thus  reversed  were  as  follows:  (1) 
That  the  Company  has  no  right  or  title  to  erect  poles  or  wires  on  the 
city's  streets  for  the  transmission  of  electric  current  for  any  other 
purpose  than  Street-car  operation;  (2)  That  the  Company  must 
remove  from  the  city's  streets  all  poles  and  wires  for  the  transmission 
of  electric  current  for  any  other  purpose  than  Street  car  operation; 
(3)  That  the  bringing  of  electric  current  from  the  Company's  plant  at 
Lac  du  Bonnet  does  not  invalidate  the  Company's  franchise,  as  the  cur- 
rent so  brought  in  is  like  fuel  brought  in  for  use  in  the  Company's 
steam  plant;  the  transforming  of  the  electrical  energy  so  brought  in 
being  the  development  within  the  city  of  the  power  used  for  Street-car 
operation.  The  first  two  points  were  appealed  by  the  Company;  the 
last  one  by  the  €ity.  Much  was  said  during  the  year  in  political,  Par- 
liamentary and  other  circles  as  to  the  decision  of  the  Committee  on 
Nov.  2nd,  1911,  regarding  an  intricate  case  connected  with  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Act  of  1904  and  involving  payment 
by  the  Government  to  the  Company  of  $10,080,000 — Paragraph  5  of 
Schedule  to  Chap.  24.  The  clause  of  the  Act  and  the  judgment  of  the 
Committee  were  as  follows : 

Clause  5. — Notwithstanding  anything  the  said  contract  contained  the 
Government  may  and  shall,  preserving  always  the  proportions  in  the  said 
contract  provided,  as  between  the  "  Prairie  "  and  "  Mountain  "  sections  of 
the  Western  division,  implement  for  the  purposes  and  subject  otherwise 
to  the  provisions  of  the  said  contract  its  guarantee  of  the  bonds  of  the 
said  Company  to  be  issued  for  the  cost  of  construction  of  the  said  Western 
division  in  such  manner  as  may  be  agreed  upon  so  as  to  make  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  said  bonds,  so  to  be  guaranteed,  a  sum  equal  to  seventy-five 
per-centum  of  the  cost  of  construction  of  the  Western  division  ascertained 
as  provided  in  the  said  contract,  but  not  exceeding  in  respect  of  the  Prairie 
section  thirteen  thousand  dollars  per  mile. 

Judgment.— Held,  that  the  liability  of  the  Government  under  this 
Agreement  was  not  a  secondary  liability  as  guarantors  only,  the  primary 
liability  falling  on  the  pompany,  but  that  the  Government  were  liable  to 
make  the  bonds  of  the  first  issue  up  to  their  nominal  value  without 
recourse  over  against  the  Company. 


CANADA  AND  THE  JUDICIAL  COMMITTEE  DECISIONS  OF  1912     125 

On  May  16th,  1912,  perhaps  the  most  important  case  ever  taken 
by  Canada  to  the  Judicial  Committee  was  dealt  with.  Stripped  of 
legal  verbiage  the  question  was  whether,  under  the  Canadian  Consti- 
tution, the  G-overnor-General-in-Council  had  power  to  frame  and  refer 
to  the  Supreme  iCourt  questions  as  to  the  constitutional  powers  of  the 
Provinces,  as  to  the  effect  of  Provincial  statutes,  and  as  to  the  inter- 
ests of  individuals  who  might  be  represented  upon  such  reference; 
and  to  require  the  Supreme  Court  to  answer  such  questions.  The 
Judges  of  the  'Supreme  Court  had  held  that  there  was  jurisdiction  to 
hear  the  reference.  Hence  the  appeal.  The  appellants,  who  were 
the  Attorneys-General  for  the  respective  Provinces  of  Ontario,  Que- 
bec, Nova  'Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Manitoba,  Prince  Edward  Island, 
and  Alberta,  contended  before  the  Supreme  Court  and  then  before 
the  Privy  Council  that  the  Governor-General-in-Council  had  no  such 
power  and  that  the  reference,  in  question,  having  been  made  without 
the  consent  and  against  the  protest  of  the  Provinces  concerned,  could 
not  be  entertained  by  the  Supreme  Court.  The  issue  depended  upon 
the  construction  of  the  provisions  of  the  British  North  America  Act, 
1867,  and  of  the  Supreme  Court  Act  (R.S.>C.),  1906,  c.  139.  The 
Appeal  was  heard  before  the  Lord  Chancellor  and  Lords  Macnaghten, 
Atkinson,  Shaw  and  Eobson.  Sir  Robert  Finlay,  K.C.,  Wallace  Nes- 
bitt,  K.C.,  Aime  Geoffrion,  K.C.,  and  Geoffrey  Lawrence  appeared  in 
support  of  the  Appeal;  E.  L.  Newcombe,  K.C.,  and  A.  W.  Atwater, 
K.C.,  for  the  Respondent.  The  King  was  advised  to  dismiss  the  Appeal 
and,  in  his  address,  the  Lord  Chancellor  frankly  stated  the  full  self- 
governing  powers  of  the  Canadian  Dominion : 

What,  in  substance,  Their  Lordships  are  asked  to  do  is  to  say  that 
the  Canadian  Parliament  ought  not  to  pass  laws  like  this  because  it  may 
be  embarrassing  and  onerous  to  a  Court,  and  to  declare  this  law  invalid 
because  it  ought  not  to  have  been  passed.  Their  Lordships  would  be 
departing  from  their  legitimate  province  if  they  entertained  the  argu- 
ments of  appellants.  They  would  really  be  pronouncing  upon  the  policy 
of  the  Canadian  Parliament,  which  is  exclusively  the  business  of  the 
Canadian  people  and  no  concern  of  this  Board.  It  is  sufficient  to  point 
out  the  mischief  and  inconvenience  which  might  arise  from  any  indiscrim- 
inate, injurious  use  of  the  Act,  and  leave  it  to  the  consideration  of  those 
who  alone  are  lawfully  and  constitutionally  entitled  to  decide  upon  such 
a  matter. 

The  Vancouver  Trades  and  Labour  Council  on  May  20th,  were 
advised  that  the  Judicial  'Committee  had  decided  in  their  favour  in  a 
case  under  which  they  claimed  that  Foreign  relatives  of  workmen  in 
British  Columbia  could  benefit  by  the  terms  of  the  Provincial  Work- 
men's Compensation  Act.  In  another  case,  decided  on  May  17th  and 
heard  by  Lords  Macnaghten,  Atkinson,  Shaw  and  Robson  and  the 
Lord  Chancellor,  the  complicated  issue  between  the  Dominion  Textile 
Co.  of  Montreal  and  certain  minority  shareholders  of  the  Dominion 
Cotton  Co.  was  decided  in  the  former's  favour.  It  was  held  that  to 
prevail  against  their  fellow-shareholders  a  dissenting  minority  must 
show  that  the  action  to  which  objection  was  taken  is  ultra  vires,  or 
beyond  the  powers  given  to  the  Company  by  the  law,  or  that  in  using 


126  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

its  powers  the  majority  had  deprived  the  minority  of  its  rights.  A 
century-old  difference  between  the  Indian  Chiefs  of  Oka,  in  Quebec, 
and  the  -Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  as  to  the  ownership  of  certain  lands, 
was  decided  on  July  19  in  favour  of  the  Seminary  and  as  a  result  of 
the  Dominion  Government's  request  for  a  legal  settlement  of  the 
controversy.  On  July  25th,  the  Committee  over-ruled  the  judgment 
of  the  Canadian  Supreme  Court  in  the  case  of  the  Province  of  Alberta 
vs.  the  Alberta  Eailway  and  Irrigation  Co.  The  action  was  concerned 
with  two  typical  cases  of  land  at  a  crossing  originally  vested  in  the 
Crown  for  a  single  purpose,  which  came  to  be  used  for  two  purposes, 
to  some  extent  antagonistic,  both  touching  closely  the  public  interest 
and  both  perpetual — (1)  the  convenience  of  wayfarers,  (2)  the 
improving  of  the  country  by  irrigation.  The  first  was  declared  to  be 
still  the  primary  and  paramount  purpose.  Incidentally  this  decision 
compelled  the  C.P.K.  to  build  bridges  (  over  Irrigation  canals  in 
Alberta  and  saved  the  Provincial  Government  large  expenditures. 

In  the  case  of  the  Toronto  and  Niagara  Power  Co.  vs.  the  Town 
of  North  Toronto,  the  Committee  delivered  judgment  on  July  24th 
through  the  Lord  Chancellor — Lords  Macnaghten,  Dunedin,  Atkinson 
and  Sir  Charles  Fitzpatrick  being  also  present.  The  question  raised 
by  this  Appeal  was  whether  the  appellants  might  enter  upon  the  streets 
of  the  Town  of  North  Toronto  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  poles  to 
carry  Power  lines  for  the -conveyance  of  electricity.  Chancellor  Boyd 
of  Ontario  had  decided  that  they  had  such  right  subject  to  compliance 
with  certain  conditions.  The  Court  of  Appeal  of  Ontario  reversed 
his  judgment,  holding  that  the  appellants  had  no  such  right  unless 
they  had  first  obtained  the  leave  and  license  of  the  respondents.  The 
Judicial  Committee  differed  from  this  latter  decision  and  declared, 
incidentally,  that  "  a  Court  of  Justice  is  not  entitled  to  speculate  as 
to  which  of  two  conflicting  policies  was  intended  to  prevail  but  must 
confine  itself  to  construction  of  the  language  of  the  relevant  Statutes 
read  as  a  whole." 

The  Act  of  Incorporation  appears  to  Their  Lordships  to  give  to  the 
appellants,  unless  the  powers  which  it  prime  facie  confers  are  restricted 
by  the  Railway  Act,  very  large  powers  which  entitle  the  appellants  to 
succeed  in  the  present  action.  If  it  can  be  taken  by  itself,  Their  Lord- 
ships are  of  opinion  that  the  Act  shows  that  the  Parliament  of  Canada 
treated  the  Company,  the  works  of  which  were  expressly  declared  to  be 
for  the  general  advantage  of  Canada  and  so  were  brought  within  Section 
91  of  the  British  North  America  Act,  as  proper  to  be  entrusted  with  free- 
dom to  interfere  with  municipal  and  private  rights.  .  .  .  Turning  to 
the  general  Railway  Act  of  1906  in  order  to  see  what  light  its  language 
throws  on  the  question  and  whether  the  powers,  originally  conferred  in. 
1902  by  the  Act  of  Incorporation  still  stand  unrestricted,  the  first  observa- 
tion to  be  made  is  that  the  draughtsman  has  used  language  which 
expresses  an  intention  to  save  all  such  powers. 

An  interesting  decision  was  made  public  on  Aug.  8th  in  a  case 
where  the  Canada  Company  appealed  against  the  Ontario  Courts.  It 
was  a  test  case  to  determine,  as  between  the  'Canada  Company  and  the 
purchasers  from  the  Company,  what  rights  were  reserved  under  the 
form  of  conveyance  adopted  by  the  Company  in  disposing  of  lands  in 


CANADA  AND  THE  JUDICIAL  COMMITTEE  DECISIONS  OP  1912 

the  southwestern  Ontario  oil  region.  The  conveyance  contained  this 
provision :  "  Excepting  and  reserving  the  said  Company,  their  suc- 
cessors and  assigns,  all  mines  and  quarries  of  metals  and  minerals, 
and  all  springs  of  oil  in  or  under  the  said  land,  whether  already  dis- 
covered or  not,  with  liberty  of  ingress,  egress  and  regress  to  and  for 
the  said  Company."  Natural  gas  was  subsequently  found  on  some 
of  the  properties  and  the  Company  sought  to  claim  it  under  the  terms 
of  conveyance.  The  Ontario  Courts  were,  therefore,  upheld  and  Nat- 
ural gas  declared  to  be  not  a  mineral.  In  the  Chilliwack  case  the 
British  'Columbia  Municipality  was  defendant  against  a  widow  named 
McKenzie  who,  on  behalf  of  herself  and  her  two  children,  asked  for 
compensation  for  the  death  of  her  husband  who  had  been  burned  in 
a  local  gaol  at  Chilliwack.  The  Provincial  Supreme  Court  had  dis- 
missed the  action  and  this  judgment  was  confirmed  on  Nov.  15th  by 
the  Committee  upon  the  ground  that  there  was  no  evidence  of  neglect 
on  the  part  of  the  Municipality. 

A  decision  which  is  dealt  with  elsewhere,  in  its  connection  with 
the  details  of  an  important  public  question,  must  be  referred  to  here 
in  a  passing  way.  On  July  29th  the  Judicial  Committee,  through  the 
Lord  Chancellor  (Lord  Haldane)  delivered  judgment  in  the  famous 
stated  case  submitted  by  the  Government  of  Canada  to  the  Supreme 
Court  and  thence  to  the  Judicial  Committee  as  to  the  Marriage  ques- 
tion, and  the  Ne  Temere  Decree.  In  summarized  form  it  may  be 
said  that  this  judgment,  in  a  matter  touching  the  roots  of  political, 
social  and  religious  life  in  Canada,  confirmed  the  decision  given  by 
the  four  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  declaring  the  Lan- 
caster Marriage  Bill  to  be  ultra  vires.  Their  Lordships  expressed  the 
opinion  that  Provincial  Legislatures,  in  legislating  on  the  solemniza- 
tion of  marriage  within  the  Provinces,  could  impose  conditions  affect- 
ing the  validity  of  the  contract : 

Notwithstanding  the  able  argument  addressed  to  them,  Their  Lord- 
ships arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dominion 
Parliament  does  not  on  a  true  construction  of  Sections  91  and  92  of  the 
British  North  America  Act  cover  the  whole  field  of  validity  of  marriage. 
They  considered  that  the  provision  in  Section  92  conferring  on  Provincial 
Legislatures  exclusive  power  to  make  laws  relating  to  the  solemnization 
of  marriage  in  the  Provinces,  operates  by  way  of  exception  to  the  powers 
conferred  as  regards  marriage  by  Section  91,  and  enables  the  Provincial 
Legislature  to  enact  conditions  as  to  solemnization,  which  may  affect  the 
validity  of  the  contract. 

There  were  other  cases  during  the  year,  but  these  were  the 
chief  ones  and  they  seemed  to  evoke  a  substantial  body  of  public 
opinion  for  and  against  a  limitation  of  Appeals  to  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee. There  was  a  distinct  tendency  amongst  certain  Liberal  papers 
—notably  and  chiefly  the  Toronto  Globe,  the  Toronto  Star  and  the 
Winnipeg  Free  Press — to  advocate  immediate  restriction  or  abroga- 
tion of  the  right  of  appeal.  The  Conservative  press,  where  it  dealt 
with  the  subject  at  all,  was  strongly  opposed  to  this  policy  as  "  sever- 
ing one  more  link  of  Empire."  The  Globe  (Feb.  27th)  demanded 
that  the  situation  be  faced  and  settled :  "  As  it  stands  now  it  is  full 


128 

of  danger  not  only  to  justice  as  between  litigants,  but  also  to  good 
feeling  as  between  Canada  and  Britain.  The  opinion  is  gaining 
strength  that  justice  is  not  served  by  appealing  questions  of  Cana- 
dian law  touching  property  and  civil  rights  to  an  Imperial  Court 
whose  interpretations  of  statutes  are  affected  by  circumstances  and 
situations  quite  out  of  touch  with  Canadian  conditions." 

On  Sept.  26th,  however,  it  referred  to  the  valuable  exercise  of  the 
Judicial  'Committee's  power  in  fixing  the  first  lines  of  demarcation 
between  Federal  and  Provincial  jurisdictions.  Perhaps  the  best  thing 
to  do  would  be  the  abolition  of  appeals  "  involving  only  property  and 
civil  rights  "  and  the  maintenance  of  those  involving  "  the  interpreta- 
tion of  our  Federal  Constitution."  The  Winnipeg  organ  resented 
keenly  the  decision  in  the  local  Street  Railway  case  and  criticized  Sir 
R.  B.  Finlay,  the  eminent  British  Counsel,  for  an  alleged  surrender 
of  certain  argumentative  points  in  favour  of  the  City.  It  declared  on 
July  31  that  the  long  list  of  decisions  on  cases  between  Canadian  muni- 
cipalities and  public  service  corporations  had  created  a  strong  feeling 
in  this  country  that  "the  carrying  of  any  such  litigation  across  the 
Atlantic  for  settlement  by  the  highest  tribunal  of  the  Empire  means 
that  the  municipality  concerned  will  get  the  worst  of  it." 

This  was  the  chief  point  of  criticism — the  protection  of  vested 
rights  against  popular  bodies  and  alleged  popular  wishes.  The  fact 
that  the  Judicial  Committee  had  simply  to  construe  Statutes  and  that 
the  original  making  of  those  Statutes  lay  with  popular  bodies  was  not 
discussed.  The  Toronto  Star  emphasized  the  point  of  local  grievances 
(Feb.  28) :  "The  maiming  of  civic  self-government  in  Toronto  and 
Winnipeg;  the  releasing  of  the  Mackenzie  interests  from  practically 
all  the  obligations  which  bargains  imposed  on  them;  the  awarding  of 
millions  in  cash  to  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific — these  three  cases  are  all 
of  a  sort.  Although  we  make  our  own  laws,  we  shall  not  have  self- 
government  until  we  administer  them."  This  opinion  was  more  for- 
cibly expressed  on  Aug.  9th :  "  The  only  course  is  to  make  our  self- 
government  a  real  instead  of  a  sham  thing,  by  abolishing  all  appeals 
to  a  trans-Atlantic  Court."  The  Montreal  Herald  took  a  somewhat 
similar  view.  These  were  all  prominent  Liberal  papers;  the  chief 
Conservative  support  in  this  line  of  attack  came  from  the  always  inde- 
pendent Ottawa  Journal,  late  in  February:  "We  confess  that  these 
cases,  coming  within  a  couple  of  years,  shake  our  idea  of  the  desir- 
ability of  the  option  of  going  to  the  Privy  Council." 

On  the  other  hand  were  leading  lawyers,  public  men  and  Conser- 
vative newspapers.  Hon.  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.c.  (Mch.  18th),  depre- 
cated, in  a  Toronto  speech  the  attacks  made  from  time  to  time  upon 
the  Privy  Council  because  it  rendered  decisions  that  were  not  popular 
with  the  public.  "  The  Privy  Council  is  the  only  safeguard  Canada 
has  against  vicious  legislation."  The  Winnipeg  Telegram  claimed 
(Feb.  llth)  that  these  attacks  were  inspired  by  either  local  preju- 
dices or  political  feeling  and  in  the  latter  connection  pointed  out  that 
the  obvious  reason  in  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  case  was  politics  with 
the  further  statement  that  Mr.  Barker  (Cons.)  had  warned  the  late 


CANADA  AND  THE  JUDICIAL  COMMITTEE  DECISIONS  OF  1912     129 

Government  in  the  Commons  as  to  the  danger  of  the, Clause  dealt  with 
by  the  Judicial  'Committee.  Mr.  A.  C.  Gait,  in  the  Winnipeg  Free 
Press  of  Feb.  26th,  quoted  various  cases  in  which  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee had  decided  against  'Corporations  and  in  doing  so  over-ruled 
Canadian  Courts.  He  referred  to  the  legal  and  general  aspect  of  the 
matter  as  follows : 

The  Law  Lords  who  sit  in  the  Privy  Council  are  the  result  of  a  selec- 
tion of  the  fittest  from  all  the  legal  luminaries  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. They  are  experts  who  have  devoted  their  lives  to  the  conduct  and 
decision  of  legal  cases.  In  this  respect  they  have  a  great  advantage  over 
any  of  our  lawyers  and  Judges,  all  of  whom  have  had  to  spend  a  very 
great  proportion  of  their  time,  when  at  the  bar,  in  all  sorts  of  solicitor 
and  conveyancing  work  as  distinguished  from  counsel  work.  .  .  . 
Then,  again,  do  you  not  think  that  it  is  of  some  value  to  Canadian  suitors 
to  have  a  tribunal,  the  members  of  which  are  wholly  unbiased  towards 
any  of  the  litigants  before  them?  They  know  little  of  our  politics  or  of 
the  local  storms  which  occasionally  arise  in  our  Provinces  and  they  care 
less. 

The  Vancouver  Province  (Apl.  26th)  strongly  criticized  the  criti- 
cisms and  pointed  to  the  influence  abroad  of  this  august  body,  to 
which  natives  in  parts  of  India  actually  offered  up  sacrifices  as  to  a 
god:  "Its  decisions  have  evoked  the  admiration  of  Foreign  jurists 
as  the  nearest  human  approach  to  inflexible  and  impartial  justice. 
.  .  .  It  was  the  Privy  Council  that  established  the  independence 
of  the  Provinces  and  of  their  Executives.  It  was  the  same  authority 
that  settled  the  controversies  as  to  the  Liquor  laws,  and  as  to  which 
Government,  Federal  or  Provincial,  had  the  title  to  gold  and  silver. 
Nor  must  the  influence  of  the  Judicial  Committee  in  keeping  the 
Courts  of  the  Dominion  up  to  the  mark  be  lost  sight  of.  The  power 
of  appeal  to  a  very  strong  tribunal  has  caused  them  to  take  increasing 
trouble  over  the  reasons  for  their  decisions."  The  Financial  Post  of 
Toronto  was  inclined  to  think  the  agitation  a  part  of  the 'Socialistic 
movement  of  the  Continent  against  all  vested  rights  and  capital  and 
against  the  British  ideals  of  established  law  and  order  in  favour  of 
looser  American  principles.  The  Edmonton  Journal  (Sept.  30th) 
took  strong  ground  and  along  lines  somewhat  similar  to  those  taken 
by  R.  B.  Bennett,  K.C.,  M.P.,  of  Calgary,  upon  several  public  occasions : 

To  do  away  with  the  appeals  to  this  body  as  many  Canadian  news- 
papers have  been  urging,  would  be  to  weaken  the  Imperial  connection  to 
a  very  serious  extent.  The  absolute  supremacy  and  impartiality  of  the 
law  is  what  more  than  anything  else  distinguishes  British  Justice  from 
other  countries  and  the  guarantee  of  this  which  such  a  Court  of  Appeal 
for  the  Empire  affords  cannot  have  its  importance  overestimated.  Those 
who  talk  of  abolishing  this  right  of  appeal  because  in  some  cases  the 
Judicial  Committee  has  found  against  Canadian  municipalities,  are  strik- 
ing at  the  very  foundation  of  our  form  of  government.  It  is  not  the  busi- 
ness of  Courts  to  rid  public  bodies  of  the  consequences  of  their  mistakes 
as  some  people  would  apparently  have  us  believe.  They  exist  to  enforce 
the  law  as  it  stands  and  it  is  because  this  body  at  the  heart  of  the  Empire 
is  less  likely  to  be  disturbed  by  popular  clamour  and  to  dispense  simple 
justice,  than  some  of  our  own  Courts  under  certain  circumstances,  that  it 
has  such  value. 
9 


130  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  the  historic  Guildhall,  London,  there  assembled 
•me  congim    on  j^g  uf  19^  the    eighth    Congress    illustrative 


'        of  the  trade  interests  of  the  British  Empire  with  300 


of 

of  the  umpire  Delegates   appointed,   representing   130    organizations. 

The  United  Kingdom  was  represented  by  Delegates 
from  its  most  important  towns  ;  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  Canada 
and  Newfoundland,  South  Africa  and  British  East  Africa  had  many 
representatives;  India,  Ceylon,  Hong-Kong,  the  Federated  Malay 
States,  Aden  and  Gibraltar  and  British  Chambers  of  Commerce  in 
various  Foreign  centres  had  Delegates  in  attendance.  The  list  of 
Canadian  appointed  Delegates  —  nearly  all  of  whom  were  present  — 
was  as  follows  : 

Ontario  Associated  Boards  —  W.  J.  Gage,  Noel  Marshall,  F.  G.  Morley. 

Belleville  —  Lieut-Colonel  W.  N.  Ponton,  K.C.,  John  W.  Johnson,  M.L.A. 

Berlin  —  Edward  Smyth. 

Brantford—  W.  B.  Preston,  W.  F.  Cockshutt,  M.P. 

Brockville—  T.  J.  Storey,  A.  C.  Hardy. 

Calgary  —  T.  J.  S.  Skinner. 

Clinton  —  R.  D.  Noble,  Thomas  Jackson,  Junr. 

Fredericton  —  C.  C.  Jones,  D.C.L.,  Arthur  R.  Slipp,  K.C.,  M.L.A. 

Ingersoll—  A.  H.  Ellis. 

Listowel  —  J.  W.  Scott. 

Montreal  —  Robert  W.  Reford,   Huntley  R.   Drummond,  Hugh   A.   Allan, 

W.  M.  Botsford,  George  Hadrill.     (Chambre  de  Commerce)  Lieut- 

Colonel  F.  Samuel  Mackay. 
Regina—  T.  W.  Sheffield. 

New  Westminster  —  L.  B.  Lusby,  T.  S.  Annandale. 
Ottawa  —  W.  Y.  Soper,  Angus  W.  Fraser. 
Rossland  —  A.  J.  MacMillan. 
St.  Catharines  —  D.  M.  Muir,  James  D.  Chaplin. 
St.  Thomas  —  W.  A.  Midland,  M.  Rawlinson. 
Simcoe  —  E.  Edmonds. 
Toronto  —  W.  P.  Gundy,  W.  F.  Cockshutt,  M.P.,  J.  C.  Douglas,  F.  G.  Morley, 

Edmund  Bristol,  K.C.,  M.P.,  J.  D.  Ivey. 
Toronto   (Canadian    Manufacturers'    Association)  —  Geo.    E.    Drummond, 

H.  J.  Waddie,  T.  J.  Storey,  John  Ransford,  Harrison  Watson. 
Vancouver  —  A.  G.  McCandless,  Charles  Woodward. 
Vancouver  (South)  —  William  Wall. 
Victoria  —  G.  H.  Barnard,  M.P.,  James  Forman. 
Winnipeg—  Charles  N.  Bell. 

Woodstock—  Lieut.-Colonel  John  White,  George  B.  Woods. 
Canadian  Section,  London  Chamber  of  Commerce  —  Ben  H.  Morgan,  W.  M. 

Botsford,  Frank  Debenham. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Colmer,  C.M.G.,  represented  the  British  Imperial  Council 
of  Commerce  —  which  had  control  of  the  local  arrangements  and 
organization  —  on  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congress.  The 
opening  speech  was  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Asquith,  Prime  Minister,  who  in 
brief  words  welcomed  the  Empire's  representatives  and  expressed  his 
belief  that  in  business  lay  the  foundations  of  loyalty,  unity,  and 
strength  ;  emphasized  the  growth  of  inter-Empire  commerce,  and  said 
that  in  his  opinion,  "the  conclusions  at  which  you  will  arrive  must 
have  the  greatest  weight  with  those  who  are  called  upon  to  guide  the 
destinies  of  the  various  parts  of  the  Empire."  Lord  Desborough, 
K.C.V.O.,  presided  and  declared  in  his  address  that  "it  is  becoming 


THE  CONGRESS  OF  CHAMBERS  OF  COMMERCE  OF  THE  EMPIRE    131 

daily  more  apparent  that  if  the  Empire  is  to  live,  if  we  are  to  be 
able  to  hand  it  down  as  we  have  received  it  to  those  who  come  after 
us,  the  Empire  must  be  consolidated  in  commerce  as  well  as  in 
defence."  A  message  of  loyalty  was  sent  to  the  King  and  duly 
acknowledged  and  then  the  business  of  the  gathering  was  dealt  with. 
There  was  an  immense  mass  of  66  Eesolutions — 29  from  Canada — 
to  consider  and  many  of  these  had  to  be  concentrated  in  a  compromise 
or  combination.  Belleville,  Ont.,  alone  presented  nine  dealing  with 
Commerce,  Education,  the  assimilation  of  Mercantile  Laws,  Defence, 
West  Indian  Eeciprocity,  Parcel  Post,  Naturalization  of  Aliens,  pro- 
motion of  Peace,  etc.  Toronto  wanted  an  All-Eed  Cable  and  an 
Empire-wide  Naturalization  law;  Vancouver,  Belleville  and  Montreal 
had  varied  ideas  on  the  subject  of  Defence.  Some  of  the  best  known 
of  the  Delegates  at  the  Congress  were  Sir  S.  B.  Boulton,  G.  Palliser 
Martin,  Stanley  Machin,  F.  Faithfull-Begg,  Sir  Algernon  Firth,  Sir 
Albert  Spicer,  M.P.,  Lord  Joicey,  Charles  Carleton,  James  Cormack, 
S.  W.  Koyce,  Lord  Mayor  of  Manchester,  E.  H.  Langdon  and  Ebenezer 
Parkes,  M.P.,  of  Great  Britain;  Sir  John  Cockburn,  Hon.  J.  G.  Jen- 
kins, Hon.  George  Swinburne,  J.  M.  Paxton  and  W.  N.  Hedges  of 
Australia;  Sir  Alex.  McKobert,  Sir  Ernest  Cable  and  Hon.  W.  L. 
Graham  of  India;  W.  F.  Cockshutt,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  S.  MacKay,  Col. 
W.  N.  Ponton,  K.C.,  A.  W.  Fraser,  K.C.,  J.  W.  Johnson,  T.  J.  Storey, 
A.  G.  McCandless,  G.  H.  Barnard,  M.P.,  and  W.  P.  Gundy  of  Canada. 
Amongst  the  Eesolutions  passed  were  the  following : 

1.  In  favour  of  establishing  by  International  agreement  a  fixed  date 
for  Easter  and  a  fixed  International  Calendar. 

2.  In  support  of  an  All-British  Cable  service  connecting  the  countries 
of  the  British  Empire  in  a  cheap,  reliable  way. 

3.  A  Declaration  of  the  desirability  of  an  All-Red  mail  and  cable  route 
between  Canada,  Australia  and  New  Zealand  with  cable  terminals  entirely 
on  British  territory. 

4.  A  re-affirmation  of  opinion  "  in  favour  of  Preferential  trade  within 
the  British  Empire"  and  of  the  pledge  "to  press  upon  the  various  Gov- 
ernments concerned,  the  desirability  of  taking  action  to  give  effect  to  this 
principle." 

5.  In  favour  of  full  reciprocity  of  trade  and,  if  possible,  close  political 
union  between  the  British  West  India  Islands,   Newfoundland  and  the 
Dominion  of  Canada — (1)  as  a  step  toward  Imperial  Federation  and  (2) 
because  of  the  early  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

6.  Welcoming  the  decision  of  the  1911  Imperial  Conference  asking  the 
Governments  concerned  to  consider    and    endeavour    to    deal  with  the 
enforcement  in  one  part  of  the  Empire  of  Arbitration  awards  and  judg- 
ments and  orders  of  Court  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire. 

7.  Stating  that  for  "the  preservation  of  the  integrity  of  the  British 
Empire  and,  in  the  interests  of  peace,  it  is  desirable  that  all  parts  of  the 
Empire  co-operate  towards  Imperial  defence,  and  that  the  respective  Gov- 
ernments be  urged,  through  the  Chambers  of  Commerce,  to  adopt  a  prac- 
tical scheme  of  co-operation  at  an  early  date." 

8.  Asserting  that  "  in  view  of  the  adverse  opinions  expressed  con- 
cerning the  Declaration  of  London  by  many  competent  authorities  and 
the  regret  and  disappointment  felt  by  this  Congress  in  respect  of  the  pro- 
visions under  which  food  supplies  borne  in  neutral  vessels  to  any  port 
in  Great  Britain  would  be  exposed  to  capture  or  deliberate  destruction, 
and  by  which  the  principle  of  the  destruction  of  neutral  prizes  is  admitted, 


132  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

together  with  the  absence  of  any  provision  prohibiting  the  conversion  of 
merchantment  into  commerce-destroyers  on  the  high  seas,  this  Congress 
earnestly  hopes  that  British  statesmanship  and  diplomacy  may  yet  suc- 
ceed in  obtaining  such  modifications  in  the  terms  of  the  Declaration  as 
will  render  it  more  generally  acceptable,  and  bring  it  more  into  conformity 
with  the  principles  which  have  hitherto  governed  the  practice  of  Great 
Britain  in  time  of  war." 

9.  Declaring  that  "  in  order  to  promote  the  safety  of  the  Empire  and 
the  moral  and  physical  welfare  of  the  population  it  is  necessary  that  the 
youth  of  the  Empire  should  universally  undergo  such  a  course  of  train- 
ing in  discipline  and  arms  as,  without  undue  interference  with  industrial 
employment,  will  fit  them  to  take  their  part  as  citizens  for  purposes  of 
the  Empire's  Defence." 

10.  Stating  that  "  It  is  desirable  that  Chambers  of  Commerce  through- 
out the  Empire,  should  lend  their  assistance  in  encouraging  the  flow  of 
British  emigration  and  British  capital  to  British  Possessions." 

11.  Declaring  that  in  view  of  "  the  growing  tendency  to  misrepresent 
and  mis-describe  the  nature,  origin,  quantity,  quality  and  value  of  all 
kinds  of  goods  offered  for  sale  "  the  Governments  of  the  Empire  be  urged 
to  enforce  and  strengthen  local  laws  as  to  false  marking;  declaring,  also, 
in  favour  of  uniform  labelling  of  food-stuffs  and  drugs  throughout  the 
Empire. 

12.  Supporting  the  adoption  and  registration  of  an  Empire  trade- 
mark. 

13.  Favouring  the  assimilation,  systematization  and,  where  possible, 
codification  of  the  mercantile  laws  of  the  Empire. 

14.  Urging  the  adoption  of  a  uniform  Empire  Company  law. 

15.  Asking  the  British  Imperial  Chamber  of  Commerce  to  take  steps 
to  bring  the  question  of  "  a  uniform  system  of  weights,  measures  and  cur- 
rency" before  the  Imperial  Trade  Commission. 

16.  Urging  the  desirability  of    forming  Boards  of    Conciliation  and 
Arbitration  to  settle  Labour  disputes  and  making  it  a  penal  offence  to 
organize  a  strike  or  lock-out  until  the  matter  had  been  inquired  into  and 
reported  upon  by  such  a  Board. 

17.  Asking  the  next  Imperial  Conference  to  consider  the  establish- 
ment of  some  common  principle  for  the  imposition  of  Income  taxes  in 
British  countries  so  as  to  avoid  duplication. 

18.  Deprecating  the  taxation  of  Commercial  Travellers  within  the 
Empire  and  the  occasional  refusal  to  recognize  incorporating  laws  of  other 
British  territories  or  countries. 

19.  Urging  the  adoption  of  a  general  law  dealing  with  the  sea-carriage 
of  goods  and  preventing  ocean-carriers  from  contracting  themselves  out 
of  liability  for  loss  or  damage. 

20.  Urging  legislation  to  make  Bills  of  Lading  show  clearly  when  and 
where  freight  had  been  paid. 

21.  Favouring  the  formation  of  an  Association  of  British  Commercial 
Employees  throughout  the  World. 

22.  Declaring  that  state  prisoners  should  be  "  employed  only  upon 
tasks  which  possess  a  distinctly  penal  character  "  and  not  in  work  com- 
petitive with  free  labour;   favouring  uniform  merchant  shipping  laws; 
approving  the  principle  of  the  British  Daylight  Saving  Bill. 

23.  Urging  the  establishment  of  the  "lowest  possible  and  mutually 
uniform  rates  of  parcel  postage  "  within  the  Empire — especially  in  appli- 
cation to  magazines,  periodicals,  etc. 

24.  Declaring  it  essential  that  definite  practical  steps  should  be  taken 
to  permanently  unite  the  British  Empire  for  consultation,  commerce  and 
defence. 

The  chief  debate  was,  as  usual  in  these  gatherings,  upon  the  fiscal 
question.  In  moving  the  Resolution,  W.  F.  Cockshutt,  M.P.,  of  Canada 
made  a  characteristically  eloquent  speech — forcible  also  as  coming 


EMPIRE  EDUCATIONAL  MEETINGS  IN  LONDON  133 

from  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Preference  movement.  George  E. 
Drummond  of  Montreal,  in  seconding  the  motion,  tried  to  indicate 
the  value  and  greatness  of  the  Canadian  market  for  Great  Britain 
when  the  Dominion  had  grown  to  fifty  millions  of  a  population.  Mr. 
Parkes,  M.P.,  declared  the  Chamberlain  policy  to  be  making  much 
progress  in  Great  Britain;  S.  W.  Eoyse  and  Sir  Albert  Spicer  took 
the  strong  Free-trade  view-point  to  which  F.  B.  Steibel  of  Notting- 
ham and  Lieut.-Colonel  W.  N.  Ponton  of  Canada  replied.  The  latter 
made  what  The  Standard  described  as  "the  outstanding  speech  of 
the  session."  He  declared  that  "  war  was  once  a  business ;  now  busi- 
ness is  a  war  "  and  that  "  the  British  Empire  is  not  a  theory ;  it  is  a 
living  organism."  Canada  was  described  as  "  the  half-way  house 
between  the  white  cliffs  of  Albion  and  the  mysteries  of  the  Orient." 

The  vote  by  Chambers  stood  87  for  and  7  against  the  Resolution, 
with  33  neutral  or  not  voting.  The  speeches  and  voting  on  the 
Defence  Resolution  were  all  one  way — the  motion  being  proposed  in 
stirring  addresses  by  A.  G.  McCandless  of  Vancouver  and  G.  H. 
Barnard  of  Victoria.  The  social  side  of  the  'Congress  was  interesting 
with  the  usual  overflowing  British  hospitality  displayed.  Amongst  the 
incidents  was  a  Garden  Party  at  Taplow  Court  given  by  Lord  and 
Lady  Desborough;  the  Reception  of  the  Delegates  by  the  King  and 
Queen  at  Buckingham  Palace;  a  Garden  Party  given  by  the  Govern- 
ment at  the  Board  of  Trade  with  Earl  Beauchamp  and  Mr.  Sydney 
Buxton  as  hosts;  a  Banquet  at  the  Hotel  Cecil  and  an  entertainment 
of  "  Faust "  at  the  London  Opera  House  with  a  Supper  afterwards  at 
the  Waldorf  Hotel  as  the  guests  of  Sir  Algernon  Firth,  Bart.  Toronto 
was  selected  for  the  9th  Congress  in  1915. 

The  Congress  of  Empire  Universities — the  second  of 
Empire  j^s  kind — was  held  at  the  University  of  London  on 

Meettogs11^  ^u^v  ^  '(m&eT  t^e  auspices  of  a  British  Committee 
x-ondon  representing  18  Universities  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

The  1st  Conference  (July,  1903)  had  been  brief  with 
two  simple  Resolutions  passed  end  only  moderate  success  achieved. 
The  second  one  was  a  large,  representative,  and  brilliant  affair.  Fifty- 
one  Universities  arranged  representation  and  of  these  19  were  Cana- 
dian, 18  British,  5  Australian,  5  Indian,  1  New  Zealand  and  one  each 
in  Hong-Kong,  Malta  and  South  Africa.  From  Montreal  to  Sydney, 
from  'Cambridge  to  Calcutta,  from  St.  Andrews  to  Saskatchewan,, 
from  Dublin  to  the  Cape,  from  Edinburgh  to  "Winnipeg,  from  Allaha- 
bad to  Adelaide,  from  Aberdeen  to  Toronto,  Delegates  were  in  attend- 
ance at  a  gathering  of  which  H.R.H.  Prince  Arthur  of  Connaught,. 
in  welcoming  the  members  to  London,  said :  "  I  am  confronted  with 
a  sort  of  quintessence  of  the  wisdom  of  the  ages  and  the  brain-power 
of  to-day."  Of  the  individual  Universities  outside  of  Canada,  those 
of  Madras,  Allahabad,  Calcutta,  Punjab  and  Bombay  in  India;  Tas- 
mania, Western  Australia,  Adelaide,  Queensland,  Sydney,  Melbourne, 
New  Zealand  in  Australasia ;  Hong  Kong  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ; 
were  represented.  Some  of  the  distinguished  Delegates  in  this  con- 
nection were  the  Bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  formerly  of  Adelaide; 


134  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Prof.  T.  P.  Stuart- Anderson  from  Sydney;  Bishop  Montgomery, 
formerly  of  Tasmania;  Sir  Newton  J.  Moore  of  Western  Australia; 
Hon.  R.  Philp,  M.L.A.,  and  Sir  Thomas  B.  Robinson  of  Queensland. 
There  were  also  several  Hindu  Delegates.  The  Canadian  representa- 
tives were  as  follows : 

University.  Plaoe.  Delegate. 

Manitoba    Winnipeg    Prof.  Frank  Allen,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

Manitoba    Winnipeg    A.  M.  Bothwell. 

Manitoba    Winnipeg    Rev.  J.  F.  Cross. 

Mantitoiba    Winnipeg    W.  J.  Rose,  B.A. 

Aoadla Wolfville,    N.B Prof.  R.  C.  Archibald,   M.A.,  Ph.D. 

Queen's    Kingston Prof.  James  Cappon,  M.A. 

Queen's   .Kingston' Prof.  John  Watson,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Laval     Montreal    Ernest  Marceau. 

Laval     Montreal   Mgr.  C.  P.  Choquette,  D.D. 

Laval     Quebec Prof.  CL  N.  Gariepy,  D.D. 

McGill    Montreal    Prof.  John  Oox,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

MoGill    Montreal   Miss  Ethel  Hurlbatt,  M.A. 

McGill   Montreal   W.  Peterson,  C.M.G.,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

MoGill    Montreal   Prof.  J.  Bousall  Porter,  Ph.D. 

Alberta    Edmonton Prof.  Barker  Falrley,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

Alberta    .Edmonton Hon.  A.  C.  Rutherford,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Alberta    Edmonton H.  M.  Tory,  M.A.,  D.SC.,  LL.D. 

Toronto   Toronto Dr.  R.  A.  Falconer,  C.M.Q. 

Toronto Toronto W.  Pakenham,  B.A. 

Toronto   Toronto Prof.  R.  Ramsay  Wright,  LL.D. 

Toronto   Toronto   Prof.  J.  C.  Robertson,  M.A. 

Toronto   Toronto Prof.  A.    H.    Young,    M.A. 

Mount  Allison Sackville Prof.   S.  W.  Hunton,   M.A.   . 

New    Brunswick Fredericton Prof.  C.  C.  Jones,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

Saskatchewan    Saskatoon Prof.  L.  A.  McKay,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

Saskatchewan    Saskatoon Prof.    »V.  J.  Rutherford. 

Saskatchewan    Saskatoon Prof.  W.  G.  Sullivan,  M.A. 

Western    London    Hon.  R.  M.  Meredith. 

Dalhousle    Halifax    Prof.  D.  A.  Murray,  Ph.D. 

Bishop's    Lennoxvlila    Rev.  R.  A.  Parrock,  LL.D.,  D.C.L. 

King's    Windsor    Rev.  T.  W.  Powell,  M.A. 

Ottawa    Ottawa    Rev.  A.  B.  Roy,  O.M.I. 

McMaster    Toronto   Prof.  R.  Wilson  Smith,  Ph.D. 

St.  Francois-Xavier Antlgonish    Rev.  J.  J.  Tompkins,  M.A. 

British   Columbia Vancouver    Hon.  H.  E.  Young,  LL.D.,  M.L.A. 

The  Congress  was  opened  on  July  2nd  by  the  Earl  of  Rosebery  and 
^Midlothian  as  Chancellor  of  the  Universities  of  London  and  Glasgow 
and  Lord  Rector  of  St.  Andrews  and  addresses  were  given  upon  speci- 
fic subjects  of  University  importance  by  Sir  Alfred  Hopkinson,  Vic- 
toria University  of  Manchester,  and  Principal  Peterson,  C.M.Q.,  of 
McGill,  Montreal.  On  the  following  morning,  Earl  Curzon  of  Kedle- 
ston,  Chancellor  of  Oxford,  presided  and  in  his  speech  differentiated 
the  kind  of  instruction  given  at  the  older  Universities  from  the  more 
practical  and  equally  necessary  kind  given  in  the  newer  and  younger 
institutions.  Oxford  and  Cambridge  were,  primarily,  for  the  parent 
who  desired  for  his  son  "  breadth  of  mind  and  humanizing  of  char- 
acter." They  were  also  now  developing  the  groundwork  of  instruc- 
tion in  engineering,  forestry,  agriculture,  economics,  etc.  Other 
speakers  were  Prof.  A.  Smithells  of  the  University  of  Leeds,  Sir 
Isambard  Owen  of  the  University  of  Bristol,  and  Stanley  Leathes, 
C.B.,  First  Civil  Service  Commissioner.  Dr.  J.  W.  Barrett  of  the 
University  of  Melbourne  dealt  with  the  interchange  of  Teachers. 

In  the  afternoon,  Mr.  A.  J.  Balfour,  M.P.,  as  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh,  presided  and  Sir  F.  D.  Lugard,  Chancellor, 
spoke  for  the  new  University  of  Hong-Kong;  Dr.  J.  C.  R.  Ewing  of 
Punjab  University  in  connection  with  higher  education  in  India — 


EMPIRE  EDUCATIONAL  MEETINGS  IN  LONDON  135 

as  to  which  Hon.  Devaprasad  Sarvadhikary  of  Calcutta  claimed  that 
patience  was  necessary.  "  We  have  in  India  a  theology  19,000  years 
old ;  England  one  of  1,900  years."  E.  B.  Sargant,  Sir  Theodore  Mori- 
son  and  Sir  Thomas  Raleigh  also  spoke  of  Indian  conditions.  The 
morning  Session  of  July  14th  was  presided  over  by  Lord  Rayleigh, 
O.M.,  'Chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  addresses  of  a  technical  nature 
were  delivered  by  P.  E.  Matheson,  H.  A.  Roberts  and  Miss  M.  G. 
Spencer.  In  the  afternoon  Viscount  Haldane,  Chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Bristol,  was  in  the  Chair  and  several  valuable  papers 
were  read.  Lord  Strathcona,  Chancellor  of  Aberdeen  and  McGill 
Universities,  presided  on  the  following  day  and  addresses  were  given 
by  Dr.  G.  R.  Parkin,  C.M.G.,  on  the  establishment  of  a  Central  Bureau, 
by  Miss  H.  M.  White  of  Alexandra  College,  Dublin,  on  Women's  posi- 
tion in  Universities,  and  by  Sir  James  Donaldson  of  St.  Andrews 
University  on  representation  in  the  governing  bodies  of  Universities. 

These  were  the  chief  speakers,  but  there  were  many  from  Canada 
and  the  other  countries  who  took  part  in  the  discussions  which  suc- 
ceeded the  reading  of  the  more  important  papers.  A  Government 
Luncheon  was  tendered  the  Delegates  on  July  2nd  with  Earl  Beau- 
champ  in  the  Chair  and  Prince  Arthur  of  Connaught  on  his  right. 
Mr.  Lewis  Harcourt,  Colonial  Secretary,  Dr.  Peterson  of  McGill  and 
Lord  Rosebery  made  the  principal  speeches.  Amongst  other  social 
features  of  the  Conference  were  a  Shakespearian  Lecture  at  the  Brit- 
ish Academy  by  Dr.  A.  C.  Bradley;  a  Dinner  by  four  of  the  Worship- 
ful Companies  of  London  and  one  by  the  Staff  of  King's  College ;  an 
At  Home  by  the  Lord  Mayor  and  a  Reception  by  the  Countess  Beau- 
champ;  an  Official  Reception  by  H.'R.H.  Prince  Arthur  of  Connaught, 
President  of  the  London  General  Committee ;  Receptions  by  the  Lon- 
don School  of  Medicine  for  Women,  the  Victoria  League  and  the 
Dowager  Marchioness  of  Bute. 

Following  the  close  of  the  Conference  the  Delegates  visited  the 
Universities  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  spent  a  most  interest- 
ing and  instructive  month  which  was  well  described  in  a  series  of 
letters  to  the  Canadian  press  by  Prof.  A.  H.  Young  of  Toronto.  It 
may  be  added  that  a  number  of  Honorary  degrees  were  conferred  on 
Canadians  in  this  connection.  Oxford  made  Principal  Peterson  a 
D.C.L.  and  Durham  a  D.Litt.  while  Aberdeen  made  Rev.  Dr.  T.  W. 
Powell  an  LL.D.  As  to  the  general  result  the  Montreal  Herald  of 
July  20th,  after  referring  to  the  scientific,  educational,  and  specific 
nature  of  such  meetings,  went  on  to  say :  "  The  Universities  of  the 
Empire  have  their  separate  tasks  to  perform,  but  they  have  also  the 
inspiring  task  in  common  of  keeping  touch  between  the  four  white 
civilizations  of  the  British  world.  As  a  step  towards  lightening  that 
task  this  Congress  deserves  the  close  attention  of  all  who  speak  the 
English  language  and  have  the  British  system  at  heart." 

A  more  notably  Canadian  gathering  was  the  Imperial  Conference 
of  Teachers  held  in  London  on  July  17-22nd,  in  connection  with  the 
visit  to  Great  Britain  and  other  countries  of  350  Canadian  School 
Teachers.  This  was  arranged  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Ney,  Secretary  of  the 


136  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Education  Department,  Winnipeg,  under  the  joint  auspices  of  the 
Dominion  Government  and  the  Education  Departments  of  Manitoba, 
British  Columbia,  Nova  Scotia,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta  and  Quebec. 
All  the  Provinces,  however,  were  represented  in  the  list  of  delegates 
or  travellers.  Similar  tours  on  a  somewhat  smaller  scale  had  been 
arranged  and  conducted  by  Mr.  Ney  in  1910  and  1911  with  the  British 
part  of  the  programme  assisted  greatly  by  the  League  of  the  Empire — 
a  useful  organization  with  Empire  Education  as  its  ideal.  The  Con- 
ference was  opened  in  London  on  July  17th  by  the  Duke  of  Argyll 
who  described  the  three  "R's"  of  Empire  training  as  Eesearch, 
Religion  and  Resolution. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Pease,  President  of  the  Board  of  Education,  in  his 
remarks  stated  that  British  experts  had  been  studying  Education  in 
Europe  and  had  not  found  a  great  deal  to  learn.  Even  from  Ger- 
many, with  all  its  scientific  advance  so  far  as  education  in  the  ele- 
mentary schools  was  concerned,  they  had  not  much  to  learn.  In 
regard  to  the  condition  of  their  schools  in  hygiene  and  medical  inspec- 
tion and  treatment,  they  were  ahead  of  other  nations  on  the  continent 
of  Europe.  Besides  the  large  number  of  Delegates  present  from 
British  and  'Canadian  Schools  there  were  also  Australian  and  South 
African  contingents  and  many  leading  British  educationists.  Prof. 
Ernest  Gardner  was  Chairman  of  the  Conference  Committee  in  Lon- 
don and  Mrs.  Ord  Marshall,  Honorary  Secretary.  Amongst  the  Cana- 
dian speakers  during  the  sessions  were  Dr.  A.  H.  McKay  of  Halifax, 
Prof.  F.  C.  Colbeck  and  Dr.  J.  L.  Hughes  of  Toronto,  F.  J.  Ney  of 
Winnipeg,  Prof.  W.  S.  Ellis  of  Kingston,  Sir  Gilbert  Parker,  M.P., 
Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas  of  the  Ontario  Government,  and  Hon.  H.  E.  Young 
of  Victoria,  B.C.  Amongst  the  incidents  of  this  portion  of  the  Tour 
were  a  visit  to  the  Military  Camp  at  Aldershot  and  services  at  St. 
Paul's  and  Westminster  Abbey;  visits  to  Winchester  and  Eton  Col- 
leges and  Windsor  town,  the  Tower  of  London  and  various  other  local 
points  of  interest;  visit  to  the  Naval  dockyards  and  inspection  of  a 
battleship  at  Portsmouth;  visits  to  Greenwich,  Richmond  and  Kew, 
Isle  of  Wight  and  Osborne  House,  Hampton  Court  and  Margate. 
Included  in  the  programme,  also,  were  all  kinds  of  social  entertain- 
ment and  following  it  was  a  fortnight  spent  in  touring  England,  Ire- 
land, ^Scotland,  Wales,  France  and  Belgium.  A  portion  of  the  visitors 
took  a  trip  to  the  Mediterranean  including  a  journey  through  Egypt. 
The  Canadian  Delegates  left  Liverpool  for  home  on  Aug.  23rd  and,  of 
their  visit,  one  Canadian,  Dr.  Hugh  McKay,  wrote  as  follows : 

From  our  early  childhood  days  we  had  dreamed  of  this  visit  to  the 
heart  of  the  Empire.  The  fires  of  patriotism  kindled  by  the  fathers  had 
been  carefully  watched  and  tended  and  kept  aglow  throughout  the  years. 
.  .  .  We  have  wandered  hither  and  thither  in  the  Old  Land,  we  have 
trod  on  sacred  ground  watered  by  the  blood  and  tears  of  .the  martyrs — 
men  who  surrendered  their  lives  that  their  children  might  enjoy  the 
priceless  heritage  of  civil  and  religious  liberty;  we  have  drunk  deep  of 
the  enchanting  beauty  of  the  landscape,  the  witchery  of  lake  and  wood- 
land, the  hills  intersected  with  hedgerows,  the  quaint  old  villages  with 
thatched-roofed  cottages  and  wealth  of  sweet-scented  flowers,  the  palaces 


BEITISH  TRADE:  IMPERIAL  PREFERENCE  AND  TARIFF  EEFORM.     137 

of  art,  the  ruined  castles  and  the  ivy-clad  cathedrals  hoary  with  age, 
eloquent  in  their  silence,  recording  the  lessons  of  the  past. 

During  1912  there  were  several  important  develop- 

BritiBh  Trade:  ments  in  this  connection  which  had,  or  might  have,  a 

considerable  bearing  upon  Canadian  affairs  and  politics. 

Preference  _    .   .  ,  -i      »  n  ••  n  -t  a 

and  Tariff         British  trade  for  one  thing  was   unusually  good   and 
Reform  despite  strikes,  workless  workmen,  the  increasing  cost 

of  living,  and  a  steadily  growing  competition  of  imports, 
the  country  was  said  to  be  prosperous.  Great  Britain  remained  the 
best  customer  for  Canadian  products  with  the  United  States  as  a  good 
second.  There  was  no  substantial  difference  in  the  ratio  of  British 
exports  to  imports  as  to  which  the  figures  for  the  calendar  year,  1911, 
showed  Imports  of  £680,559,136  and  Exports  of  £557,003,259.  As 
to  the  increased  bulk  of  the  trade,  Free-trade  advocates  were  enthusi- 
astic ;  in  the  matter  of  its  distribution  Tariff  Eef orm  supporters  made 
the  point  (1911  figures)  that  the  total  Imports  of  manufactured  goods 
from  Foreign  countries  was  £145,100,000  and  from  British  countries 
£20,500,000  while  domestic  Exports  to  Foreign  countries  totalled 
£221,800,000  and  to  British  countries  £140,400,000.  According  to  a 
statement  by  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  in  the  Commons 
on  Apl.  23rd,  the  British  export  of  domestic  produce  and  manufac- 
tures to  British  Dominions  had  increased  as  follows  after  the  Prefer- 
ential system  was  applied:  Canada  £5,352,029  in  1896  to  £19,715,000 
in  1911;  New  Zealand  £5,677,576  in  1902  to  £9,809,000;  Australia 
£20,228,836  in  1906  to  £30,881,000  in  1911.  To  the  South  African 
'Customs  Union  there  had  been  a  decrease  from  £24,436,739  in  1902 
to  £21,269,000  in  1911. 

In  this  connection  some  of  the  factors  hampering  the  development  of 
British  trade  in  Canada  were  pointed  out  by  the  Commissioner  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  Saskatoon  (Mr.  Malcolm  Sclanders)  in  a  communi- 
cation during  the  summer  to  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of  Commerce: 
"  As  a  matter  of  fact  our  people  are  buying  almost  two-thirds  of  their 
total  requirements  from  the  United  States.  This  circumstance  not  only 
results  from  your  indifferent  attitude,  but  also  because  of  the  unreas- 
onable disinclination  of  your  merchants  and  manufacturers  to  grant 
to  our  solid  business  concerns  such  terms  of  payment,  etc.,  as  our 
exigencies  demand.  For  instance,  most  British  houses  now  dealing 
half-heartedly  with  our  merchants  here,  demand  cash  in  return  for 
bill  of  lading,  the  goods  being  meantime  retained  at  Montreal.  Con- 
sequently our  people  are  required  to  pay  for  Old  Country  goods  about 
three  weeks  before  they  arrive  in  Saskatoon.  .  .  .  Now,  Ameri- 
can suppliers  are  in  the  closest  touch  with  this  country  and  its  inter- 
ests, and  their  representatives  are  continually  coming  and  going,  and 
recognize  at  once  our  prosperity,  the  enormous  business  that  is  pass- 
ing, and  gladly  extend  to  us  reasonable  and  ordinary  businesslike 
credit."  Besides  theses  causes  there  was  and  is  the  impression  sedu- 
lously cultivated  by  clever  American  salesmen  in  Canada  that  Great 
Britain  is  behind  the  times  and  does  not  produce  the  newest  and  most 


138  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  HE  VIEW 

modern  goods.  To  meet  these  and  other  difficulties  the  fiscal  discus- 
sion in  Great  Britain^on  both  sides — was  calculated  to  do  Canadian 
trade  good  and  the  appointment  of  C.  Hamilton  Weekes,  who  arrived 
at  Montreal  on  Sept.  27th  as  British  Trade  'Commissioner  to  Canada 
in  succession  to  Richard  Grigg,  the  new  Commissioner  of  Trade  and 
Commerce,  was  an  evidence  that  this  arrangement  of  a  few  years' 
duration  had  proved  beneficial. 

To  return  to  British  conditions  before  indicating  briefly  the 
changes  in  the  public  attitude  toward  the  Preferential  policy,  it  may 
be  said  that  Free-traders  pointed  to  a  total  increase  of  £264,000,000 
in  trade  between  1905  and  1911,  to  an  increase  in  the  value  of  manu- 
factures exported  in  1903-1911  of  £128,000,000,  to  a  growth  of  £122,- 
000,000  in  the  gross  income  of  the  nation  between  1905  and  1911,  to 
a  decrease  in  unemployment  from  4  '6  per  cent,  in  1905  to  2  per  cent, 
in  1912.  In  1912  the  Imports  increased  by  £64,700,000  and  the 
Exports  by  £33,400,000.  Meanwhile,  the  Tariff  Reformers  had  been 
maintaining  their  fiscal  campaign  vigorously  despite  these  conditions 
— which  they  claimed  to  be  superficial  and  misguiding — and  had  won 
some  important  bye-election  contests.  'From  Dec.,  1910,  to  Oct.,  1912, 
the  Unionists  increased  their  representation  from  272  to  281,  or  17 
more  than  the  Liberals  possessed  without  their  Labour  and  Home 
Rule  supporters.  Mr.  Ernest  Craig,  who  captured  Crewe  for  the 
Unionists  on  July  28,  stated  that  "  the  election  was  fought  throughout 
on  Tariff  Reform  and  Imperial  Preference."  They  used  the  following 
official  and  comparative  figures  with  effect : 

Per 

Imports.  1900.  1911.  Increase.  Cent. 

I  United  Kingdom   .            .  £459,900,000  £577,400,000  £117,500,000  26 

/Germany    238,500,000  477.200,000  193,700,000  68 

i  United  States 167,500,000  312,300,000  144,800,000  86 

:  France    187,900,000  326,400,000  138,500,000  74 

Belgium   88,600,000  172,500,000  83,900,000  95 

Canada   35,400,000  107,200,000  71,800,000  203 

Exports. 

United  Kingdom £291,200,000  £454,100,000  £162,900,000  56 

Germany    226,700,000  398,500.000  171,800,000  76 

United   States    302,700,000  428,800,000  126,100,000  42 

Prance    164,300,000  246,900,000  82,600,000  50 

Belgium   76,900,000  141,400,000  64,500,000  84 

Canada 31,500,000  54,900,000  23,400,000  74 

The  following  Resolution  was  presented  in  the  €ommons  on  Feb.  22 
and  rejected  on  a  party  vote  by  258  to  193:  "This  House  humbly 
expresses  its  regret  that  the  persistent  refusal  of  Your  Majesty's  Gov- 

•  ernment  to  modify  the  fiscal  system  of  the  country  is  imperilling  the 
advantages  at  present  derived  by  British  commerce  from  the  prefer- 

>  ence  granted  by  Your  Majesty's  Dominions  overseas,  has  deferred  the 

•  closer  commercial  union  of  the  Empire,  has  deprived  the  country  of 
the  most  effective  method  of  inducing  foreign  countries  to  grant  fair 
treatment  to  British  manufactures,  and    is    adversely  affecting    the 
labour  conditions  of  the  country."  At  Glasgow  on  May  21st  Mr.  Bonar 
Law  pointed  out  that  the  young  and  active  classes  of  the  country  were 
still  leaving  it,  despite  alleged  trade  prosperity,  and  that  they  went  to 
regions  where  Protection  gave  an  opportunity  and  larger  wages  to 


BRITISH  TEADE:  IMPERIAL  PEEFERENCE  AND  TARIFF  REFORM     139 

the  willing  worker.  At  Woodstock  (July  27th)  he  told  an  audience  ' 
of  25,000  that  British  trade  had  been  saved  in  Canada  from  the  dan- 
ger of  United  States  Reciprocity:  "The  danger  has  gone  for  the 
moment,  but  it  will  recur  if  we  persist  in  refusing  the  boon  which  has 
been  held  out  to  us.  And  it  is  a  boon.  'Canada  has  much  to  offer 
and  she  has  many  suitors.  If  we  refuse  them,  her  gifts  will  be  eagerly 
accepted  by  other  nations  which  are  not  so  blind." 

A  little  later,  Mr.  Bonar  Law  announced  that  his  Party  did  not 
intend  to  impose  a  duty  on  cotton  and  to  this  Sir  C.  W.  Macara,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Master  Cotton  Spinner's  Federation,  declared  on  Sept. 
26th  that  this  was  not  the  issue :  "  It  rests  on  the  fact  that  Mr. 
Bonar  Law's  fiscal  policy  must  add  to  the  cost  of  building  mills, 
the  cost  of  mill  machinery,  the  cost  of  spinning,  weaving,  bleach- 
ing, dyeing,  printing  and  finishing  cotton  fabrics.  Add  a  little 
bit  to  the  cost  of  each  of  these  processes  and  our  export  trade, 
which  provides  80  per  cent,  of  the  industry,  is  gone."  On  Oct.  15th 
a  large  gathering  met  at  the  inaugural  Dinner  of  the  Thousand  Pound 
Imperial  Fund.  The  Duke  of  Westminster  presided  and  the  guests 
were  supposed  to  have  each  contributed  £1,000  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
moting Imperial  Preference  by  means  of  and  through  the  Preferential 
tariff  policy.  Amongst  the  Canadians  present  were  G.  T.  Somers  and 
W.  K.  George  of  Toronto,  W.  F.  Cockshutt,  M.P.,  of  Brantford  and 
Granville  Cunningham  representing  James  Ross  of  Montreal.  The 
total  amount  announced  as  subscribed  was  £60,000  and,  as  there  were 
about  150  present,  it  appeared  obvious  that  the  subscription  of  any 
specific  amount  was  not  a  condition  of  the  invitation  to  be  present 
— which  statement  the  Canadian  Associated  Press  cabled  out  to  Can- 
ada. It  was  afterwards  stated  that  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt  of  Toronto  had 
contributed  £500  and  James  Carruthers  of  Montreal  £100  to  the  Fund. 
Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain  was  the  chief  speaker  and  reiterated  his 
earnest  belief  in  Imperial  Preference :  "  It  is  not  for  Britain  to  found 
an  Empire  now;  it  is  hers  to  keep  the  Empire,  and  consolidate  it  or 
lose  it.  Our  opportunity  is  now." 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  Tariff  Reform  became  again  a 
crucial  issue  within  the  divided  ranks  of  the  Unionist  party  under 
the  Leadership  of  Mr.  Bonar  Law.  Speaking  in  London  to  the 
Unionist  National  Associations  (Nov.  14)  Lord  Lansdowne  was 
emphatic:  "I  combat  the  suggestion  that  we  shall  be  precluded  by 
engagements  into  which  we  have  entered  from  dealing  with  Tariff 
Reform,  when  we  come  into  power,  until  we  make  a  further  refer- 
ence to  the  constituencies.  We  must  be  free  to  defend  our  own  mar-/ 
kets  against  the  invasion  of  those  who  deny  us  access  to  their  markets. 
We  must  be  free  to  meet  the  great  Dominions  across  the  Seas,  to  meet 
them  half-way  when  they  come  to  us,  as  they  will  come  to  us,  asking  us 
for  reciprocal  trade.  What  we  shall  give  them  must  to  a  great  extent 
depend  upon  what  they  ask  for.  It  must  be  a  free  bargain."  To  this 
Mr.  Bonar  Law  added: 

We  shall  not  treat  any  revenue  derived  from  so-called  food  taxes, 
whatever  they  are,  which  may  be  imposed,  as  ordinary  revenue.  We  shall 


140  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

use  it  to  diminish  the  burdens  which  in  other  ways  are  falling  upon  the 
poorer  classes  of  this  country.  It  shall  not  be  an  additional  taxation,  it 
will  be  a  re-adjustment  or  taxation,  and,  owing  to  this  revenue,  and  owing 
to  the  experience  which  I  am  certain  will  come  with  this  change  of  system, 
I  say  this,  that  instead  of  adding  to  the  cost  of  living,  the  adjustment 
which  we  shall  make  will  make  the  burdens  smaller  and  not  larger. 

On  Dec.  5th  in  London,  Lord  Lansdowne  declared  that  the  Tariff 
Reform  policy  was  nailed  to  the  mast-head  and  that  the  Party  believed 
in  a  2  shilling  duty  on  wheat.  At  Glasgow,  on  Dec.  11,  Mr.  Austen 
Chamberlain  defined  the  Party  policy  as  including  an  average  ten  per 
cent,  duty  on  manufactures,  no  tax  on  raw  materials,  2  shillings  a 
quarter  on  Foreign  wheat,  5  per  cent,  ad  valorem  on  foodstuffs  as  a 
maximum  duty.  Meanwhile,  a  vigorous  controversy  was  proceeding 
between  the  Preferential  and  purely  Protectionist  elements  in  the 
Party — the  latter  claiming  that  without  the  proposed  Preference  on 
Colonial  food  supplies  they  could  carry  the  country  on  a  policy  of  pro- 
tection to  native  industries.  On  Dec.  16  Mr.  Bonar  Law  declared  at 
Ashton  that  food  taxes  would  not  be  abandoned  or  the  flag  of  Prefer- 
ence hauled  down — within  certain  new  limitations.  "  If  our  country- 
men entrust  us  with  power  we  do  not  intend  to  impose  food  duties. 
What  we  intend  to  do  is  to  call  a  Conference  of  the  Colonies  to  con- 
sider the  whole  question  of  Preferential  trade,  and  the  question 
whether  or  not  food  duties  will  be  imposed  will  not  arise  until  those 
negotiations  are  completed."  Much  discussion  arose  over  this  devel- 
opment and  Mr.  Bonar  Law  was  charged  with  shirking  the  issue  and 
placing  responsibility  in  the  matter  upon  the  Colonies. 

F.  E.  Smith,  M.P.,  one  of  the  Party  leaders,  replied  to  this  on 
the  20th  and  declared  the  abandonment  of  Tariff  Reform  an  impossi- 
bility. As  to  the  Conference :  "  Our  object  is  Imperial  Preference. 
This  is  the  end  which  we  have  set  in  front  of  us.  Only  foolish  people 
will  confuse  the  means  with  the  end.  The  very  object  of  discussing 
the  method  of  carrying  out  Imperial  Preference  with  the  Colonies  is 
in  order  that  we  may  be  informed  by  them  with  authority  what,  in 
their  judgment,  is  vital  in  order  that  that  policy  may  be  carried  out." 
The  matter  was  concluded  for  the  year  by  Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain's 
statement — Letter  Dec.  23rd — in  which  he  said :  "  What  the  Unionist 
leaders  seek  from  the  people  is  power  to  arrange  for  reciprocal  prefer- 
ence, within  certain  defined  limits.  Exactly  what  the  amount  and  the 
character  of  the  Preference  shall  be  can  only  be  settled  when  a  British 
Government  has  this  power  and  is  in  a  position  to  conclude  an  arrange- 
ment with  the  Dominions.  All  parties  to  the  Agreement  must,  of 
course,  retain  their  autonomous  rights.  We  have  no  more  preten- 
sion to  fix  Colonial  duties  than  the  Dominions  have  to  fix  ours." 

This  important  and  far-reaching  Commission  was 
oommiBrton  appointed  early  in  1912  as  the  result  of  a  Resolution 
on  imperial  passed  at  the  1911  Imperial  Conference.  The  announce- 
Trade  ment  of  its  Membership  was  made  by  the  Colonial  Sec- 

retary on  Apl.  3rd.     The  British  Members  were  to  be 
Lord  Inchape  of  Strathnaver,  G.C.M.G.  (Chairman) ;  Sir  Edgar  Vin- 


CANADA  AND  THE  IEISH  HOME  RULE  QUESTION  141 

cent,  K.C.M.G.,  ex-M.P.,  and  a  free-trade  Conservative;  Sir  Charles  J. 
Owens,  a  man  of  Railway  experience;  Sir  H.  Rider  Haggard,  M.P., 
and  Thomas  Garnett,  a  cotton  manufacturer  in  Manchester;  Wm. 
Lorimer  of  Glasgow.  Canada  was  to  be  represented  by  Hon.  George  E. 
Foster,  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce ;  Australia  by  Hon.  Donald 
Cameron,  ex-M.L.A. ;  Newfoundland  by  Hon.  E.  Bowring,  M.L.C.  ; 
South  Africa  by  'Sir  David  de  Villiers  Graaf,  Bart.,  Minister  of  Posts 
and  Telegraphs;  New  Zealand  by  Sir  Joseph  G.  Ward,  Bart.,  and 
lately  Prime  Minister.  The  Secretary  was  W.  A.  Robinson  of  the 
Colonial  Office. 

The  British  appointees  were  vigorously  criticized  in  the  Commons 
and  elsewhere  by  -the  Unionists.  Sir  Gilbert  Parker  (June  27) 
described  Lord  Inchape — known  in  financial  and  business  circles  as 
Sir  James  Lyle  MacKay — as  holding  views  on  fiscal  questions  closely 
similar  to  those  of  the  Government  and  the  British  Commissioners, 
generally,  as  not  calculated  to  help  the  cause  of  closer  Empire  trade 
relations.  Mr.  Page  Croft  declared  the  Government  policy  in  this 
respect  to  be  one  of  "  organized  stupidity  "  and  three  of  its  nominees 
to  be  "  the  most  fanatical  free-traders  in  the  country."  A  little  later 
Lord  Inchape  resigned  and  was  replaced  by  the  Right  Hon.  Arnold 
Morley;  Sir  David  Graaf  also  retired  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir 
Richard  Solomon,  High  Commissioner  for  South  Africa  in  London. 
The  terms  of  reference  to  the  Commission  were,  ultimately,  as  follows : 

To  inquire  into  and  report  upon  the  natural  resources  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada,  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia,  the  Dominion  of  New  Zealand, 
the  Union  of  South  Africa,  and  the  Colony  of  Newfoundland;  and  further: 
to  report  upon  the  development  of  such  resources,  whether  attained  or 
attainable;  upon  the  facilities  which  exist  or  may  be  created  for  the  pro- 
duction, manufacture,  and  distribution  of  all  articles  of  commerce  in 
those  parts  of  the  Empire;  upon  the  requirements  of  each  such  part  and 
of  the  United  Kingdom  in  the  matter  of  food  and  raw  materials,  and  the 
available  sources  of  such;  upon  the  trade  of  each  such  part  of  the  Empire 
with  the  other  parts,  with  the  United  Kingdom,  and  with  the  rest  of  the 
world;  upon  the  extent,  if  any,  to  which  the  mutual  trade  of  the  several 
parts  of  the  Empire  has  been  or  is  being  affected  beneficially  or  otherwise 
by  the  laws  now  in  force,  other  than  fiscal  laws;  and  generally,  to  sug- 
gest any  methods,  consistent  always  with  the  existing  fiscal  policy  of  each 
part  of  the  Empire,  by  which  the  trade  of  each  part  with  the  others  and 
with  the  United  Kingdom  may  be  improved  and  extended. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  Commission  was  held  in  London,  June  13, 
and  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  Emigration  was  the  subject  chiefly 
dealt  with.  Mr.  Foster  was  present  from  Canada  at  most  of  these 
Sessions.* 

The  Home  Rule  controversy  of  this  year  evoked 
many  Parliamentary  and  political  references  in  Great 
Home  »uie       Britain  to  Canada's  constitution  and  conditions  while 
Question  it  aroused  some  discussion  also  in  Canada.    The  British 

Liberals  claimed  the  Dominion    to    be    a    living    and 
emphatic  proof  of   the  beneficence  of    Home  Rule  and  the  Federal 

•  NOTE. — In  the  beginning  of  1913  a  Report  was  Issued  dealing  with  the 
subject  of  Imperial  Emigration. 


142  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

system;  the  Unionists  claimed  that  there  was  no  analogy  between 
self-government  granted  to  a  distant  and  loyal  Colony  and  the  promo- 
tion of  separation  between  two  countries  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
Speaking  in  the  Commons  on  May  9th,  Mr.  J.  E.  Redmond,  the  Irish 
leader,  referred  to  views  expressed  by  Mr.  Asquith,  and  added:  "I 
have  all  my  life  been  a  Federalist,  and  I  welcome  the  declaration, 
therefore,  that  this  is  the  first  step  in  a  great  system  of  Federation." 
Mr.  Bonar  Law,  Opposition  leader,  followed:  "What  is  the  lesson 
which  Colonial  experience  teaches  ?  It  is,  as  I  understand  it,  that  free 
government  is  better  than  autocratic  government,  that  in  every  case 
where  we  have  given  self-government  to  our  Colonies  it  has  been  suc- 
cessful. I  admit  that.  But  the  people  who  use  that  argument  forget 
something.  From  the  nature  of  the  case  the  Colonies  had  no  choice 
between  Colonial  self-government  and  autocratic  government.  It  was 
not  possible  for  them  to  have  free  government  as  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  There  is  no  analogy  there  to  Ireland.  Ireland  has  free 
government  and  self-government  just  as  much  as  England  or  Scot- 
land." Upon  the  point  of  Home  Rule  as  a  federal  policy,  Mr.  Winston 
Churchill  was  explicit  at  Dundee  on  Sept.  12th : 

I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  larger  units  of  local  government 
are  required  for  the  welfare  and  active  development  of  our  country.  I 
am  not  in  the  least  disturbed  by  the  prospect  of  seeing  erected  in  this 
country  ten  or  twelve  separate  Legislative  bodies  for  the  discharging  of 
functions  entrusted  to  them  by  the  Imperial  Parliament.  The  United 
States  conducts  its  business  through  a  great  number  of  Parliaments,  and 
Germany  has  not  merely  Parliaments  and  States  gathered  and  grouped 
together  within  the  German  Empire,  but  has  separate  kingdoms  and 
principalities  and  armies  woven  together  in  a  strong  federation  of  the 
whole.  Our  Colonies,  Canada,  South  Africa  and  Australia,  have  found  this 
federal  system  the  only  way  in  which  you  can  reconcile  the  general 
interest  of  the  organized  state  with  the  special  and  particular  develop- 
ment of  each  proper  part  and  portion  of  it.  In  these  Islands  it  is  a  cease- 
less complaint  of  our  political  opponents  that  they  cannot  get  sufficient 
time  in  Parliament  to  discuss  the  measures  which  are  brought  forward 
by  the  Government  of  the  day.  The  creation  in  the  United  Kingdom  of  a 
Federal  system  of  government  would  be  an  immense  task,  but  it  would 
be  a  task  attended  by  proportionate  advantage  to  every  party,  the  country, 
and  the  nation  as  a  whole. 

Sir  Edward  Carson  dealt  strongly  with  the  subject  in  the  House  on 
Oct.  24th.  The  Bill,  he  declared,  provided  for  a  half-way  condition 
between  Union  and  Colonial  self-government.  "  The  Government 
were  not  prepared  to  give  the  Irish  the  full  right  of  self-government 
because  they  did  not  trust  them,  and  because  Ireland  would  not  take 
it  upon  the  condition  under  which  every  Colony  had  got  its  rights — 
that  of  standing  upon  its  own  financial  powers  and  carrying  out  its 
own  financial  obligations."  Mr.  Balfour  denounced  the  measure  for 
providing  a  separate  Parliament  without  a  separate  Executive — as 
was  the  case  everywhere  in  the  Colonies.  As  to  the  protection  of 
minorities  Mr.  Bonar  Law,  on  Oct.  29th,  described  the  proposed  veto 
of  Bills  by  the  Crown  as  unworkable :  "  Either  the  safeguard  would 
not  work  at  all  when  a  Unionist  Government  was  in  office,  and  matters 


CANADA  AND  THE  IBISH  HOME  RULE  QUESTION.  143 

would  be  brought  to  a  deadlock,  or  the  Irish  Legislature — so  far  as 
independence  was  concerned — would  be  precisely  in  the  same  position 
as  the  Legislature  of  Canada  was  in  to-day.  If  that  was  the  case, 
what  became  of  the  safeguard?"  These  are  only  a  few  of  the  many 
and  varied  references  to  the  Colonial  or  Canadian  position. 

Meanwhile,  in  Canada  itself,  pronounced  interest  was  being  taken 
in  the  struggle  and  in  the  attitude  of  Ulster  particularly.  At  Winni- 
peg, on  Jan.  26th  a  meeting  of  local  Ulstermen  passed  a  Resolution 
expressing  hearty  sympathy  with  their  compatriots  and  denouncing 
Home  Rule  as  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Protestant  people 
of  Ireland.  In  Toronto,  on  Feb.  28th,  a  great  mass-meeting  repre- 
sentative of  the  Orange  sentiment  of  that  City  was  held  and  it  cheered 
to  the  echo  such  references  as  that  of  Comptroller  H.  C.  Hocken  who 
declared  the  purpose  of  the  Home  Rule  movement  to  be  the  setting 
up  on  the  shores  of  Britain  of  "a  hostile  nation  which  will  take 
advantage  of  any  trouble  Britain  may  be  in  at  home  or  abroad  to 
attack  her."  The  Rev.  Dr.  Hincks  described  the  policy  as  "  the  latest 
child  of  a  Roman  mother/'  Mr.  J.  S.  Willison  looked  upon  the  policy 
as  one  of  "  sending  into  Ireland  not  peace  but  a  sword."  "  I  regard 
the  suggested  guarantees  to  secure  the  educational  and  religious  rights 
of  Ulster  as  so  much  waste  paper.  Let  me  apply  the  test  of  our  own 
experience.  The  Canadian  constitution  vests  in  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment the  absolute  right  to  disallow  any  or  all  Provincial  legisla- 
tion. In  practice,  however,  the  use  of  the  Veto  has  been  substantially 
abandoned."  The  reason  stated  was  the  friction  which  its  use  inevit- 
ably and  always  developed  between  Provincial  and  Dominion  Legis- 
latures. 

The  Hon.  Wallace  Nesbitt  defended  the  right  of  Canada  to  speak 
in  the  matter.  "As  the  Imperial  Parliament  is  supreme  over  our 
affairs,  as  our  Constitution  could  be  repealed  at  any  Session  of  the 
Imperial  Parliament,  we  have  a  right  to  a  voice  in  any  radical  change 
of  the  Constitution  under  which  we  enjoy  our  liberties.  I  desire  for 
myself,  after  over  thirty  years  of  professional  experience  and  several 
years'  Judicial  experience,  to  express  most  strongly  my  view  against 
the  idea  of  separate  local  Parliaments  wherever  Legislative  union  and 
a  strong  central  Parliament  is  possible.  Federalism,  with  local  Par- 
liaments having  sovereign  powers,  is  the  best  breeding-ground  I  know 
of  for  race  and  creed  difficulties."  A  long  Resolution  was  passed 
which  described  Home  Rule  as  "the  first  step  for  the  separation  of 
Ireland  from  the  Empire" — an  opinion  based  upon  alleged  public 
utterances  of  Irish  Leaders — and  proceeded  as  follows : 

We  believe  further,  that  Ireland  would  in  time  become  a  centre  of 
conspiracy  against  the  integrity  of  the  British  Empire,  and  might  ulti- 
mately lead  to  the  overthrow  of  British  power  and  influence. 

That  as  Canadian  citizens  we  rejoice  in  the  extension  of  the  principle 
of  autonomy  when  it  can  be  granted  with  safety  to  Imperial  interests, 
believing  as  we  do  that  the  peace  and  prosperity  of  the  nations  of  the 
world. are  involved  in  the  maintenance  of  the  British  Empire;  but  that 
we  view  with  the  utmost  alarm  the  proposals  contained  in  the  Bill  before 
the  Imperial  House  of  Commons  which  tends  not  to  the  enlargement  of 


144 

the  liberties  of  the  Irish  people  under  a  free  Government,  but  to  the 
creation  of  a  papal  State  within  the  Empire,  where  British  law  and  jus- 
tice would  be  superseded  by  the  Canon  law  of  the  Papacy  as  is  the  case 
in  the  Province  of  Quebec  in  this  Dominion; 

And  further,  that  we  unhesitatingly  declare  that  the  views  set  out 
in  this  Resolution  represent  the  opinions  of  the  vast  majority  of  loyal 
citizens  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

On  Apl.  llth  the  London  Chronicle  published  a  whole  page  of  Cana- 
dian opinion  favourable  to  Home  Eule  including  extracts  from 
speeches  by  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  Hon.  W.  S.  Fielding,  Hon.  G.  H. 
Murray,  E.  B.  Devlin,  M.P.,  and  Sir  Allen  Aylesworth.  Hon.  A.  E. 
McPhilips  of  the  British  Columbia  Government,  Hon.  N.  D.  Beck  of 
Edmonton  and  'Sir  T.  G.  'Shaughnessy  were  also  quoted.  On  the  15th 
a  number  of  opinions  from  United  States  politicians,  Judges,  and 
ecclesiastics — including  Hon.  John  Costigan  of  Canada — as  to  the 
Home  Eule  Bill  were  made  public  in  London.  In  Canada,  on  June 
22nd  and  29th,  the  Montreal  Star  published  messages  from  British 
leaders  covering  all  sides  of  the  question.  Mr.  Asquith  said :  "  If,  as 
we  believe  will  be  the  case,  as  certainly  has  been  the  case  elsewhere, 
power  carries  with  it  a  sense  of  responsibility,  that  will  give  to  the 
Irish  people  a  free  and  ample  field  for  the  development  of  their  own 
national  life,  and  at  the  same  time  bind  them  to  us  and  to  the  Empire 
by  a  sense  of  voluntary  co-operation,  and,  as  I  believe,  in  sincere  and 
loyal  attachment.  At  the  same  time,  the  Imperial  Parliament  will 
have  begun  to  break  its  own  bonds  and  will  be  set  free  by  the  process, 
of  which  this  is  the  first  stage,  for  a  fuller  and  more  adequate  dis- 
charge of  its  Imperial  duties."  Mr.  Eedmond  endorsed  this  view  in 
part :  "  We  ask  for  Ireland  the  chance  to  prove  that  she  is  able  and 
willing  to  be  as  prosperous  and  progressive  a  member  of  the  Empire 
family  as  Canada  has  proven  herself  to  be  under  free  institutions." 
Mr.  Churchill  appealed  to  the  men  of  Ulster  as  having  a  plain  duty — 
"  a  duty  they  owe  first  of  all  to  the  land  of  their  birth,  in  the  second 
place  to  their  friends  and  co-religionists  all  over  Ireland,  and  thirdly, 
to  the  self-governing  Dominions  of  the  Empire  of  which  they  are 
proud.  And  that  duty  is  to  stand  by  the  ship  and  bring  it  safely  into 
port.  At  one  stroke  of  the  wand  they  could  sweep  the  Irish  question 
out  of  life  into  history,  and  free  the  British  realm  from  the  canker 
which  has  poisoned  its  heart  for  generations." 

Upon  the  Unionist  side  there  were  equally  strong  words  cabled. 
Mr.  Balfour  described  the  result  of  Home  Eule  as  "  friction,  collision 
and  in  the  end  national  disintegration."  The  Marquess  of  London- 
derry declared  that  "Home  Eule  for  Ireland  is  not  a  legitimate 
aspiration  for  self-government  within  the  Empire,  but  a  disloyal  agi- 
tation for  complete  separation,"  while  L.  S.  Amery,  M.P.,  asked  a 
series  of  interesting  parallel  questions :  "  Would  Canada  consent  to 
the  breaking  up  of  the  Dominion  by  the  establishment  of  Quebec  as 
a  separate  and  independent  Colony?  Would  Canada  consent  as  a 
step  towards  such  a  separation  to  give  Quebec  the  control  of  the  Postal 
Service,  the  right  to  alter  the  Dominion  Tariff,  and  other  privileges 


H 

U     "5     n? 
>•     Cg     w 


V     V 

2  S 


145 

and  powers  belonging  to  the  national  Government?  Would  she  give 
these  power^,  even  if  Quebec  could  not  pay  its  own  way,  let  alone  a 
share  of  the  Dominion  expenditure,  but  required  a  heavy  annual  sub- 
sidy from  the  taxpayers  of  the  other  Provinces?  Would  Canada  be 
prepared  forcibly  to  incorporate  the  Maritime  Provinces  in  such  a 
separate  Quebec  State  in  the  face  of  the  most  earnest  and  passionate 
protests  of  their  inhabitants?" 

At  the  Convention  of  the  Irish  League  of  America,  Philadelphia, 
on  Sept.  26th,  pledges  of  contributions  totalling  $135,000  were 
received  and  one  of  the  Vice-Presidents  elected  was  Hon.  C.  J. 
Doherty,  Minister  of  Finance  in  Canada.  Sept.  27th,  the  eve  of 
Ulster  Day,  saw  a  sympathetic  meeting  in  Toronto  with  a  forceful 
speech  from  Eight  Hon.  W.  H.  Long,  M.P.,  who  was  visiting  Canada. 
Mayor  Geary  presided,  thousands  of  Union  Jacks  were  waved  by  the 
audience  and  the  enthusiasm  was  very  great.  Mr.  Long  was  emphatic 
and  assured  in  his  statements :  "  Ulster  is  in  deadly  earnest.  It  will 
never  give  way,  and  against  its  opposition  the  Government  will  never 
be  able  to  force  Home  Rule.  Home  Eule  means  and  is  intended  by 
its  best  advocates  to  mean  separation  from  and  the  destruction  of  the 
Empire.  ...  I  take  considerable  exception  to  the  argument  used 
in  some  quarters  that  we  from  the  Motherland  have  no  right  to  discuss 
Canada,  or  that  Canadians  have  no  right  to  discuss  the  affairs  of  the 
Motherland.  In  my  judgment  it  is  of  trifling  importance  whether 
you  live  in  Ontario  or  I  live  in  England.  It  is  an  accident  that  I 
live  in  the  County  of  Wiltshire  and  you  live  in  Ontario.  The  critical 
fact  is  that  we  are  citizens  of  the  same  Empire,  subjects  of  the  same 
Sovereign,  the  inheritors  of  the  same  heritage,  whose  bounden  duty  it 
is  to  hand  over  to  those  who  come  after  us  that  which  we  have 
received.  I  have  come  to  talk,  not  as  an  Englishman  or  a  Canadian, 
but  as  a  citizen  of  the  British  Empire.  It  is  your  duty  to  hold  the 
outposts,  ours  to  hold  the  citadel/'  Col.  G.  T.  Denison  and  Dr.  J.  L. 
Hughes  also  spoke  briefly  and  a  Resolution  was  passed  declaring  that 
"  this  mass  meeting  protests  in  the  strongest  possible  manner  against 
the  Home  Rule  measure  at  present  before  the  Imperial  Parliament 
being  convinced  that  the  proposed  dismemberment  of  the  United 
Kingdom  is  contrary  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Empire." 

Many  organizations  in  Canada  have  for  years  been 
doing  effective  work  for  what  they  believed  to  be  closer 
Imperial  unity  without  being  actually  organized  for 
that  purpose.     At  the  same  time,  other  Associations 
have  sprung  up  with  this  principle,  or  with  some  policy 
of  practical  action,  as  their  dominant  basis  of  work. 
Amongst  the  former. are  the  Sons  of  England,  the  Orange  Order  in 
its  constant  inculcation  of  loyalty  to  British  connection  and  apart,  of 
course,  from  its  religious  side,  the  Canadian  Clubs 'of  certain  Western 
cities,  etc.    Of  the  latter,  the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Daughters  of  the 
Empire  (founded  in  1900)  with  affiliated  organizations  in  England 
and  South  Africa  and  with  10,000  members  increasing  at  the  rate  of 
2,000  a  year,  at  once  occurs  to  the  student  of  current  history.    This 
10 


146  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

organization  by  1912  had  reached  a  position  of  much  strength  and 
influence  in  its  officially-announced  aim  of  at  once  stimulating  and 
expressing  "  the  sentiment  of  patriotism  which  binds  the  women  and 
children  of  the  Empire  around  the  Throne."  Writing  in  the  Toronto 
press  on  May  25th,  Miss  Catharine  Welland  Merritt,  one  of  the  active 
workers  in  the  Order,  urged  certain  suggestions  for  future  action : 

We  need  just  the  formation  of  the  Municipal  Chapters  in  Toronto  and 
elsewhere  to  settle  local  affairs,  just  the  bringing  together  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Chapters  to  give  each  Province  self-government,  and  just  the  call- 
ing of  the  future  annual  meetings  in  Ottawa  to  emphasize  our  truly 
national  development.  Then,  by  bringing  into  operation  the  Imperial 
Chapter  in  England,  the  organization  which  has  won  for  itself  the  proud 
position  of  being  the  largest  and  most  representative  in  the  Empire,  will 
continue  to  animate  and  govern  the  women  and  children  in  Canada, 
encouraging  them  to  bend  their  energies  to  making  this  Dominion  a  strong, 
loyal  unit  of  the  Empire. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Order  took  place  in  Toronto  on  May 
30th  with  the  President,  Mrs.  A.  E.  Gooderham,  in  the  Chair,  and 
was  largely  attended.  Mrs.  Gooderham  presented  an  elaborate  Report 
to  the  meeting,  a  message  was  read  from  the  Honorary  President, 
H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught,  and  Delegates  were  present  from 
37  centres  representing  seven  Provinces  of  the  Dominion.  Proposed 
changes  in  the  Constitution  were  discussed  at  length  by  Mrs.  P.  D. 
Crerar  of  Hamilton,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Campbell  of  Winnipeg,  and  others. 
With  the  help  of  Mr.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.,  the  details  were  finally 
settled  and  it  was  decided  to  carry  on  the  organization  with  Primary, 
Municipal,  Provincial  and  National  Chapters,  and  an  Imperial  Chap- 
ter. The  National  Chapter  of  Canada  was  to  remain  located  in 
Toronto,  with  Imperial  jurisdiction  and  to  organize  as  fast  as  pos- 
sible Provincial  Chapters.  As  each  Provincial  Chapter  was  formed 
it  would  undertake  the  organizing  of  Municipal  and  Primary  Chapters 
in  its  own  Province,  and  have  entire  jurisdiction  over  those  Chapters 
and  their  work.  The  National  Chapter  was  to  comprise  the  officers 
of  all  Provincial  Chapters,  etc.,  and  meet  once  a  year  to  select  the 
President  and  officers. 

The  Secretary's  Report  showed  a  wide  variety  of  useful  work  by 
the  local  Chapters  throughout  Canada — including  active  support  to 
the  Boy  Scout  movement  in  the  presentation  of  uniforms,  colours, 
etc.,  encouragement  of  shooting  competitions  by  the  giving  of  prizes, 
cups,  etc.,  the  presentation  of  flags  to  institutions  and  schools,  the  pro- 
motion of  Memorials  to  the  late  King  Edward  at  Vancouver,  Amherst- 
burg  and  Edmonton,  the  collection  of  a  Fund  to  erect  a  Monument 
at  Brockville  to  Sir  Isaac  Brock,  support  given  to  the  nurses  and  work 
of  the  Victorian  Order,  encouragement  of  Municipal  action  in  pro- 
moting parks,  playgrounds,  etc.,  in  various  parts  of  Canada,  the  alle- 
viation and  prevention  of  the  evils  of  Tuberculosis,  the  establishment 
of  Hospital  cots  and  wards  at  many  points.  An  instructive  item  of 
work  was  described  by  Miss  Nanno  C.  Hughes  in  her  Report  upon 
the  Patriotic  Programme  which  she  had  been  preparing,  as  Secretary 
of  the  Education  Committee,  for  some  years  and  which  in  a  most 


THE  WORK  OF  EMPIRE  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  CANADA        147 

effective  manner  undertook  to  provide  patriotic  historical  questions 
and  answers  for  school  children.  Warm  approval  of  the  idea  by  the 
Duchess  of  Connaught  was  reported. 

The  Hon.  Organizing  Secretary,  Mrs.  F.  B.  Fetherstonhaugh, 
reported  23  new  Chapters  during  the  year,  May,  1911-May,  1912. 
The  election  of  officers  resulted  as  follows :  President,  Mrs.  Albert  E. 
Gooderham;  Vice-Presidents,  Lady  Mackenzie,  Mrs.  James  George 
and  Mrs.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston;  Honorary  Secretary,  Mrs.  F.  B.  Fether- 
stonhaugh; Honorary  Treasurer,  Mrs.  John  Bruce;  Honorary  Organ- 
izing Secretary,  Miss  Chaplin ;  Honorary  Standard  Bearer,  Mrs.  Ham- 
ilton Burns.  Mrs.  Nordheimer,  who  had  held  the  Presidency  for  sev- 
eral years,  was  elected  Patroness  of  the  Order.  The  first  Provincial 
Chapter  of  the  Order  was  formed  at  Winnipeg  on  Dec.  3rd  with  Mrs. 
C.  H.  Campbell  as  Begent  and  17  Primary  Chapters  represented. 

Tfie  Empire  Club  of  Oanada,  a  Toronto  organization  of  strong 
membership,  did  not  do  any  actual  work  beyond  hearing  and  publish- 
ing a  series  of  weekly  Addresses  upon  important  subjects  more  or  less 
Imperial.  Like  the  Canadian  Club,  Toronto,  it  avoided  the  passing  of 
Eesolutions  and  its  most  notable  incident  during  this  year  was  aiding 
the  extension  of  membership  in  the  affiliated  Eoyal  Colonial  Institute 
of  London  and  in  promoting  an  Empire  Day  Banquet  (in  co-opera- 
tion with  that  body)  around  the  Empire  which  it  was  hoped  would  be 
a  permanent  affair.  In  Toronto,  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught,  the 
Duchess  and  the  Princess  Patricia  were  the  guests  of  honour  with 
F.  B.  Fetherstonhaugh,  K.C.,  President,  in  the  chair,  and  the 
Banquet  was  a  great  success.  The  following  officers  for  1912-13  were 
elected  on  May  30th :  President,  Dr.  Sweeny,  Bishop  of  Toronto ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  E.  A.  Stapells,  Hon.  James  Craig,  and  Lieut.-Colonel 
M.  S.  Mercer.  An  Executive  Committee  was  chosen  and  a  Council  of 
Past  Presidents  appointed.  The  Addresses  of  the  calendar  year,  1912, 
were  as  follows : 

Jan.   19.  .Joseph    Fells    London  .  . .  .Effects  of  Taxes  on  Trade. 

Feb.     1 . .  Dr.   Thos.   O'Hagan Chicago.  . . .  Charles  Dickens. 

Feb.     6..M.  Archer-Shee,  D.S.O.,   M.P.  .London  ...  .A  State-owned  Atlantic  Cable. 

Feb.  15 .  .A.  W.  Wright Toronto.  . .  .Canada's  Canal  Problem. 

Feb.  22.  .Hon.  J.  P.  B.  Casgrain Montreal..  .At  the  Heart  of  the  Empire. 

Feb.  29.  .Prof.  A  P.  CoLeman Toronto Ontario  Mines  and  Miners. 

Mch.     7.  .Dr.   James  Douglas New  York.  .Technical  Education. 

Mch.  14.  .Rev.   Dr.  W.   E.   Taylor Shanghai.  .  .Empire  Relations  with  China. 

Mch.  21..  Ernest  Heaton,  B.A Toronto ....  Scientific  Colonization. 

Mch.  28.  .Rev.  J.  E.  Starr Toronto. . .  .The  Juvenile  Court  System. 

Apl.      4 .  .Hon.   James  Craig Toronto. . .  .The  Yukon. 

ApL   11.. Prof.  W.  L.  Grant,  M.A Kingston.  .  .The  Fallacy  of  Nationalism. 

Apl.    18.  .Rev.  W.  E.  Smith,  M.D Yuinhstem.  .Changing  China. 

ApL  25.  .Frank  Yeigh Toronto.  .  .  .The  Span  of  a  Canadian  Gen- 
eration. 

May  16.  .A.  iMonro  Grier,  K.C Toronto.. .  .Toronto's  Place  in  the  Empire. 

Sept.    5.  .Rt.  Hon.  Sir  G.  H.  Reid London Australia  and  the  Empire. 

Sept.  12.  .H.  Page  Croft,  M.P London Imperial  Co-operation  in  Trade 

and  Defence. 

Sept  26.  .Rt.  Hon.  W.  H.  Long,  M.P.  .  .London  .  . .  .Relations  with  the  Empire. 

Oct    24.  .Hon.  W.  R.  Riddell Toronto.  . .  .How  and  Why  is  Canada  Brlt- 

Oct   31..  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  M.L. A.  .  .Toronto.. .  .The  Imperial  Conference. 

Nov.     7.  .Sir  George  W.   Ross Toronto.  .  .  .Our  National  Equipment. 

Nov.  14..  Dr.  George  R.  Parkin,  C.M.G.  London  ...  .Education  in  the  Empire. 

Nov.  21.  .Col.  S.  W.  Macqueen Toronto.  .  .  .Imperialistic  Canada. 

Nov.  28.  .Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst,  M.L.A.  .  .Toronto.  .  .  .Ontario's  Place  in  the  Empire. 

Dec.     5 .  .Dr.  J.  T.  Gilmour Toronto.  . .  .The  Delinquent 

Dec.  12 .  .Hon.  W.  H.  Hoyle Toronto.  . .  .Imperial  Development. 


148  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  this  connection  reference  must  be  made  to  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute  and  its  campaign  in  'Canada  for  increased  membership — a 
matter  in  which  much  assistance  was  given  by  the  Empire  €lub.  Mr. 
J.  R.  Boos6,  the  Secretary  of  the  London  organization — of  which  the 
sole  platform  and  policy  was  the  preservation  of  Imperial  unity — 
toured  Canada  from  coast  to  coast  in  August  and  September  address- 
ing meetings  or  giving  interviews  in  the  press.  He  visited  every  Pro- 
vince except  Prince  Edward  Island  and  covered  14,000  miles  of  railway 
travel  while  his  itinerary  included  Quebec,  Montreal,  Danville,  Ottawa. 
Halifax,  Kingston,  Toronto,  St.  Catharines,  Niagara,  Hamilton,  Port 
Arthur,  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon,  Edmonton,  Calgary,  Vancouver,  Vic- 
toria, Moose  Jaw,  Regina,  London  and  Brantford.  He  had  the  sup- 
port of  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  and  succeeded  in  adding  300 
new  Fellows  to  the  membership  of  the  Institute.  On  Nov.  4th  fol- 
lowing, Sir  D.  H.  McMillan  of  Winnipeg  and  Sir  Edmund  Walker 
of  Toronto  were  elected  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Institute  and  new 
Honorary  Corresponding-Secretaries  in  Canada  were  appointed  as 
follows:  Crawford  Gordon,  Winnipeg;  C.  Frederick  Hamilton, 
Ottawa;  L.  V.  Kerr,  Regina;  H.  M.  Price,  Quebec;  H.  M.  Richey, 
Danville,  P.Q. ;  C.  S.  Scott,  Hamilton. 

The  Overseas  'Club  was  another  British  organization  which  made 
great  headway  in  Canada  during  the  year.  Though  only  started  on 
Aug.  27,  1910,  in  London,  it  was  said  in  1912  to  have  more  than 
30,000  members  and  75  branches  in  Canada  with  95,000  members  in 
the  Empire  as  a  whole.  The  President  of  the  'Canadian  Section  was 
Earl  Grey  and  the  creed  or  platform  subscribed  to  by  the  members 
-was  as  follows :  "  Believing  the  British  Empire  to  stand  for  justice, 
freedom,  order,  and  good  government,  we  pledge  ourselves  as  citizens 
*of  the  greatest  Empire  in  the  world,  to  maintain  the  heritage  handed 
'down  to  us  by  our  fathers ;  to  help  one  another ;  to  urge  on  every  able- 
bodied  man  the  necessity  of  being  able  to  bear  arms ;  to  draw  together 
in  the  bond  of  comradeship  the  peoples  now  living  under  the  folds 
of  the  British  flag;  to  insist  on  the  vital  necessity  to  the  Empire  of 
British  supremacy  on  the  sea."  During  the  summer,  Mr.  Evelyn 
Wrench  of  London,  organizer  of  the  movement,  travelled  17,000  miles 
over  Canada  and  visited  all  the  centres.  Branches  were  strengthened 
or  organized  in  Quebec,  Three  Rivers,  Ottawa,  Toronto,  Fort  William, 
Winnipeg,  Saskatoon,  Lloydminster,  Montreal,  Edmonton,  Calgary, 
Lethbridge,  Cranbrook,  Nelson,  Kelowna,  Vernon,  Vancouver,  Vic- 
toria, New  Westminster,  Prince  Rupert,  Athabasca  Landing,  Grouard, 
etc.  The  Toronto  membership  was  said  to  be  5000,  that  of  Edmonton 
500,  that  of  Winnipeg  800.  Some  of  the  active  workers  in  the  organi- 
zation and  Branch  chairmen  during  1912  were  R.  Ivens,  Toronto, 
H.  B.  Round,  Edmonton,  H.  C.  Rawle,  Lloydminster,  J.  R.  Innes 
Hopkins,  Saskatoon,  W.  Blakemore,  Victoria,  John  Hendry,  Van- 
couver and  W.  B.  Bartram,  Montreal. 

The  Imperial  Home  Re-Union  Association  was  one  of  the  most 
important  and  certainly  the  most  practical  of  all  these  organizations. 
It  originated  in  Winnipeg  on  Oct.  3rd,  1910,  with  W.  J.  Bulman  as 


THE  WORK  OF  EMPIRE  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  CANADA        149 


the  chief  promoter  and  first  Chairman  of  the  Board.  Active  opera- 
tions began  there  early  in  1911  with  a  $20,000  Fund  subscribed  in  80 
personal  guarantees  of  $250  each.  The  proposal  was  for  the  Asso- 
ciation to  advance  certain  sums  to  worthy  and  reliable  workmen  who 
should  apply  for  temporary  assistance  in  the  transportation  of  their 
families  from  the  British  Isles  to  Winnipeg  and  to  pay  any  losses  that 
might  occur  through  the  delinquency  of  any  of  those  assisted.  A  form 
of  application  was  authorized  in  which  every  applicant  filled  in  his 
name  and  address,  the  nature  of  his  work,  the  name  of  his  employer, 
his  weekly  wage  and  the  names  in  full,  with  ages,  of  his  family.  A 
declaration  was  made,  meeting  the  requirements  of  the  Immigration 
Act,  and  signed  to  the  effect  that  the  applicant's  family  were  in  good 
health  and  acceptable  under  the  Act.  The  Board  of  Directors  was 
composed  of  Mr.  Bulman,  Alex.  Summers,  H.  M.  Belcher,  W.  H. 
Cross,  K  T.  MacMillan,  Geo.  H.  Miner,  C.  F.  Eoland,  and  Thos. 
Wilson.  Later  on  the  organization  was  made  a  department  of  the 
Winnipeg  Industrial  Bureau  and  by  the  middle  of  1912  over  1,500 
people  had  been  assisted  by  this  Branch  alone  with  over  $50,000 
advanced  for  transportation  and  $40,000  already  paid  back  in  install- 
ments. There  were  also  by  this  time  22  other  Branches  of  the  organi- 
zation. In  Toronto  a  Branch  was  organized  in  January,  1912,  with 
Frank  Wise  as  its  energetic  Chairman  and  a  guarantee  was  imme- 
diately raised  with  200  business  men  subscribing  at  $250  each.  A 
number  of  people  were  aided  during  the  ensuing  year  and  by  the 
exertions  of  Mr.  Wise,  a  Montreal  Branch  was  established  and  others 
got  underway  in  Ontario  while  Weyburn,  Dauphin  and  Victoria,  B.C., 
were  in  process  of  formation  in  the  West.  By  the  close  of  the  year 
there  were  26  organizations  in  Canada  and  of  these  Earl  Grey  was 
the  Patron  and  strong  supporter  in  Great  Britain.  The  statistics  of 
the  active  working  organizations  up  to  the  close  of  the  year  1912 
were  as  follows: 


Cttty.                Date 

Organized. 

Winnipeg  .  .  .  Oat.,     1910 

Toronto  Jan..    1912 

Montreal  .  . 

.July,    1912 

Vancouver. 

.Men.,  1912 

Edmonton, 

.July,    1912 

Calgary.  .  . 

.ApL,     1912 

Hamilton,  . 

.Men.,  1912 

Brandon 

.Sept.,  1911 

Ottawa  . 

.Aug.,    1911 

Regina.  . 

.Sept.    1911 

Moose  'Ja 

w 

.Mch.,   1912 

Red  Deer 

.July,    1911 

Yorfcton. 

.Mch.,   1912 

St  John. 

. 

.Apl.,    1912 

Number 

Num- 

of Appli- 

ber re- 

Number 

Total  Cost  of 

Total 

cants. 

jected. 

Assisted. 

Transportation. 

Guarantee. 

437 

99 

1,591 

557,443.57 

$25,000.00 

381 

14 

1,304 

36,937.85 

50,000.00 

136 

7 

590 

14,551.33 

50,000.00 

97 

2 

384 

21,229.68 

20,000.00 

81 

3 

297 

13,267.0,2 

11,750.00 

84 

3 

284 

ll.123.0a 

12,500.00 

60 

9 

200 

5,759.40 

13,000.00 

28 

1 

114 

4,538.11 

5,000,00 

19 

1 

70 

1,888.51 

11,000.00 

4 

33 

1,438.00 

'e 

4 

31 

1,678.75 

9 

3 

32 

1,035.75 

1,650.00 

4 

21 

571.34 

10,000.00 

5 

'3 

10 

263.05 

5,000.00 

Of  other  Canadian  Associations  the  work  of  the  United  Empire 
Loyalists  was  interesting.  With  Lieut-Colonel  G.  Sterling  Ryerson 
as  Chairman  and  Miss  Helen  Merrill  as  Hon.  Secretary  the  Toronto 
organization  in  1912  added  the  words  "  of  Canada  "  to  its  title  and 
did  active  work  in  promoting  a  national  celebration  of  the  100th 
anniversary  of  Brock's  victory  and  death.  The  New  Brunswick  Loy- 


150  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

alist  Society  elected  P.  J.  Seely  of  St.  John,  President,  and  arranged 
to  have  an  accurate  record  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker's  Hill  read  in  the 
Public  Schools  of  the  City  and  it  also  celebrated,  on  May  18th,  the 
129th  Anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  Loyalists  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John.  In  Edmonton,  a  Branch  of  the  Society  was  organized 
on  Nov.  18th  by  the  efforts  of  Miss  Anne  Merrill  with  Mrs.  B.  J. 
Saunders  as  President  and  Miss  Merrill  as  Secretary-Treasurer.  The 
chief  objects  of  the  Association  were  defined  as  follows:  "To  unite 
together,  irrespective  of  creed,  or  political  party,  the  descendants  of 
those  families  who,  during  the  American  Revolutionary  War  of  1775- 
1783,  sacrificed  their  homes  in  retaining  their  loyalty  to  the  British 
Crown;  to  perpetuate  this  spirit  of  loyalty  to  the  Empire  and  to  pre- 
serve the  history  and  traditions  of  that  important  epoch  in  Canadian 
history,  by  rescuing  from  oblivion  the  records  of  the  Loyalist  families 
before  it  is  too  late."  Another  active  organization  was  the  Canadian 
Defence  League,  which,  under  the  Presidency  of  Lieut.-Colonel 
W.  Hamilton  Merritt,  sought  to  promote  universal  military  training 
in  some  form  or  other.  In  the  West  the  Imperial  South  African  Ser- 
vice Association,  with  Capt.  J.  S.  Allen  of  Winnipeg  as  President, 
had  a  large  membership.  The  British  Empire  League  in  Canada  with 
Colonel  George  T.  Denison  as  its  active,  and  continually  re-elected 
President  exercised  a  quiet  influence  on  public  affairs  through  the 
personal  standing  of  its  President  and  had  branches  in  Halifax  and 
Toronto — Sir  Charles  Townshend,  President  of  the  former,  and  J.  M. 
Clark,  K.C.,  of  the  latter  Branch. 

Of  British  organizations  with  Canadian  connections  the  most 
important  was  the  Empire  Parliamentary  Association  which  was 
formed  in  1911  by  the  active  exertions  of  its  Honorary  Secretary,  Mr. 
Howard  D'Egville.  During  1912,  through  the  United  Kingdom 
Branch,  it  entertained  Mr.  R.  L.  Borden  with  great  hospitality.  The 
Presidents  of  the  United  Kingdom  branch  were  Lord  Haldane,  Lord 
Chancellor,  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Lowther,  Speaker  of  the  Commons;  the 
President  in  Newfoundland  was  Sir  E.  P.  Morris  and  the  Secretary, 
Mr.  Speaker  William  Warren;  the  Presidents  in  Canada  were  Mr. 
Borden  and  Sir  W.  Laurier  and  the  Secretary  Capt.  E.  J.  Chambers ; 
the  Presidents  in  Australia  were  Senator  H.  Turley  and  Hon.  Charles 
McDonald,  M.P.  ;  the  Presidents  in  South  Africa  were  Hon.  F.  W. 
Reitz  and  Sir  J.  T.  Molteno.  In  the  two  latter  cases  the  officials  were 
presiding  officers,  respectively,  of  the  two  Branches  of  Parliament. 
New  Zealand  also  had  a  Branch  not  fully  organized  and  the  combined 
membership  of  the  Association  was  representative  of  every  phase  of 
the  political  life  of  the  Empire. 

As  to  other  Imperial  organizations  the  League  of  the  Empire, 
formed  in  1901  to  act  amongst  the  schools  and  with  the  teachers 
and  scholars  of  British  countries,  did  much  work  with  Sir  Frederick 
Pollock,  Bart.,  as  President  and  Mrs.  Ord  Marshall  as  Honorary 
Secretary.  In  Canada  Principal  Maurice  Hutton  of  Toronto  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Dominion  Branch.  The  Navy  League  was  chiefly  con- 
fined in  its  Canadian  efforts  to  the  Province  of  British  Columbia 


THE  WORK  OF  EMPIRE  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  CANADA        151 

despite  the  vigorous  exertions  of  Capt.  Olive  Phillipps-Wolley.  to 
extend  the  sphere  of  its  operations.  The  various  branches  in  that 
Province  were,  however,  federated  under  his  control  as  President. 
The  Imperial  Co-Operation  League,  another  organization  of  which 
Mr.  Howard  D'Egville  was  Hon.  Secretary  started  Luncheons  after 
the  Canadian  Club  idea,  and  one  tendered  to  General  C.  F.  Beyers 
of  South  Africa  on  Nov.  14  was  a  notable  incident.  The  Imperial 
Mission  extended  its  work  and  membership  largely  in  Great  Britain 
and  some  of  its  active  members  such  as  H.  Page  Croft,  M.P.,  visited 
Canada  during  the  year.  The  Round  Table  organization  was  one  of 
very  great  importance  but  one  of  which  the  public  knew  nothing.  It 
consisted  of  a  number  of  young  men  and  thinkers  in  the  chief  centres 
of  Canada  who  formed  themselves  into  "  Groups  "  for  the  private 
study  and  discussion  of  Empire  questions.  Their  organ  was  a  Quar- 
terly publication  of  great  ability  published  in  London  under  the  same 
name.  There  were  similar  "  Groups  "  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  in 
other  Dominions.  The  Imperial  Maritime  League,  of  which  Lord 
Willoughby  de  Broke  was  President  and  H.  F.  Wyatt  and  L.  G.  H. 
Horton-Smith  Joint  Hon.- Secretaries,  did  strenuous  work  during  the 
year  in  fighting  the  Declaration  of  London  and  the  Naval  Prize  Bill, 
interviewing  and  influencing  Colonial  statesmen,  urging  defence  of 
Britain's  food  supply  and  bringing  to  bear  all  the  weight  of  its  200 
Admirals  and  Generals  to  bear  upon  Governments  and  public  opinion 
in  favour  of  a  stronger  Navy. 

The  Naval  and  Military  Emigration  League  was  prominently 
heard  of  in  Canada  during  1912  owing  to  the  visit  of  its  Secretary, 
Mr.  E.  T.  Scammell.  Organized  in  London  in  November,  1909,  with 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  as  Patron,  F.M.  Earl  Roberts  as 
President  and  a  strong  Council  and  Committee,  the  objects  of  the 
League  were  defined  as  follows :  "  To  give  advice  on  Emigration  to 
ex-Service  men,  especially  those  who  are  out  of  employment  and  have 
no  prospects  for  themselves  and  families  in  this  country ;  to  find  open- 
ings for  such  men  in  our  Over-seas  Dominions;  to  advance,  when 
necessary,  the  money  required  to  enable  them  to  emigrate  and  to  look 
after  them  when  they  arrive  at  their  destinations."  At  the  beginning 
of  this  year,  there  were  Committees  of  the  League  in  existence  at  Mont- 
real, Toronto,  Winnipeg,  Edmonton,  Vancouver,  Victoria  and  Vernon 
and  of  the  emigrants  arranged  under  these  conditions  404  had  come 
to  Canada  up  to  February,  1911 — of  whom  152  entered  military  ser- 
vice and  252  found  civilian  employment.  Another  300  came  out  dur- 
ing the  ensuing  year.  The  chief  centre  of  work  was  Toronto  where 
Major  J.  Cooper  Mason,  D.S.O.,  Honorary-Secretary  of  the  local  Com- 
mittee, did  generous  service  for  the  cause. 

Mr.  Scammell  came  to  Canada  in  August  with  a  view  to  interest- 
ing public  opinion,  and  the  Governments  of  the  country,  in  a  matter 
which  involved  the  possible  emigration  to  Canada  of  a  picked  propor- 
tion of  the  13,000  useful  and  patriotic  men  who,  on  the  average,  would 
retire  yearly  from  the  Army  during  the  years  1912-13-14 — owing  to 
the  large  enlistments  at  the  time  of  the  'South  African  War.  The 


152  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Secretary  of  the  League  while  in  Canada  was  authorized  to  ask  and 
did  ask  the  Federal  Government  "  to  advance  the  fares,  with  or  with- 
out interest,  of  suitable  and  carefully  selected  Ex-Service  men  of  good 
character  and  physique,  who  may  be  in  circumstances  requiring  such 
assistance,  under  conditions  set  out,  and  to  arrange,  through  the  Immi- 
gration Officers  (at  Ottawa),  in  co-operation  with  the  Committees  and 
Correspondents  of  the  League  throughout  the  Dominion,  to  secure  the 
repayment  of  the  amounts  so  advanced."  A  preliminary  guarantee 
of  $50,000  was  suggested  and  the  Minister  of  Militia  took  the  subject 
into  consideration.  Mr.  Scammell  also  interviewed  the  Provincial 
Government  of  Ontario  in  a  similar  connection  and  addressed  meet- 
ings at  Montreal,  Toronto,  Winnipeg,  Eegina,  Edmonton,  Vancouver, 
Victoria  and  other  points. 

Despite  certain  difficulties  as  to  Municipal  loans  the 
investment*  borrowings  of  Canada  upon  the  British  market  con- 
in  Canada;  tinued  during  1912  to  be  one  of  the  features  of  London 
Canadian  finance.  The  United  States  Consul-General  in  that 
credit  in  Oit  (j  L  Griffith)  reported  in  March  to  his  Govern- 

Great  Britain  \ ,     ,     ••      .         ,  /        •*•       .  , ,  ,    -,    . 

ment  that  during  the  previous  seven  years  the  total  in 
this  connection  was  $857,658,659.  Canadian  estimates  for  1905-12 
inclusive  (Monetary  Times  figures  to  October)  were  £199,485,908  or 
$997,429,540.  As  in  the  United  States,  many  of  these  British  invest- 
ments went  into  Eailways  though  the  proportion — perhaps  a  third — 
was  much  less  there  than  in  Canada.  Little  British  money  had  been 
lost,  or  proved  unprofitable,  in  this  mass  of  investment.  Taking  the 
figures  over  a  wider  period,  as  estimated  by  Sir  F.  Williams  Taylor, 
Manager  in  London  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal,  in  an  able  address 
before  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  (Nov.  13)  the  total  amount 
invested  by  Great  Britain  in  'Canada  at  the  close  of  the  years  1902 
and  1912,  respectively,  was  as  follows — with  £20,000,000  additional 
estimated  in  1912  as  not  publicly  recorded: 

1902.  1912.  Increase. 

Dominion   Government    £36,370,000  £50,484,000  £14,114,000 

Provinces    9,533,000  16,700,000  7,167,000 

Municipals    ' 9,299,100  32,327,000  23,027,900 

Railways     125,375,000  236,129,000  110,754,000 

Miscellaneous     24,828,000  74,809,000  49,981,000 


£205,405,100  £410,449,000  £205,043,900 

As  to  these  Canadian  borrowings,  Mr.  Williams  Taylor — he  had  not 
yet  been  knighted — was  explicit  in  his  opinion :  "  The  amount  of  fresh 
money  borrowed  by  the  Dominion  Government  during  the  past  ten 
years  is  £14,114,000,  the  remaining  loans  floated  during  that  period 
having  been  renewals  of  maturing  obligations.  It  should  be  noted 
that  the  sum  in  question  has  been  embarked  in  remunerative  enter- 
prises and  in  public  works,  etc.,  represented  by  tangible  assets.  In 
view  of  the  development  which  has  taken  place  in  Canada  during  the 
period  in  question  £14,114,000  is — to  put  it  mildly — a  modest  amount 
to  have  borrowed,  and  indeed  the  total  Debt  is  unimportant  in  com- 
parison with  the  vast  resources  of  the  Dominion."  The  United  King- 


BEITISH  INVESTMENTS  IN  CANADA  153 

dom,  he  pointed  out,  had,  by  1912,  invested  more  money  in  Canada 
than  in  any  other  country  except  the  United  States  and  for  public 
utilities,  land  and  industrial  or  private  investment,  money  was  still 
freely  forthcoming  for  legitimate  purposes.  The  one  current  and 
temporary  exception  was  in  Municipal  loans  and  upon  this  subject 
the  speaker  said : 

It  is  doubtless  the  case  that  public  borrowing  in  London  on  the  part 
of  small  Canadian  municipalities  has  attracted  much  attention,  aroused 
some  unfavourable  comment,  and  probably  been  responsible — or  at  least 
partially  responsible — for  the  views  openly  expressed  that  the  Dominion 
has  been  borrowing  too  freely.  When,  however,  an  analysis  is  made  it 
reveals  the  fact  that  out  of  the  total  Debt  of  £32,327,000  of  Canadian 
municipalities  in  this  market  the  sum  of  £23,933,000  is  divided  among 
such  high-class  and  undoubted  borrowers  as  Montreal,  Toronto,  Ottawa, 
Quebec,  Winnipeg,  Vancouver,  Victoria,  Hamilton  and  St.  John,  N.B.; 
leaving  £8,394,000  divided  among  twenty  of  the  thriving  cities  and  towns 
of  Canada.  There  may  be  people  who  think  the  sum  in  question  exces- 
sive but  those  possessed  of  a  knowledge  of  Canada  and  the  rapidity  with 
which  small  towns  develop  into  important  ones,  would  not  share  in  this 
opinion.  There  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  a  doubtful  investment  in  the  list, 
and  if  the  security  is  good  and  payment  of  principal  and  interest,  humanly 
speaking  certain,  there  is  little  room  for  criticism. 

As  to  Eailway  borrowings  the  1912  total  (of  which  £17,000,000 
was  guaranteed  by  the  Dominion  and  £13,800,000  by  the  Provincial 
Governments)  included  £32,000,000  to  the  Canadian  Northern,  £91,- 
000,000  to  the  -Canadian  Pacific  and  subsidiary  Lines,  £98,800,000  to 
the  Grand  Trunk  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  or  90  per  cent,  of  the 
whole.  Of  the  miscellaneous  investments  or  loans  there  was  a  pro- 
portion highly  speculative,  or  weak  and  originally  unfit  for  presenta- 
tion to  the  London  market.  A  portion  might  be  lost  but  "  I  venture 
to  suggest  that  the  great  bulk  is  sound  in  its  class — and  as  safe  as  a 
miscellaneous  list  of  English  securities  would  be  of  the  same  descrip- 
tion." Upon  the  point  sometimes  raised  of  Imports  exceeding  the 
Exports  by  a  large  amount — $572,000,000  in  the  years  1896  to  1913 
inclusive — Mr.  Williams  Taylor  said :  "  If  this  condition  were  to  last 
indefinitely  there  would  naturally  be  room  for  dissatisfaction,  but 
Canada  to-day  may  be  compared  to  a  mighty  industrial  enterprise. 
We  have  had  foundations  to  lay,  superstructure  to  erect,  plant  to 
install,  mines  to  develop,  inland  and  water  transportations  to  create, 
even  labour  to  import,  all  of  which  has  entailed  enormous  expenditure ; 
but  the  proof  that  such  expenditure  was  justified  will  be  furnished  by 
steady  increase  in  our  output  of  products  of  the  forest,  the  field,  the 
mine  and  in  manufactured  articles.  Economists  may  urge  that  there 
is  a  point  where  capital  investment  should  be  curtailed  until  produc- 
tion catches  up,  but  in  the  case  of  Canada  there  seems  no  necessity 
as  yet  to  apply  such  arbitrary  rule,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the 
natural  resources  of  the  Dominion  are  of  vast  magnitude,  and  the 
development  thereof  is  only  in  its  initial  stages.  In  other  words,  our 
imports  have  been  largely  for  constructional  purposes,  our  exports  are 
mainly  in  food  supplies;  the  ratio  of  the  former  will  diminish  in 
time,  the  volume  of  the  latter  must  steadily  increase." 


154  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  total  of  Canadian  issues  upon  the  London  market  in  1912 
was  £28,987,976  of  which  Municipal  borrowings  totalled  £5,000,000, 
Eailways  £7,000,000,  Industrials  £4,639,000  and  Trust,  Loan  and 
Mortgage  Companies  £4,000,000.*  The  total  was  smaller  by  about 
£10,000,000  than  the  figures  of  any  one  of  the  previous  three  years. 
This  decrease  appears  to  have  commenced  early  in  the  year,  to  have 
been  aided  by  some  unwise  flotations  put  on  the  market  and  to  have 
been  influenced,  naturally,  by  the  Coal  strike  and  the  effect  of  the 
Balkan  War  with  its  possibilities  of  European  trouble.  A  London 
correspondent  of  the  Edmonton  Journal  (Mch.  21)  pointed  out  one 
evil  of  the  situation  as  follows :  "  During  the  past  12  months  atten- 
tion has  frequently  been  called  to  the  danger  of  offering  to  British 
investors,  at  inflated  prices,  parcels  of  Canadian  real  estate.  These 
warnings  have  referred  to  unscrupulous  Canadian  speculators,  who, 
taking  advantage  of  the  high  repute  in  which  Canadian  offerings  are 
held  by  the  British  public,  are  putting  on  the  market  building  lots  and 
sites  at  prices  which  must  inevitably  result  in  loss  to  the  purchaser." 
As  the  year  went  on  the  market  became  more  and  more  congested  and 
the  underwriters  had  to  take  up  an  increasing  proportion  of  Canadian 
flotations.  As  to  this  Sir  T.  G.  Shaughnessy  told  the  Monetary  Times 
on  June  15th  that  "  the  market  has  been  rather  overfilled  during  the 
past  year  by  Municipal  issues,  and  it  will  probably  take  some  time  to 
work  them  off,  but  in  general  Canadian  issues  are  in  a  very  healthful 
condition — that  is,  sound  Canadian  issues.  There  is  a  feeling  that 
some  of  the  securities  which  have  been  offered  should  never  have  been 
taken  to  the  London  market."  The  same  journal  (Oct.  26)  gave  these 
figures  as  to  certain  offerings  up  to  the  end  of  May : 

Amount  Per  cent.  Amount 

Company.  of  left  with  left  with 

Offering:.        Underwriters.     Underwriters. 

Robert  Simpson,  Ltd £920,000  90  £828,000 

Algoma  Steel   Corporation    1,130,000  93  1,060,900 

Canadian  Northern  Railway 1,438,356  64  820,547 

Edmonton  City    596,000  82  487,900 

North  Vancouver  City    126,000  25  31,625 

Calgary  City    600,000  84  420,000 

Winnipeg  City 960,000  73  700,800 

Trust  and  Loan  Co.  of  Canada 600,000  46  270,000 

St.  John  and  Quebec  Railway 873,285  96 

£7,142,«41  £5,439,292 

Canadian  issues  were  not,  however,  exceptional  in  this  respect,  and, 
in  the  case  of  some  India,  New  Zealand  and  Denmark  issues  a  similar 
situation  occurred.  It  also  became  apparent  that  a  higher  rate  of 
interest  was  necessary — especially  in  Municipal  bonds — and  that 
Canadian  cities  could  not  expect  to  indefinitely  obtain  money  upon 
the  footing  of  British  cities  two  or  three  times  as  large  with  rigidly- 
guarded  sinking  funds.  It  was  obvious  by  the  end  of  the  year  that 
this  condition  would  have  to  be  adjusted;  that  the  placing  of  short 
term  Municipal  loans  on  the  market  was  unpopular  and  undesirable; 
that  Sub-division  real  estate  propositions  would  have  to  be  pruned  in 

•NOTE. — Tabulated  and  detailed  statement  In  Canada,  Dec.  28th,  1912. 


BRITISH  INVESTMENTS  IN  CANADA 


155 


number  and  curbed  in  character;  that  50-year  Municipal  bonds  were 
not  a  good  financial  proposition  with  30  years  the  limit  even  for  high- 
class  Ontario  bonds  of  that  kind;  that  Western  farmers  should  try 
and  obviate  the  situation  under  which  foods  and  meats  were  imported 
instead  of  being  exported. 

With  all  these  conditions,  however,  given  due  weight,  the  balance 
still  remained  greatly  in  favour  of  Canada.  Fundamental  condi- 
tions were  sound;  expansion  was  only  a  natural  development.  Sir 
Thomas  Skinner,  a  Canadian  financier  in  London,  put  the  matter 
as  follows  in  the  Victoria  Colonist  of  Sept.  24th :  "  Canada  is  growing 
so  fast ;  you  are  doing  so  many  big  things  at  once ;  and  you  want  to  do 
so  many  of  them  all  at  once  that  there  is  some  difficulty  on  the  part  of 
British  investors  in  understanding  the  constant  demand  for  money 
from  Canada.  There  always  comes  a  time  when  there  is  more  on  the 
market  than  the  market  can  digest.  That  was  the  case  with  the  Lon- 
don market  when  the  Summer  vacation  began.  .  .  •  .  There  is, 
however,  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  investors  to  demand  a  higher  rate 
of  interest  than  in  the  past,  and  you  cannot  blame  them,  in  view  of 
the  price  you  have  to  pay  for  money  over  here;  but  so  long  as  your 
securities  are  good,  you  need  have  no  fear  about  getting  all  the  money 
you  need  for  real  development  purposes."  Mr.  B.  E.  Wood,  the 
Toronto  financier,  in  his  annual  statement  of  investments  in  Canadian 
bonds  gave  the  figures  as  follows — the  total  for  1911  having  been 
$239,992,988 : 

Issue.  Amount. 

Government    $35,639,700 

Municipal    48,414,962 

Railway     69,972,320 

Public  Service  Corpora- 
tions    21,665,000 

Miscellaneous  Corpora- 
tions    55,191,000 


Canada. 

United 
States. 

Great 
Britain. 

$1,339,700 
13,761,482 
150,000 

$100,000 
3,876,406 
13,290,000 

$34,200,000 
30,777,074 
56,532,320 

3,060.000 

7,325,000 

11,180,000 

18,524,000 

2,875,000 

33,792,000 

$230,782,982        $36,835,182        $27,466,406      $166,481,394 
Canadian         Corporations 
operating     in     Foreign 
Countries     42,155,000  900,000  3,500,000          37,755,000 


$272,937,982        $37,735,182        $30,966,406      $204,236,394 

Meanwhile,  individual  money  was  literally  pouring  into  Canada. 
British  capitalists,  Peers  and  Commoners,  financiers  and  merchants, 
were  visiting,  inspecting,  buying.  The  Duke  of  Sutherland  in  1912 
had  about  7,000  acres  in  Alberta  and  British  Columbia  and  was 
actively  developing  his  properties ;  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  was  drawing 
large  returns  from  his  fruit  farms  at  Coldstream,  B.C.;  Earl  Grey 
maintained  a  hunting  lodge  in  the  Eockies  and  what  his  personal 
investments  were  could  only  be  guessed  at;  Lord  Clanwilliam  was  a 
large  shareholder  in  the  Saskatchewan  Investment  Company  and  in 
the  leading  Saskatoon  Hotel;  Lords  Hindlip,  Desborough,  Joicey, 
Congleton  and  Castlereagh  were  interested  in  British  Columbian  pro- 
perties; Sir  William  Garstin,  Sir  Arthur  Lawley,  and  Sir  Eonald 
Lane  held  Alberta  lands,  mines  and  mortgages;  Lord  Hyde,  heir  to 
the  Earl  of  Clarendon,  and  Lord  Somers  purchased  land  near 


156  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Toronto ;  Lord  Vernon  and  the  two  sons  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester  were 
interested  in  Western  lands;  the  Earl  of  Enroll,  Lord  Clinton,  Lord 
and  Lady  Hythe,  Lord  Dunmore,  Earl  Winterton,  Major  Morrison- 
Bell,  M.P.,  Sir  Charles  Hunter,  M.P.,  were  similarly  concerned;  Lord 
Northcliffe  acquired  properties  at  Fort  William  and  Winnipeg  and, 
ia  the  latter  City  and  Manitoba,  Sir  H.  Hannsworth,  Mr.  A.  J. 
Balfour  and  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  were  also  financially  interested;  Lord 
C.  Beresford,  the  Earl  of  Leven  and  Lord  Saville  were  all  investors 
in  Canadian  business  or  land  interests. 

Others  variously  interested  in  different  parts  of  the  West  were 
I.  Hamilton-Benn,  M.P.,  Lord  and  Lady  Cavendish,  Lady  Ileene 
Campbell,  Hon.  W.  E.  Cochrane,  Sir  Wm.  Coddington,  Sir  W.  H. 
Davies,  Sir  George  Doughty,  M.P.,  Lady  E.  Gordon-Lennox,  Col. 
George  Gibbs,  M.P.,  Hon.  R.  Guinness,  M.P.,  J.  G.  Hoare,  M.P.,  J.  W. 
Hills,  M.P.,  Sir  Charles  and  Lady  Johnston,  Sir  Henry  Seton-Karr, 
Sir  C.  Kinloch  Cooke,  M.P.,  Lady  Doreen  Long,  Lord  Montague  of 
Beaulieu,  Sir  John  Langman,  Bart.,  D.  M.  Mason,  M.P.,  Hon.  C.  T. 
Mills,  M.P.,  Lord  Midleton,  General  Sir  Neville  Lyttelton,  Col.  Pryce- 
Jones,  M.P.,  Sir  Robert  Perks,  Lord  Roberts,  the  Marquess  of  Stafford, 
Earl  Stanhope,  Sir  H.  Samuel,  M.P.,  Lord  Vivian,  S.  Hill-Wood, 
M.P.,  Lord  Willoughby  de  Broke.  An  increasing  proportion  of  these 
investors  during  1912  took  up  municipals,  industrials  and  other  stock 
as  well  as  land. 

Mr.  A.  M.  Grenfell,  who  visited  Canada  during  1912,  was,  as  Chair- 
man of  the  Canadian  Agency,  Limited,  of  London,  one  of  those  most 
vitally  interested  in  the  West.  This  concern  controlled  the  Lake 
Superior  Corporation ;  owned  the  Tuxedo  Park  sub-division  near  Win- 
nipeg and  a  wide  area  of  prairie  land  near  Gleichen,  Alberta,  which 
was  being  put  under  irrigation;  operated  two  subsidiary  Land  Com- 
panies at  Medicine  Hat  and  another  at  Edmonton ;  and  organized  the 
Peace  River  Trading  and  Land  Co.  for  practical  development  work  in 
that  region.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Canada  Club,  London,  on  Mch.  20th 
with  H.  V.  Franklin  Jones,  London  Manager  of  the  Canadian  Bank 
of  Commerce,  in  the  chair,  a  large  number  of  financial  interests  were 
represented  and  it  was  said  that  amongst  these  the  Banks  alone  stood 
for  2,000  millions  of  dollars.  F.  Williams  Taylor,  Bank  of  Mont- 
real, F.  W.  Ashe,  Union  Bank  of  Canada,  J.  G.  Nairne,  Bank  of  Eng- 
land, were  present  with  representatives  of  a  dozen  other  British  Banks 
and  many  financial  institutions.  J.  H.  Plummer,  President  of  the 
Dominion  Steel  Corporation,  was  a  speaker  and  the  subject  of  discus- 
sion was  the  financial  and  general  condition  of  Canada.  Mr.  Franklin 
Jones  in  the  course  of  his  remarks  said :  "  Canadians  have  used  their 
own  resources  to  an  extent  possible  only  by  virtue  of  their  banking 
system,  which  is  unrivalled,  if  I  may  be  permitted  to  say  so;  but  had 
it  not  been  for  the  capital  so  freely  and  willingly  supplied  by  the  Brit- 
ish people,  this  remarkable  progress  could  not  have  been  accomplished 
in  so  short  a  space  of  time.  Many  question  whether  Canada  has  not 
gone  ahead  too  fast  or  is  borrowing  too  much.  There  is  probably  a 
certain  amount  of  unwise  speculation  in  Canada,  principally,  I  fear, 


157 

in  real  estate;  but  in  respect  to  the  general  question  I  should  like  to 
quote  the  remark  of  one  of  ^Canada's  foremost  financiers,  Sir  Edmund 
Walker,  who  recently  said  in  this  connection :  (  Few  nations  have  such 
an  alluring  future,  and  few  can  afford  to  mortgage  their  future  to 
such  an  extent,  but  the  power  to  do  so  depends  upon  our  credit.' " 

Turning  to  miscellaneous  matters  of  British  investment  in  Canada 
during  the  year,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Alberta,  Peace  River  and 
Eastern  Railway  project  was  financed  by  a  Company  which  included 
Lord  Farrer,  Rt.  Hon.  G.  G.  Wilson,  M.P.,  J.  M.  Synge  and  Lord 
Vivian;  that  a  wide  and  growing  field  of  operation  in  Western  Can- 
ada was  referred  to  by  the  Chairman  of  the  British  Canadian  and 
General  Investment  Co.  of  London — represented  in  Winnipeg  and 
Canada  by  H.  F.  Mytton — when  he  said  on  Aug.  17th  that  "  the  bulk 
of  our  business  consists  of  lending  money  on  mortgages,  principally 
on  farm  lands  in  Canada,  and  in  the  discounting  of  sale  agreements, 
in  such  a  manner  that  our  risks  are  very  widely  spread  and  we  are 
therefore  able  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  law  of  averages  " ;  that 
R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P.,  Calgary,  representing  a  syndicate  of  British 
capitalists  purchased  the  94  Elevators  controlled  by  the  Alberta-Pacific 
Elevator  Co.  and  the  Alberta  Grain  Co.;  that  Dr.  W.  A.  Chappie, 
M.P.,  of  London  England,  purchased  large  properties  in  Vancouver; 
that  the  Duke  of  Sutherland  told  the  Vancouver  Province  (Sept.  8th) 
that  "  each  succeeding  visit  to  British  Columbia  serves  to  confirm  my 
first  impressions  of  its  vast  natural  resources  and  magnificent  future. 
It  is  an  exceptionally  desirable  field  both  for  immigration  and  for  the 
exploitation  of  capital  and,  like  the  rest  of  the  Dominion,  is  very  much 
in  the  eyes  of  the  people  of  the  British  Isles." 

The  City  of  Saskatoon  was  the  first  Western  centre  at  this  time 
to  recognize  the  necessity  of  placing  its  bonds  (£400,000)  on  the  Lon- 
don market  at  5  per  cent,  and  the  amount  was  over-subscribed;  to 
the  Victoria  Colonist  on  Nov.  26th  Robert  Mason,  an  influential 
London  capitalist  stated  that  "  I  know  of  no  such  investments  in  the 
whole  world  as  inside  property  in  the  big  Western  cities  of  -Canada. 
I  watched  the  development  of  this  country  for  years  before  deciding 
to  recommend  my  friends  to  put  capital  into  it,  but  since  doing  so,  I 
may  say  that  every  one  of  my  holdings  in  Edmonton,  Winnipeg  and 
Vancouver  is  worth  to-day  fifty  per  cent,  more  than  when  I  bought  and 
is  continuing  to  increase  in  value  " ;  the  Canadian  British  Engineer- 
ing Co.,  Ltd.,  was  formed  with  English  and  Canadian  Directors  and 
£205,000  capital  for  dealing  with  Engineering  supplies  and  construc- 
tion in  Canada  as  agents  for  the  chief  British  firms;  the  British  Ser- 
vices Canadian  Lands,  Ltd.,  including  several  prominent  English- 
men, purchased  13,000  acres  of  Fruit  lands  in  the  Nicola  Valley,  B.€., 
and  another  British  syndicate  represented  at  Victoria  by  the  Western 
Lands,  Ltd.,  bought  farm  properties  on  Vancouver  Island  for  $650,000, 
or  $1,000  an  acre;  Sir  Wm.  Bull,  M.P.,  and  other  British  capitalists 
invested  largely  in  industries  to  be  located  at  Red  Deer,  Alta. ;  Sir 
Thomas  Whittaker,  M.P.,  Chairman  of  the  United  Kingdom  Provi- 
dent Institution,  holding  surplus  funds  said  to  total  $50,000,000, 


158  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

toured  the  West  in  the  Autumn  and  told  the  Vancouver  Province 
(Sept.  30th)  that  "  I  regard  the  Dominion  as  a  good  field  for  invest- 
ment in  municipal  and  industrial  securities  and  in  first  mortgagee, 
provided  caution  is  exercised  " ;  Lord  Joicey  purchased  24,000  acres 
of  farm  land  near  Fort  George,  B.C. 

Like  British  money  and,  indeed,  as  a  part  of  the 
British  financial  movement,  British  visitors  poured  into  the 

victor*1  ln        Dominion    during    the  year,  passed  through  it  with 

Canada.  -,  ...  n         ••  f  *a 

during-  i»i2  interest  and  curiosity,  expressed  opinions  of  a  varied 
character  upon  politics  at  home  and  dealt  cautiously 
with  conditions  in  Canada.  Several  large  touring  bodies  were  included 
— notably  a  number  of  British  manufacturers,  a  band  of  Scottish 
Curlers,  a  group  of  Scotch  Teachers,  a  body  of  British  Cadets  and 
the  Mission  of  Help  composed  of  15  distinguished  Church  of  England 
clergymen,  headed  by  the  Bishop  of  Edinburgh,  who  came  out  with 
the  idea  of  helping  the  Church  in  the  West  by  a  series  of  special 
services.  There  was,  also,  a  party  of  British  Engineering  students. 

The  visit  of  60  business  men  and  manufacturers  from  the  United 
Kingdom  was  arranged  by  W.  Leonard  Palmer  of  the  Financial  News, 
London,  and  was  aided  by  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce 
at  Ottawa  with  the  strong  co-operation  of  its  Minister — Hon.  G.  E. 
Foster.  These  ambassadors  of  British  industry,  bent  on  a  mission 
fraught  with  the  greatest  possibilities  to  Canada,  included  leading 
men  in  almost  every  branch  of  manufacturing.  Armour  plating  and 
ordnance-making,  electrical  engineering  and  almost  all  other  branches 
of  engineering,  the  motor  car  industry,  printing,  flour-milling,  biscuit 
making  and  general  confectionery,  all  kinds  of  food  preparations,  with 
many  other  typical  British  industries  were  represented  by  the  delega- 
tion as  well  as  British  Chambers  of  Commerce  and  Insurance  Offices. 
Some  of  the  more  eminent  firms  sending  representatives  were  Vickers, 
Ltd.,  Sheffield ;  Birmingham  Small  Arms  Ltd. ;  Cammel  Laird  &  Co. 
Ltd.,  Sheffield ;  Wm.  Beardmore  &  Co.,  Glasgow ;  General  Electric  Co. 
of  London,  Birmingham  and  Manchester;  Mather  &  Platt  Ltd., 
Salford;  Blundell,  Spruce  &  Co.,  Hull;  The  King's  Norton  Metal 
Co.  Ltd.,  Birmingham;  Yorkshire  Railway  Waggon  Co.,  Ltd.,  Don- 
caster. 

The  aggregate  capitalization  of  the  concerns  represented  by  the 
visitors  was  stated  at  $250,000,000  and  the  number  of  workmen  con- 
cerned as  over  80,000.  It  was  the  most  important  body  of  business 
men  and  manufacturers  which  had  ever  left  Great  Britain  on  a  visit 
to  any  of  the  self-governing  Colonies ;  and  the  intention  was  to  make 
an  exhaustive  tour  of  the  Dominion  from  coast  to  coast  with  a  view 
to  ascertaining  the  opportunities  that  existed  for  the  establishment 
of  branch  factories,  the  openings  for  capital  in  industrial  undertak- 
ings, and  the  possibilities  of  extending  the  market  for  British-made 
goods.  The  itinerary  covered  the  period  from  leaving  Liverpool  on 
May  31st  to  the  sailing  from  Canada  on  July  20th.  The  chief  places 
visited  were  Quebec  with  Amherst,  Truro,  Kentville,  Halifax  and 
Sydney  in  Nova  Scotia;  Moncton,  St.  John  and  Fredericton  in  New 


159 

Brunswick ;  Montreal,  with  Ottawa,  Toronto,  Niagara,  Hamilton,  Lon- 
don, Brantf ord,  North  Bay,  Cobalt  and  Port  Arthur  in  Ontario ;  Win- 
nipeg, Saskatoon,  Edmonton  and  Calgary  in  the  West ;  Banff,  Laggan, 
Vancouver  and  Victoria  in  British  Columbia;  Lethbridge,  Medicine 
Hat,  Moose  Jaw,  Regina,  Brandon  and  Winnipeg  on  the  way  back. 

The  Government  appropriated  $15,000  for  the  purposes  of  the  tour, 
Boards  of  Trade  and  Municipal  Councils  everywhere  entertained  the 
visitors  and  Mr.  John  Boyd  of  Montreal  was  appointed  to  accompany 
the  party  while  George  Ham  represented  the  C.P.R.  On  the  voyage 
across  Sir  Thomas  Shaughnessy  addressed  the  travellers  in  terms  of 
constructive  Imperialism — urging  them  to  study  the  industrial  capa- 
bilities of  Canada,  to  seek  better  fiscal  arrangements  at  Ottawa  in  such 
lines  of  manufacture  as  cottons,  to  establish  British  branch  industries 
throughout  the  country.  At  Quebec  where  they  arrived  on  June  8th 
the  visitors  were  officially  welcomed  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  and  others. 
Sir  F.  Langelier  in  his  speech  dwelt  upon  the  resources  of  Quebec; 
Hon.  Geo.  E.  Foster  sent  a  message  to  Mr.  Palmer  welcoming  the 
party  to  Canada;  Mayor  Drouin  of  Quebec  dealt  with  Britain's  skill 
in  the  domination  of  varied  races  and  countries,  evoking  for  instance, 
from  French-Canadians  "the  warmest  loyalty  to  the  Crown  and  to 
British  institutions  " ;  W.  A.  Marsh,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
and  Mr.  Nesbitt,  Chairman  of  the  local  Branch  of  the  Canadian 
Manufacturer's  Association  joined  in  the  welcome.  Here  as  elsewhere, 
at  many  similar  receptions,  Mr.  Leonard  Palmer  was  the  eloquent 
spokesman  of  the  visitors.  At  Montreal  they  were  welcomed  by  H.R.H. 
the  Duke  of  Connaught  who  told  them  they  would  find  in  Canada 
"  the  most  loyal  country  of  the  British  Empire." 

Incidents  of  the  tour  included  a  study  of  the  Fruit  region  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  of  the  manufacturing  concerns  in  Cape  Breton;  the  state- 
ment by  J.  N.  Vickers,  after  seeing  the  Dominion  Steel  Works,  that 
"Canadian  steel  products  should  have  a  tremendous  field  in  supply- 
ing South  American  railways  with  steel  rails  " ;  a  wide  and  varied 
presentation  in  the  West  of  real  and,  occasionally,  unreal  oppor- 
tunities to  invest  in  real  estate;  a  visit  in  Toronto  to  the  Massey- 
Harris  Co.  factories;  the  study  at  Edmonton  of  industrial  sites  and 
possibilities;  a  banquet  in  Victoria  (July  5)  at  which  Sir  E.  McBride 
welcomed  the  visitors  and  they  were  told  much  of  the  Mines,  the 
Fisheries  and  Lumber  of  British  'Columbia;  an  expressed  tendency 
amongst  the  travellers  to  speak  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  as  being 
fully  as  attractive  to  settlers  and  investors  from  England  as  the  West. 
Amongst  the  chief  individual  members  of  the  Party  were  James  N. 
Vickers,  G.  T.  Neilson,  Frederick  Dowson,  A.  B.  Blumford,  D. 
McLagan,  Alfred  Moorhouse,  J.  K.  Annandale  and  Thos.  Davidson. 

The  .Scottish  Teachers  came  to  Canada  in  August  and  were  wel- 
comed at  Quebec  and  Montreal ;  visited  the  Macdonald  College  at  Ste. 
Anne  de  Bellevue  and  other  points  of  interest  in  French  Canada; 
were  formally  received  by  the  Mayor  and  corporation  of  Ottawa  and 
entertained  by  the  St.  Andrew's  Society;  visited  the  National  Park 
and  the  Muskoka  Lakes;  had  formal  Receptions  in  Toronto  and  saw 


160  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Niagara  Falls;  visited  Hamilton  and  left  for  home  on  Aug.  17th  after 
spending  two  busy  weeks  in  Ontario  and  Quebec.  Another  British 
organization  which  was  largely  represented  in  Canada  during  1912 
was  the  Federated  Brotherhood — a  religious,  non-conformist  Asso- 
ciation with  750,000  members.  It  sent  out  125  delegates  to  help  in 
the  formation  of  a  Canadian  Brotherhood.  They  were  in  Quebec  on 
May  8th,  Montreal  on  the  9th,  Ottawa  on  the  10th,  Toronto  on  the 
llth  and  12th;  they  then  visited  the  Falls  and  Hamilton  and  sailed 
for  Bristol  on  May  15th.  The  large  group  of  financial  men  brought 
over  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Grenfell  to  see  and  study  the  opportunities  of  the 
West  was  another  event  of  the  year  in  this  respect.  It  included  Earl 
Stanhope,  Sir  Wm.  Garstin,  Sir  Arthur  Lawley,  Earl  Winterton, 
M.P.,  General  Sir  Ronald  Lane  and  others. 

The  chief  individual  visitor  of  1912  was,  perhaps,  the  Et.  Hon. 
Walter  H.  Long,  M.P.,  one  of  the  Leaders  of  the  Unionist  Party,  a 
man  who  proved  himself  a  courageous  and  unflinching  exponent  of 
his  views  and  a  strong  speaker  along  Imperial  lines.  His  tour  of 
•Canada  included  Toronto,  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Winnipeg,  Edmonton 
and  Calgary,  Vancouver  and  Victoria  and  portions  of  the  interior  of 
British  Columbia.  It  was  25  years  since  he  had  before  visited  Canada 
and  the  change  was  described  as  marvellous.  To  the  Montreal  Star 
correspondent  at  New  York  on  Aug.  16th  Mr.  Long  gave  an  interview 
in  which  he  eulogized  Mr.  Borden  as  being  "  an  excellent,  courageous, 
straightforward  and  plain-spoken  statesman  who  had  won  the  confi- 
dence of  the  British  people  "  and  declared  that  any  Naval  gift  from 
Canada  should  be  supplementary  and  not  a  substitution  in  the  existing 
programme.  With  him  was  his  wife,  Lady  Doreen,  and  Major  Mor- 
rison-Bell, M.P.  Sir  Henry  Pellatt  placed  a  private  car  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  visitors  for  their  Western  trip  and  he,  with  Lady  Pellatt, 
accompanied  them  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  it. 

Mr.  Long  spoke  in  Winnipeg  on  Aug.  28th  and  was  emphatic  as 
to  the  dangerous  possibilities  of  war,  as  to  the  evils  of  the  Home  Rule 
Bill  and  the  advantages  of  Imperialism;  at  Vancouver  he  addressed 
the  local  Orangemen  on  Home  Rule  (Sept.  18)  and  declared  that  the 
situation  in  Ireland  would  be  the  same  as  if  Ontario  and  Quebec  in 
Canada  had  separate  Customs  and  Post  Office  regulations — while  it 
also  included  a  British  vote  of  millions  annually  to  the  Irish 
Exchequer  with  exemption  from  the  upkeep  of  the  Crown,  the  Army 
and  the  Navy;  at  the  Canadian  Club  in  Montreal  (Oct.  7)  and  the 
National  Club,  Toronto  (Sept.  27)  he  spoke  in  strong  political  terms 
declaring  at  the  former  meeting  that  Ulster  would  fight  if  forced  to 
do  so  by  its  hereditary  enemies  and  at  the  latter  that  the  Canadian 
electoral  victory  of  Sept.  21st,  1911,  was  "  the  greatest  event  in 
Imperial  history  since  Waterloo." 

These  references  were  keenly  criticized  by  a  part  of  the  Liberal 
press.  Other  addresses  in  Toronto  were  made  before  the  Canadian 
Club,  the  Empire  Club  and  at  a  great  meeting  in  Massey  Hall  on 
Sept.  27th.  Here  Mr.  Long  received  an  ovation,  delivered  a  really 
powerful  speech  of  denunciation  against  Home  Rule  and  declared 


BRITISH  VISITORS  IN  CANADA  DURING  1912  161 

that  on  this  and  other  occasions  he  had  not  been  talking  as  an  Eng- 
lishman to  Canadians  but  as  one  Empire  citizen  to  another  upon 
matters  fundamental  to  their  unity.  On  his  return  home,  Mr.  Long 
told  the  press  (Oct.  18th)  of  his  Canadian  tour:  "My  greatest  sur- 
prise was  the  concern  which  was  shown  with  regard  to  the  Navy,  and 
the  desire  that  the  people  of  'Canada  should  be  partners  in  Imperial 
defence.  The  shopkeeper  and  the  man  in  the  street  were  just  as  keen 
as  the  heads  of  great  business  and  commercial  undertakings.  Every- 
where you  met  the  same  determined  Imperial  instinct.  ...  At 
the  same  time  the  feeling  of  Canadians  toward  the  old  Homeland  is 
more  than  skin  deep.  It  is  a  profound  and  enduring  passion,  almost 
a  religion.  It  stirs  your  blood  to  hear  them  talk." 

There  were  other  important  visitors  whose  utterances  are  referred 
to  elsewhere.  Sir  Arthur  Lawley  of  Indian  and  South  African  fame 
and  experience  spoke  with  striking  force  and  eloquence  at  a  meeting 
in  Ottawa  on  Aug.  27th.  Sir  W.  Laurier  had  dealt  with  peace  and 
the  need  of  peace;  Sir  Arthur  commenced  by  declaring  that  Europe 
was  one  vast  armed  camp.  "  Germany  is  the  first  Military  and  the 
second  Naval  Power  of  the  world;  she  is  straining  every  nerve  to 
increase  her  efficiency  as  a  fighting  machine;  she  is  doing  all  this 
with  no  visible  purpose.  In  spite  of  what  has  been  said  this  afternoon 
I  find  it  difficult  to  escape  the  conviction  that  at  any  moment  England 
may  be  embarked  on  a  struggle  of  colossal  magnitude  in  which  her 
very  existence  will  be  at  stake.  A  continental  war,  whatever  its  dura- 
tion, whatever  its  issue,  would  have  a  paralyzing  effect  on  Canada. 
There  are  also  wider  horizons.  On  the  horizon  of  the  Far  East,  are 
millions  of  dark,  twinkling  eyes — watching,  watching,  watching — like 
molten  masses  in  the  crater  of  a  vast  volcano,  which  at  any  moment 
may  rush  off  in  fire,  frenzy  and  utter  devastation.  After  the  man- 
ner of  our  kind,  we  do  not  heed  this,"  said  the  speaker,  "  it  is  so  much 
more  comfortable  to  prattle  about  the  era  of  perfect  peace  on  which 
we  have  embarked,  or  on  which  we  are  about  to  embark,  I  am  not 
quite  certain  which.  ...  In  point  of  fact  the  most  potent  factor 
for  peace  to-day  is  the  British  Navy.  The  more  its  power  of  offence 
is  augmented  the  more  its  efficiency  for  maintaining  the  peace  of  the 
world  is  increased."  The  Duke  of  Sutherland  spent  several  months 
in  the  country,  visited  his  Alberta  estate  and  organized  the  British 
Canadian  Colonization  Co.  at  Winnipeg  with  Sir  W.  Mackenzie,  Sir 
W.  Whyte,  A.  M.  Nanton  and  other  associates.  To  the  Victoria 
Colonist  of  May  31st,  His  Grace  referred  to  certain  misrepresenta- 
tions of  his  object  in  acquiring  Canadian  interests  and  gave  this 
definite  statement: 

I  am  an  Englishman  and  my  object  in  coming  to  Canada  and  taking 
up  land  is  to  help  my  fellow-countrymen  and  give  them  a  chance  here  of 
doing  what  they  would  never  be  able  to  do  at  home.  That  end  cannot 
be  accomplished  by  any  feudal  system.  Of  course,  it  is  true  that  I  have 
purchased  land  in  Canada.  I  have  three  or  four  thousand  acres  around 
Port  George,  and  I  have  three  or  four  thousand  acres  at  Brooks,  Alberta. 
But  my  idea  is  not  one  of  peasant  tenantry,  as  has  been  suggested,  but 
11 


162  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

one  of  British  settlers  in  possession  of  their  own  homesteads  and  farms. 
Canada  is  a  British  country  and  I  want  it  to  remain  so,  and  my  object  is 
to  encourage  British  settlement  by  purchasing  tracts  of  land  suitable  for 
agricultural  purposes,  and  selling — selling,  not  renting — it  to  Britishers 
at  a  reasonable  price  in  order  to  encourage  them  to  come  here.  What 
land  I  purchase  here  Is  for  that  purpose.  There  is  no  speculation  about 
it. 

The  ready-made  farm  idea  which  he  desired  to  carry  out  and  which 
had  been  started  at  Brooks  was  described  as  follows:  "These  farms 
are  small,  capable  of  maintaining  in  ease  and  comfort  a  family  of 
Britishers,  if  properly  looked  after.  No  extra  labour  will  be  required 
on  them,  and  consequently  no  extra  expenses  will  be  incurred  by  the 
owners.  The  property  has  been  divided  up  and  already  a  number 
have  been  taken  by  settlers  from  the  Old  Land.  At  Fort  George  I 
propose  to  develop  my  holdings  in  a  similar  fashion  with  the  same 
object  in  view." 

Lord  Milner  supplemented  his  Canadian  tour  of  1908  by  coming 
to  Halifax  and  St.  John  in  the  Autumn  and  addressing  the  Canadian 
Clubs  there.  At  Halifax,  on  Sept.  26th  he  urged  that  Imperial  ques- 
tions be  divorced  from  local  issues;  pleaded  for  less  partisanship  in 
matters  concerning  the  whole  Empire  as  was  the  case  in  Britain  over 
its  Foreign  policy ;  suggested  cautious  but  practical  and  persistent  steps 
in  Empire  building.  It  was  the  address  of  a  statesman  and  diplomat 
combined.  At  St.  John  on  Sept.  30th  he  dealt  with  the  necessity  of 
being  prepared  for  war :  "  Modern  wars,  fraught  with  terrible  suffer- 
ing while  in  progress  are  decisive  in  their  results,  affecting  perman- 
ently the  course  of  history  and  the  relations  of  people.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  tremendous  effects  of  modern  wars  we  should  bear 
cheerfully  the  enormous  cost  of  preparation  for  war,  so  that  when 
the  supreme  trial  comes  the  nation  may  put  forward  its  maximum 
strength.  Then  there  is  the  internal  consideration — the  effect  of  pre- 
paredness for  war  upon  the  character  of  a  nation.  My  own  personal 
belief  is  that  so  far  as  the  physique  and  character  of  a  nation  is  con- 
cerned, universal  military  training  is  of  great  benefit.  .  .  .  There 
is  also  the  external  consideration — the  effect  of  national  power  upon 
a  nation's  position  in  the  international  struggle.  There  is  a  con- 
tinuous struggle  among  nations  for  a  better  place  under  the  sun.  At 
present,  it  is  true,  the  great  percentage  of  international  controversies 
are  settled  by  diplomacy ;  but  the  success  of  diplomacy  depends  in  the 
last  resort  upon  the  fighting  strength  behind  it."  As  to  the  rest, 
closer  union  meant  greater  British  power,  limitation  of  complications 
abroad,  a  firmer  and  more  assured  diplomacy.  "  A  consolidated 
Empire  will  present  an  irresistible  power  to  foreign  nations,  free  the 
statesmen  of  Britain  from  many  causes  of  anxiety,  free  them  from 
the  necessity  of  taking  many  precautions,  or  running  the  risks  of 
entangling  alliances."  Sydney  was  also  visited  and  the  Dominion 
Steel  Works  inspected ;  Charlottetown,  P.E.I.,  had  a  brief  visit  and  at 
Fredericton  the  students  of  the  University  of  New  Brunswick  were 
addressed  on  Oct.  1st. 


BRITISH  VISITOKS  IN  CANADA  DUEING  1912 


163 


A  visitor  of  a  very  different  type  was  J.  Keir  Hardie,  M.P.  Fresh 
from  assailing  the  King  in  the  London  Pioneer  of  Jan.  5th  and 
describing  the  Throne  as  "  a  symbol  of  imbecility/'  he  came  to  Canada 
with  a  view  to  advising  its  Labour  men  and  organizations  to  have 
nothing  to  do  with  Empire  defence  or  closer  Imperial  unity.  At 
Montreal  (Oct.  19)  he  denounced  the  "war  scare"  as  a  device  of 
capitalists  to  check  democracy.  As  to  the  rest :  "  It  isn't  reforms  we 
are  after,  it's  freedom.  Only  Socialism  can  bring  freedom."  He 
spoke  also  in  Toronto,  Guelph  and  other  places.  It  is  impossible  to 
do  more  here  than  indicate  by  a  List  the  number  of  prominent 
people  who  came  to  Canada  in  1912 ;  the  latter  speaks  for  itself  and, 
though  not  absolutely  complete,  will  prove  British  interest  in  the 
country  better  than  volumes  of  comment : 


Sir  George  Newman,  M.D. 

A,  M.  Grenfell. 

J.  W.  Dennis,  ex-Mayor  of  Westminster. 

Sir  Charles  Hunter,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Sir  James  Outram,  Bart. 

W.  H.  K.  Redmond,  M.P. 

Rt.  Hon.  R.  C.  Munro-Ferguison,  M.P 

Ian  Hamilton-Benn,  M.P. 

Lieut.-General  Sir  R,  Baden^Powell. 

Sdr  A.  H.  L.  Fraser,  K.C.S.I. 

Sir  Lambert  H.  Ormsby,  M.D. 

Cllve  Morrison-Bell,  M.P. 

Rt  Rev.  Dr.  George  Walpole,  Bishop  of 

Edinburgh. 
Cosmo  Hamilton. 
J.  Havelock  Wilson,  ex-M.P. 
G.  Palliser  Martin,    Chairman    Bristol 

Chamber  of  Commerce, 
RL  Rev.  W.  Boyd  Carpenter,  ex-Bishop 

of  Ripon. 

Sir  Thomas  Lipton,  Bart 
Sir  Henry  Craik,  M.P. 
The  Duke  and  Duohess  of  Sutherland. 
J.  W.  Wilson,  M.P. 

F.  B.  Smith,  K.C.,  M.P. 
a  Hill-Wood,  M.P. 

Lady  Rosemary  Leveaon-Gower. 

Sir  Robert  Anderson,  ex-Mayor  of  Bel- 
fast. 

Faithfull  Begg,  ex-M.p. 

Sir  Arthur  Whittlegge. 

Lord  Vernon. 

The  Earl  and  Countess  of  Onslow. 

Sir  Bertrand  Dawson. 

Prof.  Gilbert  and  Lady  Mary  Murray. 

The  Marquess  and  Marchioness  of 
Exeter. 

The  Barl  of  Leitrlm. 

Lord  and  Lady  Ashburton, 

Sir  George  McRae,  ex-M.p.,  Chairman 
Scottish  Local  Government  Board. 

Sir  Kenneth  Anderson,  Chairman  of  the 
Orient  Line. 

Principal  D.  L.  Ritchie  of  Nottingham. 

Rev.  R.  Moffatt  Gantry. 

Lord  Sackville. 

Ernest  Craig,  M.P. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pethlck  Lawrence. 

Major-Gen.  Sir  R.  B.  Lane. 

Sir  George  C.  Marks,  M.P. 

Sir  Thomas  Robinson. 

Col.  Sir  Edmond  Antrobua 

Alfred  Bird,  M.P. 

G.  C.  H.  Wheler,  M.P. 

S.  J.  Hoare,  M.P.,  and  Lady  Hoare. 
Canon  Hensley-Henson. 
Sir  Charles  Johnston. 


Hon.  Thomas  Boscawen. 

J.  W.  Hills,  M.P. 

The  Duke  of  Leeds. 

Sir  Frederick  Lely. 

P.  H.  Kerr,  Editor  of  The  Round  Table. 

Sir  John  Kirk. 

H.  Page  Croft,  M.P. 

Lord  Congleton. 

Hon.  Rupert  Guinness,  M.P. 

Francis  Neilson,  M.P. 

F.  W.  Gold  stone,  M.P. 

Rev.  Father  Bernard  Vaughan. 

Sir  Thomas  Skinner,  Bart,  Deputy 
Governor  Hudson's  Bay  Co. 

Rt  Hon.  Sir  T.  P.  Whittaker,  M.P. 

The  Earl  of  Rothes. 

Miss  A.  M.  Wingate,  T.W.C.A. 

Hon.  Sir  Arthur  Lawley,  Governor  of 
Madras. 

Henry  Vivian,  ex-M.p. 

J.  M.  Watkins  of  The  Statist. 

Sir  Wm,  Wiseman,  Bart,  M.P. 

Sir  George  Armstrong. 

W.  Rees  Jeffreys,  Hon.  General  Secre- 
tary International  Road  Con- 
gresses. 

Sir  Ralph  P.  Ashton. 

W.  Waldorf  Astor,  M.P. 

Lord  Ohesham. 

Sir  Edward  P.  Duncombe. 

Sir  Richard  Evans,  M.P. 

Sir  John  and  Lady  Harrington. 

Lord  Loughborough. 

F.  Townsend,  M.P. 

Sir  Wm.  WHlcocks. 

Lord  Claud  Hamilton,  M.P. 

Lord  Clinton. 

Earl  Winterton,  M.P. 

Sir  Hector  C.  Cameron,  M.D. 

Sir  Wm.  Bull,  M.P. 

Earl  Stanhope. 

Major-General  Coombe,  C.B. 

L.  Worthlngton-Evanis,  M.P. 

Hon.  Reginald  Wyndiham. 

Col.  G.  A,  Glbbs,  M.P. 

Sir  Frank  Wills,  Lord  Mayor  of  Bristol. 

Lord  Richard  F.  Cavendish. 

Sir  Phillip  Sajssoon,  Bart.,  M.P. 

J.  Norton  Griffiths,  M.P. 

Hon.  Jasper  Ridley. 

Charles  Buchanan. 

Sir  George  Murray. 

Lord  Alastalr  Leveson-Gower. 

Sir  Wm.  Garstln,  G.C.M.G. 

Rear-Admiral  A.  G.  Tate. 

Sir  John  Langman. 

Hon.  Cyril  Ward. 


164 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Rev.  Wm.  Lindsay,  M.A.,  of  Glasgow. 

Rt.  Hon.  Henry  Chaplin,  M.P. 

Sir  Edward  W.  D.  Ward,  G.C.M.Q. 

Colonel  Pryce- Jones,  M.P. 

Hon.  T.  L.  McClintock  Bumbury. 

Colonel  J.  Barton,  M.v.O. 

Sir  Herbert  Roberts,  M.P. 

Sir  R.  G.  Harvey,  Bart. 

Sir  Henry  Lennard. 

Lord  and  Lady  Hindllp. 

Sir  John  and  Lady  Stnuthers. 

Sir  George  Askwith. 

Colonel  the  Hon.  H.  Trefusis. 

Colonel  John  Barlow. 

Sir  W.  Howell  Davies,  M.P. 

Lord  and  Lady  Brooke. 

Col.  B.  M.  iBleiuierhassett,  C.M.O. 

Dr.  W.  A  Chappie,  M.P. 

Hon  John  Gordon,  M.P. 

Sir  George  Doughty,  M.P. 


Lady  Gwendolen  Guinness. 

J.  Allen  Baker,  M.P. 

Lord  Montagu  of  BeauUeu. 

Prof.  Sir  Wm.  Ramsay. 

Sir  Harold  Boulton,  M.V.O. 

A.  M.  RowntPee,  M.P. 

George  Rhodes,  K.C. 

M.  Archer-Shee,  D.S.O.,  M.P. 

Sir  Edward  Richardson. 

Viscount  ComlberineTe. 

Hon.  C.  T.  Mills,  M.P. 

Hon.  T.  CV  Agar-Robartes,  M.P. 

Colonel  Sir  J.  Bingham. 

Nonman  Orartg,  K.C.,  M.P. 

Sir  Arthur  Downes. 

Hon.  James  Ogilvy  Grant. 

SiT  John  and.  Lady  Lynidh. 

Sir  W.  E.  Priestley. 

W.  Dudley  Ward,  M.P. 

H.  Hamilton  Fyfe. 


IMPERIAL  INCIDENTS  OF  CANADIAN  CONCERN 

Apl.  30. — Sir  Joseph  O.  Ward,  Premier  of  New  Zealand  since  1906,  resigns 
and  is  succeeded  for  a  brief  period  by  Hon.  T.  McKenzie. 

May  3. — The  London  Chronicle  publishes  a  long  letter  from  J.  H.  Haslam 
of  Regina  urging  a  complete  Federation  of  the  Empire.  "  I 
believe  that  there  should  be  a  super-Parliament  with  a  unit  of 
representation  of  about  250,000;  that  this  body  should  sit  in 
London;  that  a  Committee  of  this  body  which  would  corre- 
spond with  the  present  Executives  of  the  different  parts  of  the 
Empire  should  have  control  of  all  Empire  matters;  and  that 
each  Executive  should  be  represented  on  that  Committee.  The 
present  Parliament  at  Westminster  should  have  precisely  the 
same  position  regarding  the  Empire  as  a  whole,  as  the  Parlia- 
ment at  Ottawa,  the  Australian  Commonwealth  Parliament,  the 
Parliament  at  Wellington,  or  the  Parliament  at  Cape  Town." 
There  should  not  at  first  be  taxing  powers  in  this  new  body 
but  its  supplies  be  voted  by  the  other  Parliaments  of  the 
Empire. 

May  18. — The  Marathon  Test  Race  from  Windsor  Castle  to  Stamford 
Bridge  (26  miles,  385  yards)  is  won  by  James  Corkery  of 
Toronto  in  2  hours,  36  minutes,  55  seconds  and  a  record  made. 

July  6. — The  short-lived  McKenzie  Administration  in  New  Zealand  is 
defeated  in  the  Legislature  by  eight  votes  and  the  Liberals  go 
out  of  power  after  21  years  of  office.  Mr.  Massey,  the  Conser- 
vative Leader  forms  the  following  administration: 

Prime  Minister,  Minllsrter  of  Lands, 

Agriculture  and  Labour William  Ferguson  Massey. 

Minister  of  Finance,  Education  and 

Defence  James  Allen. 

Minister  of  Railways  and  Native  Min- 
ister   William  Herbert  Herrdes. 

Attorney-General  and  Minister  of  Jus- 
tice   Alexander  Laurence  Herdman. 

Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Mines .  William  Fraser. 

Postmaster-General,  Minister  of  Public 

Health  and  Hospitals Robert  Heaton  Rhodes. 

(Minister  of  Customs  and  Marine  and 

Old  Age  Pensions Francis  M.  B.  Fttsher. 

Minister  of  Internal  Affairs Henry  Dillon  Bell. 

Minister  representdmg  the  Native  Race 
and  In  charge  of  Tourist  and 
Health  Resorts  William  Ngaira  Pomare. 

Aug.  13. — The  arrival  in  New  Zealand  is  reported  to  the  Department  of 
Trade  and  Commerce  of  30  Canadian  farmers  who  say  they 
did  not  like  the  Canadian  climate. 


IMPERIAL  INCIDENTS  or  CANADIAN  CONCERN  165 

Oct.  24. — According  to  a  statement  in  the  London  Standard  631  new  Fel- 
lows of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  are  elected — those  from 
Canada  including  Sir  Mackenzie  Bowell;  the  Hon.  Martin 
Burrell,  Minister  of  Agriculture;  the  Hon.  Frank  Cochrane, 
Minister  of  Railways;  Mr.  J.  Castell  Hopkins,  the  Hon.  J.  J. 
Foy,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Field  of  Toronto;  the  Hon.  Rodolphe 
Lemieux,  ex-Postmaster-General;  Sir  William  Mackenzie  of 
the  Canadian  Northern  Railway  and  the  Hon.  G.  H.  Perley  of 
Ottawa. 

Nov.  19. — Sir  Thomas  Smartt,  Leader  of  the  South  African  Opposition, 
states  at  Johannesburg  that  the  present  Imperial  contribution 
of  South  Africa  was  disgraceful  to  contemplate.  The  stronger 
the  Fleet  the  greater  their  security.  "  The  policy  on  which  the 
Empire  ought  to  depend  should  be  the  good  faith  and  the  recog- 
nition of  their  obligations  by  the  Dominions  beyond  the  Seas." 
He  urges  that  South  Africa  should  be  placed  alongside  Canada, 
Australia,  New  Zealand  and  the  Federated  Malay  States  and 
any  Government  scheme  in  that  direction  would  have  the 
wholehearted  support  of  his  party. 

Dec.  20. — Following  the  South  African  crisis  caused  by  the  retirement  of 
General  Hertzog,  Minister  of  Justice  and  Native  Affairs,  General 
Botha  succeeds  in  forming  a  re-organized  Ministry  as  follows: 

Premier  and  Minister  of  Agriculture Rt.  Hon.  Louis  Botha. 

Minister  of  Justice  and  Native  Affairs Hon.  J.  W.  Sauer. 

Minister  of  Finance  and  Defence Hon.  Johannes  Smuts. 

Minister  of  the  Interior  and  of  Lands Rt.  Hon.  A.  Fischer. 

Minister  of  Mine®  and  Education Hon.  F.  S.  Malan. 

Minister  of  Railways  and  Harbours Hon.  H.  Burton, 

Minister  of  Posts  and  Telegraphs  and  Pub- 
lic Works    Sir  Thomas  Watt. 

Minister  without  Portfolio Sir  D.  P.  de  Villlers  Graaff . 

General  Botha  makes  a  statement  in  The  Volkstein  as  follows: 
"  Mr.  Hertzog  has  gratuitously  and  unnecessarily  put  the  ques- 
tion whether  interests  of  South  Africa  should  take  precedence 
over  those  of  the  British  Empire.  This  question  should  not  have 
been  put.  There  was  no  reason  for  putting  it,  nor  should  any 
reason  for  it  arise  in  the  future.  The  true  interests  of  South 
Africa  are  not  and  need  not  be  in  conflict  with  those  of  the 
Empire  from  which  we  derive  our  free  Constitution." 
Dec.  31.— The  British  Census  of  Production  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
completed  in  1912  but  dealing  with  1907,  includes  the  following 
figures : 

Output  (including  Agriculture  and  Fisheries) £1,448,00'0,000 

Estimated  Consumption  of  Output  at  Home 1,000,000,000 

Total  Income  of  People 2,000,000>,OOiO 

Manufacturing,  Mtining  and  Building  Capital 1,500',(M>0,000 

Dec.  31. — The  Statistical  Abstract  for  the  British  Empire  shows  its  total 
population  in  1881  to  have  been  303,694,000  and  in  1911  416,318,- 
000.  The  increases  were  partly  as  follows:  India  from  253,561,- 
470  to  314,955,240;  Australia,  2,250,194  to  4,455,005;  New  Zea- 
land, 489,933  to  1,008,458;  Canada,  4,324,810  to  7,081,869;  Natal, 
402,687  to  1,191,958;  Cape  Colony,  720,984  to  2,568,000;  Orange 
River  Colony,  387,315  to  526,906;  Transvaal,  1,269,951  to- 
1,676,611. 

Dec.  31. — The  chief  appointments  of  the  year  1912  to  Governmental  posi- 
tions within  the  Empire  were  as  follows: 

New  Zealand    The  Earl  of  Liverpool. 

Western   Australia    Major-General  Sir  Harry  Barron. 

Newfoundland    Waliter  E.  Davidson,  C.M.O. 

The  Seychelles Lieut. -Col.  C.  R.  M.  O'Brien,  C.M.O. 

Bermuda    Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  George  M.  Bullock. 


166  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

British  Guiana Sir  Walter  Egerton. 

Northern  and  Southern  Nigeria..  Sir  Frederick  Lugard. 

The  Gold  Coast Sir  Hugh  Clifford. 

Klgfh  Commissioner  of  the  Western 

Pacific  and  Governor  of  Fiji .  Sir  Blckham  Sweet-Escott 

Hong- Kong Sir  Henry  May. 

The   Bahamas G.  Haddon-Smltih. 

East  African  Protectorate H.  Oonway. 

New    South   Wales SJr  Gerald  Belfleld  Strickland. 

Bengal     Lord  Oarmichael. 

Tasmania    Rt  Hon.  W.  G.  Ellison-Macartney. 

Dec.  31. — Changes  in  the  Constitutional  Governments  of  the  Dominions 
were  as  follows — outside  of  those  elsewhere  dealt  with — in  1912 : 

Prime  Minister,  Victoria,  Australia Hon.  W.  A.  Watt 

Leader  of  Unionist  Party  in  South  Africa.  .Sir  Thomas  Smartt. 

Prime  Minister  of  Queensland,  Australia — 

Returned  to  Power Hon.  D.  F.  Denham. 

Prime  Minister  of  Tasmania,  Australia — 

Returned  to  Power Sir  Elliott  Lewis. 

And  succeeded  by Hon.  A.  E.  Solomon. 

Premier  of  South  Australia  Hon.  A.  H.  Peake. 

Representative  of  Natal  in  South  African 

Government  Sir  Thomas  Watt. 

High  Commissioner  for  New  Zealand  In 

London  Hon.  Thomas  McKenzie. 

President  Legislative  Council  of  Newfound- 
land   Hon.  John  Harris. 

Dec.  31. — The  Royal  Honours  of  the  year  which  interested  or  concerned 
Canadians  were  as  follows: 

K.C.M.G Colonel  John  Morlson  Gibson,   K.C Toronto. 

K.C.M.G Joseph  Pope,  c.v.o.,  C.M.Q.,  i.s.o Ottawa. 

C.M.G. Thomas  Cooper  Bovllle Ottawa, 

Privy  Council.  .Robert  Laird  Borden,  K.C.,  M.P Ottawa. 

Baronet Lionel   Phillips,    M.L. A South  Africa, 

C.M.G D.  W.  Prowse,  D.C.L Newfoundland. 

Knight. Edmund  Boyd  Osier,   M.P Toronto. 

Knight Rodolphe  Forget  M.P Montreal. 

K.C.M.G Hon.  Rodmond  Palen  Roblin Winnipeg. 

K.C.M.G Hon.  Richard  McBride Victoria 

C.M.G John  McDougald Ottawa. 

C.MG John  Melville  Macoun Ottawa. 

Knight Hon.  Joseph  Dubuc,  LL.D Winnipeg. 

K.C.B Lieut-Gen.  Sir  E.  T.  H.  Hutton,  K.C.M.Q. London. 

I.S.O William   Henry  Walker Ottawa. 

Dec.  31. — The  following  Canadian  appointments  as  Knights  of  Grace  in 
the  Order  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  were  sanc- 
tioned by  the  King  in  1912: 

Colonel  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  c.v.o Toronto. 

Major  Charles  A.  Hodgetts,  M.D Ottawa, 

Hon.  Sir  Francois  Xavier  Langelier Quebec. 

Mr.  D.  R.  Wllkie Toronto. 

Lieut-Col.  F.  Minden  Cole Montreal. 

Ladies  of  Grace  were  also  appointed  as  follows:  Lady  Mount 
Stephen,  Mrs.  S.  Nordheimer  of  Toronto,  Lady  Drummond  and 
Mde.  F.  L.  Bgique  of  Montreal,  Lady  Tiley  of  St.  John.  Sir 
Henry  Pellatt  was  appointed  Commissioner  in  Canada  for  the 
St.  John  Ambulance  Brigade  with  Dr.  C.  J.  Copp,  Assistant 
Commissioner  for  Ontario,  and  Major  Francis  Vaux  for  Mani- 
toba. 

Dec.  "SI. — Miscellaneous  appointments  or  Honours  of  the  year  included 
the  Lambeth  Degree  of  Mus.Dr.  for  Percival  Illsley  of  Mont- 
real; an  Honorary  LL.D.  at  Dublin  University  for  J.  J.  E. 
Guerin,  M.D.,  and  Dr.  Wm.  Peterson,  C.M.G.,  of  Montreal;  elec- 
tion of  Archibald  B.  Macallum  to  the  Beit  Memorial  Fellowship 
for  Medical  Research;  appointment  of  F.  C.  T.  O'Hara,  Ottawa, 
as  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Statistical  Society. 


CANADIAN  INCIDENTS  OF  IMPERIAL  CONCEEN  167 

Dec.  31. — The  following  deaths  of  Empire  interest  occurred  during  the 
year:  Sir  Wm.  Austin  Zeal,  K.C.M.G.,  Australian  politician,  on 
Mch.  13;  Sir  John  Logan  Campbell,  New  Zealand  pioneer,  on 
June  22nd;  Sir  Julius  Charles  Wernher,  Rand  magnate,  on 
May  21. 

CANADIAN  INCIDENTS  OF  IMPERIAL  CONCERN. 

Mch.  17.— Sir  Henry  Pellatt,  Toronto,  President  of  the  British  Society  of 
Knights-Bachelor,  gives  a  Dinner  in  honour  of  Sir  Wm.  Bull, 
founder  of  the  organization,  and  it  is  stated  that  the  King  has 
permitted  a  change  in  the  title  to  that  of  Imperial  Society  of 
Knights. 

Mch.  29. — Hon.  W.  J.  Roche,  Secretary  of  State,  speaks  officially  in  the 
Commons  as  to  charges  against  His  Majesty's  Gunboat  Widgeon 
made  by  certain  Canadian  Missionaries  in  China.  Sir  John 
Jordan,  British  Minister  at  Pekin,  had  reported  to  his  Govern- 
ment as  follows: 

He  states  that  the  missionaries,  with  other  refugees 
from  Chung  Tu,  having  left  that  place  on  board  a  number 
of  junks  instead  of  on  the  steamer  which  had  been  sent 
under  escort  of  the  Widgeon  to  take  them  safely  past 
Hokiang,  were  fired  on  in  passing  the  latter  place.  Sir 
John  Jordan  considers  that  their  refusal  to  embark  on  the 
steamer  provided  for  the  purpose  was  unquestionably 
responsible  for  what  occurred.  He  points  out  that  a  vessel 
under  steam  in  a  difficult  river  like  the  Yangtse,  cannot 
adapt  her  pace  closely  to  that  of  a  fleet  of  Junks  and  he 
unhesitatingly  expresses  the  opinion  that  Commander 
Brooke's  efforts  on  behalf  of  the  party  merited  their  appre- 
ciation and  not  their  condemnation. 

May  23. — Empire  Day  is  celebrated  by  20,000  pupils  in  the  Public  Schools 
of  Winnipeg  with  the  unveiling  of  portraits  of  local  and 
Imperial  personages  in  the  schools  named  after  them,  with 
many  patriotic  speeches  and  with  the  presentation  of  a  Union 
Jack  to  one  of  the  Collegiate  Institutes  by  Major  Holman,  an 
Australian  Officer,  on  behalf  of  the  town  of  Culcairn,  N.S.W. 
June  7. — An  official  communication  from  the  Rt.  Hon.  Lewis  Harcourt, 
Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  is  made  public  addressed 
to  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  and  dealing  with  the  much 
discussed  Flag  question: 

I  have  the  honour  to  transmit  to  Your  Royal  Highness 
a  copy  of  a  letter  in  regard  to  the  Flag  which  should  be 
used  by  private  persons  who  are  British  subjects.  I  should 
be  glad  if  you  would  be  good  enough  to  cause  the  public 
to  be  informed  that  the  Union  flag  is  the  National  flag  of 
Canada  as  of  all  other  parts  of  His  Majesty's  Dominions  and 
may  be  flown  on  land  by  all  British  subjects  and  that  the 
red  ensign,  with  the  arms  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  in 
the  fly,  is  intended  to  be  used  only  by  Canadian  merchant 
vessels. 

Some  Canadian  newspapers  criticize  this  letter  and  statement 
and  urge  the  continued  flying  of  the  Merchant  Marine  flag — 
notably  the  Vancouver  Sun  of  June  10th  which  describes  the 
letter  as  an  infringement  of  self-government  in  the  Dominions. 
The  Montreal  Herald,  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press,  the  Montreal 
Witness,  the  Toronto  Globe  take  somewhat  similar  ground.  Sir 
Joseph  Pope  issues  an  able  pamphlet  in  support  of  the  Union 
Jack  as  the  flag  of  Canada. 

Aug.  7. — The  Toronto  Globe  offers  this  idea  of  the  British  Empire:  "It 
Is  an  alliance  of  free  nations.  Its  ties  are  indeed  slender,  but 
they  are  ties  of  love  and  life.  It  is  bound  not  by  the  heavy 


168  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

yoke  of  a  driven  bargain,  but  by  the  glad  allegiance  of  each  of 
the  daughter  nations  to  the  Mother  Country,  and  of  all  to  the 
rights  and  liberties  of  each.  The  permanent  unity  of  the 
Empire  depends  on  the  freedom  and  untrammeled  self-govern- 
ment of  each  of  its  parts." 

Aug.  29. — It  is  announced  that  the  Canadian  Branch  of  the  Institute  of 
Journalists,  acting  through  its  Chairman,  Henry  Bragg  of 
Montreal,  has  invited  the  British  Association  of  Journalists  to 
visit  Canada  in  1913  and  that  the  invitation  has  been  accepted. 

Aug.  31. — The  Toronto  News  pays  a  high  editorial  tribute  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Empire  League  in  Canada:  "  In  Colonel 
George  T.  Denison  who  enters  his  seventy-fourth  year  to-day, 
Canada  posseses  a  remarkable  and  distinguished  personality, 
whose  name  is  known  throughout  the  British  Empire  and  whose 
career  is  identified  with  the  triumph  of  ideas  which  now 
dominate  the  British  world.  When  Lord  Mllner  at  the  banquet 
in  Toronto  a  year  or  two  ago  declared  that  Joseph  Chamberlain 
and  George  T.  Denison  were  recognized  as  the  chief  protagon- 
ists of  Imperial  unity,  he  in  no  wise  exaggerated  the  value  and 
importance  of  the  work  done  by  the  Canadian.  It  required 
strong  conviction,  an  unfailing  optimism  and  energy  far  beyond 
the  average  to  challenge  and  combat  the  views  that  held  sway 
for  so  many  years." 

Dec.  4. — The  Montreal  Herald  deals  with  J.  S.  Ewart,  K.C.,  and  his  anti- 
Imperial  arguments  as  follows:  "  Mr.  E wart's  arguments  are 
pitilessly  logical.  They  march  in  echelon,  each  one  supporting 
its  predecessor,  and  covering  a  little  more  ground.  Nothing  is 
forgotten.  Nothing,  that  is,  but  sentiment.  A  mere  trifle,  you 
see,  unworthy  of  any  serious-minded  man's  attention.  As  reas- 
oning creatures,  we  must  be  governed  by  reason  and  logic,  not 
by  considerations  of  race,  or  of  language,  or  of  national  his- 
tory, or  of  the  hundred  and  one  things  which  constitute  our 
heritage  as  British-born  people.  Therefore,  our  author  ignores 
these,  and  undertakes  to  blaze  the  pathway  of  Canada's  imme- 
diate duty  and  future  destiny  by  the  light  of  pure  reason.  It 
can't  be  done,  Mr.  Ewart." 

Dec.  31. — Amongst  the  Canadian-born  Members  of  the  British  Parlia- 
ment visiting  Canada  during  the  year  were  J.  Allen  Baker, 
Joseph  Martin,  K.C.,  and  Donald  Macmaster,  K.C.  Colonel  Sir 
E.  P.  C.  Girouard  and  Major-General,  Sir  Fred  Benson  were 
other  visitors  to  their  native  land. 


IMPORTANT   EMPIRE  BOOKS  OF  THE  TEAR. 

Life   of    Lord   Wolyerhampton .  .  Hon.  Mrs.  Robert  Hamilton .  London :  Hutchinson. 
Narrative  of  the  Visit  to  India 

of      Their      Majesties      King 

George  and   Queen  Mary ....  Hon.  John  Fortescue London :  Macmillan. 

The     Imperial     Conference     of 

1911    from    Within Sir  John  G.  Findlay London:   Constable. 

The       Naval      Annual,       1912 

(Edited)     .  .' Viscount  Hythe   Portsmouth:  Griffin  &  Co. 

The  Girlhood  of  Queen  Victoria 

(Edited)    Viscount  Esher London :  Murray. 

The   South  African  Union Basil  Worsfleld London :   Pitman. 

The  Problem  of  Empire  Govern- 
ance    C.  E.  T.  Stuart-Linton London :  Longmans. 

Life  of  David  Lloyd  George.  . .  ,H.   du  Parog London:  Caxton. 

The   German  Emperor   and  the 

Peace   of  the  World A.  H.  Pried London :  Hodder. 

The  Indian  Scene J.  A.    Spender London :  Methuen. 

India  Under  Curzon  and  After. Laval  Praser    London:   Heinemann. 

Indian  and  Home  Memories ...  Sir  Henry   Cotton London:  Nuwin  Small. 

Confederation     of     the     British 

West  Indies    Dr.  Louis  S.  Meikle London :   Sampson-Lowe. 


III.  DOMINION  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. 

The  Borden  Government  during  1912  had  a  clearly 
Record  of  constructive  policy  and  it  introduced  in  Parliament  con- 
the  Borden  siderable  legislation  of  a  character  which  it  was  not  easy 
AdminiBtra-  fOp  even  an  aggressive  and  cleverly-led  Opposition  to 
tion  m  i9ia  gtr0ngly  oppose.  A  Dominion  Subsidy  to  the  T.  &  N.  0. 
Eailway  and  grants  in  aid  of  Highways  which,  in  conjunction  with 
the  important  Tariff  Commission  measure  the  Liberals  did  oppose 
energetically  and  which  the  Senate  disposed  of;  a  Government  con- 
struction of  Terminal  Elevators  and  the  adjustment  of  Manitoba's 
boundaries  with  changes  in  those  of  Ontario  and  Quebec;  the  partial 
construction  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Eailway  with  the  undertaking  of 
equipment  for  National  Ports  and  the  further  deepening  of  St.  Law- 
rence waterways ;  the  appointment  of  Sir  George  Murray  to  advise  in  a 
re-organization  of  the  Public  Service ;  the  preparation  and  announce- 
ment of  a  definite  line  of  action  in  the  Navy  matter ;  the  reconstruction 
of  Western  grain  regulations  and  the  arrangement  of  a  Preferential 
treaty  with  the  British  West  Indies ;  these  were  the  outstanding  items 
of  policy  or  accomplishment. 

The  personal  success  of  the  Premier  as  a  Party  and  Parliamentary 
leader  was  one  of  the  features  of  the  year — Opposition  papers  such  as 
the  Toronto  Globe  and  the  Ottawa  Free  Press  frankly  acknowledging 
this  fact.  On  Jan.  1st  the  New  Year  Honours  included  an  Imperial 
Privy  Councillorship  for  Mr.  Borden — the  other  Canadian  members 
at  the  time  being  Sir  W.  Laurier,  Sir  C.  Tupper,  Sir  R.  Cartwright 
and  Sir  C.  Fitzpatrick.  During  the  ensuing  months  the  Prime  Min- 
ister received  and  heard  many  Delegations  from  all  parts  of  the 
country,  upon  all  kinds  of  subjects,  and  with  an  infinite  variety  of 
requests.  Nine  British  Columbia  Indians,  led  by  J.  M.  Clark,  K.C., 
of  Toronto,  asked  (Jan.  8th)  that  an  absolute  title  to  the  lands  on 
which  they  lived  be  granted  the  Indians  of  that  Province;  an 
important  body  of  commercial,  railway  and  steamship  men  from 
Montreal  waited  upon  the  Premier  on  Jan.  24th  and  asked,  in  con- 
nection with  current  rumours  as  to  changes  in  the  Harbour  Commis- 
sion of  that  City,  that  no  change  be  made — Messrs.  Andrew  Allan, 
R.  W.  Reford,  W.  Wainwright,  J.  H.  Sherrard,  J.  E.  McFarlane  and 
H.  Drummond  being  amongst  those  present. 

On  Feb.  8th,  the  largest  Delegation  since  the  coming  of  the  West- 
ern Grain  Growers,  and  including  representatives  of  the  Ontario 
Good  Roads  Association,  the  United  Boards  of  Trade  of  Ontario  and 
a  large  number  of  Municipal  bodies,  waited  upon  the  Premier  and 
his  Government  and  asked  for  Dominion  aid  in  the  betterment  of 
public  highways.  They  were  promised  that  Federal  subsidies  would 
be  granted  for  this  purpose.  A  large  Deputation  of  lumbermen  (Feb. 


170  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

9th)  urged  the  enforcement  of  the  Tariff  provision  which  was  sup- 
posed to  prevent  the  free  importation  of  partly-dressed  lumber  from 
the  Western  States;  a  Delegation  of  Western  Grain  Growers  was 
heard  on  Feb.  5th  in  connection  with  proposed  changes  in  the  Grain 
Act;  a  hundred  members  of  Dominion  Women's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Unions  asked  the  Premier  (Feb.  15th)  for  the  prohibition,  on 
physical  and  moral  grounds,  of  the  importation,  manufacture,  and 
sale  of  cigarettes  in  Canada.  To  these  latter  representations  Mr.  Bor- 
den  pointed  out  the  great  difficulties  in  the  way  of  enforcing  such  a 
law.  "  It  seems  to  me  that  the  control  of  parents  over  their  children 
is  not  so  strict  as  it  was  years  ago.  I  should  have  liked  to  have  seen 
any  of  the  children  of  my  Mother  smoking  cigarettes  at  the  age  of 
12  or  14  years !  It  would  not  have  been  necessary  to  have  prohibitive 
legislation  in  that  instance.  We  shall  endeavour  to  apply  to  the  evil 
which  has  been  brought  to  our  attention  such  remedy  as  may  be 
possible." 

A  large  representation  of  Ontario  Boards  of  Trade  membership  saw 
Mr.  Borden  and  some  of  his  Ministers  on  Mch.  llth  and  advocated 
Federal  subsidies  to  the  Provinces  for  the  construction  of  good  roads ; 
the  speedy  construction  of  a  larger  and  better  Welland  Canal;  the 
improvement  of  waterways  and  harbours,  generally,  in  Ontario;  the 
construction  of  the  French  Eiver  section  of  the  Georgian  Bay  Canal ; 
the  conservation  and  improvement  of  the  St.  Lawrence  water  route 
and  protection  of  the  levels  in  the  Great  Lakes;  the  construction  of 
a  St.  Lawrence  Canal  system  of  30  feet  depth ;  the  appointment  of  a 
Government  Commission  to  report  upon  the  development  of  water- 
powers  along  the  International  boundary  line.  To  these  important 
requests  Mr.  Borden  said  that  the  whole  question  of  Canada's  water 
transportation  would  be  dealt  with  by  the  Government  in  a  large  and 
comprehensive  way  based  upon  the  best  expert  advice  which  could  be 
obtained.  Another  Deputation  of  600  people  (Mch.  14th)  urged 
upon  the  Premier  and  his  Ministers  the  construction  of  the  Georgian 
Bay  Canal.  They  were  largely  from  the  Ottawa  Valley,  Eastern  Can- 
ada, and  New  Ontario,  and  presented,  chiefly,  the  argument  that  the 
competition  of  the  Panama  and  Erie  Canals  threatened  to  divert 
Canadian  trade  from  existing  channels.  In  his  reply  the  Premier 
said:  "Both  the  Welland  and  the  Georgian  Bay  Canal  projects  are 
worthy  of  consideration  by  the  Government  and  will  receive  that  con- 
sideration, and  I  am  sure  that  if  we  come  to  the  conclusion  that  they 
are  advisable  the  resources  of  Canada  will  be  sufficient  to  carry  out 
both  undertakings." 

Headed  by  L.  T.  Marechal,  K.C.,  100  representatives  of  South 
Shore  (Quebec)  municipalities  saw  the  Premier  on  May  1  as  to  the 
Montreal  Tunnel  project  and  presented  a  petition  asking  for  a  Gov- 
ernment guarantee  of  the  bonds  of  the  Company  to  the  extent  of 
$15,000,000  for  50  years  at  4^  per  cent. — in  order  to  tunnel  under 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  City  to  CotS  St.  Michel  with  a  terminal  at 
Champ  de  Mars  for  use  of  all  Railways.  A  Delegation  from  the 
Royal  Society  (June  7)  suggested  that  negotiations  be  opened 


KECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          171 

with  the  Imperial  Government,  and  through  it  with  the  Governments 
of  other  countries,  to  have  the  year  consist  of  thirteen  instead  of 
twelve  months;  the  advantage  claimed  was  that  all  months  would 
begin  on  Sunday,  and  any  specific  date  of  any  month  would  occur  on 
the  same  day  of  the  week.  In  Quebec,  on  June  14th,  the  Premier 
received  a  large  Delegation  of  citizens  headed  by  D.  0.  Lesperance, 
M.P.,  which  urged  upon  him  the  necessity  for  the  Government  to  hurry 
Harbour  developments  as  well  as  rush  the  completion  of  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  Transcontinental  Eailway;  so  as  to  prevent  the  grain 
traffic  from  taking  other  channels  which  would  result  in  loss  to  Quebec 
and  the  Maritime  Provinces.  Mr.  Borden  was  already  on  record  as 
favouring — in  a  telegram  to  Mr.  Pelletier  on  Apl.  26 — the  construc- 
tion of  a  Dry-dock  at  Quebec  as  being  "  absolutely  essential  to  the 
safety  and  efficiency  of  the  St.  Lawrence  route  "  and  he  now  pointed 
out,  as  to  the  Transcontinental  Eailway,  that  his  Government  would 
do  all  that  was  possible  to  hold  traffic  in  'Canadian  channels  but  that 
it  was  the  late  Government  which  had  refused  certain  safe-guards 
which  he  and  his  supporters  had  originally  suggested. 

In  Toronto  on  Sept.  23rd,  the  Premier  received  a  Deputation  of 
women  who  demanded  equal  political  rights  for  the  Canadian  portion 
of  16,000,000  women  who  were  now  asking  the  right  to  vote  from 
various  Parliaments.  Mr.  Borden  pointed  out  that  Federal  elections 
were  conducted  according  to  the  Dominion  Franchise  Act  of  about 
fifteen  years  ago  with  Provincial  lists  of  voters  used  in  such  contests. 
For  the  present,  therefore,  the  Suffragists  would  have  to  look  to  the 
Provincial  Houses.  Still,  while  the  Federal  body  was  unable  to  grant 
them  any  aid  now,  the  Franchise  Act  could  be  repealed  at  any  time 
and  action  taken  upon  the  demands  of  the  Delegation.  He  would, 
however,  do  no  more  than  promise  "  consideration "  of  the  request. 
At  Ottawa,  on  Nov.  9th,  Mr.  Borden  and  the  Minister  of  Labour 
received  a  Deputation  from  the  Trades  and  Labour  Congress  and  the 
Letter  Carriers  Association  which  asked  for  a  Eoyal  Commission  to 
look  into  the  condition  of  Steel  workers  in  Nova  Scotia,  for  leg- 
islation granting  cheap  and  simple  facilities  in  the  formation  of 
Co-operative  bodies,  for  the  repeal  of  the  Lemieux  Conciliation  Act, 
the  removal  of  the  $200  deposit  consideration  from  candidacy  for 
the  Federal  Parliament,  legislation  to  protect  Union  labels,  and  a 
demand  for  shorter  hours  and  higher  pay  for  postmen.  A  Deputa- 
tion on  Dec.  3rd  asked  for  the  deepening  of  the  Trent  Valley  Canal 
and  enlargement  of  its  Docks  between  the  head  of  Lake  Simcoe  and 
Georgian  Bay.  It  was  pointed  out  that  C.P.E.  boats  now  come  to 
Port  McNicholl,  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Georgian  Bay,  and  close  to 
where  the  proposed  Canal  system  would  end.  It  was  contended  that 
grain  could  be  loaded  on  small  barges  and  carried  across  to  Lake 
Ontario,  thence  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal. 

The  varied  problems  indicated  by  the  proposals  of  these  groups 
of  men  show  how  great  the  work  was,  and  is,  before  the  Prime  Min- 
ister of  a  country  like  Canada.  On  Jan.  27th  Mr.  Borden  had  the 
official  privilege  of  exchanging  the  first  despatches  by  Wireless  Tele- 


172  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

graphy  between  Glace  Bay,  N.S.,  and  Spain — his  congratulations 
going  to  the  Prime  Minister  of  the  latter  country.  He  was  in  New 
York  at  Easter  and  thence  went  to  Hot  Springs,  Virginia,  for  a  brief 
rest  On  Apl.  25th  he  joined  President  Taft  in  addressing,  over  the 
long-distance  Telephone,  a  banquet  of  the  American  Associated  Press 
in  New  York — the  voices  of  the  speakers  being  conveyed  with  great 
clearness  to  each  guest  by  means  of  a  personal  receiver.  Alex.  Graham 
Bell  and  Thomas  Edison  were  present  at  the  Dinner.  The  President's 
speech  was  humorous.  Mr.  Borden's  was  serious  with  the  following 
as  an  example  of  the  truths  which  he  expressed :  "  No  nation,  however 
advanced  in  its  industrialism  or  powerful  in  its  accumulated  wealth, 
can  long  survive  the  shock  of  time  except  through  the  strength  derived 
from  the  character  of  its  people.  That  strength  must  assuredly  be 
based  upon  faith  and  upon  ideals."  To  the  newspapers  he  spoke  with 
precision : 

You  should  be  the  bulwark  of  democratic  idealism.  Honest  and  high- 
minded  publicity  is  the  most  faithful  friend  of  good  government  and 
there  can  be  no  effective  public  opinion  on  a  great  continent  like  this 
without  the  aid  of  a  powerful,  independent  and  uncorrupted  press.  To 
you  have  been  given  the  ten  talents,  your  power  is  great,  and  your  oppor- 
tunities as  well.  But  equally  great  are  your  responsibilities.  There  is  no  more 
important  factor  in  the  future  development  of  national  life,  whether  in  the 
United  States  or  Canada,  than  the  just  fulfillment  of  these  responsibilities. 
Speaking  to  the  press  of  both  countries,  may  I  express  my  firm  conviction 
that  upon  you  depend  in  large  measure  the  continued  existence  and 
strength  of  the  happy  relations  which  prevail  between  this  great  Republic 
and  the  Empire  to  which  Canada  owns  a  proud  allegiance.  Within  a  few 
years  these  kindred  nations  will  fitly  celebrate  a  century  of  peace.  Let  it 
be  our  hope  and  our  prayer  that  in  all  the  glorious  years  to  come  our  only 
contest  shall  lie  in  a  generous  emulation  to  attain  the  highest  standards 
of  civilization  and  the  noblest  ideals  of  democracy. 

At  the  annual  Dinner  of  the  American  Society  of  International 
Law  held  in  Washington  on  Apl.  27th  Mr.  Borden  dealt  with  the 
relations  between  the  two  countries.  There  was  no  unfriendliness  in 
the  rejection  of  Reciprocity.  It  was  largely  a  matter  of  dignity.  "  A 
standing  offer  of  Reciprocity  made  by  Canada  and  open  for  acceptance 
from  1878  to  1897,  was  not  accepted  by  the  United  States.  It  must 
be  apparent  to  all  fair-minded  men  that  in  order  to  maintain  our 
dignity,  it  was  necessary  to  reject  the  offer  made  by  the  United 
States."  He  knew  of  15  occasions  when  Arbitrators  had  satisfac- 
torily adjusted  slight  disputes  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  over  Canadian  territory.  The  Premier  and  Mrs.  Borden 
reached  Ottawa  on  May  1st  and  on  the  14th  they  paid  their  first  visit 
to  Toronto  since  Mr.  Borden's  accession  to  office.  The  programme 
included  a  Civic  luncheon  and  Address  on  the  14th  with  the  laying 
of  the  corner-stone  by  the  Premier  of  the  new  Y.M.C.A.  Building  and 
a  great  Banquet  thereafter;  a  Reception  on  the  15th  by  the  Women's 
Canadian  Club  at  'Convocation  Hall  and  an  address  by  the  Premier; 
a  Dinner  at  Government  House  on  the  16th  and  a  Reception  for  Mrs. 
Borden  by  the  Toronto  Women's  Conservative  Club ;  a  United  Empire 
Loyalist  luncheon  to  Mr.  Borden  on  the  17th  and  attendance  in  the 


RECORD  OF  THE  BOEDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IF  1912          173 

evening  at  the  York  Club's  Ball  in  honour  of  H.R.H.  the  Governor- 
General. 

In  reply  to  the  Civic  address,  the  Premier  made  this  statement: 
"  I  do  not  think  the  suggested  divergence  of  sentiment  between  the 
East  and  the  West  need  be  regarded  as  more  than  a  passing  phase  of 
our  country's  development.  The  same  phenomenon  has  been  observed 
in  the  United  States.  I  am  confident  that  the  vast  majority  of  the 
people  of  the  Dominion  desire  Canada  to  remain  united  and  to  be  a 
part  of  the  Empire."  At  the  Y.M.C.A.  banquet  where  there  were 
800  guests  and  where  Sir  Edmund  Walker  also  spoke,  Mr.  Borden  was 
optimistic.  "  We  realize  that  the  Federal  Government  must  have 
regard  to  the  future  development  of  any  city  in  which  Federal  build- 
ings are  to  be  erected  and  that  the  character  and  location  of  these 
buildings  ought  to  be  considered  from  any  standpoint  of  town-plan- 
ning which  may  be  adopted  by  the  Civic  authorities."  To  2,000 
women  gathered  in  Convocation  Hall,  the  Premier  added :  "  In  a 
country  such  as  this  there  is  bound  to  come  a  period  when  the  spirit 
of  the  market-place  is  apt  to  dominate  the  attitude  of  the  populace. 
Such  a  period  we  are  now  passing  through  and  it  is  the  duty  of 
Canadian  womanhood  to  so  impress  on  the  nation  the  fame,  tradi- 
tions, and  ideals  of  the  past  that  they  shall  never  be  forgotten.  My 
message  to  you  is  to  urge  that  the  higher  considerations  which  con- 
stitute the  soul  of  a  nation  be  never  forgotten."  Mr.  Borden  accepted 
the  post  of  Honorary  Vice-President  of  the  United  Empire  Loyalist 
Association  and  told  that  organization  that  he  hoped  the  'Canadian 
people  would  be  "  actuated  by  the  same  faith  and  the  same  ideal " 
which  had  brought  their  ancestors  to  this  country.  In  a  message  to 
the  Empire  Day  issue  of  the  London  Times  the  Premier  outlined  his 
personal  policy  as  follows: 

By  assumption  of  the  defence  of  our  own  territory;  by  the  disposition 
to  develop  a  system  of  sea  defence  warranted  by  the  settled  opinion  of  the 
country  and  such  as  will  give  the  maximum  of  service  in  the  defence  of 
Canada;  in  assuring  the  greater  security  of  the  Empire  by  Subsidies  to 
steamship  lines  between  Canada  and  the  Mother  Country,  as  well  as  to 
the  West  Indies  and  the  Australian  communities;  by  contribution  to  the 
Pacific  Cable  and  by  proposals  still  to  be  consummated  for  cheaper  Cable 
communication  with  the  Mother  Country;  by  the  co-ordination  of  the 
military  forces  in  Canada  with  those  of  the  Empire;  by  initiating  a  sys- 
tem of  trade  preferences  within  the  Empire — by  these  means  and  in  a 
hundred  other  ways  Canada  has  undertaken  to  assume  her  share  in  the 
governance  of  the  Empire  and  in  the  development  of  its  organization. 

In  Montreal,  on  June  12-13,  the  Premier  spent  time  in  looking 
into  Harbour  conditions  and  arranging  other  Government  business. 
Thence  he  went  to  Grand  Pre,  N.S.,  for  a  few  days  (where  his  Mother 
lived)  and  to  Halifax  for  a  week;  on  the  26th  the  Premier  left  for 
his  important  English  visit.  Returning  home  the  public  Receptions 
and  Parliamentary  Session  followed  and  on  Dec.  19th  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Borden  left  Ottawa  to  spend  a  few  weeks  at  Atlantic  City.  In  Depart- 
mental matters  Mr.  Borden  introduced  some  important  changes  in 
1912.  He  arranged  the  appointment  of  Sir  George  Murray  to  inquire 


174  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

into  and  report  upon  administrative  conditions  in  the  Departments 
of  the  Government.  He  passed  legislation  during  the  Session  placing 
the  Department  of  External  Affairs  under  the  Premier  as  Secretary 
of  State  for  the  new  Department  and  with  duties  defined  as  follows : 
"  The  Minister,  as  head  of  the  Department,  shall  have  the  conduct  of 
all  official  communications  between  the  Government  of  Canada  and 
the  Government  of  any  other  country  in  connection  with  the  external 
affairs  of  Canada."  The  official  Report  of  the  Department  (Mch.  31, 
1912)  was  prepared  by  Sir  Joseph  Pope,  Under- Secretary,  and 
showed  a  wide  range  of  matters  coming  under  its  consideration  and 
including  British,  United  States  and  West  Indian  relations.  During 
the  year,  also,  Mr.  Borden  as  President  of  the  Council  presided  over 
the  Department  of  the  Royal  North-West  Mounted  Police  and  the 
annual  Report  of  Oct.  31,  1912,  showed  a  total  in  officers  and  men  of 
654,  divided  as  follows:  Alberta  252,  Saskatchewan  335,  Manitoba, 
Yukon  and  the  Territories  67.  During  the  12  months  there  were 
13,391  cases  entered  for  trial  by  the  Police  with  11,435  convictions, 
1,707  dismissed  or  withdrawn,  and  249  still  awaiting  trial.  By  spe- 
cial legislation  the  Dominion  Archives  were  placed  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  President  of  the  Privy  Council  but  afterwards  trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  State  while  Dr.  Doughty  was  raised 
to  the  status  of  a  Deputy  Minister.  It  may  be  added  that  during 
the  Session  of  Parliament  a  Committee  made  up  of  medical  men  sit- 
ting in  the  Commons  presented  a  strong  statement  to  the  Premier  in 
favour  of  a  Federal  Health  Department  and  including  the  following 
suggestions  as  to  the  work  of  such  a  Department: 

1.  The  codification  of  all  Legislative  provisions  and  laws  relating  to 
the  Public  Health  in  Canada. 

2.  Dominion  registration  of  all  cases  and  varieties  of  human  Tuber- 
culosis and  a  systematic  crusade  against  this  evil. 

3.  Prosecution  of  Food  and  Milk  adulterators  and  the  preparation  of 
more  effective  laws  in  this  respect. 

4.  The  standardizing  throughout  Canada  of  the  quality  of  milk  sold 
to  the  public. 

5.  Looking  after  the  sanitary  conditions  of  rivers,  lakes  and  streams. 

6.  Medical   inspection   of  Indians  and   Immigrants  and  the  making 
uniform  of  Quarantine  laws. 

7.  Preparation   and    enforcement   of   effective   Dominion   regulations 
regarding  disinfection  and  fumigation  of  public  cars  and  conveyances. 

Whatever  the  Department  which  Hon.  George  E.  Foster  controlled 
in  the  Government  it  was  bound  to  be  an  important  one  and  that  of 
Trade  and  Commerce  in  this  year  certainly  proved  to  be  the  centre  of 
large  and  useful  activities.  During  this  period,  Mr.  Foster  re-organ- 
ized the  Trade  Commission  Service,  re-arranged  the  system  in  Paris, 
France,  and  appointed  Mr.  Richard  Grigg,  British  Trade  Commis- 
sioner in  Canada,  and  a  well-known  expert,  as  Commissioner  of  Com- 
merce charged  with  the  direction  and  oversight  of  the  Service,  the  col- 
lection and  publication  of  trade  information  and  statistics,  and  the 
development  of  external  trade.  The  support  of  Canadian  Boards  of 
Trade  was  also  sought.  The  co-operation  of  British  authorities  was 


KECORD  OF  THE  BOBDEN  ADMINISTEATION  IN  1912          175 

obtained  in  placing  the  British  Consular  Service  in  active  support  of 
Canadian  Commercial  agencies;  a  Departmental  Commission  was 
appointed  to  inquire  into  existing  bases  for  statistics  of  production  and 
distribution  throughout  the  country;  the  question  of  cheaper  ocean 
insurance  rates  via  the  St.  Lawrence  was  taken  up  by  Mr.  Foster  with 
Lloyds;  steps  were  successfully  taken  to  effect  a  Preferential  Tariff 
arrangement  with  the  West  Indies  and  negotiations  were  commenced 
along  similar  lines  with  Australia;  assistance  was  given  to  bring  a 
representative  body  of  British  manufacturers  to  Canada;  a  Govern- 
ment-owned Elevator  at  Fort  William  was  undertaken  and  construc- 
tion started;  the  Grain  Act  was  prepared  and  passed  with  a  view  to 
the  complete  re-organization  of  the  system. 

This  latter  measure  required  much  time,  thought  and  consultative 
action.  Its  intricacies  were  many  and  varied  and  the  Act  of  Mr. 
Oliver,  late  Minister  of  the  Interior,  which  had  not  passed  when  his 
Government  left  office  included  250  clauses  and  was,  of  course,  super- 
seded by  this  new  and  more  elaborate  measure.  The  main  features  of 
Mr.  Foster's  policy  was  the  appointment  of  a  Board  of  Grain  Com- 
missioners, the  establishment  of  sample  markets,  the  broadening  of 
the  Car-distribution  plan  and  the  introduction  of  the  Government 
ownership  principle  into  the  Lake  Elevator  system.  On  Feb.  5-7  the 
Minister  was  in  close  consultation  with  representatives  of  the  Grain 
Growers'  Western  organizations  and  he  also  discussed  the  subject  with 
many  other  representative  persons.  The  clause  relating  to  distribu- 
tion of  cars  in  this  measure  was  intended  to  aid  in  saving  damp  grain 
by  the  prompt  rushing  of  cars  to  points  of  danger  or  congestion. 
Speaking  to  the  Montreal  Board  of  Trade  (May  22nd)  Mr.  Foster 
drew  attention  to  what  his  Department  was  trying  Hx>  do  for  the 
country  and  what  the  country  should  try  to  do  for  itself.  One  of 
the  latter  points  was  a  closer  and  more  careful  cultivation  of 
extraneous  markets  by  Canadian  merchants  and  manufacturers; 
another  was  in  a  modification  of  existing  conditions  of  trade  under 
which  the  excess  of  Canadian  exports  over  imports  in  1903  was 
$4,000,000  and  excess  of  imports  over  exports  in  1912  $227,000,000. 

•Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Aug.  29th,  the  Minister  declared  that  the 
Manufacturers  were  not  doing  their  whole  duty  if  they  said :  "  We 
are  doing  $100,000,000  of  business  inside  of  Canada  and  making  good 
profits  out  of  it.  There  is  a  demand  for  $200,000,000  of  our  goods  in 
Canada  but  we  will  go  on  making  $100,000,000  and  no  more.  We  will 
let  the  demand  for  the  other  $100,000,000  go  where  they  can  supply 
it!"  Mr.  Foster  made  several  changes  in  his  Department  during  the 
year.  One  was  the  Government  transfer  of  the  Annuities  Branch  to 
the  Post  Office  authorities  and  the  cutting  down  of  its  expenditure; 
another  was  the  taking  of  the  Census  and  Statistics  Branch  from  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  its  re-organization  under  Mr.  Foster's 
supervision.  In  his  visit  to  England  (June- July)  the  Minister  made 
various  important  speeches  and  did  some  very  effective  work — notably 
in  the  Consular  system  arrangement.  Speaking  to  the  Standard  of 
Empire  on  June  14th,  Mr.  Foster  made  this  announcement: 


176  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

I  arranged  before  leaving  Canada  the  conditions  in  connection  with 
the  establishment  of  a  Line  of  Steamships  from  Demerara  to  Canada  via 
the  different  West  Indian  Islands  and  also  from  Jamaica  to  Canada. 
Tenders  will  be  called  for  based  upon  these  conditions,  and  Steamship 
Companies  in  Great  Britain  as  well  as  in  Canada  will  be  invited  to  tender. 
It  is  not,  of  course,  the  intention  to  build  24  knot-steamers  for  these  ser- 
vices. They  would  be  too  speedy  and  consequently  too  costly  for  the  work. 
It  is  proposed,  however,  to  secure  steamers  of  about  15  knots'  speed 
specially  built  for  the  service  and  adapted  to  that  trade,  which  is  in  many 
respects  a  special  one. 

On  Aug.  '5th,  Mr.  Foster  arrived  home  and  became  Acting-Premier 
for  a  time.  During  the  summer,  Mr.  Grigg  was  in  Newfoundland  on 
behalf  of  Departmental  work  and  in  April  Volume  I  of  the  5th 
Census  of  Canada  appeared  under  the  general  auspices  of  this  Depart- 
ment and  the  continued  personal  control  of  Mr.  Archibald  Blue.  On 
Aug.  29th  Mr.  Foster  addressed  a  Manufacturers'  luncheon  at  the 
National  Exhibition  in  Toronto  and  told  them  that  while  the  tariff 
made  it  possible  to  start  factories  to  supply  the  public  demand,  it 
implied  also  a  compact  whereby  manufacturers  undertook  to  meet  all 
the  consumption  inside  the  protective  wall.  They  had  no  right  to 
say  that  by  supplying  half  the  demand,  they  made  all  the  profits  they 
desired,  thus  leaving  the  other  half  of  the  nation  to  get  goods  where 
they  could  find  them.  Of  the  eloquence  shown  in  Mr.  Foster's  Par- 
liamentary speech  on  the  Naval  question  (Dec.  18th)  much  was  said 
in  the  press  of  both  sides.  The  summary  of  the  St.  John  Standard 
('Cons.)  may  be  quoted  here:  "It  was,  perhaps,  the  most  brilliant  in 
his  career.  It  was  laid  out  on  ample  lines  and  swept  into  its  course 
a  very  large  consignment  of  the  whole  subject.  The  splendid  clear- 
ness of  Mr.  Foster's  argument  and  his  distinctive  criticism  of  the 
Liberal  counter-policy  could  not  be  excelled  for  effectiveness.  It  was 
a  masterly  performance." 

The  Minister  of  Militia  and  Defence — Colonel  Sam  Hughes — was 
much  before  the  public  in  1912.  Aggressive  in  his  work  and  enthusi- 
astic in  his  views  he  made  the  Department  an  active  element  in  public 
affairs.  On  Jan.  9th,  the  Garrison  Club  of  Quebec  banquetted  the 
Minister  and,  in  his  speech,  special  attention  was  paid  to  the  value  of 
the  Boy  Scouts  and  Cadet  Corps — a  subject,  indeed,  which  Colonel 
Hughes  had  greatly  at  heart.  He  addressed  various  meetings  of  Mili- 
tary, Rifle,  Artillery  and  similar  Associations  during  this  part  of  the 
year  and  at  the  National  Club, 'Toronto,  told  the  officers  of  the  local 
Garrison,  on  Mch.  22nd,  what  he  would  do  or  not  do  regarding  local 
requirements.  A  Militia  system  so  perfected  that  regular  annual 
camps  would  become  unnecessary,  with  local  training  made  so  com- 
plete by  efficient  drill  in  armouries  and  practice-fields  that  the  civilian 
soldiers  could  be  called  out  on  the  shortest  notice  for  important 
manoeuvres,  was  what  he  saw  in  the  future.  To  a  journal  called 
Canadian  Defence,  the  Minister,  in  May,  contributed  a  remarkable 
article  describing  the  upbuilding,  or  positive  influences,  for  good  in 
national  life  as  being  the  Schools,  Churches  and  Militia — the  latter 
including  the  Permanent  Corps,  Active  Militia,  Cadets,  Boy  Scouts 


BECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          177 

and  Rifle  Associations.  The  demoralizing,  or  negative,  factors  were 
the  intemperate  use  of  liquors  and  tobaccos.  The  cost  of  Militia  and 
Defence  in  Canada  (1912-1913)  was  $1.15  per  head;  the  cost  of 
administering  justice  and  dealing  with  the  Army  of  Crime  was 
(including  Police,  etc.)  $1.75  per  head. 

At  a  Dinner  given  to  the  Minister  by  the  Halifax  Garrison  on  May 
13th,  Col.  Hughes  laid  stress  upon  his  intention  not  to  allow  com- 
mercialism to  interfere  with  the  defence  of  that  City.  Instead  of 
demolishing  existing  forts  new  ones  would  be  erected  and  the  present 
ones  strengthened.  He  proclaimed  the  Permanent  Force  to  be  not 
a  standing  Army  but  a  University  for  the  education  of  the  Militia. 
During  this  trip,  the  Minister  visited  New  Glasgow,  Moncton,  Fred- 
ericton,  and  St.  John.  To  the  St.  John  Standard  he  said  on  the  17th 
that  funds  had  been  provided  for  the  drilling  in  camp  of  40,000 
Cadets  during  the  current  year  and  that,  in  Ontario  alone,  more  than 
twice  that  number  had  volunteered  to  attend.  "  I  believe  that  the 
boys  should  be  put  into  some  sort  of  training  early  in  life.  There  is 
too  much  of  a  disposition  to  look  down  on  the  boys  in  such  things  as 
Cadet  Corps.  People  are  apt  to  forget  that  General  Wolfe  was  adju- 
tant of  his  Regiment  when  he  was  a  mere  lad.  If  boys  can  be  taught 
to  take  a  pride  in  themselves  and  their  families  early  in  life,  and  go 
under  discipline,  they  are  more  apt  to  succeed  and  be  better  citizens. 
After  all,  self-control  is  the  highest  form  of  discipline  and  this  Cadet 
movement  largely  aims  to  teach  self-control." 

During  the  year  the  Minister  took  high  ground  and  maintained  it 
sturdily  against  any  Canteen  system  or  sale  of  liquor  within  the 
Camps.  On  this  point  the  Fairmount  (Montreal)  W.C.T.U.,  repre- 
senting 300  members,  wrote  the  Minister  on  June  18th,  "  to  express 
to  you  our  deep  gratification  at  the  decided  stand  you  have  taken  re 
canteen  abolishment  and  to  congratulate  you  upon  a  course  of  action 
which,  in  our  opinion,  will  have  a  far-reaching  effect  not  only  upon 
the  character  and  morals  of  those  who  have  already  enlisted  in  the 
Militia,  but  also  upon  the  members  and  social  standing  of  future 
recruits."  Col.  Hughes  dealt  rather  cleverly  with  the  Bunker's  Hill 
trophy  matter.  It  involved  a  request  by  certain  Massachusetts  Peace 
Societies  for  the  return  of  this  gun  which,  in  1871,  had  been  given  to 
Canada  by  the  Imperial  Government  for  safe-keeping  and  since  then 
had  rested  amid  the  fortifications  of  Quebec — to  the  great  interest  of 
American  visitors.  As  soon  as  the  subject  became  one  for  Executive 
action,  the  Minister  communicated  with  the  United  States  War 
Department  and  suggested  a  general  exchange  of  trophies,  a  species 
of  reciprocity  in  captured  cannon,  flags  and  banners.  The  American 
Government  failed  to  appreciate  the  proposal  and  there  the  matter 
rested. 

An  interesting  incident  occurred  on  July  4th  when  Col.  Hughes 
(a  noted  Orangeman)  in  presenting  Colours  at  Montmagny  to  a 
local  Regiment  was  joined  by  Armand  Lavergne  and  Father  Marois 
in  expressions  of  loyalty  to  the  British  throne.  An  offer  made  at  this 
time  by  the  Imperial  Government  to  defray  expenses  in  connection 
12 


178   "  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

with  a  forthcoming  visit  of  Canadian  officers  to  the  British  military 
manoeuvres  was  declined  hy  the  Minister  of  Militia  on  the  ground 
that  Canada  should  undertake  such  matters  herself.  In  August  Col. 
Hughes  traversed  the  West  and  made  various  speeches — one,  which 
is  quoted  elsewhere,  dealt  in  striking  manner  with  the  German  situa- 
tion. At  Victoria  on  Aug.  2nd  he  outlined  strong  views  on  the 
Imperial  issue.  "  I  need  not  tell  this  audience  that  the  policy  that 
commended  itself  to  me  long  years  ago  was  one  King,  one  Empire, 
one  Flag,  and  one  great  Imperial  Navy."  In  September  he  visited 
England  and  attended  the  Military  Manoeuvres,  accompanied  by  Col. 
W.  E.  Hodgins,  Col.  J.  P.  Landry,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  Greville-Harston, 
Lieut.-Col.  E.  W.  B.  Morrison,  D.S.O.,  Lieut.-Col.  G.  S.  Maunsell  and 
Major  W  Robertson — a  representation  of  various  branches  of  the 
Militia  Service.  Visits  were  also  paid  between  Aug.  29  and  Oct.  3rd 
to  the  Enfield  Small-Arms  Factory,  to  the  Ordnance  works  at  Wool- 
wich, to  Vickers  Sons  &  Maxim  at  Erith,  to  the  Portsmouth  Coast 
defences,  to  the  School  of  Musketry  at  Hythe,  to  the  Coventry  Ord- 
nance works  and  the  Chatham  School  of  Military  Engineering.  On 
Oct.  5th  the  Minister,  accompanied  by  Colonel  Landry  and  Major 
Robertson,  proceeded  to  Touraine  where  they  witnessed  the  French 
Army  Manoeuvres.  Every  opportunity  was  given  the  officers  by  the 
British  authorities  to  obtain  information  and  gain  experience. 

The  Minister  was  also  presented  on  Sept.  20th — with  the  other 
Canadian  officers — to  H.  M.  the  King  and  afterwards  dined  with  His 
Majesty.  Some  negotiations  were  carried  on  for  an  interchange  of 
officers  during  Camp  drills  and  of  visits  between  .Home  and  Dominion 
regular  and  territorial  forces.  On  the  25th  Col.  Hughes  was  enter- 
tained by  the  Army  Council  at  Dinner  and  on  the  28th  he,  himself, 
gave  a  Dinner  at  the  Junior  Army  and  Navy  which  was  attended  by 
Lord  Dundonald,  Sir  Edward  Ward,  Sir  Trevor  Dawson  of  Vickers, 
Sir  Lewis  Michell  of  South  Africa  and  many  others.  In  his  speech 
the  Minister  expressed  the  hope  of  seeing,  some  day,  a  real  Imperial 
Parliament  established.  It  may  be  added  that  the  attendance  at  these 
Manoeuvres  was  of  an  Empire  character — Australia,  South  Africa  and 
New  Zealand  being  largely  represented  as  well  as  Canada.  At  the1 
close  of  the  year  (Dec.  3rd)  Col.  Hughes  informed  the  Mayor  of 
London,  Ont,  that  owing  to  the  local  Board  of  Education  having  seen 
fit  to  refuse  money  for  prizes  to  Cadets  under  the  Strathcona  Trust, 
on  the  ground  that  the  Board  did  not  believe  in  militarism  in  the 
schools,  he  (the  Minister  of  Militia)  could  not  see  the  desirability  of 
spending  $130,000  in  London  on  a  Federal  Square  and  parade  ground 
for  the  troops  of  the  local  garrison  and  that  the  offer  made  the  City 
some  time  before  would  be  rescinded.  The  annual  Report  of  the 
Department,  issued  on  Nov.  21st,  described  Canada's  Militia  policy 
as  follows: 

The  one  object  to  be  sought  is  preparedness  for  war — the  possession 
of  the  power  to  mobilize  at  short  notice  a  force  of  adequate  strength,  well 
trained  and  fully  equipped,  with  added  means  for  maintaining  it  in  the 
field,  during  the  continuance  of  hostilities,  undiminished  in  numbers  and 


RECCED  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912         179 

efficiency.  Peace  expenditure  Imposes  limitations,  and,  in  Canada,  there 
are  special  difficulties  to  be  overcome.  Effort,  however,  is  being  concen- 
trated on  essentials,  and,  in  certain  directions,  progress  has  been  made; 
but  much  remains  to  be  done  before,  from  a  military  point  of  view,  the 
situation  can  be  regarded  as  entirely  satisfactory. 


The  Hon.  Frank  Cochrane,  Minister  of  Eailways  and  Canals,  was 
not  fond  of  public  speaking  and  did  not  say  much  during  the  year 
but  he  did  some  interesting  and  important  things.  It  was  announced 
on  Jan.  14th  that  the  Government,  upon  his  recommendation,  had 
decided  to  abandon  all  work  on  the  much-discussed  Newmarket  Canal 
which  had  been  intended  to  connect  the  town  of  that  name  with  Lake 
Simcoe.  It  had  cost  about  $500,000  and  as  much  more  would  be 
required.  Messrs.  F.  P.  Gutelius  of  the  C.P.R.  and  G.  Lynch- 
Staunton,  K.C.,  of  Hamilton  were  appointed  Commissioners  to  inves- 
tigate administration  and  expenditures  on  the  National  Transcontin- 
ental Railway  and,  on  Mch.  31st,  it  was  announced  that  the  Minister 
had  decided  the  route  of  the  proposed  Welland  Canal  enlargements. 
An  interim  appropriation  of  $200,000  was  made  for  preliminary 
work  and  the  estimated  total  cost  placed  at  between  45  and  50  mil- 
lions. Mr.  Cochrane  was  in  Prince  Edward  Island  on  May  15th 
inspecting  the  local  Government  Railway  and,  on  June  26th,  he  left 
Ottawa  with  an  extensive  programme  o^f  travel  running  into  Septem- 
ber. During  this  journey  he  proposed  to  see  a  good  deal  of  the 
Dominion's  northern  regions  and  to  make  a  comprehensive  inspec- 
tion of  the  National  Transcontinental  and  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
from  Quebec  to  Prince  Rupert — or  as  much  of  the  road  as  was  com- 
pleted for  inspection.  Following  this  he  intended  to  take  a  boat  at 
Winnipeg  and  make  a  tour  of  Hudson's  Bay,  touching  at  Nottaway 
River,  Port  Nelson  and  Fort  Churchill. 

During  Mr.  Cochrane's  absence  the  Railway  Department  was 
administered  by  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid.  He  was  accompanied  by  Major 
R.  W.  Leonard,  Chairman  of  the  National  Transcontinental  Rail- 
way, Messrs.  Gutelius  and  Lynch-Staunton  and  G.  W.  Yates,  Private 
Secretary.  There  were  various  incidents  of  interest  during  this  long 
journey.  At  North  Bay  on  June  28th  the  outside  service  of  the 
Ontario  Department  of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines,  formerly  admin- 
istered by  Mr.  Cochrane,  presented  the  Minister  with  a  rich  cabinet 
of  silver,  containing  two  hundred  pieces.  To  the  Victoria  Colonist 
on  July  12th  Mr.  Cochrane  stated  that  a  Minister  should  know  the 
country  by  personal  travel  and  that  he  had  visited  during  the  year 
every  Province  of  Canada.  He  intimated  that  Port  Nelson  would  be 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  terminus.  After  visiting  various  points 
on  the  mainland  and  Prince  Rupert,  the  Minister  told  the  Vancouver 
Province  (July  18th)  that  the  trip  had  been  an  "an  eye-opener." 
"  You  have  here  in  the  West  a  glorious  country,  and  you  have  a  great 
work  in  front  of  you  to  keep  it  true  to  British  institutions  in  the  face 
of  the  great  influx  of  foreign  immigration.  I  am  travelling  through 
the  country  to  become  acquainted  with  its  problems  so  that  I  can 


180  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

report  to  the  'Cabinet  and  help  them  in  their  work  of  becoming  true 
stewards  of  the  trust  you  reposed  in  them/' 

To  a  Moose  Jaw  meeting  on  July  26th,  he  stated  that  deputations 
were  coming  to  him  daily  of  farmers  who  had  to  haul  as  much  as 
5,000  bushels  of  grain  60  miles  to  a  Eailway.  "  That  will  have  to  be 
changed/'  At  Winnipeg  on  Aug.  1  a  large  deputation  asked  the 
Minister  to  open  the  Transcona  Railway  shops.  Thence  (Aug.  19) 
he  started  for  Port  Nelson  on  a  canoe  trip  of  500  miles  and  after 
traversing  Hudson's  Bay  on  the  steamer  Stanley  proceeded  through 
the  Straits  and  down  the  Labrador  Coast  to  Sydney,  N.S.  He  reached 
Montreal  on  Sept.  5th.  On  Sept.  29th  it  was  announced  at  Ottawa 
that  the  contract  for  the  last  section  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway 
had  been  let  and  that  the  road  would  be  completed  in  1914.  In  Octo- 
ber, the  Minister  inspected  the  Welland  Canal,  and  a  little  later  it 
was  announced  that  plans  were  nearly  completed  for  making  this  the 
largest  Canal  in  'Canada  with  lock-walls  similar  to  those  of  the 
Panama. 

On  the  30th  of  that  month  Mr.  Cochrane  was  in  Halifax  where 
he  stated  at  a  luncheon  that  his  plans  included  big  Harbour  works 
for  that  City.  "  These  are  to  extend  for  one  and  a  half  miles  along 
the  Harbour  front  and  will  consist  of  six  piers,  1,250  feet  long  and 
300  feet  in  width,  with  a  capacity  to  dock  at  least  thirty  ships.  There 
will  be  one  bulk-head  loading  pier,  2,000  feet  in  length,  at  which  ocean 
greyhounds  land.  This  pier  will  be  equipped  with  immigration 
buildings,  sheds  and  a  grain  elevator.  A  new  Union  passenger  station 
will  be  erected  at  the  end  of  Hollis  /Street,  which  will  be  of  ample 
size  and  suitable  architecture.  These  terminals  will  be  approached  by 
,a  double  tracked  railroad."  Various  important  matters  were  dealt 
-with  by  the  Minister,  including  problems  arising  out  of  National 
'Transcontinental  construction,  the  increase  of  C.P.R.  capital,  and  the 
^appointment  of  Commissioners  to  investigate  the  granting  of  passes  on 
the  I.C.R.  The  total  Railway  expenditure  of  the  year,  ending  Mch.  31, 
was  $35,907,972. 

Mr.  F.  D.  Monk  completed  his  brief  administration  of  the  Public 
Works  Department  in  1912.  .Since  taking  office  his  personal  opinions 
had  been  much  canvassed  in  Quebec  and  in  Parliament.  The  Liberals 
attacked  him  for  alleged  Nationalist  views  and,  in  the  House,  on  Feb. 
9th  for  his  appointment  of  G.  N.  Ducharme,  President  of  the  Le  Devoir 
Company,  to  the  Commission  for  investigating  the  Departments.  Mr. 
Monk  proceeded  quietly  with  his  duties  and  paid  little  attention  to 
these  and  other  attacks.  Replying  to  a  Deputation  from  the  Dominion 
Marine  Association  on  Feb.  16th  which  urged  that  no  rights  be  given 
to  private  water-power  corporations  which  might  interfere  with  St. 
Lawrence  navigation  he  admitted  the  urgent  importance  of  the  mat- 
ter. The  whole  question  was  under  consideration,  and  he  agreed  with 
the  Association  that  in  no  case  should  the  interests  of  navigation  be 
interfered  with.  Mr.  Monk  stated  that  in  the  past  year  the  former 
Government  had  appointed  a  Commission  which  was  known  as  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  Commission,  and  the  duties  of  which  were  "  to 


RECORD  OF  THE  BOBDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912         181 

examine  and  harmonize  the  conflicting  interests  of  navigation  and 
power  development."  The  Commission,  in  his  opinion,  should  have 
power  not  only  to  harmonize,  but  to  investigate,  and  it  was  his  purpose 
to  re-organize  it  entirely. 

Early  in  March  the  Report  of  Mr.  Louis  Coste  as  to  the  Harbour 
Works  of  Victoria,  B.C.,  was  made  public  and  it  was  announced  that 
Mr.  Monk  proposed  to  make  Victoria  a  national  port,  a  great  western 
gateway  of  the  Dominion  and  perhaps,  in  time,  a  free  port.  Pro- 
gressive construction  which  allowed  provision  for  enlargement  was  to 
be  the  method,  as  the  trade  developed,  and  no  time  was  to  be  lost  in 
beginning  the  work.  On  Oct.  18th  a  contract  for  building  the  local 
breakwater  was  awarded  to  the  firm  of  Sir  John  Jackson,  Ltd.,  at  a 
cost  of  $1,800,000.  At  a  Chambre  de  Commerce  banquet  in  Montreal, 
on  Apl.  25th,  Mr.  Monk  endorsed  the  construction  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Railway  and  approved  the  Georgian  Bay  Canal  project.  "  For 
the  advancement  of  Montreal  and  the  development  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  it  is  important,  as  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  line  does  not  run 
through  this  City  that  Montreal  should  have  direct  connection  by  a 
branch  line  and,  going  on  from  the  Transcontinental,  a  railway  should 
run  to  James  Bay."  This  project  was  backed  up  by  Sir  Lomer  Gouin 
who  also  spoke. 

During  July  the  Minister  made  a  tour  of  the  water  stretches  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Great  Lakes  and  declared  (July  29)  that 
"vigorous  action  as  to  transportation  and  the  wise  and  judicious 
expenditure  of  very  large  sums  of  money  "  were  necessary  if  Canada's 
commercial  and  industrial  growth  was  to  be  maintained.  Amongst 
the  special  works  approved  were  the  immediate  construction  of  a  new 
Lock  at  the  Canadian  Sault,  adequate  and  large  improvements  in 
Toronto's  Harbour  works,  additional  facilities  for  grain  traffic  on 
the  Detroit  River  by  the  equipment  of  Windsor  and  otherwise, 
enlarged  accommodation  on  the  Georgian  Bay  and  other  Lake  ports. 
To  the  Toronto  Mail  the  Minister  said  on  July  30th :  "  I  was  pain- 
fully impressed  by  the  advanced  condition  of  American  facilities  as 
compared  to  our  owa  in  respect  to  port  accommodation,  aids  to  navi- 
gation channels,  lights  and  buoys.  Of  course,  they  began  before  we 
did.  They  have  expended  very  large  sums  and  are  still  doing  so ;  they 
seem  better  organized  for  great  public  works  than  we  are.  .  .  . 
We  have,  however,  excellent  engineers  and  could  easily  improve  and 
perfect  our  system  and  organization."  He  had  traversed  3,000  miles 
on  this  trip  over  the  inland  waters  and  considered  the  current  year's 
appropriation  for  Public  Works  of  $40,000,000  as  quite  inadequate  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  expansion.  By  the  beginning  of  October 
there  were  various  statements  in  the  Liberal  press  as  to  Mr.  Monk 
being  in  opposition  to  his  colleagues  on  the  Naval  question  and  as  to 
his  pending  resignation.  This  was  finally  submitted  and  accepted  on 
the  22nd  under  terms  of  a  letter'  dated  Oct.  18th  :* 

I  regret  to  find  that  I  cannot  concur  In  the  decision  arrived  at  by  the 
Cabinet  yesterday  to  place  on  behalf  of  Canada,  an  emergency  contribu- 

*  NOTE. — Tabled  in  Commons  on  Jan.  15th,  1913. 


182  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  BEVIBW 

tion  of  $35,000,000  at  the  disposal  of  the  British  Government  for  naval 
purposes,  with  the  sanction  of  Parliament  about  to  assemble,  but  without 
giving  the  Canadian  people  an  opportunity  of  expressing  its  approval  of 
this  important  step  before  it  is  taken.  Such  a  concurrence  would  be  at 
variance  with  my  pledges,  and  the  Act  proposed  is  of  sufficient  gravity  to 
justify  my  insistence;  it  goes  beyond  the  scope  of  the  Constitutional  Act 
of  1867.  Holding  this  view,  as  a  member  of  your  Cabinet,  I  feel  it  my 
duty  to  place  my  resignation  in  your  hands. 

The  Premier  in  his  reply  said :  "  The  information  which  has  been 
placed  before  us  by  His  Majesty's  Government  discloses  so  grave  a 
situation  that  in  my  judgment  the  granting  of  immediate  and  effec- 
tive aid  is  necessary  in  the  interest  of  this  Dominion  as  a  part  of  the 
British  Empire.  Such  a  step  is  entirely  of  a  temporary  character,  and 
is  absolutely  distinct  from  a  permanent  policy  of  co-operation  in 
Imperial  defence,  which,  when  formulated,  ought  to  be  placed  before 
the  people  for  their  consideration  and  approval."  Much  was,  of 
course,  made  of  this  retirement  by  the  Opposition  and  something,  it 
was  hoped  by  the  Quebec  Nationalists,  would  come  of  it.  La  Patrie 
(Ind.),  however,  stated  on  the  18th  that  Mr.  Monk  would  not  oppose 
or  criticize  the  Government  further  than  to  stand  for  his  own  prin- 
ciple of  a  Plebiscite.  Amongst  the  names  mentioned  for  the  position 
were  those  of  L.  T.  Marechal,  K.C.,  T.  Chase  Casgrain,  K.C.,  and  Louis 
Coderre,  K.C.,  M.P.  On  Oct.  29th  Mr.  Coderre  was  gazetted  Secre- 
tary of  State  of  Canada  in  place  of  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche  who  was 
appointed  Minister  of  the  Interior  and  Superintendent-General  of 
Indian  Affairs  while  the  Hon.  Robert  Rogers,  who  had  held  the  latter 
posts,  became  Minister  of  Public  Works  in  succession  to  Mr.  Monk. 
Valuable  Reports  were  issued  during  the  year  of  Mr.  Monk's  adminis- 
tration as  to  Ottawa  River  Storage  and  as  to  the  requirements  and 
condition  of  Dry-Docks.  That  of  the  Department  itself,  though  sub- 
mitted by  Mr.  Rogers,  covered  the  period  of  Mr.  Monk's  administra- 
tion. The  expenditure  for  the  year  ending  Mch.  31st  was  $13,928,666 
and  the  revenue  $418,630.  Under  the  Department's  control  were 
Harbour  and  River  Works  (expenditure  $3,168,987),  Public  Build- 
ings, the  Departmental  Buildings  at  Ottawa,  Dredging  (expenditure 
$5,029,147),  Surveys — as  to  which  latter  the  annual  report  estimated 
the  cost  of  a  navigable  waterway,  714  miles  in  length,  from  Winnipeg 
to  Edmonton  at  $7,185,000. , 

Apart  from  his  Budget  and  financial  affairs  the  Hon.  W.  T.  White, 
Minister  of  Finance,  was  a  busy  man  during  the  year.  The  estimated 
surplus  of  the  fiscal  year  was  $30,000,000  and  the  revenue  showed  an 
increase  of  $16,000,000.  He  had  charge  of  the  legislation  proposed 
and  carried  in  the  Commons  but  rejected  by  the  Senate  under  which 
a  Tariff  Commission  was  to  be  organized;  he  was  said  to  have  saved 
the  country  $50,000  a  year  by  calling  for  tenders  on  the  Government 
issue  of  bank  notes,  postage  and  inland  revenue  stamps  and  then  let- 
ting the  Contract  to  the  American  Bank  Note  Co.  for  $400,000  a  year 
for  five  years.  The  Minister  received  strong  representations  from  the 
Winnipeg  Board  of  Trade,  early  in  the  year,  as  to  the  price  of  Cement 
and  the  alleged  effect  of  a  combination  of  Companies  in  that  respect. 


RECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          183 

He  was  advised  in  reply  (Jan.  15)  by  the  Canada  €ement  Co.,  Ltd., 
that  the  average  milling  price  of  cement  had  decreased  in  the  years 
1900-1911  from  $1.91  to  $1.27,  that  there  were  14  independent 
Cement  Companies  still  carrying  on  business  in  Canada  with  four 
additional  plants  under  construction  and  that,  were  it  not  for  exces- 
sive freight  rates,  the  price  would  be  still  lower.  The  Board  replied 
by  declaring  that  the  Cement  Company  was  really  a  monopoly  and 
that  practically  no  cement  was  sold  in  Manitoba  except  the  product  of 
this  concern.  As  to  lower  prices  there  was  a  similar  decline  in  all 
countries. 

The  Minister  at  once  undertook  an  investigation  of  the  matter  and 
on  June  12th  the  duty  on  Portland  cement  and  hydraulic  or  water- 
lime  in  barrels,  bags  or  casks  was  reduced  one-half,  or  about  26  cents 
per  barrel  of  350  pounds,  under  the  General  tariff,  23  cents  under  the 
Intermediate  and  17  cents  under  the  Preferential.  The  period  was 
limited  to  Oct.  31st.  In  making  the  announcement  on  the  9th,  Mr. 
White  said :  "  From  information  I  have  obtained  I  am  convinced  that 
a  serious  shortage  in  cement  exists  in  various  sections  of  the  Dominion 
due  to  both  an  unprecedented  demand  for  the  commodity  and  to  the 
difficulty  experienced  by  Eastern  producers  in  promptly  making  ship- 
ments by  rail  or  water.  Urgent  messages  have  been  received  from 
Municipal  authorities,  Boards  of  Trade  and  construction  firms  in  the 
West  stating  that  heavy  financial  loss  and  public  inconvenience  are 
threatened  by  reason  of  the  suspension  of  building  and  street-paving 
operations,  and  requesting  that  partial  or  total  remission  of  Customs 
duty  upon  cement  should  be  granted  during  the  remainder  of  the 
season."  The  relief  appears  to  have  been  immediately  felt  and,  in  the 
five  months  which  elapsed  between  the  remission  of  the  duty  and  its 
re-imposition,  the  comparative  importation  was  as  follows — with 
British  Columbia  increasing  her  importations  from  200,136  barrels 
to  392,460  and  with  little  change  in  the  other  Provinces : 

1911.  1912. 

Province.                                    Five  months.  Five  months. 

Barrels.  Barrels. 

Manitoba     4,491  100,287 

Saskatchewan    85,856 

Alberta     309  183,646 


Totals     4,800  369,789 

Under  Order-in-Council  of  June  5th,  the  Minister  made  some 
articles  not  manufactured  in  Canada  but  used  in  Canadian  manufac- 
tures— cane  reed  and  rattan,  celluloid,  hard  rubber,  artificial  abrasines, 
glass  plates  or  discs,  yarns,  threads  and  filaments  of  artificial  silk, 
etc. — in  certain  stages  of  production  free  of  duty.  Other  articles  such 
as  collodion,  metal  for  kodaks  and  cameras,  peppermint  oil,  undyed 
ribbon,  paper  matting,  certain  silk  fabrics  and  iron  hoops,  bands, 
scrolls  or  strips,  were  for  similar  purposes  and  under  certain  condi- 
tions admitted  at  reduced  duties.  Mr.  White's  speech  at  Toronto  on 
Imperial  Unity  (May  19th)  created  much  attention  and,  speaking  at 
Kingston  on  June  16th,  he  declared  it  his  purpose  to  provide  funds 


184 

to  make  Canada  a  great  highway  for  the  world's  trade  from  east  to 
west.  "  The  waterways  must  be  made  navigable  for  great  vessels  from 
Fort  William  to  the  Atlantic.  Within  the  lifetime  of  men  here 
to-night,  we  shall  see  Canada  with  a  population  as  great  as  that  of 
the  United  Kingdom."  At  St.  John,  on  July  llth,  he  was  equally 
optimistic :  "  We  are  only  on  the  threshold  of  our  development.  Con- 
trast our  situation  with  that  of  the  United  States  when  it  only  had 
our  present  population.  Consider  how  many  means  and  facilities  of 
development  the  Republic  did  not  have  when  it  had  our  population 
and  how  much  more  rapidly  this  country  with  its  canals  and  rail- 
ways may  be  expected  to  advance.  I  have  no  doubt  the  younger  people 
here  to-day  will  live  to  see  Canada  a  country  with  a  population  as 
great  as  the  United  Kingdom." 

The  issue  of  Dominion  $5.00  notes  was  an  important  innovation 
by  the  Minister  of  Finance  though  not  one  which  directly  or  greatly 
affected  the  public.  Indirectly  it  increased  the  circulation  by  releas- 
ing "  legals  "  held  by  the  Banks  which  were  now  replaced  by  the  new 
issue  to  about  one-tenth  of  the  total  held.  During  the  summer  and  in 
the  absence  of  Ministers,  Mr.  White  had  charge  of  the  Departments 
of  Justice  and  Militia.  Mr.  White  and  the  Minister  of  Customs  on 
Oct.  25th  received  a  Deputation  headed  by  J.  H.  Plummer  and  repre- 
senting the  eight  large  iron  and  steel  manufacturing  establishments 
of  Canada.  They  presented  a  Memorial  declaring  that  the  protection 
afforded  the  iron  and  steel  industries,  consequent  upon  the  abolition 
of  the  bounties,  was  now  quite  inadequate  to  enable  them  to  hold  the 
business  they  had  hitherto  had  under  the  assistance  of  the  bounties. 
Wire  rods,  for  instance,  were  entirely  unprotected  and  the  industry 
was  thus  in  an  anomalous  position  as  compared  with  practically  all 
industries  in  Canada.  Imports  of  iron  and  steel  into  Canada 
amounted  to  over  $100,000,000,  thus  indicating  ample  field  for  the 
growth  of  the  home  manufactured  product  if  present  tariff  discrim- 
inations and  exemptions  were  removed.  Over  $12,000,000  was  paid 
by  -Canada  under  present  conditions  in  wages  to  foreign  workmen  for 
iron  and  steel  imported.  Under  a  policy  of  adequate  protection  home 
manufactures  would  be  encouraged  and  expanded  with  a  resultant 
saving  of  this  twelve  millions  for  Canadian  workmen. 

Under  the  Hon.  Martin  Burrell,  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
saw  various  changes  which  were  expected  to  prove  beneficial  or  use- 
ful. The  Census  and  'Statistics  Branch  was  taken  away  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce  where,  perhaps,  it 
more  properly  belonged.  The  Archives  Branch  was  thought  to  har- 
monize with  the  work  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  it  was  transferred 
to  that  Department.  The  system  of  Dominion  Experimental  Farms 
was  re-organized  as  the  result  of  a  Conference  with  the  Superintend- 
ents of  these  institutions  throughout  Canada;  barns  and  properties 
on  these  Farms  were  improved.  New  Brunswick  was  given  an  Experi- 
mental Farm  at  Fredericton  and  Nova  Scotia  one  at  Sydney  and  that 
of  Alberta  at  Lacombe  was  enlarged  and  cattle-raising  made  a 
feature;  improvements  were  effected  at  Kentville,  N.S.,  and  the 


EECOED  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912         185 

Central  Farm  at  Ottawa  had  its  staff  strengthened  and  subjects  of 
study  or  experiment  enlarged.  Special  attention  was  given  the  Fruit 
industry,  systematic  inspection  organized  of  fruit  coming  into  Canada 
from  the  United  States,  and  many  additional  Inspectors  appointed 
with  a  Chief  Inspector  for  each  Province.  Dairying  stations  were 
started  at  French,  Ont.,  and  Brome,  Que. 

On  Feb.  12th,  Mr.  Burrell  presented  to  the  House  his  Bill  for  the 
encouragement  of  Agriculture  and  it  ultimately  became  law.  It  was 
based  upon  the  idea  of  co-operation  between  the  Dominion  and  the 
Provinces  for  the  promotion  of  Agriculture.  The  sum  of  $500,000 
was  appropriated  as  a  grant  to  the  Provincial  Governments  on  a  popu- 
lation basis  and  was  to  be  expended  under  a  plan  to  be  approved  by 
the  Minister  of  Agriculture.  The  amount  receivable  by  each  Province 
was  as  follows:  Ontario  $175,733;  Quebec  $139,482;  Nova  Scotia 
$34,288;  New  Brunswick  $24,509;  Prince  Edward  Island  $6,529; 
British  Columbia  $27,334;  Manitoba  $31,730;  Saskatchewan  $34,296; 
Alberta  $26,094.  In  order  to  properly  develop  the  policy  upon  accur- 
ate information  and  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the  conditions  obtaining 
in  the  different  parts  of  the  Dominion,  C.  C.  James,  C.M.G.,  LL.D., 
Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture  in  Ontario,  a  man  of  high  standing 
in  the  agricultural  profession,  and  whose  wide  knowledge  and  experi- 
ence peculiarly  fitted  him  for  the  work,  was  appointed  Commissioner 
to  examine  and  report  upon  agricultural  conditions  throughout  Can- 
ada and,  at  the  same  time,  to  make  such  recommendations  and  sug- 
gestions for  the  consideration  of  the  Government  as  would,  in  his 
opinion,  best  promote  the  welfare  of  this  important  industry. 

Dominion  assistance  to  Field-crop  competitions,  Seed  Fairs  and 
Provincial  Exhibitions  was  increased  in  amount  and  distributed  so  as 
to  give  all  the  Provinces  fuller  control  and  a  fairer  share  in  the  allot- 
ment. Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Apl.  25th  the  Minister  made  several 
important  points :  "  The  best  blood  in  the  City  is  continually  being 
recruited  from  a  country  home;  the  Government  should  feel  its  lia- 
bility to  make  Canadian  rural  life  better  than  it  is ;  what  saved  Eng- 
land's land  from  exhaustion  and  what  will  save  Canada's  land  from 
exhaustion  is  Rotation  of  crops ;  Canada  is  short  on  sheep  and  has  only 
2y2  millions  where  she  should  have  4  millions;  Canadians  should  not 
expect  too  much  paternalism  from  the  Government  whose  work  should 
be  one  of  education."  In  May  it  was  announced  that  the  Department 
was  investigating  the  possibilities  of  establishing  an  immense  flax  and 
linen  industry  in  Canada  through  the  utilization  of  the  recently-dis- 
covered process  of  treating  flax  straw  as  raw  material  for  linen  fabrics. 
Expert  opinion  already  furnished  to  the  Department  indicated  that 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  of  flax-straw  were  annually  allowed 
to  waste  throughout  the  Dominion  and  could,  under  the  new  method 
of  preparing  fibre,  be  profitably  converted  into  millions  of  dollars 
worth  of  linen  and  paper  fabrics.  Active  interest  was  taken  by  the 
Minister  in  the  question  of  reviving  the  Live-stock  industry  and  at 
Winnipeg  on  July  29th  the  matter  was  fully  discussed  with  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  Department  in  attendance. 


186  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Burrell  was  in  the  Maritime  Provinces  in  August  and  visited 
Fredericton,  St.  John,  Halifax,  the  Annapolis  Valley,  Amherst, 
Prince  Edward  Island,  etc.,  with  a  view  to  studying  the  fruit  and 
other  interests  of  that  part  of  Canada.  At  St.  John  (Aug.  12)  he  told 
the  Standard  that  the  Dominion's  special  appropriation  for  Agricul- 
ture had  proved  satisfactory  to  all  the  Provincial  Governments,  irre- 
spective of  their  political  affiliations  and  that  the  grant  was  exceed- 
ingly popular.  Meantime,  Messrs.  McCrae  and  McEwen  had  been 
sent  to  British  Columbia  and  to  the  Maritime  Provinces  to  investigate 
Sheep-breeding  conditions.  The  work  of  the  Conservation  Commission 
(under  this  Department)  was  also  progressing  and,  on  Sept.  3rd,  the 
Minister  intimated  that  the  Illustration  farms  arranged  for  in  many 
localities  by  that  body  were  proving  successful.  In  Victoria,  on  Oct.  1, 
Mr.  Burrell  stated  that  arrangements  had  l^een  made  with  all  the 
Provincial  Governments  as  to  the  Agricultural  grant;  that  a  begin- 
ning in  the  encouragement  of  the  sheep  industry  would  be  made  at 
once  in  the  shipment  of  pure-bred  rams  and  ewes  to  that  Province; 
that  Dr.  Fred.  Torrance,  the  new  Veterinary  Director- General  in  place 
of  Dr.  J.  G.  Rutherford  would  co-operate  with  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernments in  attempting  to  eradicate  or  restrict  bovine  tuberculosis; 
that  special  attention  would  be  paid  to  fruit-farming  in  Canada,  both 
as  to  conditions  of  culture  and  methods  of  packing.  In  November, 
John  Bright  of  Myrtle,  Ont.,  was  appointed  Live-Stock  Commissioner 
also  in  succession  to  Dr.  Rutherford  whose  duties  had  been  divided. 
The  report  on  Experimental  Farms,  the  Discussions  of  the  Select 
Committee  of  Parliament  on  Agriculture,  the  Report  of  the  Minister 
himself  and  that  of  the  Dairy  and  Cold  Storage  Commissioner, 
afforded  much  information  as  to  agricultural  conditions  during  the 
year. 

The  Postmaster-General  (Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier)  had  constantly- 
increasing  Departmental  responsibilities  to  oversee.  The  letters 
posted  in  Canada  for  the  year  ending  Mch.  31st,  1912,  numbered  566 
millions;  in  1911  they  had  been  504  millions.  The  Money  Orders 
and  Postal  Notes  issued  totalled  $91,410,505  in  value  as  against 
$77,280,364.  The  expenditure  was  $9,172,035  as  against  $7,954,222 
and  the  surplus  of  $1,310,219  was  the  largest  in  the  record  of  the 
Department.  Mr.  Pelletier  during  the  year  came  in  for  much  Liberal 
criticism  on  the  ground  of  alleged  Nationalist  proclivities  and  in  the 
House  on  Mch.  18th  a  very  hot  debate  took  place  between  him  and 
the  Hon.  R.  Lemieux.  It  was  personal,  political,  vehement,  with 
charges  and  counter-charges  which  it  would  be  useless  to  reproduce 
here.  Reference  has  been  made  elsewhere  to  Mr.  Pelletier's  vigorous 
efforts  to  obtain  lower  Empire  Cable  rates  and  two-cent  Postal  rates 
with  France.  To  the  press  on  Sept.  10th  he  said  as  to  the  temporary 
result:  "Let  it  be  understood  that  Canada  has  not  accepted  these 
reductions  as  final.  We  may  agree  to  them,  but  we  will  reserve  the 
right  to  do  as  we  think  best  after  consultation  with  the  sister  Domin- 
ions of  Australia  and  New  Zealand." 

In  other  matters,  Mr.  Pelletier  began  the  year  by  advising  the 
Mayor  of  Quebec  on  Jan.  1st  that  the  Government  had  decided  to 


RECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912         187 

refund  $300,000  which  the  City  had  lost  in  the  construction  of  the 
Quebec  Bridge.  On  the  9th  he  spoke,  at  a  banquet  in  Montreal,  upon 
Transportation  problems  and  urged  the  organization  of  a  Canadian 
Lloyds  in  order  to  improve  the  Insurance  rates  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 
In  this,  he  believed,  the  Government  might  aid.  "  We  have  to  spend 
money  and  we  are  going  to  spend  money,  not  lavishly  and  foolishly, 
but  all  the  money  necessary  to  build  up  the  country  so  as  to  prepare 
for  the  great  future  which  God  has  kept  in  store  for  it."  To  the 
press  on  the  17th  the  Postmaster-General  issued  a  statement  about 
the  new  stamps  and  announced  that  they  had  been  personally  approved 
by  the  King.  In  March,  Mr.  Pelletier  retired  from  the  Directorate  of 
the  Quebec  Railway,  Light,  Heat  &  Power  Co.  and  on  Mch.  26th  the 
Commons  passed  his  measure  providing  for  the  establishment  of  a 
comprehensive  system  of  rural  mail  delivery  with  the  power  to  engage 
local  experts  to  lay  out  the  routes.  Mr.  Pelletier  described  his  plan 
as  experimental  with  a  permanent  organization  to  be  perfected  after 
a  year's  trial.  On  Sept.  14th  the  Postmaster-General  was  banquetted 
at  Levis  and  a  telegram  was  read  from  the  Premier  declaring  that 
Mr.  Pelletier  had  "  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  with  the  greatest 
devotion  and  efficiency  and  justly  deserves  the  tribute  which  you  are 
according  him  to-night."  In  his  speech,  the  Minister  expressed  the 
hope  that  they  would  yet  break  the  'Cable  monopoly,  that  the  Postage 
rates  between  France  and  Canada  would  be  the  same  as  between 
Canada  and  England,  that  the  Dominion  would  soon  have  representa- 
tion in  the  Councils  of  the  Empire,  that  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
would,  by  the  Autumn  of  1913,  be  running  from  Moncton  to  Winni- 
peg and  using  the  car-ferry  at  Quebec.  On  Nov.  25th  he  was  dined  by 
his  electors  at  Montmorenci  Falls  and  on  the  4th  of  that  month 
replied  by  a  flat  denial  to  Armand  Lavergne's  statement  (Indian 
Lorette,  Nov.  2)  that  he  had  been  offered  a  Cabinet  seat  by  Mr. 
Borden  but  had  declined  and  suggested  Mr.  Pelletier's  name  instead. 

The  Hon.  Robert  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  took  an  active 
part  in  promoting  Immigration,  in  looking  after  such  interests  of  the 
West  as  came  within  the  purview  of  his  Department,  and  in  sharing, 
also,  in  political  incidents  of  the  year  such  as  the  Saskatchewan  elec- 
tions and  Macdonald  bye-election.  Two  important  Deputations  from 
Saskatchewan  waited  upon  Mr.  Rogers  and  the  Minister  of  Railways 
on  Jan.  llth  and  urged  the  rapid  construction  of  the  Weyburn-Leth- 
bridge  Branch  of  the  'C.P.R.  and  a  Government  guarantee  of  bonds 
for  a  line  from  Prince  Albert  to  connect  with  the  Le  Pas  branch  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway.  In  the  House  on  Jan.  24th,  Mr.  Rogers 
stated,  in  reply  to  questions,  that  Mr.  Olivar  Asselin  of  Montreal  had 
been  appointed  to  investigate  certain  immigration  agencies  in  Europe. 
Peter  Veregin  headed  a  deputation  of  Doukhobors  who,  on  the  31st, 
asked  the  Minister  to  grant  some  compensation  to  those  who,  by  leav- 
ing Saskatchewan  for  British  Columbia,  would  forfeit  their  holdings 
of  land — a  situation  brought  about  by  refusal  to  accept  naturaliza- 
tion. On  Feb.  1st  Mr.  Rogers  announced  that  an  arrangement  had 
been  made  with  Hon.  James  Duff,  Minister  of  Agriculture  for 


188  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Ontario,  by  which  overlapping  in  immigration  work  would  be  done 
away  with  and  the  Province  given  control  of  all  immigration  work 
within  its  boundaries.  On  Apl.  1st  he  had  the  Department  of  Mines 
transferred  to  his  control  and  became  Minister  of  Mines.  A  little 
later  (Apl.  19)  a  large  Delegation  of  the  Associated  Boards  of  Trade 
of  the  Eastern  Townships  of  Quebec  asked  the  Minister  and  the  Gov- 
ernment to  take  steps  in  directing  the  stream  of  British  immigration 
into  that  District.  They  stated  that  manufacturers,  farmers,  and 
even  housekeepers,  were  suffering  from  inability  to  get  labour  to 
develop  the  country.  An  Immigration  station  at  Sherbrooke  was  also 
asked  for. 

At  Eegina,  on  June  10th,  with  the  Saskatchewan  elections  coming 
and  the  West  in  a  state  of  considerable  political  excitement,  a  great 
banquet  was  tendered  to  Mr.  Rogers  and  1,100  persons  were  in  attend- 
ance representing  all  parts  of  the  three  Western  Provinces.  Dr. 
W.  D.  Cowan  presided  and  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche  also  spoke.  Mr. 
Rogers  dealt  critically  with  the  land  regulations  of  Mr.  Oliver's  term 
of  office,  denounced  the  condition  of  the  National  Transcontinental 
project,  declared  Reciprocity  to  be  dead,  not  only  by  the  voice  of  the 
Canadian  people  but  as  a  result  of  United  States  official  statements 
and  increasing  Canadian  prosperity.  Certain  announcements  of 
policy  were  made:  (1)  Homestead  regulations  would  be  altered  so  as 
not  to  compel  construction  of  any  particular  kind  of  house  and  to 
modify  conditions  as  to  cultivation  of  land  in  the  case  of  rough  or 
bush  farms;  (2)  the  cattle  industry  would  be  encouraged  by  propos- 
ing to  the  settlers  of  the  Prairie  Provinces  that  they  could  obtain  their 
rights  to  patents  by  the  raising  of  cattle  instead  of  the  cultivation  of 
a  required  number  of  acres,  as  heretofore;  (3)  a  modification  would, 
perhaps,  be  made  in  the  case  of  a  pre-emption  where  the  settler  was 
asked  to  pay  interest  on  the  cost  of  that  pre-emption  from  the  date 
he  entered  on  it;  (4)  it  would  be  the  duty  of  the  Government  to 
undertake  in  a  business-like  manner  the  early  completion  of  the 
National  Transcontinental  in  order  that  the  people  in  Canada  might 
have  all  the  advantages  they  possibly  could  hope  for  as  a  result  of 
its  construction.  "We  are  undertaking  at  the  present  time  to  see 
that  navigation  is  kept  open  at  Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur  for  a 
month  longer  than  in  the  past.  This  means  that  15  or  20  million 
bushels,  at  least,  of  the  wheat  of  Western  Canada,  more  than  in  past 
years,  will  be  exported.  A  Commission  has  been  appointed  with  full 
and  complete  control  of  Terminal  Elevators  already  built  and  in 
existence  at  Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur."  To  the  Winnipeg  press 
on  Aug.  8th,  Mr.  Rogers  said  as  to  the  Harvest  situation  that : 

In  former  years  the  Interior  Department  took  little  more  than  a 
*  passive  interest  in  the  question  of  the  supply  of  harvesters.  This  year, 
and  in  the  future,  every  effort  will  be  put  forward  by  our  Department  to 
help  in  providing  for  the  constantly  increasing  demand  for  farm-help 
coming  from  all  over  the  West  during  harvest  time.  At  least  50,000  men 
will  be  required  to  harvest  this  year's  crop  in  the  three  Prairie  Provinces. 
The  City  of  Winnipeg  will  probably  provide  about  6,000  of  these.  The 


RECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          189 

one-cent  a  mile  rate  from  Winnipeg  to  all  parts  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta  is  already  having  a  good  effect,  and  I  anticipate  that  this 
number  of  harvesters  will  be  sent  from  the  city.  The  great  bulk,  how- 
ever, must  come  from  Eastern  Canada  and  the  border  States  on  the  other 
side  of  the  line.  Special  efforts  will  be  made  to  attract  an  unusually  large 
number  of  farm  workers  from  the  Eastern  Provinces,  and  I  am  inclined  to 
consider  favourably  advertising  in  the  United  States  for  harvest  help. 
Possibly  from  8,000  to  10,000  good  men  might  be  secured  from  Kansas, 
Iowa,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  where  the  harvest  is  rather  early. 

On  Aug.  7th,  the  Mines  Department  was  able  to  announce  that  its 
experiments  and  demonstrations  in  the  commercial  possibilities  of 
peat  as  a  fuel  in  Canada  had  been  successfully  completed,  and  that 
henceforth  the  activities  of  the  Branch  would  be  applied  in  another 
direction — probably  the  general  production  and  economic  testing  of 
fuel.  In  this  connection  there  were  rumours  as  to  the  making  of 
this  Department  a  separate  one  and  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute 
passed  a  strong  Resolution  urging  that  this  be  done  and  control  over 
Forests  and  Water  Powers  be  added — creating,  practically,  a  Minister 
of  Natural  Resources  though  with  Agriculture  excluded.  In  Septem- 
ber Mr.  Rogers  took  an  active  part  in  the  Macdonald  bye-election  in 
Manitoba  and  made  a  series  of  speeches  which  did  much  to  elect  the 
Conservative  candidate. 

The  Report  of  this  Department  for  the  fiscal  year  showed  a  revenue 
of  $6,714,734  or  an  increase  of  $1,675,000;  Homestead  entries  of 
39,151  as  compared  with  44,479  in  1911 ;  19,354  Letters-patent  issued 
involving  an  acreage  of  3,155,388;  Land  sales  by  Railways  having 
Government  land  grants,  and  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.,  of  1,329,390 
acres  at  $18,224,419  or  an  average  of  $13.70  per  acre;  an  Immigra- 
tion of  354,237  persons  and  the  survey  of  5,146,080  acres  divided  into 
32,163 -f arms  of  160  acres  each.  The  Report  of  the  Department  of 
Indian  Affairs — also  under  Mr.  Rogers'  jurisdiction — showed  an 
Indian  population  of  109,556  on  Mch.  31st;  a  value  of  lands  in 
Reserves  totalling  $15,100,000;  2,600  as  engaged  in  farming,  6,135 
in  hunting,  fishing  and  trapping,  3,262  engaged  in  other  industries; 
a  value  of  real  and  personal  property  totalling  $20,313,849.  The 
Department  of  Mines  published  an  elaborate  annual  Report  as  did  the 
Geological  Survey  Branch  and  the  Chief  Astronomer.  Some  special 
publications  issued  by  the  Department  of  the  Interior  in  1912  were 
as  follows: 

Report  on  Immigration Arthur  Hawkes. 

Forest  Products — Pulpwood    H.  R.  Macmillan. 

Forest  Products — Cooperage     R.  Q.  Lewis. 

Forest  Products — Timber  at  Lesser  Slave  Lake D.  Roy  Cameron. 

Forest  Products   of   Canada H.  R.  Macmillan. 

Production  of  Copper  and  other  Metals C.  T.  Cartwright. 

Production  of  Structural  Materials   John  McLeish. 

Production  of  Iron   and   Steel John  McLeish. 

Investigation  of  the  Coals  of  Canada {  R.  *j.  Hurley 

Diamond  Drilling  in  Ontario A.  C.  Lane. 

Utilization  of  Peat  Fuel B.  F.  Haanel. 

Building  and  Ornamental  Stones W.  A.  Parks. 

Pyrites  in  Canada A.  W.  G.  Wilson. 

Investigation  of  the  Peat  Industry  and  Peat  Bogs 

of  Canada   A.  Aurep. 


190 

The  Minister  of  Justice,  Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty,  did  not  appear  con- 
spicuously before  the  public  in  1912.  He  had  important  matters  to 
deal  with,  however,  and  on  Jan.  22nd  the  announcement  was  made 
that,  upon  his  Report,  the  Government  had  decided  not  to  disallow 
the  Alberta  legislation  relating  to  the  Alberta  and  Great  Waterways 
Eailway.  This  document  reviewed  the  case  and,  while  the  Minister 
was  in  favour  of  not  exercising  the  Dominion  power  of  veto  upon 
this  occasion  he  put  himself  on  record  as  opposed  to  the  policy  of  his 
predecessor  (Sir  A.  B.  Aylesworth)  in  implying  that  this  right  of 
disallowance  was  practically  dormant:  "The  undersigned  entertains 
no  doubt  that  the  power  is  constitutionally  capable  of  exercise  and 
may  on  occasion  be  properly  invoked  for  the  purpose  of  preventing, 
not  inconsistently  with  the  public  interest,  irreparable  injustice  or 
undue  interference  with  private  rights  or  property  through  the  opera- 
tion of  local  statutes  ultra  vires  of  the  Legislatures.  Doubtless,  how- 
ever, the  burden  of  establishing  a  case  for  the  execution  of  power  lies 
upon  those  who  allege  it,  and  although  the  undersigned  is  not  pre- 
pared to  express  any  approval  of  the  Statute  in  question,  which  he 
feels  must  be  regarded  as  a  most  remarkable  execution  of  Legislative 
authority,  he  is  nevertheless  not  satisfied  that  a  sufficient  case  for 
disallowance  has  been  established  either  on  behalf  of  the  bondholder, 
the  bank,  or  the  companies,  especially  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
legislation  sanctioned  by  the  Assembly  evidences,  as  it  does,  a  very 
deliberate  and  important  feature  in  the  policy  of  the  Local  Govern- 
ment." Mr.  Doherty  had  always  been  an  enthusiastic  believer  in 
Irish  Home  Eule  and,  in  1912,  upon  several  occasions  emphasized  his 
position — on  Oct.  4th  welcoming  W.  H.  K.  Redmond,  M.P.,  at  a  mass 
meeting  in  Montreal  as  "  a  man  who  has  given  his  life  to  the  service 
of  a  great  cause."  In  the  complicated  matter  of  Empire  naturaliza- 
tion Mr.  Doherty  had  much  to  say  in  council  with  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment during  the  summer  and  his  argument  against  the  proposed 
(draft)  Bill  which  had  been  prepared  in  London  as  a  result  of  the 
1911  Conference  was  stated  to  the  press  at  Ottawa  (Aug.  30)  as 
follows : 

This  Bill  enacted  that  certificates  of  naturalization  issued  under  it» 
provisions  by  the  British  Secretary  of  State  would  confer  the  status  of 
British  subjects  throughout  the  Empire.  It  further  provided  that  upon 
adoption  of  its  provisions  by  the  Legislature  of  a  Dominion,  its  certifi- 
cates should  be  of  the  same  effect  as  those  of  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the 
United  Kingdom  and  tn  such  of  the  Dominions  as  likewise  adopted  it.  ... 
It  was  suggested  that  the  recognition  and  effectiveness  within  the  Domin- 
ions of  naturalization  within  the  United  Kingdom  should  be  made  depend- 
ent upon  the  action  of  the  Parliaments  of  the  Dominions.  .  .  .  These  sug- 
gestions were  accepted  by  the  Home  Government  and  the  draft  Bill  is  to  be 
amended  to  meet  them  before  being  passed  into  law.  It  may  be  added 
that  the  naturalization  dealt  with  by  the  proposed  legislation  is  exclu- 
sively Imperial  or  Empire-wide  naturalization.  It  does  not  in  any  way 
affect  the  right  of  any  Dominion  to  grant  purely  local  naturalization,  if  it 
so  desires  under  such  conditions  as  it  sees  fit. 

An  important  Department  during  the  year  was  that  of  Mr.  Hazenr 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries.  In  the  earlier  Session  of  Parlia- 


RECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          191 

merit,  this  Minister  introduced  and  carried  a  measure  to  establish  a 
Biological  Board  of  Canada  which  was  to  consist  of  two  members 
appointed  by  the  Minister,  one  appointed  by  each  of  the  Universities 
of  Dalhousie,  Laval,  McGill,  New  Brunswick,  Queen's  and  Toronto, 
and  one  to  be  appointed  by  each  of  such  other  Universities  (to  be 
named  by  the  Minister)  as  might  engage  in  the  work  of  biological 
research.  The  Board  was  to  have  charge  of  all  Biological  stations 
in  Canada,  and  to  have  the  conduct  and  control  of  investigations  of 
practical  and  economic  problems  connected  with  marine  and  fresh 
water  fisheries,  flora  and  fauna,  and  such  other  work  as  should  be 
assigned  to  it.  Mr.  Hazen  undertook  also,  at  this  time,  to  strengthen 
the  Patrol  Fleet  on  the  Pacific  Coast  in  order  to  better  protect  the 
Halibut  Fisheries  from  United  States  poaching ;  he  proposed  an  Inter- 
national Conference  to  discuss  the  better  protection  of  the  whaling 
industry  by  mutual  agreement;  he  stopped,  very  largely,  the  farm- 
ing out  of  fishermen's  licenses  (British  Columbia)  to  middlemen  who, 
it  was  stated,  after  paying  $25.00  for  the  licenses  sometimes  sold  them 
for  prices  running  as  high  as  $1,500 ;  he  rescinded  the  prohibition  of 
exporting  fresh  salmon  and  thus,  it  was  claimed,  relieved  the  salmon 
fishing  interest  of  much  capitalistic  domination. 

On  Feb.  17th  Mr.  Hazen  left  for  Washington  to  confer  with  the 
British  Ambassador  and  members  of  the  United  States  Government 
in  reference  to  the  regulations  governing  the  North  Atlantic  Fisheries 
of  Canada  and  Newfoundland.  The  Hague  Tribunal  Award  con- 
tained a  proviso  that  regulations  based  on  that  Award,  and  affecting 
United  States  fishermen,  should  be  first  subject  to  a  Conference 
between  the  representatives  of  the  countries  concerned.  Failing 
agreement  the  points  in  dispute  were  to  be  referred  to  the  adjudica- 
tion of  an  independent  tribunal  to  be  appointed  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Award.  Mr.  Hazen's  mission  was  to  finally  clear  up  minor 
matters  connected  with  the  carrying  out  of  The  Hague  Award  in  this 
particular.  The  Minister  was  accompanied  by  E.  L.  Newcombe, 
Deputy  Minister  of  Justice,  and  it  was  understood  he  also  dealt  with 
the  long-standing  question  of  the  agreement  as  to  joint  control  of 
Fisheries  in  Boundary  waters.  Success  was  reported  for  the  negotia- 
tions in  the  first  matter  and  a  further  Conference  was  held  in  Wash- 
ington on  May  8th  between  the  Canadian  Minister,  Sir  Edward 
Morris,  Premier  of  Newfoundland,  and  Chandler  Harrison  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  State.  Further  details  were  settled  by  corre- 
spondence. 

As  to  the  second  matter  Mr.  Hazen,  speaking  at  Collingwood  on 
Apl.  30th,  said  that  the  United  States  Senate  had  first  commenced 
to  carve  the  regulations  and  then  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  had 
taken  a  hand  for  the  benefit  of  certain  fishing  interests.  He  regretted 
that  there  was  no  power  which  could  require  Congress  to  sanction 
understandings  entered  into  with  other  countries,  and  in  good  faith, 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  "  It  may  be,"  said  Mr.  Hazen, 
"  that  having  regard  to.  her  dignity,  Canada  will  have  to  withdraw 
from  the  Treaty."  A  further  effort  was  made,  however,  and  the  Presi- 


192  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

dent  appointed  Job  Hedges  of  New  York  as  a  new  Commissioner  in 
place  of  David  Starr  Jordan  to  discuss  the  subject  again  with  Dr. 
E.  E.  Prince,  the  Canadian  Commissioner.  Canada  had  already  rati- 
fied the  agreement  and  passed  an  Act  putting  it  in  operation.  The 
Canadian  Government  took  the  line  that  if  the  agreement  was  to  be 
amended  by  the  United  States  after  regulations  had  been  made  by  the 
Joint  Commission  and  accepted  by  Canada,  there  was  nothing  to  do 
but  withdraw. 

The  Minister  of  Marine  had  charge  of  Wireless  Telegraphy  in  the 
Dominion  and  the  year  was  marked  by  communication  between  Cape 
Breton  and  Aranjues,  Spain,  while  an  effort  was  made  to  establish 
a  system  from  the  Atlantic  Coast  to  Port  Arthur  at  the  head  of  the 
Great  Lakes.  Arrangements  were  also  made  by  this  Department  for 
sending  a  thoroughly  equipped  expedition  to  Hudson's  Bay  and,  in 
June,  the  Arctic  and  Minto  started  to  make  surveys  and  investigate 
the  coast  between  the  Harbours  of  Fort  Churchill  and  Port  Nelson 
and  to  make  a  magnetic  survey  of  the  Bay  and  Straits.  To  the  press 
in  London,  England,  on  July  8th,  Mr.  Hazen  referred  to  the  pro- 
jected erection  of  a  building  suitable  for  the  Provincial  as  well  as 
Dominion  representatives  in  London,  declared  that  there  was  some 
feeling  in  Canada  as  to  alleged  discrimination  by  the  British  Lloyds 
against  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  and  expressed  himself  as  in  favour 
of  either  a  Canadian  Lloyds  or  a  Canadian  system  of  Marine  insur- 
ance which  the  Government  might  in  some  way  assist.  During  this 
visit,  Mr.  Hazen  also  endeavoured  to  obtain  British  recognition  of 
certificates  issued  by  the  Marine  Department  under  the  Merchants 
Shipping  Act. 

At  Montreal,  on  Sept.  11,  a  Delegation  discussed  the  question  of 
a  Canadian  Lloyds  with  the  Minister  and  received  assurances  that 
the  Government  was  inclined  to  aid  the  project.  At  the  same  time 
the  Montreal  Harbour  Commissioners  urged  an  increase  in  the  stor- 
age capacity  of  their  No.  1  Elevator  by  another  million  bushels. 
Speaking  in  that  City  on  Oct.  3rd,  Mr.  Hazen  declared  that  any 
required  improvements  would  not  be  shrunk  from  by  the  Govern- 
ment, that  the  British  Lloyds  would  not  reduce  their  rates  and  that 
he  hoped  to  see  a  Canadian  Company  organized — though  insurance 
was  not  a  matter  the  Government  could  take  up  alone.  At  Sorel,  the 
day  before,  he  had  anticipated  a  population  of  2,000,000  for  Montreal 
within  the  lives  of  many  present  and  described  his  desire  to  make  the 
St.  Lawrence  the  safest  channel  in  the  world.  At  Quebec,  during  this 
tour  of  inspection  of  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  a  banquet  attended  by 
Mr.  Hazen  and  other  Ministers  on  Oct.  5th  evoked  the  assurance  that 
he  and  the  Government  were  ready  and  willing  to  grant  a  sufficient 
sum  of  money  to  equip  and  develop  the  Port  of  Quebec  as  it  should 
be  equipped,  and  as  a  complement  of  the  Port  of  Montreal. 

Mr.  Hazen  had  to  deal  with  the  difficulties  of  Harbour  Commis- 
sion appointments  in  both  Montreal  and  Quebec.  Politics  came  into 
the  matter  and,  in  Montreal  on  Oct.  22nd,  after  much  public  discus- 
sion and  several  Deputations  had  seen  the  Minister,  Major  G.  W. 


RECORD  OF  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          193 

Stephens,  the  able  head  of  the  local  Board,  transmitted  his  resigna- 
tion to  the  latter.  "  Believing  that  the  complete  harmony  existing 
between  the  Commissioners  for  the  past  six  years  is  to  a  large  extent 
responsible  for  any  good  results  obtained  and  being  convinced  that 
this  can  best  be  continued  by  the  appointment  of  an  entirely  new 
Commission,  I  respectfully  desire  the  acceptance  of  my  resignation. 
Permit  me  to  say  how  much  I  have  appreciated  your  many  cour- 
tesies, how  proud  I  have  been  to  have  had  your  confidence  and,  may 
I  add,  that  any  knowledge  I  may  possess  in  connection  with  Harbour 
problems  will  always  be  at  the  entire  disposal  of  yourself  and  your 
Government."  On  Nov.  22nd  it  was  announced  that  an  Advisory 
Board  of  Fisheries  had,  on  the  Minister's  advice,  been  authorized  by 
Order-in-€ouncil.  It  was  to  consist  of  13  members  outside  of  the 
official  representatives — the  Deputy  Minister,  Superintendent  of 
Fisheries,  Assistant  Superintendent,  an  expert  in  fish-curing,  and 
the  Commissioner  of  Fisheries.  The  object  was  to  enable  the  Depart- 
ment to  get  more  closely  in  touch  with  the  different  branches  of  the 
Fishing  industry  in  order  to  better  devise  methods  for  Fishery  propa- 
gation and  regulation.  All  the  Provinces  excepting  Ontario  and  Que- 
bec— which  controlled  their  own  Fisheries — were  to  be  represented. 
It  may  be  added  that  the  Marine  branch  of  Mr.  Hazen's  Department 
reported  an  expenditure  of  $5,594,997  for  the  fiscal  year  covering 
lighthouses,  Dominion  steamers,  St.  Lawrence  navigation,  steamboat 
inspection,  Marine  Hospitals,  shipping,  winter  communication,  pilot- 
age, Government  ports,  removal  of  obstructions  to  navigation,  etc. 
The  Fisheries  branch  Beport  for  1911-12  dealt  with  Biological  sta- 
tions and  the  general  condition  of  'Canadian  Fisheries.  A  further 
Report  covered  the  registered  shipping  of  Canada. 

An  elaborate  statement  was  issued  by  the  Department  dealing 
with  the  Chicago  proposal  to  divert  10,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per 
second  from  Lake  Michigan;  the  protest  of  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment and  the  hearing  of  the  case  on  Mch.  27th  with  Daniel  Mullin, 
K.C.,  as  Counsel  for  the  Government  of  Canada  assisted,  notably,  in 
the  preparation  of  his  case  by  James  White  of  the  Conservation  Com- 
mission, Prof.  T.  A.  Starkey  of  McGill  and  Francis  King  of  Bangs- 
ton.  The  main  point  made  was  as  follows:  "The  Dominion  of 
Canada  has  the  right  to  a  voice  in  the  disposition  of  the  waters  of 
Lake  Michigan  for  sanitary  purposes,  in-so-far  as  such  diversion 
injuriously  affects  navigation  because  her  citizens  are  accorded,  by 
Treaty,  the  right  of  free  navigation  in  that  Lake;  and  in  that  no 
diversion  can  be  made  without  injuriously  affecting  her  harbours, 
channels  and  canals."  In  the  House  of  Commons  on  Mch.  29  the 
Minister  described  what  he  had  done  in  obtaining  expert  advice  and 
legal  opinion  and  in  having  a  strong  case  for  Canada  presented  at 
Washington.  "  It  was  clearly  shown  to  what  enormous  expense  Can- 
ada would  be  put  if  the  waters  were  lowered  and  we  had  to  construct 
additional  harbour  works  and  do  the  additional  dredging  required; 
and  it  was  also  pointed  out  the  tremendous  loss  that  there  would  be 
to  shipping  if  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Lake  were 
13 


194  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

lowered  and  the  ships  were  not  able  to  carry  as  large  cargoes  as  they 
carry  now."  Mr.  Hazen  was  also  Minister  of  the  Naval  Service  and 
as  such  presented  a  Report  on  June  1st  which  reviewed  the  condi- 
tion of  the  tentative  Navy  project  and  the  Eoyal  Naval  College,  the 
dock-yard  proposals  and  operations,  Fishery  protection  matters, 
Tidal  and  Current  survey,  Hydrographic  Survey  and  Wireless  Tele- 
graphy operations.  This  Department  arranged  in  August  to  take 
systematic  records  of  the  levels  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  to  cease 
dependence  upon  United  States  official  data.  In  April,  it  may  be 
added,  Mr.  Hazen  was  elected  President  of  the  North  American  Pish 
and  Game  Protective  Association. 

Mr.  T.  W.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour,  was  direct  and  to  the 
point  in  his  administration  of  affairs  as  he  was  in  his  speeches.  The 
old  question  of  the  striking  trainmen  of  the  Grand  Trunk,  who  had 
not  been  re-instated  after  the  settlement  of  1910,  was  again  prom- 
inent and  Mr.  Crothers  took  strong  ground  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons against  the  Company,  generally,  and  Mr.  Hays  in  particular 
for  not  keeping  to  their  pledges  in  this  connection.  At  a  Conference 
between  G.T.R.  representatives  and  the  Minister,  the  latter,  on  Mch. 
26th,  sought  to  have  the  existing  wage  schedule,  based  on  the  Strike 
settlement,  left  in  operation  for  a  year,  and  not  subjected  to  the  cut 
recently  announced  by  the  Company  for  the  men  engaged  on  branch 
lines.  Mr.  Crothers  also  demanded  that  those  of  the  139  men 
recommended  for  reinstatement  by  Judge  Barron,  but  who  were 
still  out,  be  taken  back  and  shortly  afterwards  the  difference  between 
the  Company  and  its  employees  on  this  matter  ceased.  Mr.  Crothere 
was  said  in  the  press  to  be  in  favour  of  the  establishment  of  Perman- 
ent Boards  of  Arbitration  or  Conciliation  to  be  located  in  the  dif- 
ferent industrial  centres  of  the  country,  but  without  apparent 
foundation.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  where  a  Board  once  inves- 
tigated a  dispute  thoroughly,  and  arrived  at  a  unanimous  conclusion, 
the  same  personnel  proved  acceptable  in  any  recurrence  of  the  diffi- 
culty. Speaking  in  Toronto  on  June  18th,  the  Minister  said : 

We  are  seeing  to  it  that  Government  contractors  pay  at  least  the 
wages  current  in  the  various  localities  where  public  works  are  being  con- 
structed, and  that  men  employed  thereon  are  otherwise  fairly  treated. 
By  a  careful  gathering  of  pertinent  statistics  and  by  personal  inspection, 
we  are  striving  to  ascertain  the  real  conditions  of  labour  throughout  the 
country,  with  the  view  to  the  maintenance  or  restoration  of  industrial 
peace,  so  essential  to  our  highest  weal.  Legislation  has  done  much  for 
both  master  and  servant,  and  has  yet  much  to  do.  Unionism,  intelligently 
and  reasonably  directed,  inures  to  the  benefit  of  all.  One  sometimes  hears 
it  in  any  form  fiercely  denounced.  But  are  workers  alone  not  to  organize? 
Lawyers  are  banded  together,  of  course,  for  the  benefit  of  their  clients; 
Doctors  are  a  close  corporation — to  promote  the  health  of  their  patients; 
Manufacturers'  associations  exist — for  the  advantage  of  the  consumer; 
Retail  merchants  associate  themselves  together — for  the  benefit  of  their 
customers;  Bankers  join  hands — that  cheap  money  may  be  available;  and 
even  Ministers  of  the  Gospel  have  established  a  minimum  wage  and  a 
retiring  allowance!  And  is  the  workingman  to  be  seriously  told  that  he 
is  to  be  deprived  of  the  advantage  of  organization?  What  chance  would 


RECOED  OP  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          195 

the  individuals  have  against  the  insatiable  selfishness  of  some  soulless 
corporations? 

During  June  and  July,  Mr.  Crothers  visited  the  West.  To  the 
Edmonton  Journal  (June  28)  he  expressed  himself  as  opposed  to  an 
8-hour  day.  "  It  does  not  seem  a  just  provision.  What  is  fair  for 
one  may  not  be  fair  for  another.  If  a  man  working  in  the  free  air 
and  warm  sunlight  has  to  work  only  eight  hours  a  day,  it  would  seem 
to  be  unjust  to  expect  a  man  working  down  in  a  mine,  or  stoking  a 
fire,  or  doing  some  equally  hard  and  trying  labour,  to  work  the  same 
number  of  hours  each  day.  I  have  seen  each  of  them  at  it,  and  it  is 
too  much  to  ask."  He  had  previously  stopped  at  Sudbury,  Port 
Arthur,  Fort  William,  Winnipeg,  Wolseley,  Regina  and  Saskatoon 
and  he  went  from  Edmonton  to  Calgary,  Banff  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 
A  Labour  Deputation  was  received  at  Vancouver  (July  8)  and  a  con- 
ference followed  upon  Labour  matters  in  British  Columbia — Pro- 
vince report.  In  discussing  conditions,  the  Minister  was  explicit 
on  two  points :  "  It  is  just  a  question  whether  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment should  not  appoint  a  Permanent  Board  composed  of  first-class 
men  at  good  salaries  to  deal  with  all  Labour  disputes.  I  may  add 
that  the  matter  is  now  receiving  official  consideration.  I  always 
insist  on  both  sides  recognizing  the  means  provided  by  the  Lemieux 
Act  for  effecting  a  peaceful  settlement  of  Industrial  disputes.  The 
duty  of  both  parties  is  to  accept  the  Award.  I  recently  spoke  in  that 
way  to  the  head  of  a  great  Railway.  I  am  going  to  insist  on  it  and 
wherever  we  can  bring  pressure  to  bear  we  will  do  so."  There  was  no 
intention  of  repealing  the  Act  though  it  might  be  amended.  At 
Victoria,  three  days  before  this,  he  told  a  Labour  audience  that  the 
Militia  would  never  be  used  in  strikes  except  for  the  protection  of 
life  and  property.  "  The  first  duty  of  a  Government  is  to  preserve 
law  and  order,  and  no  Government  is  worth  being  called  one  that 
does  not  do  that." 

Speaking  after  his  return  at  St.  Thomas  on  Sept.  2nd,  Mr. 
Crothers  made  some  clear  remarks  upon  the  Labour  problem  in 
general :  "  I  am  convinced  that  the  failure  to  recognize  that  a  work- 
man is  not  a  mere  adjunct  to  a  machine,  and  to  realize  that  the 
employer's  best  interests  demand  the  interested  and  willing  co-opera- 
tion of  his  workmen,  and  that  such  co-operation  can  be  secured  only 
through  a  more  sympathetic  consideration  for  his  comfort  and  wel- 
fare, are  largely  responsible  for  Labour  troubles."  In  connection  with 
the  controversy  between  the  C.P.R.  and  the  Canadian  Brotherhood 
of  Railway  Employees,  at  this  time,  the  Minister  refused  to  establish 
a  Board  of  Conciliation  and  at  Ottawa,  on  Nov.  7th,  said:  "I  had 
been  negotiating  with  the  C.P.R.  for  some  time  in  an  effort  to  secure 
better  terms  and  conditions  for  the  men.  The  'Company  met  me  in 
a  sympathetic  way,  and  had  already  given  material  increases  to  some 
of  the  men.  They  were  considering  further  increases  and  endeavour- 
ing to  meet  my  wishes  as  far  as  possible.  In  view  of  these  facts,  I 
consider  that  it  would  have  been  wrong  in  principle,  if  in  nothing 


196  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

else,  to  have  ignored  the  advances  being  made  by  the  Company  and 
appointed  a  Board  to  deal  with  the  matter.  This  could  only  have 
resulted  in  the  Company  refusing  to  grant  the  increases  and  terms 
that  they  were  already  considering  favourably,  and  the  men  would, 
as  a  consequence,  have  been  deprived  of  these  increases,  at  least  until 
a  Board  could  report  on  the  whole  question."  Apart  from  these  con- 
ditions the  application  was  not  in  accordance  with  the  regulations  of 
the  Act.* 

The  Secretary  of  State  (Hon.  W.  J.  Eoche)  had  to  deal  during 
the  year  with  such  matters  as  the  incorporation  of  Companies  total- 
ling, in  1911-12,  658  with  a  capitalization  of  $490,565,999,  the 
naturalization  of  aliens,  the  care  of  the  Archives  of  Canada.  In  this 
latter  connection  and  on  the  advice  of  the  Dominion  Archivist,  Dr. 
Doughty,  a  special  effort  was  instituted  to  obtain  Western  records  and 
documents  of  historic  value  and  the  Manuscripts  Commission  was 
enlarged  by  the  addition  of  some  prominent  historical  students 
or  authorities.  When  Mr.  Roche  became,  late  in  the  year,  Min- 
ister of  the  Interior  he  commenced  a  careful  study  of  the  Immigra- 
tion question  and  decided  to  devote  considerable  attention  to  the 
immigration  of  women  from  England.  In  December  the  Minister 
ordered  that  immigrants  from  Newfoundland  were  to  be  treated  in 
the  same  way  as  Canadian-born  citizens  and  not  subjected  to  any 
restrictive  regulations. 

The  Hon.  W.  B.  Nantel,  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue,  did  not  have 
a  conspicuous  post.  It  involved  important  duties,  however,  such  as 
overseeing  the  laws  relating  to  adulteration  of  food,  supervising  an 
accrued  revenue  of  $19,635,863,  in  the  fiscal  year,  which  was  received 
from  Excise  and  some  minor  sources,  controlling  the  inspection  of 
weights  and  measures,  gas  and  electricity.  The  chief  subject  coming 
before  the  Minister  of  Customs  (Hon.  J.  D.  Reid)  during  the  year — 
outside  matters  of  routine  administration — was  the  question  of  duty 
on  "  sized  "  lumber.  The  issue  involved  was  whether  lumber  sawn  on 
three  sides  and  planed  on  one  was  dutiable  if,  in  addition  to  this,  it 
had  been  "  sized/'  Heretofore  this  class  of  lumber  had  been  admitted 
free  but  it  was  claimed  by  the  British  Columbia  lumbermen  that  the 
"  sizing "  was  a  new  process,  requiring  further  contrivances  than 
those  supplied  in  the  Sawmill  proper  and  that,  in  consequence,  it  con- 
stituted a  process  of  manufacture  and  was  really  dutiable.  The  view 
of  the  Customs  Department,  under  both  Governments,  had  been  that 
lumber  of  this  class  was  not  dutiable,  but,  in  view  of  the  protest  of 
the  British  Columbia  lumbermen  and  the  serious  competition  of 
American  exporters,  a  test  case  was  consented  to  and  steps  taken  to 
see  that  the  matter  was  fully  argued.  Meantime,  however,  Mr.  Reid 
refused  to  have  any  duty  collected. 

The  test  case  went  before  Mr.  Justice  Cassels  of  the  Exchequer 
Court  and,  on  June  12th,  judgment  was  delivered  in  favour  of  the 

*  NOTE. — At  page  299  of  the  1911  volume  It  was  inadvertently  stated  that 
about  60  correspondents  of  the  Labour  Gazette  were  discharged  by  the  new 
Minister  of  Labour  for  partisanship.  The  number  of  dismissals  was  stated  in 
the  Commons  on  Jan.  18,  1912,  as  16,  and  Mr.  Crothers  added  that  many  of 
these  were  not  for  political  reasons. 


RECORD  OP  THE  BORDEN  ADMINISTRATION  IN  1912          197 

lumbermen's  contention :  "  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  contention 
of  the  Crown  is  well  founded,  and  that  the  planks  in  question  have 
been  further  manufactured  and  are  not  entitled  to  free  admission 
under  Item  504."  The  significance  of  this  clause  of  the  judgment 
was  that  lumber  of  a  sufficiently  manufactured  character  to  be  of  use 
for  even  the  roughest  processes  of  construction  would  pay  a  duty  of 
25  per  cent,  on  entering  Canada  and  that  lumber,  only,  which  had 
undergone  the  first  rough  process  of  "  mill  sawing  "  would  enter  free. 
"  I  think  the  whole  scope  of  the  statute  and  the  tariff,"  Judge  Cassels 
added,  "  is  to  prevent  completely-manufactured  articles  being  entered 
free  of  duty.  It  would  be  straining  the  Act  and  the  meaning  of  Item 
504  to  construe  it  in  the  manner  the  complainants  seek  to  have  it 
construed  in  this  particular  case."  An  appeal  was  at  once  taken  to 
the  Supreme  Court  and,  meanwhile,  no  duty  was  imposed.  On  Oct. 
29th  this  Court  reversed  Judge  Cassels'  decision. 

Of  the  Ministers  without  Portfolio  the  Hon.  George  H.  Perley  was 
prominent  in  many  directions.  During  the  absence  of  Mr.  Borden  and 
Mr.  Foster  in  London,  he  was  by  seniority — having  taken  the  oath  as 
Privy  Councillor  after  Mr.  Borden — Acting  Prime  Minister.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Conservative  press,  and  without  criticism  from  the  Oppo- 
sition, he  discharged  these  duties  admirably;  showing  knowledge  of 
detail,  marked  executive  ability,  and  an  industry  which  enabled  him 
from  time  to  time  to  administer  temporarily  various  Departments 
of  the  Government.  At  the  Ottawa  meeting  on  June  4th  to  organize 
for  Canada's  share  in  the  celebration  of  the  Centenary  of  Peace 
between  the  Empire  and  the  Republic  Mr.  Perley  took  an  active  part 
and  showed  great  interest  in  the  project.  When  the  new  Naval  policy 
was  announced  in  December  there  was  a  generally-expressed  belief 
that  the  Portfolio  of  Minister  Resident  in  London  would  go  to  Mr. 
Perley.  It  fell  to  him  to  deal  with  the  critical  moment  in  Regina's 
history  following  upon  its  cyclonic  visitation  and  he  at  once  arranged 
for  a  Dominion  grant  of  $30,000  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.  A 
smaller  grant  was  given  to  the  fire  sufferers  in  Chicoutimi.  The  Hon. 
J.  A.  Lougheed,  the  other  member  without  a  Department,  led  the 
Senate  during  the  year — a  difficult  post  in  a  House  with  a  hostile 
majority. 

Of  miscellaneous  matters  in  Administration  reference  must  be 
made  to  the  lifting  (Mch.  31)  of  the  Canadian  embargo  upon  sheep, 
swine  and  cattle  from  Great  Britain  which  had  been  imposed  in  the 
Summer  of  1911  upon  receipt  of  information  as  to  the  foot  and 
mouth  disease  having  broken  out  there;  the  retirement  of  J.  G. 
Ramsden,  Chief  Inspector  of  the  Department  of  Indian  Affairs;  the 
suggestion  by  various  papers  that  the  time  had  come  for  Canada's 
Western  Provinces  to  appear  on  the  Dominion  Coat  of  Arms — notably 
the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  of  May  20th;  the  announcement  in  the 
Canada  Gazette  of  July  as  to  new  regulations  for  the  Ports  of  Hali- 
fax, Quebec  and  Esquimalt,  which  would  make  entrance  to  these  Ports 
very  difficult,  with  regulations  following  those  of  the  British  Admir- 
alty; the  discussion  in  political  circles  as  to  a  possible  creation  of 


198  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Under  Secretaries  for  the  Departments  after  the  English  style;  the 
sending  by  the  Government  of  J.  S.  Dobie  to  lay  out  Indian  Eeserves 
in  the  far  North  at  Albany  and  Moose  Factory.  The  chief  appoint- 
ments of  the  year  were  as  follows  : 

Position.  Name.  Address. 

Member  of  the  King's  Privy  Coun- 

cil for  Canada   ................  Samuel  Barker,   M.P  ..........  Hamilton. 

Member  of  the  King's  Privy  Coun- 

cil for  Canada    ................  George  Adam  Clare,  M.P  ......  Preston. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .  Nathaniel  Curry  .............  Amherat. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .  Wm.  Benjamin  Ross  ..........  Mlddleton. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .Edward  Lavin  Girroir  ........  Antigonish. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .  William  Dennis  ..............  Halifax. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .William   McKay,    M.D  .........  ReserveMlnes. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .  Patrick  Charles  Murphy  .......  TignAsh. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .  George    Gordon,    ex-M.P  .......  North  Bay. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada.  .Henry  Oorby,    ex-  M.P  .........  Belleville. 

Member  of  the  Senate  of  Canada  .  .  John  Wateriiouse   Daniel,   M.D  .  St.  John. 
Alde-de-Camp     to     Field     Marshal 

H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  ----  LJeuit  the  Hon.  G.  E.  Boscawen  .  London. 
Hon.   Aide-de-Oamp  to  H.R.H.   the 

Governor-General   ..............  Lieut.  -Col.  H.  E.  Burstall  .....  Quebec. 

Hon.   Alde-de-Camp  to   H.R.H.   the 

Governor-General   ..............  Commander  W.  B.  Macdonald  .  Victoria. 

Honorary    Surgeon    to    H.R.H.    the 

Governor-General   ..............  Colonel  G.  C.  Jones,  P.A.M.C.  .  .  .Ottawa. 

Honorary    Surgeon    to    H.R.H.    the 

Governor-General   ..............  A.  E.  Garrow,  M.D  ............  Montreal. 

Assistant  Under-Secretary  of  State 

for  External  Affairs  ............  Wm.  Henry  Walker,  B.A.,  i.s.o.  Ottawa. 

Chief  Commissioner  Board  of  Rail- 

way  Commissioners    ...........  Henry  Lumley  Drayton,  K.C  .  .  .  Toronto. 

Assistant   Deputy   Postmaster-Gen- 

eral   ..........................  Hector   Bacon  Verret  .........  Ottawa. 

Assistant  Deputy  Minister  of  Rail- 

ways   .........................  Louis  Kossuth  Jones,  i.s.o  .....  Ottawa. 

Dominion  Live  Stock  Commissioner.  John    Bright    ................  Myrtle. 

Collector  of  Customs  for  Edmonton 

District    ...........  .  ...........  J-  "w"-  Shearer  ................  Edmonton. 

Dominion     Appraiser    in     Customs 

Department  ......  **•  w-  Breadner  ..............  Toronto. 

Ohtet  .Fruit  Inspector'  for'  Western  p    j    ^^  ..................  T<>ronto 

'      '  '  '  '  '  '  '  '  "  '  "  ' 


'.  T-  *•  Perceval  ...............  Brandon. 

°f    CUSt0  >rt8    f°r  A-  C-  Paterson  ...............  North  Portal. 


Postmaster  of  Bradon  . 


** 


Henry  H.  Phlnney  ............  Winnipeg. 

S?ce  II>ector  °*  Moo9e    aw  Francis  M.  MacNaughton.  .    .  .Moose  Jaw. 

PoSmSer  at'  Cnarloi^own  '.  '.  '.  \  !  '.  Ed™rt  «*<*«"    ...........  Chariottetown. 

Commissioner   of   Police  along  the  _..     Tonkin  Mattawa 

Transcontinental  Railway    ......  °°Un  ^n*"1   ................  Mattawa. 

Representative   of   Canada   at    2nd 

International     Moral     Education  T    .    ,,    MWn«   *  c     M  p 

Congress,  The  Hague  ...........  J.  A.  M.  AlWns,  K.C.,  M.P 


Way 

Representatives  of  Canada  at   In- 

ternational Radio-Telegraph  Con-  ^        p   Desbarats  ..........  Ottawa. 

gress,  London    .................  c   B6Edwarda  .........  .  .....  Ottawa. 

Ttegtetrar  Exchequer  Court  of  Can-  Q^       ^         K  c   .  .  .Ottawa. 

ada  ........................... 

Hepresentative  of  Canadian  Gov- 

ernment   at    International    Pure 

Water      Conference,      Cleveland,  ^    Charles  A.  Hodgetts  ......  Ottawa. 

U.o.     ........  ......  •  ........... 

'Representative  of  Canada  at  7th 

g^TRo^e1    .TUb6rc.Ul°S!8  .  ^"".I^.  David  A.  Stewart  .........  Ninette. 

Representative    of    Canada   at    7th 

l>r.  Severin  LachapeUe  ........  Montreal. 


GOVERNMENT  COMMISSIONS  AND  OFFICIAL  INQUIRIES       199 

Position.  Xaine.  Address. 

Representative  of  Canada  at  7th 
International  Tuberculosis  Con- 
gress, Rome  Dr.  Arthur  Bousseau Quebec. 

Representative    of    Canada    at    7th  , 
International    Tuberculosis    Con- 
gress,   Rome    Prof.   John  J.  Mackenzie Toronto. 

Representative  of  Canada  at  7th 
International  Tuberculosis  Con- 
gress, Rome  Dr.  Arthur  J.  Richer St.  Agathe. 

Postmaster  at   Fredericton Lewis  H.   Bliss Fredericton. 

Post    Office    Inspector    of    Ottawa 

Division     Peter   T.    Coolican Ottawa. 

Inspector     of     Customs      for     the 

Dominion    Hon.    Charles   Herbert  Macln- 

Superintendent      of      Water-Power          tosh    Ottawa. 

Branch,    Department    of    the    In- 
terior   J.  B.  Challies,  B.A.SC Ottawa. 

Member  Medical  Council  of  Canada.  Dr.  Thomas  G.  Roddick Montreal. 

The  Commission  on  Conservation,  with  Hon.  Clif- 
oovernment  ford  Sifton  as  Chairman  and  James  White  as  its 
commi«Bion«  energetic  Secretary,  continued  its  work  during  the  year 
and  official  in  various  quiet  but  useful  ways.  The  3rd  annual 
inquiries  of  meeting  was  held  in  Ottawa  on  Jan.  16.  Dr.  C.  A. 
Hodgetts  presented  a  Report  from  the  Public  Health 
Committee  describing  its  efforts  to  obtain  additional  aid  in  the  fight 
against  Tuberculosis  from  the  Dominion  Government  and  the  opinion 
of  the  latter  authorities  that  part  of  the  proposals  lay  within  Pro- 
vincial purview  and  that  further  assistance  by  the  Government  was 
not  practicable  at  present.  Valuable  papers  were  read  by  Dr.  B.  E. 
Fernow,  Dr.  J.  W.  Robertson,  E.  H.  Campbell,  F.  C.  TJniacke  and 
Dr.  Hodgetts  and  various  Resolutions  passed  as  to  methods  and 
extension  of  work;  the  establishment  of  a  National  Laboratory  was 
urged,  the  appropriation  of  $110,000  suggested  for  Forest  protection 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  Reserve  during  the  coming  year;  Dr.  J.  G. 
Adami  was  appointed  the  Commission's  representative  to  secure  a 
complete  organization  of  the  agencies  for  suppressing  Tuberculosis; 
a  suggestion  made  that  the  proposal  to  burn  Peat  as  a  fuel  be  placed  in 
an  attractive  form  before  the  people.  The  Hon.  Benjamin  Rogers 
resigned  from  the  Commission  and  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche  replaced 
the  Hon.  Robert  Rogers  as  an  ex-officio  member. 

The  seven  Committees  of  the  Commission  did  much  effective  work 
during  the  year.  The  Committee  on  Fisheries,  Game  and  Fur-bearing 
Animals  met  in  Ottawa  early  in  June.  Papers  on  various  Fishery 
problems  were  read  and  discussed  and  the  report  of  the  proceedings 
printed  and  several  thousand  copies  distributed.  Resolutions  were 
adopted  regarding  research  and  demonstration  work  in  Oyster  cul- 
ture and  planting  of  whitefish  fry  in  the  Great  Lakes  where  produc- 
tion was  decreasing;  action  by  the  Department  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries was  urged  to  secure  more  accurate  and  complete  Fisheries 
statistics  and  the  Department  was  asked  to  publish  in  its  annual 
report  a  statement  of  the  number  of  fry  planted  in  the  different 
waters  of  Canada.  An  officer  of  the  Commission  was  detailed  to  make 
a  close  study  of  the  Oyster  problem  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  and 
spent  some  weeks  there  in  studying  conditions.  In  his  Report 


200  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

emphasis  was  laid  upon  the  inefficient  condition  of  the  Fisheries  pro- 
tective service  and  the  possibility  of  building  up  a  very  valuable 
oyster-farming  industry.  During  the  summer,  also,  the  Committee 
appointed  an  Expert  to  examine  into  and  report  upon  fur-farming 
in  Canada. 

The  most  important  undertaking  of  the  Committee  on  Forests  in 
1912  was  in  connection  with  the  prevention  of  forest  fires  along  lines 
of  railways.  By  special  arrangement  the  Forester  of  the  Commission 
was  also  appointed  Chief  Fire  Inspector  for  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion and  in  this  manner  the  advisory  functions  of  the  former  body 
were  united  with  the  legislative  and  administrative  functions  of  the 
Eailway  Commission.  As  a  result  carefully  thought-out  regulations 
were  issued  and  put  in  force  along  lines  of  railway  passing  through 
forests.  Efficient  fire  patrols  were  organized,  chiefly  in  British  Col- 
umbia, and  were  to  be  extended  later  on  to  the  other  Provinces.  A 
brief  preliminary  study  of  a  portion  of  Northern  Ontario  was  also 
made  for  the  Commission  by  J.  E.  White  of  the  University  of  Toronto 
and  it  indicated  that  a  large  percentage  of  Ontario  west  of  Sudbury 
and  south  of  the  Height  of  Land  was  non-agricultural  and  valuable 
chiefly  for  the  production  of  timber.  A  forest  survey  in  Haliburton 
and  Peterborough  Counties  in  Ontario  was  undertaken  by  Dr.  B.  E. 
Fernow  who  also  undertook  a  brief  survey  of  a  portion  of  the  Clay- 
belt  of  New  Ontario.  His  opinions  were  summarized  and  published 
in  pamphlet  form  and  aroused  considerable  discussion. 

The  work  of  the  Committee  on  Lands  was  confined  largely  to  the 
gathering  of  accurate  information  concerning  agricultural  conditions 
in  each  of  the  Provinces,  and  in  promoting  better  farming  methods 
in  several  sections  of  various  Provinces.  The  Illustration  Farms 
selected  in  1912  numbered  31,  and  were  distributed  amongst  the 
Provinces  as  fairly  as  possible.  The  work  was  done  by  the  farmers 
themselves  under  the  supervision  of  the  Demonstrators  of  the  Com- 
mission ;  and  an  important  phase  of  this  work  was  in  connection  with 
the  growing 'of  alfalfa  in  Quebec  and  the  Maritime  Provinces.  The 
Commission's  Mining  Engineer  prepared  a  report  on  coal-mining  in 
Western  Canada  as  a  result  of  his  investigation  in  the  previous  year. 
Later,  in  1912,  visits  were  made  to  the  coal  mines  and  areas  of  the 
Maritime  Provinces  in  order  to  complete  thi^  work.  The  Publicity 
work  of  the  Commission  was  chiefly  confined  to  the  publication  of 
reports  and  in  this  respect  the  year  was  an  important  one  as  a  num- 
ber of  valuable  statements  on  various  natural  resources  were  pub- 
lished; an  illustrated  monthly  bulletin  to  the  press  of  Canada  was 
also  started. 

The  time  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Health  was  taken  up  largely 
with  the  investigation  of  conditions  in  various  parts  of  Canada  and 
including  Housing  problems,  the  pollution  of  waters,  and  town  plan- 
ning. Dr.  C.  A.  Hodgetts  made  a  close  study  of  the  sanitary  condi- 
tions at  Chicago  with  reference  to  the  proposed  diversion  of  water 
from  Lake  Michigan  by  the  Sanitary  District  of  that  city.  He  also 
acted  as  special  Medical  Health  Officer  of  Ottawa  for  three  months 


during  the  autumn  and  in  connection  with  the  Great  Lakes  Pure 
Water  Association  attended  its  meeting  as  representative  of  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Canada.  Brief  reports  were  in  each  case  presented  to  the 
Commission.  Hydro-Electric  engineers  of  the  Commission  spent  the 
summer  months  obtaining  further  information  with  respect  to  the 
Water-powers  of  Western  Canada  and  the  principal  rivers  traversed 
were  the  Peace,  Athabasca,  Clearwater,  Methye,  Beaver,  the  Upper 
Fraser  and  Quesnel.  A  mass  of  valuable  data  was  collected. 

On  Sept.  12th  the  Prime  Minister  confirmed  at  Ottawa  a  state- 
ment that  the  Et.  Hon.  Sir  George  H.  Murray,  G.C.B.,  Permanent 
Secretary  to  the  British  Treasury,  had  accepted  an  invitation  to  con- 
sider and  advise  upon  the  proposed  re-organization  of  the  Canadian 
Civil  Service.  An  Order-in- Council  was  passed  on  Oct.  7th  and  the 
lines  of  consideration  defined  as  follows:  (1)  The  methods  employed 
in  the  transaction  of  public  business;  (2)  the  control  of  appropria- 
tions and  expenditure;  (3)  the  administrative  methods  and  opera- 
tions of  the  chief  spending  Departments,  including  (a)  the  manner 
in  which  appointments  to  the  Public  Service  are  made;  (&)  the  man- 
ner in  which  promotions  within  it  are  made;  (c)  the  manner  in 
which  retirements  are  effected;  (d)  the  classification  of  the  staff  and 
distribution  of  duties  in  each  Department  and  the  duplication  of  the 
same  or  similar  work  in  two  or  more  Departments;  (4)  generally, 
the  manner  in  which  the  public  business  of  the  Dominion  is  admin- 
istered. As  Commissioner,  Sir  George  Murray  spent  nearly  two 
months  in  this  inquiry  and  his  Eeport,  dated  Nov.  30th,  was  pre- 
sented to  Parliament  on  Dec.  18th. 

It  indicated  very  clearly  what  the  Commissioner  considered  the 
weak  points  of  the  existing  Administrative  system  and  what  changes 
he  thought  essential.  He  dealt  first  with  the  methods  employed  in 
the  transaction  of  public  business.  "  Nothing  has  impressed  me  so 
much  in  the  course  of  my  inquiry  as  the  almost  intolerable  burden 
which  the  present  system  of  transacting  business  imposes  on  Ministers 
themselves.  They  both  have  too  much  to  do  and  do  too  much.  Speak- 
ing broadly,  it  may  be  said  that  every  act  of  the  Executive  Govern- 
ment, or  of  any  member  of  it,  requires  the  sanction  of  the  Governor- 
in-iCouncil  which,  under  present  practice,  is  identical  with  the  Cab- 
inet. The  number  of  these  Orders-in-Council  averages  from  three 
thousand  to  four  thousand  per  annum,  and  their  subject  matter 
ranges  from  questions  of  the  highest  importance,  such  as  the  approval 
of  a  treaty  with  some  foreign  Power,  the  disallowance  of  Provincial 
legislation,  the  appointment  of  a  Judge,  or  the  exercise  of  the  pre- 
rogative of  mercy,  down  to  the  acceptance  of  a  tender  for  the  erection 
of  a  pump,  the  promotion  of  a  clerk  from  one  grade  to  another  and 
the  appointment  of  a  lighthouse  keeper  or  an  exciseman." 

This  system  had  grown  up  gradually  but  was  now  becoming  intol- 
erable and  a  division  of  labour  and  devolution  of  power  had  become 
imperative.  Many  matters  now  dealt  with  by  Order-in-Council 
should  be  handled  on  the  responsibility  of  individual  Ministers  and 
a  Committee  of  Ministers  might  be  chosen  to  review  and  deal  with 


202  THE  CANADIAN"  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  subject  in  order  to  obtain  the  necessary  legislation.  In  the  mat- 
ter of  appointments  three  Ministers  and  an  equal  number  of  per- 
manent officials  could  be  selected  to  confirm  the  choice  of  individual 
Ministers;  a  distinction  should  be  drawn  between  a  meeting  of 
Council  and  a  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  and  the  Treasury  Board  might 
very  well  be  abolished.  "  At  present  the  Cabinet,  besides  performing 
its  proper  functions  of  discussing  and  deciding  questions  of  high 
policy,  is  compelled  to  conduct  a  large  amount  of  purely  routine  busi- 
ness. If  the  latter  were  relegated  to  a  meeting  of  Council  summoned 
ad  hoc  and  in  much  smaller  numbers,  the  time  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Cabinet  for  its  more  important  duties  could  be  better  employed." 
The  Ministers  should  be  relieved  of  purely  administrative  work  and 
the  Deputy  Ministers  charged  with  the  whole  responsibility  in  that 
connection.  In  the  more  important  Departments,  it  would  be  desir- 
able to  appoint  a  political  Deputy  Minister — presumably  with  a  seat 
in  Parliament  though  this  was  not  specified. 

The  second  point  dealt  with  was  the  control  of  appropriations  and 
expenditure.  In  this  respect  the  Commissioner  considered  the  exist- 
ing system  inefficient  from  the  standpoint  of  economy  or  any  per- 
sistent criticism  of  details.  "  I  suggest  that  the  Department  of 
Finance  should  be  definitely  charged  with  this  duty.  Every  item  of 
new  or  increased  expenditure  should  be  closely  scrutinized;  and  the 
Department  proposing  it  should  be  called  on  to  state  in  sufficient 
detail  the  ground  on  which  the  expenditure  is  required;  the  reasons 
which  prevent  its  being  deferred  to  a  later  date ;  and  the  consequential 
expenditure  which  will  be  rendered  necessary  in  future  years  if  the 
proposal  is  sanctioned.  I  think  it  is  important  that  these  proceedings 
should  be  carried  on  in  writing.  Oral  criticism  in  Council  by  the 
Minister  of  Finance,  and  oral  replies  by  his  colleagues,  are  neces- 
sarily but  imperfect  methods  for  either  attacking  or  defending  pro- 
posals made."  The  third  subject  involved  conditions  in  the  chief 
spending  Departments — the  appointments  to  Public  Service,  the 
matter  of  promotions,  the  manner  of  retirements,  the  classification 
of  the  staff  and  distribution  of  duties,  the  allotment  of  work  amongst 
the  Departments.  The  system  of  competitive  examination  in  the 
Inside  Service  was  described  as  good  and  the  appointments  as  on  the 
whole  satisfactory  though  with  some  exceptions  and  some  suggested 
improvements.  As  to  the  Outside  Service  the  conditions  were  not 
satisfactory. 

If  the  system  of  examination  and  certificate  (whether  after  competi- 
tive or  merely  qualifying  examination)  is  desirable  for  the  Inside  Service, 
it  is  difficult  to  understand  why  it  should  not  be  regarded  as  equally 
desirable  for  the  Outside  Service.  I  can  see  no  reason  why  the  junior 
ranks  in  the  Excise  and  Customs  Service,  for  example,  should  not  be  sub- 
jected to  the  same  conditions,  mutatis  mutandis,  as  the  junior  ranks  in 
the  clerical  departments  of  the  Inside  Service.  The  Outside  Service  is, 
speaking  generally,  of  no  less  importance  than  the  Inside  Service.  An 
efficient  staff  is  no  less  necessary;  and  it  should  be  recruited  under  simi- 
lar conditions.  For  the  same  reason  promotion  in  it  should  follow  on  the 
same  lines;  by  which  I  mean  that  the  prizes  of  the  Service  should  be 


GOVERNMENT  COMMISSIONS  AND  OFFICIAL  INQUIRIES       203 

reserved  for  those  who  have  shown  themselves  capable  of  performing  the 
highest  duties.  At  present  such  positions  as  Postmasterships  and  Collec- 
torships  are  filled  by  the  appointment  of  persons  who,  whatever  their 
other  merits,  have  not  had  the  advantage  of  long  training  in  the  Service 
and  are,  consequently,  compelled  to  rely  on  their  subordinates  in  transact- 
ing the  business  of  their  Departments.  Such  a  system  is  fatal  to  an  effi- 
cient Service  in  two  ways;  the  higher  positions  are  filled,  not  by  experts, 
but  by  amateurs;  and  the  best  type  of  official  is  not  attracted  into  the 
Service  because  he  recognizes  that  its  prizes  are  not  within  his  reach. 

In  the  matter  of  retirements  the  Commissioner  was  explicit  in  describ- 
ing present  conditions  as  "  a  very  grave  evil."  "  Some  system  of 
securing  retirement  is  absolutely  essential  if  the  Public  Service  is 
to  be  maintained  in  a  satisfactory  condition.  It  is  necessary,  on  the 
one  hand,  in  order  to  prevent  officers  from  continuing  in  the  Service 
after  they  have  ceased  to  be  efficient;  and  it  is  equally  necessary  in 
order  to  provide  a  flow  of  promotion  and  to  ensure  that  men  of  capa- 
city should  reach  the  higher  positions  at  a  period  of  life  when  they 
are  able  to  make  the  best  use  of  their  powers.  But  a  system  of  pen- 
sions is  an  essential  element  in  any  system  of  retirement."  In  the 
matter  of  Staff  classification,  Sir  George  reported  that  "  the  various 
Departments  have  acted  independently  and  each  has  arranged  its 
staff  in  its  own  way.  The  result  is  that  no  uniform  principles  of 
organization  have  been  enforced.  .  .  .  The  first  principle  of  a 
sound  Departmental  organization  is  that  the  work  should  be  classi- 
fied according  to  its  importance,  the  responsibility  involved,  and  the 
experience  required  to  perform  it  properly.  Eegard  should  also  be 
paid  to  the  maintenance  of  a  flow  of  promotion,  so  that,  if  possible, 
a  man  should  not  be  kept  too  long  at  work  which  is  inferior  to  the 
best  of  which  he  is  capable."  A  Committee  of  Deputy  Heads  to 
examine  in  detail  the  work  of  every  Department  and  report  some 
uniform  system  was  suggested. 

Various  suggestions  were  made  as  to  the  transfer  of  specific  work 
from  one  Department  to  a  more  suitable  one.  The  character  and 
work  of  the  Conservation  Commission  were  praised  but  its  member- 
ship was  described  as  too  large  and  a  Permanent  Commission  of  three 
or  five  members  was  recommended.  Its  function  should  be  "  (a)  to 
initiate  and  work  out — but  not  to  execute — schemes  for  the  utiliza- 
tion in  the  future  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  country;  (&)  to 
examine  and  report  upon  every  scheme  affecting  these  resources, 
whether  promoted  by  the  Government  or  by  private  parties,  before 
it  is  sanctioned  by  Parliament;  and  (c)  to  train  up  a  body  of  techni- 
cal experts  who  could  be  transferred,  as  opportunity  offered,  to  the 
permanent  Service  in  any  Department  in  which  they  were  required. 
The  Commission  would,  in  short,  be  a  thinking,  planning,  advising 
and  training  body,  with  no  executive  functions.  It  should  be  directly 
responsible  to  and  under  the  general  control  of  the  Prime  Minister." 
In  conclusion  three  essentials  were  indicated  for  an  efficient  Civil 
Service:  "  (1)  The  best  material  in  the  country  must  be  attracted 
into  it  and  induced  to  remain  there;  (2)  to  this  end  the  Service  must 
be  so  regulated  as  to  provide  a  permanent  career  in  which  promotion 


204  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

will  depend  on  individual  merit  exhibited  in  the  daily  performance 
of  duty;  (3)  it  follows  from  this  that  the  mutual  relations  of  Min- 
isters and  Civil  Servants  alike  must  be  conducted  with  a  loyal  and 
single-minded  devotion  to  the  public  service  from  which  all  consid- 
erations dependent  on  the  political  views  of  individuals  should  be 
wholly  excluded." 

An  important  body  created  in  1912  was  the  Board  of  Grain  Com- 
missioners for  Canada  with  appointments  gazetted  on  Apl.  10th. 
They  were  Prof.  Robt.  Magill  of  Halifax  as  Chief  Commissioner  with 
W.  D.  Staples,  M.P.,  of  Treherne,  Man.,  and  Frank  Egerton  Gibbs 
of  Winnipeg,  Inspector  of  Grain,  as  Commissioners.  The  functions 
of  this  body  comprised,  practically,  the  administration  of  the  Grain 
Act.  The  members  were  to  reside  at  Fort  William  or  Port  Arthur, 
and  were  given  very  large  powers  in  the  administration  of  the  Act; 
in  some  cases  on  their  own  responsibility,  and  in  others  on  the 
approval  of  their  recommendations  by  the  Governor-in-Council.  The 
organization  meeting  of  the  Board  was  held  at  Ottawa  on  Apl.  16 
and  work  at  once  commenced.  On  June  6th,  the  Commission  issued 
an  official  statement  as  to  certain  matters: 

1.  The  Board  approves  of  the  leasing  of  Elevator  "  B  "  by  the  Grain 
Growers'  Company.     It  considers  the  operation  of  a  large  terminal  ele- 
vator by  the  Farmers  Company  an  important  step  in  the  right  direction. 

2.  The  Board  is  considering  the  practicability  of    having    'sample 
markets '  established  at  Fort  William,  Winnipeg  and  Calgary  in  September, 
1913. 

3.  The  Board  is  determined  to  protect  the  standards  of  the  Canadian 
grain  certificates.     In  this  connection  it  is  planning  to  strengthen  the 
inspection  staff. 

4.  The  Board  expects  to  have  in  operation  by  September,  1912,  an 
office  for  the  registration  and  cancellation  of  warehouse  receipts. 

5.  The  Board  is  giving  attention  to  the  advisability  of  proceeding  at 
an  early  date  with  the  construction  of  terminal  facilities  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  Hudson's  Bay. 

On  Aug.  14,  an  Order-in-Council  approved  the  contract  for  a  Gov- 
ernment Elevator  at  Fort  William  after  the  plans  had  been  sub- 
mitted to  the  Grain  Commission.  Some  of  the  other  matters  dealt 
with  included  the  appointment  in  the  West  of  travelling  Elevator 
Inspectors,  the  installation  at  many  points  of  apparatus  for  moisture 
tests  in  connection  with  the  drying  of  damp  wheat,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Scale  Inspector.  The  1st  Report  issued  in  1913. 

A  much-discussed  body  was  the  Public  Service  Commission 
appointed  in  1911  and  composed  of  Hon.  A.  B.  Morine,  K.C.,  R.  S. 
Lake  and  G.  N.  Ducharme.  Its  duties  of  inspection,  investigation 
and  representation  were  wide  and  varied  and  a  considerable  volume 
of  work  was  done.  On  Mch.  29,  however,  certain  charges  were  made 
in  Parliament  by  F.  B.  Carvell  (Lib.)  against  Mr.  Morine  in  con- 
nection with  his  personal  share  in  the  politics  of  Newfoundland  over 
a  term  of  years.  Mr.  Carvell  said  that  while  Minister  of  Finance  and 
Receiver  of  Customs  in  that  Colony  the  present  head  of  the  Public 
Service  Commission  had  acted  as  Solicitor  for  Mr.  R.  G.  Reid,  the 


GOVERNMENT  COMMISSIONS  AND  OFFICIAL  INQUIRIES       205 

Railway  contractor,  who  had  received  valuable  franchises  from  the 
Government  of  the  Colony.  He  alleged  that  Mr.  Morine  had  received 
during  this  period  a  retainer  from  Mr.  Reid  and  that,  later,  after 
his  retirement  from  the  Government,  he  had  left  Newfoundland  on 
the  understanding  that  he  should  be  paid  a  pension  by  Mr.  Reid. 
Stripped  of  party  verbiage  this  was  the  essential  charge.  Mr.  Morine's 
reply  was  in  brief  as  follows :  "  It  was  a  public  fact  that  I  was  and 
had  been  the  general  Legal  adviser  of  R.  G.  Reid,  the  contractor.  No 
secret  had  been  made  of  this  for  I  openly  acted  in  that  capacity  in 
the  Courts.  I  had  specially  asked  the  Premier,  Sir  James  Winter, 
if  it  were  desirable  that  I  should  remain  in  the  Cabinet,  and  had 
remained  at  his  request.  Other  Counsel  for  the  contractor  had  sat  in 
the  previous  Cabinet."  Mr.  Borden  merely  stated  in  the  House  that 
he  was  entirely  ignorant  of  the  matter  brought  up  by  Mr.  Carvell 
but  the  assertions  were  of  an  "  exceedingly  grave  character."  A  little 
later  it  was  announced  in  the  Conservative  press  that  Mr.  Morine 
had  tendered  his  resignation  and  that  it  would  be  accepted. 

Mr.  Lake  and  Mr.  Ducharme  remained  in  charge  of  the  work  but 
no  additional  Commissioner  was  appointed  and,  ultimately,  the  Com- 
mission was  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  the  appointment  of  Sir 
George  Murray.  On  Nov.  19th  the  resignations  of  Messrs.  Lake  and 
Ducharme  were  accepted  and  on  Dec.  9  their  Report  was  presented 
to  Parliament.  It  reviewed  their  inquiries  into  the  Lake  Timiskam- 
ing  Dam  Contract,  affairs  at  the  Sorel  Shipyard,  conditions  in  the 
Montreal  Harbour  Commission,  Dredging  affairs  and  the  Department 
of  Public  Printing  and  Stationery.  Their  recommendations  were: 
(1)  that  there  was  need  of  revision  of  the  regulations  in  regard  to 
salaries,  vacations,  sick  leave,  hours  of  work,  etc.,  both  in  the  Out- 
side and  Inside  Services;  (2)  that  adequate  salaries  were  needed  to 
attract  good  men  to  the  Services  and  especially  so  in  the  West;  (3) 
that  promotions  should  be  by  merit  and  political  patronage  be  abol- 
ished; (4)  that  the  system  of  superannuation  on  a  contributory  basis 
should  be  established  with  retirement  voluntary  at  60  and  compulsory 
at  the  age  of  65;  (5)  that  the  Government  should  do  its  own  dredg- 
ing with  its  own  plants  instead  of  letting  it  out  by  tender  to  private 
dredging  companies;  (6)  that  the  Printing  Bureau  should  be 
enlarged  and  the  work  re-organized  and  that  "  every  vestige  of  politi- 
cal patronage  should  be  destroyed"  at  the  Sorel  shipyards;  (7)  that 
R.  E.  Cook,  who  was  dismissed  by  the  ex- Secretary  of  State,  Hon. 
Charles  Murphy,  from  his  position  at  the  Printing  Bureau,  on  the 
ground  of  incompetency  and  refusal  to  obey  orders,  should  be 
reinstated. 

By  an  Order-in-Council  of  May  30th  and  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  a  Departmental  Com- 
mission was  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  statistical  work  which  was 
carried  on  in  the  various  Departments ;  as  to  its  scope,  methods  and 
reliability;  whether  and  to  what  extent  duplication  occurred;  and  to 
report  to  the  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce  a  comprehensive  sys- 
tem of  general  statistics  adequate  to  the  necessities  of  the  country 


206  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  in  keeping  with  the  demands  of  the  time.  The  members  appointed 
were  Richard  Grigg,  Commissioner  of  Commerce,  as  Chairman  with 
Dr.  Adam  Shortt,  Civil  Service  Commissioner,  Henry  Godfrey,  W.  A. 
Warne,  R.  H.  Coats  and  J.  R.  K.  Bristol  as  Members,  and  C.  H.  Payne 
as  Secretary.  Several  Sessions  were  held  at  Ottawa  and  then  the 
Commission  separated  to  study  conditions  in  the  various  Provinces — 
Mr.  Grigg,  in  particular,  going  East  and  Prof.  Shortt  to  the  West. 
The  inquiry  was  concluded  at  the  end  of  the  year  and  the  following 
recommendations  submitted:  (1)  The  organization  of  a  Central 
Statistical  Office  for  the  co-ordination,  unification,  extension  and  gen- 
eral improvement  of  statistics  by  (a)  the  creation  of  a  Dominion 
Inter-departmental  Statistical  Committee  and  (6)  of  an  Inter- 
provincial  Conference  on  Statistics;  (2)  the  taking  of  a  Quinquen- 
nial Census  of  Population  and  Production;  the  co-ordination  of  work 
in  the  Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  the  re-organization  of 
Canal  statistics  and  creation  of  statistics  of  coastal  trade;  the  crea- 
tion of  Wages  and  Consumption  statistics ;  the  perfection  of  methods 
of  recording  emigration  from  the  country;  improvements  in  statistics 
of  Insurance  and  development  of  price  statistics;  the  enlargement  of 
the  Canada  Year  Book  and  co-ordination  of  other  publications; 
'(3)  the  co-ordination  of  Provincial  statistics  along  all  lines  of 
importance. 

During  this  year  a  Commission  appointed  by  Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher 
when  Minister  of  Agriculture,  and  consisting  of  W.  A.  Dryden  and 
W.  T.  Ritch,  reported  as  to  the  Sheep  and  Wool  industries  of  Canada. 
It  was  pointed  out  that  the  Dominion  had  reduced  its  flocks  of  sheep 
and  at  the  same  time  increased  its  consuming  population,  so  that  it 
was  little  wonder  if  the  production  of  lamb  and  mutton,  which  at  one 
time  was  considerably  more  than  enough  to  supply  the  home  demand, 
was  not  sufficient  now  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  people.  More  sheep 
and  better  quality  was  the  advice  given  and  Canadian  farmers  were 
urged  to  put  their  efforts  at  Sheep  raising  on  a  strictly  business  basis 
with  mutton  as  the  pivotal  point.  One  of  the  first  things  needed  was 
an  improvement  in  the  breed  of  sheep;  uniformity  of  breed  in  a 
particular  locality  should  also  be  encouraged ;  better  methods  of  wash- 
ing and  packing  the  wool  were  required;  while  in  the  mutton  trade 
standards  must  be  established.  Acting  under  these  circumstances 
Mr.  Burrell,  the  new  Minister,  appointed  a  Committee  composed  of 
Col.  D.  McCrae,  Guelph;  R,  H.  Harding,  Thorndale;  C.  M.  McCrae 
of  New  Brunswick;  A.  P.  Westervelt,  Toronto;  and  T.  R.  Arkell, 
Ottawa,  to  purchase  and  distribute  pure  bred  stock  throughout 
Canada. 

Another  Commission  was  gazetted  on  July  4th  for  the  purpose  of 
investigating  and  reporting  upon  the  conditions  and  requirements  of 
the  Shell-fish  fisheries  of  the  Maritime  Provinces.  The  members 
included  Dr.  E.  E.  Prince,  Ottawa  (Chairman) ;  Richard  O'Leary, 
Richibucto,  N.B. ;  Hon.  John  MacLean,  Souris,  P.E.I.;  and  S.  Y. 
Wilson,  Halifax.  A  number  of  meetings  were  held  throughout  the 
Provinces  and  conditions  carefully  investigated.  On  Apl.  10,  W.  D. 


GOVERNMENT  COMMISSIONS  AND  OFFICIAL  INQUIRIES       207 

Hogg,  K.C.,  and  Dr.  Adam  Sbortt,  C.M.G.,  were  appointed  Commis- 
sioners to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  working  of  the  Law  Branch 
of  the  House  of  Commons  of  Canada.  On  Jan.  29th,  F.  P.  Gutelius, 
C.E.,  Montreal,  and  Geo.  Lynch- Staunton,  K.C.,  Hamilton,  were 
appointed  Commissioners  to  inquire  into,  investigate  and  report  upon 
all  matters  in  respect  to  the  construction,  etc.,  of  the  National  Trans- 
continental Eailway  between  Moncton,  N.B.,  and  the  City  of  Winni- 
peg, Manitoba.  On  May  24th,  James  A.  J.  McKenna,  Winnipeg, 
was  appointed  a  Special  Commissioner  to  investigate  and  report  with 
respect  to  claims  put  forth  by,  and  on  behalf  of,  the  Indians  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  as  to  lands,  rights,  etc.,  at  issue  between  the  Dominion 
and  Provincial  Governments  and  the  Indians  in  respect  thereto,  and 
to  represent  the  Government  of  Canada  therein. 

On  Nov.  9th,  Sir  Joseph  Pope,  K.C.M.G.,  E.  F.  Jarvis  of  the  Militia 
Department,  and  A.  G.  Doughty,  C.M.G.,  Dominion  Archivist,  were 
appointed  Commissioners  to  investigate  into  and  report  upon  the 
state  of  the  records  of  the  different  Departments  of  the  Government 
of  Canada  and  the  control  exercised  over  the  same.  A  little  before 
this,  Mr.  Eogers,  then  Minister  of  the  Interior,  selected  E.  E.  Taylor, 
Chief  Eanch  Inspector  at  Calgary,  George  H.  Pope,  Winnipeg,  and 
Clarence  F.  Graham,  Winnipeg,  to  investigate  the  question  of  graz- 
ing leases  in  the  West  and  to  report  as  to  lands  suitable  only  for 
grazing  purposes.  Appointments  to  existing  Commissions  included 
that  of  M.  G.  Teed,  K.C.,  of  St.  John  as  member  and  Chairman  of  the 
St.  John  River  Commission;  Henry  Lumley  Drayton,  K.C.,  as  Chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Eailway  Commissioners  in  succession  to  the  late 
J.  P.  Mabee.  Important  changes  took  place  in  the  Harbour  Commis- 
sions of  some  of  the  chief  Ports.  In  Montreal,  Quebec,  and  Pictou, 
the  Boards  retired  and  were  replaced  as  follows — the  first-named 
being  Chairman: 

Montreal.  . .  .William  G.  Ross.  Pictou Thomas  Cantley. 

Montreal.  . .  .Farquhar  Robertson.  Pictou Hugh  Murray. 

Montreal Lt.-Col.  A.  E.  D.  Labelle.  Pictou Daniel  Sutherland. 

Quebec William  Price.  Pictou George   H.    McDonald. 

Quebec J.    B.    E.    Letellier.  Pictou Capt.  Wm.  Fraser. 

Quebec Alfred  S.  Gravel.  Three  Rivers  ..  Jos.   F.   Belief euille. 

Of  existing  bodies  the  International  Waterways  Commission,  estab- 
lished originally  in  connection  with  Boundary  waters,  had  not  been 
very  active  for  some  years  and  had  confined  itself  chiefly  to  the  delimi- 
tation of  the  International  boundary  through  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
Great  Lakes  which  in  1912  was  nearing  completion.  It  also  pre- 
sented a  Eeport  to  Congress  upon  the  regulation  of  the  outflow  from 
Lake  Erie.  The  International  Joint  Commission,  a  new  organization 
created  in  1911  with  T.  Chase  Casgrain  (Chairman),  H.  A.  Powell 
and  Charles  A.  Magrath  as  the  Canadian  Members  and  L.  J.  Burpee, 
Secretary,  did  some  important  work  during  1912.  It  was  a  sort  of 
Judicial  tribunal  for  the  investigation  and  settlement  of  questions 
connected  with  international  waterways  and  was  engaged  chiefly  in 
investigating  three  important  questions,  referred  to  it  by  joint  agree- 


208  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ment  of  the  Canadian  and  United  States  Governments.  One  of  these 
related  to  the  levels  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  tributary  waters, 
involving  large  interests,  as  far  apart  as  Winnipeg  and  Duluth.  The 
gfccond  question  was  the  building  of  a  dam  in  the  Detroit  River,  in 
connection  with  the  Livingstone  Channel  and  intended  to  be  built 
partly  in  American  and  partly  in  Canadian  waters  in  order  to  protect 
the  interests  of  navigation.  The  third  question  was  the  exceedingly 
important  one  of  the  pollution  of  boundary  waters.  In  addition  to 
these  matters,  the  Commission  had  before  it  several  applications 
involving  the  erection  of  dams  and  other  works  in  boundary  waters. 
The  Civil  Service  Commission  of  Canada — M.  G.  Larochelle  and 
Prof.  Adam  Shortt,  Commissioners — did  its  routine  work  during  the 
year  and  in  view  of  current  investigations  made  no  special  recom- 
mendations in  its  annual  Report  of  September,  1912.  The  Ottawa 
Improvement  Commission  issued  a  Report  signed  by  its  Secretary, 
Wm.  Kearns — detailing  some  of  the  work  which  had  been  recom- 
mended, undertaken  or  carried  out  with  the  support  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  City  authorities. 

Mr.  Borden's  first  Session  as  Prime  Minister  was 
Summarized  notable  for  the  presentation  of  much  legislation  along 
B«cordofthe  ^  jj  f  preceding  promises;  it  was  also  marked  by 

Parliamentary    ..  <•  i  •  •      AI_     T  «u       i 

sessions  the  checking  of  a  part  of  his  programme  m  the  Liberal 

of  1912  Senate.    On  Jan.  10th  the  Government  accepted  a  Reso- 

lution moved  by  Mr.  H.  R.  Emmerson  (Lib.)  stating 
that  the  sphere  of  influence  of  the  Intercolonial  Railway  as  a  Govern- 
ment-operated Line  should  be  widened  and  extended  by  securing 
through  lease  or  otherwise  such  of  the  branch  lines  of  railway  then 
conected  with  the  Intercolonial  as  might  prove  "  direct  and  profit- 
able feeders  "  to  the  traffic  of  the  Government  Line.  Mr.  J.  A.  M. 
Aikins  ('Cons.)  brought  up  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  question 
on  the  12th  and  evoked  a  considerable  discussion  of  the  subject. 
The  Old  Age  Pension  idea  was  discussed  on  the  17th  through  a 
motion  asking  for  a  Select  Committee  which  was  presented  by  J.  H. 
Burnham  (Cons.)  after  arrangement  with  E.  M.  Macdonald  (Lib.) 
who  had  a  similar  Resolution  on  the  order-paper.  It  brought  a  favour- 
able and  logically-worded  address  from  the  Hon.  W.  T.  White.  The 
debate  was  continued  briefly  on  the  24th  when  Mr.  Macdonald,  Hon. 
R.  Lemieux  and  others  spoke  and  the  motion  was  accepted.  The  Com- 
mittee as  appointed  was  composed  of  Mr.  Burnham  (Chairman), 
G.  H.  Bradbury,  W.  A.  Buchanan,  W.  F.  Carroll,  0.  S.  Crocket,  J.  A. 
Currie,  H.  Guthrie,  E.  M.  Macdonald,  A.  A.  Mondou,  A.  Verville,  and 
Hon.  W.  T.  White. 

On  Jan.  24th  W.  A.  Buchanan  (Lib.)  brought  up  the  matter  of 
the  car  shortage  in  the  West  at  such  points  as  Claresholm,  Cardston, 
Taber,  Magrath,  Granum,  etc.,  and  Mr.  Foster,  Minister  of  Trade 
and  Commerce,  pointed  out  in  reply  that  while  increased  facilities 
were  desirable  and  necessary,  yet  the  Railways  had  apparently  done 
their  best  under  the  circumstances.  The  number  of  cars  inspected  in 
the  Western  division  was  as  follows  in  recent  years:  in  1906-7  the 


SUMMARIZED  KECORD  OF  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS      209 

number  was  34,855;  in  1907-8,  35,827;  in  1908-9,  59,816;  in  1909-10, 
69,748;  in  1910-11,  59,124;  in  1911-12,  83,001.  The  farmers  of  the 
West  should  help  by  storing  their  grain  to  some  extent  as  was  done 
by  the  farmers  of  the  East.  A  Resolution  introduced  by  J.  G.  Turriff 
(Lib.)  and  voted  down  by  107  to  62  declared  that  the  Minister  of 
Customs  "  in  collecting  a  duty  of  25  per  cent,  on  sawed  planks,  boards, 
joists,  scantlings,  studding  and  other  lumber  of  wood  dressed  on  one 
side  when  the  edge  thereof  was  neither  jointed,  nor  tongued,  nor 
grooved,  is  violating  the  Customs  Act,  and  unduly  and  illegally 
imposing  a  heavy  tax  on  the  people." 

The  debate  was  largely  between  Prairie  Liberals  and  British 
Columbia  Conservatives.  The  former  claimed  that  the  Government 
had  changed  the  interpretation  of  the  law  to  please  the  British 
Columbia  lumbermen,  and  the  latter  that  the  Liberals  had  allowed  the 
American  lumbermen  to  evade  the  law  by  a  "  fraudulent "  method 
of  dressing  lumber  so  that  it  came  in  free.  Sir  W.  Laurier  spoke 
also  at  some  length.  Dr.  Reid,  Minister  of  Customs,  concluded  the 
debate  by  stating  that  no  duty  had  been  collected  upon  the  species 
of  lumber  under  discussion.  W.  F.  Maclean  (Cons.)  had  a  motion 
declaring  it  to  be  "  against  the  general  interests  of  Canada  to  have 
any  territorial  variance  in  the  application  of  tariff  charges  by  the 
Board  of  Railway  Commissioners  for  Canada."  He  urged  the  prin- 
ciple of  equality  of  Railway  rates  throughout  the  Dominion  and  the 
Premier,  in  reply,  described  the  subject  as  complicated  and  the 
motion  as  going  further  than  the  Government  was  willing  to  go. 
Cost  of  construction,  length  of  haul  and  density  of  population  all 
entered  into  the  matter,  and  he  did  hot  think  it  would  be  wise  to  lay 
down  the  amendment  as  a  principle  for  the  guidance  of  the  Commis- 
sion. Several  Western  Liberals  supported  the  Resolution  but  finally 
it  was  withdrawn  by  Mr.  Maclean. 

The  afternoon  of  Jan.  25th  was  spent  in  debating  the  Liberal  pro- 
posal to  grant  a  bonus  of  $5,250  to  the  National  Transcontinental 
Commissioners  whose  resignation  had  been  requested  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. This  the  Government  refused  to  do.  Conservative  speakers 
claimed  that  construction  had  been  mismanaged  by  the  Commission 
and  asked  how  freight  rates  in  the  future  were  to  be  reduced  with 
a  fixed  charge  of  $6,000,000  interest  on  the  Line  for  constructive 
cost.  "You  cannot  escape  the  fact,"  said  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  "that 
$13,000,000  estimated  by  the  late  Prime  Minister  as  interest,  and  I 
must  do  him  the  justice  to  say  that  he  never  estimated  it  as  anything 
else,  has  grown  to  $60,000,000  and  the  $54,000,000  estimated  by  my 
predecessor,  I  have  no  doubt  in  all  good  faith  ($28,000  per  mile  from 
Winnipeg  to  Quebec  and  $25,000  a  mile  from  Levis  to  Moncton),  has 
now  grown  into  $236,000,000 — nearly  five  times  as  much  and  equal 
to  $130,000  per  mile."  The  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham,  ex-Minister  of 
Railways,  contended  in  the  House  on  Mch.  21  that  the  capital  cost 
to  Jan.  1,  1914,  would  be  $187,781,128. 

On  March  29th,  A.  de  Witt  Rhodes  ('Cons.)  of  Nova  Scotia  pre- 
sented a  Resolution  calling  upon  the  Government  to  inaugurate  a 
14 


210 

policy  of  publicity  and  immigration  calculated  to  develop  the  Pro- 
vinces of  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island  and  New  Brunswick, 
as  well  as  the  wheat-growing  districts  of  the  West.  Mr.  Eogers,  Min- 
ister of  the  Interior,  received  the  proposal  sympathetically  and  stated 
that  all  the  Provincial  Governments  had  been  invited  to  co-operate 
with  the  Federal  Government  in  a  just  and  aggressive  Immigration 
policy.  The  motion  passed  without  division.  Meanwhile,  on  the 
12th,  the  question  of  political  dismissals  from  office  was  brought  up 
in  Committee.  0.  J.  Wilcox  (Cons.)  pointed  out  alleged  Liberal 
incidents  and  practices  of  dismissal  without  cause  and  defended  him- 
self for  a  similarly  charged  action.  Mr.  Eeid,  Minister  of  Customs, 
defined  the  Governments  practice  after  charges  of  partisanship 
against  officials  had  been  submitted,  as  follows :  "  In  cases  where 
investigations  are  held  there  is  a  regular  Commissioner  duly 
appointed  by  Order-in-Council  for  that  purpose.  If  there  is  no  Coun- 
sel employed,  then  the  Commissioner  must  notify  the  man  charged, 
who  will  have  a  right  to  appear  and  give  evidence,  or  rebut  evidence 
that  may  be  brought  against  him.  He  can  take  any  means  he  likes 
to  disprove  that  evidence,  and  the  Commissioner  must  take  the  evi- 
dence under  oath.  Then  a  report  will  be  sent  to  the  Department,  it 
will  be  looked  into,  and  if  the  evidence  is  sufficient  to  justify  the 
dismissal  the  dismissal  will  have  to  be  made."  J.  A.  Currie  and  other 
Conservatives  followed  with  elaborate  lists,  statistics  and  details  of 
dismissals,  without  investigation,  by  the  late  Government  in  1896-7. 
West  Indian  trade  and  tariffs  and  the  possibilities  of  Australian 
Preferential  action  were  discussed  on  motion  of  Hon.  W.  Pugsley 
(Jan.  26) ;  the  delay  in  issuing  a  writ  for  the  South  Eenfrew  vacancy 
was  brought  up  by  A.  H.  Clarke  (Lib.)  on  the  31st,  while  J.  E. 
Armstrong  (Cons.)  made  a  careful  and  elaborate  speech  upon  this 
Eesolution:  "That  a  Commission  should  be  appointed  to  investigate 
the  systems  of  national  telegraphs  and  telephones,  wireless  telegraphs 
and  cables,  also  postal  conditions,  laws  and  regulations,  parcels  post, 
means  of  collecting  and  distributing  mails;  with  a  view  to  submit- 
ting such  data  and  information  to  the  Post  Office  Department  as 
would  help  to  improve  existing  conditions  in  all  the  above;  and  to 
further  inquire  into  postal  facilities  in  rural  districts  in  other  coun- 
tries in  order  that  a  better  system  of  rural  free  mail  delivery  may  be 
inaugurated."  The  alleged  partisan  grant  of  passes  on  the  Inter- 
colonial (Government)  Railway  under  the  late  Government,  and  the 
extension  of  the  Parcel  Post  system,  brought  up  by  W.  F.  Maclean 
were  discussed  briefly  on  Feb.  1st  when  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier  com- 
mitted himself  to  some  expansion  in  the  latter  system.  On  the  2nd, 
Mr.  White,  Minister  of  Finance,  moved  a  Eesolution  which  was 
adopted  in  the  following  terms  and  legislation  duly  passed : 

Resolved,  that  it  is  expedient  to  authorize  the  payment  out  of  the 
Consolidated  Revenue  Fund  of  such  sums  as  may  be  sufficient  to  discharge 
the  obligations  of  His  Majesty  the  King,  acting  in  respect  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada,  under  the  provisions  of  Paragraph  5  of  the  Schedule  to  Chap- 
ter 24  of  the  Statutes  of  1904,  in  accordance  with  the  interpretation  of 


SUMMAEIZED  EECORD  OF  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS        211 

these  provisions  by  the  judgment  of  the  Lords  of  the  Judicial  Committee 
of  the  Privy  Council,  on  the  appeal  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway 
Company  v.  The  King,  from  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada,  delivered 
November  2nd,  1911. 

This  technical  matter  turned  upon  an  obscure  wording  in  the  revised 
Government  Agreement  of  1904  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Co. 
and  involved  an  additional  payment  to  the  Company  of  $10,080,000. 
The  original  Agreement  of  1903  provided  that  the  Government  should 
guarantee  the  bonds  of  the  Eailway  Company.  These  bonds  were  to 
be  for  three-fourths  of  the  cost  of  the  Prairie  Section^  but  not  to 
exceed  $13,000  a  mile,  and  three-fourths  of  the  cost  of  the  Mountain 
Section,  whatever  that  might  be.  The  bonds  were  to  be  for  the  face 
value  of  these  sums.  In  1904  this  Agreement  was  modified,  and  the 
word  "implement"  was  introduced.  Under  the  legal  interpretation 
of  this  arrangement  the  Government  was  obliged  (1)  to  guarantee 
these  bonds,  and  (2)  in  addition  to  pay  in  cash  the  difference  between 
the  par  value  of  the  bonds  and  the  sum  which  they  would  realize  on 
the  money  market.  In  all  there  were  about  seventy  millions  of  such 
bonds.  They  were  issued  at  first  at  94  and  of  late  had  been  netting 
only  about  80.  Their  average  price  was  about  85  or  86,  so  that  the 
deficiency  was  about  ten  millions.  The  subject  was  discussed  on  the 
2nd  Heading  of  the  Bill  (Feb.  14  and  19).  Mr.  White  declared  that 
the  public  had  been  shocked  by  the  discovery  of  this  heavy  additional 
obligation  and  Sir  W.  Laurier  (Feb.  14)  accepted  for  his  late  Gov- 
ernment full  responsibility  for  the  original  legislation.  He  made  this 
explanation : 

The  only  difficulty  that  arose  in  connection  with  the  matter,  was  as 
to  the  interpretation  of  this  Agreement,  and  as  to  in  what  manner  the 
implementing  should  take  place.  That  has  been  a  question  between  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  Co.  and  the  Government  for  some  years 
past.  I  need  not  tell  the  House — many  of  the  old  members  remember  it — 
that  when  we  made  the  contract  with  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway 
Co.,  the  Government  engaged  the  services  of  some  of  the  most  able  Coun- 
sel who  could  be  obtained.  We  had  the  Minister  of  Justice,  who  did  not 
himself  take  any  technical  part  in  the  framing  of  the  contract,  and  who 
left  this  largely  to  Mr.  Newcombe,  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Justice,  and  to. 
one  of  the  most  able  Counsel  of  the  Dominion,  Mr.  George  F.  Shepley. 
These  gentlemen  prepared  the  contract  for  our  guidance,  and  even  though 
our  best  efforts  were  given  to  make  it  a  document  that  could  not  be  dis- 
puted, still,  as  doctors  differ,  so  will  lawyers  and  judges.  When  the  diffi- 
culty arose,  Mr.  Shepley  and  Mr.  Newcombe  advised  us  that  the  proper 
method  of  implementing  would  be  to  issue  bonds,  so  as  to  make  up  the 
difference,  whereas,  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  Co.  took  the  position  that 
the  implementing  should  be  only  by  the  payment  of  cash  to  the  amount 
of  the  difference  between  the  face  value  of  the  bonds  and  the  price  they 
realized.  Then,  the  matter  was  referred  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada. 

Upon  Feb.  2nd,  also,  E.  M.  Macdonald  (Lib.)  urged  the  Govern- 
ment to  make  immediate  representations  to  Great  Britain  in  the 
direction  of  an  Imperial  Naturalization  law.  Sham  trawling  was 
discussed  on  the  5th  together  with  the  question  of  better  protection 
for  fishing  interests  in  Canadian  waters  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Upon 
the  latter  point  and  the  arguments  presented  by  H.  S.  Clements  and 


212  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

F.  H.  Shepherd,  Mr.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  was 
explicit :  "  It  is  my  belief  that  up  to  the  present  time  there  has  not 
been  adequate  protection  to  preserve  these  fisheries  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  those  who  have  no  right  to  fish  in  our  waters  within  the 
three  mile  limit.  It  is  my  belief,  also,  that  there  has  not  been  a 
sufficient  patrol  to  enforce  our  laws  within  that  three  mile  limit."  A 
debate,  also,  took  place  on  the  2nd  reading  of  Mr.  Arthur  Meighen's 
Eailway  Amendment  which  aimed  at  selecting  a  standard  cattle- 
guard  which  would  be  of  real  use  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
intended  and  providing,  in  cases  where  animals  were  injured  on  the 
tracks  of  a  Railway  Company  and  where  the  injury  was  caused  by 
the  negligence  of  the  Company,  that  the  Company  should  be  made  to 
pay.  Mr.  Borden  pointed  out  certain  difficulties  and  the  debate  was 
adjourned. 

Freight  rates  were  discussed  on  Feb.  15th  and  J.  G.  Turriff  (Lib.) 
claimed  that  there  was  not  only  discrimination  against  the  people  of 
the  West  in  comparison  with  the  East  but  also  in  comparison  with 
the  United  States  generally.  Elaborate  statistics  were  adduced  to 
prove  his  case.  Mr.  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  in  reply  spoke 
of  the  cost  of  Railway  construction  as  being  important  in  this  connec- 
tion as  well  as  the  cost  of  operation  and,  in  the  course  of  his  speech 
said  that  the  latest  estimate  of  National  Transcontinental  construc- 
tion and  completion  was  $350,000,000.  The  Government  and  the 
people,  he  thought,  had  every  confidence  in  the  existing  Railway  Com- 
mission to  which  this  subject  had  been  relegated  and  in  the  able 
lawyers  to  whom  the  people's  case  had  been  confided  for  presentation 
to  the  Commission. 

Winter  communication  with  Prince  Edward  Island  was  dealt  with 
on  Feb.  28th  and  the  rules  of  the  National  Rifle  Association  at  Bisley 
were  discussed  on  the  26th — incidentally  the  alleged  superiority  of 
the  Ross  rifle  to  the  Lee-Enfield.  Mr.  Oliver,  ex-Minister  of  the 
Interior,  moved  a  Resolution  on  the  28th  recapitulating  the  Govern- 
ment action  in  connection  with  Western  grain  congestion — the  lower- 
ing of  freight  rates  to  Duluth  and  Minneapolis  after  conference  with 
the  Railways  and  the  application  to  the  United  States  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  for  leave  to  file  grain  routes  from  the  North- 
West  to  the  same  ports — and  continuing  as  follows :  "  As  the  reduc- 
tion of  rates  so  announced  can  only  affect  the  situation  to  a  limited 
degree,  the  House  would  urge  upon  the  Government  the  advisability 
of  securing  further  consideration  of  the  matter  by  the  Railway  Com- 
panies with  a  view  to  having  the  reduced  rates  apply  to  wheat  and 
oats  for  grinding  in  bond  and  for  consumption  in  the  United  States 
as  well  as  for  export;  the  House  would  further  urge  that  such  means 
as  may  be  practicable  be  taken  by  the  Government  to  have  the  through 
rates  on  barley  and  flax  to  Duluth  and  Minneapolis  which  became 
effective  on  Jan.  23  reduced  to  the  Fort  William  rate." 

The  speaker  claimed  that  there  were  30  million  bushels  of  dam- 
aged wheat  in  the  West  unfit  for  milling  and  about  that  amount 
unthreshed  in  the  middje  of  January.  "The  loss  to  the  farmer  on 


SUMMARIZED  RECORD  OP  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS      213 

the  expectation  of  his  crop  is  estimated  at- about  25  million  bushels. 
At  60  cents  a  bushel  the  loss  to  the  farmer  will  be  $15,000,000.  But, 
unfortunately,  besides  the  shortage  of  the  crop  is  the  loss  by  reason 
of  depreciated  quality,  owing  to  the  unfavourable  season  of  late 
growth  and  harvest — estimated  at  $20,000,000."  His  conclusion  was 
as  follows:  "The  policy  of  the  Government,  as  they  are  pleased  to 
say,  looks  to  building  up  the  industries  and  interests  of  this  country 
of  ours  by  a  process  of  restriction.  It  is  distinctly  in  giving  effect  to 
that  policy  that  these  millions  of  bushels  of  damaged  wheat  in  the 
Northwest  are  in  danger  of  absolute  destruction  and  it  is  in  pursu- 
ance of  that  policy  that  the  people  of  the  Northwest,  the  farmers  and 
business  men,  have  lost  the  millions  of  dollars  that  they  have  lost 
during  the  past  season  from  the  blockade  conditions."  Reciprocity 
or  freer  trade  was  in  his  opinion  the  only  relief. 

Hon.  Mr.  Foster,  in  his  reply,  referred  to  the  natural  causes  of 
too  much  rain  and  too  little  sun,  with  the  addition  of  a  coal  strike 
which  hampered  the  Railways,  as  the  chief  reasons  for  the  trouble. 
He  denied  the  correctness  of  the  huge  figures  of  loss  adduced  and 
said  that  if  any  Government  was  to  blame  it  must  surely  be  the  one 
which  had  just  left  Office.  After  some  reference  to  his  own  personal 
experiences  as  a  boy  on  a  farm,  Mr.  Foster  proceeded :  "  In  this  mat- 
ter the  Northwest  must  help  itself,  or  it  never  can  be  best  helped,  by 
changing  gradually,  but  surely,  its  method  of  farming,  and  introduc- 
ing mixed  farming — not  putting  all  the  eggs  into  one  basket. 
Instead  of  going  to  outside  countries  to  bring  in  all  their  goods  except 
grains  from  time  to  time,  they  have  an  inestimable  opportunity  there 
for  the  production  of  all  that  class  of  articles.  That  is  one  part  of 
this  problem  of  coarse  grain.  Then,  I  think  we  cannot  put  the  ques- 
tion too  strongly  to  the  farmers  of  the  West  that  they  must  look  to 
the  storing  of  their  own  grain  to  a  certain  extent."  Other  speakers 
followed  and  the  motion  was  rejected  by  84  to  54. 

'On  Feb.  29th  J.  E.  Armstrong  again  brought  up  the  question  of 
public  means  of  communication — as  he  had  done  on  Jan.  31 — 
including  Rural  free  mail  delivery,  Telephones,  Cables  and  Cable 
rates,  Wireless  Telegraphy  and  Parcels  Post  and  asked  for  a  Com- 
mission of  Inquiry.  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  (Lib.)  followed  with  a  speech 
favouring,  in  particular,  a  reduction  in  Cable  rates  between  Canada 
and  Great  Britain  and  moving  an  Amendment  to  that  effect  which 
was  rejected  by  70  to  40.  On  Feb.  16th  and  Mch.  llth  the  Bill 
separating  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  from  the  control  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  was  debated  at  length.  At  the  first  date  a 
large  Delegation  of  Hebrews  was  present  in  Committee  to  oppose 
the  clause  declaring  that  the  institution  shall  be  "  distinctively  Chris- 
tian." It  was  pointed  out  that  the  Church  in  question  had  only 
permitted  the  separation  on  the  understanding  conveyed  in  the  words 
mentioned.  Two  clauses  in  the  Act  were  of  primary  importance  as 
follows : 

(3)  The  management  and  discipline  of  the  University  shall  be  in  every 
respect  freed  from  all  denominational  restrictions,  and  it  shall  be  national 
and  non-denominational  in  its  character  and  management: 


214  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

(20)  The  University  shall  continue  distinctively  Christian,  but  no 
religious  test  or  qualification  save  the  profession  of  Christianity  shall  be 
required  of  or  appointed  for  any  officer,  trustee,  member  of  council,  or 
official  of  the  University.  Laymen  shall  be  eligible  to  any  position 
therein. 

They  were  amended  by  omitting  the  second  portion  of  Clause  3  and 
making  Clause  20  declare  that  the  University  "  shall  continue  dis- 
tinctively Christian  and  the  Trustees  of  the  University  shall  satisfy 
themselves  of  the  Christian  character  of  those  appointed  to  the  teach- 
ing staiL  Laymen  shall  be  eligible  to  any  position  in  the  University." 
One  of  the  most  important  measures  of  the  Session  was  Mr.  Foster's 
Grain  Act  of  which  the  2nd  reading  took  place  on  Jan.  30th.  He 
reviewed  the  Eeport  of  the  Grain  Commission  of  1906-7,  the  Con- 
ference of  business  and  agricultural  interests  with  the  Minister  in 
1908,  the  remodelling  of  the  Grain  Act  and  Instruction  and  Sales 
Act,  the  discussion  of  1911  and  the  Act  which  passed  the  Senate  in 
that  year.  The  twin  questions  of  storage  and  transportation  were 
dealt  with,  the  problem  of  prices  handled,  the  middlemen  in  the 
storage  question  referred  to,  and  the  Minister  then  summarized  his 
Bill  as  follows : 

The  object  of  the  present  Act  is  to  remedy  grievances  and  to  alleviate 
troubles  in  as  far  as  an  enactment  of  Parliament  can  alleviate  and  help. 
The  whole  Act,  which  is  a  long  one,  is  not  new;  it  is  a  consolidation  of 
the  Inspection  and  Sales  Act  and  the  Manitoba  Grain  Act  with  some 
amendments  and  additions.  The  object  is  to  perfect  the  Governmental 
system  of  supervision  and  of  control  so  as  to  meet  some  of  the  difficulties 
which  have  arisen  and  do  away  with  some  of  the  grievances  which  have 
been  stated.  A  Commission  is  to  be  formed  which,  in  the  first  place,  will 
have  control  of  what  has  so  far  been  controlled  not  by  a  Commission  but 
by  officers  appointed  by  the  Government.  .  .  .  The  Government  also 
takes  power  in  this  Act  to  expropriate,  to  construct  and  to  lease  Terminal 
Elevators  to  the  end  that  the  selfish  interests  which  it  has  heretofore  been 
declared  have  worked  against  the  interests  of  the  farmer  shall  be  elimin- 
ated as  far  as  possible  and  such  Terminal  Elevators,  when  constructed, 
or  built,  or  leased,  will  be  managed  by  the  Commission.  It  will  be  their 
business  to  operate  these  Elevators. 

Mr.  Foster  described  it  as  a  non-party  measure  and  one  in  which 
he  would  welcome  co-operation  from  all  sections.  The  subject  was 
discussed  at  length  on  Feb.  1,  2,  6,  9,  15,  20,  26,  29  and  Mch.  11 — 
one  of  the  most  debateable  matters  being  the  proposed  change  in  the 
name  of  high-grade  Western  wheat  from  "  Manitoba  "  to  "  Canada." 
Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  wanted  the  change,  Manitoba  opposed  it. 
In  his  contention  (Feb.  6)  the  Minister  claimed  that  greater  credit 
would  accrue  to  the  country  at  large  if  the  name  of  this  wheat  were 
not  confined  to  one  section.  He  was  of  opinion  that  the  change  would 
not  militate  against  the  market  currency  of  the  grain.  If  there  was 
any  danger  that  it  would  do  so  the  word  "  Manitoba "  in  brackets 
might  be  placed  after  the  new  name.  "If  we  restrict  our  wheat  to 
the  word  '  Manitoba/  "  said  the  Minister,  "  we  restrict  the  idea  of 
Canada's  productive  power.  If  the  word  '  Canada '  is  applied  it 


SUMMAEIZED  KECORD  OF  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS        215 

lends  the  idea  of  expansion."  Mr.  Poster  was  not  fixed  in  his  view, 
however,  and  ultimately  Manitoba  retained  the  honour  she  had  won 
years  before  of  being  the  first  Province  to  produce  the  celebrated 
"  No.  1  Hard."  In  other  grains,  Manitoba  yielded  pride  of  place  and 
in  descriptions  of  oats,  barley  and  flaxseed  "  Canada  Western "  was 
in  future  to  be  the  official  title.  Various  amendments  were  moved 
but  were  voted  down;  Deputations  from  rival  interests  such  as  the 
Grain  Growers  Associations  and  the  Dominion  Millers'  Association 
objected  to  certain  clauses ;  Western  Liberals  claimed  that  too  much 
power  was  given  the  Grain  Commission.  Finally,  a  clause  giving 
this  Board  special  authority  in  dealing  with  grain  blockades  was 
deleted  but  the  Act  passed  in  the  main  unchanged. 

Mr.  Martin  Burrell's  Act  in  aid  of  Agriculture  was  an  important 
measure.  The  Minister  explained  the  Bill  (Feb.  12)  as  being  the 
result  of  a  genuine  desire  to  encourage  agriculture  and  to  obtain  Pro- 
vincial co-operation  in  so  doing.  "It  provides  for  power  to  assist 
the  Provinces  by  means  of  direct  grants  of  money  under  agreement 
between  this  Government  and  the  Provincial  Governments;  it  being 
understood,  of  course,  that  such  moneys  will  be  expended  purely  for 
agricultural  purposes.  The  principle  upon  which  grants  will  be 
apportioned  will  be  that  of  division  based  on  population,  the  Census 
of  1911  governing."  The  total  sum  involved  was  $500,000  and  the 
chief  argument  adduced  by  the  Opposition  was  that  the  powers 
granted  were  not  limited,  legally,  to  the  specific  purposes  described 
in  the  Minister's  speech.  Mr.  Hazen,  Minister,  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries, introduced  on  Mch.  14  a  Bill  amending  the  Fisheries  Act. 
"  This  Bill  has  reference  to  the  oyster  fisheries  of  the  Lower  Pro- 
vinces. Hon.  gentlemen,  I  think,  are  aware  that  in  late  years  these 
fisheries,  which  were  at  one  time  very  valuable,  have  become  owing 
to  poor  fishing,  largely  depleted,  and  the  result  has  been  that  the 
fisheries  show  a  falling  off  in  the  output  year  by  year.  For  some 
years  past  the  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  in  my  Department  has  been 
endeavouring  to  come  to  some  arrangement  with  the  Governments 
of  the  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Edward 
Island,  with  a  view  to  the  improvement  of  these  fisheries." 

It  was  proposed  to  authorize  the  Provincial  Governments,  upon 
terms  to  be  approved  by  the  Governor-in-Council,  "to  grant  leases 
of  such  areas  of  the  sea  coast,  bays,  inlets,  harbours,  creeks,  rivers 
and  estuaries  as  the  Government  of  such  Province  considers  suitable 
for  the  cultivation  and  production  of  oysters,  and  any  person  to  whom 
such  leases  are  granted  by  such  Province  shall,  subject  to  the  Fishery 
regulations  of  Canada,  have  the  exclusive  right  to  the  oysters  pro- 
duced or  found  on  the  beds  within  the  limits  of  their  respective 
leases."  An  Amendment  to  the  Canada  Shipping  Act  was  also  passed 
by  Mr.  Hazen  providing  that  certificates  shall  not  in  future  be 
required  for  masters  and  mates  upon  sailing  ships  of  not  more  than 
one  hundred  tons,  registered  tonnage,  propelled  by  auxiliary  power 
other  than  steam — employed  partly  in  fishing  and  partly  in  the  car- 
riage of  freight.  Great  changes  had  recently  taken  place  in  this 


216  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

industry  and  these  fishing  vessels  were  now  propelled  almost  entirely 
by  gasoline  engines. 

Other  legislation  of  the  Session  included  the  Criminal  Code 
amendment  by  Mr.  Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice,  intended  to  restrict 
the  privilege  allowed  as  to  betting  upon  race-tracks  to  tracks  of  racing 
Associations  incorporated  either  by  Act  of  Parliament,  or  by  an  Act 
of  the  Legislature  of  the  Provinces  in  which  the  Association  might 
exist;  the  same  Minister's  Bill  to  amend  the  Exchequer  Court  Act 
so  as  to  provide  for  the  appointment  of  an  Assistant  Judge  in  that 
Court;  the  Amendment  to  the  Civil  Service  Act  proposed  by  Mr. 
Pelletier,  Postmaster- General,  for  the  establishment  of  a  branch  of 
the  Post  Office  Department  to  be  known  as  the  Rural  Mail  Delivery 
Branch,  and  for  the  employment  of  a  Superintendent  and  such  other 
employees  as  might  be  required  who  would  all  be  appointed  under  the 
Civil  Service  Act;  Hon.  Mr.  Burrell's  Act  incorporating  the  Live 
Stock  Record  Association. 

The  two  measures  adding  to  the  boundaries  of  Manitoba  and 
Quebec,  as  a  result  of  the  Manitoba  settlement,  were  introduced 
(Mch.  28)  and  passed  by  Mr.  Borden.  They  involved  a  transfer  to 
Quebec  of  456,000  square  miles  of  land  and  water  and  to  Ontario 
of  about  140,000  square  miles.  Mr.  White,  Minister  of  Finance,  on 
Mch.  22nd  presented  the  following  Resolution  which  was  afterwards 
put  into  legislation  and  approved :  "  Resolved,  that  it  is  expedient  to 
authorize,  in  addition  to  the  sums  now  authorized  by  law,  the  pay- 
ment of  an  annual  grant  to  the  Province  of  Prince  Edward  Island 
of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars."  The  subject  was  debated  on  Mch. 
26  at  some  length.  Colonel  Hughes  had  a  measure  confirming  the 
appointment  of  Brigadier-General  W.  D.  Otter,  C.B.,  as  a  Major- 
General  and  changing  the  law  as  to  Cadet  Corps  so  that  they  should 
turn  out  in  separate  Camps  and  not  with  the  active  Militia.  Mr. 
Cochrane,  Minister  of  Railways,  put  through  a  Bill  aiding  the  con- 
struction of  certain  bridges  on  the  St.  John  and  Quebec  Railway. 

On  Mch.  29,  Mr.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour,  took  strong  ground 
against  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  and  Mr.  C.  M.  Hays'  alleged  action 
in  not  re-instating  certain  men  after  the  Strike  settlement  of  1910. 
"  It  seems  to  me,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
it  will  be  the  duty  of  this  Parliament  to  provide  means  whereby  a 
quasi-public  institution  like  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  Co.  can  be 
compelled  to  treat  its  employees  fairly  and  decently  and  to  carry  out 
the  agreements  they  make  with  those  employees,  just  as  one  individual 
is  compelled  to  carry  out  his  agreement  with  another  individual." 
The  question  of  weighing  butter  and  cheese  for  shipment  or  sale  was 
discussed  on  Mch.  21st  by  J.  W.  Edwards  and  others  while  Hon.  Mr. 
Lemieux  dealt  with  Franco- Canadian  relations  and  urged  the  reten- 
tion of  a  Commercial  agency  in  Paris.  To  this,  Hon.  Mr.  Foster 
pointed  out  that  the  balance  of  trade  with  France  had  grown  against 
Canada  from  5%  millions  in  1902  to  9  millions  in  1911.  It  was, 
however,  not  his  intention  to  do  away  with  the  Agency  but  to  re-organ- 
ize and  strengthen  Canadian  representation  in  Paris.  A.  K.  Maclean 


SUMMARIZED  EECORD  OF  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS      217 

(Lib.)  brought  up  the  subject  of  a  fast  Atlantic  Service  on  Mch.  29 
and  urged  action  in  the  matter ;  the  International  Fishery  Treaty  and 
Commission  was  discussed  on  the  30th  upon  motion  of  Hon.  Mr. 
Pugsley. 

A  private  measure  presented  by  E.  A.  Lancaster  was  passed  at 
the  close  of  the  Session  enabling  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  to  raise 
$30,000,000  for  specific  purposes  and  use  in  Canada;  another  con- 
firmed an  Agreement  between  this  Company  and  the  T.  &  N.  0. 
Railway  Commission.  Col.  Hughes,  Minister  of  Militia,  carried  legis- 
lation based  upon  the  Resolution  that  "  it  is  expedient  to  provide  for 
the  payment  of  $100  to  every  person  residing  in  Canada  at  the  date 
of  the  passing  of  an  Act  based  upon  this  Resolution,  who  was  regu- 
larly enlisted  in  and  served  with  the  Militia  called  out  for  active  ser- 
vice in  the  year  1866  by  the  Governments  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia 
or  New  Brunswick,  or  in  the  year  1870  by  the  Government  of  Canada, 
with  the  exception  of  certain  battalions  of  riflemen  formed  for  service 
in  the  Northwest."  Mr.  White,  Minister  of  Finance,  renewed  the 
Bank  Act  for  another  year  after  presenting  a  draft  measure  of  a  per- 
manent nature  for  public  consideration.  An  important  Railway 
measure  was  Mr.  Cochrane's  Bill  authorizing  the  Governor-in-Coun- 
cil  to  grant  a  subsidy  of  $12,000  per  mile  to  the  Canadian  Northern 
Pacific  Railway  Co.  towards  the  construction  of  a  railway  from  a 
point  in  Yellowhead  Pass  to  Vancouver  and  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser 
River;  not  exceeding  525  miles.  The  Railway  was  to  be  commenced 
within  two  years  from  Aug.  1  and  completed  within  four  years  of 
that  date.  Another  measure  authorized  the  Dominion  Government 
to  aid  and  assist  the  construction  and  completion  of  a  branch  of  the 
Canadian  Northern  Alberta  Railway  Co.  extending  from  a  point  on 
the  Company's  Line  150  miles  westerly  from  St.  Albert,  thence  in  a 
westerly  direction  to  the  boundary  of  the  Province  of  British  Colum- 
bia at  or  in  the  Yellowhead  Pass  for  a  distance  not  exceeding  115 
miles,  by  guaranteeing  the  principal  and  interest  of  the  bonds,  deben- 
tures, debenture  stocks,  and  other  securities  of  the  Company  to  the 
extent  of  $35,000  per  mile. 

Of  miscellaneous  Government  Bills  Colonel  Hughes  had  a  measure 
authorizing  the  sale  of  the  Fort  Osborne  Barracks,  Winnipeg,  to  the 
Province  of  Manitoba  for  $200,000 — the  money  to  be  used  in  con- 
structing local  drill-shed  and  armouries;  Mr.  Monk's  Dry-dock  Sub- 
sidy's Act  provided  for  the  construction  of  Dry-docks  for  naval  and 
general  purposes,  costing  for  the  purposes  of  subsidy  calculations  not 
more  than  $5,500,000  and  being  Dry-docks  other  than  floating  Dry- 
docks,  of  dimensions  to  be  prescribed;  Mr.  Doherty's  Act  relating  to 
Judges  provided  certain  additional  salaries  in  various  Canadian 
Courts ;  Mr.  Rogers  had  a  measure  permitting  the  transfer  of  the  con- 
trol and  management  of  water-rights  within  the  Railway  Belt  in 
British  Columbia  to  the  Government  of  that  Province;  Mr.  Pelletier 
carried  an  Act  providing  under  certain  conditions  for  increased  sal- 
aries for  the  Railway  Mail  clerks.  The  following  matters  were  also 
discussed  during  the  Session  upon  the  initiative  of  those  mentioned: 


218  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Ouysborough  Branch  Railway Jan.  18 J.   H.   Sinclair. 

Political  Dismissals Jan.  19 E.  M.  Macdonald. 

Political  Dismissals   Jan.  23 Ernest  Lapointe. 

Political  Dismissals Jan.  26 A.  W.  Chisholm. 

Quebec  Harbour  Works Feb.  9. . .  .Hon.  R.  Lemieux. 

Immigration    Feb.  28 W.  M.  German. 

Nova   Scotia  Docks  and   Railways. ..  Mch.  1 A.  K.  Maclean. 

Trusts  and  Mergers Mch.  14. . .  .A.  Verville. 

Steamship  Service,  P.E.I Mch.  15 A.  A.  McLean. 

Intercolonial  Railway   Mch.  20 Hon.  H.  R.  Emmerson. 

Fishing  Twine,  Duty  on Mch.  20 J.   H.   Sinclair. 

Railway  Subsidies    Mch.  21 Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden. 

>  Railway  Subsidies    Mch.  27 Hon.  G.  P.  Graham. 

Political  Dismissals Mch.  27 F.  B.  Carvell. 

Political  Dismissals Mch.  29 Hon.  H.  S.  Bfiland. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  Senate  during  this  Session  discussed 
Typhoid  fever  legislation  on  Jan.  24  and  30  and  Feb.  8;  the  wages 
of  Railway  employees,  Feb.  6  and  Western  Grain  congestion  Feb.  7; 
the  pollution  of  navigable  waters,  Feb.  13,  27;  Manitoba  Boundaries 
on  Mch.  20,  25,  26;  the  proposed  Government  aid  to  Agriculture 
Mch.  27  and  the  Grain  Act  Feb.  14,  15,  Mch.  25,  27,  28 ;  the  Prince 
Edward  Island  subsidy  on  Mch.  29,  30;  the  National  Transcontin- 
ental on  Feb.  23  and  Mch.  5  and  Intercolonial  Railway  rates  on  Feb. 
18,  Mch.  19;  the  repeal  of  the  Naval  Act  on  Feb.  28  and  the  Mont- 
real Harbour  Commission  on  Mch.  15.  On  Apl.  1st,  after  some  heated 
discussion  of  the  Senate's  Act  in  amending  certain  Bills  so  that  the 
Government  could  not  accept  them,  the  House  was  prorogued  by 
H.R.H.  the  Governor-General. 

The  2nd  Session  of  this  Parliament  was  opened  on  Nov.  21st  by 
H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  with  brilliant  ceremony  and  amid 
great  expectation  as  to  Government  announcements  and  policy.  The 
Toronto  Globe,  in  what  proved  to  be  a  prophetic  tone,  stated  on  the 
20th  that  it  would  "inevitably  be  a  fighting  Session  from  start  to 
finish/'  The  Speech  from  the  Throne  referred  to  the  Governor- 
General's  tour  of  the  country  from  Coast  to  Coast  and  his  satisfaction 
at  the  almost  unusual  prosperity  which  prevailed  and  the  energy  and 
enterprise  shown  by  the  people;  noted  the  rapid  and  steady  increase 
of  Canadian  trade,  the  continued  expansion  of  the  public  revenues, 
the  remarkable  activity  in  business  and  industry;  mentioned  the 
increasing  volume  of  immigration  and  the  fact  that  total  values  in 
the  field  crops  would  be  larger  than  usual,  despite  some  unpropitious 
influences  in  production;  referred  to  the  pending  West  Indian 
arrangement  and  to  the  Naval  proposals  of  his  Government,  which 
are  dealt  with  elsewhere;  stated  that  the  contract  for  construction 
of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  from  Le  Pas  to  Port  Nelson  had  been 
awarded;  promised  legislation  in  aid  of  Highways  and  enabling 
co-operation  with  the  Provincial  authorities;  mentioned  the  Agri- 
cultural aid  proposals  of  the  Government  and  the  reductions  in  Cable 
rates  which  had  been  secured;  promised  legislation  revising  and 
extending  the  Bank  Charters  and  increasing  the  representation  of  the 
West  in  the  Senate. 

A  notable  incident  occurred  on  the  following  day  when  a  caucus 
of  Liberal  Senators  elected  Sir  George  W.  Ross,  formerly  Prime  Min- 
ister of  Ontario,  as  Leader  of  the  Opposition  in  their  Chamber  in 


SUMMARIZED  EECORD  OF  THE  PARLIAMENTARY  SESSIONS      219 

succession  to  the  late  Sir  E.  J.  Cartwright.  Others  mentioned  for 
the  post  had  been  Hon.  Hewitt  Bostock  of  Kamloops,  Hon.  J.  K. 
Kerr  of  Toronto,  Hon.  L.  G.  Power  of  Halifax  and  Hon.  E.  Dan- 
durand  of  Montreal.  The  choice  was  of  public  interest  not  only 
because  of  the  recognized  ability  and  eloquence  of  Senator  Eoss,  but 
because  of  his  well-known  opposition  to  Eeciprocity.  The  great  event 
of  this  Session,  so  far  as  1912  was  concerned,  was,  of  course,  the 
Naval  policy  of  the  Government.  Other  incidents  included  the  pro- 
posal of  J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  K.C.  (Cons.)  to  amend  the  Bank  Act  so  as 
to  give  Banks  the  right  to  lend  money  to  Western  farmers  on  wheat 
before  it  reached  the  Elevators ;  G.  H.  Bradbury's  proposed  legisla- 
tion (1)  to  prohibit  the  pollution  of  navigable  streams  by  sewage 
and  (2)  to  prohibit  the  use  of  the  Union  Jack  for  advertising  pur- 
poses; the  stormy  debate  on  Nov.  26th  in  which  the  Opposition 
speakers  charged  undue  Government  interference — both  Dominion  and 
Provincial — in  the  Macdonald  bye-election  and  an  address  on  the  same 
day  from  Hon.  W.  T.  White  reviewing  Government  policy  and  action 
in  the  Cement  duty  matter ;  Major  J.  A.  .Currie's  proposed  legislation 
to  prevent  non-naturalized  foreigners  from  taking  part  in  Canadian 
elections. 

A  discussion  took  place  on  Nov.  29th  in  which  G.  W.  Fowler 
(Cons.)  by  persistent  questions  drew  the  statement  from  Hon.  W. 
Pugsley,  Hugh  Guthrie,  K.C.,  and  Sir  W.  Laurier  that  they  still  were 
in  favour  of  Eeciprocity.  A  declaration  was  made  by  W.  F.  Mac- 
lean on  Dec.  2nd  that  he  wanted  reform  of  the  Senate,  a  State-owned 
Cable  system  for  the  Empire,  a  combined  Naval  contribution  and 
Canadian  Navy  creation,  a  State-owned  Telegraph;  J.  H.  Sinclair 
(Lib.)  stated  on  the  same  day  that  he  desired  a  Canadian  Navy  pass- 
ing automatically  under  control  of  the  British  Admiralty  in  war- 
time; new  legislation  was  outlined  by  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  (Dec.  6) 
requiring  the  installation  of  Wireless  apparatus  on  all  ships  carrying 
more  than  50  passengers  and  plying  between  ports  more  than  200 
miles  apart  and  providing  that  the  Government  might  fix  fees  for  the 
licensing  of  operators,  the  holding  of  examinations  for  persons  desir- 
ing licenses  and  the  framing  of  regulations  to  govern  operators. 

Other  matters  dealt  with  or  discussed  included  certain  charges 
against  the  Public  Works  Department  (Dec.  11)  as  to  the  acquisition 
of  lands  at  St.  Peter's,  N.S.,  and  the  purchase  of  a  wharf  in  Eiche- 
lieu  County;  the  introduction,  on  Dec.  17,  by  Hon.  W.  T.  White  of 
the  new  Bank  Act.  This  important  measure  was  to  include  the  fol- 
lowing changes:  The  establishment  of  a  central  gold  reserve  against 
which  the  Banks  could  issue  notes;  a  compulsory  independent  audit 
for  each  Bank  with  an  auditor  to  be  appointed  by  the  shareholders; 
additional  safeguards  thrown  about  the  organization  of  new  Banks; 
more  details  required  in  annual  and  monthly  statements;  heavy 
penalties  against  Directors  and  officers  guilty  of  false  statements 
made  through  negligence;  Mergers  to  have  Government  approval 
before  being  passed  upon  by  shareholders;  farmers  to  have  the  right 
of  borrowing  on  the  security  of  grain  and  ranchers  on  the  security 


220 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


of  cattle.     The  Chairmen  of  Committees  in  the  Commons  and  the 
Senate  were  appointed  as  follows: 


Commons. 
Railways    E.  A.  Lancaster. 

Banking  and  Com- 
merce   H.  B.  Ames. 

Public    Accounts . .  W.  S.  Middlebro. 

Marine  and  Fish- 
eries   C.  Jameson. 

Privileges  and 

Elections  S.  Barker. 

Private   Bills    . . . .  O.  S.  Crocket. 

Standing   Orders. .  Eugene   Paquet. 

Mines    F.  H.   Shepherd. 

Agriculture   J.   A.   Sexsmith. 

Printing    J.  A.  Currie. 

Forests  and  Water- 
ways   Richard  Blain. 


Senate. 
Printing    Hon.  Thos.  Coffey. 

Standing    Orders.  Hon.   Jules  Tessier. 
Banking  and 

Commerce    ....  Hon.  Wm.  Gibson. 

Railways,    etc...  Hon.  F.  M.  Young. 

Private  Bills   . . .  Hon.  H.  Bostock. 

Debates    Hon.   J.  V.  Ellis. 

Divorce    Hon.     J.    N.    Kirch- 
offer. 
Agriculture     and 

Forestry    Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards. 

Immigration  and 

Labour   Hon.  T.  O.  Davis. 

Trade  Relations.  Sir  G.  W.  Ross. 

Public  Health    . .  Hon.  L.  G.  Deveber. 

Civil    Service Hon.  L.  G.  Power. 

Public  Buildings.  Hon.  P.  A.  Choquette. 


The  Manitoba 
Boundary 

Settlement 
and  the  School 
Question 


Interjected  into  the  Parliamentary  and  political 
situation  in  1912  was  an  issue  which  did  not  appear 
upon  the  surface  of  the  reasonable  and,  from  various 
standpoints,  natural  legislation  introduced  by  Mr.  R.  L. 
Borden  on  Feb.  23rd  with  a  view  to  enlarging  the 
boundaries  of  Manitoba  and  re-arranging  the  financial 
terms  allowed  by  the  Federal  authority  to  that  Province.  In  the 
District  of  Keewatin  it  was  alleged  that  Separate  (Catholic)  Schools 
were  permitted  under  the  North-West  Territories  Act  of  1875  and 
the  question  was,  whether,  in  giving  the  greater  part  of  that  region 
to  Manitoba  existing  or  future  schools  would  come  under  the  Educa- 
tional laws  of  that  Province.  If  so,  such  schools  would  be  subject  to 
the  Laurier-Greenway  compromise  of  1896  and,  in  a  legal  sense, 
would  disappear  from  view.  Would  Mr.  Borden  meet  the  issue 
directly  and  thus  please  his  supporters  in  Ontario  or  would  he  evade 
it  and  placate  the  trouble  which  was  threatened  in  Quebec?  The 
Nationalists  were  keen  in  their  desire  to  obtain  clear  and  direct  recog- 
nition of  Keewatin  Separate  Schools  with  a  guarantee  of  immunity 
from  the  Manitoba  law;  the  Liberals  took  no  specific  ground  at  first 
but  expected  disagreement  and  trouble  in  the  Government  ranks ;  the 
Conservatives  were  not  exactly  a  unit  in  the  preliminary  discussions 
and  a  prolonged  Caucus  was  held  on  Feb.  1st  at  which,  so  the  Liberal 
press  stated,  the  subject  was  found  to  be  extremely  embarrassing. 

The  air  for  a  time  was  full  of  rumours  and  the  press  filled  with 
sensational  statements.  It  was  alleged  on  Feb.  14  that  the  Quebec 
supporters  of  the  Government  were  unanimous  in  demanding  a  Clause 
in  the  Bill  safe-guarding  the  rights  of  the  Roman  Catholic  minority; 
it  was  intimated,  on  the  other  hand,  that  there  were  no  Separate 
Schools  in  the  District  and  that  Commissioner  Fred.  White  had 
refused  to  allow  the  establishment  of  any,  although  Bishop  Charlebois 
had  a  private  institution  at  Le  Pas;  the  Orange  Sentinel  of  Toronto 


MANITOBA  BOUNDARY  SETTLEMENT  AND  SCHOOL  QUESTION     221 

had  a  despatch  on  the  14th  declaring  that  a  crisis  was  coming  at 
Ottawa.  "  The  situation  has  become  extremely  acute  because  of  the 
activity  of  the  Roman  Hierarchy.  Naturally  there  is  a  division  in 
the  Cabinet.  At  this  time  it  is  impossible  to  predict  the  outcome; 
but  some  of  the  best  informed  members  of  the  House  anticipate  that 
it  will  lead  to  a  general  election.  The  Church  is  fighting  fiercely  for 
Federal  recognition  of  Separate  Schools,  and  their  opponents  in  the 
House  are  equally  determined  to  give  Manitoba  its  hinterland  with- 
out any  constitutional  limitations."  The  rumours  about  influence 
being  exerted  upon  the  Government  by  Messrs.  Bourassa  and 
Lavergne,  and  the  probable  resignation  of  Mr.  Monk  from  the  Min- 
istry upon  this  issue,  were  many.  Mr.  Lavergne  was  in  Ottawa  on 
the  23rd  and  was  represented  by  the  Liberal  press  as  working  strenu- 
ously to  force  the  Government's  hand  along  Nationalist  lines.  In  the 
House,  however,  on  this  latter  date  Mr.  Borden  presented  the  follow- 
ing Resolutions  which  were  found  to  contain  no  reference  whatever 
to  Separate  Schools  and  which  were  afterwards  supplemented  by 
unopposed  legislation  adding  to  and  defining  the  boundaries  of  Ontario 
and  Quebec: 

Resolved,  that  it  is  expedient  (a)  to  extend  the  boundaries  of  the 
Province  of  Manitoba  northward  to  the  60th  parallel  of  Latitude  and 
north-eastward  to  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  upon  such  terms  and  con- 
ditions as  may  be  agreed  to  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Manitoba  and 
by  Parliament; 

(&)  To  authorize  the  Governor-in-Council,  inasmuch  as  the  Province 
was  not  in  debt  at  the  time  of  its  establishment,  to  pay  to  the  said  Pro- 
vince an  annual  sum  of  $381,584.19  being  the  equivalent  of  interest  at  five 
per  cent,  on  $7,631,683.85,  the  difference  between  a  principal  sum  of 
$8,107,500  and  $475,816.15  heretofore  advanced  for  the  Government  to  the 
Province  for  Provincial  purposes;  such  annual  sum  to  be  paid  as  and 
from  the  first  day  of  July,  1908,  but  subject,  however,  as  to  payments  due 
upon  the  coming  into  force  of  any  Act  founded  upon  these  Resolutions,  to 
the  deduction  of  certain  sums  received  by  the  said  Province  by  way  of 
interest  on  capital  allowance  in  lieu  of  debt; 

(c)  To  authorize  the  Governor-in-Council  to  pay  to  the  said  Province, 
in  lieu  of  ownership  of  public  lands,  an  annual  sum  based  upon  the  popu- 
lation of  the  said  Province  as  ascertained  by  each  quinquennial  census 
thereof,  such  annual  sum  to  commence  with  $562,500  (less  certain  deduc- 
tions in  respect  of  what  are  known  as  Swamp  lands  and  University  lands) 
and  not  to  exceed  the  annual  sum  of  $1,125,000   (less  equivalent  deduc- 
tions) ;  the  same  to  be  paid  as  from  the  first  day  of  July,  1908,  but  sub- 
ject, however,  as  to  payments  due  at  the  time  of  the  passing  of  any  Act 
founded  upon  these  Resolutions,  to  a  deduction  of  the  aggregate  of  certain 
sums  received  by  the  Province  on  and  after  July  1,  1908,  on  account  of 
indemnity  in  lieu  of  public  lands; 

(d)  To  authorize  the  Governor-in-Council  to  pay  the  said  Province, 
one-half    on  July  1,  1912  and    one-half    on    July  1,  1913,  the    sum    of 
$201,723.57  towards  the  construction  of  public  buildings. 

In  Committee  on  Feb.  27,  Mr.  Borden  explained  his  policy  in  concise 
detail  and  read  a  letter  from  himself  to  the  Premier  of  Manitoba, 
dated  Nov.  20,  1911,  confirming  the  settlement  of  the  question  upon 
"  the  principle  of  equality  of  terms  between  Manitoba  and  the  other 
Prairie  Provinces."  No  reference  in  his  speech  was  made  to  anything 


222  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

except  the  Boundary  and  financial  terms.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier.took  a 
similar  line  and  his  only  criticism  was  (1)  the  alleged  absence  of  any 
necessity  to  revise  the  whole  financial  relationship  of  Manitoba  to  the 
Dominion;  (2)  the  treatment  of  the  Province  in  the  matter  of  com- 
pensation for  new  territory  and  its  maintenance  as  though  the  entire 
Province  was  just  entering  Confederation;  (3)  the  carrying  of  the 
terms  of  settlement  back  four  years.  The  Hon.  W.  T.  White  stated 
that  the  new  arrangement  would  increase  the  area  of  Manitoba  from 
73,000  square  miles  to  251,832  as  compared  with  Saskatchewan, 
250,000,  and  Alberta  253,000  square  miles.  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley 
(Lib.)  objected  strongly  to  giving  Manitoba,  as  he  termed  it,  a  lump 
sum  of  $2,000,000  and  presented  the  argument  that  as  "  in  all  these 
additions  to  Quebec  and  Ontario  and  Manitoba  you  are  bringing  in 
a  portion  of  the  Territories ;  you  are  making  them  a  part  of  the  Pro- 
vinces and  their  population,  which,  if  they  had  remained  Territories 
would  no.t  have  counted  against  the  older  Provinces  in  respect  to 
representation,  will  count  from  the  day  you  make  them  part  of  a 
Province.  Therefore,  I  do  submit  that  the  Provinces  ought  to  be 
consulted." 

Hon.  Prank  Oliver  (Lib.)  introduced  a  plea  for  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta  based  upon  the  argument  that  "  the  area  over  which  the 
respective  Provincial  Governments  will  be  required  to  administer  jus- 
tice and  deal  generally  with  the  subjects  which  come  within  the  range 
of  a  Provincial  Government,  will,  in  the  case  of  Saskatchewan,  be 
over  an  area  of  200,000  square  miles,  and  in  the  case  of  Manitoba, 
over  an  area  of  50,000  square  miles.  So  that  if  there  is  to  be  equality 
of  treatment  in  regard  to  the  conditions  as  they  exist,  on  the  face  of 
it,  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan  is  unquestionably  entitled  to  receive 
a  larger  grant  from  the  Federal  treasury  than  the  Province  of  Mani- 
toba." Mr.  H.  Guthrie  spoke  briefly  and  the  Kesolutions  passed  after 
being  amended  to  include  details  of  the  new  boundary  lines.  The 
Premier  then  introduced  his  Bill  for  a  1st  reading  and  in  doing  so 
stated  that  the  boundaries  decided  upon  were  exactly  the  same  as  the 
House  had  unanimously  accepted  on  July  13,  1908 ;  that  an  arrange- 
ment had  been  made  between  the  Governments  of  Ontario  and  Mani- 
toba, and  approved  by  Dominion  Order-in- Council,  for  the  transfer 
of  a  strip  of  land  to  the  former  of  the  uniform  width  of  five  miles 
and  of  240  miles  in  length  running  from  the  Western  boundary  of 
Ontario  through  Manitoba  to  the  mouth  of  the  Nelson  Eiver  with  ter- 
minal rights  at  Port  Nelson  should  the  Ontario  Government  decide  to 
construct  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Eailway  to  that  place. 

Mr.  Borden  moved  the  2nd  reading  on  Mch.  4th  and  stated  that 
the  population  of  the  region  transferred  to  Manitoba  was  5,771  of 
whom  4,822  were  Indians.  An  elaborate  debate  followed  which  was 
shared  in  by  Hon.  W.  Pugsley,  Hon.  F.  Oliver,  F.  B.  Carvell,  D.  D. 
McKenzie  and  Sir  W.  Laurier  for  the  Liberals  and  Arthur  Meighen, 
J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  Hon.  T.  W.  Crothers  and  G.  H.  Bradbury  for  the 
Conservatives.  The  Opposition  Leader  moved  the  following  Amend- 
ment on  Mch.  5 :  "  That  this  Bill  be  not  now  read  a  second  time,  but 


MANITOBA  BOUNDARY  SETTLEMENT  AND  SCHOOL  QUESTION     223 

that  it  be  resolved,  that  while  this  House  is  favourable  to  the  exten- 
sion of  the  boundaries  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  it  is  of  opinion 
that  the  terms  under  which  it  is  proposed  to  make  the  said  extension, 
as  set  forth  in  this  Bill  and  in  the  Order-in-Council  of  the  20th  Feb- 
ruary, 1912,  are  unfair  and  unjust  both  to  the  people  of  Manitoba  as 
well  as  to  the  people  of  the  other  Provinces  of  the  Dominion."  The 
motion  did  not  specifically  mention  the  School,  or  any  other  question, 
but  left  room  for  varied  constructions  to  be  placed  upon  its  terms. 
Mr.  Eogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  followed  and  the  Amendment 
was  rejected  by  103  to  65.  Five  French-Canadian  Conservatives  sup- 
ported it — including  A.  Bellemare,  Maskinonge;  J.  P.  0.  Guilbault, 
Joliette;  Albert  Sevigny,  Dorchester;  P.  E.  Lamarche,  Nicolet; 
Eugene  Paquet,  L'Islet.  A.  A.  Mondou  refused  to  vote  either  way. 

So  far  nothing  had  been  heard  of  the  "  Crisis  "  on  the  School  ques- 
tion; in  none  of  the  speeches  had  Education  even  been  mentioned; 
only  in  Sir  W.  Laurier's  address  on  his  Amendment  was  there  a 
cryptic  allusion  which  might  be  read  between  the  lines  as  a  reference 
to  Separate  Schools.  But  after  the  vote  had  been  taken,  P.  E. 
Lamarche — Conservative,  with  Nationalist  leanings — dealt  with  the 
matter  clearly.  "  The  problem  of  Education,  commonly  called  the 
School  question,  has,  at  different  intervals,  demanded  a  solution.  The 
different  Administrations  which  have  succeeded  each  other  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  this  country  have  dealt  with  this  problem,  and  some  of 
them  have  made  it  worse  and  more  difficult  for  a  satisfactory  solution. 
.  .  .  The  School  question  in  Keewatin,  although  the  same  old 
School  question,  arises  in  this  case  under  a  new  form  as  regards  its 
legal  aspects.  What  is  the  law  in  force  to-day  in  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritories? And  is  the  portion  of  land  contemplated  for  annexation 
comprised  to-day,  for  the  purposes  of  the  law,  within  the  limits  of 
the  Northwest  Territories?"  He  contended  that  even  if  the  North- 
West  Act  of  1875,  relating  to  and  authorizing  Separate  Schools  in 
the  Territories,  had  not  for  a  time  applied  to  the  District  of  Kee- 
watin owing  to  that  region  coming  under  the  Keewatin  Act,  it  did 
so  now  and,  in  any  case,  there  was  a  piece  of  land  about  50  miles 
wide  which  was  being  transferred  and  which  unquestionably  had 
always  remained  under  the  Territorial  Act  of  1875.  His  argument 
was  summed  up  along  these  lines: 

It  is  the  duty  of  Catholic  parents  to  send  their  children  to  a  school 
of  their  faith  and  I  say  that  we  are  limiting  their  liberty  in  that  respect 
in  making  them  pay  a  double  tax  for  the  exercise  of  that  privilege,  when 
we  can  avoid  it.  In  the  Province  of  Manitoba  there  has  been  a  School 
question  which  has  been  incompletely  settled.  A  judgment  of  the  highest 
tribunal  of  the  Empire  has  recognized  that  the  Catholic  minority  of  Mani- 
toba was  suffering  serious  grievances.  To-day  we  are  asked  to  vote  in 
favour  of  a  Bill  which  provides  for  a  concession  to  Manitoba.  That  Bill 
is  only  the  first  part  of  a  contract  because  the  Legislature  of  Manitoba 
has  to  accept  the  terms  of  the  arrangement  as  they  are  laid  down  in  the 
present  measure.  It  would  not  be  in  my  mind,  a  policy  of  coercion  but 
rather  a  policy  of  conciliation  to  insert  in  the  Bill  a  saving  clause  for  the 
rights  of  the  minorities  in  the  new  District  to  be  annexed. 


224  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Monk,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  followed  and  declared  that 
"  a  great  many  very  unfair  criticisms  of  the  Government  have  come 
from  certain  quarters  in  regard  to  the  Educational  aspect  of  this 
question.  I  have  read  of  these  criticisms  with  very  great  regret, 
because  I  do  not  think  they  are  in  the  least  degree  founded,  though, 
from  their  tone,  one  would  suppose  that  it  is  in  a  certain  way  the 
resuscitation  or  resurrection  of  the  Manitoba  School  question."  That 
issue,  however,  did  not  and  could  not  arise  in'  this  instance.  It  was 
dead  by  virtue  of  the  refusal  of  the  Remedial  Order  by  Parliament 
and  its  defeat  in  the  country  in  1896;  it  was  dead  because  of  the 
Laurier-Greenway  arrangement.  As  to  the  rest,  the  Act  of  1875 
never  applied  to  Keewatin  and  during  30  years  there  were  neither 
schools,  nor  legislation,  nor  guarantee,  under  the  Keewatin  Act  of 
1876  which  could  be  construed  as  affecting  the  situation.  The  1905 
legislation  (July  20)  re-organizing  the  North- West  Territories,  after 
the  creation  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan,  expressly  excluded  Kee- 
watin from  the  new  Territorial  arrangement — though  the  Revised 
Statutes  of  1906  omitted  the  reference  to  Keewatin.  Four  days  later, 
July  24,  1905,  an  Order-in-Council  re-annexed  Keewatin  to  the  Ter- 
ritories and  this  the  Minister  claimed  to  have  been  ultra  vires  of  the 
original  Statute. 

In  the  narrow  strip  referred  to  by  Mr.  Lamarche  the  Act  of  1875 
had  not  become  effective  because  no  schools  were  organized  and  there- 
fore the  Ordinances  of  the  Territories  were  never  applied  and  no  vested 
rights  were  created.  From  Le  Pas  had  come  requests  in  1909  to  the 
late  Government,  and  recently  to  the  new  one,  for  establishment  of  a 
Separate  School  but  as  to  both  applications  Commissioner  White  had 
reported  that  there  were  no  Ordinances  applicable  to  that  territory. 
He  did  not  believe  that  any  action  could  be  taken  at  this  juncture 
and  he  did  believe  that,  in  time,  more  generous  treatment  would  be 
accorded  the  minority  by  the  Roblin  Government.  "I  submit  that 
at  the  present  moment  without  the  existence  of  any  properly,  or  so- 
called,  vested  right,  to  say  to  the  Province:  you  will  not  have  this 
territory  unless  you  consent  to  establish  within  your  limits  a  dual 
system  of  education,  would  be,  in  my  mind,  an  extremely  unwise  and 
unfair  condition  to  place  upon  Manitoba.  There  are,  in  my  opinion, 
no  legal  rights,  whatever,  to  safe-guard  and  as  a  matter  of  pure  policy 
to  say  we  will  place  that  condition  upon  any  transfer  of  territory 
would  be  absolutely  contrary  to  the  best  interests  of  the  country  and 
even  to  the  best  interests  of  the  minority  in  that  Province." 

W.  F.  Maclean  spoke  briefly  against  any  interference  with  exist- 
ing conditions  and  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier  then  dealt  with  the  issue. 
The  papers  in  Quebec,  he  noted,  spoke  of  almost  nothing  else  and  he 
then  proceeded  to  review  at  length  the  French-Canadian  attitude 
toward  the  Manitoba  School  question  and  Sir  W.  Laurier's  position 
in  1896  and  1897.  The  present  situation  he  described  thus:  "For 
the  last  four  weeks  the  Grit  press  of  Ontario  have  shouted  that  Borden 
will  yield  to  Bourassa  and  impose  Separate  Schools  in  Keewatin,  and 
the  Quebec  Grit  press  have  said  we  are  going  to  betray  the  Catholics 


MANITOBA  BOUNDARY  SETTLEMENT  AND  SCHOOL  QUESTION     225 

by  not  having  Separate  Schools."  He  believed  that  Mr.  Roblin  would 
yet  do  justice  to  the  Catholics  of  Manitoba.  He  contradicted  Mr. 
Lamarche  flatly  by  stating  that  the  Act  of  1875  expressly  excluded 
Keewatin  from  its  terms.  A  carefully  prepared  study  of  the  legal  and 
technical  conditions  followed  and  the  speech  was  concluded  with  an 
eloquent  appeal :  "  Let  all  good,  broad-minded  men,  of  every  class, 
religion  and  nationality  form  the  great  procession  which  will  enter 
the  gates  of  the  future.  We  must  have  peace  in  this  country,  religious 
peace,  civil  peace,  and  we  will  have  it  by  following  always,  and  at  all 
times,  without  one  exception,  the  glorious  traditions  of  the  Conser- 
vative party." 

Prior  to  Mr.  Lamarche's  speeeh  nothing  was  discussed  but  finan- 
cial terms  and  boundaries;  after  that  utterance  almost  the  only  mat- 
ter dealt  with  was  the  educational  and  religious  issue.  The  Hon.  R. 
Lemieux  (Lib.)  delighted  in  what  the  Liberal  press  was  describing 
as  internecine  strife  in  the  Conservative  party;  eulogized  the  "lofty 
tone"  of  Mr.  Lamarche's  utterances;  declared  the  young  National- 
ists to  be  sincere  in  their  attitude  and  the  three  French  Ministers 
insincere;  reviewed  alleged  utterances  of  Mr.  Monk  throughout  Que- 
bec in  the  past  few  years;  quoted  La  Croix,  Le  Devoir  and  L' 'Action 
^Sociale  as  a  Government-supporting  press  in  Quebec  which  was  now 
in  vigorous  opposition;  dealt  with  the  Manitoba  School  policy  from 
the  Liberal  point  of  view.  Mr.  Borden  then  spoke  and  dealt  briefly 
with  financial  and  boundary  matters,  mentioned  the  attacks  of  the 
Liberal  press  of  Quebec  upon  him  (the  Premier)  for  his  policy  in 
the  Separate  School  issue;  described  Keewatin  as  being  under  the 
revised  Statutes  of  Canada  from  Jan.  31,  1907,  to  date.  Section  10 
of  these  Statutes  provided  that  certain  things  could  be  done  in  an 
educational  connection  by  the  Commissioner-in-Council,  if  and  when 
a  Territorial  Council  was  appointed  and  authorized  to  make  Ordin- 
ances. Neither  of  these  conditions  had  yet  been  carried  out  so  that 
there  could  be  no  Separate  Schools,  by  law,  in  existence. 

As  to  the  tentative  proposals  put  forward  in  Quebec,  he  was 
explicit :  "  Now,  a  proposal  to  place  any  such  restriction  upon  Mani- 
toba as  to  Legislative  authority  in  respect  to  Education  in  the  new 
territory  would  seem  to  me  to  be  an  impossible  one — for  two  reasons. 
In  the  first  place,  I  do  not  believe  that  it  is  politically  possible, 
because  I  do  not  believe  that  Manitoba  would  accept  the  extension 
of  her  boundaries  coupled  with  any  such  restriction.  In  the  next 
place,  I  do  not  think  it  is  constitutionally  possible.  .  .  .  It  is 
inconceivable  that  you  could  have  one  constitutional  limitation  in 
old  Manitoba  and  another  constitutional  limitation  in  the  part  of 
Manitoba  which  we  now  propose  to  add.  But  whether  I  am  right  or 
wrong  in  believing  that  it  is  constitutionally  impracticable,  I  am 
absolutely  certain  that  it  is  politically  impracticable."  The  2nd  read- 
ing then  passed  by  114  to  76  without  any  reference  to  Separate 
Schools  being  included  in  the  Bill — the  new  territory  thus  passing 
automatically  under  the  laws  of  Manitoba. 

15 


226  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  discussion  continued  in  Committee  on  Mch.  6,  7,  8,  with  a 
vigorous  appeal  from  the  Maritime  Provinces  for  support  in  the  mat- 
ter of  representation  as  to  which  they  were  being  more  and  more 
restricted  by  declining  population  at  home  and  increasing  popula- 
tions, and  boundaries,  and  development,  in  other  Provinces.  Some 
of  the  speakers  were  0.  Turgeon  of  Gloucester,  N.B.,  Hon.  H.  E. 
Emmerson,  Wm.  Chisholm  of  Antigonish  and  Hugh  Guthrie,  all 
Liberals,  who  urged  support  for  an  Amendment  of  Mr.  Pugsley's 
declaring  that  an  Inter-Provincial  Conference  should  be  called  before 
the  financial  terms  were  absolutely  fixed.  It  was  negatived  by  101 
to  62.  On  the  8th,  A.  A.  Mondou  (Cons.)  of  Yamaska  moved  that 
"nothing  in  the  present  Act  shall  affect  prejudicially  the  school 
rights  of  the  minority,  Eoman  Catholic  or  Protestant,  which  inhabit 
the  territory  now  annexed  to  Manitoba."  It  was  negatived  on  divi- 
sion. Mr.  Oliver  then  moved  an  Amendment  as  to  the  Subsidy  pay- 
able in  respect  to  land — making  it  $200,000  a  year  until  the  popula- 
tion reached  100,000;  $250,000  thereafter  till  it  reached  150,000; 
$300,000  after  the  200,000  had  been  reached.  He  described  this  as 
embodying  the  views  of  the  late  Government.  After  some  discussion 
it  was  negatived  on  division. 

On  the  3rd  reading  of  the  Bill  (Mch.  12)  Mr.  Doherty,  Minister 
of  Justice,  spoke  and  defined  the  issue  as  follows :  "  The  question  that 
does  arise,  which  has  been  the  source  of  a  very  great  deal  of  strong 
feeling  and  which  has  given  to  many  of  us  who  have  a  sense  of  respon- 
sibility much  matter  of  careful  thought  is  the  question  whether  in 
this  territory  that  is  going  to  be  annexed  to  Manitoba  there  are  exist- 
ing rights  established  by  law  and  which  would  require  for  their  pro- 
tection the  inclusion  of  some  special  provision  in  this  legislation." 
He  answered  the  question  in  the  negative  and  with  a  clear,  concise 
summary  of  the  whole  matter.  Mr.  Mondou  moved  again  the  Amend- 
ment which  he  had  presented  in  Committee,  though  with  some 
changes :  "  Nothing  in  any  such  law  shall  prejudicially  affect  any 
right  or  privilege  with  respect  to  denominational  or  separate  schools, 
which  any  class  or  persons  have,  at  the  date  of  the  passing  of  this 
Act,  by  law  or  practice,  in  the  Territory  added  to  the  Province  under 
the  provisions  of  this  Act." 

For  the  first  time  since  the  commencement  of  the  debate  Sir  W. 
Laurier  spoke.  He  declared  that  everything  in  the  Bill  beyond  the 
grant  of  increased  territory  and  an  equivalent  in  lands  or  money  for 
the  increased  expenses  incurred  in  administration  was  "  a  violation 
of  the  rights  of  the  other  Provinces."  He  reviewed  the  Manitoba 
School  question  and,  as  to  the  existing  situation,  was  explicit :  "  There 
is  this  objection  to  the  incorporation  of  the  Law  of  1875  in  the 
present  Bill,  which  would  give  full  Separate  School  rights  to  that 
part  of  the  country,  that  such  an  enactment  would  not  be  worth  the 
paper  on  which  it  was  printed  because  we  cannot  impose  it  on  Mani- 
toba. Unless  Manitoba  agrees  to  this  law  this  Parliament  has  no 
authority  to  force  it  upon  Manitoba.  This  would  have  been  a  case 
for  compromise,  a  case  for  conciliation."  Other  speeches  were  made 


MANITOBA  BOUNDARY  SETTLEMENT  AND  SCHOOL  QUESTION     227 

and  the  House  divided  on  Mr.  Mondou's  motion  with  160  against 
and  24  in  favour.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  voted  against  the  Amend- 
ment as  did  all  the  Government  and  such  Liberal  leaders  as  Messrs. 
K.  Lemieux,  A.  K.  Maclean,  E.  M.  Macdonald  and  F.  Oliver.  The 
members  usually  styled  Nationalists  in  the  House,  with  Hon.  H.  S. 
Beland,  A.  B.  McCoig,  Hon.  Charles  Murphy  and  Hon.  Charles 
Marcil,  all  Liberals,  and  some  Liberal  French-Canadians,  voted  for 
the  Amendment.  Mr.  Beland  then  moved  that  "negotiations  should 
be  re-opened  with  the  Government  of  Manitoba  in  order  to  define  by 
amicable  conferences  the  status  of  minorities,  either  Protestant  or 
Catholic,  with  regard  to  Education  and  in  the  light  of  existing  laws, 
in  the  annexed  territory."  After  speeches  by  J.  A.  C.  Ethier,  Ernest 
Lapointe,  Hon.  W.  B.  Nantel  and  others  the  Amendment  was 
defeated  by  108  to  52  and  the  Bill  was  then  read  a  third  time.  It 
passed  the  Senate  with  very  little  discussion. 

Meanwhile,  there  had  been  some  pretty  strong  utterances  in  the 
country.  The  day  before  Mr.  Borden's  announcement  that  the  Bill 
would  be  unchanged  The  Globe  (Mch.  5)  described  "the  Bourassa- 
Borden  alliance"  as  "giving  an  impression  of  weakness  and  cow- 
ardice." In  Quebec  Province  petitions  were  widely  and  persistently 
circulated  urging  the  Government  to  insert  a  special  clause  in  the 
Act  providing  Separate  Schools  for  the  Keewatin  minority.  A  well- 
organized  campaign  was  waged  along  these  lines  by  what  was  called 
the  Constitutional  Defence  Association,  with  W.  H.  Wickham  as 
Secretary,  and  a  circular  was  sent  to  Catholic  priests,  especially, 
urging  them  to  action.  At  Montreal,  on  Mch.  9,  Henri  Bourassa, 
Armand  Lavergne  and  C.  H.  Cahan,  K.C.,  addressed  a  sympathetic 
mass-meeting.  Mr.  Bourassa  demanded  protection  for  the  rights  of 
the  minority  in  Keewatin — where  the  total  white  population  was  165 
— declared  that  the  present  Government  was  as  bad  in  this  connec- 
tion as  the  last  one  and  asked  with  great  indignation :  "  What  is  the 
use  of  150  years  of  loyalty  to  the  British  Crown  and  Constitution  if 
French- Canadians  are  to  be  down-trodden  whenever  they  are  in  the 
minority?"  The  following  Eesolution  was  unanimously  passed: 

The  Northwest  Territories  are  the  common  property  of  the  people  of 
Canada.  Those  Territories  have  been  acquired,  administered  and  devel- 
oped with  public  funds  taken  from  the  Federal  Exchequer  and  contri- 
buted by  Canadian  ratepayers  of  all  races  and  creeds.  In  1875,  the  prin- 
ciple was  laid  down  by  the  Parliament  of  Canada  that  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  those  Territories,  the  minorities,  either  Catholic 
or  Protestant,  would  be  entitled,  for  ever  and  as  a  matter  of  right,  to 
separate  denominational  schools.  That  principle  was  acknowledged  and 
confirmed  either  in  whole  or  in  part,  in  the  Yukon  Act,  and  in  the  laws 
creating  the  Provinces  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan: 

Consequently,  this  meeting,  composed  of  Canadian  citizens,  loyal  sub- 
jects of  His  Britannic  Majesty,  declare  and  affirm  that,  in  annexing  a 
part  of  those  Territories  to  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  or  to  any  other 
Province,  the  Parliament  of  Canada  is  in  duty  bound  to  keep  the  pledge 
solemnly  given  in  1875  to  all  the  citizens  of  Canada,  and  safeguard  in 
their  integrity  the  rights  of  such  minorities  as  exist  or  may  in  the  future 
exist  in  the  annexed  country;  that  any  violation  of  that  pledge,  any 
betrayal  of  that  duty,  would  constitute  a  grave  breach  of  the  Federal  pact, 


228  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

and  deserve  the  condemnation    of    all    Canadians  willing    to    stand  by 
national  honour,  equity  and  justice. 

The  first  and  most  important  of  these  measures  was 

the  Tariff  Commis8ion  Bin  which  Hon-  w-  T-  White, 
»ejectdijy  Minister  of  Finance,  had  presented,  by  way  of  Reso- 
the  s«nate  lutions  on  Jan.  30th  and  of  which  the  2nd  reading 

was  on  Feb.  7th.  On  the  first  occasion  Mr.  White 
stated  that  the  Commission's  chief  work  would  be  the  collection  of 
accurate  data  for  the  assistance  of  the  Government  in  framing  its 
Tariff  policy.  The  Commissioners  had  not  been  selected,  but  when 
appointed  they  would  have  the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  whole 
country  and  would  hold  office,  he  announced,  for  five  years.  In  reply 
to  W.  F.  Maclean,  Mr.  White  said  that  the  Commission  would  have 
power  to  investigate  questions  referred  to  it  by  the  Minister  of  Fin- 
ance and  to  report  to  that  Minister  the  result  of  its  inquiry.  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier  said  that  he  could  not  oppose  or  commend  'the  pro- 
posed legislation  until  he  had  an  opportunity  to  study  its  details. 
He  thought  the  Bill,  as  he  understood  it,  would  not  give  the  Tariff 
Commission  quite  the  large  powers  suggested  by  the  Manufacturers' 
Association.  The  scope  of  the  Commission  and  its  work  were  defined 
as  follows  in  the  Eesolutions  upon  which  the  Bill  was  based: 

That  it  is  expedient  to  provide  for  a  Tariff  Commission  consisting  of 
three  members,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor-in-Council,  whose  duty 
it  shall  be: 

1.  To  make  under  the  direction  of  the  Minister  of  Finance,  in  respect 
of  any  goods  produced  in  or  imported  into  Canada,  inquiry  as  to — 

(a)  The  price  and  cost  of  raw  material  in  Canada  and  elsewhere  and 
the  cost  of  transportation  thereof  from  the  place  of  production  to  the 
place  of  use  or  consumption. 

(ft)  The  cost  of  production  in  Canada  and  elsewhere. 

(c)  The  cost  of  transportation  from  the  place  of  production  to  the 
place  of  use  or  consumption,  whether  in  Canada  or  elsewhere. 

(d)  The  cost,  efficiency  and  conditions  of  labour  in  Canada  and  else- 
where. 

(e)  The   prices    received    by    producers,    manufacturers,    wholesale 
dealers,  retailers  and  other  distributors  in  Canada  and  elsewhere. 

(/)  All  conditions  and  factors  which  affect  or  enter  into  the  cost  of 
production  and  the  price  to  the  consumer  in  Canada. 

(g)  Generally,  all  the  conditions  affecting  production,  manufacture, 
cost  and  price  in  Canada  as  compared  with  other  countries  and  to  report 
to  the  Minister. 

2.  To  make  inquiry  into  any  other  matter  upon  which  the  Minister 
desires  information  in  relation  to  any  goods  which,  if  brought  into  Can- 
ada or  produced  in  Canada,  are  subject  to  or  exempt  from  duties  of  cus- 
toms and  to  report  to  the  Minister. 

3.  To  hold,  when  empowered  by  the  Governor-in-Council,  an  inquiry 
under  Section  12  of  the  Customs  Tariff  of  1907  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
Judge  of  the  Exchequer  or  any  other  Judge  therein  referred  to  may  hold 
inquiry  when  so  empowered. 

4.  To  inquire  into  any  other  matter  or  thing  in  relation  to  the  trade 
or  commerce  of  Canada  which  the  Governor-in-Council  sees  fit  to  refer  to 
the  Commission  for  inquiry  and  report. 

That  the  Commissioners  shall  have  the  power  of  summoning  before 
them  any  witness  and  of  requiring  them  to  give  evidence  on  oath  or  on 


solemn  affirmation  and  to  produce  such  documents  and  things  as  the 
Commissioners  may  deem  requisite  to  the  full  investigation  of  the  mat- 
ters into  which  they  are  appointed  to  examine,  with  such  power  with 
regard  to  enforcing  the  attendance  of  witnesses  and  compelling  witnesses 
to  give  evidence  as  is  vested  in  any  Court  of  record  in  civil  cases. 

In  his  explanation  of  the  measure  (Feb.  7)  Mr.  White  said  that 
the  duty  and  responsibility  of  the  Government  with  regard  to  the 
Tariff  would  remain  exactly  as  it  was  and  is.  The  idea  of  a  Commis- 
sion actually  making  the  Tariff  was  Utopian  and  unworkable  with 
Parliamentary  institutions.  Facts,  however,  were  absolutely  essen- 
tial in  the  framing  of  fiscal  policies  and  it  was  facts  this  Commission 
would  endeavour  to  get.  The  Committees  of  Ministers  appointed  in 
1893,  1905  and  1906  for  this  purpose,  he  did  not  consider  satisfac- 
tory or  sufficient  in  the  premises.  "  We  propose,  therefore,  to  create 
a  Tariff  Commission  with  the  duty  of  obtaining  and  collating  infor- 
mation of  which  the  Government  may  avail  itself  in  making  its  Tariff 
law.  As  a  result  of  that  Tariff  organization,  I  would  hope  that  in 
time — because  it  cannot  be  done  hurriedly — we  will  have  established 
a  very  valuable  Bureau  of  Information  relating  to  almost  every  com- 
modity, or  at  least  all  the  principal  commodities,  embraced  in  our 
Tariff  schedules.  Under  present  conditions  the  Minister  of  Finance 
and  his  colleagues  obtain  that  information  in  the  best  way  they  can." 
There  were  various  sources  for  such  information.  "  But  the  great 
lack,  as  I  have  indicated,  is  that  we  have  not  tabulated  any  accurate 
information  on  which  we  can  rely,  we  do  not  know  the  facts  as  we 
should  know  them,  in  regard  to  the  industries,  the  business,  the  call- 
ings and  the  occupations  of  the  people.  We  have  not  the  facts  with 
regard  to  the  cost  and  conditions  of  production  that  we  should  have 
before  we  can  intelligently  approach  the  question  of  tariff  considera- 
tion and  tariff  modification." 

Mr.  Hugh  Guthrie  led  in  Opposition  criticism  of  the  proposal. 
It  was  a  new,  a  radical  departure;  it  was  not  the  product  of  any 
public  demand  or  desire  except  amongst  the  manufacturers;  it  was 
borrowed  from  the  United  States  protectionist  machinery  and  was 
nothing  more  than  "  a  cheap  Yankee  device  " ;  it  would  be  an  addi- 
tional burden  upon  the  consumers  of  this  country;  it  gave  too  much 
power  into  the  hands  of  a  single  and  "  irresponsible  "  body  of  men. 
"  This  Commission,  once  appointed,  cannot  be  removed  except  for 
cause  which  means  by  impeachment  as  you  would  remove  a  Judge. 
Once  appointed  they  are  there  and  they  are  permanently  there,  and 
the  words  '  for  cause '  are  put  in  just  to  assure  them  that  they  are 
safe  even  if  in  two  or  three  years  my  friend,  the  Leader  of  the  Oppo- 
sition, should  again  obtain  power,  so  that  he  will  not  be  able  to  dis- 
miss them.  The  fact,  therefore,  is  that  we  are  going  to  have  three 
permanent  Tariff  Commissioners,  a  Board  just  as  permanently 
appointed  as  a  Bench  of  Judges  is  appointed;  and  that  the  qualifica- 
tion is  that  they  shall  be  loyal  subjects  and  followers  of  the  Right 
Hon.  gentleman  who  is  now  Prime  Minister  of  Canada.  They  are 
to  be  Conservatives  first,  last,  and  all  the  time,  and  if  they  are,  they 


230  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

have  also  got  to  be  Protectionists    and    High    Protectionists."     He 
moved  that  the  Bill  be  read  this  day  six  months. 

Mr.  R.  L.  Borden  (Premier)  in  reply  defined  the  policy  as  a  very 
simple  one.  "  Now,  what  we  propose  is  to  have  a  Tariff  Commission 
of  men  who  will  be  wisely  selected  for  that  purpose,  and  who  will  col- 
lect information  in  a  systematic  and  effective  manner,  and  put  it  in 
such  a  form  that  the  Government  can  avail  themselves  of  it;  informa- 
tion which  will  be  available  for  the  purpose  of  discussion  in  this  Par- 
liament when  any  Tariff  changes  are  proposed.  Surely  there  is  no  radi- 
cal departure  in  all  that."  The  debate  was  continued  on  the  8th  and  the 
Liberal  speakers  were  A.  K.  Maclean,  G.  W.  Kyte,  Hon.  Frank  Oliver, 
F.  B.  Carvell,  W.  M.  Martin,  E.  W.  Nesbitt,  Thos.  Macnutt  while 
the  Conservatives  included  H.  B.  Ames,  W.  S.  Middlebro,  Arthur 
Meighen,  A.  S.  Goodeve,  J.  A.  M.  Aikins  and  Alfred  Thompson.  Mr. 
Guthrie's  motion  was  rejected  by  104  to  52  and  the  Bill  was  then  read 
a  second  time. 

In  Committee  on  Feb.  12th  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  spoke  briefly  and 
his  chief  point  was  as  follows :  "  I  object  to  a  Commission  entrusted 
with  the  collection  of  information  on  all  the  subjects  mentioned  in 
the  Bill  which  will  do  it  with  the  view  of  preparing  a  brief  for  the 
Minister  and  not  simply  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  information." 
Parliament,  not  the  Government,  should  control  the  Commission  if  it 
had  to  be  created;  but  the  facts  could  be  just  as  well  collected  by 
existing  machinery  or  by  a  Special  Bureau  of  Statistics.    Mr.  White 
<on  Feb,  13th  quoted  a  speech  by  Sir  W.  Laurier  addressed  to  a  Cana- 
dian Manufacturer's  meeting  in  Montreal  in  October,  1908,  in  which 
•tie  said :  "  I  do  not  exactly  realize  yet  what  is  meant  by  a  permanent 
'Tariff  Commission;  but  I  am  free  to  say  that  if  it  be  meant  that  you 
would  have  a  permanent  Commission,  such  as  I  think  they  have  in 
the  United  States,  to  follow  the  workings  of  the  tariff  from  day  to 
day,  to  follow  the  incidents,  to  follow  the  effects  upon  the  producers 
and  the  consumer,  and  its  daily  effects  upon  the  community,  I  do  not 
see  any  reason  why  such  a  Commission  should  not  be  appointed." 

A  portion  of  the  discussion  at  this  time  and  again  on  Feb.  22nd 
turned  upon  the  persons  who  should  or  would  be  heard  by  such  a 
Commission  and  whether  their  evidence  would  be  secret  or  public — 
a  very  important  matter.  The  Government  argued  for  wide  powers 
of  inquiry  with  publicity  at  the  discretion  of  the  Commission.  Mr. 
White  put  the  matter  this  way:  "Now,  suppose  we  had  a  Bureau 
instead  of  a  Commission,  and  suppose  that  Bureau  obtained  informa- 
tion as  to  the  financial  standing  of  a  company  or  a  firm,  or  the  trade 
secret  of  a  firm,  or  the  names  of  customers  of  a  firm,  or  the  trade  con- 
nections of  a  firm,  does  the  Hon.  member  suggest  that  such  informa- 
tion should  be  made  public?"  On  Feb.  29th,  the  Minister  of  Fin- 
ance announced  his  acceptance  of  several  minor  suggestions  from  the 
Opposition  including  one  which  provided  that  "  whenever  a  Report 
has  been  made  under  this  Act,  a  copy  thereof  and  a  copy  of  the  evi- 
dence, if  any,  taken  and  all  the  information  obtained,  except  such 
evidence  and  information  as  is  of  a  confidential  character  in  connec- 


THE  IMPORTANT  LEGISLATION  REJECTED  BY  THE  SENATE      231 

tion  therewith,  shall  be  laid  before  Parliament  by  the  Minister,  within 
fifteen  days  after  the  opening  of  the  Session  thereafter,  or  within 
fiften  days  after  the  making  of  this  Report,  if  Parliament  is  then  in 
Session."  An  Amendment  proposed  by  Sir  W.  Laurier  on  Mch.  1 
proposed  that  the  Commissioners  "  be  selected  without  any  regard  to 
the  views  of  any  political  party  upon  Tariff  or  other  political  ques- 
tions, but  solely  by  reason  of  their  fitness  by  character,  training  and 
experience,  to  effectively  and  impartially  discharge  the  duties 
assigned  to  them  under  this  Act."  Mr.  Borden  said  that  this  was  a 
matter  in  which  the  Government  had  to  be  trusted  and  that  there  was 
no  more  reason  for  such  a  clause  than  for  one  in  the  Acts  relating  to 
Judicial  appointments.  It  was  rejected  by  81  to  46  and  the  3rd 
reading  followed. 

In  the  Senate  the  measure  was  discussed  in  Committee  and  sev- 
eral Liberal  Amendments  proposed  in  a  House  where  the  latter  Party 
had  twice  the  number  of  supporters  the  Government  possessed.  Four 
Amendments  were  made  and  the  Bill  as  amended  returned  to  the 
House.  In  the  first,  second  and  fourth  of  these  Amendments,  Mr. 
White  stated,  on  Mch.  30th,  that  the  Government  would  concur;  the 
third  one  and  the  general  subject  he  referred  to  briefly.  "  Having 
regard  to  the  wording  of  the  proposed  Amendments  to  which  I  have 
called  attention  and  which  bear  evidence  of  great  haste,  of  lack  of 
care  in  preparation,  and  having  regard  also  to  the  fact  that  all  the 
Amendments  which  can  be  deemed  in  any  way  to  be  relevant  are 
already  covered  by  Section  4,  I  beg  to  move  in  regard  to  the  third 
Amendment,  that  it  be  disagreed  to  because  the  special  inquiry  called 
for  by  the  Senate  is  not  relevant  to  the  purposes  of  the  Bill."  The 
wording  of  the  Amendment  was  as  follows : 

Provided  always  that  in  all  cases  where  any  application  for  an 
increase  of  duty  is  made  to  the  Government  the  Commission  shall,  in 
addition  to  reporting  on  the  above  matters,  make  a  special  report,  which 
in  the  case  of  any  industry  established,  shall  state: 

(a)  The  number  of  factories  now  existing  aad  the  number  of  hands 
now  employed,  giving  in  each  case  the  number  of  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren respectively. 

(6)  A  list  of  the  shareholders  and  the  number  and  amount  of  shares 
held  by  each  shareholder. 

(c)  The  dividends  paid  during  each  of  the  preceding  ten  years. 

(d)  The  wages  of  hands  and  the  number  of  hours  worked  per  diem. 

(e)  The  total  amount  of  goods  of  the  kind  on  which  such  increase 
of    duty   is    demanded,   consumed    in    Canada,   whether   home-made   or 
imported. 

The  Bill,  therefore,  went  back  again  to  the  Senate  which  body  at 
once  advised  the  House  that  it  adhered  to  the  Amendment  for  several 
reasons  of  which  the  chief  was  that  the  information  desired  was 
"highly  pertinent  and  germane  to  the  objects  of  a  Tariff  Commis- 
sion." The  second  measure  which  the  Senate  dealt  with  in  a  sum- 
mary manner  was  the  Minister  of  Railways'  Bill  "  to  encourage  and 
assist  the  improvement  of  Highways"  to  the  extent  of  $1,000,000. 
Mr.  Cochrane  moved  the  2nd  reading  in  the  House  on  Feb.  23  and 


232  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Sir  W.  Laurier  at  once  raised  the  point  that  the  measure  was  not  in 
order  as  contravening  Article  54  of  the  British  North  America  Act 
because,  though  practically  a  money  appropriation,  no  Resolutions 
had  been  presented  with  the  approval  of  the  Governor-General.  The 
Premier  explained  that  the  Act  only  provided  conditions  under  which 
Parliament  might  at  some  future  time  appropriate  certain  moneys. 
The  latter  view  was  supported  by  the  Speaker  and  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier 
then  moved  an  Amendment  declaring  that  "  while  the  House  is  fav- 
ourable to  the  granting  of  Federal  assistance  towards  the  construction 
of  permanent  roads  it  is  of  opinion  that  such  aid  should  be  given  to 
the  Governments  of  the  Provinces  for  such  purposes,  and  should  be 
granted  on  a  fixed  basis  similar  to  that  now  prescribed  by  the  B.  N.  A. 
Act  and  Amendments  thereto  for  Subsidies  to  the  Provinces." 

Mr.  Borden  in  reply  outlined  the  Government's  policy  in  this 
respect :  "  When  these  Subsidies  are  brought  down  we  propose  to  vote 
a  specific  amount  for  each  Province  which  cannot  be  appropriated 
to  any  other  Province,  and  we  propose  to  proceed  on  the  basis  of 
population  or  amount  of  Subsidy.  .  .  .  It  is  impossible  in  a 
Bill  of  this  kind  to  indicate  particular  highways  because  the  Pro- 
vince in  each  instance  must  be  consulted  in  regard  to  that.  Provision 
is  made  for  consultation  and  co-operation  with  them.  But  apart 
from  that,  the  safe-guards  which  have  been  introduced  in  this  Bill 
by  the  Minister  of  Railways  and  Canals,  with  regard  to  the  character 
of  the  highway,  and  the  expenditures  of  this  money  upon  permanent 
work,  and  upon  work  that  will  bring  the  highway  up  to  a  particular 
standard,  have  all  been  taken  from  the  Bills  providing  for  subsidies 
to  Railways  and  according  to  the  very  lines  of  these  measures  which 
have  been  introduced  not  only  by  the  late  Administration,  but  by 
previous  Administrations."  The  Amendment  was  negatived  without 
division  and  then  the  Opposition  fought  Clause  6  which  permitted 
the  Minister  of  Railways  to  "  undertake  construction  and  improve- 
ment of  highways"  and  which  they  contended  would  mean  conflict 
between  Federal  and  Provincial  jurisdictions  and  the  eventual  exten- 
sion of  Federal  power  in  other  directions.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  moved 
an  Amendment  as  follows  (Mch.  28)  which  was  rejected  by  50  to  79 
and  the  3rd  reading  then  approved:  "The  sum  of  money  voted  in 
any  year  to  be  expended  under  this  Act  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  different  Provinces  of  the  Dominion  according  to  the  population 
of  said  Provinces  as  established  by  the  last  Census  for  the  time 
being."  In  Supply  on  Mch.  29  a  vote  of  $1,000,000  was  approved 
subject,  Mr.  Cochrane  said,  to  the  Senate  passing  the  measure.  It 
was  to  be  allotted  as  follows : 

Alberta    152,189.90       Ontario    $351,466.64 

British   Columbia    54,669.52       Prince  Edward  Island 13,069.70 

Manitoba    63,460.10       Quebec    278,964.80 

New    Brunswick    49,019.86       Saskatchewan 68,592.58 

Nova   Scotia    168,576.90 

In  the  Senate  on  Mch.  18  Hon.  J.  A.  Lougheed,  Government  leader, 
explained  it  as  follows :  "  The  general  principle,  or  policy,  of  the  Bill 


THE  IMPORTANT  LEGISLATION  REJECTED  BY  THE  SENATE      233 

is  simply  this,  that  the  Federal  Government  is  anxious  to  co-operate 
with  the  Provinces  in  the  construction  of  main  highways.  They  may 
be  of  a  Provincial  order,  or  of  an  Inter-Provincial  character.  It  is 
therefore,  proposed  that  generous  assistance  should  be  given  by  the 
Dominion  Government  to  the  Provinces,  for  the  carrying  out  of  this 
very  laudable  undertaking,  provided  always  that  the  Provinces  will 
co-operate  with  the  Federal  Government  in  carrying  out  such  a 
scheme,  or  undertaking,  as  may  be  mutually  agreed  upon."  Sir 
Eichard  Cartwright,  the  Liberal  Leader,  was  outspoken  in  his  point 
of  view: 

I  might  sum  up  this  measure  in  brief,  by  declaring  that  it  is  bad  in 
principle,  worse  in  detail,  and  the  motive,  I  believe,  to  provide  a  huge 
fund  for  corruption,  is  worst  of  all.  Were  I  to  suggest  a  short  title  for 
the  Bill,  I  would  recommend  the  following — that  this  should  be  declared 
a  Bill  to  make  the  British  North  America  Act  so  much  waste  paper,  and 
to  provide  a  permanent  corruption  fund  for  the  use  of  the  Government 
of  the  day.  As  to  the  constitutionality  of  the  measure,  I  say  that,  if 
words  mean  anything,  if  there  is  sense  in  the  English  language,  if  the 
English  language  is  capable  of  conveying  a  distinct  idea,  nothing  can  be 
plainer  or  more  distinct  than  the  language  of  the  B.  N.  A.  Act,  which 
declares  that  local  works  and  undertakings  shall  be  absolutely  and  exclu- 
sively under  the  control  of  the  Local  Governments,  and  the  very  excep- 
tions that  follow  go  to  show  clearly  and  distinctly  how  utterly  unconsti- 
tutional the  proposition  of  my  Hon.  friend  is. 

On  Mch.  21  Hon.  L.  G.  Power  (Lib.)  moved  in  Amendment  to 
Clause  3  one  which  was  exactly  similar  to  that  previously  presented 
by  Sir  W.  Laurier  and  rejected  in  the  Commons.  Mr.  Lougheed 
objected  strongly  on  the  ground  that  this  compelled  payment  to  all 
Provinces  without  regard  to  their  separate  policies  and  degrees  of  aid 
to  Highway  building  while  the  Government's  idea  was  to  encourage 
each  Province  to  co-operate  with  the  leverage  of  being  able  to  with- 
hold the  grant  if  any  one  Province  did  not  do  so.  Clause  6  was  also 
struck  out  and  other  Amendments  made  and  submitted  to  the  Com- 
mons. Mr.  Cochrane  in  the  House  (Mch.  28)  stated  that  the  Gov- 
ernment would  agree  to  five  of  the  Senate's  Amendments  but  could 
not  accept  the  one  which  had  been  presented  to  the  Commons  by  the 
Liberal  leader  and  to  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Power;  nor  could  they  per- 
mit the  elimination  of  Clause  6  because,  primarily,  it  was  desirable 
to  provide  every  reasonable  means  of  co-operation  between  the  Federal 
Government  and  the  Provincial  Governments  for  the  construction 
and  improvement  of  highways  consistently  with  the  preservation  of 
the  Provincial  rights  which,  he  contended,  were  thoroughly  safe- 
guarded in  this  Section.  The  Senate,  however,  insisted  on  its  Amend- 
ments and  the  measure  was  dropped. 

The  Timiskaming*  and  Northern  Eailway  legislation  was  based 
upon  the  Borden  Government's  desire  to  give  the  same  aid  to  this 
Government-owned  Eailway  in  Ontario  as  was  given  to  Corpora- 
tion-owned lines.  The  Eesolutions  upon  which  the  Bill  was  founded 

*  NOTB. — The  Geographic  Board  has  changed  the  popular  spelling  of  "  Temis- 
kaming  "  <to  that  used  above. 


234  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

involved  a  grant  of  $2,000,000  and  were  presented  to  the  House  on 
Mch.  26th  as  follows:  "It  is  expedient  to  provide  that  the  Gover- 
nor-in-Council  may  grant  to  the  Government  of  the  Province  of 
Ontario  a  subsidy  not  exceeding  $6,400  per  mile  and  not  exceeding 
in  any  case  the  number  of  miles  hereinafter  respectively  stated — 
(I)  for  the  line  of  Kail  way  from  North  Bay  on  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  to  Cochrane  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  and  not 
exceeding  252*8  miles;  (II)  for  the  following  branch  lines  of  rail- 
way: (a)  from  Englehart  to  Charlton  not  exceeding  7 '8  miles; 
(6)  from  Cobalt  to  Kerr  Lake  not  exceeding  3 '9  miles;  (c)  from 
Iroquois  Falls  to  Timmins  not  exceeding  33*16  miles;  (d) 
from  Nipissing  Junction  to  North  Bay  not  exceeding  2*18 
miles.  That  the  subsidies  hereby  authorized  shall  be  payable  out 
of  the  Consolidated  Revenue  fund  of  Canada  at  the  option  of  the 
Governor-in- Council,  and  may  be  paid  upon  the  certificate  of  the 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Department  of  Railways  and  Canals  as  to 
the  mileage  constructed,  in  such  manner  and  in  such  amounts,  and 
subject  to  such  conditions,  if  any,  as  the  Governor-in- Council  deems 
expedient." 

The  Minister  stated  that  the  Ross  and  Whitney  Governments  of 
Ontario  had  both  applied  to  the  late  Federal  Government  for  this 
Subsidy  and  been  refused  and  described  the  country  which  the  T.  & 
N.  0.  was  opening  up.  He  added :  "  I  have  no  hesitation  in  stating  that 
any  Province  that  undertakes  to  develop  its  natural  resources  and 
the  opening  up  of  its  territory,  which  otherwise  would  not  be  cap- 
able of  development,  ought  to  receive  assistance  in  this  way  from 
the  Federal  Government  which  should  declare  such  to  be  its  policy. 
If  the  St.  John  Valley  Railway  had  been  built  by  the  Provincial 
authorities  I  do  not  see  why  this  Government  should  not  have 
granted  a  Federal  subsidy  towards  the  construction."  The  Opposi- 
tion contended  that  Provincial  Governments  and  Railway  Com- 
panies did  not  stand  in  the  same  category  and  that  this  Railway 
was  not  under  Dominion  jurisdiction.  Sir  W.  Laurier  took  this 
latter  ground  strongly  and  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  contended  for  some 
arrangement  by  which  through  rates  over  this  portion  of  the  route 
should  come  under  the  control  of  the  Railway  Commissioners.  The 
Premier,  in  reply,  pointed  out  that  the  Railway  was  not  completed 
and  that  its  further  construction  and  completion  to  Hudson's  Bay 
would  involve  a  considerable  Provincial  liability;  declared  that  any 
other  Province  assuming  similar  responsibilities  of  Government 
ownership  would  and  should  be  entitled  to  Federal  aid;  stated  that 
the  Government  would  take  up  with  the  Ontario  Government  the 
point  as  to  jurisdiction  over  through  traffic  and  that,  meantime,  the 
Act  would  be  amended  so  as  not  to  come  into  operation  except  by 
proclamation  of  the  Governor-in-Council. 

The  Bill  passed  in  due  course  and  on  Apl.  1 — the  day  of  proro- 
gation— came  up  for  2nd  reading  in  the  Senate  on  motion  of  Mr. 
Lougheed.  After  brief  discussion  this  was  carried  but  the  3rd  read- 
ing was  defeated  by  21  to  8  votes.  In  the  Commons  following  these 


THE  HON.  W.  T.  WHITE'S  FIRST  BUDGET  235 

different  acts  of  the  Senate  there  were  some  vigorous  words  used 
(Apl.  1)  by  Hon.  George  E.  Foster  who  charged  Sir  W.  Laurier 
with  using  his  Party  majority  in  the  Senate  to  kill  Government  leg- 
islation. He  declared  the  people  would  also  know  where  to  place 
the  responsibility  and  the  punishment.  Sir  Wilfrid  expressed  him- 
self as  quite  willing  to  accept  the  results  and  intimated  that  confer- 
ences between  the  two  Houses  might  have  been  successful;  to  which 
Mr.  White  replied  that  messages  from  the  Senate  had  now  taken  the 
place  of  the  Conference  idea. 

Mr.  White  on  Mch.  13th  presented  his  financial 
statement  to  Parliament.  Many  of  his  figures  were,  of 
pirrt  Budg-et  course,  inherited  from  his  predecessor  and  especially 
those  for  the  completed  fiscal  year,  1910-11,  as  to  which 
the  Minister  pointed  out  that  the  estimated  Eevenue  had  been  $117,- 
500,000  and  the  actual  total  $117,780,409;  the  estimated  Expenditure 
$87,000,000  and  the  actual  total  $87,774,198;  the  estimated  Surplus 
$30,500,000  and  the  actual  Surplus  $30,006,211.  These  figures  were 
the  highest  on  record  and  the  total  Revenue  double  that  of  1901-2. 
The  Customs  duties  of  the  year  were  $72,965,394  as  compared  with 
$60,156,133  in  1909-10  or  62  per  cent,  of  the  total  Revenue;  the 
Imports  entered  for  consumption  in  1910-11  were  $461,951,318  or 
$86,118,302  increase  with  an  average  rate  on  dutiable  goods  of  25 
per  cent.;  the  revenue  from  Excise  was  $16,869,837  or  an  increase 
of  $1,616,484  and  constituting  14  per  cent,  of  the  total  Revenue.  The 
Consolidated  Fund  expenditure  given  above  was  added  to  by  a  Capital 
expenditure  of  $35,022,430  and  the  net  Debt  was  increased  by 
$3,773,505. 

Coming  to  the  year  1911-12  the  Minister  of  Finance  estimated  the 
Revenue  to  Mch.  31  at  $136,000,000 — an  increase  of  $18,000,000  in 
the  year;  the  Expenditure  on  Consolidated  Fund  at  $97,000,000  or 
an  increase  of  $9,000,000 ;  the  Surplus  at  the  large  and  unprecedented 
figure  of  $39,000,000.  "The  Capital  outlay  for  1911-12  has  been 
extensive  on  account  of  the  large  undertakings  now  being  carried  on. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  capital  and  special  outlays  for  the  Transcon- 
tinental Railway,  for  the  different  railways,  canals,  and  public  works, 
for  railway  subsidies  and  for  the  various  other  items  in  this  category 
will  total  $34,000,000.  To  this  must  be  added  whatever  is  paid  to  the 
credit  of  the  Receiver-General  on  Trust  account  by  way  of  implement- 
ing, in  cash,  the  guarantees  under  the  terms  of  the  National  Trans- 
continental Railway  Act  and  the  Act  of  this  Session  in  this  regard. 
Assuming  that  amount  to  be  in  round  figures  $5,000,000  the  total 
will  be  increased  to  $39,000,000." 

The  net  reduction  in  the  Public  Debt  would  be  $1,150,000  after 
maintaining  all  the  services  of  a  growing  country  and  expending 
$39,000,000  on  great. public  enterprises.  It  may  be  added  here,  though 
the  facts  were  not  available  when  Mr.  White  was  speaking,  that  the 
actual  Revenue  for  the  year  ending  Mch.  31,  1912,  was  $136,108,217, 
the  actual  Expenditure  $98,161,440  and  the  actual  Surplus  $37,946,- 
776  with  $30,939,575  charged  to  Capital  Account  and  a  decrease  in 


236  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  net  Debt  from  $340,042,051  to  $339,919,460;  the  gross  Debt  was 
$474,941,487  with  Assets  of  $134,899,435 ;  the  ratio  of  the  net  Debt 
per  head  of  the  population  was  $47,51.  The  Estimates  for  1912-13 
showed  an  ordinary  Expenditure  of  $104,919,304  and  a  Capital 
Account  expenditure  of  $44,870,372  with  an  expectation  of  largely 
increased  Revenues.  Mr.  White  then  reviewed  the  situation  in  respect 
to  Government  loans. 

The  conditions  at  the  end  of  1911  were  decidedly  adverse.  Inter- 
national complications  were  thought  to  be  threatening,  and,  in  conse- 
quence, there  began  a  withdrawal  of  gold.  In  order  to  meet  the  situa- 
tion the  Bank  of  England,  following  the  practice  adopted  in  cases  of  the 
kind,  advanced  the  bank  rate  to  4  per  cent.  The  market  improved  some- 
what for  a  portion  of  the  new  year,  but  the  outlook  was  still  unfavour- 
able. We  were  in  constant  touch  with  our  financial  agents,  the  Bank  of 
Montreal,  and  as  soon  as  the  Bank  of  England  rate  dropped,  as  it  did 
recently  to  3%  per  cent.,  and  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  labour 
conditions  looked  rather  threatening,  we  decided  to  make  an  issue  for 
the  purpose  of  refunding  and  taking  up  that  £5,000,000  short  loan,  to 
which  I  have  referred,  upon  maturity. 

The  price  obtained  for  this  3^  per  cent,  standard  security  was  98. 
"  On  1st  October  next  there  falls  due  a  sum  of  £1,235,000  of  the  4 
per-cent.  loan  issued  in  December,  1907,  for  which  care  will  be  taken 
to  provide  on  the  date  of  maturity.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  this 
House  to  know  that  only  two  Loans  will  then  remain  to  be  provided 
for  until  1930,  or  during  the  next  18  years."  Reference  was  then 
made  to  the  fact  that  securities  guaranteed  by  the  Dominion  did  not 
realize  as  good  prices  as  the  direct  securities,  involving  a  direct  lia- 
bility, and  this  Mr.  White  thought  quite  natural.  "  In  addition  to 
that  the  Dominion  securities  are  Trustee  investments,  and  the  securi- 
ties of  a  Railway  company  guaranteed  by  the  Dominion  are  not 
Trustee  investments.  The  result  is  that  the  securities  of  the  Domin- 
ion are  in  demand  by  Trustees,  who  control  immense  sums  of  money 
in  the  Old  World."  The  Minister  then  dealt  with  the  National  Trans- 
continental Railway  and  other  large  items  and  pointed  out  that  while 
the  estimated  national  expenditure  upon  this  project  and  other  spe- 
cial undertakings,  from  1904  to  Mch.  31,  1912,  was  $252,785,248,  the 
estimated  addition  to  the  Public  Debt  in  that  period  was  only 
$77,285,063.  Trade,  railway,  and  financial  statistics  were  reviewed 
and  after  a  speech,  in  which  controversial  and  partisan  subjects  had 
been  carefully  avoided,  Mr.  White  concluded  with  a  pronounced 
eulogy  on  current  conditions  of  progress. 

Mr.  A.  K.  Maclean,  K.C.,  took  up  the  Opposition  mantle  of  Fin- 
ancial critic  and,  after  congratulating  Mr.  White  upon  his  fairness 
of  speech  and  optimism  of  figures,  he  took  credit  to  the  late  Govern- 
ment for  what  was  shown  and  then  started  upon  a  careful  analysis  of 
the  progress  made  by  Canada  under  the  Laurier  Administration. 
Between  the  years  1897  and  1911,  inclusive,  the  population  had  grown 
from  5,141,508  to  7,207,122;  the  Revenue  from  $40,555,000  to  $117,- 
780,000;  the  Import-trade  from  $137,950,000  to  $290,000,000;  the 
total  trade  from  $257,168,000  to  $769,441,000 ;  the  Exports  of  agri- 


THE  HON.  W.  T.  WHITE'S  FIRST  BUDGET  237 

cultural  products  from  $17,982,646  to  $82,601,284;  the  Export  of 
manufactures  from  $9,522,014  to  $35,283,118;  the  Export  of  min- 
eral products  from  $11,463,256  to  $42,787,561  and  of  animals  and 
their  produce  from  $39,245,252  to  $52,244,174.  In  the  matter  of 
Surpluses  there  was,  he  declared,  a  splendid  record  and  gave  the  fol- 
lowing table : 

1897-98  .            .  11,722,712.23  1905-06  (9  months)...  $12,898,719.12 

1898-99  4,837,749.00  1906-07  16,427,167.20 

1899-00  8,054,714.51  1907-08  19,413,054.22 

1900-01  5,648,333.29  1908-09  1,029,131.81 

1901-02  7,291,398.06  1909-10  22,091,963.81 

1902-03  14,345,166.17  1910-11  30,006,211.46 

1903-04  15,056,984.12  1911-12  (Estimated)..  39,000,000.00 

1904-05  7,863,090.00 

Mr.  Maclean  then  dealt  with  the  promises  of  largely  increased  expen- 
diture and  referred  to  Conservative  protests  against  similar  develop- 
ments under  the  late  Government — especially  speeches  by  Hon. 
Geo.  E.  Foster.  "When  I  consider  the  high  cost  of  living  in  this 
country,  when  one  considers  that  it  has  increased  so  rapidly  during 
the  past  few  years,  even  since  the  beginning  of  this  year,  I  say  we 
might  have  expected  some  intimation  from  the  Minister  of  Finance 
that  he  proposed  shortly  to  do  something  in  the  way  of  a  diminution 
of  taxation  in  order,  if  possible,  to  bring  about  a  reduction  in  the  cost 
of  living."  Mr.  Maclean  expressed  great  fear  as  to  the  coming 
demands  upon  the  Treasury  from  Conservative  Provincial  Premiers, 
dealt  with  the  alleged  extravagant  views  of  Colonel  Hughes  and  made 
the  declaration  that  the  defeat  of  Reciprocity  did  not  mean  any  aver- 
sion to  obtaining  "wider  markets  for  the  purchaser  and  consumer 
alike  in  certain  commodities."  With  this  question  he  dealt  at  length 
— defending  the  late  Agreement  and  eulogizing  the  freer-trade  idea. 
"The  Liberal  party,  I  take  it,  believe  in  increasing  as  much  as  pos- 
sible the  markets  for  our  productions,  particularly  our  natural  pro- 
ductions, which  must  increase  in  tremendous  proportions.  It  believed 
that  by  Reciprocity  we  could  obtain  this  without  doing  any  violence 
to  any  interest  in  this  country."  He  contended  that  by  1915  the 
Western  Provinces  would  be  producing  400,000,000  bushels  of 
wheat  and  he  wanted  to  know  where  the  surplus  would  be  sold. 

At  the  close  of  the  Session,  on  Mch.  30th,  Mr.  Maclean  reviewed 
the  financial  and  political  situation  from  the  Liberal  standpoint.  He 
claimed  that  the  total  of  all  Expenditures  authorized  for  1912-13 
•was  $200,000,000  as  compared  with  $139,000,000  in  1911-12;  that 
this  was  opposed  to  previous  professions  of  economy  and  of  alarm 
expressed  by  Conservatives  at  the  advancing  expenditures;  that  in 
the  Public  Works  Department,  for  instance,  the  highest  amount  voted 
in  eight  years  was  $12,300,000,  in  1909,  while  the  1913  vote  was 
$22,303,000  and  on  Capital  $10,210,000  additional  as  against  $2,832,- 
000  in  1909;  that  the  Militia  vote  showed  $2,800,000  of  an  increase 
over  1911-12  and  the  Post  Office  Department  $1,925,000.  Mr.  White, 
Minister  of  Finance,  replied  with  a  satirical  reference  to  sudden  con- 
versions to  economy,  with  the  statement  that  the  correct  total  for 
main  and  supplementary  Estimates  for  1912-13  together  was  $169,- 


238  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

000,000,  and  by  describing  the  attitude  of  the  Liberal  party  generally 
as  to  those  Estimates :  "  Why,  this  House  has  resounded  nightly  with 
their  complaints,  not  that  the  main  Estimates,  amounting  to  $149,- 
000,000  were  too  large,  but  that  they  were  altogether  too  small.  I 
am  not  going  to  read  this  list  of  requests  and  complaints,  that  I  have 
in  my  hand,  four  or  five  pages  of  them,  from  almost  every  Hon. 
gentlemen  whom  I  see  opposite  to  me."  Messrs.  Sinclair,  Macdonald 
and  McKenzie  were,  he  said,  all  clamouring  for  the  purchase  of  the 
Intercolonial  branch  lines ;  Mr.  Pugsley  wanted  a  spur-line  to  Hamp- 
ton and  more  money  for  St.  John;  Western  Liberals  wanted  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Eailway  and  so  on. 

This  question  had  a  three-fold  aspect  in  1912. 
Marriage  There  was  the  Constitutional  issue  involved  in  the  Pro- 
vincial  laws  and  legal  decisions  of  Quebec  relating  to 
marriage;  there  was  the  political  side  of  the  problem 
Decree  with  its  racial  and  party  complications  in  Parliament 

and  the  country;  there  was,  of  course,  the  position  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  premises.  The  question  of  nulli- 
fication of  marriage  by  the  Ecclesiastical  and  Provincial  Courts  of 
Quebec  for  non-compliance  with  Church  laws  had  been  discussed  for 
half  a  century  and  turned  upon  other  issues  than  that  of  the  Ne 
Temere  Decree  under  which  Catholics  were  compelled  to  be  married 
by  the  Parish  priest  of  one  or  other  of  the  participants.  The  degree 
of  relationship,  the  fact  of  being  god-parents  to  the  same  child,  the 
absence  of  baptism,  the  performance  of  marriage  by  a  Protestant  Min- 
ister, the  fact  of  either  party  being  a  minor  and  married  without 
consent  of  parents,  were  some  of  the  causes  for  dissolution  of  marriage. 
The  general  question  was  complicated  by  many  side  issues  and 
by  such  sensational  utterances  as  that  of  Rev.  C.  0.  Johnston  (Meth- 
odist) of  Toronto  who  on  Jan.  7  used  a  particularly  violent  anti- 
Protestant  oath,  said  to  have  been  at  some  time  or  other  taken  by  the 
Jesuit  Order,  as  the  text  for  bitter  denunciation  of  Roman  Catholics. 
The  exact  terms  are  unimportant  but,  on  Jan.  31,  the  Provincial  of 
the  Jesuits  in  Canada,  Father  Edouard  Lecompte,  S.J.,  wrote  over 
his  own  signature  to  the  Toronto  Star  stating  that  this  allegation  was 
an  unqualified  untruth.  "We  vehemently  repudiate  as  a  barefaced 
forgery  that  absurd,  filthy,  and  criminal  oath,  which  no  sane  man 
could  take  or  even  believe  in,  and  which,  though  a  hundred  times 
refuted  and  exploded,  has  made  its  way  from  the  initial  forger, 
Robert  Ware  in  1680,  down  to  his  latest  progeny  lecturing  in  a 
Toronto  church."  The  Toronto  Star  on  Jan.  8,  9,  10,  11,  15  had  a 
series  of  long  articles  from  a  special  correspondent  in  Montreal  of 
which  the  following  is  a  summarized  analysis: 

Under  certain  circumstances,  it  is  possible  in  the  Province  of  Quebec 
to  secure  the  annulment  of  the  marriage  tie  for  causes  which  would  be 
regarded  as  altogether  inadequate  in  any  other  part  of  the  British  Empire. 
Further,  by  so  doing,  to  brand  those  so  separated  as  evil-livers,  yet  per- 
mit re-marriage  with  other  parties;  to  illegitimatize  children;  to  provide 
no  alimony  or  means  of  subsistence  for  wives;  seriously  to  imperil  pro- 


MARRIAGE  LAWS  AND  THE  NE  TEMERE  DECREE  239 

perty  rights  of  the  heirs  of  those  who,  continuing  to  live  together  after 
such  sentence  of  annulment  (passed,  although  unsought)  have  covetous 
relatives  who  are  willing  to  take  advantage  of  the  ban  of  illegitimacy 
placed  upon  such  heirs;  to  add  very  materially  to  the  perils  of  young 
girls,  both  Catholic  and  Protestant,  at  the  hands  of  designing  and  vicious 
men. 

In  Quebec  there  was  no  special  excitement  over  the  matter  nor 
was  it  greatly  discussed  in  the  West  while  the  Church  concerned  said 
very  little;  in  Ontario  certain  circles  continued  to  denounce  the 
Decree  as  did  the  Eev.  Dr.  W.  H.  Hincks  in  Toronto  on  Jan.  7 — as 
being  "  immoral,  inhuman  and  treasonable."  Amidst  this  rather  one- 
sided discussion  of  the  question  it  was  announced  that  E.  A.  Lancas- 
ter (Cons.)  would  press  his  Bill  making  all  marriages  performed  by 
a  legally-authorized  person  valid  throughout  all  Canada.  To  the 
press  at  Ottawa  on  Jan.  16th,  Mr.  Lancaster  said:  "I  do  not  think 
that  there  should  be  a  Ne  Temere  Decree  in  any  Province  in  Canada, 
and  I  believe  that  all  marriages  performed  by  properly  authorized 
persons  in  Canada  should  be  legal  throughout  the  Dominion,  without 
regard  to  the  religion  of  the  parties  or  the  clergymen."  The  measure 
came  up  for  its  second  reading  in  the  Commons  on  Jan.  22  and  its 
essential  feature  was  as  follows :  "  Every  ceremony  or  form  of  mar- 
riage heretofore  or  hereafter  performed  by  any  person  authorized  to 
perform  any  ceremony  of  marriage  by  the  laws  of  the  place  where  it 
is  performed,  and  duly  performed  according  to  such  laws,  shall 
everywhere  within  Canada  be  deemed  to  be  a  valid  marriage,  not- 
withstanding any  differences  in  the  religious  faith  of  the  persons  so 
married  and  without  regard  to  the  religion  of  the  person  performing 
the  ceremony." 

Mr.  E.  L.  Borden,  Prime  Minister,  in  following  described  the 
issue  as  turning  upon  the  construction  of  the  Civil  Code  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec  and  argued  that  the  Dominion  did  not  possess  the 
constitutional  power  to  over-ride  Provincial  legislation  regarding  the 
solemnization  of  marriage.  He  quoted  the  British  North  America 
Act  and  added :  "  The  formalities  prescribed  by  a  Provincial  Legis- 
lature as  necessary  to  constitute  a  valid  marriage  seem  undoubtedly 
within  the  meaning  of  the  word  '  solemnization.'  It  thus  appears 
that  with  respect  to  those  formalities  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Provin- 
cial Legislatures  is  exclusive.  The  opinion  of  the  late  Minister  of 
Justice,  Sir  Allen  Aylesworth,  the  opinion  of  the  present  Minister 
of  Justice,  and  the  opinion  of  the  Deputy  Minister  of  Justice,  Mr. 
Newcombe,  E.G.,  are  to  the  effect  that  legislation  such  as  that  now 
proposed  is  not  within  the  legislative  competence  of  the  Parliament 
of  Canada."  He  announced,  in  conclusion,  that  the  Government  had 
determined  to  submit  for  the  opinion  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
thence  of  the  Judicial  Committee,  the  question  as  to  the  legislative 
competence  of  Parliament  to  enact  this  Bill — with  any  further  ques- 
tions necessary  to  clearly  define  its  power.  Pending  such  action  it 
was  not  desirable  that  the  Bill  should  pass  and  he,  therefore,  moved 
the  adjournment  of  the  debate. 


240  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  dealt  with  certain  misconceptions  regarding 
the  Ne  Temere  Decree.  "  The  Tametsi  Decree  (and  later  the  Ne 
Temere  Decree)  is  simply  a  rule  of  conduct  to  be  followed  by  the 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  It  does  not  pretend  to  impose  its 
views  on  those  who  do  not  belong  to  that  Church.  Its  object  is  simply 
to  prevent  clandestine  marriages.  In  the  Province  of  Quebec  to-day, 
according  to  the  terms  of  the  Tametsi  Decree  as  modified  by  the  Ne 
Temere  now  in  force — it  was  not  in  force  when  the  decisions  were  given 
which  were  referred  to  by  my  Hon.  friend — if  two  Catholics  marry, 
they  must  marry  before  the  parish  priest  and  publicly ;  not  only  before 
the  priest  but  before  at  least  two  witnesses."  The  Minister  of  Justice 
(Mr.  Doherty)  took  the  view  that  the  promulgation  of  the  Ne  Temere 
Decree  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  had  not  affected  the  Civil  law  "  one 
iota."  "  I  quite  understand  that  before  the  Ne  Temere  Decree,  the 
Church  recognized  the  validity  of  the  marriage  between  a  Catholic 
and  a  non-Catholic  before  an  officer  qualified  to  solemnize  marriage; 
but  that  since  the  Ne  Temere  Decree — dealing  always  with  the  spiri- 
tual question  and  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  validity  of  the  sacra- 
ment— the  ecclesiastical  authority  does  not  recognize  the  validity  of 
the  sacrament ;  but  that  in  no  manner  affects  the  Civil  law  of  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec."  He  did  not  believe  that  the  best  way  of  dealing 
with  this  question  was  to  act  first  and  find  out  afterwards  if  there 
was  any  power  to  so  act. 

A.  H.  Clarke,  K.c.  (Lib.),  attacked  the  Government  and  reviewed 
political  statements  of  the  late  general  election;  Hon.  W.  T.  White 
dealt  with  the  legal  cases  in  Quebec  arising  out  of  the  local  situation ; 
E.  Guss  Porter  (Cons.),  M.  Clark  (Lib.),  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier,  E.  M. 
Macdonald  (Lib.),  J.  W.  Edwards  (Cons.),  spoke  briefly  and  then 
the  division  showed  87  in  favour  of  Mr.  Borden's  amendment  to 
adjourn  the  debate  and  submit  a  stated  case  to  the  Courts  and  61 
against.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  other  Liberal  leaders  voted  against 
the  Government  amendment  and  were  supported  by  five  Conserva- 
tives— W.  F.  Maclean,  Richard  Blain,  Edward  Kidd,  J.  W.  Edwards 
and  E.  A.  Lancaster.  W.  B.  Northrup,  T.  G.  Wallace  and  Col.  Hugh 
Clark,  who  favoured  the  principle  involved  in  the  Bill,  decided  to  sup- 
port a  reference  to  the  Courts  first. 

Opinion  as  to  this  action  of  the  Government  varied  greatly.  Hon. 
S.  H.  Blake  (Lib.)  in  an  interview  on  the  23rd  declared  that  there 
was  no  certainty  as  to  the  rights  of  Provincial  Legislatures  and  Par- 
liament in  the  premises.  "Until  this  is  settled  by  an  authority 
which  can  bind  all,  any  statute  passed  might  be  the  subject  of  pro- 
longed litigation  and  would  keep  matters  in  a  state  of  uncertainty 
for  an  indefinite  period.  It  appears  to  me,  therefore,  that  it  was  a 
wise  conclusion  that  the  final  authority  should  first  determine  this 
question  of  power."  The  Orange  Sentinel  was  also  inclined  to 
approve  the  policy:  "If  Mr.  Lancaster's  Bill  had  been  passed  it 
would,  in  all  probability,  have  been  taken  before  the  Privy  Council. 
It  might  have  been  set  aside  upon  a  technicality.  To  reach  such  an 
issue  after  two  or  three  years'  time  would  be  much  worse  than  to 


MABRIAGE  LAWS  AND  THE  NE  TEMERE  DECREE  241 

await  the  decision  of  the  highest  Court,  and  upon  that  solid  founda- 
tion frame  an  enactment  that  will  stand." 

The  Toronto  Telegram  (Ind.-Cons.)  considered  the  action  of  the 
Government ^as  a  shirking  of  duty,  a  policy  of  "shame  and  sur- 
render." On  the  24th  the  views  of  an  "  eminent  Counsel "  to  whom 
Mr.  Borden  had  referred  in  his  speech  were  made  public  and  it  was 
found  that  I.  F.  Hellmuth,  K.C.,  of  Toronto,  had  advised  the  Gov- 
ernment: (1)  that  Mr.  Lancaster's  Bill  was  beyond  the  power  of  the 
Parliament  of  Canada  to  enact;  (2)  that  Parliament  could  not  vali- 
date a  marriage  which  had  not  been  solemnized  with  the  formalities 
or  before  the  person  prescribed  by  the  Provincial  laws;  (3)  that  if 
the  law  of  any  Province  required  that  the  marriage  of  two  Catholics 
must  be  celebrated  before  a  Catholic  priest,  the  Parliament  of  Can- 
ada could  not  effectively  declare  that  such  marriage  was  valid  if 
celebrated  before  some  other  person.  The  comment  of  the  Toronto 
Globe  on  Jan.  24th  was  explicit : 

The  Ne  Temere  Decree  promulgated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
in  1908  goes  a  step  farther,  and  arrogates  to  the  Church  of  Rome  powers 
that,  if  declared  to  be  legally  exercised  in  Quebec  under  Clause  127  of 
the  Civil  Code,  must  be  curbed  either  by  an  amendment  to  the  Code  or 
by  a  constitutional  amendment  that  will  transfer  to  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment control  over  the  solemnization  of  marriage.  Stripped  of  Its 
verbiage,  the  Ne  Temere  Decree  says  that  a  marriage  of  a  Catholic  and 
a  Protestant  is  no  marriage  at  all  in  the  sight  of  God  and  the  Church 
unless  it  is  performed  by  a  priest  or  the  Holy  .See  grants  a  special  dis- 
pensation. The  parties  to  a  mixed  marriage  must  be  married  according 
to  the  Canon  law,  which  makes  marriage  a  sacrament  of  the  Church  of 
Rome. 

Meanwhile,  certain  cases  were  coming  to  a  decision  in  Quebec. 
That  of  Tremblay  vs.  Depatie  in  which  a  marriage  of  4th  cousins  was 
annulled  by  the  Court  of  Review  came  under  discussion  in  the  press 
and  on  Jan.  10,  G.  V.  Cousins,  the  Montreal  advocate,  urged  that  it 
be  appealed  to  the  Privy  Council  and  on  Dec.  18  following  it  was 
announced  that  this  would  be  done.  On  Jan.  30,  Mr.  Justice  Bruneau 
gave  Civil  effect  to  an  Ecclesiastical  decree  declaring  the  marriage  of 
Dame  Marie  A.  Meunnier  to  F.  X.  Blanchet  void  on  the  ground  of 
the  3rd  degree  of  consanguinity.  They  had  not  been  living  together 
for  years.  On  appeal  the  Court  of  Review — Judges  Tellier  and 
De  Lorimier — upheld  this  decision  on  Nov.  29  with  Judge  Archibald 
dissenting.  The  famous  Hebert  case  came  up  for  judgment  before 
Mr.  Justice  Charbonneau  in  the  Superior  Court  at  Montreal  and  the 
decision  was  made  public  on  Feb.  22.  This  marriage  of  Emma 
Clouatre  and  Eugene  Hebert  (both  Catholics)  had  been  annulled  by 
Archbishop  BruchSsi  on  the  ground  of  solemnization  by  a  Methodist 
Minister,  without  dispensation,  and  this  annulment  had  been  ratified 
by  Mr.  Justice  Laurendeau.  Mde.  Hebert  now  appealed  on  behalf 
of  their  child  and  in  the  course  of  an  elaborate  study  of  the  issue  and 
judgment  upon  the  case,  Judge  Charbonneau  declared  the  judgment 
and  annulment  of  Mch.  23,  1911,  null  and  void  and  the  marriage  in 
16 


242  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

question  of  July  9,  1908,  "good  and  valid."  He  made  these 
comments : 

Marriage. — That  which  essentially  constitutes  marriage  is  the  con- 
sent of  a  man  and  woman  to  live  in  common  together,  for  life  and  the 
conservation  of  humanity.  That  is  not  only  the  base  of  the  contract,  but 
it  is  the  contract  itself;  the  sacrament  is  only  a  form  which  gives  it  its. 
mark  of  solemnity,  and  the  civil  ministerial  functions  are  nothing  but 
another  form  which  give  it  publicity,  authenticity  and  civil  effect. 

Ne  Temere. — Personally  I  cannot  believe  that  the  Roman  Congrega- 
tion which  enacted  the  Decree  ever  intended  to  give  it  any  civil  effect. 
However,  it  is  sufficient  for  the  needs  of  this  case  to  declare  for  reasons 
which  have  been  analyzed  in  the  judicial  examination  of  the  question, 
that  this  Decree  has  not  the  slightest  influence  over  the  civil  solemniza- 
tion of  marriage  in  this  case  or  rather  over  the  qualification  of  the  officer 
before  whom  was  received  the  consent  to  marry. 

Decision. — The  Court  declares  that  the  Decree  proclaimed  by  the 
Congregation  of  the  Council  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  Aug.  2nd, 
1907,  beginning  with  these  words,  '  Ne  Temere,'  has  no  civil  effect  what- 
ever upon  the  said  marriage;  that  the  Decree  of  the  Ordinary  of  the 
Diocese  of  Montreal  under  date  of  Nov.  12th,  1909,  and  produced  in  this 
case  by  the  complainant,  has  no  .Judicial  effect  in  this  case,  and  rejects 
the  plea  of  the  opposing  Defendant  and  of  the  Tierce  opposante,  with 
reference  to  the  other  conclusions  that  are  therein  taken. 

Comments  were  many  and  varied  with  a  majority  of  expressed  opin- 
ions in  favour  of  the  matter  going  to  the  Privy  Council  for  final 
decision  and  the  announcement  was  made  that  such  an  appeal  would 
be  taken  in  due  course.  The  Protestant  press  of  the  country  was 
inclined  to  eulogize  Judge  Charbonneau's  judgment  as  scholarly, 
thorough  and  judicial  in  tone — the  Toronto  Telegram  describing  it 
as  "the  Magna  Charta  of  Civil  Freedom."  In  St.  James  Cathedral 
on  Feb.  25th,  Archbishop  Bruchesi  took  high  and  positive  ground 
with  the  quoted  words  of  Pope  Leo  XIII :  "  Since  marriage  is  in  its 
essence,  from  its  nature  and  in  itself,  sacred,  it  is  necessary  that  it 
shall  be  regulated  and  governed  not  by  the  authorities  of  secular 
rulers,  but  by  the  divine  authority  of  the  Church,  which  alone  has- 
dominion  over  sacred  things."  As  to  the  rest  he  put  the  case  in  this 
way:  "Have  we  ever  seen  a  Catholic  priest,  even  when  urgently 
pressed,  celebrate  the  marriage  of  two  persons  belonging  to  another 
religious  congregation  than  the  Catholic  Church.  Such  a  thing  will 
never  be  seen.  If  Protestant  ministers  did  accordingly,  if  they  did 
not  admit  before  them  to  receive  their  consent  to  marriage,  imprudent 
and  guilty  Catholics,  on  the  simple  presentation  of  a  civil  permit,, 
after  neglecting  to  inquire  their  age  and  their  condition,  we  would 
not  have  had  these  scandals  that  have  caused  so  much  trouble  in 
society,  excited  the  popular  passions,  and  given  rise  to  the  most 
deplorable  discussions."  Meanwhile,  a  stated  Case  had  been  prepared 
under  Dominion  Government  instructions,  and  in  connection  with 
the  Lancaster  Bill,  for  presentation  to  the  Supreme  Court  and  the 
Judicial  Committee.  It  was  announced  on  Feb.  23rd,  as  follows: 

The  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council,  on  the  recommendation  of  the 
Minister  of  Justice,  advise  that,  pursuant  to  Section  60  of  the  Supreme 


MARRIAGE  LAWS  AND  THE  NE  TEMERE  DECREE  243 

Court  Act,  the  following  questions  be  referred  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Canada  for  hearing  and  consideration,  namely: 

1.  (a)  Has  the  Parliament  of  Canada  authority  to  enact,  in  whole  or  in 
part,  Bill  No.  3  of  the  first  Session  of  the  twelfth  Parliament  of  Canada, 
entitled,  'An  Act  to  Amend  the  Marriage  Act';    (6)  if  the  provisions  of 
the  said  Bill  are  not  all  within  the  authority  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada 
to  enact,  which,  if  any,  of  the  provisions  are  within  such  authority? 

2.  Does  the  law  of    the  Province  of    Quebec  render  null  and  void, 
unless  contracted  before  a  Roman  Catholic  priest,  a  marriage  that  would 
otherwise  be  legally  binding,  which  takes  place  in  such  Province — (a) 
between  persons  who  are  both  Roman  Catholics,  or  (6)  between  persons 
one  of  whom,  only,  is  a  Roman  Catholic? 

3.  If  either  (a)  or  (&)  of  the  last  preceding  question  is  answered  in 
the  affirmative,  or  if  both  of  them  are  answered  in  the  affirmative,  has 
the  Parliament  of  Canada  authority  to  enact  that  all  such  marriages 
whether    (a)    heretofore  solemnzed,  or   (b)   hereafter  to  be  solemnized, 
shall  be  legal  and  binding? 

This  case  came  before  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  on  May  7. 
Wallace  Nesbitt,  E.G.,  and  Eugene  Lafleur,  E.G.,  appeared  on  behalf 
of  the  Dominion  Government  in  support  of  the  Dominion's  power 
to  pass  the  Bill  introduced  by  E.  A.  Lancaster,  M.P.  for  Lincoln, 
whilst  Edward  Bayley,  K.C.,  appeared  on  behalf  of  the  Government 
of  Ontario  in  support  of  the  right  of  Parliament  to  legislate.  I.  F. 
Hellmuth,  K.C.,  and  P.  B.  Mignault,  E.G.,  appeared  as  opposing  the 
right  of  Parliament  to  pass  such  legislation  and  were  so  appointed 
by  the  Dominion  Government  in  order  that  both  sides  might  be 
argued;  whilst  R.  C.  Smith,  E.G.,  and  Aime  Geoff rion,  E.G.,  appeared 
on  behalf  of  the  Quebec  Government  to  ask  that  the  argument  be  not 
proceeded  with  on  the  ground  that  the  Supreme  Court  had  not  the 
requisite  jurisdiction.  The  Court  decided  to  await  the  decision  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  the  Companies'  Case  and  this  on  May  16th  gave  the 
Court  authority  to  hear  such  appeals. 

On  the  27th,  the  Court  (composed  of  Chief  Justice  Sir  C.  Fitz- 
patrick,  Hon.  L.  P. 'Duff,  Hon.  J.  Idington,  Sir  L.  H.  Davies,  Hon. 
F.  A.  Anglin  and  Hon.  L.  P.  Brodeur)  sat  upon  the  case  with  Mr. 
Justice  Brodeur  alone  absent  on  account  of  having  recently  supported 
in  Parliament  Sir  A.  B.  Aylesworth's  view  of  the  subject.  Most 
elaborate  arguments  were  presented  by  the  various  Counsel  in  speeches 
of  great  ability.  Mr.  Bayley  on  May  30th  submitted  the  Ontario 
Government's  view  in  a  few  concise  words :  "  While  of  the  opinion 
that  it  is  difficult  to  give  an  unqualified  yes  or  no  to  any  one  of  the 
questions  submitted  in  this  case,  and  that  the  law  on  the  subject  is 
difficult  to  determine,  the  Province  of  Ontario  favours  a  uniform  gen- 
eral marriage  law  for  the  Dominion — if  so  framed  that  the  Legisla- 
tive authority  of  the  Provinces  in  relation  to  the  solemnization  of 
marriage  is  not  thereby  violated ;  and  the  Province  of  Ontario  adopts 
so  much  of  the  argument  of  Counsel  for  the  Dominion  as  is  consistent 
with  the  view  above  expressed,  and  no  more.  The  Province  of  Ontario 
considers  that  an  Act  of  Parliament  which  renders  valid  throughout 
the  Dominion  marriages  performed  in  a  Province  by  persons  legally 
authorized  by  such  Province  would  result  in  consolidating  and  per- 
fecting Provincial  authority  throughout  Canada,  and,  on  this  view,. 


244 

the  passing  of  such  an  Act  by  the  Dominion  Parliament  would  enlarge 
rather  than  encroach  upon  Provincial  jurisdiction." 

Judgment  of  the  Court  was  reserved  on  May  31st  and  made  public 
on  June  18th.  It  was  a  somewhat  complicated  document.  The  five 
Judges  were  practically  unanimous  as  to  the  Federal  Parliament 
having  no  constitutional  right  to  pass  such  a  Bill  as  Mr.  Lancaster's ; 
three  out  of  the  five  declared  that  the  law  of  the  Province  of  Quebec 
did  not  render  null  and  void  marriages  not  contracted  before  a 
Catholic  priest  and  otherwise  legally  binding,  while  Chief  Justice 
Fitzpatrick  declined  to  answer  as  to  two  Catholics  and  Mr.  Justice 
Anglin  declared  for  the  Ecclesiastical  contention  in  that  respect;  and 
a  unanimous  decision  was  given  favourable  to  the  legality  of  mixed 
marriages  under  Quebec  conditions.  As  to  Parliament  being  com- 
petent to  enact  that  such  marriages  should  in  future  be  legal  and 
binding  all  but  Judge  Idington  answered  in  the  negative.  The  case 
then  went  on  appeal  to  the  Judicial  Committee  where  the  hearings 
began  on  July  22  before  the  Lord  Chancellor  (Lord  Haldane),  Lords 
Loreburn,  Halsbury,  Macnaghten,  Atkinson,  Shaw,  and  Lord  Chief 
Baron  Palles  of  Ireland.  Practically  the  same  Counsel  appeared  as 
at  Ottawa — Messrs.  Nesbitt,  Lafleur,  Hellmuth,  Mignault,  R.  C. 
Smith  and  Geoffrion  with  the  addition  of  F.  Arnoldi,  K.C.,  repre- 
senting Ontario.  Judgment  was  rendered  on  the  29th  in  exact  terms 
which  are  quoted  elsewhere.*  Their  Lordships  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  Provincial  Legislatures  in  dealing  with  the  solemnization  of 
marriage  within  any  Province  could  impose  conditions  affecting  the 
validity  of  contract.  In  a  general  sense  the  Supreme  Court  decision 
was  confirmed,  except  that  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  answer 
the  second  question  and,  therefore,  Parliament  was  declared  unable 
to,  in  effect,  pass  a  uniform  marriage  law  for  Canada.  The  question 
as  to  the  validity  of,  or  the  power  of  making  valid,  certain  marriages 
in  Quebec  was  presumably  left  for  future  decision  in  respect  to  the 
Hebert  or  some  similar  case  on  appeal.  If  Parliament  had  no 
authority  regarding  the  first  question  it  could  have  none  in  the 
third. 

The  decision  was  received  with  satisfaction  by  the  French-Cana- 
dian press  and  with  a  demand  for  amendment  of  the  British  North 
America  Act  by  the  Orange  Sentinel  and  its  school  of  thought  in 
Canada  generally.  The  Hamilton  Spectator  expressed  sympathy 
with  this  idea  and  the  Toronto  Globe  hinted  at  it  while  the  Montreal 
Herald  (July  31)  took  this  view:  "  The  decision  of  the  Judicial  Com- 
mittee is  clearly  based  on  the  ground  that  the  framers  of  the  B.N.A. 
Act  recognized  that  the  Provinces,  parties  to  the  pact,  had  diverse 
marriage  laws,  and  they  desired  to  continue  the  autonomy  of  the 
Provinces  in  this  regard.  The  decision  is,  therefore,  another  victory 
for  Provincial  Rights."  It  was  said  that  the  Evangelical  Alliance  of 
Canada  obtained  300,000  signatures  to  a  petition  for  a  National 
Marriage  law.  The  following  incidents  connected  with  this  general 
question  in  1912  may  be  briefly  summarized : 

•  NOTE. — See  Judicial  Committee  decisions,  page  127. 


DOMINION  BYE-ELECTIONS  OF  1912  245 

Feb.  7.— In  his  charge  to  the  Anglican  Synod,  Bishop  Farthing  of 
Montreal,  says:  "When  there  has  been  a  marriage  against 
which  there  is  no  objection  except  that  of  religion  and  the 
union  has  taken  place  it  seems  to  me  that  it  is  a  horrible  degra- 
dation of  human  life  for  the  Church  to  separate  those  two 
persons  and  permit  the  Christian  partner  to  marry  another  per- 
son." The  Synod  passes  a  Resolution  pledging  its  hearty  sup- 
port to  "  every  lawful  effort  to  secure  one  marriage  law  for  the 
Dominion  of  Canada." 

Feb.  23.— Speaking  in  the  Quebec  Legislature,  Mr.  Bourassa  declares  that 
under  Articles  163  and  164  of  the  Civil  Code  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  a  marriage  which  has  been  declared  void  (by  Ecclesi- 
astical authority)  has  nevertheless  Civil  effects,  both  as  regards 
the  one  married,  and  as  to  the  children,  when  the  marriage 
has  been  contracted  in  good  faith.  If  the  good  faith  exists 
only  on  the  part  of  one  of  the  married  persons,  the  marriage 
does  not  produce  Civil  effects  except  in  favour  of  the  one  in 
good  faith,  and  of  the  children  born  of  the  marriage. 

Mch.  10. — Rev.  Father  Woodcutter  and  Ven.  Archdeacon  Johnson  refer 
from  their  pulpits  in  Moose  Jaw,  Sask.,  to  the  charge  of  undue 
influence  being  used  by  the  former  in  the  case  of  a  local  mixed 
marriage  where  the  Catholic  husband  finally  persuaded  the  girl 
to  be  married  by  the  Priest  in  a  second  ceremony. 

June  21. — Mr.  Justice  Greenshields  gives  judgment  in  a  case  wherein 
Mde.  Rebecca  Morin  sued  La  Croix,  a  French  newspaper  of 
Montreal,  for  stating  (Nov.  18,  1911)  that  her  Father,  the  one- 
time Rev.  Charles  Chiniquy,  had  not  been  legally  married 
because  when  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  he  had  taken  the  oath 
of  chastity.  Verdict  is  given  against  La  Croix  for  $3,000  dam- 
ages as  having  published  an  article  both  "  defamatory  and 
libellous."  For  the  claim  of  the  Catholic  Church  that  "  once  a 
Roman  Catholic  always  a  Roman  Catholic  "  the  Judge  declares 
that  there  is  no  sanction  in  the  laws  of  Canada. 

—jajoaB  e  The  Bye-elections  of  the  year  1912  included  the 
Election*  ot*~  following  acclamations :  Carleton,  Oct.  30,  W.  F.  Gar- 
i9ia:  south  land;  South  Simcoe,  June  10,  W.  A.  Boys;  Kootenay, 
j£av  30^  R.  f\  Green.  These  new  members  were  all 
Conservatives  and  Mr.  Green  was  an  active  and  prom- 
inent British  Columbia  politician.  Of  the  contested 
seats  South  Renfrew  on  Feb.  22  elected  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  (Lib.) 
by  a  majority  of  223  over  M.  J.  Maloney;  Hochelaga  elected  Hon. 
Louis  Coderre  (Cons.)  by  2,273  majority  over  Leopold  Doyon;  Riche- 
lieu elected  P.  J.  A.  Cardin  (Lib.)  over  E.  A.  D.  Morgan  by  258 
majority;  Macdonald  elected  Alex.  Morrison  (Cons.)  by  794  over 
R.  L.  Richardson  (Ind.  Lib.).  This  gave  the  Government  a  success- 
ful record  and  the  Conservative  press  added  to  it  the  statement  that 
since  Sept.  21st,  1911,  the  Province  of  Ontario  had  gone  Conserva- 
tive in  Provincial  Elections  by  89  to  18 ;  that  of  British  Columbia  by 
40  to  2  and  Prince  Edward  Island  by  28  to  2;  that  of  New  Bruns- 
wick by  44  to  4;  while,  on  the  other  side,  Quebec  ^iad  returned  its 
Liberal  Government  by  63  to  18. 

It  may  be  added  here  that  on  Apl.  17  Mr.  Justice  McCorkill  gave 
total  damages  of  $2,000  to  M.  Letorneau  who  sued  L'Evencment  and 
the  Quebec  Chronicle  for  stating  during  the  1911  Elections  that  he 
induced  Sir  W.  Laurier's  local  opponent  to  retire  by  the  use  of  force 


246 

and  fraud ;  that  the  bye-election  in  Richelieu  was  caused  by  the  unseat- 
ing on  Apl.  29  of  P.  J.  A.  Cardin  (Lib.)  for  corrupt  practices  which 
were  admitted;  that  the  result  in  this  riding  cut  down  Mr.  Cardin's 
majority  by  nearly  two-thirds  from  that  of  1911  with  the  Liberal 
claim  that  this  was  due  to  promises  of  Government  support  by  Sir 
E.  Forget  to  a  local  railway  project  plus  the  influence  of  the  Sorel 
ship-yards;  that  E.  F.  Green,  the  Conservative  who  was  elected  in 
the  Kootenays,  strongly  advocated  protection  for  local  lumber  and 
lead  industries;  that  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  on  Oct.  29  con- 
firmed J.  A.  C.  Ethier  (Lib.)  in  his  Two  Mountains'  seat  where,  at 
the  General  Election,  he  had  been  declared  elected  by  acclamation  on 
a  technical  irregularity  in  his  opponent's  papers ;  that  it  was  claimed 
(Toronto  News,  Nov.  20)  that  during  the  year  the  Bye-elections  had 
shown  an  increase  of  Conservative  majorities  from  1,523  to  2,990  and 
a  decrease  of  Liberal  majorities  from  1,518  to  462. 

The  South  Eenfrew  contest  turned  largely  upon  an  arrangement 
made  by  the  local  Executives  of  the  two  Parties  that  the  Hon.  G.  P. 
Graham  (Lib.)  would  be  elected  to  Parliament  by  acclamation  in 
place  of  T.  A.  Low  who  would  resign  for  that  purpose,  if  T.  W. 
McGarry  (Cons.)  were  returned  by  acclamation  in  the,  then,  pending 
Provincial  elections.  The  Agreement  was  written  in  precise  and 
explicit  terms;  it  was  signed  by  J.  B.  Ferguson,  President  of  the 
South  Eenfrew  Conservative  Association  and  a  number  of  Conserva- 
tive workers  and  by  B.  G.  Connolly,  President  of  the  South  Eenfrew 
Eeform  Association,  and  a  corresponding  number  of  Liberals.  Mr. 
McGarry  was  elected  by  acclamation,  Mr.  Low  then  resigned  his  seat, 
and  Mr.  Graham  was  announced  as  the  Liberal  candidate.  Hon.  J.  D: 
Eeid,  Minister  of  Customs,  G.  V.  White,  M.P.  for  North  Eenfrew,  and 
various  prominent  Conservatives,  outside  and  inside  the  Riding,  dis- 
approved of  the  agreement  and  a  Conservative  Convention  nominated 
Dr.  M.  J.  Maloney  (Jan.  19th)  to  contest  the  seat.  Objection  was 
taken  to  the  proposed  method  of  electing  a  prominent  Liberal  leader 
though  the  Convention  was  willing  to  allow  Mr.  Low  to  withdraw  his 
resignation  and  be  returned  unopposed.  Mr.  Eeid  in  addressing  the 
Convention  said : 

More  than  once  I  told  Mr.  Low,  indeed,  the  last  time  not  more  than 
three  hours  before  his  resignation,  that  under  no  conditions  would  I  agree 
to  the  proposed  Agreement,  because  it  was  a  question  for  the  electors  of 
South  Renfrew  to  decide  in  Convention.  When  the  Liberal  party  suc- 
ceeded in  defeating  our  leader,  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden,  in  Halifax,  and  we 
asked  them  to  allow  his  election  in  Carleton  by  acclamation  before  Par- 
liament, so  that  he  could  lead  us  from  the  opening  of  the  Session,  G.  P. 
Graham  and  others  refused  and  made  us  wait  until  the  House  met,  and 
they  kept  Mr.  Borden  out  of  the  House  as  long  as  they  could — although 
Carleton  never  elected  anybody  but  a  Conservative  and  the  election  was 
a  mere  matter  of  form.  For  this  kind  act  they  now  ask  us  to  allow  Mr. 
Graham  to  be  elected  by  acclamation.  Not  if  I  know  it. 

Mr.  McGarry  took  no  part  in  the  election,  while  the  Renfrew  Journal 
(Cons.)  appealed  to  the  Government  not  to  repudiate  the  Agreement 
and  "  disgrace  the  Party."  In  the  Commons  at  the  close  of  January, 


DOMINION  BYE-ELECTIONS  OF  1912  247 

complaint  was  made  that  South  Renfrew  had  been  too  long  vacant. 
Mr.  Borden  stated  in  reply  that  Mr.  Low  had  drawn  his  Sessional 
indemnity  up  to  Dec.  31,  and  pointed  to  a  long  list  of  vacancies  under 
Liberal  Government  such  as  Beauce,  St.  James-Montreal,  Adding- 
ton  and  L'Islet  which  all  ran  111  days  in  1901,  North  Grey  147  days 
in  1902,  London  157  days  in  1907,  and  Winnipeg  279  days  in  1899. 
Mr.  Graham  put  up  a  vigorous  fight  and  commenced  a  series  of  speeches 
at  Eganville  on  Jan.  29.  He  was  assisted  by  Hon.  H.  S.  Beland, 
T.  A.  Low,  Dr.  Neely,  G.  E.  McCraney,  F.  F.  Pardee,  E.  B.  Devlin, 
J.  H.  Sinclair,  W.  M.  Martin,  E.  M.  Macdonald,  Hon.  R.  Lemieux, 
Hon.  C.  Murphy  and  other  members  of  Parliament.  Sir  W.  Laurier 
and  Hon.  Mackenzie  King  spoke  at  Eganville  and  Arnprior  on  Feb. 
19th.  The  Opposition  Leader  laid  great  stress  upon  the  alleged 
unfairness  of  the  contest  and  described  the  Cabinet  as  afraid  to  have 
Mr.  Graham  in  the  House.  "  I  am  sure  I  can  depend  not  only  upon 
the  Liberals,  but  upon  the  Conservatives  of  this  Riding  to  see  that 
justice  is  done  in  this  matter.  There  is  no  political  issue,  no  ques- 
tion between  us  this  time,  no  great  matter  to  be  settled,  for  the  Gov- 
ernment is  not  in  danger.  We  were  beaten  only  six  months  ago,  and 
I  want  to  give  them  all  the  rope  they  want,  in  the  hope  that,  prob- 
ably, they  will  hang  themselves." 

Assisting  Dr.  Maloney  were  G.  H.  Ferguson,  M.L.A.,  and  various 
Members  of  Parliament  including  W.  H.  Bennett,  J.  J.  Donnelly, 
W.  Smith,  G.  H.  Baker,  John  Webster,  C.  J.  Thornton,  while  Hon. 
G.  E.  Foster,  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid,  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  and  Horn.  L.  P. 
Pelletier  of  the  Government  also  spoke — the  first  named  Minister 
declaring  at  Arnprior  that  the  success  of  Mr.  Graham  would  be  a 
blow  to  the  Government.  The  contest  was  a  very  hot  one  and  charges 
were  freely  made  on  both  sides  as  to  the  expenditure  of  money.  On 
Feb.  22,  Mr.  Graham  was  found  to  be  elected  by  a  majority  of  223 
compared  with  a  Liberal  majority  in  1908  of  680  and  in  1911  of  619. 
A  banquet  was  given  Mr.  Graham  at  Ottawa  on  Mch.  2nd  by  the  Lib- 
erals in  Parliament  amid  much  Party  gratulation.  He  received 
another  at  Brockville — his  old  constituency — on  Mch.  4. 

In  the  bye-election  of  Macdonald,  Man.,  caused  by  the  appoint- 
ment of  W.  D.  Staples  as  a  Grain  Commissioner,  the  Conservative 
candidate  was  Alex.  Morrison,  a  well  known  farmer  of  the  Carman 
district — whose  rumoured  rivals,  Sanford  Evans,  Winnipeg,  and 
H.  E.  Robison,  Carman,  did  not  eventually  oppose  him  in  the  Con- 
vention— and  R.  L.  Richardson,  proprietor  of  the  Winnipeg  Tribune, 
who  ran  as  an  Independent  with  Liberal  leanings.  The  chief  question 
discussed  was  Reciprocity  and,  at  his  nomination  on  Sept.  24,  Mr. 
Morrison  described  himself  as  having  always  been  opposed  to  the 
policy  and  as  believing  it  to  be  now,  in  a  national  sense,  a  dead  issue. 
Mr.  Richardson  made  public  an  elaborate  platform*  urging  lower 
duties  upon  British  goods  with  "  free  agricultural  implements  and  a 
steady  tariff  reduction  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life  "  and  denouncing 

•  NOTE. — Winnipeg  Free  Press,  Sept.  25. 


248  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  manufacturers  of  the  East  as  striving  "  to  keep  the  Western 
agriculturist  in  bondage  " : 

Reciprocity  and  enlarged  markets,  which  was  fought  out  a  year  ago, 
when,  owing  to  the  scandalous  importation  into  this  discussion  of 
extraneous  considerations  already  referred  to,  the  interest  of  the  producer 
was  so  cruelly  betrayed,  continues  to  be  a  real,  vital,  living  issue,  espe- 
cially with  the  agriculturists  of  the  West,  who,  according  to  careful 
authorities,  could  not  have  lost  less  than  between  15  and  20  millions  of 
dollars  in  disposing  of  their  cereal  products  last  season,  by  the  defeat  of 
the  measure.  A  verdict  in  favour  of  freer  trade,  enlarged  markets,  lower 
tariffs,  closer  and  freer  trade  relations  with  the  Motherland,  and  Reci- 
procity, while  it  would  not  defeat  the  Government  or  even  impair  its 
already  too  great  majority,  would  have  the  effect  of  compelling  the  Admin- 
istration to  adopt  a  policy  which  would  bring  the  much-needed  relief. 

A  recently  organized  Reciprocity  Association  for  the  Riding,  headed 
by  J.  S.  Wood,  Oakville,  the  Liberal  candidate  in  1911,  conducted  a 
vigorous  campaign  for  Mr.  Richardson  with  many  meetings  addressed 
by  the  candidate  and  others.  By  the  Manitoba  Free  Press  and  other 
papers  Mr.  Richardson  was  designated  usually  as  "  the  Reciprocity 
candidate."  Various  leaders  in  the  Grain  Growers  Association  sup- 
ported him  with  vigour  and  effect — notably  R.  McKenzie,  Secretary 
of  the  Manitoba  body  who,  in  the  preliminary  fight  (Aug.  11)  stated 
at  Treherne  that  the  Canadian  home  market  was  unable  to  consume 
the  produce  of  Western  Canada  on  account  of  the  system  of  distribu- 
tion and  also  through  geographical  position.  Western  Canada,  he 
claimed,  needed  a  market  not  only  for  cereals,  but  also  for  other 
natural  products.  At  present  the  only  market  of  any  size  which  was 
available  was  Winnipeg.  It  did  not  take  many  farmers  to  produce 
enough  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  beef  and  potatoes  to  supply  Winnipeg. 
What  was  needed  was  a  market  which  could  consume  the  surplus 
natural  products  of  the  Western  country  with  some  reasonable  guar- 
antee to  the  farmer  that  he  would  receive  a  reasonable  price  for  what 
he  produced. 

Active  local  leaders  in  the  Association  also  worked  for  Mr.  Rich- 
ardson and  J.  W.  Scallion,  of  Virden,  one  of  its  founders  and  past 
Presidents,  issued  an  appeal  in  the  Grain  Growers  Guide  (Oct.  2) : 
"  Farmers  of  the  West  have  had  some  experience  now  of  what  the 
decision  of  Eastern  plutocrats  has  cost  them  for  the  past  year.  Will 
they  vote  to  continue  the  rule  of  the  interests,  or  will  they  strike  for 
freedom  to  buy  and  sell  where  they  can  do  so  to  the  best  advantage? 
That  is  what  the  election  in  Macdonald  means.  That  is  what  every 
election  that  will  be  held  in  the  West  for  some  time  to  come  will 
mean,  and  it  is  for  the  Western  farmers  to  say  whether  they  will  have 
restriction  or  freedom  of  trade."  The  Guide  of  Sept.  25  declared 
editorially  that  "  if  Macdonald  is  carried  for  Reciprocity  the  Ottawa 
Government  cannot  longer  refuse  to  consider  the  demand  of  the 
West."  E.  C.  Drury,  of  Barrie,  President  of  the  Dominion  Council 
of  Agriculture,  which  included  all  the  Western  Grain  Associations, 
telegraphed  on  Oct.  1st  that  "  on  behalf  of  the  organized  farmers  of 
Ontario,  I  wish  to  express  our  deep  interest  in  the  fight  which  the 


DOMINION  BYE-ELECTIONS  OF  1912  249 

organized  farmers  of  Manitoba  are  waging  in  Macdonald  for  Reci- 
procity  and  the  extension  of  British  preference.  A  few  months  ago 
we  were  beaten  in  our  fight  for  larger  markets,  not  because  of  the 
weakness  of  our  cause,  but  because  of  an  adroit  use  of  the  race  and 
creed  prejudice  and  the  loyalty  cry.  To-day  you  have  a  chance  to 
show  that  our  cause  is  still  alive." 

Mr.  Richardson  spoke  and  worked  day  and  night.  In  his  speeches 
he  resented  strongly  the  charges  of  disloyalty  made  by  the  Conserva- 
tive speakers  against  him  and  his  Party  in  connection  with  Reci- 
procity. He  was  actively  aided  by  Hon.  F.  Oliver,  who  spoke  through- 
out the  constituency,  by  Dr.  Michael  Clark,  L.  J.  Gauthier,  Gustave 
Boyer  and  other  Liberal  Members  of  Parliament;  by  T.  C.  Norris, 
Liberal  Leader  in  the  Legislature,  and  other  members  of  that  body 
including  J.  B.  Baird,  C.  D.  McPherson,  S.  H.  Green  and  G.  J.  H. 
Malcolm ;  by  L.  H.  Fournier,  Ira  Stratton,  D.  S.  Robb,  A.  Geoffrion, 
Senator  R.  Watson,  D.  W.  Buchanan  and  A.  C.  Fraser.  Hon.  J.  A. 
Calder  and  Hon.  George  Langley  of  the  Saskatchewan  Government 
also  took  a  share  in  the  fight  which  was  the  object  of  much  Party 
controversy  while  Thos.  MacNutt,  W.  E.  Knowles,  and  W.  M.  Martin, 
Members  of  Parliament  from  that  Province,  and  J.  H.  Haslam, 
Regina,  together  with  S.  P.  Porter,  spoke  or  worked  for  Reciprocity. 

On  the  Conservative  side  the  leader  in  the  fight  was  Sir  Rodmond 
Roblin,  Premier  of  the  Province.  He  commenced  a  series  of  typically- 
vigorous  campaign  speeches  at  St.  James  (Winnipeg)  on  Sept.  25th. 
It  was,  he  declared,  the  first  opportunity  of  the  people  of  Manitoba  to 
show  what  they  thought  of  Mr.  Borden  and  his  Administration,  to 
support  agriculture,  the  great  industry  of  the  Province,  against  a 
policy  of  United  States  competition,  to  express  an  opinion  of  the 
Liberal  policy  in  opposing  the  Highway  Grants  Bill,  to  express  their 
approval  of  justice  being  at  last  done  to  Manitoba  in  the  matter  of 
boundaries.  Reciprocity  was  dealt  with  at  length,  President  Taft's 
"  adjunct "  letter  read — here  and  elsewhere  throughout  the  contest : 

Canada  is  British,  Canada  proposes  to  remain  British,  Canada  will 
not  be  an  adjunct  of  the  United  States  nor  of  any  other  country.  Canada 
is  the  most  important  overseas  Dominion  of  the  Empire.  She  is  an 
integral  part  of  that  Empire,  and  is  within  speaking  distance  of  the  time 
when  representatives  of  Canada  will  sit  at  Westminster  to  deliberate  on 
Imperial  affairs.  However,  there  are  those  who  would  resurrect  the  dead 
body  of  Reciprocity  if  they  were  able.  There  are  those  so  wanting  in 
business  Intelligence,  business  experience,  so  lacking  in  patriotism,  that 
they  would  tie  us  up  with  the  great  Republic  to  the  south  of  us  in  a 
compact  such  as  was  proposed  last  Fall.  I  make  this  statement,  that  a 
Reciprocity  pact  or  Agreement  or  International  Treaty  with  the  United 
States  at  the  present  time  is  not  worth  the  paper  it  is  written  on — if  the 
Congress  of  that  country  feels  that  it  can  by  repudiation  make  political 
capital  for  a  party,  or  should  find  that  it  is  not  working  out  to  their 
financial  and  political  advantage. 

The  Panama  Canal  matter  and  its  Treaty  repudiation  were  dealt  with. 
As  to  the  Naval  question  it  was  in  his  opinion  paramount  at  the 
moment  to  all  others  "  because  it  touches  the  very  nerve  centre  of 


250  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

our  national  life  and  requires  prompt  and  positive  action.  The  Cana- 
dian people  are  the  last  people  on  earth  to  provoke  war  or  even 
rumours  of  war.  They  believe  that  the  surest  way  of  guaranteeing 
the  peace  of  the  British  Empire  and  maintaining  her  splendid  posi- 
tion of  the  past  and  of  the  present  is  to  maintain  a  Naval  strength 
equal  to  that  of  the  past.  Do  you  favour  the  proposal  of  Canada 
assisting  the  Motherland  in  maintaining  the  position  that  she  occu- 
pies to-day?"  These  were  the  lines  along  which  the  Provincial 
Premier's  speeches  ran  in  a  campaign  which  included  50  meetings  on 
both  sides  in  two  weeks. 

He  was  at  Cypress  Eiver  on  Sept.  30,  at  Treherne  on  Oct.  2,  at 
Ste.  Claude  on  Oct.  3,  at  Brooklands  on  the  5th,  at  Mariapolis  on 
the  7th — where  he  spoke  very  strongly  as  to  alleged  interference  in 
the  contest  from  other  Provinces.  "  The  fact  is,  that  this  election  is 
not  being  run  by  a  high  class  of  patriotic  Liberals  in  Manitoba.  The 
contest  is.  engineered,  is  organized  and  is  financed,  by  the  secessionists 
and  annexationists  and  the  Americanized  element  of  Saskatchewan 
and  Alberta,  but  more  particularly  Saskatchewan."  Sir  Kodmond  was 
at  Miami  on  Oct.  8  when  he  gave  Mr.  J.  A.  Calder,  Acting-Premier 
of  Saskatchewan,  a  list  of  alleged  "  political  thugs  "  from  that  Pro- 
vince who  were  said  to  be  trying  to  debauch  the  electorate  of  Mac- 
donald.  At  Carman  on  the  10th  (he  was  at  Roland  on  the  9th)  he 
read  a  letter  which  appeared  to  involve  a  man  named  J.  J.  Sullivan 
who  had  just  been  arrested  for  interference  in  the  contest.  At  St. 
Charles  on  the  llth  he  made  his  final  appeal  to  the  electorate  in  the 
contest  and  referred  with  vigour  to  an  alleged  importation  of  hun- 
dreds of  "political  workers  and  manipulators"  fresh  from  the  Reci- 
procity victory  in  Saskatchewan.  Some  of  the  Conservatives  who 
spoke  most  frequently  in  the  constituency  were  the  other  members  of 
the  Manitoba  Cabinet — Messrs.  Campbell,  Lawrence,  Armstrong  and 
Coldwell ;  Hon.  Robert  Rogers  and  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche  of  the  Dominion 
Government;  J.  A.  M.  Ajkins,  A.  Meighen,  W.  H.  Sharpe,  G.  H. 
Bradbury,  F.  L.  Schaffuer  of  the  House  of  Commons;  Hon.  W.  H. 
Montague,  R.  A.  C.  Manning,  Sanford  Evans,  W.  J.  Tupper,  K.C., 
and  E.  L.  Taylor;  Jos.  Bernier,  A.  Bedard,  G.  Steele,  Jas.  Morrow, 
A.  Prefontaine  and  B.  L.  Baldwinson  of  the  Manitoba  Legislature. 

Mr.  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  made  his  first  speech  in  the 
campaign  at  Notre  Dame  de  Lourdes  on  Oct.  4.  Illustrating  the 
possible  damages  of  Reciprocity  to  the  farmers  he  pointed  out  that  in 
this  district  the  Ogilvie  Milling  Co.  were  purchasing  American  wheat 
at  seven  cents  a  bushel  less,  delivered  at  their  mills,  than  they  were 
paying  for  Canadian  wheat  and  stated  that  100,000  bushels  of  Ameri- 
can oats  had  just  arrived  at  Montreal  from  Duluth  and,  after  paying 
a  duty  of  ten  cents  per  bushel,  were  able  to  compete  with  Canadian 
oat  growers.  Another  point  was  that  during  the  past  year  over 
$300,000  worth  of  eggs,  $600,000  worth  of  bacons  and  hams,  and 
$300,000  worth  of  vegetables,  were  imported  into  Winnipeg,  alone, 
from  the  States.  The  Minister  was  at  St.  James  (Winnipeg)  on  the 
7th  when  he  vigorously  denounced  Mr.  J.  A.  Calder,  the  Saskatchewan 


DOMINION  BYE-ELECTIONS  OF  1912  251 

Minister,  for  taking  part  in  the  contest  and  stated  that  the  latter 
was,  that  very  day,  consulting  with  and  marshalling  his  forces  in 
Winnipeg.  He  described  various  alleged  cases  of  the  voting  of  aliens, 
etc.,  in  the  Saskatchewan  elections;  declared  that  the  Laurier  Gov- 
ernment had  for  years  neglected  the  West  in  matters  of  transporta- 
tion and  promised  that  the  Borden  Government  would  effect  a  reduc- 
tion in  freight  rates ;  dealt  with  the  future  importance  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Eailway;  and  opposed  Reciprocity  from  both  an  economic  and 
national  standpoint.  He  was  at  Somerset  on  the  9th  and,  with  Hon. 
W.  J.  Roche — who  was  at  the  above  meetings — addressed  various 
other  gatherings. 

Meanwhile  there  had  been  a  series  of  arrests  made,  under  the  orders 
of  the  Attorney-General  of  Manitoba,  of  men  charged  with  illegal  or 
corrupt  practices  in  aid  of  Mr.  Richardson's  candidacy  and  including 
J.  J.  Sullivan,  Melville,  Sask.,  D.  H.  Walkinshaw,  Winnipeg,  W.  B. 
Sifton,  Minitonas,  and  R.  J.  A.  Prince,  St.  Boniface,  whose  cases 
excited  considerable  controversy.  On  Oct.  8  Edward  Brown,  F.  0. 
Fowler  and  E.  D.  Martin,  three  prominent  Winnipeg  Liberals,  wrote 
an  open  letter  to  Sir  R.  P.  Roblin  giving  Sullivan  an  excellent  char- 
acter and  challenging  the  Premier  to  supply  other  names  of  the  alleged 
Saskatchewan  manipulators.  He  replied  with  a  telegram  from  Roland 
stating  that  two — whom  he  named — were  in  that  vicinity  and  asking 
for  co-operation  with  the  Attorney-General's  Department.  The  reply 
was  that  "  we  have  already  supplied  you  with  a  list  of  volunteers  from 
Saskatchewan  who  are  taking  part  as  citizens  of  the  Dominion  in  an 
election  of  Dominion-wide  interest,  in  support  of  Mr.  Richardson's 
candidature.  No  other  persons  so  engaged  are  known  to  us."  A 
further  protest  against  these  arrests  was  issued  by  the  same  three 
gentlemen  on  the  llth.  The  charge  as  to  Saskatchewan's  aid  in  the 
contest  was  met  by  Liberals  with  the  statement  that  every  Conserva- 
tive worker  in  Manitoba  had  been  brought  into  the  constituency. 

The  result  was  the  election  of  Mr.  Morrison  on  Oct.  12  by  a  Con- 
servative m'ajority  of  794  compared  with  161  majority  in  1911  and 
576  in  1908.  Conservative  comments  were  explicit.  Sir  R.  P.  Roblin 
declared  that  "the  election  was  a  declaration  that  Canada  is  self- 
reliant;  that  Canada  proposes  to  make  use  of  her  opportunities  and 
foster  and  develop  her  own  resources;  that  Canada  is  loyal;  that 
Canada  is  Imperialistic;  and  that  Canada  longs  for  the  day  when 
Chamberlain's  dream  shall  be  realized,  and  the  Motherland  and  all 
her  overseas  possessions  shall  be  bound  together  with  an  Imperial  pre- 
ference that  will  strengthen  the  ties  that  bind  us  and  make  the  British 
Empire  one  and  indivisible."  Mr.  Rogers  denounced  "  the  invasion  " 
of  Saskatchewan  workers  and  declared  that  French-Canadian  Liberal 
speakers  had  appealed  to  people  of  that  race  in  the  name  of  Louis  Riel. 
The  Premier  at  Ottawa  described  the  result  as  a  strong  rebuke  to 
Reciprocity  advocates  and  to  all  who  would  weaken  the  ties  between 
East  and  West.  Mr.  Richardson  issued  a  statement  declaring  that 
Conservative  corruption  and  the  "  intimidation "  practised  by  the 
Roblin  Government  were  the  chief  reasons  for  his  defeat. 


252  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

It  would  seem  that  the  "  British-born  "  element,  the  French-Cana- 
dians, and  an  unexpectedly  large  number  of  farmers  supported  the 
Conservative  candidate.  An  aftermath  of  the  contest  was  the  dis- 
missal of  the  charges  against  Walkinshaw  (Oct.  18)  while  Sifton  and 
Prince  were  also  discharged.  Sullivan  had  been  released  on  the  18th 
after  promising  to  leave  the  Province  and,  in  the  Police  Court  on  the 
21st,  an  extraordinary  scene  took  place  regarding  this  case  between 
Magistrate  MoMicken  and  two  local  lawyers — W.  H.  Trueman  and 
E.  J.  McMurray.  Messrs.  Sifton,  Walkinshaw,  Prince  and  Sullivan 
were  speakers  at  a  Liberal  mass-meeting  in  Winnipeg  on  Nov.  22  and 
a  Resolution  was  passed  declaring  their  arrests  to  have  been  "  sub- 
versive of  freedom  and  an  exercise  of  absolutism."  In  the  Commons 
on  Nov.  25  a  hot  debate  took  place  as  to  this  Bye-election  with  various 
charges  bandied  to  and  fro.  Hon.  Mr.  Rogers  read  affidavits  as  to 
acts  of  corruption  said  to  have  been  practised  by  W.  B.  Sifton. 

Meanwhile  the  Hochelaga  contest  was  getting  underway.  It  was 
of  interest  as  involving  the  initial  success  or  failure  of  a  new  Min- 
ister, as  indicating  in  some  measure  the  influence  or  otherwise  of  the 
Nationalists,  as  proving  the  truth  or  inaccuracy  of  statements  regard- 
ing a  Liberal  revival  in  Quebec  Province.  Le  Devoir,  the  organ  of 
Nationalism,  bitterly  attacked  Mr.  Coderre,  the  new  Secretary  of 
State,  and  on  Oct.  6,  Mr.  Bourassa  described  him  in  that  paper  as 
having  been  an  ardent  Nationalist  with  principles  which  he  had 
swallowed  for  the  sake  of  office.  This  was  the  chief  of  the  charges 
made  and  it  was  reiterated  with  many  variations.  The  important 
issue,  however,  was  the  Navy  question.  Leo  Doyon,  a  former  G.T.R. 
conductor,  was  nominated  on  Nov.  12  to  oppose  Mr.  Coderre  with  a 
platform  of  Naval  Referendum  policy  and  appeals  to  the  Labour  vote 
in  the  constituency.  Sir  W.  Laurier  had  already  declared  his  posi- 
tion in  a  letter  to  S.  Letourneau  (Nov.  4) :  "Before  his  departure 
for  London  and  since  his  return  to  Canada  the  Prime  Minister  has 
declared  that  after  consultation  with  the  Admiralty  he  would  make 
known  his  Naval  policy  to  the  people  of  Canada.  We  do  not  know  as 
yet  in  what  this  policy  consists,  and  notwithstanding  the  resignation 
of  one  of  his  colleagues,  we  do  not  know  more  than  imperfectly  the 
real  causes  of  this  disagreement.  .  .  .  Our  Naval  policy  is  known.  It  has 
not  changed  since  March  29th,  1910,  but  would  it  be  opportune  to 
take  up  the  fight  before  knowing  what  is  the  new  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment? I  have  said  many  times  since  the  last  Conference  in  Lon- 
don that  I  would  await  the  explanations  of  the  Government  before 
discussing  their  Naval  policy." 

The  contest  was,  therefore,  somewhat  one-sided.  Mr.  Coderre  held 
a  large  number  of  meetings  assisted  by  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier,  J.  H. 
Rainville,  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  H.  B.  Ames,  Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty,  Hon. 
T.  W.  Crothers,  L.  T.  Marechal,  Hon.  W.  B.  Nantel,  F.  J.  Bisaillon, 
K.C.,  A.  Sevigny,  P.  E.  Blondin,  C.  A.  Pariseault,  K.C.,  J.  A.  Decarie, 
E.G.,  and  other  prominent  members  of  Parliament  or  politicians.  Mr. 
Pelletier's  speeches  were  strongly  British  and  Imperial  in  tone.  At 
St.  Henri  (Nov.  13)  he  made  this  statement:  "We  are  of  the  opin- 


DOMINION  BYE-ELECTIONS  OF  1912  \         253 

ion,  and  you  know,  and  can  count  on  it,  that  if  Canada  should  enter 
on  the  construction  of  a  Navy  in  a  permanent  manner,  that  there 
should  be  a  popular  consultation  on  any  such  permanent  policy.  We 
are  of  the  opinion  that  we  are  large  enough  now,  as  a  country,  to  do 
our  duty  towards  the  Empire,  as  we  are  ready  to  do,  and  that  with 
a  permanent  policy  like  that,  we  should  not  be  called  upon  to  contri- 
bute without  having  our  word  to  say  in  the  declaration  of  war.  .  .  . 
It  is  not  our  policy  to  say  to  the  Mother  Country,  come  to  our  help 
when  we  need  it,  but  we  will  never  help  you."  Hon.  W.  T.  White 
at  Westmount  (Nov.  14)  declared  that  "the  real  issue  is  the 
Navy  question."  Emergencies  called  for  quick  action  and  the  Gov- 
ernment could  be  trusted  for  a  dignified  and  patriotic  policy.  Mr. 
Coderre  followed  up  this  statement.  "  My  feeling  is  that  we  should 
say  to  England :  '  When  you  need  us,  you  will  find  us  ready ' ;  and  I 
think  that  the  majority  of  the  Members  from  Quebec  feel  with  me. 
I  am  still  proud  of  Mr.  Monk.  The  difficulty  was  not  a  question  of 
principle,  but  one  of  method."  He  was  still  opposed  to  a  direct  con- 
tribution policy  unless  there  was  a  real  emergency  and  as  to  this  he 
was  awaiting  the  British  Admiralty  document  which  would  deal  with 
the  matter.  Mr.  Doyon  replied  to  this  and  other  speeches  by  a  Mani- 
festo to  the  Electors — Herald,  Nov.  16 — in  which  he  said: 

I  believe  the  best  help  Canada  can  give  to  the  Empire  is  by  develop- 
ing her  own  territory,  and  that  she  has  no  other  military  obligation  than 
that  of  the  defence  of  her  own  territory,  as  British  statesmen  have  them- 
selves admitted.  I  believe  that  Canada,  a  young  country,  having  vast 
public  works  to  accomplish,  must  employ  all  her  resources  in  her  own 
development  and  defence.  Therefore,  I  am  opposed  to  any  kind  of  con- 
tribution to  the  general  expense  of  the  Imperial  Army  and  Navy,  on  the 
direction  of  which  we  have  nothing  to  say.  If  we  are  offered  a  new  policy, 
be  it  on  the  pretext  of  an  emergency,  the  existence  of  which  is  contra- 
dicted by  the  declarations  of  the  British  statesmen,  or  be  it  a  permanent 
policy,  I  ask  that  the  people  be  consulted. 

A  Nationalist  meeting  at  Westmount  on  Nov.  16  was  addressed  by 
Tancrede  Marsil  and  A.  Lavergne  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Doyon.  The  latter 
was  very  bitter  in  his  denunciation  of  Messrs.  Nantel,  Pelletier  and 
Coderre,  whom  he  termed  Judas  Iscariots — according  to  a  Montreal 
Star  report.  As  to  the  rest :  "  If  I  had  to  choose  between  the  Laurier 
Navy  and  the  emergency  contribution  of  Mr.  Borden,  I  would  choose 
the  Laurier  Navy."  Mr.  Cbderre  concluded  his  campaign  on  Nov. 
18  with  an  open  letter  describing,  chiefly,  his  personal  position. 
"  Never  having  taken  the  solemn  engagements  which  bound  Mr.  Monk, 
and  looking  primarily  to  the  advantages  coming  to  my  County  should 
T  become  a  Minister,  I  accepted  the  Portfolio  which  was  offered  to  me. 
...  It  has  been  contended  in  certain  quarters  that  I  signed  the  Eeso- 
lution  adopted  at  a  public  meeting  in  St.  Eustache  last  year  against 
any  contribution  to  the  Imperial  Navy.  That  contention  is  untrue; 
it  is  a  calumny  which  was  started  in  order  to  catch  votes.  I  was  not 
at  that  meeting  and  it  was  only  on  the  next  day  that  I  took  cognizance 
of  its  Resolutions.  Had  I  approved  of  them  before  Sept.  21st,  I 
should  not  have  accepted  Mr.  Monk's  place  in  the  Cabinet."  The 


254  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

result  showed  a  comparatively  small  vote  but  with  the  decisive 
majority  of  2,273  or  more  than  the  total  vote  received  by  his  opponent. 
In  1911  the  Minister's  majority  had  been  1,373  and  in  the  three  pre- 
ceding elections  Hochelaga  had  gone  Liberal.  In  commenting  upon 
this  result  La  Presse  (Lib.)  described  Mr.  Bourassa's  star  as  "irre- 
mediably set";  Le  Canada  (Lib.)  called  it  "a  crushing  defeat  of 
Nationalism  "•  La  Patrie  (Ind.)  declared  that  "  the  verdict  of  Hoche- 
laga breaks  and  annuls  the  verdict  of  Drummond-Arthabaska." 

The  Opposition  Leader  maintained  a  firm  front  to 

niT11**1*       k*s  su00688^  opponents  during  the  year,  received  many 
speeches  an^  varied  tributes  from  his  political  friends,  and  kept 

during  1912  in  touch  with  a  considerable  portion  of  the  electorate. 
He  was  given  a  great  reception  at  Montreal  on  Jan.  8 
when  he  stood  by  his  policy  of  Naval  autonomy  and  described  the 
value  of  Reciprocity  to  a  country  which  for  many  years  must  be 
"mainly  an  agricultural  community."  He  spoke  for  Mr.  Graham 
during  the  South  Renfrew  election  on  Feb.  19  and  at  Ottawa  on  Mch. 
2nd  told  the  Liberals,  who  were  celebrating  their  victory  in  that  con- 
nection, that :  "  Very  deeply  do  I  appreciate  the  continuance  of  your 
wonderful  confidence,  and  I  am  prepared  to  remain  at  the  head  of  the 
Liberal  party  so  long  as  you  want  me,  and  so  long  as  God  spares  me 
and  blesses  me  with  the  perfect  health  that  He  is  giving  me  to-day." 
Sir  Wilfrid  addressed  the  'Commercial  Travellers  banquet  at  Quebec 
on  Apl.  8th  and,  with  Judge  Brodeur,  spent  the  last  two  weeks  of  the 
month  in  Virginia,  U.S.  They  were  guests  of  the  State  Governor, 
received  much  hospitality,  and  the  Liberal  leader  addressed  800 
students  of  the  State  University  on  political  conditions  in  Canada. 

He  spoke  at  Hull  on  May  9  for  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  who  was  fight- 
ing his  Election  campaign  and,  on  the  29th,  was  tendered  a  great 
banquet  by  the  Young  Liberals  of  Montreal  with  Sir  L.  Gouin, 
Premier  of  Quebec,  the  Hon.  G.  H.  Murray,  Premier  of  Nova  Scotia, 
N.  W.  Rowell,  Liberal  Leader  in  Ontario,  and  Hugh  Guthrie,  M.P., 
amongst  the  speakers.  Leon  Oarneau,  President  of  the  Reform  Club, 
was  in  the  chair  and  nine  members  of  the  late  Government  were  pres- 
ent. In  his  elaborate  speech  Sir  Wilfrid  denounced  Mr.  Monk  as 
"  rivetted,  bolted  and  barred  to  Office  " ;  discussed  the  Conservative 
attitude  on  Reciprocity  and  the  Nationalist  view  of  the  Navy  ques- 
tion; dealt  with  the  adjunct  letter  of  President  Taft  as  a  borrowing 
of  "  shallow  rhetoric  from  Canadian  Jingoes " ;  declared  that  only 
those  whose  allegiance  was  "  so  frail,  so  limpy,  so  puny  "  as  to  unfit 
them  for  the  Liberal  party  could  believe  that  Reciprocity  would  affect 
the  independence  of  the  Canadian  people.  "The  problem  before  us 
was  that  of  larger  markets.  I  am  a  constitutionalist  and  I  have  to 
accept  the  verdict  given  at  the  last  Election.  But  the  problem  is  still 
there  and  more  acute  than  last  year.  To  the  Prairie  Provinces  it  is 
an  indispensable  necessity.  0  men  of  little  faith,  who  refused  to  open 
the  avenues  of  wider  trade.  I  have  more  faith  in  you  than  you  have 
in  yourselves.  Just  let  me  tell  you  that  we  are  the  equal  of  the  Ameri- 
cans and  able  to  see  that  our  interests  are  safeguarded.  We  say  that 


SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER'S  SPEECHES  DURING  1912  255 

we  have  put  some  seed  in  the  ground  and  we  have  to  suffer  a  penalty. 
We  have  lost  our  friends,  power,  popularity,  but  for  my  part  I  regret 
nothing  of  what  I  have  done.  The  seed  will  still  germinate."  Much 
more  was  said  about  Reciprocity  and  the  Taft  letter  and  a  little  about 
the  Navy.  The  patriotism  of  the  Quebec  Nationalists  was  described 
as  not  springing  from  the  heart  but  from  the  stomach.  As  to  the 
future :  "  My  orders  are  to  fight  and  fight  I  will  and  fight  you  will 
and  so  shall  we  all." 

At  a  St.  Jean  Baptiste  banquet  in  Quebec  (Jan.  22)  Sir  Wilfrid 
described  Canada  as  a  nation  feeling  in  its  veins  "  the  strength  of  a 
young  giant."  He  claimed  a  great  future  for  Northern  Canada, 
which  was  going  to  be  developed  by  the  new  Transcontinental  and 
where,  perhaps,  would  be  found  new  Provinces  as  rich  as  the  present 
ones.  He  paid  a  tribute  of  loyalty  to  the  Eoyal  family  of  England, 
which  he  considered  was  "  doing  honour  not  only  to  Monarchy  but  to 
humanity."  Early  in  August  Sir  W.  and  Lady  Laurier,  accompanied 
by  Sir  F.  and  Lady  Borden  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  E.  A.  Robert,  left  for 
a  visit  to  the  White  Mountains ;  a  little  later  some  time  was  spent  in 
the  South.  It  was  announced  in  the  Liberal  press  on  Aug.  15th  that 
the  Opposition  Leader  would,  in  the  Autumn,  make  a  political  tour 
of  the  West  and  the  date  of  departure  was  fixed  for  Aug.  27th;  upon 
his  return  from  there  various  centres  in  New  and  Old  Ontario  would 
also  be  visited.  On  Aug.  27,  the  Toronto  Globe  treated  the  proposed 
trip  editorially  and  declared  that  in  the  Leader's  Western  speeches 
his  attitude  would  "in  no  essential  respect  differ  from  what  it  was 
toward  the  same  questions"  two  years  before.  Something  had 
occurred,  however,  to  cause  a  change  and  on  the  same  day  Sir  Wilfrid 
made  this  statement :  "  You  may  say  that  we  have  changed  our  plans. 
I  have  postponed  my  Western  tour,  and  have  decided  to  start  at  the 
Eastern  end  first.  I  will  make  a  tour  of  Quebec  and  afterward  pro- 
ceed through  Ontario."  The  official  explanation  was  simply  a  matter 
of  crops  and  harvest ;  the  Conservatives  claimed  that  the  fact  of  wheat 
selling  at  Winnipeg  12  cents  a  bushel  higher  than  at  Minneapolis  and 
Duluth  had  something  to  do  with  it. 

On  Sept.  7,  at  Marieville  in  Quebec,  Sir  Wilfrid  began  his  speak- 
ing tour  with  words  of  personal  inspiration :  "  I  consecrated  my  life 
to  making  Canada  a  nation.  I  followed  that  purpose  day  and  night 
for  forty  years  in  defeat  and  in  victory.  To-day  we  have  been  van- 
quished, but  my  soul  is  unchanged.  If  we  are  faithful  to  our  pro- 
gramme the  nation  will  live  and  the  Party  will  triumph."  At  St. 
Clet,  on  the  14th,  he  denounced  Mr.  Bourassa,  eulogized  Mr.  Lemieux 
and  announced  a  waiting  attitude  on  the  Naval  issue.  He  reached 
New  Ontario  three  days  later  and  on  Sept.  17  spoke  at  Sturgeon 
Falls,  on  the  18th  at  Cobalt,  on  the  19th  at  Ville  Marie,  on  the  20th 
at  Cochrane.  At  Sturgeon  Falls,  Sir  Wilfrid  defined  the  Party's 
position  toward  Reciprocity :  "  It  is,"  said  he,  "  one  of  the  first  duties 
in  our  political  economy  to  extend  our  trade  in  all  directions.  We  are 
a  young  nation  at  the  threshold  of  our  career ;  we  believe  in  expanding 
our  trade.  By  that  policy  we  shall  continue  to  stand.  That  is  the 


256  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

policy  which  will  bring  us  back  into  power.  .  .  .  Let  my  words  be 
heard  throughout  the  whole  of  Canada.  Eeciprocity  is  killed,  they 
tell  us.  Perhaps:  but  the  question  is  not  solved.  It  will  not  down. 
It  is  indispensable  to  our  young  and  growing  country,  it  is  indis- 
pensable to  the  great  young  West,  that  markets  should  be  provided 
for  its  production." 

At  Cobalt,  the  Liberal  leader  was  greeted  by  thousands  of  a  cosmo- 
politan people — said  to  include  11  nationalities — and  by  500  singing 
school  children;  the  streets  were  decorated  and  Sir  Wilfrid  opened 
the  new  Y.M.C.A.  building,  visited  the  Kerr  Lake  mines  and  in  the 
evening  addressed  a  large  meeting.  Haileybury  was  notable  for  a 
Eeception  tendered  Sir  Wilfrid  by  French-Canadians  on  the  19th; 
with  a  very  brief  speech  from  the  Leader  and  a  fervently  British 
speech  from  Hon.  E.  Lemienx.  "  Canada  is  big  enough  to  have  and 
maintain  a  Navy  just  as  we  have  a  Militia,"  declared  Mr.  Lemieux. 
"  We  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Great  Britain,  who  has  given  us  (the 
French-Canadians)  our  civil  and  religious  rights.  With  those  rights 
we  have  to  assume  the  duty  of  defending  our  country  and  of  aiding 
Great  Britain — not  in  case  of  danger,  for  I  won't  admit  that  it  is 
possible  for  another  Power  to  endanger  Great  Britain — but  in  case  of 
emergency.  In  an  emergency  of  war  it  is  our  duty  to  send  our  ships." 
The  town  was  gaily  decorated  with  bunting  and  evergreen  arches. 

At  Cochrane,  Sir  Wilfrid  saw  the  Transcontinental  in  the  making 
and  the  town  was  brilliantly  illuminated  in  his  honour.  In  his  speech 
he  referred  to  rumours  of  the  Opposition  press  that  the  Government 
intended  to  change  the  grades  on  this  Eailway.  "  The  aim  of  the 
Liberal  Government,"  he  said,  "  was  a  road  unrivalled  on  the  con- 
tinent, a  road  which  should  be  practically  level  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific,  and  which  was  not  to  exceed  in  grade  four  to  six-tenths 
of  one  per  cent."  He  protested  vigorously  against  any  such  proposal 
and  the  intention  was  afterwards  denied  by  the  Government.  At 
North  Bay,  the  Opposition  Leader  celebrated  the  anniversary  of  Sept. 
21,  1911,  with  a  welcome  at  the  station  from  2,000  people  and  in  a 
brief  speech  declared  that  he  had  fallen  in  a  noble  cause  and  when 
the  mists  of  prejudice  had  passed  away  he  would  be  again  in  power. 
During  this  visit  to  Northern  Ontario  he  was  accompanied  by  four 
of  his  late  Ministers — Hon.  George  P.  Graham,  Hon.  E.  Lemieux, 
Hon.  Mackenzie  King  and  Hon.  Charles  Murphy. 

Following  it  came  a  series  of  meetings  in  older  Ontario.  At  Corn- 
wall on  Sept.  30th  a  great  crowd  was  addressed  and  Sir  Wilfrid 
started  off  by  describing  the  Conservative  Government  as  "beset  by 
Demons — the  Demon  of  Nationalism  and  the  Demon  of  Jingoism." 
The  Senate,  in  the  matter  of  rejecting  the  Highways  and  Tariff  Com- 
mission Bills,  had  stood  by  the  rights  of  the  people.  "  All  honour  to 
them,"  said  the  speaker.  Messrs.  Sydney  Fisher,  Graham  and  Murphy 
also  spoke.  At  Peterborough  on  Oct.  1  Sir  Wilfrid  was  greeted  with 
bunting,  brass  bands  and  large  crowds  of  people.  He  made  the  best 
of  a  situation  which  faced  him  all  through  this  Tour — uncertainty 
as  to  the  Borden  Government  policy  on  the  Naval  question.  "  Time 


SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER'S  SPEECHES  DURING  1912  257 

was  when  Mr.  Borden  urged  the  '  speedy '  construction  of  the  Cana- 
dian Navy.  We  accepted  his  suggestion  and  at  once  incorporated  it 
in  our  Eesolution.  But  Mr.  Borden  is  no  longer  in  favour  of  '  speedy ' 
action.  Canada  can  wait  now.  The  Motherland  can  wait  now.  We 
are  told  that  the  Naval  policy  is  not  ready  even  yet.  The  appeal  of 
patriotic  Canadians,  as  I  eaid  last  night,  must  be  to  the  warring 
factions  in  the  Borden  Government."  The  next  day  was  spent  in 
Toronto  and  on  Oct.  3rd  a  large  meeting  was  addressed  in  the 
Armoury  at  Chatham  with  an  overflow  meeting  in  the  Rink.  As  at 
other  places,  Sir  Wilfrid  approved  Mr.  Foster's  West  Indian  arrange- 
ment but  described  it  as  doing  nothing  to  meet  the  demand  of  the 
West  for  larger  markets.  "  The  West  asked  for  water  and  Mr.  Foster 
handed  them  a  thimbleful;  they  wanted  a  full  meal  and  he  gave 
them  a  peanut."  It  was  at  this  gathering  that  Mr.  Graham  expressed 
a  rather  new  idea :  "  Sir  Wilfrid  is  as  much  a  British  subject  as  the 
King  on  his  Throne/'* 

A  great  welcome  was  given  the  Liberal  leader  at  Woodstock  on 
the  4th  with  large  contingents  of  cheering  followers  present  from 
London,  Hamilton,  Ingersoll.  Aylmer,  Brantford,  North  Waterloo, 
St.  Thomas,  Simcoe,  Guelph,  Stratford,  and  many  other  points  within 
a  day's  journey.  There  were  seven  visiting  bands.  The  warmth  of 
the  reception  by  an  estimated  total  of  14,000  people,  the  gayety  of 
the  crowded  streets  and  buildings,  the  torches,  fireworks  and  con- 
tinuous processions,  the  cheering  of  his  followers,  all  helped  to  make 
Sir  Wilfrid's  principal  speech  the  best  of  his  Tour.  "  I  am  young  yet 
in  everything  but  the  arithmetic  of  years,"  he  declared ;  "  I  don't  feel 
ripe  for  Heaven  and  at  all  events  I  want  another  tussle  with  the 
Tories."  Five  meetings  in  all  were  held  and  at  one  of  them  N.  W. 
Rowell,  K.C.,  the  Ontario  leader,  eulogized  Sir  Wilfrid  in  strong 
terms :  "  I  pay  my  tribute  to  the  man  who  blazed  the  path  of  Cana- 
dian participation  in  Imperial  Naval  defence ;  the  man  who  pioneered 
the  way  not  only  for  to-day  but  for  the  generations  yet  to  come.  The 
policy  of  Borden  is  to  talk  loyalty ;  the  policy  of  Laurier  is  to  practise 
it" 

The  next  two  days  were  spent  in  Toronto  where  Sir  Wilfrid  was 
present  at  a  Dinner  given  for  him  by  Mr.  Rowell  and  attended  by 
70  Liberal  stalwarts.  A  Varsity  Rugby  match  was  also  witnessed. 
Mount  Forest  was  visited  on  the  8th  and  the  Tour  closed  with  a  great 
mass-meeting  and  an  overflow  in  addition.  There  were  Delegations 
present  from  Owen  Sound,  Orangeville,  Walkerton,  Guelph  and  a 
dozen  other  places,  each  carrying  banners  with  the  device :  "  Ontario 
is  returning  to  Laurier."  Many  women  took  part  in  the  processions 
around  the  town  carrying  Union  Jacks.  During  his  speech  Sir  Wil- 
frid said :  "  I  recognize  that  the  British  Empire  is  the  greatest  in 
the  history  of  the  world.  We  are  a  nation  to-day  in  Canada,  but  the 
first  nation  which  ever  arrived  at  nationhood  without  breaking  from 
the  Mother  Country."  This  was  the  last  speech  of  what  was  obviously 

*  NOTE. — Toronto  Star  Report,  Oct.  4. 
17 


258  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

a  successful  Tour  despite  the  limitations  of  attack  in  the  undefined 
Naval  situation. 

A  Liberal  writer  in  a  Liberal  paper  who  had  accompanied  his 
Leader  analyzed  it  as  follows,  in  the  Star  of  Oct.  12:  "The  chief 
impression  that  remains  from  these  remarkable  meetings  is,  of  course, 
the  undimmed  popularity  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  himself .  Ontario 
may  differ  with  his  policies,  and  certain  sections  may  have  been  led 
by  various  appeals  to  doubt  his  good  faith,  but  Ontario  likes  to  hear 
him  speak.  Ontario  likes  and  respects  him  personally.  Wherever 
the  meetings  were  held,  it  was  to  hear  him  the  people  flocked.  They 
invariably  gave  him  the  greatest  of  all  compliments — perfect  silence 
until  applause  was  due."  The  Toronto  Sun  (a  Liberal  and  farmer's 
organ)  described  the  speeches  on  Oct.  9th  as  indicating  the  dropping 
of  Eeciprocity  and  adherence  to  the  Canadian  Navy  idea — the  former 
action  "a  concession  to  the  underground  influences  of  the  Liberal 
party  which  conspire  to  drop  the  only  concrete  reform  available  and 
to  set  the  party  barking  at  the  moon  of  wider  markets."  With  the 
Leader  during  this  part  of  his  Tour  were  Messrs.  Graham,  Mackenzie 
King,  Fisher,  Murphy  and  F.  F.  Pardee,  M.P. 

On  Oct.  22nd  Sir  Wilfrid  addressed  an  immense  throng  at  Sorel 
on  behalf  of  the  Eichelieu  Liberal  candidate.  He  described  Mr. 
Monk's  retirement  from  the  Government  as  the  commencement  of  its 
"  disruption  and  downfall " ;  and  promised  that  whatever  the  Naval 
proposals  of  the  Government  were  they  would  be  considered  not  from 
a  party  but  from  a  patriotic  standpoint.*  At  a  Sherbrooke  banquet 
on  Oct.  29th  Sir  Wilfrid  apparently  was  explicit  on  the  Canadian 
Navy  issue :  "  There  are  those  who  say  to  me,  *  Give  up  this  Naval 
policy,'  but,  no,  Sir,  I  will  not  give  it  up.  So  long  as  I  can  lead  the 
Liberal  party,  so  long  will  it  do  its  duty  by  the  nation  and  by  the 
Empire.  .  .  .  Our  share  of  the  obligations  of  nationhood  is  to 
relieve  Great  Britain  of  the  necessity  of  safeguarding  our  shores." 
The  Liberal  leader  also  attended  a  banquet  of  Commercial  Travellers 
at  Montreal  on  Dec.  23rd. 

The  Tariff  Commission  proposals  and  Cement  duty 
Tariff  reductions  have  been  dealt  with  elsewhere.      In    the 

Canadian*  "**  ^ter  matter  it  may  be  said  that  the  fears  of  certain 
Manufacturer*  manufacturers  were  not  realized  and  that,  if  there  were 
any  truth  in  the  unproved  Liberal  contention  as  to  the 
duty  being  reduced  to  affect  the  Saskatchewan  elections  that  result, 
also,  did  not  follow.  Tariff  affairs  were  discussed  in  the  Commons 
on  Jan.  23  in  connection  with  the  Lumber  duties  as  to  which  the 
Canadian  Lumbermen's  Association  at  Vancouver  on  Feb.  6th 
memorialized  the  Federal  Government  to  place  all  lumber,  which 
was  further  manufactured  than  rough-sawn,  on  the  dutiable  list  and 
to  instruct  all  Canadian  Customs  officials  to  exercise  increased  vigi- 
lance. This  question  finally  went  into  the  Courts  and,  meanwhile, 
the  Government  took  no  action.  There  was  some  discussion  of  the 

*  NOTE.— Despatch  in  Manitoba  Free  Press  (Lib.).  Winnipeg,  Oct.  30. 


TARIFF  QUESTIONS  AND  CANADIAN  MANUFACTURERS        259 

Anti-dumping  clause  of  the  1907  Tariff  Act  but  no  change  was  made 
in  its  administration  and  application  to  about  40  leading  items  of 
industrial  importation — on  which  an  additional  duty,  equal  to  the 
difference  between  the  selling  price  of  the  article  for  export  and  its 
fair  market  value  for  home  consumption  in  the  country  concerned, 
was  collected.  No  Tariff  changes  were  announced  by  Mr.  White, 
Minister  of  Finance,  despite  the  agitation  regarding  increased  iron 
and  steel  duties  or  a  re-establishment  of  Bounties ;  though  some  slight 
general  reductions  were  made  by  Order-in-Council  during  the  Sum- 
mer following  precedents  set  on  Nov.  27,  1907,  Aug.  11,  1908,  Nov. 
1,  1909,  June  10,  1910,  Dec.  31,  1910,  and  Aug.  11,  1911.  The  Iron 
and  Steel  interests  made  strong  efforts  during  the  year  to  obtain  Gov- 
ernment action.  Their  contentions  and  the  situation  generally  were 
summarized  by  The  News  of  Toronto  on  Feb.  12th  as  follows : 

We  know  that  simultaneously  with  the  prospect  of  tariff  reduction 
in  the  United  States  the  American  iron  and  steel  industry  has  experienced 
a  decided  reverse.  Many  mills  across  the  border  have  been  closed  or  are 
running  on  short  time,  throwing  thousands  of  men  out  of  employment. 
Incidentally  this  era  of  depression  has  rendered  the  Canadian  anti-dump- 
ing regulations  largely  inoperative,  so  that  a  great  deal  of  American-made 
pig-iron  has  been  imported  into  this  country  at  slaughter  prices.  The 
result  has  been  serious  for  the  Canadian  manufacturers.  One  furnace  is 
closed  down  at  Port  Arthur  and  another  at  Midland.  The  lapsing  of  the 
Fielding  bounties  last  year  has  rendered  the  situation  increasingly  diffi- 
cult. Aside  from  the  Bounties  the  minimum  duty  on  pig-iron  amounts  to 
only  10  per  cent,  of  its  value,  and  that  on  steel  billets  to  only  7  per  cent, 
of  their  value.  The  average  duty  on  all  goods,  free  and  dutiable,  imported 
into  Canada  is  16-24  per  cent.,  while  the  average  import  tax  on  dutiable 
articles  is  26-71  per  cent.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  pig-iron  and  steel 
billet  plants,  if  left  without  Bounties,  are  in  a  much  less  advantageous 
position  than  other  industries. 

The  industry  was  certainly  a  basic  one  with  an  investment  of  $100,- 
000,000,  great  plants  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec  and  Ontario,  the 
employment  of  22,000  men  and  payment  of  $13,500,000  in  wages. 
On  the  other  hand  it  was  contended  that  these  interests  had  already 
received  $16,000,000  in  Bounties  and  that,  individually,  they  were 
prosperous  and  earning  profits  in  excess  of  bond  interests  and  fixed 
charges.  A  special  correspondent  of  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  put 
the  issue  from  a  Liberal  Western  view-point  (June  28)  as  follows: 
"  Owing  to  the  comparative  security  afforded  by  heavy  Protection,  the 
steel  mills  havs  not  made  the  advances  in  equipment  and  machinery 
necessary  to  meet  the  large  demand.  Large  improvements,  it  is  stated, 
are  in  contemplation  at  the  Sault  and  at  Sydney,  but  for  a  long  time 
at  least,  the  mills  will  be  running  at  capacity  without  being  able  to 
cope  with  the  demand.  In  consequence  the  Western  homesteaders 
who  have  located  by  the  mapped-out  route  of  a  Kailway,  find  them- 
selves isolated  for  months,  and  apparently  in  some  cases  for  years, 
long  after  the  engines  and  rolling  stock  of  the  system  might  have 
been  expected  to  arrive.  There  are  grades,  but  no  rails,  and,  there- 
fore, no  rolling  stock."  The  Saskatchewan  Legislature  went  so  far 


260  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

as  to  ask  for  the  entire  removal  of  the  duty  on  steel  rails.  Mr.  J.  H. 
Plummer,  President  of  the  Dominion  Steel  Corporation,  put  the 
issue  as  follows  at  the  annual  meeting  on  June  12th : 

I  do  not  intend  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  details  of  the  Tariff 
respecting  iron  and  steel.  It  is  full  of  anomalies.  It  holds  out  with  one 
hand  inducements  to  enter  into  the  manufacture  of  certain  lines  only  to 
take  away  by  exemptions  a  large  part  of  the  market  with  the  other.  It 
protects  raw  or  semi-manufactured  material,  and  then  it  leaves  the  pro- 
ducts in  the  next  stage  of  manufacture  to  face  free  competition  with  the 
world.  It  affords  reasonable  protection  on  many  of  the  smaller  sizes  of 
rolled  steel,  but  leaves  the  heavier  size  where  the  tonnage  is  large  and 
the  market  of  most  importance,  with  an  inadequate  duty.  It  will,  I  think, 
be  found  that  we  are  now  bringing  in  1,000,000  tons  yearly  at  a  cost  of 
about  $25,000,000.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  how  much  of  this  represents 
wages  to  workmen,  but  of  the  actual  cost  of  iron  and  steel  about  80  per 
cent,  goes  for  labour,  and  it  is  a  moderate  estimate  to  say  that  $16,000,000 
to  $18,000,000  is  thus  paid  to  foreign  workmen  for  these  products,  alone, 
which  should  go  into  the  pockets  of  our  own  people." 


Other  interests  demanded  more  Protection.  The  Pulp  and  Paper 
manufacturers,  backed  up  with  much  public  support,  wanted  a  pro- 
hibitive export  duty  on  pulpwood.  The  Woollen  manufacturers  of 
Ontario  and  Quebec  were  largely  represented  at  Ottawa  in  December 
and  impressed  upon  the  Government  the  need  of  greater  protection 
for  the  woollen,  flannel  and  clothing  manufacturers  of  Canada.  They 
also  entered  an  early  protest  against  any  proposal  to  increase  the 
British  preference.  The  tin-plate  industry  also  asked  for  a  protec- 
tive duty  to  meet  Welsh  competition.  Meanwhile  the  Grain  Growers 
Associations  of  the  West,  representing  an  alleged  membership  of 
30,000  farmers,  protested  against  all  and  sundry  duties  and  fought 
for  an  increase  in  the  British 'preference  and  for  Reciprocity  with  the 
United  States.  The  Grain  Growers'  Guide  of  Winnipeg  put  up  an 
able  and  continuous  advocacy  of  freer  trade.  On  July  31st  it  under- 
took to  controvert  the  Toronto  News  in  its  presentation  of  Protec- 
tionist principles  and  elaborated  a  series  of  questions  as  follows : 

1.  State   definitely  any   two  considerable   industries   that   would   be 
ruined  by  gradual  tariff  reduction  resulting  in  absolute  free  trade  in  five 
years. 

2.  Do  you  admit  that  the  protective  tariff  allows  the  manufacturers 
to  charge  higher  prices  than  they  could  get  under  free  trade? 

3.  If  your  contention    be    true    that    free  trade  would  prevent  the 
development  of  manufacturing  industries  in  Western  Canada  how  do  you 
account  for  the  growth  of  manufacturing  in  the  Western  States  in  the 
face  of  unrestricted  competition  from  the  great  industrial  organizations 
of  the  Eastern  States? 

4.  If  Reciprocity  with  the  United  States  would  lead  to  annexation,  as 
you  claim,  would  not  the  same  result  follow  if  the  Americans  voluntarily 
abolished  their  own  tariff  on  Canadian  goods? 

5.  Where  is  the  ever-growing  surplus  of  Western  wheat  to  find  a 
market?    Canada  cannot  consume  it  and  the  British  market  is  already 
taking  all  it  can  absorb.    Why  should  we  search  the  world  for  a  market 
when  it  lies  right  at  our  door? 


TARIFF  QUESTIONS  AND  CANADIAN  MANUFACTURERS        261 

The.  reply  of  The  News  (Aug.  21)  written  by  F.  D.  L.  Smith  men- 
tioned ( 1 )  the  Binder  twine  and  Woollen  industries  as  ruined,  in  the 
first  case,  and  seriously  injured,  in  the  second,  by  tariff  reduction. 
As  to  the  next  point  free  trade  should  give  lower  prices  to  the  con- 
sumer theoretically  but,  practically,  "  Canada  is  next  door  to  a  highly- 
protected  country  which  has  developed  monopolistic  trusts  ready  to 
throttle  Canadian  industries  and  then  squeeze  Canadian  consumers." 
In  the  matter  of  relative  industrial  conditions  in  Western  Canada  and 
the  Western  States  the  answer  was  that  "  for  a  very  long  period 
Western  American  manufacturers  have  had  the  double  protection  of 
a  tariff  maintained  at  a  very  high  level  and  of  high  freight  rates  upon 
Eastern  and  foreign  manufactures.  Moreover,  the  Western  States 
have  been  long  enough  settled  to  develop  a  considerable  labouring 
population.  ...  If  the  tariff  were  removed  Manitoba,  Saskat- 
chewan, Alberta  and  British  Columbia  would  be  given  over  to  exploita- 
tion by  the  oppressive  United  States  trusts  which  would  kill  domestic 
industries  by  flooding  our  markets  with  the  surplus  products  of  their 
huge  specialized  American  plants  and  then  charge  the  Western 
settlers  '  all  the  traffic  would  bear.' y' 

As  to  the  Annexation  question-  the  phraseology  was  said  to  be 
crude.  The  issue  was  simply  one  of  tendencies  and  influences — 
gradual,  sometimes  almost  imperceptible,  but  steadily  away  from  the 
Empire  and  toward  the  Eepublic.  The  question  as  to  markets  was 
answered  thus :  "  How  can  it  fairly  be  said  that  the  United  States  is 
a  market  for  Canadian  wheat  when  it  exported  70,000,000  bushels  in 
1910?  Of  this  70,000,000  bushels  sent  abroad  from  the  Republic  that 
year,  45,000,000  bushels  went  in  the  form  of  flour.  With  the  Ameri- 
can tariff  removed  our  wheat  would  merely  be  milled  at  St.  Paul  and 
Minneapolis  for  foreign  consumption.  ...  In  1910  Great  Britain  took 
from  all  countries  for  consumption  220,727,934  bushels  of  wheat 
including  wheat  in  the  form  of  flour.  Of  this  British  statistics  snow 
that  Canada  furnished  only  37,382,806  bushels.  Under  a  preference 
the  Dominion  and  British  India  could  almost  monopolize  the  Old 
Country  market."  The  Guide  replied  on  Sept.  llth.  The  Toronto 
Globe  of  Sept.  5  spoke  of  the  movement  for  cheaper  food  and  used 
these  words :  "  If  the  tariff  on  foodstuffs  is  removed  in  the  United 
States,  and  Canada,  and  Germany,  and  France,  and  Belgium,  and 
Austria,  how  long  will  the  producers  of  foodstuffs  stand  for  high  tariff 
on  the  manufactured  goods  they  require  ?" 

The  Canadian  Manufacturers  Association  and  its  organ,  Industrial 
Canada,  took  the  usual  active  interest  in  Tariff  matters.  The  April 
issue  of  the  journal  contained  an  article  comparing  industrial  condi- 
tions in  Hamilton  and  Birmingham  with  a  conclusion  which  alleged 
better  homes,  more  sanitary  conditions,  fewer  women  workers  and 
higher  wages  to  exist  in  the  Canadian  city  plus  a  cost  of  living — 
outside  of  rent — only  a  trifle  higher  in  Hamilton.  The  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Toronto  Branch  of  the  Association  on  July  llth  was  notable 
for  an  address  from  its  retiring  President,  G.  Frank  Beer,  which  con- 
tained some  valuable  reflections  upon  Labour  development,  the  rela- 


262  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tions  of  East  and  West  in  Canada,  the  increasing  Land  Values,  Trans- 
portation facilities,  Municipal  conditions  and  Protective  duties.  He 
advocated  a  special  tax  on  unearned  land  values  and  a  partial  exemp- 
tion of  improvements  from  taxation.  The  following  reference  to  fiscal 
matters  was  widely  discussed: 

The  one  event  of  outstanding  importance  since  our  last  annual  meet- 
ing was  the  Federal  Election  which  resulted  in  the  downfall  of  the  Gov- 
ernment upon  the  issue  of  Reciprocity.  It  would  be  useless  to  attempt  to 
disguise  the  fact  that  the  West  (Alberta  and  Saskatchewan)  is  keenly 
disappointed  over  its  failure  to  obtain  access  to  the  larger  markets  of  the 
United  States,  and  so  long  as  that  feeling  of  disappointment  prevails,  it 
cannot  be  said  that  Reciprocity  Is  dead.  Nor  can  we  afford  to  close  our 
eyes  to  the  fact  that  the  Provinces  mentioned  feel  aggrieved  with  us  in 
the  East  for  the  part  we  played  in  thwarting  their  desire.  No  amount 
of  specious  argument  or  flag-waving  will  allay  that  feeling  or  satisfy  the 
West  that  it  has  not  been  robbed.  Wider  markets  it  must  have,  but  when 
the  benefit  of  the  whole  of  Canada  resulting  from  industrial  occupations 
is  appreciated,  as  no  doubt  it  shortly  will  be  by  those  in  the  West  engaged 
in  agricultural  pursuits,  I  do  not  believe  there  will  be  found  any  divi- 
sion of  interest  in  our  working  together  for  a  common  end,  namely,  an  all- 
round  industrial  and  agricultural  development. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers  Association 
was  held  in  Ottawa  on  Sept.  24,  25,  26,  with  the  President — Nathaniel 
Curry  of  Montreal — in  the  chair.  In  his  address  he  reviewed  the 
development  of  manufacturing  and  trade;  declared  the  duty  of  Can- 
ada in  Defence  to  be  immediate  and  substantial  help  to  Great  Britain 
— rendered  from  a  "  sense  of  gratitude  and  a  sense  of  self-respect " ; 
urged  a  better  administration  of  the  Immigration  Act  so  as  to  let  the 
able-bodied,  honest  workman  in — even  if  not  in  possession  of  $25.00 ; 
approved  the  policy  of  paying  compensation  for  all  accidents  to 
employees  in  a  definite,  sure  and  prompt  manner;  deprecated  Reci- 
procity, dealt  with  existing  higher  prices  for  Canadian  over  "United 
States  wheat  and  declared  the  great  need  of  Canada  to  be  "  not  wider 
markets  but  an  equipment  and  a  service  that  will  enable  us  to  better 
supply  the  needs  of  the  home  market" — transportation  and  more 
transportation;  urged  better  storage  facilities  and  an  effort  to  trans- 
port "Western  grain  by  Canadian  channels. 

In  Reports  from  various  Committees  the  membership  of  the  body 
was  reported  as  2,754  compared  with  2,725  in  1911 ;  the  necessity  of 
more  skilled  labour  was  urged;  the  tendency  in  Y.M.C.A.  Boards 
to  patronize  United  States  manufactures  as  a  result  of  their 
American  affiliations  was  deprecated;  the  Ontario  Assessment  Act 
in  the  matter  of  business  taxes  was  described  as  "  unjust,  inequitable 
;and  thoroughly  unsatisfactory"  and  its  abolition  urged;  the  draft 
scheme  of  classification  of  industries  and  proposed  schedule  for  an 
Ontario  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  were  submitted;  an  elaborate 
study  of  freight  rates  classification  and  varied  problems  of  transit 
was  presented;  reference  was  made  to  the  $18,000  Fund  which  had 
been  hastily  raised  to  help  in  the  Regina  disaster. 

Resolutions  were  passed  (1)  in  favour  of  a  Conference  in  Winni- 


TARIFF  QUESTIONS  AND  CANADIAN  MANUFACTURERS        263 

peg  of  agricultural,  financial,  transportation,  manufacturing  and 
labour  interests  "  to  the  end  that  plans  may  be  discussed  and  pre- 
parations made  for  mitigating  so  far  as  possible  the  difficulties  that 
annually  arise  in  connection  with  the  harvesting  of  the  Western 
crop";  (2)  urging  uniformity  in  Provincial  laws  affecting  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  business  throughout  the  Dominion;  (3) 
denouncing  the  "  excessive  Insurance  charges  on  steamships  using  the 
Lake  and  St.  Lawrence  route  "  and  urging  the  Dominion  to  try  and 
secure  lower  rates  from  the  Insurance  Companies  or  else  "  to  assist 
in  the  establishment  of  an  Insurance  Company  to  provide  satisfactory 
insurance."  The  following  officers  were  then  elected: 

President  R.    S.    Gourlay Toronto. 

1st  Vice- President    C.   B.   Gordon Montreal. 

Vice- President  for  Ontario    J.    W.    Woods Ottawa. 

Vice- President  for  Quebec D.  J.  Fraser St.  Johns. 

Vice-President  for  Manitoba    '. J.   H.   Parkhitt Winnipeg. 

Vice-President  for  British  Columbia A.  C.  Flumerfelt Vancouver. 

Vice-President  for  New  Brunswick  and 

Prince  Edward  Island S.  E.  Elkin Charlottetown. 

Vice-President  for  Nova  Scotia. J.   P.   Edwards Londonderry. 

Vice-President  for  Alberta  and  Saskat- 
chewan   Wm.  Georgeson Calgary. 

Treasurer George   Booth Toronto. 

General   Secretary    G.    M.   Murray Toronto. 

CHAIRMEN  OF  STANDING  COMMITTEES. 

Tariff    W.  C.  Phillips.  Workmen's     Compen- 

Technical   Education.  J.  S.  McKinnon.  sation P.W.Ellis. 

Parliamentary    Thos.  Findlay.  Commercial       Intelli- 

Transportation    S.  R.  Parsons.  gence J.  F.  M.  Stewart. 

At  the  annual  Banquet  on  Sept.  26  Mr.  R.  L.  Borden,  Prime  Min- 
ister, urged  the  Association  to  build  up  a  great  industrial  development 
in  Western  Canada  and  paid  elaborate  tribute  to  the  greatness  of 
Canada's  resources  and  future.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  stated  that  it 
had  been  the  effort  and  duty  of  his  late  Government  to  try  and  "  adjust 
the  differences  which  may  exist  between  the  manufacturer  and  con- 
sumer "  and  urged  that  there  should  be  "  no  tinkering  of  the  Tariff 
but  tabulated  and  periodical  revisions."  The  Hon.  W.  T.  White  sup- 
ported and  urged  a  policy  of  moderate  Protection  for  Canada  but 
declared  the  great  question  of  the  day  to  be  transportation.  Under 
the  Tariff  there  were  two  obligations  upon  the  manufacturer — one  to 
supply  the  consumer  with  keen  competition  and  the  other  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  home  market.  The  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  told  the  manur 
facturers  and  shippers  to  bring  to  the  Government  a  scheme  of  Marine 
Insurance  to  meet  the  excessive  charges  of  Lloyd's  and  it  would  be 
considered.  An  interesting  passage  at  arms  took  place  between  the 
Canadian  Manufacturers  Association  and  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers 
at  this  time.  On  the  25th  the  Grain  Growers'  Guide  sent  a  letter- 
gram to  President  Curry,  which,  after  some  slight  discussion  in  the 
Convention,  was  replied  to  on  the  following  day.  The  two  despatches 
were  as  follows : 


264 


Grain  Growers'  Guide. 
The  Western  Grain  Growers  are 
anxious  to  know  if  the  Manufac- 
turers' Association  is  willing  to  join 
hands  with  them  in  an  effort  to 
bind  Canada  closer  to  the  Mother- 
land, by  urging  the  Government  to 
reduce  the  tariff  on  British  imports 
to  one-half  that  charged  on  Ameri- 
can imports  with  a  view  of  complete 
free  trade  with  the  Motherland  in 
ten  years.  The  Grain  Growers  feel 
that  this  would  be  a  tangible  form 
of  showing  their  patriotism  and 
would  develop  a  much  greater  trade 
with  the  Motherland  and  thus 
strengthen  the  ties  of  Empire,  and 
show  the  world  that  Canada's  loy- 
alty to  the  Motherland  is  deep  and 
abiding  and  not  merely  words.  It 
would  also  show  the  world  that 
Canada  stands  behind  the  Mother- 
land to  uphold  the  traditions  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race  and  keep  the 
Union  Jack  in  the  proud  position 
it  has  held  for  a  thousand  years. 
Such  an  action  would  also  be  un- 
doubted proof  that  Canada  has  no 
desire  for  political  union  with  the 
United  States.  Would  you  kindly 
ascertain  if  the  Manufacturers  pres- 
ent are  willing  to  join  hands  with 
the  Grain-Growers  in  this  great 
Imperial  scheme. 


Canadian  Manufacturers  Associa- 
tion. 

The  Association  acknowledges 
receipt  of  the  message  from  the 
Grain  Growers'  Guide  with  two 
questions.  First,  Canada's  loyalty 
to  the  Motherland;  second,  the  ques- 
tion of  a  larger  preference  on  Brit- 
ish goods.  Our  Association  believes 
that  all  Canadians,  regardless  of 
their  calling,  are  doing  what  they 
can  to  promote  the  feeling  of  loy- 
alty and  closer  union  between  all 
parts  of  the  British  Empire.  The 
attitude  of  the  Canadian  Manufac- 
turers' Association  on  the  British 
Preference  has  been  set  forth  in 
Resolutions  adopted  after  long  and 
careful  consideration  of  the  varied 
interests  involved.  It  believes  that 
no  adequate  consideration  of  such 
a  sweeping  proposal  as  that  em- 
bodied in  your  telegram,  received 
only  this  morning  in  the  closing 
hours  of  the  Convention,  is  possible. 
If  any  organization  or  organiza- 
tions representative  of  all  the  great 
producing  interests  of  both  the 
middle  and  the  farther  West  desire 
a  conference  on  any  matter  looking 
to  the  advancement  of  Canada  as  a 
whole,  or  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
British  Empire,  this  Association 
will  gladly  co-operate. 


Political 
Incidents  and 
Miscellaneous 
Affair*  of 
the  Tear 


Many  and  varied  questions  were  discussed  during 
the  year  of  more  or  less  importance  but  only  those  hav- 
ing permanent  interest  can  be  dealt  with  here.  The 
representation  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  in  Parlia- 
ment was  a  perennial  subject  which  each  succeeding 
Census  revived  and  made  more  important.  It  was 
estimated  early  in  the  year  that  under  the  1910  figures  of  population 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  would  each  lose  two  seats  and 
Prince  Edward  Island  one  seat  at  the  next  redistribution  of  repre- 
sentation— about  11  per  cent,  for  the  Province  first  mentioned,  16 
per  cent,  for  the  second  and  25  per  cent,  for  the  little  Island.  Under 
such  conditions  the  Maritime  Provinces  would  have  only  12  per  cent, 
of  the  representation  of  the  Dominion.  The  St.  John  Standard  (Jan. 
4)  declared  that  "  this  thing  is  becoming  serious — so  serious  that  it 
must  be  stopped."  In  Ontario  there  would  also  be  a  reduction  and 
there  the  Toronto  News  urged  on  Oct.  2  that  under  existing  condi- 
tions 1,500,000  city  voters  were  virtually  disfranchised  with  an 
obvious  discrimination  against  the  Cities  and  industrial  centres. 
Instead  of  five  Members,  Toronto,  for  instance,  should  have  12  or  14 
and  Montreal  proportionately;  Calgary  two  Members,  Winnipeg  five 
or  six,  Vancouver  four,  Ottawa  three  and  Hamilton  three.  The  Win- 


POLITICAL  INCIDENTS  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  AFFAIBS       265 

nipeg  Free  Press  urged  the  proportional  representation  idea  as  a  solu- 
tion of  the  difficulty  of  minority  under-representation. 

Amongst  the  Liberal  leaders  in  1912  those  who  shared  in  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier's  tour  were  in  evidence  as  to  public  matters  while 
Mr.  Graham  won  his  seat  in  South  Renfrew  under  spectacular  condi- 
tions. Mr.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King  made  various  speeches.  At  Toronto 
(Feb.  9)  he  declared  that  the  time  had  come  for  Canadians  to  have 
a  share  in  the  Consular  and  Diplomatic  services  of  the  Empire.  He 
thought  that  the  Universities  should  train  men  to  pass  the  prescribed 
examinations  for  entrance  to  the  Service  and  that  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment should  confer  with  the  British  Government  for  the  purpose 
of  securing  the  privilege  for  those  Canadians  who  should  qualify 
themselves.  He  was  at  Newmarket  on  the  10th  and  addressed  the 
20th  Century  Club  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  on  Mch.  27th.  There  he  eulogized 
"  the  amazing  and  far-reaching "  result  of  the  British  Coal  Strike 
which  had  paralyzed  industry  and  compelled  the  British  Government 
to  meet  the  demands  of  Labour  by  special  legislation.  "There  has 
been  demonstrated  as  never  before  what  is  meant  by  the  '  solidarity 
of  labour ' ;  as  never  before  it  has  been  seen  how  in  the  last  analysis 
labour  and  nature  are  the  forces  which  create  all  wealth;  as  never 
before  men  have  learned  how  those  who  live  on  the  top  of  the  earth 
are  dependent  on  those  who  work  beneath  it,  and  how  all  industry,  all 
trade,  all  human  existence  in  fact,  is  made  possible  by  the  silent  and 
ceaseless  effort  of  those  who  toil."  At  St.  John  on  May  3rd,  he  was 
optimistic  as  to  the  future  and  told  the  Telegraph  that  "  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Reform  Association  of  Ontario,  I  will  undertake  that  the 
normal  Liberal  strength  of  forty  seats  or  more  in  that  Province  will 
be  restored  in  the  next  Election,  whenever  that  may  be.  That  means, 
of  course,  that  Sir  Wilfrid  will  be  Premier  'again."  He  addressed 
various  Ontario  party  meetings  during  the  year  and  a  number  of 
Canadian  Clubs. 

The  question  of  dismissals  from  office  for  partisan  action  or  con- 
duct was  discussed  in  Parliament  and  the  press  and  some  reference 
to  the  matter  has  been  made  in  connection  with  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment's Administrative  record.  The  Liberal  papers  stigmatized 
individual  cases  as  being  outrages,  scandals,  evidences  of  the  spoils 
system,  heartless,  shameless,  humiliating,  etc.;  the  Conservative  press 
responded  with  detailed  explanations  in  many  cases,  with  statements 
as  to  the  appointment  of  reputable  men  to  investigate  charges,  with 
long  lists,  running  up  to  700  in  number,  of  dismissals  by  the  Laurier 
Government  when  it  took  office  in  1896.  The  St.  John  Standard 
(Cons.)  dealt,  elaborately  with  the  matter  on  Jan.  llth  and  the  fol- 
lowing summary  is  of  interest : 

The  Laurier  rule,  as  everyone  knows,  was  that  offensive  partisans 
must  go.  Ordinarily  an  investigation  was  held;  but  if  a  Liberal  member 
of  Parliament  or  defeated  candidate  wrote  a  letter  charging  a  man  with 
partisanship  that  was  deemed  investigation  enough.  Now  let  us  survey 
the  Conservative  record.  First,  there  have  been  no  dismissals  in  the 
Inside  Service.  Next,  as  to  the  Outside  Service.  In  the  House  of  Com- 


266 

rnons,  in  the  Sergeant-at-Arms'  Department,  22  persons  have  been  dis- 
missed and  10  have  left  of  their  own  accord.  In  1896  there  were  36  dis- 
missals. In  the  Railways  and  Canals  Department  the  Liberals  in  1896 
made  a  great  sweep  on  the  Intercolonial.  Mr.  Cochrane  is  taking  the  fol- 
lowing line:  First,  there  must  be  an  investigation  in  every  case.  Three 
Commissioners  have  been  appointed  to  investigate  charges — Emile  Gelly 
in  Quebec,  James  A.  McDonald  in  Nova  Scotia  and  E.  T.  C.  Knowles  in 
this  Province.  Secondly  if  any  vacancy  is  created,  it  will,  if  suitable  men 
are  available  be  filled  by  promotions.  The  great  hubbub  has  been  raised 
over  Public  Works.  This  is  an  enormous  Department,  with  numerous 
jobs  continually  beginning  and  ending.  In  1896,  when  the  expenditure 
was  only  $1,300,000  as  against  over  twenty  millions  which  the  Depart- 
ment has  handled  in  some  recent  years,  over  50  employees  were  dismissed. 
This  year  a  number  of  persons  have  been  dismissed  outside  of  Ottawa, 
and  a  number  of  foremen,  clerks  of  work,  etc.,  have  found  their  temporary 
work  come  to  an  end.  In  Ottawa  itself  144  men  have  been  dismissed; 
only  33  out  of  the  144  were  permanent  employees.  The  roll-call  of  Post- 
masters has  increased  greatly  since  1896 — from  about  9,000  to  well  over 
13,000.  The  dismissals  have  fallen  far  below  those  of  1896. 

In  the  Marine  and  Fisheries  Department  the  dismissals  of  1896  were 
stated  at  250  out  of  about  2,400  employees  and  in  1912  as  90  out  of 
about  3,800  employees.  Of  the  most  discussed  cases,  in  detail,  were 
those  of  Lyman  C.  Smith,  Customs  Colector  at  Oshawa ;  W.  A.  Dube, 
District  Superintendent  on  the  I.C.R.  at  Levis;  F.  W.  Clearwater, 
Postmaster  at  Huntsville,  Ont.,  R.  M.  Graham  at  Milita,  Man.,  John 
Park  at  Orangeville,  Ont.,  A.  H.  Stratton  at  Peterborough,  John 
McMurtry  at  Bowman ville,  D.  G.  Bell  at  Stayner,  Ont.,  and  N.  C. 
Lyster  at  Lloydminster ;  A.  E.  Kenner  and  H.  A.  Wise,  Customs 
Officials  at  Winnipeg;  Howard  Douglas,  Edmonton,  Superintendent 
of  Dominion  Parks ;  Wm.  Ireland,  Customs  Collector  at  Pairy  Sound, 
Lemuel  Bent  at  Oxford,  N.S.,  and  George  Cochrane  at  Moncton,  N.B. 
Amongst  the  appointments  to  investigate  special  charges  in  1912 
were  those  mentioned  above  in  connection  with  the  I.C.R.,  to  whom 
were  added  H.  P.  Duchemin,  D.  Hazen  Adair  and  C.  W.  Lane ;  W.  L. 
Shurtleff,  K.C.,  to  look  into  Eastern  Township  cases;  Victor  Allard, 
K.C.,  into  certain  charges  against  I.C.R.  conductors;  M.  F.  Alward 
into  a  Trent  Affair  matter  and  N.  A.  Campbell  into  Prince  Edward 
Island  Railway  conditions  amongst  officials;  H.  N.  Chauvin  into  cer- 
tain allegations  against  Public  Works  mechanical  employees;  H.  P. 
Hill  of  Ottawa  to  investigate  charges  against  Dominion  Civil  Servants 
in  Ontario. 

An  interesting  incident  of  the  year  was  the  movement  emanating 
from  Montreal  for  the  erection  of  an  adequate  Memorial  of  a  more 
than  local  character  and  to  cost  $100,000,  in  honour  of  the  late  Sir 
George  Etienne  Cartier,  together  with  a  celebration  of  .the  Centenary 
of  his  birth  on  Sept.  6,  1914.  The  Committee  in  charge  was  com- 
posed of  E.  W.  Villeneuve  as  President;  John  Boyd  and  H.  J.  Gagne 
as  Hon.  Secretaries ;  Hon.  J.  A.  Ouimet  and  H.  V.  Meredith  as  Hon. 
Treasurers.  Sir  Charles  Tupper  was  appointed  Patron  and  support 
was  invited  by  the  Committee  from  the  various  Governments,  the 
great  institutions,  and  prominent  men  of  Canada.  The  matter  was 
explained  in  an  official  Appeal  to  the  people  as  follows :  "  It  has  been 


POLITICAL  INCIDENTS  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  AFFAIRS       267 

decided  to  erect  in  the  City  of  Montreal  a  memorial  which  will  not 
only  perpetuate  the  memory  of  Sir  George  Etienne  Cartier,  but  will 
also  symbolize  the  greatest  achievement  of  his  time — in  which  he 
played  such  a  conspicuous  part — the  Canadian  Confederation.  A 
national  Convention,  in  which  all  the  elements  of  our  population, 
irrespective  of  race  or  creed,  will  be  represented,  will  be  a  feature  of 
the  Celebration.  This  will  be  in  keeping  with  the  policy  of  Sir 
George  Etienne  Cartier,  who  was  the  consistent  champion  of  a  united 
Canada." 

Much  aid  was  promised  and  the  Dominion  Government  led  the 
way  with  a  grant  of  $20,000.  The  City  of  Montreal  and  Legislature 
of  Quebec  followed  with  $10,000  each;  the  Legislatures  of  Ontario 
and  Manitoba  each  granted  $5,000 ;  the  Cities  of  Hamilton  and  Sas- 
katoon, the  Canadian  Clubs  of  Halifax  and  Montreal,  Mr.  E.  L.  Bor- 
den,  Sir  W.  Laurier  and  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  contributed  $100  each; 
Lord  Strathcona  gave  $2,500.  Much  was  said  and  written  about  the 
services  of  Cartier  to  the  Dominion.  Abbe  E.  Auclair  lectured  at  the 
Monument  National  on  May  19th  as  did  Sir  Adolphe  Eouthier  at 
Laval  University  on  Apl.  8th;  Archbishop  Bruchesi  and  Bishop 
Farthing,  Lord  George  Hamilton  and  many  others  wrote  endorsing 
the  project;  a  demonstration  in  honour  of  his  birthday  was  held  at 
St.  Antoine  de  Eichelieu  on  July  28  and  Committees  were  formed  at 
many  points — notably  in  Winnipeg  and  New  York — to  aid  the  move- 
ment; the  London  Times  of  Aug.  26th  urged  support  to  a  fitting 
Memorial  of  this  Canadian  statesman;  George  W.  Hill,  A.R.C.A.,  was 
on  Oct.  1st  chosen  to  be  the  sculptor  in  charge. 

An  aftermath  of  the  1911  Elections  occurred  in  September  when 
the  official  figures  of  the  popular  vote  were  published  and  showed  that 
out  of  1,850,000  voters  on  the  Lists  of  the  nine  Provinces  1,307,528 
exercised  the  franchise,  with  669,567  votes  polled  for  Conservative 
candidates,  625,096  for  Liberal  candidates,  and  12,865  for  Independ- 
ent, Labour  and  Socialist  candidates.  Another  outcome  of  that  con- 
test was  a  controversy  carried  on  chiefly  in  the  editorial  columns  of 
the  Toronto  Globe  and  The  News  as  to  an  account  rendered  by  the 
Post  Office  Department  at  Ottawa  to  the  former  journal  for  $25,754, 
said  to  be  the  amount  due  for  the  conveyance  of  copies  of  The  Globe 
to  non-subscribers  from  Aug.  5th  to  Sept.  22nd,  1911.  The  Liberal 
organ  refused  point  blank  to  pay  this  demand  for  excess  postage,  on 
the  campaign  circulation  of  the  paper  during  the  Elections,  for 
reasons  specified  on  Jan.  9th  as  (1)  the  claim  that  the  Department 
was  a  common  carrier  in  law  and  had  no  right  to  vary  its  rates  and 
(2)  because  the  rates  charged  were  prohibitive.  The  Government 
contention  was  that  the  ordinary  rate  of  a  quarter-cent  per  pound 
was  for  newspapers  paid  for  by  subscribers  and  not  for  papers  cir- 
culated as  a  gift  to  individuals,  in  furtherance  of  campaign  argu- 
ments, and  paid  for  by  others  than  those  to  whom  they  were  sent. 
The  matter  was  taken  by  the  Government  to  the  Courts  and  was  still 
undecided  at  the  close  of  the  year.  The  attitude  of  the  Toronto  News 
was  clearly  expressed  on  Jan.  10th: 


268  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  News  got  such  bills  regularly  from  the  Department  and  had  to 
pay  just  such  rates  on  special  subscriptions  as  The  Globe  now  fiercely 
resists.  The  law  was  interpreted  not  by  a  Conservative  Government  but 
by  Mr.  Lemieux,  Liberal  Postmaster-General.  The  News  was  very  firmly 
told  that  it  must  pay  the  excess  rate  on  special  subscriptions  or  be  refused 
the  use  of  the  mails  altogether.  Moreover,  the  Post  Office  refused  to  carry 
copies  of  The  News  ordered  by  political  candidates  or  political  commit- 
tees while  carrying  submissively  day  after  day  tens  of  thousands  of  extra 
copies  of  The  Globe. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  a  celebration  by  the  Toronto  Globe 
staff  of  the  taking  possession  of  enlarged  premises  and  a  marking  of 
the  80th  birthday  of  Senator  Kobert  Jaffray,  President  of  the  Com- 
pany, by  the  presentation  of  an  oil-painting  of  himself.  A  letter 
was  read  from  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  describing  the  Senator's  work 
for  his  Party  and  the  paper.  "  This  he  has  done,  I  know  personally, 
from  devotion  to  Liberal  ideas  and  principles  and  the  gratitude  of 
the  whole  Party  is  due  to  him."  R.  E.  A.  Leach,  a  well-known 
Liberal  worker  in  the  West,  was  charged  during  August  with  hav- 
ing on  11  different  occasions  made  use  of  a  pass  on  certain  Railways 
while  at  the  same  time  obtaining  his  railway  expenses  from  the 
Interior  Department  as  a  Lands  Inspector.  The  case  was  tried  by 
Judge  Paterson  at  Winnipeg  and  dismissed  on  Nov.  2nd.  An  inter- 
esting statement  was  made  at  Montreal  on  Nov.  4th  by  M.  Henri 
Bertilland,  an  eminent  French  visitor,  who  described  Canada's  dreams 
of  National  and  Imperial  unity  as  "merely  folly."  "Eventually 
French  Canada  will  be  a  great  republic,  including  not  only  the  two 
and  a  half  millions  of  its  people,  but  also  the  two  millions  of  co-relig- 
ionists and  co-linguists  in  the  United  States.  The  middle  Western 
Provinces  will  become  States  of  the  American  Union,  and  British 
Columbia  will  evolve  from  a  stage  of  dependency  upon  British  naval 
protection  to  be  either  an  Asiatic  colony  or  a  petty  independent  king- 
dom!" 

The  Orange  factor  is  a  steady  element  in  the  public 
life  of   Canada  ^th   Pretty  clearly   defined  political 
affiliations.     During  1912  it  was  greatly  interested,  as 
Year  an  organization,  in  the  Ne  Temere  Decree  and  asso- 

ciated problems,  or  alleged  problems.  The  Ulster 
movement  against  Home  Rule  was  a  disturbing  subject  and  one  upon 
which  Orange  mass-meetings  at  Toronto,  Winnipeg  and  Vancouver 
expressed  strong  opinions.  The  Keewatin  school  question,  also,  stirred 
up  strong  expressions  of  opinion.  Always  and  everywhere  the  Order 
continued  its  advocacy  of  close  and  closer  British  connection.  Some 
of  the  speeches  delivered  by  leaders  of  this  body  at  their  annual  meet- 
ings were  of  a  rather  strenuous  nature.  R.  W.  Birch,  Grand  Master 
of  the  Grand  Black  Chapter  of  Manitoba,  in  his  address  on  Mch.  5th 
declared  that  "it  is  with  alarm  we  note  that  the  boundaries  of  the 
Province  of  Quebec  are  about  to  be  extended  northward,  taking  in 
a  vast  and  almost  unexplored  territory  into  that  Province,  and 
shackling  it  with  the  most  iniquitous  and  obsolete  laws  of  any  Pro- 
vince in  our  Dominion.  It  is  gratifying  to  see  that  the  agitation 


ORANGEISM  AND  NATIONALISM  DURING  THE  YEAR          269 

originating  from  our  sources  against  the  Ne  Temere  Decree,  or  the 
interference  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  matters  of  marriage, 
has  taken  such  a  firm  hold  upon  the  minds  of  all  good  citizens,  both 
Roman  Catholic  and  Protestant,  that  it  will  force  a  Federal  Govern- 
ment to  pass  a  National  marriage  law  which  will  forever  put  an  end 
to  this  vexed  but  all-important  national  question." 

This  latter  matter  was  the  subject  of  much  and  varied  denuncia- 
tion. The  Grand  Master  of  the  Provincial  Orange  Lodge  of  Mani- 
toba (T.  J.  Noble)  on  Mch.  6th  described  the  Decree  as  "  infamous," 
approved  the  submission  of  the  constitutional  issue  to  the  Judicial 
Committee  and  denounced,  in  connection  with  the  Keewatin  matter, 
"  all  forms  of  sectarian  education  in  any  part  of  the  Province."  Still 
more  uncompromising  was  the  statement  of  George  White,  Grand 
Master,  Nova  Scotia,  on  Mch.  20th :  "  The  Ne  Temere  Decree  is  a 
most  iniquitous  measure.  It  has  been  denounced  by  all  the  leading 
Protestant  denominations  at  their  annual  gatherings,  and  the  minds 
of  the  best  element  of  Canadian  citizenship  have  been  aroused  against 
it." 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Saskatchewan,  in 
Maple  Creek  on  Mch.  30th,  Alex.  Chilton,  Grand  Master,  denounced 
Home  Rule  because  (1)  it  would  create  a  Papal  state  within  the 
Empire  where  British  law  and  justice  would  be  superseded  by  the 
Canon  law  of  the  Church  of  Rome  as  was  now  the  case  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec  and  (2)  because  the  Protestants  of  Ireland  would 
be  deprived  of  their  civil  and  religious  liberties.  He  described  the 
enforcement  of  the  Ne  Temere  Decree  as  "unbearable,"  demanded  a 
uniform  marriage  for  Canada,  approved  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment's action  in  the  Keewatin  school  matter  and  denounced  Bi-lin- 
gualism  in  Ontario  schools.  This  last-mentioned  matter  was  described 
by  the  Grand  Master  in  Prince  Edward  Island — Rev.  George  Orman — 
on  Mch.  12th  as  "  part  of  a  well-planned  and  skilfully  executed  scheme 
to  further  the  interests  of  a  certain  race  and  of  a  certain  Church; 
and  if  the  British  and  German-speaking  Protestant  minority  of  Can- 
ada do  not  overturn  and  defeat  and  destroy  that  scheme  they  will 
richly  deserve  what  fate  may  have  in  store  for  them." 

Lieut.-Col.  J.  H.  Scott,  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Orange  Lodge 
of  British  America,  announced  at  Fredericton  on  May  29th  that  89 
new  Primary  Lodges,  7  County  Lodges,  18  Royal  Scarlet  Chapters, 
12  Lodges  of  the  Ladies  Orange  Benevolent  Association  and  8  Orange 
Young  Briton  Lodges  had  been  formed  during  the  year,  1911,  with 
10,173  new  members.  He  expressed  satisfaction  at  the  Ne  Temere 
case  reference  to  the  Judicial  Committee  and  vigorously  denounced 
the  policy  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  this  respect.  He  also 
approved  the  Ontario  Government's  declaration  as  to  Bi-lingual 
schools  and  the  Dominion  Government's  attitude  in  the  Keewatin 
affair.  Most  expressive  was  this  comment  of  the  Quebec  Grand  Mas- 
ter, David  Hadden,  at  Montreal  on  Mch.  5th :  "  The  great  enemy  of 
our  social  liberty  has  risen  from  the  dead,  and  stalks  through  the 
land  poisoning  the  minds  of  our  Legislators,  denouncing  our  religious 


270  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

systems  as  godless  and  soulless,  working  day  and  night  to  demoralize 
our  schools,  and  to  destroy  the  sanctity,  peace  and  harmony  of  our 
very  homes/'  At  a  great  demonstration  in  Kingston  on  July  12th, 
8,000  members  of  the  Order  declared  their  combination  of  loyalty  to 
Protestantism  and  the  British  Empire.  A.  M.  Rankin,  M.L.A.,  said: 
"  For  first,  the  unity,  the  prosperity  of  Canada  and  the  liberty  of 
Canadians,  and  second,  for  the  preservation  of  the  integrity  of  the 
British  Empire,  the  Orange  Order  has  done  much,  and  will  yet  do 
more.  Let  every  Orangeman  live  a  clean,  sober,  straightforward  life 
as  he  is  pledged  to  do;  let  us  all  do  what  we  can  for  the  cause  of 
education  and  pure  religion ;  let  us  be  loyal  to  Canada,  to  the  Empire, 
true  subjects  to  the  King." 

A  number  of  Canadian  Orangemen  attended  the  Orange  demon- 
stration at  Belfast  against  Home  Rule  on  July  12th  and  listened  to 
the  address  of  Rt.  Hon.  F.  E.  Smith,  M.P.  Lieut.-Col.  J.  H.  Scott 
moved  the  Resolution  of  loyalty  to  the  Orange  Institution.  He  also 
attended  the  16th  Triennial  'Council  at  Glasgow  on  July  17-18  with 
W.  J.  Parkhill,  Fred.  Dane,  Col.  John  Hughes,  T.  J.  Noble,  J.  J. 
Tulk,  A.  H.  Gordon  and  other  prominent  Orangemen  from  Canada. 
Colonel  Scott  was  elected  Grand  President  under  the  Earl  of  Erne  as 
Imperial  Grand  Master,  Rev.  Canon  W.  Walsh  of  Brampton  was 
re-elected  Grand  Chaplain  and  Fred.  Dane,  Toronto,  was  chosen  Grand 
Secretary;  James  Willoughby,  Winnipeg,  Grand  Lecturer,  and  T.  J. 
Noble,  Winnipeg,  Director  of  Ceremonies.  Winnipeg  was  selected  as 
the  1915  place  of  meeting. 

One  of  the  subjects  frequently  referred  to  in  the  addresses  of 
the  Provincial  Grand  Masters  was  the  alleged  influence  of  the  Ne 
Temere  Decree  upon  the  Elections  of  1911.  The  Rev.  Byron  H. 
Thomas  of  the  New  Brunswick  Grand  Lodge  declared  at  St.  John 
on  Mch.  21st  that  the  vote  was  not  one  of  party  but  was  "  the  outcry 
of  an  aroused  Protestantism."  At  the  53rd  annual  meeting  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Ontario  East,  Kingston,  Mch.  20th,  Col.  John 
Hughes,  Grand  Master,  protested  against  Irish  Home  Rule,  declared 
that  English  must  be  the  sole  language  taught  in  the  schools  of 
Ontario,  expressed  pleasure — as  was  done  at  all  the  other  Orange 
meetings  in  Canada — at  the  appointment  of  the  Duke  of  Connaught 
and  described  the  country  as  deeply  "agitated  and  interested"  over 
the  Ne  Temere  matter.  Upon  the  Keewatin  and  Manitoba  school 
question  he  made  this  statement :  "  The  French-Canadian  Bishops  and 
their  emissaries  wished  for  a  Separate  School  clause  for  the  territory 
included  in  the  Bill,  and  brought  all  the  pressure  they  could  possibly 
do  upon  the  Members  of  the  House  and  the  Government  to  secure 
such  a  result.  They  did  all  in  their  power  by  intimidation,  by  threats, 
and  by  appeals  to  race  and  religion.  It  was  a  supreme  struggle 
between  Church  and  State  for  supremacy.  The  Government  were 
threatened  with  defeat  but  they  stuck  manfully  to  their  guns." 

The  Grand  Lodge  of  Alberta,  at  Lethbridge  on  Mch.  14th,  approved 
by  Resolutions  the  campaign  against  Home  Rule,  condemned  the  Pro- 
vincial Government  for  alleged  aid  in  the  teaching  of  Foreign  Ian- 


ORANQEISM  AND  NATIONALISM  DUEINQ  THE  YEAK          271 

guages  in  the  schools  and  criticized  it  for  allowing  Separate  Schools 
to  receive  a  portion  of  the  taxes  on  joint-stock  Companies.  A  uniform 
marriage  law  was  demanded  as,  indeed,  it  was  at  all  the  Grand  Lodge 
meetings  of  the  year.  Dr.  A.  J.  Hunter,  Grand  Master  of  the  Boyal 
Black  Knights,  Ontario  West — London,  Mch.  12 — criticized  Ontario's 
policy  in  the  Bi-lingual  matter :  "  Dr.  Merchant's  Eeport  is  out.  I 
do  not  like  it.  There  is  room  for  endless  trouble  in  legislation  along 
the  lines  of  his  Eeport;  and  still  the  main  object — the  making  of 
English  the  teaching  language  of  our  schools,  could  be  evaded.  No, 
my  voice  is  for  the  entire  abolition  of  French  as  a  teaching  language, 
within  a  definite  time."  The  Orange  Grand  Lodge  of  Ontario  West — 
London,  Mch.  13 — passed  a  Eesolution  declaring  that  "  we  protest  in 
the  most  solemn  and  emphatic  manner  against  the  special  privileges 
which  the  French  are  granted  by  the  Regulations  of  the  Education 
Department  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  which  are  being  used  to  drive 
the  English-speaking  people  out  of  Ontario,  as  they  were  driven  out 
of  the  Eastern  Townships/'  The  new  heads  of  the  Order  elected  in 
1912  were  as  follows: 

Grand  Lodge,  Orange  Order.  Grand  Master.  Address. 

British  North  America Lieut-Col.  J.  H.  Scott Walkerton. 

Ontario  West    Fred.  Dane Toronto. 

Ontario   East    Col.   John  Hughes Newcastle. 

Saskatchewan    Alex.  Chilton Moosomin. 

Alberta    A.   C.    Scratch Calgary. 

Manitoba    Jas.  Willoughby Winnipeg. 

New  Brunswick Rev.    B.    H.    Thomas Dorchester. 

Nova  Scotia   A.    W.   Kelly Glace  Bay. 

Prince  Edward  Island Rev.   George  Orman Vernon  River. 

British   Columbia    E.    J.    Clark Vancouver. 

Grand  Lodge  Royal  Black  Chapter.  Grand  Master.  Address. 

British  North  America Thomas   Haw    Toronto. 

Ontario  West    P.   R.    Parnell St.  Catharines. 

Ontario   East    W.   H.   Sproule Ottawa. 

Manitoba    W.  R.  McConnell Winnipeg. 

Nova   Scotia    R.    P.    Kerr Westville. 

British  Columbia    F.  E.  Pakenham Mission  City. 

Loyal  True  Blue  Association Wm.   I.   Cole Canifton. 

Loyal  Orange  Young  Briton  Asso- 
ciation   Gordon  Black  Toronto. 

British  Columbia  Loyal  True  Blue 

Association  Rhoda  J.  Pelkey Vancouver. 

Nationalism  in  Quebec  has  been  referred  to  elsewhere  in  connec- 
tion with  the  Navy  and  Keewatin  questions.  It  cannoj  be  described 
as  an  active  force  in  1912;  any  influence  wielded  was  the  personal 
force  of  Henri  Bourassa,  Armand  Lavergne  and  C.  H.  Cahan,  assisted 
by  the  voice  of  Le  Devoir  and  its  weekly  edition  Le  Nationalists.  On 
the  Keewatin  Separate  School  matter  all  kinds  of  sensational  efforts 
were  made  to  check  or  change  the  Government  policy.  Mr.  Lavergne 
spent  some  time  in  Ottawa,  a  mass-meeting  was  held  in  Montreal,  an 
immense  number  of  petitions  against  the  measure  were  circulated 
and  preparations  said  to  have  been  made  for  a  campaign  in  every 
constituency  against  the  Government  and,  especially,  its  French 
Ministers. 

After  the  Manitoba  Boundary  Bill  had  passed  without  any  legis- 
lation relating  to  the  School  question  Le  Devoir  (Mch.  13)  said: 


272  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

"  The  House  of  Commons  has  violated  Parliament's  pledged  word 
and  forfeited  its  duty,  consequently  we  appeal  to  the  Senate,  which 
is  the  natural  guardian  of  the  rights  of  the  minorities.  The  Senate 
can  be  the  supreme  refuge  of  justice."  In  Toronto,  Mr.  Bourassa 
told  The  World  on  Mch.  18th  that  this  policy  had  "  stirred  Quebec 
more  deeply  than  did  the  Manitoba  School  question  or  the  Autonomy 
Bills."  If  so,  the  agitation  was  certainly  not  on  the  surface,  in  the 
press,  or  at  public  meetings.  In  March,  Mr.  Bourassa  was  welcomed 
in  Toronto,  addressed  several  meetings  and  was  cordially  treated. 
Late  in  November  he  contributed  to  Le  Devoir  one  of  the  bitterest 
denunciations  of  British  life  and  social  conditions  and  emigration 
which  has  ever  been  penned  :* 

The  great  cities  of  England  contain  the  most  ignoble,  the  most 
degraded,  the  most  irremediably  degenerated  population  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  see.  The  Russian  moujik,  the  Calabrian  brigand,  the  Catalonian 
beggar,  all  classed  by  our  immigration  agents  as  '  undesirable  immigrants  ' 
are  infinitely  superior  to  the  refuse  of  the  slums  of  London,  Liverpool  or 
Glasgow.  The  former  have  the  traits  and  vices  of  primitive  beings,  still 
half  barbarians,  the  latter  have  all  the  blemishes  of  the  degenerate  in 
whom  the  sources  of  regeneration  are  dried  up.  ...  We,  Nationalists, 
'  abettors  of  discord,'  have  denounced  the  blind  apathy  or  the  stupid 
fanaticism  of  our  Canadian  politicians,  who  do  not  hesitate  to  allow,  or 
even  to  encourage,  this  poisoning  of  our  country  for  the  purpose  of 
'  strengthening  British  institutions '  and  to  assure  '  the  predominance  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  race.' 

The  number  of  strikes  and  lockouts  in  Canada  during 
i>abonr  the  year  exceeded  that  of  any  year  since  1901  and  totalled 

MdP^owim."  148 ' the  numl>er  of  employees  involved  was  40,511,  com- 
in  1912  pared  with  28,898  in  1911 ;  the  loss  of  time  to  employees 

was  1,099,208  working  days  and  the  chief  trades  affected 
were  Building,  Metal,  Clothing  and  Transportation;  the  cause  of 
trouble  was,  in  65  cases,  a  demand  for  higher  wages  while  the  wage 
question  was  partially  involved  in  39  disputes,  questions  of  recogni- 
tion entered  into  14  disputes  and  28  cases  turned  entirely  or  partly 
on  hours  of  labour;  59  cases  were  settled  through  negotiation,  one 
by  arbitration  and  two  by  conciliation;  in  15  cases  the  strikers  were 
replaced  and  in  11  other  instances  work  was  resumed  with  some  of 
the  places  filled  by  new  men ;  51  strikes  were  reported  to  the  Labour 
Department  as  settled  in  favour  of  employers,  41  in  favour  of 
employees  and  17  by  compromise.  The  controversies  coming  under 
the  terms  of  the  Industrial  Disputes  (Lemieux)  Act  of  1907  dealt 
with  by  Boards  of  Conciliation  and  Investigation  during  the  year  were 
as  follows : 

Number 
Involved 
Applicant  for  Board.  (Direct  and      Board  of   Conciliation.  Result. 

Indirect). 
Maintenance     of     Way     Employees  J3ir  W.  G.  Falconbridge ....  Unanimous 

(International)     Pere    Marquette  Wallace    Nesbitt,    K.c Report  and 

Railway 140.. J.    G.    O'Donoghue .Settlement. 

Employees      of      Michigan      Central  Peter   McDonald    Majority    and 

Railway 3,115 .  .J.   E.  Duval minority 

J.    G.    O'Donoghue Reports. 

*  NOTE. — Re-published  from  Le  Devoir  in  the  Toronto  Telegram  of  Dec.  2. 


273 


Freight      Handlers, 
C.P.R.    . 


Metal    Miners 
Columbia   .  . 


Number 
Involved 

(Direct  and      Board   of   Conciliation.  Result. 

Indirect) . 

R.    M.    Dennistoum,K.o ....  Settlement 

2,000.. L.  L.   Peltier without 

investigation. 

Hon.  H.  A.  Robson Unanimous 

450 .  .0.  P.  Fullerton Report  and 

T.  J.  Murray Settlement. 

Judge    McKay    Majority   and 

200.  .G.  F.  Horrigan minority 

Fred.  Urry   Reports. 

J.  M.  McDougall Unanimous 

425..Travers  Lewis,  K.O Report    and 

P.   M.    Draper Settlement. 

F.  McDonald    Unanimous 

600 . .  W.    E.    Thompson Report   and 

J.    0.    Waiters Settlement. 

Peter   McDonald    Majority .  and 

8,800 . .  J.    E.    Duval minority 

J.    Q.    O'Donoghue Reports. 

Agreement 
afterwards 
effected. 

Judge  Wallace   Unanimous 

175.. John    T.    Joy Report  and 

G.  S.   Oampbell Settlement. 

J.  A.  Harvey,  K.O Majority    and 

800.  -Geo.    Heatherton    minority 

W.   Ernest   Burns Reports. 

P.   McDonald    No   Report 

2,265 .  .H.  E.  T.  Haultain during  year. 

W.  C.  Thompson 

Mr.  Justice  Dorion Settlement 

261.  .J.  L.  Perron,  K.O arranged. 

J.  P.  H.  Simard 

Judge   W.   B.   Wallace Unanimous 

500 . .  G.    A.    McKenzie Report    and 

A.  M.  Hoare Settlement. 

P.  McDonald   Unanimous 

142.. G.   D.   Kelly Report    and 

G.  0.  Wright Settlement. 

Port  G.   H.   Rapsey Unanimous 

....  72.. W.   P.   Cooke Report   and 

Fred.    Urry    Settlement. 

Clerks,      etc.,  Judge   D.   McGibbon Majority  and 

16,800 . .  J.  E.  Duval minority 

J.    A.    McDonald reports. 

of    Eastern    British  W.  S.  B.  Webster Unsettled    at 

1,540 . .  J.  W.  Bennett close  of  year. 

C.  R.  Hamilton,  K.O 


Applicant  for  Board. 

Train     Service    Employees    of    the 
O.N.R 

Freight      Handlers      and      Railway 
Clerks  of  O.P.R.  at  Winnipeg. . . 


Coal  Handlers,  C.N.R.,  Port  Arthur. 

Employees  of  Ottawa  Electric  Rail- 
way     

Coal   Miners   of   Inverness   Railway 
and  Coal  Co 

Station    and    Telegraph    Employees, 
O.P.R 


Employees,    Halifax   Electric   Tram- 
ways Co 

Employees,    Britannia    Mines,    Brit- 
ish Columbia 


Miners  of  South  Porcupine 

Employees,    Quebec  Railway,   Light, 
Heat  &  Power  Oo 

Longshoremen  and  Steamship  Com- 
panies, Port  of  Halifax 


Employees,  Hull  Electric  Railway. . 


Street     Railway     Employees, 
Arthur  and  Fort  William.  . 


Of  general  Labour  conditions  during  the  year  it  may  be  said  that 
there  was  the  usually  large  demand  for  farm-help  and  domestic 
servants;  that  industrial  production  was  buoyant,  wages  good  and 
experienced  men  constantly  required  in  increasing  numbers;  that 
building  operations  were  numerous  and  carpenters,  etc.,  in  steady, 
high-priced  employment;  that  fishery  conditions  were  not  very  good 
but  lumbering  operations  very  brisk  and  lumbermen  in  constant 
demand;  that  mining  operations  everywhere  were  active,  the  output 
large,  and  miners  fairly  well  satisfied.  Despite  the  increasing  immi- 
gration skilled  workmen  were  in  almost  constant  demand.  As  to 
Labour  organizations  the  first  to  meet  during  1912  was  the  British 
Columbia  Federation  of  Labour  which  gathered  at  Victoria  on  Jan. 
22-27,  with  J.  W.  "Wilkinson,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 
18 


274 

Resolutions  were  passed  asking  for  the  repeal  of  the  Lemieux  Act ; 
favouring  closer  association  in  the  Metal  trades;  demanding  an 
amendment  to  the  Factory  Act  to  provide  safety  clutches  for  ladles 
used  in  the  Metal  trades;  demanding  the  limitation  of  steam  engin- 
eers' certificates  to  competent  men,  the  regulation  of  the  issue  of 
temporary  certificates  and  the  issue  of  certificates  only  to  the  actual 
operator  of  the  engine;  asking  that  persons  suffering  from  disease 
should  not  be  allowed  to  prepare  food  in  hotels  and  restaurants ;  con- 
demning the  employment  of  Chinese  cooks  in  railway  construction 
camps;  approving  the  free  text  book  system;  favouring  milk  inspec- 
tion, opposing  exemption  of  church  property  from  taxation  and  fav- 
ouring Woman's  Suffrage;  proposing  more  frequent  pay  days  and 
better  protection  of  industrial  workers,  particularly  in  mines ;  favour- 
ing equal  examinations  for  electrical  as  for  steam  workers ;  advocating 
a  record  of  accidents  to  be  kept  by  local  bodies  and  industrial  union- 
ism; urging  a  Coal  Commission  for  British  Columbia  and  Gov- 
ernment control  of  Telephones;  favouring  the  abolition  of  money 
deposits  in  Elections  and  new  regulations  for  the  use  of  cables  and 
windlasses  around  mines. 

Four  Besolutions  dealing  with  political  action  or  policy  were  pre- 
sented and  the  following  substitute  or  compromise  motion  was 
accepted :  "  Whereas  the  sense  of  this  Convention  being  in  favour  of 
independent  political  action,  and  whereas  resolutions  have  been 
received  urging  the  endorsation  of  the  doctrine  of  Socialism,  there- 
fore be  it  resolved  that  the  question  of  the  endorsation  of  the  doctrines 
of  Socialism  be  submitted  to  specially-summoned  meetings  of  the 
affiliated  Unions,  returns  of  the  vote  to  be  sent  to  the  Secretary- 
Treasurer  of  the  Federation  for  compilation."  A  Resolution  was 
unanimously  passed  calling  upon  the  Provincial  Government  to 
re-enact  the  Natal  Act  and  others  were  adopted  favouring  the  Fed- 
eral Government  Annuity  scheme;  the  amendment  of  the  Alien 
Labour  Act;  urging  separate  schools  for  Asiatics;  supporting  the 
Women's  Union  Label  League;  asking  for  a  forty-eight  hour  week 
for  cooks  and  waiters  and  better  ventilation  of  printing  offices ;  endors- 
ing the  B.  C.  Federatiomst  as  the  official  organ  of  the  Federation  and 
suggesting  amendment  of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act. 

The  28th  Annual  Convention  of  the  Trades  and  Labour  Congress 
of  Canada  met  at  Guelph  on  Sept.  9-14  with  J.  C.  Watters  in  the 
chair  arid  addresses  at  the  opening  meeting  from  Hon.  W.  T.  Crothers, 
Minister  of  Labour,  Hugh  Guthrie,  M.P.,  H.  C.  Schofield,  M.L.A., 
J.  T.  Smith,  Kansas  City,  U.S.,  and  J.  Keir  Hardie,  M.P.,  London. 
The  Delegates  numbered  252  and  the  Report  of  the  Executive  urged 
the  repeal  of  the  Industrial  Disputes  Act;  denounced  talk  of  war 
with  Germany  and  urged  union  with  British  Labour  interests  to 
avert  it ;  described  fraternal  relations  with  the  United  States  and  the 
Congress  as  the  official  mouthpiece  of  the  International  trades  union 
movement  in  Canada  for  legislative  purposes.  The  Treasurer  showed 
a  balance  in  hand  of  $5,479  and  additional  emphasis  was  laid  upon 
the  international  character  of  the  Congress  by  adding  the  following 


LABOUB  ORGANIZATIONS  AND  PBOBLEMS  IN  1912  275 

to  its  Constitution :  "  No  national  union  or  local  unions  comprising 
said  National  union  shall  be  entitled  to  membership  in  this  Congress 
when  there  is  in  existence  an  International  union  of  their  craft,  nor 
shall  any  local  union  attached  to  a  National  body  separated  from 
their  International  organization  be  entitled  to  delegates  in  any  central 
body  chartered  by  this  Congress." 

The  appointment  of  a  Fraternal  Delegate  to  the  British  Trades 
Union  Congress  of  1913 — after  announcement  that  that  organization 
had  appointed  Wm.  Thome,  M.P.,  to  the  1913  Canadian  Congress — 
was  only  carried  by  134  to  65.  The  Special  Committee  on  Immigra- 
tion dealt  with  Mr.  Arthur  Hawke's  Report  as  follows :  "  Should  this 
Keport  be  adopted  and  acted  upon  by  the  Government  there  would 
follow  an  entire  reversal  of  previous  emigration  policies,  and  the  intro- 
duction of  manifestly  worse  conditions  in  our  industrial  centres  than 
have  yet  been  known  in  Canada/'  This  view  was  accepted  by  the 
Convention.  In  the  matter  of  the  dispute  between  the  Machinists 
and  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  a  Eesolution  was  passed  emphatically 
protesting  against  any  further  public  aid  being  given  by  the  Dominion 
Government  to  this  'Corporation  until  the  Company  "  agrees  with  its 
employees  to  give  them  terms  of  employment  as  favourable  as  those 
enjoyed  by  the  employees  of  other  Railway  companies  operating  in 
the  same  territory."  The  Government  was  also  asked  to  take  over 
and  operate  sections  of  this  Railway,  as  soon  as  completed,  under  the 
regulations  of  the  Railway  Act.  A  Resolution  in  favour  of  Inter- 
national unions  adapting  a  universal  and  interchangeable  membership 
card  was  passed  as  was  one  in  favour  of  a  law  forbidding  payment  of 
wages  by  cheque.  The  following  8-hour  day  Resolution  was  passed 
without  dissent: 

Inasmuch  as  it  is  the  unalterable  policy  of  Trades  unionists  to  reduce 
the  hours  of  labour,  with  a  corresponding  increase  in  pay;  and,  whereas, 
the  eight-hour  day  is  now  in  common  practice  in  all  branches  of  the 
building  trades  in  all  parts  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada — Therefore  be  it 
resolved  that  this  Congress  go  on  record  as  requesting  the  enactment  of 
an  eight-hour  law  in  the  Dominion  Parliament  to  be  applicable  to  all 
trades,  and  that  all  local  trades  unions  and  central  bodies  use  their 
efforts  to  have  the  eight-hour  day  made  compulsory  in  all  municipal, 
provincial,  and  national  contracts. 

Fifty  other  Resolutions  dealing  with  an  infinite  variety  of  subjects 
and,  in  the  main,  similar  to  those  of  the  previous  year*  were  adopted. 
All  or  any  Government  support  to  the  military  training  of  children, 
as  expressed  in  the  Boy  Scout  or  Cadet  movements,  was  condemned; 
free  and  uniform  school  text-books  in  Quebec  were  requested  and  a 
Bureau  of  Labour  for  that  Province  asked  for;  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment was  urged  to  appoint  a  Fair- Wage  Officer  for  each  Province 
and  "Co-operative  Credit  Banks"  were  supported;  the  Dominion 
Government  was  asked  to  appoint  a  Royal  Commission  of  Inquiry 
into  the  steel  industry  of  Nova  Scotia  and  a  general  organization  cam- 
paign for  international  unionism  in  the  Maritime  Provinces  was 

*  NOTB. — See  TH»  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  BXVIIW  for  1911. 


276  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

urged;  free  speech,  free  assemblage  and  a  free  press  were  advocated 
and  the  idea  of  Direct  Legislation  approved;  the  systematic  Govern- 
ment inspection  of  Railway  construction  camps  and  the  Government 
conservation  of  water  powers  and  coal  lands,  with  eventual  public 
ownership,  were  advocated;  a  marriage  contract  which  could  be 
administered  by  any  Justice  of  the  Peace,  Magistrate  or  other  Gov- 
ernment-appointed official,  was  urged.  The  following  officers  were 
elected:  President,  J.  C.  Watters;  Vice-President,  F.  W.  Bancroft, 
Toronto;  Secretary-Treasurer,  P.  M.  Draper,  Ottawa.  J.  T.  Bruce, 
Toronto,  was  appointed  Fraternal  Delegate  to  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labour  and  P.  M.  Draper  to  the  British  Trades  Union 
Congress. 

The  Canadian  Federation  of  Labour — an  organization  opposed 
to  Internationalism  in  unions — held  its  4th  Convention  at  Three 
Rivers,  P.Q.,  on  Sept.  11-13  with  John  Moffatt,  President,  in  the 
chair  and  39  Delegates  in  attendance.  In  an  address  presented  to 
Mr.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour,  the  following  statement  of  the 
objects  of  the  Federation  appeared:  "Our  aims  are  thoroughly  Cana- 
dian, and  Canadian  ideals  are  our  standard.  We  desire  to  see  Cana- 
dian workingmen  happy  and  prosperous,  and  with  our  motto  of  '  A 
fair  day's  pay  for  a  fair  day's  work,'  we  inculcate  the  duty  of  that 
true  citizenship  which  will  enable  us  to  play  an  imperial  part  in  the 
life  of  the  great  British  Empire."  In  speaking  to  the  Convention, 
the  Minister  sketched  the  benefits  which  the  legislation  of  recent  years 
had  conferred  upon  the  workers — especially  women  and  children. 
The  right  to  organize  was  defended  and  strikes  were  regarded  in  the 
same  light  as  war,  only  to  be  used  in  the  last  resort.  The  payment  of 
just  wages  was  described  as  a  moral  obligation  resting  on  employers. 
It  was  further  pointed  out  that  of  104  cases  dealt  with  under  the 
Industrial  Disputes  Investigation  Act,  in  only  one  had  the  work- 
men's complaint  been  proved  entirely  groundless.  Resolutions  were 
passed  asking  the  Quebec  Government  for  certain  amendments  to  the 
laws  relating  to  Labour  accidents  and  Benevolent  Associations; 
requesting  new  Dominion  rules  and  regulations  regarding  the  issue 
of  Certificates  to  Engineers  and  urging  an  eight-hour  day  on  all 
Government  works ;  urging  Quebec  legislation  to  extend  the  law  fixing 
55  hours  per  week  as  the  maximum  for  women  and  children  in  cotton 
factories  to  all  industries  in  the  Province.  Mr.  Moffatt  was  re-elected 
President,  Charles  G.  Pepper  of  Ottawa  was  elected  Vice-President 
and  G.  G.  Mercure,  Secretary-Treasurer. 

The  total  membership  in  Canadian  trades  unions  was  estimated 
by  the  Department  of  Labour  at  133,132  with  119,415  of  these  on 
the  International  roll.  These  latter  organizations  in  Canada  and 
the  United  States  had  a  total  membership  in  1912  of  2,340,865  in 
27,418  Unions.  Figures  compiled  by  the  Canadian  Labour  Depart- 
ment showed  a  Union  membership  in  the  German  Empire  of  2,688,144, 
in  the  United  Kingdom  of  2,426,592,  in  the  United  States  of  2,625,000 
— the  latter  country  having  some  organizations  not  represented,  as 
above,  in  Canada.  The  American  Federation  of  Labour  with  which 


LABOUR  ORGANIZATIONS  AND  PROBLEMS  IN  1912  277 

86,542  Canadian  unionists  were  associated  had  in  1912  a  membership 
of  1,770,145  with  receipts  in  that  year  (Sept.  30)  of  $207,373  and 
expenditures  of  $277,479. 

Incidents  of  the  year  in  Canada  included  a  speech  by  J.  H.  Haw- 
thornthwaite,  M.L.A.,  Socialist,  at  Vancouver  on  Feb.  11 — Province 
report — in  which  he  said  of  the  Union  Jack  amid  loud  cheers:  " The 
moment  the  majority  of  the  working  people — the  only  useful  people — 
decide  that  they  don't  want  the  old  rag,  they  have  the  constitutional 
right  to  tear  it  down  and  make  a  mock  of  it — to  wash  some  of  the 
blood  stains  out  of  it " ;  the  refusal  of  the  Toronto  District  Trades  and 
Labour  Council  (Mch.  7)  to  even  consider  a  motion  in  favour  of  open- 
ing meetings  with  the  Lord's  Prayer;  the  situation  created  in  Mani- 
toba by  the  completion  of  the  Midland  Eailway  and  the  agreement 
by  which  the  Great  Northern  and  Pacific  Eailways  operated,  with  their 
own  United  States  officials  and  crews,  through  trains  into  Winnipeg 
and  as  a  result  of  which  vigorous  protests  were  made — notably  by  the 
Winnipeg  Telegram  of  May  3rd — on  behalf  of  Canadian  workmen 
who  were  not  allowed  similar  privileges  in  crossing  the  United  States 
border.  A  riot  occurred  at  Port  Arthur  on  July  29th  in  connection 
.with  the  Dockers'  strike  when  three  constables  and  two  strikers  were 
seriously  injured;  the  Provincial  Workmen's  Association  of  Nova 
Scotia  with  S.  B.  McNeil  as  President  added  500  members  to  its 
ranks  in  1912 — increasing  the  total  to  5,000;  Sir  George  Askwith, 
the  distinguished  English  authority  on  Conciliation  and  Labour  dis- 
putes, was  sent  to  Canada  in  September  by  the  British  Government 
to  inquire  into  the  operation  of  the  Industrial  Disputes  Act  and  spent 
several  days  in  conference  with  the  Minister  and  officials  of  the  Labour 
Department  while  Mr.  Mackenzie  King  who  had  much  to  do  with  the 
creation  and  earlier  enforcement  of  the  Act  went  to  London  by  invi- 
tation to  discuss  the  matter  with  the  authorities  there. 

The  I.  W.  W.,  or  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World,  an  American 
organization  of  avowed  Anarchistic  aims,  acquired  some  footing  in 
Edmonton  during  the  year  and  caused  a  strike  on  the  City's  works. 
In  connection  with  this  organization,  working  chiefly  along  the  C.N.R. 
and  G.T.P.  Lines  in  British  Columbia  and  said  to  number  7,000,  the 
Minister  of  Labour  refused  in  July  to  grant  a  Conciliation  and  Arbi- 
tration Board  under  the  Industrial  Disputes  Act  without  the  joint 
consent  of  the  employees  and  employers  concerned.  The  addresses 
by  Mr.  Keir  Hardie  at  the  Guelph  Labour  Convention  and  Canadian 
Club,  before  the  University  T.M.C.A.  of  Toronto  and  the  Toronto 
Trades  Council  on  Oct.  17,  and  at  Montreal  on  the  18th,  were  notable; 
as  affording  strong  incitements  to  Socialism  and  opposition  to  con- 
structive Empire  unity.  His  remarks  at  Montreal  included  the  state- 
ment that  "  the  King  of  England  will  never  be  blown  up  by  a  bomb ; 
he  is  too  insignificant  for  notice,"  while  in  reply  to  a  question  as  to 
his  approval  of  Suffragette  violence  to  the  point  of  bloodshed  he  said : 
"To  any  extent  that  the  situation  renders  necessary.  The  Russian 
people  rose  in  revolution  and  the  whole  world  applauded  them.  Why 
should  not  the  women  rise  in  revolution  for  the  very  thing  that  the 


278  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

men  wanted  in  Russia — the  vote?"  At  Newcastle,  England,  on  Dec. 
21,  after  his  return,  the  same  speaker  defended  vigorously  the  work- 
man's "  right  to  get  drunk  "  even  to  the  point  of  organizing  a  strike 
to  maintain  and  enforce  that  right. 

The  International  labour  question  was  prominent,  as  usual,  in 
Canada.  In  the  Canadian  Courier  of  Oct.  5  it  was  stated  by  a  con- 
tributor that  Canadian  funds  supplied  for  United  States  strikes  were 
improperly  applied,  or  used  long  after  the  particular  strike  had  been 
settled,  and  that  in  the  past  ten  years  Canadian  workmen  had  paid 
over  $8,000,000  to  International  unions  in  funds  which  were  abso- 
lutely under  the  control  of  United  States  citizens.  "  Had  Canadian 
workmen  retained  in  their  own  hands  for  the  last  fifteen  years  the 
money  they  have  sent  to  International  unions,  they  could  have  paid 
the  full  benefit  promised  during  every  case  in  which  they  were  on 
strike  or  locked  out,  and  they  would  have  had  at  this  moment  probably 
$10,000,000  in  their  funds." 

A  reply  to  this  was  given  in  the  Toronto  Star  which  denied  the 
statement  in  general  terms  and  instanced  three  small  local  strikes  as 
proving  the  contrary,  mentioned  the  expenditure  of  $1,000,000  by  the 
United  Mine  Workers  in  the  famous  Sydney  strike,  and  referred  to 
the  Street  Railway  troubles  in  Toronto.  "  The  contribution  of  the 
Street  Railway  men  in  Toronto  to  the  International  strike  fund  is 
$1.08  a  year,  9  cents  a  month.  At  that  rate,  paying  into  a  treasury 
on  sectional  lines,  it  would  take  them  46  years  to  prepare  for  a  10- 
weeke  strike  in  Toronto  and  pay  $5.00  a  week — the  present  strike- 
pay."  As  indicating  the  cosmopolitan  character  of  this  movement,  it 
may  be  added  that  President  Gompers  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labour,  speaking  at  Rochester,  N.Y.  (Nov.  20)  with  British  and 
Canadian  delegates  present,  said :  "  If  the  time  should  ever  come  that 
a  great  international  war  is  precipitated,  we,  with  our  fellow  trades 
unionists  in  other  countries,  will  refuse  to  supply  the  munitions  of 
war." 

This  most  vital  of  all  problems  was  of  constant 
increased  interest,  complexity  and  perplexity  to  the  Canadian 
P60?!6  in  1^12.  The  causes  were  many  and  varied  and 
some  were  local  while  others  were  world-wide  in  origin 
and  effect.  The  luxurious  habits  of  the  people  and  the 
more  expensive  tastes  of  the  masses  as  well  as  the  classes;  the  dress 
extravagance  of  women  and  the  steady  decline  of  simplicity  in  life 
and  customs;  the  rapid  disappearance  of  market  gardens  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Cities ;  the  ever-growing  cost  of  labour  in  business, 
industry  and  domestic  affairs;  the  decrease  in  Canadian  production 
of  Cattle  from  7,547,582  in  1908  to  6,983,700  in  1912,  of  Hogs  from 
3,369,858  to  2,656,400  and  of  Sheep  from  2,831,404  to  2,360,600;  the 
general  increase  of  population  and  the  desertion  of  the  farms  and 
crowding  of  young  people  into  the  Cities;  the  consequent  wholesale 
change  of  producers  into  consumers;  the  occasional  effect  of  com- 
bines and  mergers  in  raising  prices;  the  real  estate  speculation, 
increasing  land  values  and  growing  rental  charges  with  excessive 


THE  INCREASED  AND  INCREASING  COST  OP  LIVING         279 

freight  rates ;  the  burdensome  municipal  taxes  on  food  or  restrictions 
in  the  way  of  getting  the  products  of  the  farm  to  the  City  home  and 
the  exactions  of  middlemen  in  products  such  as  milk;  the  over-capi- 
talization of  companies  and  continued  watering  of  stocks.  There 
were  other  inter-acting  causes  or  conditions  such  as  the  increasing 
world  supply  of  gold — from  50  millions  in  1880  to  469  millions  in 
1912. 

Of  the  fact  itself,  there  could  be  no  doubt.  The  Ottawa  Labour 
Department  described  the  average  percentage  of  increase  during  1912 
over  1911,  in  255  commodities,  as  6  per  cent,  and  gave  as  chief  factors 
the  crop  conditions  of  1911,  the  severe  winter  which  followed  and 
the  continued  industrial  expansion.  This  increase  applied  to  the 
whole  Dominion ;  certainly  in  localities  such  as  Montreal  and  Toronto 
the  rate  was  much  higher.  The  average  rental  for  a  six-roomed  work- 
man's house  in  Toronto  was  $18  or  $20  in  1911  and  at  the  close  of 
1912  it  was  $23  to  $26;  coal  at  many  points  was  much  higher  in 
1912 — $1.00  a  ton  increase  in  some  cases;  Saskatchewan  farm  help 
which  averaged  $264  per  annum  in  1907  and  $296  in  1911  was  $314 
in  1912;  the  average  monthly  wage  for  domestics  in  Saskatchewan 
grew  similarly  from  $12.50  to  $15.00  and  then  $17.50;  in  Toronto 
Montreal  and  Winnipeg  the  wages  of  domestics  rose  by  $5.00  in  the 
year;  in  Montreal  rents  rose  steadily  during  the  year  for  both  homes 
and  offices. 

According  to  statistics  compiled  by  the  Toronto  Globe  for  Apl.  26, 
1911  and  1912,  respectively,  the  local  price  of  wheat  had  gone  up  20 
per  cent.,  of  flour  17  per  cent.,  of  American  corn  57  per  cent.,  of  butter 
25  per  cent.,  of  potatoes  82  per  cent.,  of  cattle,  calves,  sheep  and 
lambs  from  20  to  24  per  cent.,  of  hogs  33  per  cent.,  of  hams  (medium) 
14  per  cent.,  and  of  breakfast  bacon  (wholesale)  20  per  cent.  A  care- 
fully-prepared Toronto  budget  for  a  family  of  five  members  showed, 
apparently,  that  the  lowest  decent  scale  of  living  required  an  income  of 
$931  a  year.  This  averaged  $17.90  per  week  and  the  estimate  was 
prepared  by  a  Committee  of  Street  Eailway  employees  and  published 
in  The  Star  of  July  2.  In  Winnipeg,  on  Aug.  27,  H.  C.  Whellams, 
an  expert  market  gardener  of  Kildonan,  submitted  to  a  Committee 
and  published  the  following  differences  in  prices  offered  to  the  grower 
of  certain  vegetables  and  the  prices  which  were  asked  from  the  con- 
sumer (Aug.  16  and  27)  : 

Product.  Price  Offered  to  Grower.  Price  Asked  from  Consumer. 

Potatoes  45  cents  per  bushel $1.25  per  bushel. 

Cabbage    1  cent  a  Ib 10  to  15  cents  each. 

Beets i  cent  a  Ib 6  Ibs.  for  25  cents. 

Carrots  1  cent  a  Ib 6  Ibs.  for  25  cents. 

Peas 2  cents  a  Ib 10  cents  a  Ib. 

At  a  meeting  in  Toronto  of  the  Tanners  Section  of  the  Board  of 
Trade  (Oct.  1)  a  Resolution  was  adopted  declaring  that  "in  view  of 
the  unabated  strength,  in  fact  the  record  price,  of  hides  and  skins  in 
America  and  throughout  the  world,  from  which  no  relief  is  in  sight, 
and  in  consideration  of  the  great  and  world-wide  shortage  of  cattle 
and  hides — the  decrease  in  range  cattle  alone  being  in  proportion  to 
the  population  about  34  per  cent. — this  meeting  deems  it  absolutely 


280  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

necessary  and  vital  to  the  tanning  industry  that  a  further  advance 
on  all  lines  of  leather  of  10  per  cent,  to  15  per  cent,  be  obtained."  In 
a  statement  compiled  by  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  (Oct.  21)  as  to 
conditions  in  that  City,  it  was  stated  that  between  September,  1911, 
and  the  same  month  in  1912,  rents  had  risen  from  $20.00  to  $30.00 
and  the  price  of  coal  by  50  cents  a  ton. 

Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  7,  Mr.  R.  H.  Coats  of  the  Labour 
Gazette  illustrated  the  rise  in  prices  and  described  some  of  the  reasons. 
For  instance,  "tea  is  going  up  in  price  on  account  of  the  steady 
increase  in  the  world's  consumption  of  tea — partly  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  United  States  has  only  lately  become  a  tea-drinking  country. 
Wool  is  steadily  rising  in  price  while  silk  is  going  down.  This  is 
sometimes  accounted  for  by  the  decrease  in  the  use  of  ribbons.  The 
manufacture  of  automobiles  is  responsible  for  a  number  of  dearer 
commodities  on  account  of  the  leather  used  for  cushions  and  the  rub- 
ber for  tires.  Unfortunately  this  burden,  as  in  many  other  cases,  falls 
heaviest  on  the  workingman  for  the  prices  of  heavy  shoes  are  rising 
more  rapidly  than  those  for  fine  ones.  But,  in  one  direction,  motoring 
has  reduced  prices;  the  enormous  use  of  gasoline  enabling  Oil  Com- 
panies to  take  more  profit  from  it  and  less  from  coal-oil,  with  the 
result  that  the  latter  is  cheaper  than  formerly/'  As  to  the  general 
situation  the  United  States  Labour  Bureau  compiled  during  1912  a 
survey  of  retail  prices,  etc.,  in  that  country.  Combining  the  chief 
figures  of  that  Report  with  the  United  States  Census  statement  as  to 
manufactures,  the  Monetary  Times  of  Oct.  12  obtained  a  result  very 
applicable  to  Canada  where  conditions  were  in  many  points  similar: 

1899.  1909. 

Wage  Earners   4,712,763  6,615,046 

Wages     $2,0.0.8,361,000  $3,427,038,000 

Average  Wages $426.15  $518.07 

Increase    in    Wages 21 '67% 

Amount  added  to  value  of  raw  materials  by 

manufacture     $4,831.076,000  $8,530.261,000 

Average  of  each  wage  earner $1,025.10  $1,289.32 

Increase 25  -77% 

Relative  cost  of  food 100-8  137  -2% 

Increase 36  -11% 

Increase  in  cost  of  food,  relative  to  wages. ...                  11-96% 

In  Toronto,  on  Nov.  13  a  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Trade  received 
the  Report  of  a  special  Sub-Committee  appointed  to  deal  with  this 
problem.  It  was  composed  of  J.  E.  Atkinson  of  The  Star,  Arthur 
Hewitt,  Joseph  Oliver,  D.  Spence,  J.  B.  Laidlaw,  Hon.  E.  J.  Davis 
and  Prof.  M.  A.  Mackenzie  of  Toronto  University  and  the  document 
proved  of  great  interest.  The  obvious  facts  were  first  stated  "that 
there  has  been  a  world-wide  increase  in  the  cost  of  living,  that  Canada 
has  to  a  great  extent  experienced  this  tendency,  and  that  it  costs 
much  more  to  live  in  Toronto  than  in  the  smaller  centres  of  Ontario." 
The  causes  assigned  for  this  condition  were  (1)  the  great  and  con- 
tinued increase  in  the  production  of  gold,  (2)  the  enormous  sums 
expended  every  year  by  the  great  nations  of  the  world  in  preparation 
for  war,  (3)  the  universal  tendency  to  migrate  toward  the  Cities.  A 


THE  INCREASED  AND  INCREASING  COST  OP  LIVING 

clause  followed  which  was  strongly  disputed  by  Protectionists  and 
much  discussed: 

One  cause  operating  in  Canada,  as  a  whole,  which  permits  the  prices 
of  foodstuffs  to  be  higher  in  Canadian  cities  than  in  London,  is  the  tax 
levied  on  imports  of  food  from  abroad  and  paid,  of  course,  by  the  Cana- 
dian consumer.  This  tax  was  intended  to  protect  the  Canadian  farmer  in 
times  of  Canadian  scarcity  and  to  be  inoperative  In  times  of  Canadian 
plenty,  but  the  development  of  the  packing  and  canning  industries, 
coupled  with  the  growth  of  cold-storage  facilities,  has  made  it  possible 
to-day  for  a  group  of  men  to  entirely  control  the  prices  at  which  our 
farmers  must  sell  certain  products — nearly  all  the  possible  buyers  being 
in  the  group — and  also  to  maintain  the  price  at  which  the  consumer  must 
buy  the  same  products  up  to  the  level  of  the  foreign  price  plus  freight, 
plus  duty.  It  was  never  intended  that  a  tax  imposed  to  protect  the 
farmers  should  be  used  by  dealers  to  corner  domestic  produce.  If  Argen- 
tine beef,  New  Zealand  mutton,  and  Australian  butter,  for  example,  had 
free  access  to  Canada,  no  one  could  doubt  that  the  prices  of  these  com- 
modities would  at  once  drop  to  about  the  London  level,  and  it  is  pretty 
certain  that  the  Canadian  producer  would,  on  the  average,  get  at  least 
as  much  as  he  is  getting  now. 

Causes  local  to  Toronto,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  largely  influential  in 
Montreal,  also,  were  (1)  the  apparent  disappearance  of  competition 
in  the  collection  and  distribution  of  leading  food  products — with  milk 
as  an  instance;  (2)  the  existence  of  too  many  small  retail  dealers  and 
consequently  ineffective  and  costly  distribution  of  minor  products  and 
articles;  (3)  poor  shipping  facilities  for  bringing  produce  into  the 
City  and  (4)  the  absence  of  market  facilities  where  food  supplies 
might  be  obtained  at  a  minimum  cost;  (5)  the  very  high  rents  due, 
in  large  measure,  to  the  system  of  taxation.  The  following  table 
accompanied  the  Report  to  show  the  average  increase  in  11  years : 

Grain  and  Animals 

Tear.  Fodder,  and  Meats. 

1900. .     ...  10-0  10.0 

1901 107  108 

1902 116  119 

1903 107  115 

1904 116  108 

1905 117  117 

1906 119  127 

1907 140  130 

1908 148  126 

1909 150  145 

1910 137  160 

1911 145  143 

Suggestions  were  made  looking  to  better  roads  and  more  radial  Bail- 
ways,  to  local  option  for  municipalities  in  the  levying  of  taxes  upon 
land  rather  than  upon  improvements,  to  the  establishment  of  a 
public  wharf  by  the  Dominion  Government  and  to  the  organization 
of  a  good  parcels-post  system.  The  Report  was  vigorously  attacked 
by  R.  D.  Fairbairn  at  a  meeting  of  the  Board  on  Nov.  27  and  the 
Tariff  was  vigorously  defended :  "  English  food  prices  have  increased 
one  per  cent,  in  ten  years ;  in  Canada  the  increase  has  been  seven  per 
cent.  For  the  same  period  wages  in  England  showed  a  decrease  of 
one  per  cent. ;  in  Canada  they  have  increased  17%  per  cent." 


282  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

A  small  incident,  but  one  which  aroused  much  discussion,  was  the 
appearance,  in  a  barrel  of  Ontario  apples  which  reached  Winnipeg 
in  October  and  cost  the  purchaser  $5.25,  of  this  statement  from  the 
farmer  who  grew  the  fruit :  "  I  got  70  cents  for  this  barrel  of  apples. 
What  did  you  pay  for  it  ?"  To  the  Telegram  of  Nov.  19,  in  this  con- 
nection, a  Winnipeg  resident  stated  that  he  had  received  a  similar 
barrel  from  Ontario  as  a  present  and  had  paid  freightage  and  delivery 
charges  of  $1.81.  This,  with  70  cents  for  initial  cost,  would  leave 
margin  of  one-half  or  $2.74  profit  per  barrel  for  someone!  Local 
grocers,  however,  claimed  that  they  paid  $4.15  for  such  barrels.  The 
net  result  of  inquiries  carried  on  in  both  Toronto  and  Winnipeg 
seemed  to  show  that  the  apples  could  be  laid  down  in  the  Western  city 
at  about  $3.00.  According  to  reports  from  St.  John,  N.B.,  there  was 
a  strong  demand  for  local  market  facilities  in  order  to  cheapen  food 
while  Edmonton,  Alta.,  claimed  that  the  local  possession  of  such  mar- 
ket conveniences  did  have  that  result.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year 
Canadian  Cottons,  Ltd.,  of  Montreal  raised  the  price  of  shirtings, 
flannelettes,  etc.,  by  5  to  7  per  cent,  and  the  Dominion  Wadding  Co. 
also  advanced  prices. 

The  comments  upon  these  conditions  were  many  and  varied.  If 
the  high  prices  hurt  the  consumer  they  did  to  some  extent  benefit  the 
farmer  and  the  Regina  Standard  of  Mch.  13  said  of  Western  condi- 
tions :  "  Land  ten  years  ago  was  worth  from  three  to  five  dollars  an 
acre;  to-day  thirty  to  sixty  dollars  an  acre  is  the  price  which  the 
farmer  gets  for  his  land,  and  there  is  always  a  good  demand  for  it. 
Horses  ten  years  ago  brought  $80  to  $100  each,  while  to-day  for  farm 
horses  we  pay  as  high  as  $1,000  a  team  and  the  average  is  from  $500 
to  $600  a  pair.  Wheat,  which  formerly  sold  for  30  cents  and  40  cents 
a  bushel,  demands  a  dollar  now,  and  as  a  general  thing  finds  a  ready 
market."  The  Hon.  George  E.  Foster  claimed,  in  Toronto  on  Mch.  8, 
that  "  the  consumer  pays  too  much  for  his  commodities.  He  pays 
sometimes  three  times  more  than  the  producer  obtains  for  his  wares." 
Mr.  Hugh  Blain,  President  of  the  Dominion  Wholesale  Grocers'  Guild, 
told  that  body  in  Convention  at  Toronto  (Feb.  13)  that  "to  some 
extent,  at  least,  the  enormous  sums  of  money  spent  annually  in  adver- 
tising food  products  and  putting  them  up  in  expensive  packages,  are 
paid  for  by  the  consumer,  and  this  adds  to  the  cost  of  living."  Many 
papers,  east  and  west,  urged  the  farmer  to  devote  himself  to  the  greater 
production  of  animals  and  animal  food  and  A.  T.  Drummond  of 
Toronto  made  on  Sept.  28  these  very  practical  suggestions : 

1.  The  Cities  should  provide  within  their  limits,  electric  lines,  or 
trackage  facilities  for  such  lines,  to  enable  the  inter-urban  roads  to  reach 
central  points  where  civic  markets  would  be  established  to  which  the 
farmers  could  come  to  sell  and  the  citizens  to  buy. 

2.  The  larger  cities  should  establish  more  than  one  of  such  markets 
and  provide  surface  or  tube  lines  to  each  from  the  city  limits,  or  track 
facilities  for  such  lines,  the  same  tracks  being  also  used  for  every  day 
passenger  traffic  of  the  inter-urban  roads  using  them. 

3.  The  market  buildings  should  be  of  such  character  that  the  spe- 
cially constructed    cars    of    the    inter-urban  companies  could  carry  the 


THE  INCREASED  AND  INCREASING  COST  OF  LIVING        '283 

farmer  and  his  produce  directly  into  the  market  building,  where  the  city 
should,  at  a  nominal  figure,  furnish  the  necessary  facilities. 

Aid.  Blumenthal  of  Montreal,  at  a  mass-meeting  there  on  Oct.  23, 
declared  the  chief  local  trouble  to  be  Cold-storage  facilities  and  alleged 
that  "  there  is  enough  food  in  the  'Cold-storage  houses  and  refriger- 
ating plants  of  Montreal  to  feed  the  whole  population  of  Canada  for 
six  months  to  come."  C.  S.  Hotchkiss,  Publicity  Commissioner  of 
Alberta,  studied  the  situation  in  the  United  States  and  stated  that 
there  and  in  'Canada,  also,  the  great  need  was  intensive  farming — 
"fanning  with  brains  and  not  merely  mining  the  soil."  Patrick 
Burns,  the  great  Alberta  Cattle-dealer,  told  the  Winnipeg  press  on 
Nov.  23rd  that  "  when  the  possibilities  of  mixed  farming  are  realized 
by  the  Canadian  farmers,  and,  being  realized,  are  put  into  practice, 
then  such  problems  as  the  high  cost  of  living,  the  scarcity  of  beef, 
mutton,  pork,  poultry,  butter  and  eggs,  the  difficulties  of  transporta- 
tion and  other  allied  questions,  will  be  solved  or,  in  any  case,  the 
conditions  will  be  ameliorated." 

Meanwhile  other  countries  were  also  going  through  this  experi- 
ence. Prices  of  food  in  England  had  risen  20  per  cent,  in  thirty 
years  while  they  were  growing  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  from 
40  to  50  per  cent. — according  to  Prof.  M.  A.  Mackenzie  of  Toronto. 
In  New  Zealand  a  Royal  Commission  reported  during  1912  conditions 
and  reasons  fo*r  the  local  increase  in  cost  of  living  (20j  per  cent,  in 
food  and  clothing  and  a  doubling  of  wages  to  domestic  servants)  not 
dissimilar  to  those  of  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade.  In  Great  Britain 
the  London  Economist  estimated  the  Index  number  of  Jan.  1,  1912, 
at  2,586  and  on  Dec.  1  at  2,721 ;  between  1905  and  1912,  according 
to  official  figures,*  the  cost  of  oatmeal  increased  21  per  cent.,  cheese 
25  per  cent.,  bread  4  per  cent.,  flour  9  per  cent.,  bacon  22  per  cent., 
butter  14  per  cent.,  eggs  16  per  cent.,  pork  5  and  potatoes  19  per 
cent. ;  at  the  same  time  various  American  and  Canadian  food  products 
exported  were  lower  in  Great  Britain  than  they  were  to  the  consumer 
in  the  States  or  Canada. 

In  Germany  the  prices  of  meat,  flour  and  potatoes  reached  the 
highest  figures  in  half  a  century;  in  South  Africa  severe  complaints 
were  heard — especially  as  to  Railways  which  in  Rhodesia  were  charged 
with  taking  $5.00  out  of  every  $25.00  worth  of  groceries.  As  to 
United  States  prices,  the  Bureau  of  Labour  Report,  after  ten  years 
of  investigation,  stated  that  since  1902  potatoes  had  advanced  111 -9 
per  cent;  smoked  bacon  96-7;  pork  chops  86;  corn  meal  63-7;  ham 
61-3;  steak  59-5;  lard  55-3;  butter  33-9  and  milk  32-9  per  cent. 
About  the  same  time  a  New  York  Committee  of  which  Hon.  C.  J. 
Huson,  State  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  was  Chairman,  reported 
the  estimated  cost  of  food  supplies  for  that  City,  at  the  Railway  Ter- 
minals, to  be  $350,000,000  and  the  price  in  the  consumers'  kitchens 
to  be  $500,000,000.  A  well-known  expert — B.  F.  Yoakum — in  this 
•connection  published  the  following  figures  in  the  World's  Work  of 
November : 

•  NOTB. — Board  of  Trade  statement,  Commons,  Feb.  12,  1913. 


284  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

DISTRIBUTION  or  COST  OF  AMERICAN  FARM  PRODUCTS  IN  1911. 

Amount.  Per  Cent. 

Received  by  the  Producers  or  Farmers 16,000,000,000  46-1 

Received   by  the  Railroads 495,000,000  3-8 

Legitimate  expenses  of  Selling 1,200,000,000  9-2 

Waste  in  Selling 1,560,000,000  12  -0 

Dealers'    and   Retailers'    Profits 3,745,000,000  28 -9 


Total  paid  by  the  Public $13,000,000,000  100 -0 

The  Militia  was  the   subject  of  much   discussion 
during  the  year  and  the  new  Minister  of  Militia  and 
Defence  (Colonel  Hughes)  proved  a  most  versatile  and 
in  1912  energetic  leader  of    the  volunteer  spirit  in  the  com- 

munity. A  strong  supporter  of  the  Cadet  Corps  and 
Boy  Scout  movements,  a  believer  in  the  Strathcona  Trust  ideal  of 
military  training  or  drill  in  the  schools,  he  did  everything  possible  to 
encourage  these  developments.  In  the  Commons  on  Mch.  19th,  the 
Minister  stated  in  reply  to  some  criticism  of  the  vote  for  annual 
drill  that :  "  If  I  had  taken  the  estimates  of  my  predecessor  in  office 
the  amount  this  year  would  have  been,  not  $1,730,000  but  $2,200,000. 
I  reduced  that  by  the  sum  of  $470,000.  However,  it  is  only  fair  to 
explain  that  the  Infantry  corps  for  this  year  train  for  12  days.  The 
Cavalry,  Artillery,  Engineers  and  all  other  corps  train  for  16  days 
and  there  is  a  large  increase  in  the  sum  required  under  that  heading. 
The  flat  rate  of  50  cents  a  day  has  been  increased  to  75  cents  a  day 
and  the  opportunity  is  given  the  soldier  to  earn  efficiency  pay  and 
perform  other  service — thus  increasing  the  sum  to  $1  per  day.  One 
dollar  a  day  will  be  the  maximum.  In  that  is  also  included  a  sum 
for  transporting  and  maintaining  Cadet  Corps  in  camp,  and  to  pro- 
vide for  the  training  of  40,000  Cadets  in  camp,  for  four  days'  addi- 
tional pay  for  the  Cavalry,  Artillery  and  Infantry  and,  in  addition 
to  that,  for  drilling  the  City  Corps." 

In  this  connection  Colonel  Hughes  gave  a  concise  statement  of  his 
view  as  to  Militia  appointments :  "  Outside  of  promotions  of  high 
officials,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  as  between  two  men,  one 
qualified  and  the  other  unqualified,  the  qualified  man  being  a  Liberal 
and  the  unqualified  one  being  a  Tory,  the  Liberal  will  get  the  job. 
But,  other  things  being  equal,  both  being  qualified,  the  Tory  will  get 
the  job."  Speaking  at  a  Military  dinner  in  Barrie  on  Jan.  27th  he 
dealt  at  length  with  the  training  of  the  young.  "  Give  me,"  he  said, 
"one  million  men  who  can  hit  a  target  at  500  yards  and  we  would 
not  have  a  foe  who  could  invade  our  country."  Training  should  be 
begun  in  childhood,  and  at  12  years  of  age  the  boys  should  be  where 
the  soldiers  are  to-day  in  the  matter  of  drill,  and  at  15  they  should 
be  able  to  hit  a  target  as  well  as  a  man.  "  In  five  years  from  now," 
he  said,  "  I  want  to  have  some  hundreds  of  thousands  of  our  youths 
trained  to  shoot  and  march." 

On  Feb.  3rd  it  was  announced  that  new  regulations  which  came 
into  force  on  Jan.  1st  would  change  the  whole  system  of  Militia  pay 
and  allowances.  The  pay  of  the  men  on  the  non-permanent  forces  was 
increased  from  50  cents  a  day  to  75  cents  a  day.  The  schedule  of 


RECOBD  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  MILITIA  IN  1912 

efficiency  pay  was  done  away  with  and  became  a  flat  rate  of  75  cents 
a  day,  and  85  cents  a  day  for  those  serving  two  years  in  succession, 
with  an  efficiency  allowance  of  15  cents  a  day.  The  increase  to  non- 
commissioned officers  was  on  the  same  relative  basis.  The  pay  of  the 
men  in  the  Permanent  Corps  was  improved  and  changed  from  a 
daily  pay  to  an  annual  salary.  The  pay  of  non-commissioned  officers 
of  the  higher  rank  was  so  arranged  that  when  they  received  promo- 
tion, they  would  not  be  reduced  in  pay.  At  this  time  also  Colonel 
Hughes  presented  to  each  member  of  Parliament  two  memoranda 
explaining  (1)  the  value  of  Cadet  Corps  training  and  (2)  the  general 
cost  of  Crime  in  relation  to  drink,  and  the  influence  of  military  train- 
ing in  checking  its  growth. 

He  gave  the  total  cost  of  liquors,  tobaccos  and  the  administration 
of  justice  in  Canada  as  $127,413,257  or  $18.20  per  head  expended 
upon  specific  demoralizing  influences ;  the  cost  of  Militia  and  Defence 
which  he  described  as  one  of  the  chief  up-building  influences  was  only 
$1.58  per  head  for  1912-13.  In  Great  Britain  the  cost  of  Defence 
per  head  was  given  as  $6.75,  in  France  $6.16,  in  Germany  $4.68,  in 
the  United  States  $4.72.  "The  Canadian  militia  upbuilds  man- 
hood, defends  homes  and  loved  ones,  supplies  teachers  and  instructors 
all  over  Canada  for  Cadet  Corps,  Boy  Scouts,  Physical  Training, 
training  of  School  Teachers,  Schools  of  Military  Instruction  and  at 
times  for  Police;  upbuilds  youth — mentally,  morally,  physically; 
instils  the  spirit  of  obedience,  discipline,  patriotism,  veneration  and 
love  for  principle;  preserves  the  spirit  of  liberty  and  independence; 
and  keeps  the  old  Flag  flying  to  the  breeze  and  trains  the  boy  to  be  an 
asset  of  the  nation." 

The  annual  Report  of  the  Militia  Council  for  the  year  ending 
Mar.  31,  1912,  stated  that  the  general  scheme  of  mobilization  was 
assuming  definite  s^iape;  that  the  peace  strength  of  the  Militia  was 
still  relatively  low  as  compared  with  its  war  establishment  and  with- 
out organized  reserve  upon  which  to  draw ;  that  as  to  war  outfit  there 
were  various  stores  which  could  not  be  obtained  at  short  notice  and 
which  for  want  of  funds  were  not  now  available ;  that  the  work  of  the 
Intelligence  Department,  and  especially  of  the  Corps  of  Guides,  was 
progressive;  that  17  officers  of  the  Permanent  Force  attended  instruc- 
tional courses  in  England  during  the  year;  that  there  were  at  date 
506  gazetted  Cadet  Companies  and  'Squadrons  in  Canada,  organized 
into  266  Corps,  with  a  total  membership  of  20,240  which  was  steadily 
growing  in  numbers ;  that  the  authorized  establishment  of  the  Militia 
in  1911  was  60,181  officers  and  men  and  the  number  trained  44,710; 
that  the  total  Militia  expenditure  had  been  $2,503,639  in  1902-3, 
$5,593,518  in  1905-6,  $5,921,314  in  1909-10,  and  $7,579,884  in 
1911-12. 

Major-General  W.  D.  Otter,  C.B.,  c.v.o.,  reported,  as  Inspector- 
General,  that  the  Royal  Schools  of  Instruction  were  not  properly  ful- 
filling their  purpose  in  the  education  of  officers  and  non-commissioned 
officers;  that  few  Canadian-born  enlistments  took  place  in  the  Per- 
manent Corps — the  majority  being  the  immigrants  from  Great 


286  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Britain  with  experience — and  that  the  Corps  was  372  officers  and 
men  under  strength;  that  shortness  in  the  Infantry  units  at  Camps 
of  Instruction  was  due  in  part  to  the  smallness  of  pay  and  the  high 
standard  required  in  musketry  but  more  to  the  general  prosperity 
than  anything  else;  that  the  shortage  of  officers  and  lack  of  qualifica- 
tion were  still  more  deplorable;  that  the  Western  Cavalry  units  con- 
tinued to  be  superior  in  several  respects  to  those  of  the  East  and  that 
the  Field  Artillery  was  still  "the  most  efficient  Arm"  of  Canada's 
Militia;  that  of  the  City  Infantry  Corps  he  would  class  15  as  good, 
21  as  fair,  and  5  as  either  indifferent  or  disorganized;  that  in  Rural 
Infantry  Corps  he  would  class  8  as  good,  29  as  fair,  18  as  indifferent 
and  3  as  disorganized;  that  Armouries  for  Rural  Corps  were  amongst 
the  chief  needs  of  the  Militia.  The  Annual  Report  for  the  succeeding 
period  (issued  Jan.  15,  1913)  was  the  last  in  which  Major-General 
Otter  reported  as  Inspector-General  and  he  summarized  in  detail  the 
condition  of  the  troops  with,  however,  no  great  change  in  opinion 
since  the  preceding  Report.  In  the  Schools  of  Instruction  he  found 
again  "lack  of  instructional  equipment  and  quarters";  the  difficul- 
ties in  the  Permanent  Corps  such  as  reduced  strength  in  establish- 
ment and  various  defects  in  personnel  only  time  and  money  would 
meet;  the  training  of  the  Militia  had  been  better  than  in  1911  but 
no  adequate  preparation  had  yet  been  made  for  mobilization.  His 
conclusions  were  rather  pessimistic  as  to  the  lack  of  public  support 
for  the  Militia.  The  officers  and  men  in  training  at  the  1912  Camps 
were  48,140  and  the  total  Establishment  66,014.  The  Cadet  Com- 
panies numbered  759  and  the  Cadets  30,300.  The  condition  of  divi- 
sions in  training  was  stated  as  follows : 

Classification.           Cavalry.  Artillery.  Infantry. 

City  Corps.     Rural  Corps. 

Good   13  7  20  8 

Pair     18  12  16  32 

Indifferent 2  9  4  8 

Disorganized     2  4  3  8 

Being   organized 3  4  2  nil. 

The  Militia  estimates  were  announced  on  Mch.  15  as  $8,334,450 
for  1912-13  with  an  authorized  establishment  of  63,362  officers  and 
men.  Following  a  discussion  in  the  Commons  on  the  19th  in  which 
Messrs.  Verville,  Carvell  and  other  Liberals  denounced  Militarism 
and  the  increasing  expenditures  upon  Defence,  the  Toronto  Globe 
of  the  21st  said:  "The  danger  is  more  serious  now  than  formerly. 
The  genius  of  Liberalism  is  against  excessive  expenditures  on  the  dis- 
play features,  the  gold  lace  and  glitter,  of  the  Militia  Department. 
Even  more  emphatically  is  it  opposed  to  the  inculcation  of  the  mis- 
chievous ideas  of  military  glory  in  the  minds  of  Canadian  youth.  No 
one  objects  to  physical  drill  and  moral  discipline.  But  these  are  only 
incidental."  In  reply  to  these  strictures  the  Minister  in  speaking  at 
the  National  Club,  Toronto,  on  the  22nd,  reiterated  his  intention  to 
get  all  the  money  he  could  for  the  training  of  Cadets,  the  encourage- 
ment of  rifle-shooting,  the  building  of  Armouries,  and  the  placing  of 
the  Militia  of  Canada  on  an  efficient  basis.  As  to  the  rest :  "  The  man 


RECORD  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  MILITIA  IN  1912         287 

who  talks  of  a  volunteer  system  of  Militia  as  militarism  is  either  a 
humbug  or  he  does  not  know  what  he  is  talking  about.  Militarism 
is  the  antithesis  of  an  efficient  Militia  system."  He  expressed  a  liking 
for  the  Swiss  system  of  Municipal  contribution  to  the  maintenance  of 
the  Militia. 

During  the  latter  Parliamentary  Session  of  1912,  the  Minister 
introduced  his  measure  granting  $100  each  to  all  survivors  of  those 
who  were  ordered  to  the  front  in  the  Fenian  Raid  periods  of  1866 
and  1870.  The  number  of  beneficiaries  was  estimated  at  8,000. 
Pleas  were  made  for  inclusion  of  widows  and  also  for  R.N.W.M.P. 
veterans  of  1885  but  the  Government  did  not  see  its  way  to  accept 
the  suggestions.  The  damps  of  Instruction  held  during  the  Summer 
were  marked  by  a  continued  shortage  of  men  and  officers  alike.  The 
Globe  described  the  Niagara  Camp,  for  instance  (May  30)  as  follows: 
"  Out  of  two  Infantry  brigades  of  City  regiments,  the  peace  estab- 
lishment of  which  total  about  4,000  officers  and  men,  only  1,250  of 
all  ranks  marched  into  camp  on  the  Militia  common.  It  was  stated 
that  the  members  of  the  City  Corps  themselves  have  been  willing 
enough  and  even  keen  to  go  to  their  first  Camp,  but  the  employers 
have  regarded  the  matter  from  their  standpoint  and  have  not  seen 
fit  to  grant  leave  of  absence."  All  the  Brigades  did  not  suffer  so 
badly,  however,  though  in  rural  regiments  the  regulation  limiting 
recruitment  to  County  boundaries  proved  a  difficulty. 

In  this  connection  Colonel  Hughes'  strong  opinions  as  to  Canteens 
in  the  Camps  was  enforced  in  every  way  possible  though  there  was 
more  or  less  opposition  to  it  in  different  quarters.  Sir  Henry  Pellatt 
voiced  this  view  in  the  Toronto  World  of  June  7 :  "  Temperance  advo- 
cates are  doing  a  thousand  times  more  harm  in  stopping  canteens  than 
any  good  they  hoped  to  accomplish.  The  control  of  the  conduct  and 
drinking  of  the  men  is  now  entirely  out  of  the  hands  of  the  proper 
authorities.  When  the  canteen  system  was  properly  enforced,  we 
never  had  any  excessive  drinking.  .  .  .  Now  what  has  happened 
at  Niagara — every  bar  in  the  place  is  filled.  The  fellows  are  drinking 
whiskey  and  are  bringing  whiskey  in  bottles  into  the  Camp — some- 
thing never  known  before.  The  drinking  is  now  to  a  great  extent  out 
of  our  control  and  they  are  not  drinking  the  light  drinks  which  are 
harmless."  The  Divisional  Officers  commanding  and  Brigade  Com- 
manders were  as  follows: 

I.  Divisional  Area  and  Headquarters.  Officer  Commanding. 
1st :    London Colonel  W.  B.  Hodgins. 

2nd:  Toronto    Major-General  F.  L.  Lessard,  C.B. 

3rd :   Kingston   Colonel  T.  Benson. 

4th :    Montreal    Colonel  8.  J.  A.  Denison,  C.M.O. 

5th :   Quebec     Lieut.-Col.  J.  P.  Landry,  A.D.C. 

6th :   Halifax Major-General  C.  W.  Drury,  C.B. 

II.  Brigade  and  Headquarters.  Commanders. 

1st  Infantry London    Lieut.-Col.  R.  Mackenzie. 

2nd  Infantry Guelph Lieut-Col.  A.  Weir. 

4th  Infantry Hamilton   Colonel  W.  A  Logie 

5th  Infantry Niagara  Falls    Lieut.-Col.  A,  T.  Thompson. 

6th  Infantry Toronto   Col.  Sir  Henry  M.  Pellatt,  C.T.O. 

7th  Infantry Kingston  Lieut-Col.  R.  E.  Kent 

8th  Infantry Ottawa  Lieut-Col.  S.  M.  Rogers. 


288  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

II.  Brigade  and  Headquarters.  Commanders; 

9th  Infantry Clarke Lieut.-Col.  J.  Hughes. 

10th  Infantry Toronto    Lleut.-Col.  A.  G.  Henderson. 

llth  Infantry Montreal   Lieut-Col.  J.  P.  A.  des  Trois  Mai- 
sons. 

12th  Infantry Montreal   ........... .  Lieut-Col.  A.  B.  D.  Labelle. 

13th  Infantry Quebec     Lieut-Col.  G.  E.  A.  Jones. 

14th  Infantry Toronto   Lieut.-Col.  W.  Wallace. 

15th  Infantry Quebec     Lieut-Col.  E.  F.  Wurtele. 

16th  Infantry Sussex   Lieut-Col.  J.  D.  B.  P.  Mackenzie. 

17th  Infantry Aldershot    Lieut.-Col.  A.  F.  McRae. 

18th  Infantry Halifax    Lieut.-Col.  G.  A.  LeCain. 

19th  Infantry Quebec    Lieut-Col.  L.  N.  Laurin. 

20th  Infantry Winnipeg     Lieut.-Col.  H.  N.  Ruttan. 

1st   Cavalry Toronto    Lieut-Col.  W.  Hamilton  Merritt 

2nd  Cavalry Kingston    Lieut-Col.  R.  Brown. 

3rd  Cavalry Quebec    Lieut-Col.  B.  B.  Worthington. 

4th  Cavalry Sherbrooke    Lieut-Col.  C.  A.  Smcrt. 

5th  Cavalry Calgary    Lieut.-Col.  Robert  Belcher,  C.M.Q. 

6th  Cavalry Virden    Lieut-Col.  E.  A.  C.  Hosmer. 

7th  Cavalry Reglna    Lieut.-Col.  R.  J.  Gwynne 

1st  Artillery Guelph  Lieut-Col.  A.  B.  Petrie. 

2nd  Artillery Toronto    Lieut-Col.  J.  H.  Mitchell. 

3rd  Artillery Sydney  Lieut-Col.  B.  A.  Ingraham. 

4th  Artillery Woodstock Lieut-Col.  A.  G.  Peake. 

6th  Artillery Montreal    Lieut-Col.  J.  J.  Creelman. 

7th  Artillery Sherbrooke   Lieut.-Col.  J.  J.  Penhale. 

8th  Artillery Ottawa  Lieut-Col.  E.  W.  B.  Morrison,  D.B.O. 

9th  Artillery Gananoque Lieut-Col.  E.  W.  Rathbun. 

10th  Artillery Cobourg Lieut.-Col.  N.  F.  MacNachtan. 

llth  Artillery Halifax Lieut-Col.  J.  A.  C.  Mowbray,  C.T.O. 

There  were  some  important  changes  in  the  Militia  during  the 
year.  Major-General  W.  D.  Otter,  C.B.,  c.v.o.,  Inspector-General, 
retired  (Dec.  1)  after  nearly  50  years  of  service  in  peace  and  war 
during  30  years  of  which  he  had  been,  perhaps,  the  most  commanding 
figure  in  the  Militia  of  Canada.  Of  him,  the  Military  Gazette  said 
on  Dec.  10 :  "  A  master  of  detail  and  the  regulations;  a  good  tactician; 
a  strict  disciplinarian;  an  upright  and  conscientious  man  whose 
motto  was  '  duty ' ;  at  times  severe,  but  always  anxious  to  improve 
the  condition  of  his  men ;  the  Canadian  Militia  loses  in  Major-General 
Otter  a  type  of  officer  whose  place  it  will  be  difficult  to  fill."  His 
successor  was  Major-General  W.  H.  Cofton  who  was  also  an  officer 
of  much  experience.  A  new  development  was  the  appointment  by 
the  Minister  of  a  number  of  prominent  Railway  employers  of  labour 
who  were,  or  should  be,  interested  in  the  Militia  and  of  men  dis- 
tinguished in  a  national  sense,  to  the  rank  of  Honorary  Colonel. 

The  appointments  in  1912  included  Sir  T.  G.  Shaughnessy,  Sir 
Wm.  Mackenzie,  Sir  D.  D.  Mann,  the  Hon.  Frank  Cochrane,  D. 
McNicoll,  E.  J.  Chamberlin,  W.  "Wainwright,  Hon.  Clifford  Sifton, 
Hon.  Adam  Beck,  J.  L.  Hughes,  Dr.  A.  H.  MacKay,  D.  R.  Wilkie, 
J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  M.P.,  and  Chief  Justice  C.  P.  Davidson.  The  first 
seven  of  these  gentlemen,  with  Colonel  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  were 
appointed  as  a  Railway  Committee  in  connection  with  the  Militia; 
Messrs.  Sifton  and  Beck  were  appointed  a  Remount  Committee.  The 
Rev.  Canon  Dauth,  Rev.  Dr.  J.  W.  MacMillan,  Rev.  Dr.  R.  Johnson, 
Rev.  Dr.  N.  Burwash,  Yen.  Dr.  H.  J.  Cody,  Rev.  E.  H.  Capp  and 
J.  A.  Macdonell  were  appointed  to  the  rank  of  Honorary  Lieut.- 
Colonel  and,  with  Messrs.  Hughes,  MacKay  and  Aikins,  were  appointed 
a  Cadet  Committee.  On  June  25,  Brigadiers-General  W.  H.  Cotton, 


RECORD  AND  CONDITION  OF  THE  MILITIA  IN  1912         289 

C.  W.  Drury,  C.B.,  and  D.  A.  Macdonald,  i.s.o.,  were  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Major-General  as  were  Major-General  (British)  C.  J.  Mac- 
kenzie and  Temporary  Major-General  W.  D.  Otter.  On  Dec.  1st  Brig.- 
General  F.  L.  Lessard  was  similarly  promoted.  During  the  year,  also, 
Colonel  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt  letired  from  the  command  of  the  Queen's 
Own  Rifles,  Toronto,  which  he  had  held  for  11  years  with  a  record  of 
36  years  continuous  service  in  the  Militia.  He  succeeded  Col.  W.  C. 
Macdonald  in  Command  of  the  6th  Infantry  Brigade,  Lieut.-Col. 
M.  S.  Mercer  succeeded  him  in  command  of  the  Regiment.  The  chief 
appointments  of  the  year  were  as  follows : 

I.  HEADQUARTERS   STAFF— APPOINTMENTS   AND   EXTENSIONS. 

Assistant    Paymaster-General    Lieut.-Col.  W.  R.  Ward. 

Chief  Inspector  of  Arms  and  Ammunition ....  Lieut.-Col.  Charles   Greville-Harston. 

Director  of   Military  Training Major  W.  B.  Anderson. 

Inspector    of    Engineers Lieut.-Col.  George  S.  Maunsell. 

Director  of  Artillery Major  H.  M.  Elliot. 

Inspector  of  Cavalry Lieut.-Col.  V.  A.  S.  Williams. 

Inspector  of  Cavalry Lieut.-Col.  0.   M.   Nelles. 

Inspector-General   Major-General  W  H.  Cotton. 

Quartermaster-General Major-Gen.  D.  A.  Macdonald,  O.M.Q.,  1.8.0. 

Director  of  Military  Training Lieut-Col.  J.  Lyons  Biggar 

Adjutant-General Brigadier-Gen.  F.  L.  Lessard,  O.B. 

II.  APPOINTED  TO  COMMAND  OF  REGIMENTS. 

Regiment.  Appointment.  Retiring   Officer. 

19th  Alberta  Dragoons   Lt.-Ool.  F.   0.   Jamieson ....  Lt.-Col.  R.  Belcher,   O.M.Q. 

16th  Light  Horse    Lt.-Col.,  R.  A.   Carman Lt.-Col.  R.   J.    Gwynne. 

1st    Prince  of  Wales  Fusiliers. Lt.-Col.'  John   Carson (Re-organized.) 

49th  Hastings    Rifles    .Lt.-CoL  J.    W.    Arnott Lt.-Col.  A.   H.   Smith. 

27th  Light   Horse    Lt.-Col.  G.    S.   Tuxford (New.) 

2nd  Queen's  Own  Rifles Lt.-Col.  M.  S.  Mercer Col.  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  O.T.O. 

2nd  British  Columbia  Horse. .. Lt.-Col.  Charles   L.   Flick. ..  (New.) 

46th  Durham   Regiment    Lt.-Col.  J.  A.  V.  Preston ...  Lt.-Col.  P.   J.   Rowe. 

96th  Lake  Superior  Regiment.  .Lt.-Col.  J.  A.  Little Lt.-Col.  0.  N.  Laurie. 

Lord   Strath  cona's  Horse Lt.-OoL  A.  0.  Macdonell ....  Lt.-Col.  S.  B.  Steele,  O.B. 

1st   Halifax    Regiment    Lt.-Col.  J.   A.   Marshall Lt-Col.  H.  Flowers. 

84th  Chateauguay     and     Beau- 

harnois    Lt.-Col.  A.  M.  Labelle (Re-organized.) 

38th  Dufferin  Rifles    Lt.-Col.  F.   A.  Howard Lt.-Col.  E.  C.  Ashton. 

65th  Carabiniers  "Mont-Royal ". Lt.-Col.  J.    T.  Ostell Lt.-Col.  A.  E.   D.   Labelle. 

8th  Princess  Louise's  Hussars.Lt.-Col.  J.  A.   McDougall ...  Lt.-Col.  F.  V.   Wedderburn. 

21st   Essex    Fusiliers    Lt.-Col.  E.   S.  Wigle Lt.-Col.  F.    H.    Laing. 

25th  Regiment    Lt.-Ool.  Wm,    James    Green. Lt.-Col.  J.  S.  Robertson. 

32nd  Bruce  Regiment    Lt.-Ool.  W.  J.   Douglass ....  Lt.-Col.  H.  Clark. 

8th  Royal  Rifles Lt.-CoL  D.  Watson Lt.-Col.  W.  H.  Davidson. 

43rd  Duke    of    Cornwall's    Own 

Rifles   Lt.-CoL  H.  J.  Dewar Lt.-Col.  D.  W.  Oameron. 

llth  Hussars   Lt.-CoL  W.  J.  Ewing Lt-Col.  W.  R.  Stevens. 

24th  Kent    Regiment    Lt.-Col.  J.  W.   McLaren ....  Lt.-Col.  J.  S.  Black. 

3rd  Prince    of    Wales'     Cana- 
dian   Dragoons    Lt.-Col.  0.  H.  Rogers Lt.-Col.  G.  H.  Syer. 

25th  Brant    Dragoons     Lt.-Col.  M.   F.    Muir Lt.-0ol.  A.  J.  Wilkes. 

7th  Hussars    Lt.-CoL  L.  Gilbert Lt.-Col.  W.  H.  Murray. 

86th  Three   Rivers Lt.-CoL  L.  P.  Mercier Lt-Col.  J.   A.   Tessier. 

85th  Regiment    Lt.-Ool.  M.  LaRochelle Lt.-Col.  T.  Pagnuelo. 

91st    Oanadian    Highlanders    . .  Lt.-Col.  J.  I.  McLaren ...    .  Lt.-Col.  W.  H.   Bruce. 

106th  Regiment    Lt.-Ool.  Daniel    McLean . .    .  (New. ) 

54th  OarabiniersdeSherbrooke.Lt.-Col.  Victor   E.    Rioux.    .Lt.-0ol.  J.  P.  Pelletier. 

49th  Hastings   Rifles Lt.-Ool.  W.  G.  Ketcheson.    .Lt.-Ool.  J.  W.  Arnott. 

22nd  Oxford   Rifles    Lt-OoL  W.   T.   McMullen.    .Lt.-Ool.  John  White. 

63rd  Halifax   Rifles    Lt.-Ool.  I.   W.    Vidito Lt.-Col.  C.   W.    Gunning. 

88th  Victoria  Fusiliers    Lt.-Col.  J.   A.   Hall (New.) 

35th  Simcoe   Foresters    Lt.-0ol.  F.   Sneath Lt.-Ool.  G.  W.  Bruce. 

Royal  Canadian   Dragoons Lt.-Ool.  0.    M.    Nelles Col.  V,  A.  S.  Williams,  A.D.O. 

Royal   Canadian   Regiment Lt.-Col.  A.  O.  Fages. Ool.  S.  J.  A.  Denison,  O.V.O 

•32nd  Manitoba   Horse    Lt.-Col.   Herbert  I.  Stevenson. (Re-organized.) 

83rd  Joliette  Regiment    Lt.-Col.  0.  T.  de  la  Naudiere.Lt.-Ool.  0.   J.  J.  L.   Desaul- 

niers. 
19 


290  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Regiment.  Appointment.  Retiring   Officer. 

3rd  Victoria    Rifles    Lt.-Col.  W.    W.    Burland . . .  Lt.-CoL  F.  W.  Fisher. 

100th  Winnipeg    Grenadiers    .  . .  Lt.-Col.  J.   B.   Mitchell Lt.-Col.  H.  N.  Rattan. 

3rd  New  Brunswick  Regiment. Lt.-Col.  B.    R.    Armstrong.  .Lt.-Col.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter. 
102    Rocky   Mountain   Rangers .  Lt.-Col.  J.  R.  Vicars Lt.-Col.  W.  J.  H.  Holmes. 

III.  EXTENSION  OF  TERM  IN  REGIMENTAL  COMMANDS. 

45th  Victoria  Regiment Lt.-Col.  R.  H.  Sylvester. 

61st   Regiment   de    Montmagny Lt.-Col.  L.  T.  Bacon. 

89th  Temiscouata  and  Rimouski Lt.-Col.  C.  A.  Chauveau. 

93rd  Cumberland   Regiment    Lt.-Col.  E.  A.  Potter. 

18th  Franc-Tireurs  du   Sagnenay Lt.-Col.  J.  E.   Savard. 

10th  Royal  Grenadiers    Lt.-Col.  A.  E.  Gooderham. 

29th  Waterloo  Regiment Lt.-Col.  A.  J.  Oliver. 

42nd  Lanark  and  Renfrew  Regiment Lt.-Col.  J.  M.  Balderson. 

94th  Victoria  Regiment  "  Argyll  Highlanders  " .  .  Lt.-Col.  J.  D.  McRae. 

9th  Mississauga  Horse    Lt.-Col.  W.  C.  V.  Chadwiek. 

IV.  MISCELLANEOUS  APPOINTMENTS. 

•  / 

Board  of  Visitors,  Royal  Mili- 
tary College  Chairman  Lt.-Col  E.  F.  Wurtele. 

Active    Militia    Rank  of  Hon.  Colonel. U.-Col.  E.    A.   Whitehead. 

Standing  Small  Arms  Committee.  Chairman    Lt-Col.  C.   Greville-Harston. 

Lord  Strathcona's  Horse  (Royal 

Canadian*)  Lieut. -Colonel  Major  P.  E.  Thacker. 

2nd  Regiment,  British  Colum- 
bia Horse  Hon.  Lieut.-Colonel . .  Sir  Richard  McBride. 

7th  Regiment  Fusiliers Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel ..  Lt.-Col.  J.  W.  Little. 

76th  Colcheatwr  and  Hants 

Rifles  Hon.  Lieut.-Colonel.  .John  Stanfield,  M.P. 

Canadian  Permanent  Army  Ser- 
vice Corps  Rank  of  Colonel ....  Lt.-Col.  J.  Lyons  Biggar. 

104th    Regiment    Hon.   Colonel    Lt.-Gen.  J.  W.   Laurie,  o.B. 

43rd  Duke  of  Cornwall's  Own 

Rifles  Hon.  Lieut-Colonel.  .Lt.-Col.  A.  P.  Sherwood,  C.M.o. 

Retired  List    Hon.    Colonel    Lt-CoL  P.  W.  Worsley. 

Permanent    Force     Lieut.-Colonel    J.  P.    La  miry. 

22nd  Oxford  Rifles   Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel . .  Lt.-Col.  John  White. 

2nd   Queen's   Own   Rifles Hon.  Lieut.-Colonel.  .Col.   Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  o.v.o. 

Active  Militia   Rank   of   Colonel ....  Lt.-Col.  J.   A.   Fages. 

Active  Militia   Rank   of   Colonel Lt.-Col.  F.   M.  Gaudet. 

Active  Militia   Rank   of   Colonel Lt.-Col.  C.  E.   English. 

Active  Militia   Rank   of   Colonel Lt.-Col.  V.  A.  S.  Williams,  A.D.C. 

101st   Edmonton   Fusiliers Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel.  .Major  B.  J.  Saunders. 

Royal  Canadian  Engineers Hon.   Colonel    Field  Marshal  Viscount  Kitchener. 

6th  Duke  of  Connaught's  Own 

Rifles  Hon.  Lieut. -Colonel.  .A.  D.  McRae. 

63rd   Halifax   Rifles Hon.    Colonel    Right  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden,  P.O. 

26th  Middlesex   Light  Infantry.  Hon.   Lieut-Colonel.  .A.    E.    Somerville. 

101st   Edmonton   Fusiliers Hon.    Colonel    Major  T.  C.  Lacier. 

10th  Royal  Grenadiers Brevet   Lieut.-ColoneLMajor  H.  Brock. 

Militia   Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel.  .John  Allan. 

Militia    Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel.  .Walter  Clarke. 

Militia   Hon.   Lieut.-Colonel. .  Arthur  Henry  Griesbach. 

Of  the  organizations  which  acted  as  feeders,  or  supplied  elements 
of  support,  to  the  Militia  a  very  growing  one  in  1912  was  the  Cadet 
movement.  It  was  aided  in  every  possible  way  by  Colonel  Hughes, 
Minister  of  Militia,  who  in  the  Memorandum  already  quoted  declared 
that  "  for  the  production  of  the  highest  types  of  citizenship,  it  is 
essential  to  have  physical  and  military  training  placed  within  the 
reach  of  every  lad  in  Canada."  The  Minister's  intention  was  to  train 
40,000  Cadets  in  the  different  Camps — with  a  drilling  separate  from 
that  of  the  men — and  the  notable  points  in  the  experiment  were 
Niagara  where  2,000  boys  spent  five  days  under  canvas  in  careful  drill 
and  exercise ;  the  Saskatchewan  Camp  near  Grenfell,  the  1,000  Cadets 
of  Alberta  who  trained  near  Calgary,  the  Camp  at  Kentville,  N.S. 


RECORD  AND  CONDITION  OP  THE  MILITIA  IN  1912         291 

A  regrettable  feature  in  some  cases  was  the  lack  of  interest  shown 
by  clergymen  and  teachers  although  free  transportation  was  offered 
them  to  Niagara  and  other  points  if  they  would  visit  and  encourage 
the  boys. 

An  Imperial  incident  of  the  year  in  this  respect  was  the  gathering 
of  2,000  Cadets  from  various  parts  of  the  Empire  and  all  parts  of 
Canada  at  the  National  Exhibition  in  Toronto  during  August.  The 
Commandant  was  Major-General  Cotton,  the  Staff  Adjutant  in 
charge  Capt.  E.  K.  Barker.  Mr.  W.  K.  George,  a  Director  of  the 
Exhibition,  looked  after  matters  in  general.  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of 
Connaught  reviewed  and  addressed  the  boys  on  Aug.  27  and  they 
spent  some  days  in  competing  for  the  Cadet  Challenge  Shield  donated 
by  H.  M.  ttie  King.  It  was  won  on  Sept.  5  by  the  Nova  Scotia  Cadets 
with  147  points,  against  138  for  England,  132  for  British  Columbia, 
131  'for  New  Zealand,  106  for  Manitoba,  95  for  Woodstock,  92  for 
Australia  and  79  for  Alberta.  New  Zealand  captured  the  Earl  Grey 
Shield  for  the  best  drilled  Corps,  the  Empire  Club  trophy  for  march- 
ing and  manual  and  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire  prize  for  general 
appearance.  England  won  the  Lord  Roberts'  medal  for  individual 
shooting.  After  leaving  Toronto,  the  Imperial  Cadet  visitors  were 
given  a  trip  to  the  West  by  arrangement  between  the  Exhibition  and 
the  C.P.R. 

Another  incident  of  the  same  kind  was  the  visit  of  the  Vancouver 
Cadet  Corps  to  Australia,  under  command  of  Capt.  R.  N.  Davy,  as 
the  guests  of  the  Young  Australian  League.  They  sailed  on  July 
10  with  a  ringing  message  from  Sir  C.  Hibbert  Tupper  stating  that 
"we  stand  ready  to  serve  the  King,  if  his  people  be  attacked  under 
the  Southern  Cross,  just  as  we  were  when  the  call  came  to  Australia 
and  Canada  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  Empire  in  Africa."  In 
aid  of  the  trip  the  Dominion  Government  granted  $3,000,  Vancouver 
contributed  $4,000,  the  Cadets  raised  about  $6,000  and  Sir  Wm.  Mac- 
kenzie gave  $2,000.  They  had  a  splendid  time  in  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  and  returned  home  at  the  close  of  the  year.  There  was  a  pre- 
sentation of  flags  to  the  Seminary  Cadets  of  Laval  University,  Quebec, 
by  the  Minister  of  Militia  on  May  9th ;  the  issue  of  Militia  Orders  in 
July  granted  a  yearly  allowance  in  place  of  uniforms  to  the  Cadets; 
the  special  employment  at  Ottawa  of  Lieut.-Colonel  R.  J.  Gwynne  from 
Dec.  2nd  was  announced  in  order  to  organize  and  administer  the 
Cadet  Corps  of  Canada.  At  the  close  the  year  Quebec  Province  had 
the  most  Cadet  Corps  in  Canada — 282  as  against  218  in  Ontario. 

The  Boy  Scouts  continued  to  grow  in  numbers  during  the  vear 
with,  it  was  said,  a  membership  in  Great  Britain  of  120,000  and  in 
the  Overseas  Dominions  of  32,000 — the  central  object  being  to  make 
the  growing  generation  into  men  of  energy  and  character,  to  inculcate 
in  the  minds  of  the  boys,  resourcefulness,  discipline,  self-reliance, 
unselfishness,  activity,  and  to  develop  Chivalry,  Loyalty  and  Patriot- 
ism. All  Militarism  was  denied  but,  as  patriots,  the  boys  were  taught 
that  a  citizen  should  be  prepared  "  to  take  his  fair  share  among  his 
fellows  in  the  defence  of  his  Homeland  against  aggression."  H.R.H. 


292  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  Governor-General  was  Chief  Scout  in  Canada  and  Colonel  A.  P. 
Sherwood,  C.M.G.,  of  Ottawa,  Dominion  President.  In  Ontario  the 
movement  made  marked  progress  during  1912  under  a  Provincial 
Council  with  Mr.  W.  K.  George  as  President  and  Capt.  E.  S.  Wilson 
as  Commissioner.  The  membership  was  6,936  and  the  number  of 
Districts  119.  At  an  Ontario  Scout-Masters'  Conference  (Feb.  26) 
Mr.  George  anticipated  10,000  members  by  the  end  of  the  year. 

In  Vancouver,  on  Mch.  13,  during  a  flying  visit  to  British  Colum- 
bia, the  founder  of  the  movement,  Sir  E.  S.  S.  Baden-Powell,  met  the 
local  leaders  in  the  work  and  reviewed  an  enthusiastic  body  of  boys. 
In  March  the  King's  'Challenge  Flag  for  presentation  to  the  troop 
in  Canada,  consisting  of  not  less  than  24  lads  and  possessing  the 
largest  percentage  of  King's  Scouts,  was  awarded  to  the  Winnipeg 
Troop.  The  flag  was  to  be  held  for  one  year  and  the  Troop  would 
be  known  during  that  year  as  the  King's  Troop  of  Canada.  This 
Flag  was  one  of  seven  which  were  given  with  the  object  of  promoting 
loyalty  among  the  lads  belonging  to  the  Boy  Scout's  organization 
throughout  the  Empire.  A  King's  Scout  was  a  boy  who  had  to  be 
a  first-class  scout  and  pathfinder  and  to  pass  three  of  the  following 
efficiency  tests:  Ambulance,  bugler,  cyclist,  marksman,  seaman,  sig- 
naller. On  Empire  Day  a  message  was  received  by  the  General  Council 
at  Ottawa  from  the  British  Council  declaring  that  "  the  great  brother- 
hood of  Scouts  to  which  we  all  belong  is  foremost  in  its  loyalty  to  the 
King  and  in  fostering  the  great  Imperial  ideals."  At  the  Toronto 
Exhibition  on  Aug.  28th,  H.E.H.  the  Governor-General  reviewed 
2,800  Boy  Scouts  of  the  Ontario  organization  and  told  them  they 
belonged  to  "  a  new  and,  I  believe,  one  of  the  best  organizations  we 
have  ever  had.  You  are  taught  all  that  is  noble,  manly  and  Chris- 
tian." In  Eegina  on  Sept.  29,  a  Provincial  Scout-masters  Association 
was  formed  with  Eev.  Dr.  Salton  of  Moose  Jaw  as  President  and  a 
Provincial  Council  was  also  organized  with  Judge  Brown  of  Eegina 
as  President  and  G.  J.  Johnson,  Secretary.  In  British  Columbia, 
Eev.  T.  E.  Heneage,  Provincial  Secretary,  made  a  tour  of  the  Interior 
organizing  and  strengthening  the  troops  everywhere. 

Another  institution  of  this  nature  was  the  Boy's  Brigade  which 
had  originated  in  England  (1882)  where  it  now  included  2,300  Com- 
panies and  115,000  officers  and  boys  and  thence  had  spread  to  many 
countries  and  to  Canada  where  its  Hon.  Organizing  Secretary  was 
Capt.  F.  V.  Longstaff,  Victoria.  The  Companies  reported  for  1911 
were  20  with  about  700  members  and  the  following  objects:  "The 
advancement  of  Christ's  Kingdom  among  Boys,  and  the  promotion  of 
habits  of  Obedience,  Eeverence,  Discipline,  Self-respect  and  all  that 
tends  towards  a  true  Christian  manliness.  Military  organization  and 
Drill  shall  be  used  as  a  means  of  securing  the  interest  of  the  Boys, 
banding  them  together  in  the  work  of  the  Brigade,  and  promoting 
among  them  such  habits  as  the  Brigade  is  designed  to  form." 

Canada's  Team  at  Bisley  in  1912  was  commanded  by  Lieut.-dol. 
J.  W.  de  Courcy  O'Grady  of  Winnipeg.  No  outstanding  success  is 
to  be  recorded  though  the  cash  prizes  totalled  £465  and  Corporal  G. 


RECORD  AND  CONDITION  or  THE  MILITIA  IN  1912          293 

Mortimer  of  Quebec  was  awarded  the  Association  Prize  and  was  said 
to  have  won  a  world's  record  on  July  13  in  the  King's  Norton  compe- 
tition for  a  1st  Prize  of  $150 — a  score  of  73  in  15  shots  at  1,200  yards. 
An  Imperial  Challenge  Shield  had  also  heen  competed  for  by  164 
Teams  of  Cadets  from  Britain,  South  Africa,  Australia,  New  Zealand, 
East  Africa  and  Canada.  The  six  Canadian  Teams  won  a  little  money 
but  no  important  prizes.  Before  the  Bisley  meet  there  was  the  usual 
discussion  in  Parliament  at  Ottawa  (Feb.  26)  as  to  the  Ross  rifle 
and  the  low  position  in  shooting.  The  Minister  of  Militia  declared 
that  if  the  National  Rifle  Association  did  not  admit  the  Rifle  the 
Canadian  Team  would  not  go ;  eventually  the  matter  was  arranged. 

An  important  Military  incident  of  the  year  was  the  celebration 
of  the  Centenary  of  the  death  of  Brock  at  Queenston  on  Oct.  13,  1812. 
At  Brockville,  Col.  Hughes  on  Aug.  19  unveiled  a  bronze  bust  of 
General  Brock  presented  to  the  'City  by  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire ; 
at  Victoria,  B.C.,  the  Battle  of  Queenston  Heights  was  commemorated 
at  a  banquet — addressed  by  the  Hon.  H.  E.  Young,  Minister  of  Edu- 
cation, and  others  on  Nov.  23rd;  at  Queenston  Heights,  under  the 
auspices  of  a  Toronto  Committee  headed  by  Lieut.-Col.  G.  Sterling 
Ryerson,  a  demonstration  of  1,000  people  was  held  on  Oct.  12  and 
the  Brock  Monument  decorated,  with  addresses  by  Colonel  G.  T.  Deni- 
son  and  others;  on  Oct.  13  (Sunday)  special  services  were  held  in 
many  centres  throughout  Ontario,  Salutes  were  fired  at  the  Military 
stations  throughout  Canada  and,  at  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  on 
Oct.  14,  a  special  service  was  held  by  the  Dean  of  St.  Paul's  and 
addresses  afterwards  given  by  Lord  Strathcona,  Mr.  Harcourt,  Col- 
onial Secretary  and  the  Hon.  George  E.  Foster.  In  this  connection, 
it  may  be  added,  the  Bathurst  papers,  presented  to  the  Archives  at 
Ottawa,  showed  that  the  Duke  of  Wellington  wrote  from  Paris  on 
Nov.  4,  1814,  offering  Earl  Bathurst  to  take  command  a£  Quebec  in 
April,  1815,  should  the  war  continue. 

On  Nov.  2nd  the  Royal  Grenadiers  of  Toronto  celebrated  its  50th 
anniversary  with  a  great  banquet  in  the  Armouries  presided  over  by 
its  Commander,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E.  Gooderham,  with  1,500  guests 
present.  Amongst  the  speakers  were  Sir  John  Gibson,  Lieut-Gov- 
ernor, and  the  surviving  Commanders  of  the  Regiment — Lieut.- 
Colonels  G.  A.  Shaw,  H.  J.  Grasett,  John  Bruce,  G.  A.  Stimson  and 
Colonel  James  Mason.  Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  course 
of  Military  lectures  arranged  at  the  University  of  Toronto  by  the 
Canadian  Defence  League — some  by  officers  specially  lent  by  the 
Imperial  War  Office  for  such  purposes;  the  celebration  by  the  3rd 
Victoria  Rifles,  Montreal,  on  Jan.  10  of  its  50th  anniversary  with 
a  banquet  attended  by  500  guests,  presided  over  by  Lieut.-Colonel 
Frank  "W.  Fisher,  addressed  by  a  number  of  prominent  men  and  with 
the  following  surviving  Commanders  present — Lieut.-Colonels  H.  A. 
Whitehead,  J.  M.  Crawford,  Hon.  C.  P.  Davidson,  G.  R.  Starke,  E.  B. 
Busteed,  C.  A.  S.  Hamilton,  E.  W.  Wilson  and  Robert  Starke.  A 
new  Regiment  was  recruited  in  Victoria,  B.C.,  and  the  88th  Fusiliers 
and  the  llth  Argenteuil  Bangers  were  disbanded;  a  bronze  tablet  at 


294  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Regina  Barracks  was  unveiled  by  Lieut-Governor  U.  W.  Brown 
on  Dec.  29  in  honour  of  Fitzgerald,  Taylor,  Kinney  and  Carter,  the 
gallant  Mounted  Police  Patrol  who  lost  their  lives  on  Northern  duty 
in  the  winter  of  1910;  the  approval  of  the  King  was  announced  to 
the  101st  Edmonton  Regiment  being  allied  to  the  Royal  Munster 
Fusiliers.  A  Canadian  Infantry  Association  was  organized  at  Ottawa 
on  Apr.  2nd  with  Lieut-Colonel  A.  T.  Thompson  in  the  chair  and 
Capt.  A.  T.  Hunter  of  Toronto  Secretary.  Another  new  organization 
was  the  Association  of  Military  Engineers.  The  chief  Military  bodies 
of  a  volunteer  nature  in  Canada  during  1912  were  as  follows : 

Organization.  Headquarters.  President. 

Dominion  of  Canada  Rifle  Asso- 
ciation   Ottawa Lieut-Col.  J.  H.  Burland. 

Canadian  Cavalry  Association ..  Ottawa Lieut.-Col.  W.   Hamilton  Merritt. 

New  Brunswick  Rifle  Associa- 
tion   St.  John Colonel  H.  H.  McLean,  M.P. 

Province  of  Quebec  Rifle  Asso- 
ciation   Quebec Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal. 

Manitoba  Rifle  Association Winnipeg..  .Lieut.-Col.  H.  N.   Ruttan. 

Ontario  Rifle  Association Toronto. ..  .Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  M.P. 

Nova  Scotia  Rifle  Association . .  Halifax Colonel   J.   D.   Irving. 

British  Columbia  Rifle  Associa- 
tion   Victoria Lieut.-Col.  A.  W.  Currie. 

Alberta  Rifle  Association Edmonton ..  Capt.  G.  A.  Reid. 

Canadian    Rifle   League Ottawa Lieut.-Col.  A.  P.  Sherwood,  C.M.O. 

Canadian  Artillery  Association .  Ottawa Lieut.-Col.  E.  W.  Rathbun. 

Association  of  Medical  Officers 

of  the  Militia  of  Canada Ottawa Lieut.-Col.  A.  T.  Shillington. 

Canadian    Defence    League Toronto Lieut.-Col.  W.   Hamilton  Merritt. 

Association  of  the  Military  En- 
gineers of  Canada Ottawa Lieut.-Col.  G.  8.  Maunsell. 

The  Canadian  Infantry  Asso- 
ciation   Ottawa Colonel  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt,  c.v.o. 

Army  and  Navy  and  Colonial 

Forces  Veterans'  Association .  Winnipeg. ..  Capt.  the  Hon.  H.  J.  Macdonald. 

These  organizations  continued  to  exert  a  wholesome 
The  Canadian    an(j  important  influence  upon  Canadian  thought  during 


the  year.     Some  of  the  Clubs  were  very  active,  some 
19ia  merely  waited  the  chance  of    receiving  distinguished 


ment  during 


visitors  and  had  only  occasional  meetings,  some  were 
practically  dormant.  One  of  the  notable  things  done  by  H.R.H.  the 
Duke  of  Connaught  was  his  patronage  of  these  Clubs  during  his  tour 
of  the  country  and  his  oft-expressed  sympathy  with  their  work.  At 
Toronto,  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Vancouver  and  Winnipeg  he  addressed 
great  gatherings  of  the  members  and  urged  faith  in  Canada  and 
loyalty  to  Empire.  At  Montreal,  Toronto,  Winnipeg  and  other  points 
the  Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia,  or  one  of  them,  were  guests  of 
the  Women's  Canadian  Clubs. 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  mentioned  that  a  Deputation  repre- 
senting the  Association  of  Canadian  Clubs  was  received  at  Ottawa  by 
His  Royal  Highness  on  Jan.  29th  and  presented  an  Address  through 
the  Honorary  President,  C.  R.  McCullough,  in  which  there  occurred 
the  following  description  of  objects  and  policy :  "  As  vehicles  for  the 
expression  of  opinion  and  the  dissemination  of  information  the  Clubs 
are,  we  think,  performing  a  real  service  in  conserving  and  developing 
a  well-balanced  National  and  Imperial  spirit.  And,  too,  as  providing 
a  common  meeting  ground  for  Canadians  of  different  political  and 


THE  CANADIAN  CLUB  MOVEMENT  DURING  1912 


295 


denominational  affiliations  these  organizations  are  doing  not  a  little 
to  promote  not  only  a  spirit  of  toleration  amongst  us,  but  of  mutual 
trust  and  good-will."  The  Duke  expressed  warm  appreciation  of  the 
work  and  aims  of  the  organizations.  Lord  Milner  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
Long  were  other  prominent  speakers  of  the  year.  The  number  of 
speeches  before  the  Clubs  during  the  year  were  as  numerous  as  ever 
and  equally  varied  in  the  topics  dealt  with — covering  indeed  the  whole 
range  of  Canadian  thought.  They  were,  in  the  main,  as  follows : 

MEWS    CANADIAN    CXiUBS. — CANADIAN    SUBJECTS. 

Subject. 

Over-Capitalization  of  Stocks. 

Canadian  and  American  Form* 
of  Government. 

Canadian  Citizenship  and  Prob- 
lems. 

Canadian  Development  and  Citi- 
zenship. 

The  Building  of  a  Nation. 
Conservation  of  Life  in  Canada. 

Relations  of  East  and  West. 

Conditions  in  Prince  Edward 
Island. 

Economic  Conditions  in  Canada. 

Industrial  Training. 

Resources  of  British  Columbia. 

Nation  Building. 

Fishery  Resources  of  Canada. 

Intellectual  Life  of  Canada. 

Canada's   Mineral  Industry. 

The  Canadian  Idea. 

The  Constitutional  History  of 
Canada. 

Fourteen  Years  on  Hudson's  Bay. 

A  Study  in  Rational  Patriotism. 

Problems  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 

The  Influence  of  Labour. 

The  Birds  of  Muskoka. 

Canadian  Democracy. 

Modern  Industrial  Problems. 

Tax  Reform. 

Conservation  in  Canada. 

Training  for  Citizenship. 

Constitutional  History  of  Can- 
ada. 

Tendencies  in  Education. 

International  Relations. 

Workmen's  Compensation  Policy. 

Some   Public   Health   Matters. 

Constitutional  History  of  Can- 
ada. 

East  and  West. 

Local  Subjects. 

The  Poetry  of  Canada. 

Industrial  Progress  of  Mari- 
time Provinces. 

Municipal  Government. 

Canadian  Heroines. 

Development  of  Postal  Service. 

Constitutional  History  of  Can- 
ada. 

Some  Canadian  Assets  and  Lia- 
bilities. 

The  East   and  the  West. 

Pioneer  Voyages  to  the  North- 
West. 

Transportation  in  Canada. 

Down  East  in  Nova  Scotia. 

The  Maritime  Provinces  in  Con- 
federation. 


Club  and  Place. 
Belleville     

Date. 
Feb.   27 
Mch.  19 

Apl.      9 
May   14 
Nov.  22 

Dec.     2 
Aug.  14 
Sept.  24 

July   30 
Feb.      9 
Feb.    16 
Nov.  15 
Dec.     6 
Jan.    12 
Jan.   25 
Feb.   22 
Mch.  27 

Nov.     1 
Jan.   16 
Jan.   31 
Mch.     5 
Mch.  14 
May      1 
June    2 
June  19 
Oct.    21 
Dec.     3 
Feb.      5 

May    10 
Mch.  — 
Oct.    14 
Dec.  12 
Feb.     9 

Nov.  26 
Jan.  22 
Apl.     4 
May   21 

Oct.    31 
Dec.      3 
Jan.     8 
Jan.    15 

Jan.   28 

Mch.  11 
Mch.  25 

Apl.      1 
Apl.    15 
Dec.     9 

Speaker. 
Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.o  

Dr.   Adam    Shortt,    C.M.G... 
Rev.  G.  B.  Wilson,  Ph.D.  .  .  . 

Brandon    • 

» 

ii 

Rev.    W.    A.    Brown    (Chi- 

i< 

Dr.  Whidden    

Calgary    

(Hon.   W.   J.    Hanna  ) 

Hon.  J.  A.  Mathieson,  K.O  .  . 

Dr.  Adam  Shortt,  C.M.a.  .  .  . 
Rev.   Dr.   A.   O.   McKay  
A.  S.  Goodeve,  M.P  

Guelph    ........ 

M 

II 

Rev.  J.  E.  Starr  

II 

Prof.  E.  E.  Prince  

Hamilton     

Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  Herridge.  .  . 
Prof.  W.  G.  Miller  

ii 

ii 

R    J.  Younge,  B.A  

M 

Hon    W    R.   Riddell  

II 

Dr    R    J.  Renison  

Huntaville 

Wm    Houston,   M.A  

Rev.  Dr.  J.  P.  D.  Llwyd.  .  . 

u 

u 

Alfred    Kay  

u 

John  A.  Cooper,  B.A  

u 

Prof.  J.  D.  Robertson  

u 

u 

Chas    A.  Hodgetts  M.D  

M 

Prof.  H.  T.  J.  Coleman  
Hon    W.   R.   Riddell  

Halifax 

James   L.    Hughes  

Sir  George  C.  Gibbons  

Kingston  ,,,,--, 

N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  M.L.A  .  . 
Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  M.L.A.. 
Hon.  W    R.  Riddell  

H.   H.    Stevens,   M.P  

ii 

Prof.  F.  P.  Day  
M.   J.   Butler  

ii 

ii 

Mrs.  E.  Atherton  Smith  
Hon.  Rodolphe  Lemieuz  .... 
Hon.  W.  R.   Riddell  

Montreal   

ii 

it 

R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P  

ii 

Hon.  Arthur  Boyer,  M.L.A.  . 

Hon.  George  P.  Graham.  .  . 
Principal  D.  S.  Mackenzie.. 
W.  S.  Carter,   M.A.,   LL.D... 

ii 

M 

II 

296 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Club  and  Place. 

Date. 
Apl.    12 
July   26 
Oct.      9 

Dec.     7 
Dec.   14 
Feb.    10 
Mch.     2 
Mch.  80 
Oct.    21 
Nov.     1 
Nov.  20 
Dec.     4 
Feb.    11 
July     8 

Mch.     5 
Feb.     7 

Dec.     2 
Mch.     1 
Jan.    19 
Mch.     4 

Mch.  25 
Apl.      1 

Apl.       8 

Apl.    15 
Apl.    22 
Oct.    29 
Nov.  11 
Nov.  18 
Nov.  27 
Dec.     9 

Dec.   16 
Jan.     8 
Mch.  27 

Apl.    11 
Aug.     1 
Aug.  12 
Sept.    6 
Dec.     6 
Mch.     4 
July   18 
Jan.   25 
Mch.  15 
Mch.  28 
Aug.     1 

Feb.   16 

May   25 
July    13 

May    10 
May      6 
Feb.    22 
Sept.    4 
Jan.     4 
Oct.    81 
Dec.     6 
Oct.    16 

Oct.    25 
Sept.  26 
May      9 
Jan.      2 
Mch.  13 
Dec.      6 
Apl.    23 
Dec.      5 

Speaker. 
H    H    Stevens    M.P  

Subject. 
A  National  Ideal  for  Canada. 
The  Canadian  Press. 
Some       Modern       Factors       in 
National   Life. 
Citizen-Making  in  Canada. 
Canadian   Individualism. 
The  Canadian  Idea. 
Over-Capitalization. 
A  Glimpse  of  the  Past. 
Some  Modern  Factors. 
Agricultural  Education. 
Ontario  Mines  and  Miners. 
Northern  Ontario. 
The  Northland  of  Ontario. 
Canadian   and   American  Forms 
of  Government. 
Canadian  Democracy. 
Constitutional    History    of    Can- 
ada. 
Tax  Reform. 
Western  Conditions. 
Manitoba  and  Its  Future. 
British   Columbia   and   its   Rela- 
tion  to   Confederation. 
Conditions   in   Nova    Scotia. 
Labrador. 
The  North-West  and  Confedera- 
tion.                     •    -,-  • 
Progress  of  New  Brunswick. 
The   Province  of  Ontario. 
The  Temperance  Question. 
Standards  of  Canadian  Life. 
Northern  Ontario. 
Toronto  and  Its  Future. 
Railway    Development    in    Can- 
ada. 
The  Port  of  Montreal. 
Forestry  in  British  Columbia. 
Civic      Art      and      Vancouver's 
Opportunity. 
Resources  of  British  Columbia. 
Canada. 
An  Editor's  Impressions. 
Canadian   Development. 
The  Peace  River  Country. 
Labrador. 
The  Upbuilding  of  Canada. 
Civil  Service  and  Politics. 
The  Canadian  Rockies. 
The  Intellectual  Life  of  Canada. 
The  East  and  the  West  of  Can- 
ada. 
Preservation    of    Game    and   Re- 
sources. 
History  of  Canadian  West. 
Canadian     and     United     States 
Government. 

i. 

Canada   and  National  Ideals. 
The   Significance  of   Democracy. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
The  New  Imperialism. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
Political    Situation    in    the    Old 
Land. 
Aspects  of  Imperial   Questions. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
The  Sikhs  in  Canada. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
The  Panama  Canal  and  Treaties. 
Our   Colonial   Status. 
The   Bars  to   Imperial   Partner- 
ship. 

W    A    Buchanan,   M.P  

Niagara   Falls.  .  .  . 

Owen    Sound.  .  .  . 
Ottawa    ........ 

E.  F.   B.  Johnston,  K.O.... 

Commissioner  J.  E.  Starr.  .  . 
Dr.  R.  A.  Falconer,  C.M.O.  . 

Wallace  Nesbitt    K  o  

it 

Lieut.-Col.  H.  B.  Smith.  .  .  . 

Peterborough    .  .  . 

Hon    W    H    Hearst  

Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
St    John  

Dr.    Adam    Shortt,    C.M.G... 

John  A.   Cooper,   M.A 
Hon    W.  B.  Riddell  

<> 

(4 

Qt    Thomas  

George  P    Smith  

J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  K.O.,  M.P  .  . 
Hon.   Martin  Burrell,    M.P.. 

A.  K.  Maclean,  K.C.,  M.P... 
Dr.  W.  T.  Grenfell,  O.M.o.  . 
R.  B.  Bennett,  K.O.,  M.P... 

O.  S.  Crocket,  K.O.,  M.P.... 
E.  F.   B.  Johnston,   K.O.... 
N.  W.  Rowell,  K.O.,  M.L.A.  . 
Hon.  S.  H.  Blake,  x.o  

,, 

it 

M 

M 
II 

M 

II 

II 

Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst,  M.L.A.  . 

II 

II 

A    S    Goodeve,  M.P  

m 

C    0    Ballantyne  

A    C    Flumerfelt  

T    H    Mawson  

II 
II 

Sir  Richard  McBride  

Sir  James  Grant,  M.D  

II 

J.   S.  Willison,   LL.D  

II 

Eon.  J.  K.  Flemming,  M.L.A. 
J.  K.  Cornwall,  M.L.A  

II 

Dr.  W.  T.  Grenfell,  O.M.a.  . 
Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  H  err  idee.  .  . 
Dr.  Adam  Shortt,  O.M.o  
A.  0.  Wheeler,  T.B  OS  

iiiiycK 

<l 

Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  Herridge.  .  . 
j.   s    Willison,  LL.D  

ll 

Torkton     

Prof.   Willing  

Prof    Oliver  

it 

Prof    Adam   Shortt  

Belleville   

IMPERIAL    SUBJECTS 
Dr    j    A.   Macdonald  

Rev.  Dr.  A.  P.  McDiannid. 
R.  B.  Bennett,  K.C.,  M.P... 
Rt.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.  . 
Col.,  The  Hon.  S.  Hughes.. 

Chatham   

Edmonton    

Gait   

N.  W.  Rowell,  K.O.,  M.L.A.. 
J.  Keir  Hardie,  M.P  

Guelph    

Halifax   

Viscount  Milner,  O.O.B  
Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King. 
Dr.   Sunder  Singh  

C.  A.  Magrath,   ez-M.P  
Hon.   Wallace   Nesbitt  

Kingston    ....... 

C.  H.  Cahan    K  o      

Henri  Bourassa    

THE  CANADIAN  CLUB  MOVEMENT  DURING  1912 


297 


Club  and  Place. 
Moncton    

Date. 
May      8 

May      9 
Jan.   2' 
Feb.      8 

Feb.   14 
Apl.    22 
Sept.  29 
Oct.      2 
Oct.      7 
Nov.  11 
Nov.  18 
Dec.   16 
Nov.     7 
Sept.  16 

Oct.    17 

Apl.    18 

Jan.     6 
Sept.    9 

Dec.  18 
Dec.   17 

May   22 

Jan.   27 
Oct.    29 
Oct.    18 
Dec.   31 
Jan.   23 

Mch.  20 

Apl.      1 
May      2 
Sept.    3 
Dec.   19 
Nov.     7 

Nov.  18 
Jan.     2 
Jan.   22 
Feb.   26 
Mch.  18 

Sept.  30 
Oct.    14 
Oct.    21 

Mch.  15 
Mch.  15 
July     8 
Sept.  13 
Sept.  19 

Oct.      2 

Oct.    15 
July     8 
Aug.     2 

Aug.  28 

Sept.  14 
Nov.     7 

Oct.    16 
Mch.     1 
May      8 
June    5 
July   17 

July  23 

Speaker. 
Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King. 

N    M    Grey        

« 

Montreal   

Prof    L    E     Horning  

J    S    Ewart,  K  o        

« 

Alex.    Fraser    
John  Williamson,    M.A  
A     Barton    Kent  

« 

it 

Sir  Arthur  Lawley,  K.O.M.a. 
Bt.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.. 
N.  W.  Rowell,  K.O.,  M.I,.  A.  . 

it 

« 

it 

ii 

Principal  Maurice  Hutton  .  . 

McGffl   

Niagara  FaDs  .  .  . 
Oshawa    

Ottawa    

Rt.    Hon.     Sir    George    H. 

J.   S.  Willison,   LL.D  
Prof    L    E.  Horning  

Rt.     Hon.     Sir    George    H. 
Beid    » 

„ 

Peterborough    .  .  . 
Port   Arthur.  .  . 
Port   William.. 

N.  W.   Rowell,   K.C  

Hon.   Clifford   Sif  ton  

C.  A.  Magrath,   ex-M.p  

J.    Castell   Hopkins  

Bishop  Jocelyn  

Seaforth    ....... 

W.  W.  Lee  

Dr.  G.  H.  Locke  

St.  John  

J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  K.O.,  M.P.  . 
Son.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King. 

ii 

it 

Principal  Maurice  Hutton.  . 
Arthur  Hawkes    

St     Mary's 

St.    Thomas  

Colonel  Hon.  S.  Hughes  .... 
H.   B.   Ames,   M.P  
Prof.  E.  J.  Kylie  
3.   H.    Stevens,   M.P  

Toronto  

H 
ii 

,, 

Rt.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.  . 
/Colonel  G.  T.  Denison.  .  ) 

.< 

ii 

H.R.H.    The    Duke   of    Con- 
naught    

Vancouver    

Ewing   Buchan    

Mayor  W.  T.  Findlay  

ii 

Phillip    H.    Kerr  

"            

Rt.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.  . 
H.R.H.    The    Duke   of   Con- 
naught    

ii 

Rt.    Hon.    Sir    Thos.    Whit- 
taker    

ii 

J.  Castell  Hopkins  

Victoria     

Phillip   H.  Kerr  

Colonel  the  Hon.  S.  Hughes. 
Dr.   Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler. 

It.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.  . 
J.    Castell   Hopkins  

„ 

„ 

» 

Welland     

A.  Monro  Grier,  K.O  

Winnipeg    

Dr.  Sunder  Singh  

M 

lev.    Dr.   MacGillivray  
H.R.H.    The    Duke   of    Con- 
naught    

« 

II 

Phillip    H.    Kerr  

Subject. 

Canada's  Relations  to  the  Em- 
pire. 

Newfoundland. 

England   and  Germany. 

Removal  of  Bars  to  Independ- 
ence. 

The  Awakening  of  India. 

Canada   and  Imperial  Defence. 

French  and  English  Relations. 

Links  in  the  Chain  of  Empire. 

British   Politics. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

International   Fundamentals. 

Canadian  Defence. 

Canada  and  the  Naval  Question. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

The  New  Imperialism. 

Obligations  of  British  Citizen- 
ship. 

Relations  of  Great  Britain  and 
Germany. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 
Imperialism   and  Nationalism. 
Our  Imperial   Relations. 

The  Canadian  Outlook. 

Immigration   and  Imperialism. 

The  New  Imperialism. 

Jamaica. 

The  Immigration  Problem. 

Conditions  in  Canada  and  Bri- 
tain. 

Lessons  from  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

The  Empire  and  the  Orient. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

The  Fun  and  Grief  of  being  an 
Englishman. 

Civilization,   Peace  and  War. 

The  Coronation  of  George  V. 

Canada's   Foreign   Relations. 

Oriental   Immigration. 

The  Coal  Strike  in  Great  Bri- 
tain. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 

Brock  and  the  War  of  1812. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 
anada  and  the  Union  Jack. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
irreat  Britain  and  the  Far  East. 
Empire  Politics. 

Sentiment  of  Empire. 

Problems  of  the  Empire, 
delations  with  the  Empire, 
rhe  Empire  in  World  Politics. 
Defence     of     Canada     and     the 

Empire. 

Relations  of  Germany  and  Bri- 
tain. 

Canada  and  the  Empire. 
What   Canada   Owes   Great   Bri- 
tain. 

Canada's  Present  Outlook. 
The  Sikhs  in  Canada. 

ersonal  Reminiscences  of  India. 
British  Influence  in  China. 

anada  and  the  Empire. 
Foreign  Relations  of  the  British 
Empire. 


298 


THE  CANADIAN"  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 


Place  and  Club. 

Date. 
Aug.  27 
Dec.     4 
Dec.     6 

1 

Mch.  25 
Feb.    10 

Apl.    19 
Feb.    13 
Feb.   21 
Feb.   26 
Dec.     2 
July  26 
June    6 
NOT.     9 
Jan.   13 

Jan.  27 
Feb.   17 
Apl.    20 

NOT.     5 

Jan.   17 
Jan.   29 
Feb.      8 
Feb.     9 
Mch.  11 

NOT.     4 
Dec.     2 

Jan.   25 
May   28 
Jan.   12 
Oct.      8 
Feb.    14 
Apl.    10 
Mch.     1 
Apl.    27 

arm  OAJ 

Feb.    16 
Jan.   20 
Jan.   20 
NOT.  20 
Mch.  25 
Apl.    19 
Nor.     6 
Sept.  20 
NOT.  22 
Jan.   12 
Jan.   26 
Jan.   26 
Dec.   12 
Mch.  18 
Apl.    19 
May     4 
May   10 
Feb.     1 
May   15 

Dec.     7 
Mch.  11 
Jan.   27 

Mch.  12 
Mch.  22 
Apl.    27 
July  15 
Aug.  15 

Speaker. 
Rt.  Hon.  Walter  H.  Long.  . 

Subject. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 
How  to  Canadianize  Britain. 
Canada  and  the  Empire. 

BCTS. 

The  Present  Unrest  in  China. 

A  Trip  Through  the  Stars. 
Canada  and  New  China. 
The  Boy. 
Playgrounds   and  Youth. 
The   Constitution   of  Japan. 
The  Work  for  Delinquent  Boys. 
The  Mission  of  the  Newspaper. 
The  Brotherhood  of  Man. 
Skyscrapers  in  New  York. 

The  Public  Health. 
English  World  Literature. 
Modern  Journalism. 
The     Dramatic     Arts     and     the 
Stage. 
Duty  of   the   Community  to   Its 
Children. 
Progress  in  Social  Reform. 
English  World  Literature. 
Commercialism  and  Idealism. 
Civic  Improvement. 
Conditions     in     the     Philippine 
Islands. 
Panama      Canal      and      Treaty 
Obligations. 
Business  Men  and  Religious  In- 
stitutions. 
Some  Ideals  of  the  Stage. 
China  and  Her  Ambitions. 
Children  as  a  National  Asset. 
Problems  of   Life   and   Religion. 
Diversified  Farming. 
Modern  Education. 
Single  Tax. 
Socialism. 

DIAN    SUBJECTS. 

Canadian  Individuality. 
The  Foreigner  Within  Our  Gates. 
Early  Days  of  Edmonton. 
History  of  Old  JJ'ort  Edmonton. 
Work  in  Labrador. 
A  Pioneer  Woman. 
A  White  Canada  for  Canadians. 
Conditions  in  the  West. 
Canadian   Individuality. 
What  Women  Can  Do  for  Cities. 
Divorce  Laws  of  Canada. 
Women  and  the  Laws. 
Canada  and  the  Panama  Canal. 
Through  Canada. 
Alaska  and  the  Yukon. 
One  Hundred  Years  of  Peace. 
Through  New  Brunswick. 
The  Mines  of  Ontario. 
The    Progress    and    Position    of 
Canada. 
The  Increased  Cost  of  Living. 
The  Western  Movement. 
Women's  Place  in  the  National 
Life. 
Women  Writers  of  Canada. 
Message  from  Labrador. 
Property  Laws  of  Manitoba. 
Early  Days  in  Winnipeg. 
The  Canadian  Rockies. 

Woodstock    

Lieut.-CoL  F.  W.  McQueen. 

MISCELLANEOUS  SUBJ] 

Rev.   Dr.   D.   MacGillivray  .  . 
John    A.     Brashear     (Pitts- 
burg)     

Guelph     

Dr.  D.  MacUillivray  (China) 
Judge  Carleton  

Dr.   Tait   McKenzie  

T.  Nakamura   

44 

Dr.  W.  R.  George  

W.   A.   Buchanan,   M.P  

Niagara   Falls  
Ottawa    

Elbert  Hubbard  

Kennard    Thomson,    C.E  .... 
Dr.  H.  W.  Wiley  (Washing- 
ton)      

Dr.   Richard  G.   Moulton.  .  . 
Norman  Hopgood   (N.Y.)... 
Sir    John    Hare  

44 

44 

John    R.    Bradford  

Toronto   ........ 

Dr.  J.   L.   Elliott    (N.Y.)... 
Richard  Green  Moulton.  .  .  . 
Prof.  Francis  G.  Peabody  .  . 
Geo.   Rettig  of  Ohio  

44 

44 

1    44 

44 

Bishop  C    H.  Brent  

44 

Sir    George   W.    Ross  

44 

Frederick  B.  Smith   (N.Y.). 

VancouTer    ..... 

Victoria     

Sir    John    Kirk  
Rev.    Bernard  Vaughan.... 
Dr.  J    H.  Worst  

Jos.   H.   Parker  

WOMI 

Berlin-  Waterloo.  . 
Edmonton     

R.  H.  Knox  

WADIAN    CLUBS.  —  CANA 

Dr.  R.  A.  Falconer  
Mrs.    Arthur   Murphy  

Mrs.   D    G.  McQueen  

44 

Mrs.    Arthur   Murphy  

Fort   William  
Hamilton  

Dr.  Wilfrid  Grenfell  

Miss    Cora    Hind  

Mrs    Gordon  Wright  

Mrs    Arthur   Murphy  

Dr.   R.   A.   Falconer  

Montreal   

Mrs.  T.  J.  Bowlker  

E.  F.  B.  Johnston,   K.C.... 
R.  C.   Smith  K.O  

44 

44 

Hon.  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C  .  . 
Mrs.  E    A.  Smith  

St.   John  

44 

RPV    H    A    Cody  < 

Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King. 
Wm     Mclntosh  

44 

Prof    A.  P.  Ooleman  

44 

Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.  Borden  .... 
R    H   Coats  B  A                       . 

,, 

Victoria     

EOS    Scholefield      

Winnipeg    

Dr.  Adam  Shortt,  C.M.Q  
Mrs.    Jean   Blewett  

41 

44 

Dr.  W.  T.  Grenfell,  C.M.o.  . 

44 

44 

Hon.  Hugh  John  Macdonald. 
Miss  Mary  L.  Vaux.  . 

44 

THE  CANADIAN  CLUB  MOVEMENT  DURING  1912 


299 


IMPERIAL  SUBJECTS. 


Place  and  Club. 
Berlin-  Waterloo  .  . 

Date. 
Nov.  30 
Mch.     8 
Jan.  27 
Feb.   29 

Oct.   81 
Feb.   26 

Sept.*  6 
Apl.    30 
July   30 
Oct.      2 
Nor.     4 
Jan.   30 
Jan.     8 
Mch.     1 

NOT.  11 
Oct.    25 
Oct.    15 

Speaker. 
Miss   Clara   Brett  Martin.  .  . 
Mrs    Arthur    Murphy  

Mrs     Arthur    Murphy  

M 

J    Castell   Hopkins  

M 

Rev.   Dr.   George  Bryce.  .  .  . 
Mrs     Creighton    

•• 

It 

C     T     Currelly  

Fort    William  
Montreal   

Dr.  Margaret  Mackellar  .... 
Mrs    Arthur  Murphy  

Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie  King. 
Rev.  Dr.  De  Wolfe  (Acadia). 
Arthur  Hawkes    

St.  John  

Toronto  

W.   Wilfrid   Campbell,   LL.D. 
Miss    Margaret    MacMillan.  . 

Rt.    Rev.    Dr.    W.    B.    Car- 
penter     

M 

Victoria    

Winnipeg    

Miss    Sara   MacNaughton  .  .  . 

Subject. 

British  Laws  Affecting  Women. 

Imperial  Federation. 

The  Position  of  Canada. 

Women's  Franchise  and  the 
Empire. 

What  Canada  owes  Great  Bri- 
tain. 

Lord  Selkirk:  Colonist  and 
Patriot. 

Patriotism. 

Village  Life  in  Egypt. 

Woman's  Work  in  India. 

The  Influence  of  Patriotism. 

Canada's  Place   in  the  Empire. 

Canada  and  International  Peace. 

The  Newcomer  in  Canada. 

The  Duty  of  Women  to  the 
Race. 

Child  Welfare  Work  in  Great 
Britain. 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Empire. 
Some  Limitations:  And  the  Bal- 
kan War. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SUBJECTS. 


Berlin-  Waterloo  .  . 

Fort    William.  .  .  . 
Hamilton     

Jan.   18 

Mch.    8 
Nov.     1 
Dec.  19 
Apl.    30 
Aug.  13 
Dec.     6 
May   13 
May   18 
Feb.      6 

Mch.     9 
Nov.     7 
Mch.  30 

NOT.  12 

Jan.   18 
Mch.  14 

Mch.  30 

Apl.    21 
Jan.  28 
Dec.   11 

Jan.  18 
Feb.     6 
Mch.  12 
May   11 

Sept.  21 

NOT.     5 

Mrs   G   E.  Graham  

Dr    Honsberger  

Mrs.   D.  A.   O*  Sullivan  
Dr.  Wm.  Pakenham  

Miss  B    Clark  

E.    E.    Jennings  

Dr.  Strong  of  Chicago  
Dr.  Hill  of  Minneapolis  .... 
Miss   Horniman  

Montreal     

F    H    McLean  

a 

Prof    MacNaughton  

St.  John  

Mrs.   T.    J.    Bowlker    (Bos- 
ton)      

u 

Toronto  

Miss   B.   Forbes-  Robertson  .  . 
Miss   Rouse    

u 

Mrs.    Rossiter    Johnson    of 

N-.T  

M 

Dr.  Chas.  A.  Hodgetts  
J.    Forbes-Robertson    

Victoria  .  . 

M 

Dr    Bowes  of  Ottawa  

W    Sanford  Evans  

Miss   Elwood   of  Toronto.  .  . 
Mrs.  Nellie  L.  McClnng.  .  .  . 
Dr.  J.  W.  Robertson,  O.V.O. 
Canon  Hensley-Henson  .... 

Mrs.  L.  A.  Hamilton  .  . 

M 

M 

M 

M 

The    Women's    Institute    as    a 

Force. 

To  and  Fro  in  the  Fatherland. 
Women  Offenders. 
Education  for  Women. 
Wealth  and  Womaa. 
Modern  Aspect  of  Botany. 
An  Englishman  in  Paris. 
Child  Welfare. 

Public  Health  and  Pure  Milk. 
What  the  Modern  Drama  Should 

Mean  to  Us. 
Organized  Charities. 
Woman's  Influence. 

Problems  of  the  Home  and  City. 
Responsibility      of      Women     to 

Women. 

The  Drama  as  a  Social  Teacher. 
Women      Students      in      Many 

Lands. 

The  Perils  of  Women's  Suffrage. 
Housing  and  City  Planning. 
Art  and  Artists. 
Psychic     Forces     in     Women's 

Work. 

Town  Planning. 
Social  Problems  of  City  Life. 
Readings. 

Education  and  the  Children. 
Some    Aspects    of    the    Women 

Question.  » 

Women's  Work  in  Canada. 


The  Association  of  Canadian  Clubs  met  at  Fredericton  in  its  4th 
Convention  on  Sept.  18-19  with  Dr.  W.  S.  Carter,  Chief  Superintend- 
ent of  Education  for  New  Brunswick,  in  the  chair.  The  Lieutenant- 
Governor  and  representatives  of  the  City  and  local  Canadian  Club 
welcomed  the  visitors  and  were  replied  to  by  C.  R.  McCullough, 
Honorary  President.  Amongst  the  leading  Delegates  in  attendance 
were  R.  H.  Smith,  Winnipeg,  Prof.  E.  J.  Kylie  and  Dr.  F.  A. 


300 

Cleland,  Toronto,  Amos  O'Blenes,  Moncton,  Rev.  James  Barbour, 
Niagara  Falls,  Hon.  Bobert  Maxwell,  Mrs.  E.  A.  Smith,  H.  A.  Porter 
and  T.  H.  Bullock,  Rev.  J.  J.  McCaskill,  of  St.  John,  Guy  M.  Dram- 
mond,  A.  R.  Doble  and  R.  L.  H.  Ewing  of  Montreal,  J.  Howe  Dick- 
son,  K.C.,  J.  S.  Armstrong,  Rev.  F.  L.  Carney,  E.  A.  McKay,  Freder- 
icton,  H.  A.  Munn,  Victoria. 

The  subjects  discussed  included  the  fostering  of  Canadian  senti- 
ment and  ideals  through  the  agency  of  schools — introduced  by  Winni- 
peg Club;  the  necessity  and  value  of  Good  Roads — introduced  by 
Montreal  Club;  the  extension  of  the  Canadian  Club  movement  through 
organization  in  Universities  and  Colleges,  Railway  shops  and  Indus- 
trial centres — introduced  by  Winnipeg  Club;  the  desirability  of 
allowing  Foreigners  to  join  these  Clubs  and  of  affiliating  Clubs  in 
Canada  with  those  in  the  United  States — introduced  by  Niagara  Falls 
Club ;  the  duty  of  the  Canadian  Clubs  to  the  Immigrant — introduced 
by  the  Hamilton  Club;  What  is  the  Canadian  flag? — introduced  by 
the  Vancouver  Club;  the  exhibition  of  the  United  States  flag  in 
Moving  Picture  Shows — introduced  by  the  Calgary  Club;  the  desir- 
ability (1)  of  Public  Library  Boards  in  Canada  acquiring  more  of 
the  works  of  Canadian  authors,  and  the  necessity  (2)  of  obtaining  a 
suitable  Child's  History  of  Canada  for  use,  especially,  amongst  schools 
containing  foreign-born  children — introduced  by  Vancouver  Women's 
Club;  Canada's  interest  in  the  Panama  Canal — introduced  by  the 
Montreal  Club;  the  (1)  holding  of  special  Exercises  in  the  'Schools 
prior  to  Dominion  Day,  the  (2)  question  of  alleged  discursiveness  in 
the  subjects  discussed  by  Canadian  Clubs,  and  (3)  the  project  of 
celebrating  the  Semi-Centennial  of  Confederation — introduced  by  the 
Hamilton  Club. 

A  Resolution  was  passed  on  motion  of  C.  R.  McCullough  drawing 
the  attention  of  Federal  and  Provincial  Governments  to  the 
importance  of  celebrating  in  1917  the  50th  Anniversary  of  Confed- 
eration. In  this  connection,  Mr.  McCullough  had  already  issued  a 
pamphlet  embodying  the  principles  underlying  his  proposal,  had 
spoken  on  several  occasions  upon  the  subject  and  had  presented  it, 
with  approval,  to  many  prominent  men.  A  part  of  the  press  had 
taken  Tip  the  matter  with  appreciation  and  were  urging  preparatory 
action.  His  hope  was  for  a  great  family  re-union  of  Canadians,  a 
meeting  of  all  the  men  who  had  anything  at  all  to  do  with  the  creation 
of  Confederation,  a  revival  in  National  thought  and  knowledge  of 
Canada,  a  vivid  and  wide-spread  presentation  of  Canadian  history,  a 
useful  discussion  of  the  problems  of  modern  life  affecting  Canada,  a 
visit  by  His  Majesty  the  King. 

A  Resolution  was  passed,  after  an  able  address  from  A.  R.  Doble, 
recommending  the  question  of  Good  Roads  to  the  consideration  of 
Canadian  Clubs  in  general  and  another  was  approved  in  favour  of 
extending  Canadian  Clubs,  wherever  possible,  amongst  Educational 
institutions  and  Industrial  workers.  The  following  motion  was  also 
passed :  "  That  it  is  desirable  for  this  Association  to  recognize  the 


THE  CANADIAN  CLUB  MOVEMENT  DURING  1912  301 

important  part  the  schools  of  the  country  should  play  in  fostering 
Canadian  sentiment  and  promoting  national  ideals  at  this  stage  in 
our  development,  when  strangers  from  many  lands  are  seeking  the 
rights  of  citizenship ;  and  that  Canadian  Clubs  be  urged  to  exert  their 
influence  to  see  that  the  power  of  the  schools  in  this  respect  is  fully 
and  wisely  exercised."  It  was  decided  to  appoint  a  Committee  com- 
posed of  George  Lyman,  Montreal,  C.  R.  McCullough,  Hamilton,  and 
E.  J.  Kylie,  to  consider  and  report  to  Canadian  Clubs  upon  the 
advisability  of  maintaining  a  permanent  office  and  the  services  of  a 
permanent  Secretary.  Canadian  Clubs  were  also  recommended  to 
study  the  probable  influence  of  the  Panama  Canal  on  Canadian  trade 
and  the  incoming  Executive  was  asked  to  find  means  of  making  the 
work  and  purposes  of  the  Clubs  better  known  in  Great  Britain  and 
to  consider  the  publication  of  a  Year  Book  amongst  the  Clubs.  It 
was  decided  to  hold  the  next  meeting  at  Hamilton  and  the  following 
officers  were  elected : 

Honorary  President G,  R.  McCullough Hamilton. 

President  W.  M.  McClemont,  B.C.L.  .  Hamilton. 

Hon.  Secretary-Treasurer. G.    Edwin    Mann  •••••••••  Hamilton. 

Vice-President  Mrs.  E.  Atherton  Smith.  .St.  John. 

Vice-President  for  Ontario    K.   J.   Dunstan Toronto. 

Vice-President  for  Quebec     R.  L.  H.  Swing Montreal. 

Vice-President  for  Nova    Scotia D.   Macgillivray Halifax. 

Vice-President  for  New  Brunswick.  .H.    A,    Porter St.  John. 

Vice-President  for  P.   E.   Island Percy  Pope Charlpttetown. 

Vice-President  for  Manitoba A.  L.  Crossin Winnipeg. 

Vice-President  for  Saskatchewan    ...Charles  Hodgkins Regina. 

Vice-President  for  Alberta    C.  F.  Adams Calgary. 

Vice-President  for  British  Columbia. H.    A.    Munn Victoria. 

There  were  66  Canadian  Clubs  and  14  Women's  Canadian  Clubs 
reported  with  a  total  of  48  in  affiliation  to  the  Federation.  Of  all 
the  plans  proposed  by  individual  Canadian  Clubs  probably  the  most 
practical  and  complete  piece  of  work  so  far  carried  out  was  that  of 
the  Halifax  organization  which  had  been  chiefly  instrumental  in 
obtaining  the  erection  of  a  splendid  Memorial  Tower  at  the  North- 
West  Arm,  Halifax,  in  honour  of  the  grant  of  representative  institu- 
tions to  Nova  Scotia  in  1758.  The  Imperial  character  of  the  inaug- 
uration of  the  Tower  by  the  Duke  of  Connaught  has  been  dealt  with 
elsewhere  but  the  record  of  the  Halifax  Club  in  connection  with  the 
event  must  be  mentioned  here.  As  to  this  and  its  general  work  the 
Halifax  Herald  said  on  Aug.  15 :  "  The  whole  project  was  nobly  con- 
ceived, and  was  carried  to  completion  in  a  spirit  of  fine  perseverance 
and  enthusiasm.  To  the  officers  of  the  Canadian  Club,  who,  in  1908, 
undertook  the  task,  and  to  their  successors  who  continued  and  com- 
pleted the  work,  we  are  sure  our  citizens  to-day  are  deeply  grateful. 
The  Memorial  Tower  and  the  Fleming  Park  will  be  their  enduring 
monuments.  .  .  .  Between  sixty  and  seventy  addresses  from 
noted  men  have  been  delivered  under  the  auspices  of  this  Canadian 
Club  during  the  first  half  decade  of  its  history,  adding  to  the  informa- 
tion of  the  members  and  many  others  and  helping,  no  doubt,  to  higher 
ideals.  The  €lub  has  been  a  leader  in  these  years  and  has  earned  for 
itself  a  pre-eminent  place  in  the  ranks  of  those  who  are  working  for 


302  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  common  good  of  Canada  and  the  Empire,  and  for  a  yet  nobler 
national  spirit." 

The  Presidents  of  the  Club  during  this  period  were  as  follows:  Dr. 

C.  F.  Eraser,  1908  and  1909,  Hon.  G.  E.  Faulkner,  1910  and  1911, 

D.  Macgillivray,  1912.     It  may  be   added  that  the   Memorial   cost 
$50,000  and  was  handed  over  to  the  City  on  Aug.  13  free  of  debt  while 
to  its  construction  the  Canadian  Clubs  of  St.  Catharines,  Edmonton, 
Calgary,  Halifax,  Winnipeg,  Vancouver,  Ottawa,  St.  John,  Montreal, 
Hamilton,  (Moncton,  London,  England,  Fort  William,  Collingwood, 
Peterborough,  Victoria,  Saskatoon,  Truro  and  Moose  Jaw  contributed 
varying  sums.     The  Women's  Canadian  Clubs  at  Ottawa,  Toronto, 
Victoria,  Fort  William,  Winnipeg    and    North    Bay  also  aided  the 
project  financially. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  usual  publication  in  book  form 
of  the  valuable  addresses  delivered  before  the  Ottawa,  Vancouver  and 
Toronto  Canadian  Clubs;  the  election  by  the  Halifax  Club  of  Lord 
Milner  and  Sir  Charles  Tupper  as  Honorary  members  and  the  accept- 
ance by  H.H.H.  the  Governor-General  of  the  position  of  Patron  of 
this  Club;  a  message  sent  on  July  1  to  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles 
Tupper,  the  last  surviving  Father  of  Confederation,  as  follows: 
"  Members  of  the  Canadian  €lub  of  Winnipeg,  recognizing  the  honour- 
able part  borne  by  you  in  founding  the  Canadian  Federation  which 
was  the  beginning  of  a  splendid  national  development,  tender  you 
their  heartiest  congratulations  on  the  45th  anniversary  of  this  great 
epoch  in  the  history  of  Canada,  and  express  the  hope  that  you  may 
enjoy  many  returns  of  the  day  " ;  an  address  before  the  Club  in  Mont- 
real on  Mch.  11  by  R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P.  for  Calgary  in  which  occurred 
a  statement  arousing  much  discussion  in  the  West  and  to  the  effect 
that  Americans,  while  making  splendid  settlers,  were  imbued  with 
inherited  prejudice  against  England  and  had  been  taught  a  hatred 
of  monarchical  institutions;  the  work  of  the  Vancouver  Club  in  dis- 
tributing 12,000  Canadian  flags  to  the  school  children  and  arranging 
with  the  B.  C.  Electric  Railway  Co.  to  fly  a  flag  on  all  their  cars.  The 
Barrie  Club  reported  itself  dormant  for  two  years  and  that  of  Col- 
lingwood as  "  dead  " ;  the  Seaf orth  Club  gave  prizes  for  the  best  essays 
by  local  school-children  on  Canadian  history  and  joined  the  57th 
Regiment  in  holding  a  very  successful  celebration  of  Dominion  Day. 
The  most  notable  address  before  the  Sarnia  Club  during  the  year  was 
by  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  on  New  Ontario;  the  Belleville  Club  had  Mr. 
J.  S.  Willison  on  "  Public  Men  of  Canada  "  and  three  other  speakers. 
The  organization  of  new  Clubs  took  place  at  Owen  Sound  with  200 
members,  at  Smith's  Falls,  at  McGill  University,  Montreal,  at  South 
Porcupine  in  New  Ontario,  at  Welland  with  200  members,  at  Sault 
Ste.  Marie,  Oshawa,  Pembroke,  Parry  Sound  and  Manitoba  Univer- 
sity, Winnipeg.  The  Winnipeg  Club  presented  during  the  year  a 
Report  showing  1,244  members,  that  of  Toronto  1,286,  that  of  Mont- 
real 1,491.  The  Presidents  of  the  most  active  of  these  organizations 
in  1912  were  as  follows: 


THE  CANADIAN  CLUB  MOVEMENT  DURING  1912 


303 


Toronto  .  . . 
Montreal  . . 
St.  Thomas 
Winnipeg  . . 
Woodstock 


Guelph    , 

Welland    , 

Moose  Jaw    

Winnipeg  (Univer 

sity)     

Camrose    , 

Porcupine     

Montreal  (McGill) 

St.  John   , 

Niagara  Falls 

Seaforth   

Sarnia   , 

Perth   

London   


A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun. 
George   Lyman. 
Dr.  A.  Voaden. 
W.  Sanford  Evans. 
Prof.     D.     K.     Mc- 

Kechnie. 

Dr.  A.  T.  Hobbs. 
G.  H.  Pettit. 
Geo.   F.  Taylor. 

Prof.   F.  W.  Clark. 
Dr.  W.  V.  Lamb. 
R.  Bruce. 
,  L.   M.   Cosgrove. 
T.  H.  Bullock. 
Rev.   Jas.   Barber. 
George   F.    Rogers. 
A.  J.  Johnston. 
J.  A.  Stewart. 
T.  J.  Murphy. 


Nelson    J.  H.  Schofleld. 

Huntsville   E.   C.   Wainwright. 

Brandon    Rev.  Rt  S.  Laidlaw. 

Kingston    Lieut.-Col.     A,     B. 

Cunningham. 

Barrie   Daniel  Quinlan. 

Owen   Sound Rev.    Dr.    Thurlow 

Fraser. 

Smith's  Falls H.  A.  Larell. 

Port  Arthur    H.  B.  Dawson. 

Fort  William    A,   A.  Wilson. 

Yorkton C.  D.  Livingstone. 

Chatham     S.  B.  Arnold. 

Belleville    J.  Elliott. 

Vancouver   D.  Von  Cramer. 

Victoria    H.  A.  Munn. 

Saskatoon R.  W.  Shannon,  K.C. 

Edmonton Alex.  Stewart,  K.C. 

Moncton   J.  T.  Hawke. 

Ottawa    Judge  McTavish. 


The  Women's  Canadian  Clubs  were  very  active  during  the  year. 
Winnipeg  was  said  to  be  the  largest  in  Canada  with  1,079  members 
and  during  the  year  H.B.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  became 
Patroness  of  the  Club,  and  Princess  Patricia  when  in  Winnipeg 
attended  a  Luncheon  (July  15)  with  406  present.  Contributions  by 
this  Club  to  Dr.  Grenfell's  work  in  Labrador,  the  Pauline  Johnson 
Trust  Fund,  the  Qu'Appelle  Treaty  Memorial  and  the  purchase  of 
Canadian  flags  for  Empire  Day  totalled  $230.  The  Montreal  Club 
entertained  T.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  and  Princess  Patricia 
at  Luncheon  on  Dec.  12.  The  Toronto  Club  had  1,006  members  and 
entertained  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  and  Mrs.  K.  L.  Borden  (May 
16)  at  Luncheons  during  the  year.  The  objects  of  this  Club  were 
formally  given  as  "  to  foster  patriotism  by  encouraging  the  study  of 
all  questions  of  interest  to  Canadians."  The  Edmonton  ClufeTwith 
265  members  was  exceedingly  active  and  its  President,  Mrs.  Arthur 
Murphy,  addressed  various  outside  meetings  during  the  year  besides 
setting  the  Club  the  task  of  preserving  for  the  people  the  historic 
buildings  known  as  Fort  Edmonton.  The  Women's  Canadian  Club 
in  Quebec  City  had  addresses  during  the  year  from  Sir  Louis  Jette, 
Hon.  Adelard  Turgeon,  Sir  Adolphe  Routhier  and  others.  The  St. 
John  Club  had  425  members  in  1912,  that  of  Montreal  577,  Calgary 
300,  Victoria  175,  Fort  William  250.  The  Presidents  of  the  chief 
Women's  Canadian  Clubs  in  this  year  were  as  follows : 


Montreal   Mrs.  R,  Wilson  Ref ord. 

Quebec Mde.  Goe  Tessler. 

Winnipeg Mrs.  W.  F.  Osborne. 

Toronto   Miss   Constance   Rud- 

yerd  Boulton. 
St.    John    Mrs.       E.       Atherton 

Smith. 
Calgary     Mrs.  C.  A.  Stuart. 


North  Bay Mrs.  W.  F.  Price. 

London    Mrs.  F.  C.  Betts. 

Fort    William.. Mrs.  W.  A.  Dowler. 

Victoria    Mrs.  F.  B.  Pemberton. 

Berlin    Mrs.  W.  A.  Clarke. 

Ottawa    Mrs.  Adam  Shortt. 

Berlin  and  Wat- 
erloo     Mrs.  J.  A.  Hillyard. 


Of  Canadian  Clubs  in  the  United  States,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
new  (Seattle  Club  with  J.  T.  Douglas  as  President  was  active  in 
fraternal  relations  with  Victoria  and  Vancouver  and  had  the  Hon. 
W.  J.  Bowser  as  a  guest  at  its  organization  meeting  on  Apl.  29th; 
that  the  Boston  organization  heard  C.  H.  Cahan,  K.C.,  on  Feb.  2nd, 


304  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  a  speech  which  dealt  with  the  development  of  Canadian  nationality 
as  something  rather  apart  from  the  Empire;  that  the  same  Club 
listened  to  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  on  Nov.  22nd  in  an  address  which 
told  them  that  "  Canada  is  British  now,  has  always  been  British,  and 
will  always  remain  so  " ;  that  the  New  York  Canadian  Club  held  its 
annual  banquet  on  May  14,  heard  a  number  of  eminent  American 
speakers  and  elected  T.  Kennard  Thompson,  President,  and,  at  a 
Dinner  on  Nov.  12,  had  Sir  Edmund  Walker  of  Toronto  as  the  chief 
speaker;  that  on  Apl.  17  a  Club  was  organized  at  Chicago  with  200 
members  and  Dr.  T.  A.  Woodruff  as  President. 

It  was  inevitable  that  the  public  disturbance  and 
women's  discussions    in    Great   Britain    over   the   problems   of 

orfr'anization*:  Woman's  position  and  voting  power  should  find  many 
The  suffrage  '  echoes  in  Canada.  The  pressure  of  enormous  economic 
Question  changes,  the  vast  modern  movements  of  population,  the 
revolution  in  the  social  .life  and  position  of  women,  the 
elimination  of  the  old-time  religious  code  of  manners  and  customs, 
the  practice  of  equality  in  sex-relationship  and  the  influx  of  women 
into  myriad  occupations  and  competitive  lines  of  business,  were  bound 
to  have  an  influence  in  the  new  nations  as  well  as  in  the  old.  There 
was  an  infinite  variety  of  argument  bandied  to  and  fro  in  Britain 
though  it  must  be  said  that  the  discussion  in  Canada  was,  in  com- 
parison, weak  upon  both  sides  of  the  subject.  Certain  schools  of 
British  thought  stood  out  from  the  mass.  The  contention  of  Lord 
Robert  Cecil  (London,  Nov.  6)  was  that  "all  experience  shows  that 
to  add  women  to  men  in  Government  makes  for  purity  of  public  life. 
If  they  are  nothing  else,  let  us  at  any  rate  allow  that  they  are  a  kind 
of  moral  antiseptic/'  The  'Countess  of  Selborne  (Standard,  Apl.  26) 
claimed  that  a  low  infantile  death  rate  accompanied  Woman's  Suffrage 
and  instanced  Australia,  Norway  and  Sweden  each  having  72  deaths 
in  1,000  and  New  Zealand  62  in  1,000  as  against  England  with  109 
in  1,000,  France  120,  the  German  Empire  170,  and  the  Province  of 
Ontario  131.  Lady  Frances  Balfour  wanted  the  Suffrage  (Oct.  10), 
declared  that  opposition  was  based  upon  prejudice  which  could  see  no 
good  in  change  and  upon  prophesy  which  was  always  foretelling  evil ; 
but  was  opposed  to  Militancy.  Mrs.  Pankhurst,  on  the  other  hand, 
could  see  no  way  of  passing  a  measure — which  every  House  of  Com- 
mons which  had  discussed  it  since  1867  had  approved — without  the 
resort  to  violence  and,  as  she  told  the  Women's  Social  and  Political 
Union  in  London  on  Oct.  17th: 

It  is  through  property  that  we  shall  attack  the  enemy.  What  sacri- 
fice or  Injury  ensues  will  n.t  be  our  fault,  but  the  fault  of  the  Govern- 
ment. I  Incite  this  meeting  to  rebellion.  Those  of  you  who  will  go  to 
the  House  of  Commons  and  refuse  to  be  sent  away,  go.  Those  who  will 
face  mobs  at  Ministers'  meetings,  do  so.  Those  who  can  break  windows, 
break  them.  Those  who  can  further  attack  the  sacred  idol  of  property, 
so  as  to  make  the  Government  realize  that  property  is  as  greatly  endan- 
gered as  it  was  in  the  days  of  the  Chartists,  do  so.  The  only  limit  we  set 
Is  that  human  life  shall  be  respected. 


o 


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o>    ri 
W    *    C 
+J    o3 

oi  ^o 

.     O   ., 


WOMEN'S  WORK  AND  ORGANIZATIONS  305 

Another  view  saw  in 'the  Suffrage  only  a  chance  for  some  vague, 
undefined  change  in  sex-relationship.  As  Mrs.  Harold  Gorst  put  it 
(Standard,  Sept.  18) :  "  Sex  is  a  curse;  it  hampers  a  woman  at  every 
turn,  from  beginning  to  end,  in  the  field  of  literary  achievement  as 
well  as  in  any  other  field  she  enters."  Sir  Almroth  Wright,  the 
eminent  physician,  saw  only  the  physical  side  upon  which  women 
were  obviously  unequal  and  described  the  Suffrage  as  essentially  and 
of  itself  immoral  because  it  endangered  the  ethical  system  of  centuries. 
Lord  George  Hamilton,  M.P. — Hampstead,  Nov.  15 — put  another  view 
concisely.  It  would  be  unwise,  he  argued,  to  pitch  eleven  million 
women  into  the  political  arena.  It  would  be  no  advantage  to  the 
State  that  it  should  be  the  most  woman-ridden  and  woman-governed 
country  in  the  world.  "  To  put  women  on-  an  equality  with  men,"  he 
concluded,  "  is  contrary  to  Heaven's  Act  of  Parliament  and  to  the 
everlasting  law  of  Nature  and  of  fact."  For  the  Suffrage — apart 
altogether  from  Militant  methods — there  stood  Messrs.  Bonar  Law, 
A.  J.  Balfour,  A.  Lyttelton  and  George  Wyndham  amongst  the  Con- 
servatives and  Sir  Edward  Grey,  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  Lord  Morley, 
Lord  Haldane,  Mr.  Birrell,  Lord  Carrington  and  Lord  Beauchamp 
amongst  the  Liberals.  Opposed  to  it  were  such  Conservatives  as 
Lord  Lansdowne,  Lord  Cromer,  Messrs.  Austen  Chamberlain,  W.  H. 
Long,  F.  E.  Smith,  Lord  Curzon  and  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  and  such 
Liberals  as  Lewis  Harcourt,  Herbert  Samuel,  C.  E.  Hobhouse  and 
Lord  Pentland.  Amongst  prominent  women  there  was  the  same 
division  of  thought.  Mrs.  Henry  Fawcett,  Mrs.  Philip  Snowden,  Mrs. 
F.  A.  Steel,  the  Countess  of  Jersey,  Lady  Aberdeen,  Mrs.  Edwin  Gray 
were  amongst  the  advocates  of  Suffrage.  Mrs.  Humphrey  Ward,  the 
Duchess  of  Montrose,  the  Marchioness  of  Tulibardine,  Miss  Violet 
Markham  and  Miss  Asquith  were  a  few  of  those  who  opposed  it.  In 
the  United  States  the  existence  of  5,000,000  women  earning  their 
own  livings,  the  fact  that  ten  New  York  women  were  said  to  possess, 
and  more  or  less  manage,  a  total  of  500  million  dollars  worth  of 
property,  the  growing  pressure  of  personal  freedom  and  economic 
competition  naturally  impelled  a  growth  of  the  issue  there. 

The  Census  of  Canada  for  1910  showed  3,821,067  males  and 
3,383,771  females  with  a  minority  of  women  in  all  the  Provinces  and 
especially  in  Alberta,  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba  and  British  Columbia. 
The  single  males  numbered  2,369,160  and  the  females,  single,  totalled 
1,941,314.  There  was  little  sympathy  in  Canada  with  Militant 
methods  although  Miss  Sylvia  Pankhurst  and  Miss  Barbara  Wylie, 
who  visited  the  country  during  1912,  were  received  with  evidences  of 
public  interest.  The  former  spoke  at  St.  John  on  Jan.  15th  and 
vigorously  described  the  economic  and  social  condition  of  women  in 
England  as  involving  lower  pay,  less  consideration,  greater  burdens. 
"  In  England  at  present,  the  mother  has  no  legal  right  to  her  children 
as  long  as  their  father  is  alive.  He  can  send  them  away  from  her  to 
be  educated  if  there  are  religious  differences,  and  even  after  his  death 
his  relatives  can  secure  the  guardianship  of  the  children  on  very 
20 


306  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

flimsy  grounds.  A  wife  has  no  right  to  share  in  her  husband's  earn- 
ings, and  cannot  claim  any  portion  of  them  for  support  unless  she 
secures  a  legal  separation  by  private  action ;  while  recent  decisions  in 
the  Courts  have  declared  that  even  a  married  woman's  clothes  belong 
to  her  husband."  In  Toronto,  on  Mch.  4th,  Miss  Pankhurst  addressed 
two  meetings  with  mottoes  on  the  balconies,  etc.,  which  asked  why 
the  franchise  should  be  extended  to  foreigners  and  not  to  the  women 
of  the  home,  declaring  that  taxation  without  representation  was 
tyranny,  etc. 

Following  Mr.  Borden's  expression  of  opinion  to  the  British  depu- 
tation of  Suffragists,  the  Women's  Social  and  Political  Union  issued 
a  statement  (Aug.  30)  declaring  themselves  hopeful  of  success  in 
Canada  and  their  policy  to  be  the  securing  of  votes  for  women  "in 
all  self-governing  parts  of  the  Empire."  On  Sept.  10,  following,  Mrs. 
Pankhurst  wrote  Miss  Mackenzie  of  Montreal  that  it  had  always 
been  her  ambition  to  establish  the  Union  on  Imperial  lines  and  that 
"  one  of  our  most  prominent  and  able  members,  Miss  Barbara  Wylie, 
leaves  for  Canada  by  the  Empress  of  Ireland  on  Friday,  the  20th  of 
September.  She  is  the  sister  of  Mr.  D.  J.  Wylie,  a  member  of  the 
Provincial  Parliament  of  Saskatchewan  and  she  has  therefore  a  per- 
sonal connection  with  and  interest  in  Canada."  Miss  Wylie  arrived 
at  Quebec  on  Sept.  27  and  made  a  most  favourable  personal  impression 
though  she  at  first  talked  in  rather  militant  language.  In  Toronto, 
however  (Oct.  8),  she  declared  Militancy  could  not  be  organized;  it 
had  to  grow  like  love,  heroism  or  devotion.  Supporters  of  her  Union 
in  Canada  would  not  trouble  with  Provincial  Legislatures  but  would 
fight  for  Federal  representation. 

She  addressed  the  Trinity  College  Literary  Club,  the  Toronto 
Suffrage  Association,  the  Equal  Franchise  League.  To  the  latter 
body  she  was  emphatic  as  to  the  price  of  labour,  the  white  slave  traffic 
and  the  double  standard  of  morality:  "Among  the  five  million  of 
women  workers  in  Great  Britain  the  average  wage  is  seven  and  six- 
pence a  week.  Upon  this  these  women  often  have  to  support  a  family, 
perhaps  care  for  an  invalid.  How  can  they  do  it?  How  can  they 
live?  It's  a  terrible  choice  that  these  women  have  to  make."  At  the 
T.M.C.A.,  Montreal,  on  Nov.  4  Miss  Wylie  called  upon  Canadian 
women  to  "  shoulder  their  responsibilities  " ;  told  them  that  now  was 
the  time  to  go  after  the  vote.  She  advised  beginning  by  constitutional 
methods  though  she  was  frankly  skeptical  about  their  succeeding. 
"  Don't  be  submissive.  Don't  be  docile.  Don't  be  ladylike.  Don't 
dread  being  conspicuous.  Now  is  the  time  for  deeds,  not  words. 
Remember  you  are  fighting  for  human  liberty — and  that  all  over  the 
world.  Concentrate  all  your  efforts  on  the  Dominion  Parliament. 
Insist  that  the  Federal  Elections  Act  of  '97  be  repealed.  Expense  is 
nothing  so  long  as  women  get  the  vote.  Party  strife  is  nothing,  if 
you  get  your  rights.  Go  to  Mr.  Borden  in  your  thousands  and  demand 
votes  for  women  at  this  Session — not  at  some  long  distant  future,  but 
now."  Here  Miss  Wylie  also  spoke  to  the  Montefiore  Club  and  at 


WOMEN'S  WOEK  AND  ORGANIZATIONS  307 

several  public  meetings.  In  Winnipeg  on  Dec.  5th  she  addressed  a 
meeting  on  the  White  Slave  traffic  and  the  power  of  the  vote  to  lessen 
its  evils.  A  large  audience  was  addressed  at  Kegina  on  Dec.  llth  and 
the  harsh  bearing  of  existing  laws,  in  Britain  and  other  countries,  on 
Women  brought  home  to  her  hearers.  The  following  Eesolution  was 
unanimously  passed : 

This  meeting  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  the 
claim  of  the  women  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  for  political  equality  with 
men  can  neither  be  ignored  nor  denied.  This  meeting  is  of  the  opinion 
that  to  exclude  women  from  Parliamentary  idea  of  franchise  is  contrary 
to  the  fundamental  idea  of  human  liberty  which  claims  that  Government 
must  rest  on  the  consent  of  the  governed.  This  meeting  is  further  of  the 
opinion  that  social  evils,  such  as  the  white  slave  traffic,  will  never  be 
adequately  dealt  with  until  women  are  in  a  position  to  protect  them- 
selves and  their  labour.  This  meeting  recognizes  the  fact  that  political 
helplessness  produces  economic  injustices  and  respectfully  demands  that 
the  Dominion  Government  take  such  steps  as  may  be  necessary  to  give 
women  votes  at  this  Session. 

Another  British  advocate  of  the  Suffrage  who  spoke  in  Canada  dur- 
ing the  year  was  Mrs.  Forbes  Eobertson  Hale  who  told  a  Toronto 
audience  on  Feb.  25th  that  "the  first  step  toward  the  emancipation 
of  the  modern  woman  had  been  her  entry  into  the  realms  of  higher 
education  and  the  second  had  been  her  invasion  of  the  professions. 
Now  women  were  seeking  to  take  the  third  step,  by  securing  equality 
as  citizens."  They  were  not  asking  to  change  the  laws  of  nature,  but 
merely  trying  to  break  down  the  artificial  barriers  erected  by  men  in 
less  enlightened  ages.  At  Montreal  (Dec.  13)  she  spoke  in  connec- 
tion with  the  organization  of  a  local  Suffrage  Association.  Lady 
Drummond,  Mrs.  W.  E.  Miller,  Miss  Hurlbatt,  Mrs.  Eoddick,  Mrs. 
C.  B.  Gorden  and  other  influential  women  were  appointed  a  Commit- 
tee for  this  purpose.  Existing  Suffrage  organizations  were  not  idle 
and  in  May  it  was  announced  that  Harry  Phillips  of  West  Ham,  Eng- 
land, had  been  appointed  Dominion  organizer  for  the  Suffrage  move- 
ment and  would  begin  work  at  once.  In  Toronto,  the  Equal  Franchise 
League  was  organized  on  Jan.  28th  with  Mrs.  L.  A.  Hamilton  as 
President. 

This  Society,  with  the  Toronto  Suffrage  Association  and  Women's 
Teachers'  Franchise  Club,  issued  an  appeal  on  Feb.  12  asking  the 
Provincial  Government  to  correct  the  following  condition :  "  Under 
the  present  law  men  and  women  exercise  the  municipal  franchise  on 
an  equal  basis  until  marriage.  On  marriage  the  man  continues  to 
exercise  the  franchise  in  respect  of  his  own  property;  the  woman, 
however,  forfeits  this  right  until  she  has  the  misfortune  of  becoming 
a  widow,  when  this  right  is  again  restored  to  her."  The  Suffrage 
proposal  in  various  forms  was  placed  before  the  Ontario,  New  Bruns- 
wick and  British  Columbia  Legislatures  but  received  a  comparatively 
slight  increase  of  support.  In  Toronto,  a  Women's  deputation  asked 
the  Board  of  Control  on  Dec.  3  to  support  the  amendment  of  the  Fran- 


308 

chise  Act  so  as  to  allow  married  women  owning  property  a  municipal 
vote.  This  was  promised  and  they  then  waited  upon  Mr.  W.  J. 
Hanna,  Provincial  Secretary,  with  the  same  request.  At  the  close 
of  the  year  the  Toro'nto  organizations  put  up  a  big  fight  to  bring  out 
the  Women's  vote  in  the  current  Municipal  elections  and  met  with 
marked  success. 

Mrs.  E.  W.  Henderson  of  the  Montreal  Juvenile  Court  delivered 
several  addresses  on  the  Suffrage  question  with  this  statement  (Aug. 
30)  as  a  pivot:  "The  ballot  to-day  includes  bad  men  and  good  men, 
men  of  all  colours,  and  even  dead  men,  excluding  only  paupers,  idiots, 
criminals,  minors,  and  women."  Other  advocates  of  the  Suffrage 
were  Mrs.  Nellie  L.  McClung,  the  Novelist;  Miss  G.  Binnie-Clark, 
financier,  traveller,  successful  farmer  for  8  years  in  the  Qu'Appelle 
Valley;  Miss  Dorothy  Davis  of  Vancouver,  organizer  of  branches  of 
the  Political  Equality  League  in  Fernie,  Cranbrook  and  other  British 
Columbia  towns;  Mrs.  Arthur  Murphy  of  Edmonton  who  addressed 
meetings  at  Calgary,  Edmonton,  Hamilton  and  other  places  in  favour 
of  the  idea.  Though  apart  from  the  direct  advocacy  of  Suffrage  the 
series  of  lectures  given  by  Dean  F.  P.  Walton  of  the  Law  Faculty  at 
McGill  University,  Montreal,  were  most  important.  He  denounced 
the  laws  of  Canada  and  especially  of  Quebec  as  affecting  women.  He 
stated  (Apl.  2)  that  if  a  husband  died  intestate  in  Quebec  any  rela- 
tion of  the  deceased,  some  fifth  cousin  of  whom  he  had  possibly  in 
his  life-time  never  heard,  might  appear  upon  the  scene  and  carry  off 
the  whole  estate,  leaving  the  widow  and  her  children,  if  she  had  any, 
absolutely  penniless  even  though  the  husband  and  father  might  have 
been  a  millionaire.  If  the  wife  had  a  fortune  and  the  husband  none, 
and  the  husband  died  intestate,  and  without  children,  half  the  wife's 
fortune  might  be  carried  off  by  a  fifth  cousin  of  the  husband. 

On  the  other  hand  there  was  some  opposition  expressed — outside 
of  the  Legislatures — to  Woman's  Suffrage.  Mrs.  Clementina  Fessen- 
den  of  Hamilton  opposed  the  issue  in  various  newspaper  letters  on  the 
ground  (1)  that  fighting  power  is  the  real  basis  of  the  franchise  and 
(2)  that  women's  best  interests  are  safe  in  men's  hands;  (3)  that  if 
the  policy  were  realized  the  nation  and  Empire  would  be  governed 
by  women  who  were  themselves  incapable  of  enforcing  the  laws; 
(4)  that  the  fact  of  there  being  undesirable  men  voters  was  no  reason 
for  doubling  that  vote;  (5)  that  the  home  and  municipal  and  local 
educational  work  were  quite  sufficient  for  women  and  (6)  that  the 
majority  of  women  did  not  want  the  vote.  The  quiet  influence  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  was  solidly  against  the  proposal  and  such 
visitors  as  Father  Vaughan  of  England  and  Bishop  Carroll  from  the 
States  spoke  strongly  in  denunciation  of  the  idea  and  all  it  meant. 

Sir  R.  P.  Roblin  of  Winnipeg,  like  Sir  James  Whitney  in  Ontario, 
was  vigorously  opposed  to  it  and  to  the  press  on  Sept.  4th  he  said: 
"  I  am  utterly  opposed  to  Woman's  suffrage  in  every  shape  and  form. 
I  think  too  much  of  woman  to  have  her  entangled  in  the  mesh  of 
politics.  She  would  be  stooping  from  the  pedestal  on  which  she  has 
sat  for  centuries."  Mrs.  C.  H.  Campbell,  a  Winnipeg  leader  in  the 


309 

Daughters  of  the  Empire  and  kindred  bodies,  told  a  Victoria  paper 
en  Sept.  6th  that  "  if  the  laws  of  the  land  require  righting,  men  are 
quite  able  to  look  after  them  and  the  women  will  be  able  to  get  what 
they  want  by  going  to  them  and  asking  them  for  it.  Also,  I  believe 
that  a  woman's  place  is  at  the  side  of  her  husband."  In  Montreal 
on  Oct.  12  The  Star  announced  the  result  of  a  local  vote  taken  by  its 
representatives  in  certain  typical  parts  of  the  City  as  showing  88  '2 
per  cent  against  Woman's  Suffrage  and  11  '8  per  cent,  in  favour. 

Apart  from  this  question  various  Women's  organizations  were 
doing  good  work  in  Canada  and  the  most  important  of  these  was  the 
National  Council  of  Women  with  which  were  federated  the  following 
Societies :  Women's  Art  Association  of  Canada,  Girl's  Friendly  Society 
of  Canada,  the  Canadian  Suffrage  Association,  the  Dominion  Order 
of  King's  Daughters,  the  Aberdeen  Association,  the  Victorian  Order 
of  Nurses,  the  Medical  Alumnae  of  Toronto  University,  the  Ladies  of 
the  Maccabees,  the  Peace  and  Arbitration  Society,  the  Imperial  Order, 
Daughters  of  the  Empire,  the  Canadian  Women's  Press  Club,  the 
Women's  Branch  I.O.F.,  the  Agnes  Baden-Powell  Girl  Guides.  With 
the  various  Local  Councils  were  affiliated  a  multitude  of  local  bodies — 
that  of  Toronto,  for  instance,  having  over  40  organizations  associated 
with  it.  These  Local  Councils  were  established  at  Toronto,  Hamilton, 
Montreal,  Ottawa,  London,  Winnipeg,  Kingston,  St.  John,  Halifax, 
West  Algoma,  Victoria  and  Vancouver  Island,  Vancouver,  Eegina, 
Vernon,  Brandon,  Nelson,  New  Westminster,  East  Pictou,  Lindsay, 
Ingersoll,  Edmonton,  Brantford,  Eenfrew,  Walkerville,  Chapleau, 
Sudbury,  Sydney  and  Truro. 

The  annual  meeting  of  1912  took  place  at  London  on  May  24-31 
with  Mrs.  F.  H.  Torrington,  President,  in  the  chair.  Eeports  were 
presented  from  the  Committees  on  Vacation  Schools  and  Playgrounds, 
Peace  and  Arbitration,  Agriculture  for  Women,  Laws  for  better  pro- 
tection of  Women  and  Children,  Public  Health,  Care  of  Feeble-minded 
Women,  Education,  spread  of  objectionable  printed  matter,  Citizen- 
ship, Employments  for  Women,  Immigration  and  the  White  Slave 
Traffic.  This  last-mentioned  question  aroused  a  prolonged  discus- 
sion based  upon  careful  reports  as  to  the  evil  itself,  the  causes  and 
possible  means  of  alleviation,  existing  inefficiency,  of  the  laws,  Legis- 
lative difficulties  in  the  way  of  reform,  the  moral  inequality  between 
man  and  woman,  the  danger  for  and  from  mentally  defective  young 
women,  the  Oriental  evil  in  large  centres,  the  necessity  for  Canada 
carrying  out  its  share  of  the  international  White  Slave  Agreement 
of  1906.  The  following  Eesolution  was  passed:  "That  the  National 
Council  of  Women  of  Canada  heartily  endorses  the  plan  of  a  National 
Committee  for  Canada,  affiliated  with  the  International  Bureau  for 
the  suppression  of  the  White  Slave  traffic,  and  that  the  Executive  be 
authorized  to  confer  with  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Moral  and 
Social  Eeform  Council  of  Canada  for  the  formation  of  a  National 
Committee,  and  to  take  such  further  steps  as  shall  be  deemed  neces- 
sary in  the  matter." 


310  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Child  problems  were  dealt  with  in  a  paper  by  Mrs.  Asa  Gordon 
and  the  conservation  of  the  Nation's  health  by  Miss  Mackenzie  of  the 
Victorian  Order  of  Nurses;  much  discussion  took  place  as  to  Moving 
Picture  Shows  which  were  described,  in  some  cases,  as  being  schools 
for  crime;  Mrs.  Courtice  presented  the  Peace  and  Arbitration  Report 
claiming  that  humanity  and  loyalty  were  synonymous  terms,  declar- 
ing our  modern  standards  of  civilization  to  be  "  higher  and  richer  " 
than  those  of  the  past,  quoting  Goldwin  Smith  to  the  effect  that 
"  above  all  nations  is  humanity/'  urging  a  Peace  Day  in  schools,  etc. 
A  Resolution  was  passed  endorsing  a  celebration  of  the  Centenary  of 
Peace  with  the  United  States.  The  Sikh  question  was  discussed  and 
this  Resolution  passed : 

The  National  Council  of  Women  of  Canada  do  respectfully  request 
the  Government  to  end  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition  of  the  Sikhs 
by  either  permitting  the  Sikh  women  to  enter  Canada,  or  by  giving  a 
free  passage  to  India,  with  a  suitable  cash  indemnity,  to  those  Sikh  men 
who  desire  to  rejoin  their  wives  and  families.  And,  further,  that  the 
immigration  laws  be  so  amended  as  that  there  shall  be  no  seeming  dis- 
crimination against  the  natives  of  India  in  favour  of  other  Orientals,  not 
citizens  of  the  British  Empire;  and  that  immigration  from  India  be  either 
entirely  prohibited  or  that  the  regulations  concerning  it  be  set  forth 
clearly,  so  that  the  present  situation  with  regard  to  the  Sikhs  be  not 
repeated  in  the  future. 

Another  Resolution  dealt  with  the  desirability  of  a  more  thorough 
and  responsible  Medical  inspection  of  emigrants  at  the  points  of 
departure  and  the  compulsory  registration  of  Nurses  by  law  was  also 
urged.  Mrs.  Dignam  of  Toronto  addressed  the  Convention  on 
"Patriotism  as  expressed  in  Art"  and  the  Educational  Committee 
recommended  that  (1)  A  school  census  should  be  taken  yearly  in 
every  municipality;  (2)  Education  should  be  made  compulsory  in 
the  Province  of  Quebec;  (3)  the  period  from  five  to  fourteen  years  of 
age  should  be  devoted  entirely  to  general  education  and  Vocational 
training  be  deferred  until  this  preliminary  training  was  completed; 
(4)  in  order  to  supplement  the  work  of  the  primary  schools  by  giving 
opportunities  for  further  training  to  those  who  are  already  at  work, 
evening  classes  should  be  provided.  The  officers  were  re-elected  and 
included  Mrs.  Torrington  as  President,  Lady  Aberdeen,  Advisory 
President,  and  H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  as  Honorary  Presi- 
dent. Mrs.  Willoughby  Cummings,  D.C.L.,  was  again  appointed  Corre- 
sponding Secretary.  A  series  of  measures  were  recommended  to 
Dominion  and  Provincial  Legislatures  as  follows: 

1.  The  raising  of  the  age  of  consent  to  18  with  ignorance  of  age  not 
admissable  as  a  plea. 

2.  That  procuration,  under  the  White  Slave  Agreement  at  Paris,  be 
made  a  criminal  offence  without  option  of  a  fine,  that  foreigners  found 
guilty  be  deported,  and  that  males  (citizens)  convicted  of  the  crime  be 
punishable  by  whipping. 

3.  That  the  keeping  of  a  disorderly  house  be  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment and  not  by  fines  and  that  frequenters  be  subject  to  equal  punish- 
ment whether  men  or  women. 


WOMEN'S  WORK  AND  ORGANIZATIONS  311 

4.  That  "  accosting  "  be  made  a  punishable  offence  for  either  sex  and 
that  wife  and  family  desertion  be  made  an  indictable  offence  with  the- 
burden  of  proof  resting  upon  the  Attorney-General  of  the  Province. 

5.  That  all  Provincial  Legislatures  be  asked  to  make  the  mother  equal 
co-guardian  with  the  father  of  their  legitimate  children  and   that  the 
primary  right  of  guardianship  over  children  under  age  should  belong  to 
the  mother  unless  proved  to  be  unfit. 

6.  That  men  convicted  of  wife  or  family  desertion  be  employed  at 
industrial  labour  while  in  gaol  and  the  proceeds  be  turned  over,  through 
the  Courts,  for  support  of  the  offender's  wife  and  family. 

Amongst  the  chief  local  workers  in  this  organization  were  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Huestis  and  Dr.  Stowe  Gullen,  Toronto;  Mrs.  T.  H.  Bullock,  St. 
John;  Mrs.  Arthur  Murphy,  Edmonton;  Mrs.  W.  G.  MacNaughton 
and  Mrs.  Ritchie-England,  Montreal;  Mrs.  Win.  Rothwell,  Regina; 
Lady  Tilley,  St.  John ;  Mrs.  J.  H.  R.  Bond,  Winnipeg ;  Mrs.  Boomer, 
London,  and  Lady  Taylor,  Hamilton ;  Mrs.  Adam  Shortt,  Ottawa,  and 
Miss  Crean,  Victoria.  Another  Women's  organization  of  importance 
was  the  Press  Club  which  women  journalists  had  formed  in  various 
Cities  for  purposes  of  co-operation  along  social  and  literary  lines  and 
for  the  hearing  of  interesting  speakers.  The  Toronto  organization 
was  under  the  Presidency  of  Miss  Dyas,  that  of  Winnipeg  had  Mrs. 
Nellie  L.  McClung  as  President,  that  of  Port  Arthur  was  presided 
over  by  Miss  Stafford,  Calgary  by  Mrs.  F.  S.  Jacobs,  Edmonton  by 
Mrs.  Arthur  Murphy,  Vancouver  by  Miss  Durham.  The  Montreal 
Women's  Club  celebrated  its  21st  birthday  in  1912  and  amongst  its 
speakers  during  the  year  was  Mrs.  Forbes  Robertson  Hale,  Mrs.  A.  W. 
McDongald  and  Hon.  Mackenzie  King. 

The  International  Congress  of  Farm  Women  met  at  Lethbridge, 
Alta.,  on  Oct.  22-25  and  its  object  was  announced  as  an  organized 
effort  at  rural  community  building,  the  beautifying  and  brightening 
of  the  homes,  more  frequent  opportunities  for  social  intercourse,  better 
education  of  the  children,  lightening  of  toil  in  the  home  and  the  rais- 
ing of  standards,  mentally,  physically,  morally  and  socially,  in  each 
neighbourhood.  It  had  been  organized  in  1910  as  an  accompaniment 
of  the  Dry  Farming  Congress,  which  many  wives  of  the  Delegates 
attended,  and  of  this  2nd  Congress  Mrs.  Leslie  Stavert  of  Winnipeg 
was  President.  The  speakers  included  Miss  Alice  Ravenhill  of  Van- 
couver on  Home  Economics;  G.  A.  Putnam  on  Women's  Institutes; 
Mrs.  Muldrew,  of  the  Alberta  Ladies  College,  on  Education;  Mrs. 
M.  T.  Harvey  on  Consolidated  Schools;  Dr.  W.  H.  Wilson  of  New 
York  on  the  Rural  €hurch ;  Miss  Irma  E.  Matthews  on  Farm  Homes, 
etc.  The  chief  Women's  organizations  in  .Canada,  with  their  Presi- 
dents, were  as  follows : 

The  Victorian   O»der  of  Nurses    (Chief 

Lady    Superintendent)     Miss   M.  A.   Mackenzie Ottawa. 

Women's  Art  Association  of  Canada. ..  .Mrs.  M.    E.    Dignam Toronto. 

The  Canadian  Suffrage  Association Mrs.  Flora  McD.  Denison.  .Toronto. 

Imperial  Order  Daughters  of  the  Empire.Mrs.  A.  E.  Oooderham Toronto. 

Canadian  Women's   Press   Club Miss  Marjorie  MacMurchy. Toronto. 

Canadian  Business  Women's  Club Miss  Mary  Lean Toronto. 

Toronto    Suffrage    Association Dr.   Margaret  Gordon Toronto. 

Women's   Canadian   Historical   Society.  .Mrs.  Forsyth  Grant Toronto. 


312  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

"Women's  Wentworth  Historical  Society. Mrs.  John  Calder Hamilton. 

Montreal    Women's    Club , , . . .  Mrs.  N.  C.  Smillie Montreal. 

Women's  Historical  Society Mrs.  Thomas    Ahearn Ottawa. 

Equal    Suffrage    Society Mrs.  J.    C.    Cox ...Ottawa. 

Western  Art  Association. Mrs.  Allan  Bwart Winnipeg. 

Political    Equality    League Mrs.  A.    V.    Thomas Regina. 

Equal  Franchise  League Mrs.  L.   A.    Hamilton Toronto. 

Women  Teachers  Franchise  Club Miss  A.   A.   Gray Toronto. 

There  were  a  multitude  of  other  Women's  organizations — the  old-time 
Church  Societies,  the  Women's  Missionary  Associations  of  Province, 
City  and  varied  Churches,  the  Women's  University  Clubs,  the  Social 
Clubs  such  as  that  of  Toronto  and  the  Alexandra  of  Victoria,  the 
Women's  Auxiliary  in  Church  of  England  Dioceses,  the  W.C.T.U.  in 
every  centre  of  the  country,  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
of  a  similarly  wide  nature,  the  Fraternal  Societies  such  as  the  Ladies' 
branches  of  the  Orange,  Foresters,  Maccabees,  Sons  of  England  and 
other  organizations.  Incidents  of  the  year  included  an  address  by 
Gustave  A.  Blumenthal  in  Montreal  (Jan.  18)  where  he  stated,  after 
20  years  residence  in  Australia,  his  opinion  that  Woman's  Suffrage 
there  had  proved  an  absolute  failure — neither  women  juries  nor 
women  Mayors,  nor  women  in  other  capacities  having  "  made  good." 
F.  A.  W.  Gisborne  of  Tasmania  (Empire  Review  for  May) 
described  the  exact  Australian  situation  as  follows :  "  At  the  last 
Federal  elections  there  were,  approximately,  1,130,000  male  and 
1,020,000  female  voters.  Of  the  former  some  68  per  cent,  and  of 
the  latter  almost  57  per  cent,  actually  voted.  At  the  two  previous 
elections  only  about  44  per  cent,  of  the  women  voters  could  be  induced 
to  go  to  the  polls,  and  electioneering  agents  loudly  bewail  the  diffi- 
culty, still  experienced,  in  coaxing  reluctant  ladies  to  discharge  their 
civic  duties."  He  alleged  that,  so  far,  the  Labour  party  had  bene- 
fitted  chiefly  from  the  situation  and  that  the  moderate  section,  or 
better  class  women,  refrained  from  voting.  On  Jan.  26,  the  Manitoba 
Grain  Growers  Association,  meeting  at  Brandon,  endorsed  the  policy 
of  "  votes  for  women  on  equal  terms  with  men  "  and  the  Trades  and 
Labour  Council  of  Edmonton  (Feb.  5)  passed  a  Resolution  in  favour 
of  the  movement. 


IV.    ONTARIO  PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS 

Ontario  public  affairs  continued  during  this  year  to 
bear  the  dominating  stamp  of  Sir  James  Whitney's 
turn  during  personality.  He  was  first  in  the  Government,  first  in 
1912  the  House,  first  in  the  Province,  so  far  as  politics  and 

administration  were  concerned.  He  was  the  controlling 
factor  in  the  various  important  matters  of  legislation  which  came  up 
during  the  year — the  arrangement  for  granting  $5,000,000  for  New 
Ontario  development  and  the  Grant  of  $1,000,000  for  improvement  of 
Highways;  in  discussions  with  the  Ottawa  Government  as  to  pro- 
posed Federal  aid  to  Provincial  Agriculture  and  Highways  and  the 
T.  &  N.  0. ;  or  in  announcements  as  to  Temperance  policy  and  other 
subjects  at  issue  between  the  Parties.  The  Press  delighted  in  stories 
of  his  frank  utterance  and  direct  method  of  dealing  with  public  mat- 
ters. When  Joseph  Fels,  the  Single-Tax  advocate,  visited  the  Premier 
on  Jan.  18th  a  tale  of  the  interview  was  told  in  graphic  terms.  "  He 
said  that  my  Single  Tax  agitation  and  my  Henry  George  philosophy 
were  fakes  and  fads,  and  that  little  of  his  attention  had  been  called 
to  any  holding  up  of  land  or  speculating  in  land  values  that  were  of 
hurt  to  the  Province."  To  a  Labour  deputation  led  by  James  Simpson 
(Jan.  19)  which  asked  for  the  municipal  right  to  tax  land  values,  the 
Premier  expressed  the  opinion  that  there  was  no  general  sentiment  in 
Ontario  in  favour  of  the  proposal.  It  was  the  entering  wedge  of  the 
Henry  George  system ;  one  that  would  result  in  general  confusion  and 
lead  to  a  checker-board  Assessment  system  throughout  the  Province. 
A  number  of  other  Labour  proposals  were  presented. 

On  Mch.  3rd  about  200  Tax  reformers  waited  upon  Sir  James  and 
claimed,  in  speeches  by  Mayor  Hopewell  of  Ottawa,  Stewart  Lyon, 
Comptrollers  Church  and  Hocken,  Julian  Sale  and  J.  C.  Forman  to 
represent  62,500  people.  They  asked  the  Government  to  give  con- 
sideration to  Bills  which  had  been  submitted  to  the  Legislature  by 
J.  A.  Ellis  (Cons.)  and  N.  W.  Rowell,  Leader  of  the  Opposition,  and 
which  were  designed  to  give  Municipalities  local  option,  upon  con- 
sent of  the  ratepayers,  to  lessen  the  taxation  upon  improvements  and 
increase  it  on  land.  In  reply  the  Premier  referred  to  the  importance 
of  the  subject,  the  divergence  of  views  expressed  by  the  speakers,  the 
absence  of  public  endorsation.  "Two  things  have  occurred  to  me 
while  listening  to  the  arguments  put  forward  to-day,"  said  Sir  James. 
"  It  is  not  fair  that  any  owner  of  unimproved  land  should  be  allowed 
to  hold  it  to  the  detriment  of  other  holders  of  land  in  the  vicinity  who 
have  improved  their  land  and  that,  whatever  we  do  about  taxation, 
we  should  not  do  because  Alberta  does  it,  or  because  it  suits  Van- 
couver." The  subject  must  be  studied  and,  meanwhile,  the  Delegation 


314  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

should  lay  its  views  before  an  Assessment  Committee  of  the  Legisla- 
ture which  would  meet  in  the  Autumn. 

The  Premier  received  a  Dominion  Alliance  Delegation  on  Feb.  14 
which  urged  abolition  of  the  bar,  the  treating  system  and  Club 
licenses.  In  view  of  hostile  expressions  at  their  Convention  of  the 
previous  day  and  because  of  the  Premier's  belief  that  the  Govern- 
ment was  doing  everything  possible  to  enforce  and  improve  the  Liquor 
laws  and  to  keep  pace  with  public  opinion  in  this  regard,  their  recep- 
tion was  not  very  cordial  and  resentment  was  expressed,  publicly,  by 
President  Gibson.  As  a  matter  of  fact  not  much  satisfaction  was 
given  the  Deputation  by  Mr.  Eowell  either.  Mr.  Hanna,  Provincial 
Secretary,  took  strong  exception  to  certain  statements  made  at  the 
Convention :  "  When  the  Government  came  into  power,"  he  said, 
"there  were  bars  on  practically  all  the  boats  running  into  Toronto 
Harbour.  These  had  been  removed,  except  in  cases  where  boats 
touched  both  Canada  and  the  "United  States,  which  the  Government 
could  not  control.  With  regard  to  liquor  on  trains,  the  Grand  Trunk 
had  confined  the  use  of  liquor  to  the  man  who  was  actually  at  his 
meal  in  the  dining-car.  As  to  the  law  being  poorly  enforced  in  border 
towns,  the  people  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  Sarnia  declared  that  they 
had  never  had  as  good  enforcement  of  the  law  as  at  present." 

On  Mch.  12th  a  Deputation  was  received  from  the  Associated 
Boards  of  Trade  of  Ontario  and  the  Premier  promised  consideration 
of  requests  which  included  extension  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  to 
Hudson's  Bay,  Georgian  Bay  and  Toronto ;  establishment  of  a  Prison 
Farm  in  Northern  Ontario;  development  of  a  Government-owned 
system  of  radial  railways  in  old  Ontario  to  feed  the  T.  &  N.  0.; 
appointment  of  a  Commission  to  carry  out  jihe  Government's  policy 
for  the  development  of  the  Clay  Belt.  Replying  on  Apl.  25th  to  cer- 
tain requests  of  the  Ontario  Executive  of  the  Trades  and  Labour  Con- 
gress Sir  James  pointed  out  that  more  Factory  inspectors  were  not 
needed.  "Local  inspectors  in  each  industrial  centre  would  not  be 
so  efficient  as  the  present  method  of  inspection;  the  best  service  is 
obtained  from  District  inspectors.  Ontario  has  at  present  nine  inspec- 
tors for  as  many  Districts."  To  the  request  for  legislation  debarring 
Orientals  from  hotel  employments  he  expressed  the  belief  that  none 
were  so  employed  in  Ontario;  as  to  the  8-hour  work  shifts  proposal 
where  work  was  carried  on  consecutively  for  24  hours  he  considered 
it  "very  desirable";  concerning  the  suggestion  to  tax  improvement 
values  at  a  lower  rate  than  land  values  he  said  it  was  "  an  economic 
question "  upon  which  he  did  not  "  care  at  present  to  express  an 
opinion  " ;  as  to  the  request  for  up-to-date  safety  appliances  for  live- 
wire  and  electrical  workers,  he  said  it  had  been  under  consideration 
for  some  time.  "  It  may  be  necessary  to  require  medical  examina- 
tion of  all  men  proposing  to  engage  in  this  work,  and  if  found  to 
have  any  organic  disease,  particularly  heart  trouble,  they  should  be 
debarred  from  that  employment." 

A  large  Delegation  from  New  Ontario  on  June  21st  waited  on 
the  Premier  and  Government  and,  in  reply  to  their  chief  request — 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912  315 

for  more  Railways — were  told  that  the  Government  would  expend 
with  great  care  and  in  various  ways  the  $5,000,000  loan  which  they 
were  about  to  raise  for  that  country  and  Sir  James  declared  the  time 
might  come  when  the  strict  existing  rules  against  bonuses  to  Rail- 
ways  would  have  to  be  relaxed.  The  Grand  River  Improvement 
League  of  Brantford  asked  on  Aug.  21st  for  an  investigation  of  the 
practicability  of  conserving  the  waters  of  the  Grand  River  and  avert- 
ing the  floods  which  had  lately  affected  Guelph,  Gait,  Paris  and  Brant- 
ford.  They  were  told  by  the  Premier  that  such  an  inquiry  should  be 
wide  in  character  and  would  probably  be  very  expensive.  He  did  not 
promise  anything.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  the  Premier  and 
Dr.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  spent  a  month  abroad  and  on  their 
return  found  the  Tax  question  in  rather  a  lively  condition. 

The  Legislative  Special  Committee  on  Assessment  had  been  sit- 
ting for  some  time  hearing  various  views  and,  on  Dec.  20th,  Sir  James 
opposed  the  suggested  Bills  of  J.  A.  Ellis  and  the  Opposition  Leader 
and  these  were  afterwards  voted  down.  He  declared  that  the  com- 
plaints made  were  distinctly  traceable  to  inefficiency  in  officials  and 
not  to  faultiness  in  the  Act.  Bills  such  as  those  mentioned  were 
entirely  unnecessary  and  savoured  strongly  of  -Single  tax — "  a  drastic 
remedy  proposed  for  an  evil  which  does  not  exist."  The  local  option 
system  did  not  meet  with  the  Premier's  favour.  "  I  am  convinced 
that  there  is  no  demand  for  it.  Is  there  any  reason  why  an  old,  long- 
established  community  like  Ontario  should  be  frightened  out  of  its 
wits  because  some  new  community  is  adopting  a  new  scheme  of  taxa- 
tion? I  think  the  'Committee  would  do  well  to  work,  however, 
towards  the  raising  of  the  exemption  from  business  tax.  It  is  clear 
that  the  high  cost  of  living  demands  this.  The  exemption  of  farm 
lands  in  towns  and  villages  should  be  modified." 

Quite  a  stormy  discussion  followed  in  certain  quarters  and  the 
Liberal  press  naturally  made  the  most  of  it.  The  Ottawa  Citizen 
(€ons.)  attacked  the  Premier  on  Dec.  21  for  alleged  coercion  of  the 
Committee  and  declared  that  the  Premier's  statement  as  to  the  absence 
of  public  sentiment  in  favour  of  a  change  was  amazing.  "  The  Boards 
of  Trade  in  many  cities  have  expressed  themselves  as  favouring  it. 
City  Councils  have  adopted  resolutions  in  favour  of  it.  The  Cana- 
dian Manufacturers'  Association  urge  the  reform.  The  Dominion 
Grange,  representing  the  farming  community,  strongly  favours  it. 
Several  hundred  rural  municipalities  have  already  signified  their  wish 
in  the  matter.  Practically  all  Labour  unions  have  petitioned  for  it 
and  the  newspapers  are  almost  unanimous  for  it,  irrespective  of  poli- 
tical leanings."  The  Ottawa  Journal  (Ind.  Cons.)  of  Dec.  24  sup- 
ported Tax  reform  ideas  and  the  Hamilton  Herald  (Ind.)  stood  for 
a  part  of  the  proposed  change  while  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association  issued  a  statement  on  Dec.  26th 
describing  the  existing  Act  as  "unjust,  inequitable  and  thoroughly 
unsatisfactory "  and  declaring  that  "  under  the  present  system  of 
assessing  buildings  at  value,  manufacturers  and  other  owners  of  pro- 
perty find  that  in  proportion  as  they  improve  their  premises  from 


316  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  standpoint  of  appearance,  health  of  employees,  and  other  factors 
of  interest  and  value  to  the  general  community,  their  assessment  and 
taxes  are  increased/' 

As  to  the  attitude  of  The  Citizen  Sir  James  declared,  in  an  inter- 
view on  Dec.  24  that  its  owner,  W.  M.  Southam,  had  been  attacking 
him  openly  and  secretly  for  two  or  three  years.  "  The  assistance  given 
him  by  me  to  enable  him  to  get  his  Taxation  scheme  before  the  Legis- 
lature, and  the  manner  in  which  he  repaid  it,  would  make  interesting 
reading,  but  let  that  suffice.  I  wish  to  protest,  as  vigorously  as  I  can, 
against  his  treatment  of  the  Conservative  members  of  the  Assess- 
ment Committee.  He  says  that  I  '  played  the  big  boss  act '  and  that 
the  '  Conservative  members  fell  into  line.'  This  is  an  absolute  untruth 
and  slander.  The  Report  would,  I  am  quite  certain,  have  been  the 
same  had  I  been  a  thousand  miles  away."  Other  Deputations  and 
other  matters  came  before  the  Premier  but  they  are  dealt  with  accord- 
ing to  subjects.  Everyone  was  told  by  Sir  James  in  unmistakable 
terms,  and  without  fear  or  favour,  what  was  the  Government's  attitude 
in  the  premises.  They  might  not  like  the  result  of  their  inquiries  but, 
as  a  rule,  they  had  no  periods  of  suspense,  or  doubt,  or  "  careful  con- 
sideration "  to  go  through. 

Of  the  Ministers,  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  Provincial  Secretary, 
had,  perhaps,  the  most  varied  matters  to  deal  with  during  the  year. 
First  in  public  knowledge  was  his  administration  of  the  Liquor  laws. 
His  Report  for  1912  (Apl.  30)  showed  shop,  tavern  and  other  licenses 
totalling  1,872  as  against  1,967  in  1910-11  and  2,745  in  1905-6.  The 
revenue  from  licenses,  transfers  and  fines  was  $424,114  and  the 
amount  paid  back  to  the  municipalities  was  $344,320.  The  commit- 
ments for  drunkenness  totalled  6,613  as  against  5,827  in  the  preced- 
ing year.  As  to  this  subject  and  similar  matters  of  administration, 
the  Toronto  Methodist  Conference  on  June  17  paid  high  tribute  to 
Mr.  Hanna:  "We  desire  to  express  our  appreciation  of  the  action  of 
the  Ontario  Government  and,  especially,  of  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  in 
placing  on  the  Statute  Book  of  the  Province  the  recent  amendments 
of  the  Liquor  Act,  making  the  enforcement  of  Local  Option  easier 
and  more  effective.  Mr.  Hanna's  efforts  along  the  line  of  Prison 
Reform  and  other  phases  of  humanitarian  effort  are  also  worthy  of 
the  highest  praise." 

Kindred  matters  under  Mr.  Hanna's  supervision  were  Prisons  and 
Reformatories  as  to  which  the  total  commitments  in  1911  were  15,272 
compared  with  13,687  in  1910  and  8,280  in  1902  and  including  1,600 
women  with  12  girls  and  91  boys  under  16  years.  There  were  508 
insane  persons  sent  to  gaols.  The  Hospital  for  Feeble-Minded,  Orillia, 
and  the  Hospital  for  Epileptics,  Woodstock,  were  under,  his  super- 
vision and  the  work  of  J.  J.  Kelso,  Superintendent  of  Neglected  and 
Dependent  Children,  was  given  every  possible  support — a  work  which 
included  the  Industrial  Schools  and  the  Children's  Aid  Societies  all 
over  the  Province  and  was  marked  by  the  annual  Report  of  Miss  Helen 
MacMurchy  as  to  Feeble-minded  women  and  children  in  particular. 
The  Hospitals  for  the  Insane,  etc.,  had  5,640  inmates  at  the  close  of 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912  317 

1911  and  there  was  a  record  of  226  undesirables  deported.  Mr. 
Hanna's  annual  Report  on  Hospitals  and  Charitable  Institutions 
(Sept.  30,  1912)  showed  a  total  number  under  treatment  of  64,559 
in  240  institutions  with  a  Provincial  grant  of  $212,901  and  total 
receipts  of  $1,635,475.  The  near  completion  of  the  magnificent  Gen- 
eral Hospital  in  Toronto  was  the  event  of  the  year  in  this  connec- 
tion. As  Registrar-General,  Mr.  Hanna  had  births,  marriages  and 
deaths  within  his  purview  and  the  figures  (Dec.  31,  1911)  were, 
respectively,  57,235,  25,807  and  34,341 — the  deaths  showing  a  con- 
siderably smaller  increase  than  the  births.  The  Fees  received  by  the 
Office  of  the  Provincial  Secretary  totalled  in  1911  $321,553  and  the 
Letters  Patent  and  Licenses  issued  numbered  1,211. 

The  Commissioners  for  the  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park 
also  reported  through  Mr.  Hanna  concerning  a  large  territory  around 
the  Falls  and  the  important  problem  of  Power  rights  and  Scenery 
preservation.  Elaborate  statements  were  made  in  this  document 
(year  ending  Mch.  31)  as  to  the  effect  of  existing  rights  and  con- 
tracts. "The  abstraction  of  water  from  the  Niagara  River  for  conv 
mercial  or  other  purposes  involves  two  distinct  and  separate  conditions ; 
first,  the  injury  that  may  result  to  navigation  by  lowering  the  water 
levels  of  the  Great  Lakes  system  and,  second,  the  effect  such  abstrac- 
tion will  have  on  the  scenic  features  of  the  two  great  Cataracts  at 
Niagara  Falls."  As  yet  there  was  no  appreciable  injury  to  naviga- 
tion. In  the  matter  of  scenic  effects  the  recession  of  the  rock  at  the 
crest  of  the  American  Falls  was  causing  substantial  injury.  The 
diversion  of  water  from  the  Great  Lakes  for  the  Chicago  and  other 
Canals  was  another  matter.  It  had  already  lowered  the  Lake  levels 
three  to  four  inches  and  if  the  current  proposals  were  granted 
would  cause  "  incalculable  damages "  to  the  Falls  as  well  as  to 
Navigation. 

To  the  matter  of  Public  Health,  Mr.  Hanna  devoted  much  atten- 
tion. A  Deputation  regarding  feeble-minded  school  children  and  the 
desirability  of  providing  them  a  separate  institution  were  told  on 
Mch.  8th  that  the  subject  was  receiving  the  most  careful  attention. 
Meanwhile  the  Minister  had  been  entrusted  by  the  Government  with 
the  preparation  of  plans  for  an  organized  and  general  treatment  of 
health  and  sanitary  conditions  and,  on  June  7th,  preliminary  arrange- 
ments were  announced.  The  Province  was  to  be  divided  into  seven 
Districts  with  headquarters  as  follows:  No.  1,  London;  No.  2, 
Palmerston ;  No.  3,  Hamilton ;  No.  4,  Peterborough ;  No.  5,  Kingston ; 
No.  6,  North  Bay,  and  No.  7,  Fort  William.  To  each  of  these  Dis- 
tricts a  medical  man  was  to  be  assigned  as  District  Officer  of  Health 
with  complete  supervision  and  responsibility  under  the  Provincial 
Department.  The  Officers  on  taking  office  would  be  required  to  pass 
an  examination  as  to  their  qualifications  for  the  work;  for  this  the 
University  of  Toronto  had  already  laid  out  the  course.  Six  of  the 
new  officials  were  shortly  afterwards  appointed — subject  to  passing 
the  prescribed  course  of  studies — as  follows:  Dr.  B.  Bentley,  Sarnia; 
Dr.  T.  J.  McNally,  Owen  Sound;  Dr.  D.  A.  McClenahan,  Water- 


318  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

down;  Dr.  George  Clinton,  Belleville:  Dr.  P.  J.  Maloney,  Cornwall; 
Dr.  R.  E.  Wodehouse,  Fort  William.  The  Chief  Health  Officer  for  the 
Province  was  Dr.  J.  W.  S.  McCullough. 

Considerable  improvements  were  effected  in  the  Training  School 
for  Nurses  in  connection  with  Hospitals  for  the  Insane;  a  new  and 
improved  institution  of  the  latter  kind  was  underway  at  Whitby  with 
accommodation  for  1,200  patients ;  plans  were  prepared  for  tile  drain- 
age systems  to  convert  into  fertile  soil  upwards  of  one  hundred  acres 
of  swamp  land  that  had  been  running  to  waste  for  generations  on  the 
Provincial  Asylum's  farms  at  Brockville,  Orillia  and  Whitby;  a 
Special  Report  was  prepared  under  the  Provincial  Secretary's  instruc- 
tions as  to  the  outbreak  of  Typhoid  fever  at  Sarnia  in  1911 ;  an  elab- 
orate statement  of  sanitary  and  other  conditions  throughout  the  Pro- 
vince in  the  calendar  year,  1911,  was  issued  by  the  Provincial  Board 
of  Health  of  which  Dr.  Adam  Wright  was  Chairman.  Dealing  with 
some  of  these  humanitarian  elements  of  progress  in  Ontario  during 
the  past  seven  years  Dr.  Edward  Ryan  of  Kingston  at  the  Edmonton 
meeting  of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association  said :  "  I  must  not  close 
this  short  reference  without  paying  my  tribute  to  the  man  who  for  us 
in  Ontario  made  this  work  possible.  The  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna  led  the 
way  in  this  great  departure,  and  by  his  wisdom,  his  courage  and  his 
successful  labours  in  this  and  kindred  fields,  his  name  will  be  forever 
cherished  in  the  grateful  hearts  of  a  grateful  country." 

Not  the  least  branch  of  the  work  thus  eulogized  was  the  Prison 
Farm  idea  which  Mr.  Hanna  had  been  working  out  at  Guelph  and, 
in  a  new  development  during  1912,  near  Fort  William  where  about 
1,000  acres  were  being  cleared  and  made  available  for  production  by 
prison  labour.  The  Guelph  project  involved  a  series  of  orderly  indus- 
trial, enterprises  and  a  practical  experiment  in  general  agriculture. 
The  Farm  covered  840  acres  and  had  an  immense  supply  of  stone  for 
building,  for  lime  and  for  cement,  with  areas  equally  adapted  to  fruit- 
growing, to  grain  and  to  stock-raising.  Costing  $110  per  acre  its 
land  would  in  1912  have  readily  sold  at  $200  per  acre.  It  had  in  that 
year  290  prisoners  who  were  working  toward  better  things  personally 
while  making  their  labour  also  productive  and  useful  to  the  public. 
During  this  year,  as  in  previous  ones,  the  Ontario  Motor  League  did 
its  utmost  to  obtain  from  the  Government  an  Amendment  of  the  law 
requiring  United  States  motorists  to  take  out  a  license  in  passing 
through  the  Province.  A  Deputation  on  Dec.  11  asked  Mr.  Hanna 
for  various  changes  in  the  interests  of  motorists  and,  chiefly,  for 
reciprocity  of  motor-car  licenses  between  Ontario  and  Quebec  and 
Ontario  and  New  York  State.  The  Minister  favoured  an  arrange- 
ment with  Quebec  but  did  not  like  the  idea  of  American  cars  tearing 
up  Ontario  roads  from  Detroit  to  Buffalo.  Meantime  there  had  been 
persistent  rumours  as  to  the  Provincial  Secretary  resigning  to  accept 
the  Chairmanship  of  the  Dominion  Railway  Commission.  Sir  James 
Whitney  on  June  27  stated  to  the  press  that  these  rumours  were  not 
at  all  surprising.  "  Mr.  Hanna's  work  as  a  member  of  the  Provincial 
Government  could  leave  no  doubt  as  to  his  fitness  for  the  position. 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912  319 

However,  the  importance  of  that  work  and  his  interest  in  it  have 
decided  him  "to  remain  with  the  Province." 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  continued,  under  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff 
as  Minister,  to  develop  various  lines  of  work.  Sir  James  Whitney 
announced  on  June  7th  that  this  Department  and  that  of  Education 
would  increase  by  eight  the  Districts  in  which  graduates  of  the 
Ontario  Agricultural  College  were  appointed  to  assist  and  direct  agri- 
cultural work  and  methods  and  to  teach  agriculture  in  the  High  and 
Continuation  Schools  and  Collegiate  Institutes  and  would  further 
extend  the  operations  of  three  existing  Districts — making  a  total  of 
30  in  operation.  A  little  later  it  was  announced  that  three  Univer- 
sities in  the  Province  would  establish  a  new  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Agriculture  (B.Sc.Agr.).  The  Course  would  extend  over 
four  years,  two  to  be  spent  at  a  University  and  two  at  the  Agri- 
cultural College  at  Guelph.  Those  who  qualified  would  be  able  to 
teach  both  science  and  agriculture  in  a  High  or  Continuation  School 
or  a  Collegiate  Institute.  The  appointment  of  J.  F.  Whitson  to  look 
into  conditions  and  supervise  Government  road-making  in  Northern 
Ontario  resulted  in  the  Department  receiving  information  of  much 
new  agricultural  land  there  and  plans  were  prepared  during  the 
Summer  for  starting  Live  Stock  Improvement  Associations  through- 
out that  country.  On  Sept.  15th  a  special  car  was  sent  through  the 
Province  containing  samples,  etc.,  calculated  to  make  known  the  agri- 
cultural resources  of  New  Ontario.  Meanwhile,  on  June  18th,  Mr. 
Duff  had  announced  that  Ontario's  portion  of  the  Dominion  grant 
for  Agriculture — $175,753 — would  be  expended  as  follows: 

A  new  Field  Husbandry  building  at  Guelph  Agricultural  College, 
$40,000;  Salaries  of  new  District  representatives,  $21,000;  Extension  of 
the  Poultry  work  at  Guelph  and  installation  of  a  2,000  egg-incubator, 
$10,000;  Purchase  of  a  small  herd  of  milking  Shorthorns  from  England 
for  the  Ontario  Agricultural  College,  $12,500;  Fruit  market  development 
in  the  West,  with  Ontario  Horticultural  Exhibition  and  orchard  prizes, 
$9,000;  Short  courses  in  Stock  raising  and  Seed  improvements,  $7,000,  and 
Eastern  Ontario  Live  Stock  Building,  $10,000. 

Agricultural  Exhibition  buildings  at  Fort  William,  Port  Arthur,  Lon- 
don and  Windsor,  $10,000;  Public  school  gardens,  etc.,  $10,000,  and  Field 
drainage  work  demonstration  at  Ontario  Agricultural  College,  $6,000; 
Live  Stock  "improvement  in  Northern  Ontario,  $5,000;  Women's  Domestic 
Science  Institutes,  $3,500,  and  Dairy  farm  survey  in  Ontario,  $2,000; 
Western  Ontario  Creamery  instructor,  $1,500;  Soil  tests  throughout 
Ontario,  $500;  More  land  for  the  Ontario  Veterinary  College  on  Univer- 
sity Avenue,  Toronto,  $25,000,  and  Miscellaneous  experiments,  $3,733. 

The  Department  issued  many  publications  during  the  year  calculated 
to  extend  the  practical  knowledge  of  farmers.  The  Beport  of  the 
Agricultural  Societies  contained  a  statement  in  President  J.  V. 
Simmons'  address  that  the  use  of  good  seed  by  the  farmers  would 
increase  the  ordinary  yield  by  5  bushels  an  acre.  "  I  believe  it  is 
quite  possible,  through  the  use  of  suitable  varieties  and  clean  plump 
seed,  to  accomplish  this  end.  The  year  before  last  our  field  crops  in 
Ontario  were  valued  at  $205,000,000.  An  addition  of  five  bushels 
per  acre  would  mean  25,000,000  bushels  additional  which  might  be 


320 

valued  at,  say,  $20,000,000,  all  of  which  might  be  considered  profit." 
Another  Report  published  the  result  of  Field  Crop  Competitions  and 
Prize  Winners  in  1,800  cases  and  covering  28,000  acres.  Elaborate 
Reports  were  also  issued  of  Live  Stock  Associations  and  their  work; 
the  Farmers  Institutes  reported  for  the  year  ending  June  30  an 
attendance  at  regular  meetings  of  86,460  with  special  meetings 
attended  by  93,761  persons  and  lectures  given  by  the  staff  of  the 
Guelph  College  to  18,000  persons;  the  Women's  Institutes  reported 
much  good  work  and  700  branches  with  20,861  members,  5,900 
monthly  meetings  and  speakers  furnished  by  the  Department  for  1,100 
special  meetings  with  a  total  attendance  of  177,342. 

Agricultural  education  was  further  extended  into  the  rural  schools 
of  the  Province.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  Department  and  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  Guelph  College  and  the  Education  Department, 
15  schools  had  qualified  in  1910  for  grants  in  school  gardening;  in 
1912  there  were  more  than  100  which  had  systematic  instruction  in 
agriculture  and  practical  work  in  school  gardens.  Elementary  Agri- 
cultural Science  was  taught  in  connection  with  Chemistry  in  all  of 
the  284  High  and  Continuation  schools  of  the  Province.  Nature  study 
and  science  work  were  provided  at  the  Normal  schools,  while  a  spe- 
cial year's  course  for  teachers  was  offered  at  the  Guelph  College  with 
100  graduates  a  year.  In  1911  the  Agricultural  College  had  an 
attendance  of  1,557  students.  Reports  were  published  for  the  Dairy- 
men's, Corn  Growers,  Bee-Keepers,  Fruit  Growers,  Vegetable  Grow- 
ers and  Horticultural  Associations.  The  Ontario  Veterinary  College 
progressed  under  the  support  of  the  Department  while  the  Ontario 
Agricultural  and  Experimental  Union  did  a  variety  of  useful  work. 
Special  pamphlets  were  issued  dealing  with  Cheese  and  Butter  mak- 
ing, Farm,  Forestry,  Ice-cold  storage  on  the  Farm,  Peach-growing, 
Cabbage-raising  and  Grape-growing.  A  Municipal  Bulletin  of  much 
value  gave  carefully  compiled  statistics  in  that  connection  while 
Agricultural  statistics  were  fully  dealt  with  through  the  Bureau  of 
Industries  working  under  the  Minister  of  Agriculture.  The  Inspectors 
of  Factories  for  the  Province  reported  to  the  same  Department. 

During  1912  Mr.  C.  C.  James,  C.M.G.,  after  20  years  of  valued 
service  as  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture,  retired  to  become  a  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  at  Ottawa.  On  the  day  of  giving  up  his 
duties  (Feb.  28)  he  was  presented  by  Hon.  Mr.  Duff,  on  behalf  of  the 
outside  and  inside  representatives  of  the  Department,  with  a  gold 
watch  and  chain  and  locket  and  cuff-links  set  with  diamonds.  W.  Bert 
Roadhouse,  Secretary  to  the  Minister,  was  appointed  his  successor 
with  C.  F.  Bailey,  B.S.A.,  Live  Stock  Specialist,  as  Deputy  Assistant 
Minister  having  supervision  of  the  outside  work  of  the  Department. 
In  January,  also,  N.  B.  Colcock  in  charge  of  the  Department's  Immi- 
gration Office  in  London  resigned  and  H.  A.  Macdonnell  of  Chatham 
was  appointed  Director  of  Colonization  in  place  of  Donald  Suther- 
land who,,  in  1911,  had  been  elected  member  for  South  Oxford.  The 
latest  published  Report  of  this  Department  (April,  1913)  was  for  the 
year  ending  Oct.  31,  1911,  and  it  reviewed  the  work  done  during  that 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DUBINQ  1912  321 

period — the  issue  of  210,000  Bulletins  dealing  with  agricultural  sub- 
jects and  of  274,800  Reports  of  the  nature  already  indicated.  The 
net  total  of  Immigration  for  the  year  mentioned  was  stated  at  9,029. 

The  Department  of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines  had  most  important 
work  to  do  during  the  year  and  its  Minister,  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst, 
was  kept  busy  administering  his  Department  and  expressing  in 
optimistic  terms  his  hopes  for  Northern  development  and  his  belief 
in  Northern  resources.*  At  the  banquet  of  the  Associated  Ontario 
Boards  of  Trade  (Feb.  22)  the  Minister  was  enthusiastic  upon  this 
subject :  "  The  possibilities  of  the  North  have  been  scarcely  scratched. 
The  prospector's  pick  is  yet  destined  to  bring  to  light  a  score  of 
Cobalts  and  Porcupines.  Porcupine  itself  has  barely  revealed  the 
secret  of  its  vast  wealth.  Before  long  a  mighty  stream  of  yellow 
metal  will  flow  steadily  to  the  older  Province.  The  agricultural 
prospects  are  fully  as  promising  and  twenty  million  acres  of  arable 
land  in  the  great  Clay  Belt  challenge  competition  with  all  Canada. 
The  Canadian  Northern  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railways  are  pro- 
viding two  great  arteries  and  in  a  short  time  the  flood  of  settlers  will 
be  diverted  from  the  steady  Western  rush  into  a  part  of  the  Dominion 
where  prospects  are  just  as  promising."  During  July  Mr.  Hearst, 
with  Dr.  Reaume,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  and  Mr.  Duff,  Minister 
of  Agriculture,  visited  New  Ontario  along  the  whole  of  the  T.  &  N.  0. 
Railway  and  over  part  of  the  National  Transcontinental.  Impromptu 
meetings  were  held  for  the  Ministers  at  Cochrane,  Cobalt,  Haileybury, 
Englehart  and  other  places  and  the  burning  question  of  good  roads 
fully  discussed.  Mr.  Hearst  announced  on  his  return  (July  27)  that 
the  Government  was  considering  the  opening  of  Lorraine  and  Cole- 
man  Townships  for  settlement.  On  Aug.  2nd  he  stated  that  4,000 
acres  of  land  in  the  Gillies  Limit,  east  of  the  Montreal  River,  would 
be  opened  on  Aug.  20th  to  prospectors.  "  The  Department,"  he  said, 
"has  no  information  that  would  justify  us  in  putting  this  territory 
up  for  tender  in  view  of  the  experience  of  the  past." 

On  Sept.  10th  Mr.  Hearst,  accompanied  by  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff  and 
Dr.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  left  Toronto  for  a  trip  through  that 
part  of  Northern  Ontario  extending  from  the  head  of  the  Lakes  to 
the  Manitoba  boundary.  The  Ministers  were  banquetted  at  Dryden 
on  Sept.  12th,  Kenora  was  visited  on  the  13th,  two  days  were  spent 
in  Winnipeg,  Fort  Frances  was  reached  on  the  17th  and  Emo,  Port 
Arthur  and  Fort  William  on  the  following  days.  On  his  return 
(Oct.  5)  Mr.  Hearst  told  the  press  that  the  Rainy  River  country 
was  well  wooded  and  contained  a  large  percentage  of  very  valuable 
timber,  in  addition  to  a  tremendous  quantity  of  pulpwood;  and  that 
the  soil  resembled  very  closely  the  deep  black  loam  of  the  Western 
plains.  "It  is  marvellously  productive  and  particularly  suited  to 
the  growing  of  roots  and  vegetables,  grain  and  clover."  The  Bureau 
of  Mines,  attached  to  this  Department,  issued  its  usual  elaborate 
Report  in  1912,  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1911,  under  the  direc- 

*  NOTE. — In  the  Supplement  to  this  Volume  will  be  found  an  able  present- 
ment by  Mr.  Hearst  of  New  Ontario  conditions. 
21 


322  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

tion  of  T.  "W.  Gibson,  Deputy  Minister  of  Mines.  The  Mining  indus- 
try of  Ontario  was  reviewed  at  length  and  in  great  detail;  mining 
accidents  and  the  operation  of  existing  mines  were  described  by  E.  T. 
Corkill ;  A.  L.  Parsons  and  A.  G.  Burrows  made  their  second  Reports 
upon  the  Porcupine  gold  region  and  W.  R.  Rogers  dealt  with  its 
water  powers;  the  Swastika  gold  area,  the  West  Shining  Tree  Dis- 
trict and  the  gold  area  of  Cripple  Creek  were  described  as  was  the 
geology  of  the  Detroit  River  area.  Dr.  Willet  G.  Miller,  Provincial 
Geologist,  dealt  in  a  special  publication  with  the  new  District  of 
Patricia. 

It  may  be  added  that  the  Mining  revenue  for  year  ending  Oct. 
31,  1911,  was  $798,920,  the  Mining  lands  sold  and  leased  realized 
$70,756,  Miners'  licenses  brought  in  $211,768  and  Royalties  $285,913 
while  the  Profit  tax  on  mines  (in  excess  of  $10,000)  realized  $176,314. 
The  Mining  Companies  incorporated  in  1911  numbered  213  with  an 
aggregate  nominal  capital  of  $215,640,000.  The  latest  available 
Report  for  this  Department  (Oct.  31,  1911)  showed  a  sale  of  118,573 
acres  of  Crown  Lands  for  agricultural  purposes  at  $159,889  and  the 
locating  of  1,568  applicants  upon  224,042  acres  of  free  farms.  The 
revenue  of  the  Department  was  $2,710,242  of  which  $2,151,258  came 
from  woods  and  forests.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  Minister 
appointed  Prof.  E.  J.  Zavitz,  a  well-known  authority  on  the  subject, 
as  Provincial  Forester,  with  a  special  view  to  systematic  conservation 
of  the  timber  of  New  Ontario — not  only  by  careful  restrictions  upon 
lumbering,  but  through  the  elimination  of  careless  methods  that 
paved  the  way  for  fires  and  their  accompanying  heavy  losses.  On 
Dec.  20th,  Mr.  Hearst  was  entertained  at  a  banquet  at  North  Bay  with 
Hon.  F.  Cochrane,  Senator  George  Gordon,  J.  L.  Englehart  and  others 
present.  The  keynote  of  the  speeches  was  good  roads,  and  the  Min- 
ister promised  that  roads  leading  to  North  Bay  would  receive  attention 
from  his  Department. 

The  Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  had  the  usual 
important  range  of  subjects  to  deal  with  during  the  year  and,  in  meet- 
ing them,  had  the  effective  aid  of  his  Deputy,  Dr.  A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun. 
Decentralization  of  school  control,  increased  salaries  and  improved 
training  for  teachers,  more  and  better  Normal  Schools,  effective  sup- 
port to  the  University,  were  the  broad  outlines  of  a  policy  dealing 
with  what  the  Departmental  Report  for  1911  (Calendar  year)  showed 
to  be  an  enrolled  school  attendance  of  520,255,  teachers  numbering 
10,542  and  Receipts  of  all  kinds  totalling  $12,496,643.  The  Minister 
opened  the  Victoria  School  at  Berlin  on  Jan.  12  and  on  Mch.  12 
received  a  Deputation  which  claimed  that  the  High  School  Act  allow- 
ing County  pupils  to  attend  High  Schools  in  cities  and  towns  at  a 
lower  rate  than  the  City  pupils  was  an  injustice.  Consideration  was 
promised  though  Dr.  Pyne  pointed  out  that  County  pupils  had  to 
meet  the  extra  expense  of  train  fare  and  travelling  to  the  centres 
concerned.  It  was  announced  on  Aug.  12  that  the  Normal  School 
grounds  and  buildings  in  Toronto  would  be  offered  for  sale  and, 
toward  the  close  of  the  year,  the  Department  moved  from  this  old- 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912  323 

time  home  of  Provincial  Education  to  a  new  wing  of  the  Parliament 
Buildings.  The  Minister  visited  Northern  Ontario  in  September  and 
stated  that  Dr.  Colquhoun,  Deputy  Minister,  would  be  appointed  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  conditions  there.  The  Bi-lingual  school 
agitation  was  a  subject  requiring  the  Minister's  attention  during  the 
year  and  it  is  fully  dealt  with  elsewhere.  Early  in  October  Dr.  Pyne 
issued  a  request  to  the  School  Boards  of  the  Province  that  the  death 
of  General  Brock  on  Oct.  13th,  1812,  be  properly  commemorated  by 
calling  the  children's  attention  to  his  qualities  as  a  soldier  and  states- 
man. During  Dr.  Pyne's  absence  in  England,  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst 
was  Acting  Minister  and  he  intimated  on  Dec.  7  that  a  new  text-book, 
the  High  School  Composition,  would  retail  for  18  cents  in  place  of 
old  rates  which  had  varied  from  40  up  to  75  cents.  Appointments  of 
the  year  included  R.  W.  Anglin,  M.A.,  as  Secretary  of  the  Department; 
D.  J.  Goggin,  M.A.,  D.C.L.,  as  General  Editor  of  Text  Books;  R.  W. 
Murray,  B.A.,  as  Head  Master  of  the  Normal  School,  Toronto. 

Important  work  in  this  Department  was  done  by  W.  R.  Nursey 
as  Inspector  of  Public  Libraries  and  his  Report  for  the  calendar  year, 
1911,  showed  a  marked  development  in  Library  extension;  in  the 
encouragement  of  poor  and  weak  Libraries  or  the  establishment  of 
new  ones;  in  the  increased  circulation  of  Travelling  Libraries  from 
169  in  1910  to  243  in  1911  with  14,000  books  on  the  wing;  in  the 
aid  given  to  Library  Institutes  and  a  Summer  Library  School.  The 
Free  Public  Libraries  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  were  stated  as  136  with 
955,727  volumes;  the  Public  Libraries  numbered  228  with  446,556 
volumes.  To  the  meeting  of  the  American  Library  Association  at 
Ottawa  (May  26- June  2)  the  Department  paid  the  expenses  of  repre- 
sentatives from  a  number  of  Ontario  Libraries.  The  proceedings 
were  important  and  the  results  valuable.  The  Advisory  Council  of 
the  Minister  of  Education — partly  appointed  and  partly  elected — 
was  chosen  in  1912  as  follows: 

Appointed  for  Name.  Address. 

High  School  Teachers Gilbert  A.  Smith,  M.A Toronto. 

High  School  Teachers Arthur  P.  Gundry,  B.A Strathroy. 

Public  School  Inspectors N.  W.  Campbell,   B.A Durham. 

Public  School  Inspectors T.  A.   Craig Kemptville. 

Separate  School  Teachers John  J.  Rogers Lindsay. 

Ex-offlcio   Member    John  Seath,  LL.D Toronto. 

Ex-offlcio    Member    R.  A.  Falconer,  D.D.,  LL.D Toronto. 

Elected  from  Name.  Address, 

University  College    Maurice  Hutton,  LL.D Toronto. 

Trinity   College    Rev.  Provost  Macklem,  D.D.,  D.C.L. Toronto. 

Victoria  College    Prof.  J.  C.  Robertson,   M.A Toronto. 

McMaster   University    A.   L.   McCrimmon,   LL.D Toronto. 

University  of  Ottawa Rev.  A.  B.  Roy,  O.M.I Ottawa. 

Queen's    University    John   Matheson    Kingston. 

Western  University   N.   C.  James,   M.A London. 

Public   School   Teachers Harriet  Johnston    Toronto. 

Public   School   Teachers James  D.  Denny,  B.A Ottawa, 

Public   School   Teachers T.  A.   Reid Owen  Sound. 

Public  School  Teachers R.  P.  Downey,  B.A.,  B.paed Peterborough. 

School    Trustees    John    H.    Laugh  ton Parkhill. 

School    Trustees    J.  J.  Morrison Arthur. 

Two  of  the  most  important  subjects  coming  under  the  supervision 
of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works — Hon.  J.  0.  Reaume — were  the 


I 


324  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  and  the  question  of  Road  betterment.  The  Report 
of  the  Railway  Commission  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  31,  1911,  showed 
a  main  line  mileage  of  252-8,  branch  lines  of  41-34  and  yards  and 
sidings  of  84-49  or  a  total  mileage  of  379  -63.  The  operating  revenue 
was  $1,780,964  and  operating  expenses  $1,181,998;  the  amount  paid 
to  the  Treasurer  of  Ontario  was  $515,000.  A  Report  was  published 
by  the  Commission — J.  L.  Englehart  (Chairman),  Denis  Murphy  and 
Frederick  Dane — during  the  year  prepared  by  J.  G.  McMillan  and 
dealing  with  the  Geology  of  the  area  along  the  line  of  the  Railway. 
On  Jan.  3rd  a  Deputation  waited  upon  the  Premier  and  Dr.  R6aume 
to  ask  for  the  extension  of  the  Timiskaming  and  Northern  Ontario 
Railway  from  Porcupine  to  a  junction  with  the  Canadian  Northern 
line  at  its  terminus  near  Ruel.  They  claimed  that  the  construction 
of  this  seventy-mile  stretch  of  track  would  bring  the  Porcupine  gold 
camp  eighty-eight  miles  nearer  to  Toronto,  and  incidentally  bring 
Sudbury  and  its  surrounding  district  in  close  touch  with  the  camp 
and  a  hundred  miles  nearer  by  rail  to  Northern  Timiskaming  and  the 
Transcontinental.  A  tender  was  accepted  on  Mch.  21st  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  30-mile  Earlton  and  Elk  Lake  branch  and  the  first 
train  was  run  on  Dec.  23rd ;  and  on  May  20  new  freight  rates  went  into 
force  between  Toronto  and  Porcupine  involving  conspicuous  decreases 
on  first  class  freight. 

Throughout  the  earlier  part  of  the  year  considerable  discussion 
took  place  over  the  effort  to  obtain  and  to  grant  the  Federal  subsidy, 
usually  given  to  Dominion  lines,  to  the  T.  &  N.  0.  As  to  Roads  the 
Provincial  Engineer  of  Highways,  W.  A.  McLean,  reported  to  the 
Minister  that  during  1911,  18  Counties  were  constructing  highways 
under  the  Provincial  Act  at  a  total  expenditure  for  the  year  of 
$712,072  with  the  Government  contributing  one-third.  Between 
1902  and  1911  $3,402,602  had  been  thus  expended  of  which  $1,134,200 
came  from  the  Government.  The  Minister  had  charge  of  the  import- 
ant Road  proposals  and  amendments  to  the  Act  in  the  Legislature 
of  1912.  As  to  this  Dr.  R6aume  told  the  Good  Roads  Association 
on  Feb.  27th  that  "  some  years  ago  we  voted  the  sum  of  one  million 
dollars  for  good  roads.  Over  $900,000  of  that  has  already  been 
spent;  and  we  have  just  brought  a  Bill  into  the  House  providing 
for  another  million  to  meet  obligations  where  the  good  roads  are 
already  started  and  to  be  prepared  for  those  who  in  the  future  will 
undertake  this  work."  The  Report  of  the  Minister  for  1911 — pub- 
lished in  1912 — dealt  with  the  construction  of  a  new  Government 
House  and  an  Ontario  Government  Building  in  London,  England, 
additions  to  the  Parliament  Buildings,  construction  of  the  Prison 
Farm  at  Guelph  and  of  many  steel  bridges  and  wooden  bridges  on 
Colonization  roads,  the  building  of  new  trunk  roads  in  the  Porcupine 
district,  construction  of  various  Hospital  buildings. 

The  Game  and  Fisheries  Department  reported  to  the  Minister  of 
Public  Works  and  their  Report  of  Oct.  31st,  1912,  covered  conditions 
in  that  year.  The  Superintendent  (E.  Tinsley)  stated  that  "with 
few  exceptions  the  licensed  fishermen  of  the  Province  have  respected 


THE  WHITNEY  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912  325 

the  conditions  of  their  respective  licenses  which  augurs  well  for  the 
future.  Those  few  failing  to  do  so  have  received  much-needed  and 
costly  lessons  which  I  trust  will  not  have  to  be  repeated.  I  also  have 
great  pleasure  in  reporting  that,  as  a  rule,  the  tourists  are  more  dis- 
posed to  act  in  accordance  with  the  conditions  on  which  their  angling 
permits  are  issued.  The  net  fishermen,  as  well  as  the  anglers,  are  evi- 
dently realizing  that  a  strict  observance  of  the  laws  and  regulations  is 
imperative,  to  enable  the  Government  to  succeed  in  their  strenuous 
efforts  to  perpetuate  and  improve  one  of  the  most  valuable  assets  of 
the  Province  in  the  interests  of  present  and  future  generations."  In 
this  connection  Mr.  A.  Kelly  Evans,  as  Special  Commissioner, 
reported  very  fully  to  the  Government  upon  general  conditions  and 
advised  a  scheme  of  re-organization  for  the  protection  of  fish  and 
game:  "The  situation  is  bad  to-day,"  he  said.  "In  a  few  years,  if 
matters  are  not  meanwhile  improved,  it  must  inevitably  be  worse,  if 
not  altogether  irreparable." 

A  Deputation  waited  upon  Dr.  Eeaume  on  Dec.  18th  and  asked 
for  the  construction  of  a  concrete  trunk  road  between  Toronto  and 
Hamilton — the  two  Cities  giving  one-quarter  of  the  cost,  the  Coun- 
ties concerned  another  quarter  and  the  Government  one-half.  The 
Provincial  Bureau  of  Labour  was  within  the  jurisdiction  of  this 
Department  and  its  Eeport  for  1912  showed  five  free  Employment 
Bureaus  which  provided  situations  for  1,293  persons  in  1911;  the 
construction  of  25,330  new  buildings  in  the  Province  costing  $60,390,- 
017;  the  municipal  expenditure  of  $7,614,496  upon  roadways,  bridges, 
etc.,  and  of  $3,714,988  on  sanitation  and  sewers ;  the  control  of  Public 
Utilities  by  cities,  towns,  villages  and  townships  totalling  $43,402,064 
in  value  and  of  which  waterworks  were  responsible  for  $28,000,000 
and  electric  lighting  for  $10,000,000.  In  818  industrial  establish- 
ments the  average  wage  rate  was  reported  as  $495.10  per  year  and 
$1.74  per  day  as  compared  with  $467.80  and  $1.64  in  1910. 

Of  the  other  Ministers  and  Departments  the  important  office  of 
Provincial  Treasurer  was  held  by  Hon.  A.  J.  Matheson  whose  unfor- 
tunate illness  prevented  him  from  filling  his  usual  place  in  public 
affairs.  He  announced  on  Apl.  20th  that  the  Government  had  issued 
a  loan  through  the  bonds  of  the  Province  for  $2,210,000  of  which 
$2,000,000  was  for  general  purposes  and  the  balance  for  a  final  pay- 
ment on  the  purchase  of  certain  lands  and  limits  in  Algonquin  Park ; 
on  June  5th  $1,000,000  out  of  the  $5,000,000  authorized  for  Northern 
Ontario  purposes  was  issued  through  the  Bank  of  Montreal  at  slightly 
above  par.  During  July  and  August  Mr.  Matheson  was  in  England 
and  took  occasion,  with  Lord  Strathcona's  aid,  to  press  upon  the 
Imperial  authorities  the  placing  of  Provincial  securities  upon  the 
Trustees  List.  At  this  time  the  securities  on  the  Trustee  List  included 
Crown  Colonies  and  other  territories  where  the  Crown  had,  or  exer- 
cised the  right,  of  vetoing  measures  that  might  be  thought  injurious 
to  the  credit  of  the  communities  concerned.  The  English  railways 
and  municipalities  were  also  included  in  the  List  and  the  privilege 
involved  the  investment  of  large  sums  of  money.  In  the  presentation 


326  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  the  Budget  speech  and  the  general  administration  of  the  Depart- 
ment, Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  Minister  without  Portfolio,  relieved  Colonel 
Matheson.  He  took,  also,  great  interest  in  proposed  Telephone  legis- 
lation and  went  to  England  during  the  Summer  to  inquire,  for  the 
Government,  as  to  public  ownership  operations  there  in  this  connec- 
tion. To  The  Globe  on  Sept.  14  Mr.  Lucas  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that 
Ontario  had  little  to  learn  in  that  direction.  He  did  not  approve  of 
competitive  Telephone  systems  and,  while  Government  ownership  of 
trunk  lines  was  most  desirable  so  far  as  Ontario  was  concerned,  that 
matter  was  largely  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment as  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  was  a  Federal  corporation. 

The  Hon.  J.  J.  Foy,  K.C.,  Attorney-General,  had  supervision  of 
the  Ontario  Provincial  Police  Force,  the  Division  Courts,  Registry 
Offices  and  Insurance.  To  him  was  submitted  the  Report  of  the 
Municipal  Auditor  of  the  Province  and  the  statements  of  the  Loan 
Corporations.  The  Attorney-General's  policy  in  carrying  the  case  of 
the  Province  against  the  Canadian  Niagara  Power  Co.  to  the  Judicial 
Committee  was  rewarded  with  success.  The  action  arose  out  of  the 
interpretation  of  the  contract  between  the  Niagara  Falls  Park  Com- 
missioners and  the  Canadian  Niagara  Power  Co.  The  Commissioners 
claimed  that  rental  should  be  paid  on  the  basis  of  the  maximum,  or 
peak  load,  at  any  time  attained.  The  Company,  on  the  other  hand, 
maintained  that  payment  should  be  made  on  the  basis  of  the  average 
quantity  of  power  developed.  The  decision  was  given  in  favour  of 
the  Government  and  the  Commission  and  gave  the  latter  $133,000 
more  revenue  a  year.  Mr.  Foy  announced,  on  July  8th,  that  the  comr 
plete  re-organization  of  the  Ontario  High  Court  with  a  consequent 
limitation  of  appeals — passed  in  1909 — Would  come  into  force  on 
Jan.  1st,  1913. 

Of  the  three  important  Commissions  acting  under  the  Government 
the  Hydro-Electric  is  treated  separately  and  the  T.  &  N.  0.  has  been 
dealt  with  above.  The  Ontario  Railway  and  Municipal  Board — James 
Leitch,  K.C.  (Chairman),  A.  B.  Ingram  and  H.  N.  Kittson — reported 
direct  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor  for  the  calendar  year,  1911,  and 
showed  234  formal  applications  to  the  Board,  with  the  validation  of 
municipal  debentures  totalling  $1,353,855,  the  approval  or  consid- 
eration of  many  important  Railway  plans  and  notably  those  of  the 
City  of  Toronto  and  the  Toronto  and  York  Radial  Railway.  Mr. 
Leitch  was  the  subject  of  considerable  public  criticism  during  the 
year  and  W.  C.  Mikel,  K.C.,  of  Belleville,  went  so  far  on  June  18th  as 
to  say  in  a  Toronto  speech :  "  The  Ontario  Railway  Board  lacks  muni- 
cipal ideas  and  has  failed  to  grasp  the  situation  as  they  should.  We 
do  not  want  a  Board  which  will  give  the  'Cities  everything  they  ask." 
In  the  case  of  the  Queen  Street  Car  stub  service  in  Toronto,  the 
Board  and  the  City  were  in  pronounced  conflict  with  each  other. 
Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  Mr.  Leitch  was  raised  to  the  Bench  and 
•on  Dec.  7th  the  appointment  was  gazetted  of  Donald  M.  Mclntyre, 
K.C.,  City  Solicitor  of  Kingston  for  15  years,  as  member  and  Chairman 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  ONTABIO  LEGISLATURE         327 

of  the  Board.    Miscellaneous  Government  appointments  during  1912 
were  as  follows: 

Registrar  of  Deeds  for  North  Wel- 

ington  James  Tucker  Peel  Township. 

Registrar  of  Deeds  for  North  York.  .James   D.    McKay Newmarket. 

Police  Magistrate  for  County  of 

York  Thomas  H.  Brunton Toronto. 

Commissioner  and  Juvenile  Court... John  Edward  Starr Toronto. 

Police  Magistrate  for  Golden  City 

and  Porcupine  Gordon  H.  Gauthier Porcupine. 

Police  Magistrate  for  and  In  Nipis- 
sing,  Timiskaming,  Sudbury  and 
Algoma  Seigf ried  Atkinson Haileybury. 

Crown   Attorney  for   Manitoulin William    F.    McRae Gore  Bay. 

Police  Magistrate  for  St.   Mary's George  D.   Laurie St.  Mary's. 

Sheriff  of  Northumberland  and  Dur- 
ham   David  J.  Nesbitt Brighton. 

Registrar  of  Deeds  for  West  Middle- 
sex   Richard  Dunlop Napier. 

District  Crown  Attorney  for  Sud- 
bury   Robert  R.  McKessock ....  Sudbury. 

Police  Magistrate  for  Renfrew Matthew  Devine    Renfrew. 

Police  Magistrate  for  Provisional 

County  of  Haliburton John  H.  Delamere Mindon. 

Registrar  in  and  for  County  of 

Ontario  Horace  Bascom  Uxbridge. 

Sheriff  of  Waterloo  County Henry  G.  Lackner,  M.D.  .  .Berlin. 

Registrar  of  Deeds  for  Haldimand ..  Philip    R.    Howard Hagersville. 

Registrar  of  Deeds  for  County  of 

Bruce  Wm.  H.  McFarlane Paisley. 

Registrar  in  and  for  County  of  Sim- 

coe  John  F.  Palling Barrie. 

Mining  Commissioner  for  Ontario. .  .T.  B.  Godson,  K.C Bracebridge. 

The  first  Session  of  the  13th  Legislature  was  opened 
on  Feb.  7th  by  Lieut.-Governor  John  Morison  Gibson, 
the  o&tario  K-cv  w^  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  referred  to 
x.eginatnre  the  coming  of  the  Koyal  Governor-General  and  to  the 
Coronation  of  King  George — at  which  His  Honour, 
with  Sir  J.  P.  Whitney  and  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff,  officially  represented  the 
Province ;  mentioned  the  bountiful  harvest  and  increasing  enterprise 
and  activities  of  the  people;  referred  to  the  continued  success  of  the 
Timiskaming  and  Northern  Ontario  Railway  and  to  the  Agreement 
with  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  which  granted  the  latter  running 
rights  over  the  T.  &  N.  0.  for  a  yearly  rental  of  $300,000  or  one-half 
of  the  interest  on  the  total  construction  of  the  Ontario  Line; 
announced  the  beginning  of  construction  on  the  new  Central  Prison 
buildings  at  Guelph  with  a  large  part  of  the  work  of  construction  per- 
formed by  the  prisoners  who,  in  this  connection,  were  treated  as  not 
unworthy  of  trust ;  stated  that  "  the  great  scheme  for  the  utilization 
of  Hydro-electric  power  in  the  public  interest  has,  after  many  vicissi- 
tudes, been  accomplished  and  is  now  in  full  and  successful  operation 
in  the  western  part  of  the  Province,  and  steps  are  now  being  taken  by 
my  Government  to  extend  the  operations  of  the  Commission  to  Cen- 
tral, Northern  and  Eastern  Ontario." 

The  increasing  output  of  silver  and  the  promising  prospects  of 
gold  production  were  mentioned  and  His  Honour  then  referred  to 
the  very  important  work  of  practical  demonstration  carried  on  as 
to  live-stock,  dairying,  fruit-growing  and  the  growing  of  field  crops, 
by  the  District  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture; 


328  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

mentioned  the  completion  of  the  new  westerly  wing  of  the  Parlia- 
ment Buildings  and  the  pending  completion  of  the  additional  northern 
wing;  stated  that  contracts  for  the  stonework  and  foundations  of  a 
new  Government  House — the  old  historic  structure  on  the  corner  of 
King  and  Simcoe  was  pulled  down  during  the  year  to  make  way  for 
C.P.R.  shops — had  been  let  and  that  the  sum  arising  from  the  sale 
of  the  old  Government  House  would  pay  the  cost  of  the  new  build- 
ings and  leave  something  for  maintenance;  announced  that  the  Cen- 
tral Prison  and  Lunatic  Asylum  properties  had  been  sold  for  the 
sum  of  $1,025,000;  expected  co-operation  between  his  Government 
and  that  at  Ottawa  in  relation  to  Agriculture  and  Immigration  mat- 
ters; spoke  of  the  great  importance  of  promoting  development  in 
New  Ontario  and  promised  immediate  steps  in  that  direction. 

The  first  incident  of  the  Session  was  the  election  of  a  Speaker  to 
succeed  Hon.  Thomas  Crawford  and  for  this  position  Mr.  William 
Henry  Hoyle,  Member  for  North  Ontario  since  1898,  was  unanimously 
chosen  amid  various  expressions  of  popular  approval.  The  Address 
was  moved  by  David  Jamieson  of  South  Grey  and  seconded  by  Charles 
McCrea  of  Sudbury  and,  after  considerable  discussion,  passed  without 
division  on  Feb.  20th.  The  debate  was  marked  by  the  first  appear- 
ance of  the  new  Opposition  Leader,  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  and  his 
maiden  speech  in  the  House  was  an  excellent  presentation  of  Liberal 
points  of  view  with,  however,  occasional  clashes  between  the  speaker 
and  the  Prime  Minister.  The  Address  was,  he  declared,  particularly 
notable  for  the  absence  of  reference  to  the  Hydro-Electric  adminis- 
tration, to  the  question  of  a  Federal  subsidy  for  the  T.  and  N.  0.  Rail- 
way, to  the  Manitoba-Ontario  boundary  question,  to  the  amelioration 
of  Liquor  evils,  and  to  the  subject  of  Bi-lingual  schools. 

What,  he  asked,  was  the  Government's  policy  regarding  the  pro- 
posal to  place  the  Hydro-Electric  in  the  control  of  a  Cabinet  Minister, 
or  had  the  Government  abandoned  its  position?  Why,  he  continued, 
was  no  mention  made  of  Bi-lingual  schools  ?  "  In  his  election  speeches 
the  Prime  Minister  said  there  were  none,  but  I  find  in  the  Public 
Accounts  for  1910  three  items  of  $1,700  each  paid  to  Inspectors  of 
Bi-lingual  Schools.  Is  the  Government  paying  three  men  as  Inspec- 
tors of  Bi-lingual  schools,  when  there  are  none?"  Mr.  Rowell  then 
read  a  newspaper  statement  purporting  to  come  from  the  Attorney- 
General  saying  that  there  could  not  lawfully  be  any  Bi-lingual  schools 
in  the  Province  and  asked  why  the  Government  had  been  paying 
Inspectors  for  unlawful  purposes !  After  congratulating  the  Govern- 
ment upon  some  features  of  the  Hydro-electric  policy  and  T.  &  N.  0. 
construction  the  Opposition  leader  commented  on  the  alleged  Elk  Lake 
telegram  from  the  Prime  Minister  promising,  three  days  before  the 
Election,  a  Railway  extension  to  that  community;  referred  to  the 
alleged  need  for  immediate  action  in  the  Liquor  question,  Northern 
Ontario  development  and  Tax  Reform;  and  concluded,  amidst  laugh- 
ter, by  a  brief  reference  to  the  omission  of  Woman  Suffrage  from  the- 
Government* s  announcement  of  policy. 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  ONTARIO  LEGISLATURE          329 

Sir  James  Whitney  in  his  reply  paid  tribute  to  the  abilities  and 
helpfulness  of  Mr.  A.  G.  MacKay  in  the  legislative  work  of  the  House 
and  erpressed  his  hope  that  the  new  Leader  would  have  as  useful  a 
career;  declared  that  the  latter  had  great  assurance  to  ask  for  imme- 
diate treatment  by  the  Government  of  a  Liquor  problem  as  to  which 
he  himself  had  said  he  required  four  years  to  make  up  his  mind ;  stated 
regarding  Bi-lingual  schools,  that  during  the  recent  campaign  he  had 
made  more  definite  statements  in  five  minutes  than  Mr.  Rowell  had 
done  during  his  life-time,  and  deprecated  quotations  from  irrespon- 
sible newspapers.  The  Opposition  Leader  had  asked  why  this  and 
that  "  fiddle-faddle "  which  he  favoured  had  not  been  put  in  the 
Lieut.-Governor's  Speech ;  information  as  to  policy  in  these  and  more 
important  matters  would  be  given  by  the  Government  when  it  was 
ready  and  not  before.  The  Provincial  boundary  was  under  process 
of  settlement  but  was  not  settled.  Sir  James  gave  a  brief  history  of 
the  question.  Ontario  had  asked  that  its  western  boundary  be  extended 
to  the  Churchill  River  and  follow  the  middle  of  the  Churchill  River 
to  Hudson's  Bay.  Mr.  Rowell's  proposal  was  that  the  boundary  should 
be  extended  straight  north  to  the  60th  parallel  which  would  shut 
Manitoba  out  altogether  from  Hudson's  Bay.  "  I'll  never  be  a  party 
to  asking  for  such  a  manifest  and  savage  injustice  to  any  Province," 
declared  the  Premier.  Ontario's  proposition,  he  said,  had  been 
rejected  by  the  Laurier  Government  which  had  also  intended  to  shut 
this  Province  out  even  from  Port  Nelson.  As  to  the  Assessment  law 
it  would  be  remodelled  in  due  course  and  the  question  of  Tax  reform 
given  to  a  Commission.  Some  of  the  other  speakers  during  the  debate 
were  Col.  T.  R.  Atkinson,  R.  J.  McCormick,  Dr.  James  McQueen, 
James  Thompson,  Allan  Studholme,  J.  W.  Johnson,  A.  C.  Pratt, 
Zotique  Mageau,  Napoleon  Champagne  and  J.  C.  Elliott. 

Sir  James  Whitney  introduced  the  two  most  important  Bills  of 
the  Session — the  Boundary  Act  and  the  Grant  of  $5.000,000  for  the 
development  of  Northern  Ontario.  These  as  well  as  his  Hydro-Elec- 
tric proposals  are  dealt  with  separately.  The  Premier  also  passed  a 
measure  regulating  the  hours  of  Street  Railway  motormen  and  con- 
ductors and  providing  that  the  maximum  should  not  be  more  than 
six  days  in  a  week  or  ten  hours  per  day.  A  minor,  yet  important  Bill, 
provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  Commissioner  to  investigate  con- 
ditions in  the  new  District  of  Patricia.  The  position  was  offered  to 
R.  R.  Gamey,  M.L.A.,  and  declined  and  Mr.  J.  W.  Tyrrell  was  after- 
wards appointed.  During  the  Session  the  Opposition  repeatedly 
brought  up  the  Elk  Lake  telegram  and  on  Apl.  12  R.  T.  Shillington, 
the  local  Member,  declared  that  the  man  on  whose  word  had  been 
based  the  statement  of  such  a  telegram  being  sent  was  quite  untrust- 
worthy. The  Premier  would  neither  admit  nor  deny  the  sending  of 
the  telegram  in  question.  "  For  months  before  the  election,"  said 
Sir  James,  "  the  question  was,  which  was  the  better  route  ?  As  soon 
as  the  question  was  decided  those  interested  were  informed.  I  admit 
cheerfully  that  it  was  only  a  short  time,  a  month  or  six  weeks,  before 
the  Election,  that  the  decision  was  come  to  as  between  the  different 


330  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

routes.  The  decision  was  given  by  Mr.  Englehart.  The  decision  to 
build  the  Line  itself  had  been  reached  a  long  time  before." 

The  Assessment  question  was  prominent  during  the  Session,  as 
were  the  Premier's  views  in  the  matter.  Of  the  measures  introduced 
that  of  J.  A.  Ellis  (Cons.)  followed  largely  the  lines  of  the  Saskat- 
chewan Act  and  proposed  to  do  away  gradually  with  all  assessments 
on  improvements — subject  to  the  vote  of  the  property  owners  in  each 
Municipality.  The  proposals  of  Mr.  Rowell,  Opposition  Leader,  were 
similar  to  those  of  A.  E.  Fripp,  K.C.,  in  the  preceding  Legislature  and 
gave  municipalities  power  by  vote  of  the  electors  to  fix  a  lower  assess- 
ment or  tax  rate  on  improvements  or  exempt  improvements  entirely. 
Sir  James  Whitney  dealt  with  the  two  measures  at  once  on  Mch.  27th : 
"  So  far  as  this  Government  is  concerned,  while  we  are  here  to  use 
our  judgment  as  to  conserving  and  looking  after  the  interests  of  the 
people,  we  will  never  give  our  consent  to  the  piebald  and  checker- 
board system  of  assessment  which  is  the  object  of  these  Bills — we  will 
never  consent  that  every  municipality  shall  deal  with  assessment  mat- 
ters as  it  pleases."  A  Committee  would  be  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  subject  and  the  Bills  be  referred  to  them. 

Mr.  Rowell  thought  there  was  good  in  both  Bills  and  declared  that 
the  shifting  of  taxation  from  improvements  to  land  would  make  land 
for  building  more  available,  increase  building  and  check  the  steady 
increase  in  rents,  if  it  did  not  lower  them.  J.  W.  Johnson  (Cons.) 
gave  the  view  of  those  who  believed  in  taxing  buildings  as  well  as 
land:  "The  object  of  municipal  taxation  is  to  safeguard  person  and 
property,  to  provide  conveniences  for  buildings  and  those  who  use 
them.  Land  requires  no  protection,  no  expenditure;  a  bare  town  or 
city  lot  does  not  earn  an  income  for  its  owner,  but  put,  say,  a  $60,000 
building  on  a  lot  situated  in  a  progressive  community,  and  forthwith 
revenue  is  created.  That  building  needs  insurance,  for  which  its 
owner  pays ;  it  equally  needs  the  service  and  protection  that  the  com- 
munity in  which  it  is  situated  affords;  should  not  the  owner  pay  in 
taxes  for  this  service  and  this  protection  as  he  pays  the  Insurance 
Company  for  the  protection  and  service  it  bestows."  The  Assess- 
ment Committee  as  finally  named  by  the  Prime  Minister  was,  in 
addition  to  himself,  composed  as  follows: 

Hon.  J.  J.  Foy.  E.   A.  Dunlop.  James  Torrance. 

Hon.  A.  J.  Matheson.  David  Jamieson.  A.  H.  Mahaffy. 

Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst.  Henry  Morel.  J.   C.  Elliott 

Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas.  A.   H.   Musgrove.  N.  W.  Rowell. 

Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna.  George   Pattlnson.  T.   R.   Mayberry. 

C.  A.  Brower.  R.  F.   Preston.  Damase   Racine. 

Samuel  Charters.  A.  E.  Ross.  T.  R.  Atkinson. 

Henry  Ellber.  G.  W.  Sulman.  "W.  R.  Ferguson. 

J.  A.  Ellis.  A.  B.  Thompson.  Thomas   Marshall. 
Alexander  Ferguson. 

As  elsewhere  stated  the  Committee  at  its  December  sittings  dis- 
approved of  the  policy  suggested  by  Messrs.  Rowell  and  Ellis  and 
accepted  the  Premier's  view.  During  the  Session  many  other  measures 
were  presented  and  discussed.  Of  the  Government's  Bills  which 
passed  the  House,  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna  was  responsible  for  several.  An 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  ONTARIO  LEGISLATURE         331 

Amendment  to  the  Vaccination  Act  provided  a  penalty  for  refusal  by 
a  physician  to  order  vaccination,  for  official  refusal  to  issue  a  procla- 
mation or  for  disobeying  the  order  when  issued.  The  Section  provid- 
ing that  it  is  lawful  for  School  Trustees  to  enforce  the  production  of 
a  certificate  of  vaccination  before  allowing  children  to  attend  school 
was  omitted  entirely.  A  new  provision  was  enacted  authorizing  the 
Medical  Health  Officer,  owing  to  the  presence — or  threatened  pres- 
ence of  smallpox — to  require  a  certificate  of  successful  vaccination 
from  pupils  attending  High  Schools,  Colleges  and  Universities. 
Another  section  made  the  Medical  Health  Officer  and  local  Board  of 
Health  the  authority  as  to  requiring  vaccination  for  pupils  attending 
any  school,  public  or  private,  primary  or  secondary. 

His  amendments  to  the  Maternity  Boarding  House  Act  were 
directed  to  the  greater  protection  of  infants  and  enabling  Municipali- 
ties to  bring  the  Act  into  force  without  the  formality  of  passing  a 
by-law,  and  authorizing  the  Medical  Health  Officer  to  inspect  any 
baby  farm  or  maternity  boarding-house  at  any  time.  The  Act  was 
made  to  apply  to  all  places  where  maternity  cases  were  received  or 
infants  born.  The  Motor  Vehicles  Act  was  also  amended  by  Mr. 
Hanna  so  as  to  prohibit  motor  vehicles  from  passing  a  stationary 
street  car  instead  of  being  allowed  to  pass  a.t  the  rate  of  four  miles 
an  hour.  A  special  penalty  was  attached  for  neglect  to  carry  a  license 
number;  for  persons  racing  on  highways,  or  failure  to  stop  in  case 
of  accident  occasioned  to  other  persons  on  the  highway,  or  for  neglect 
to  carry  lights  at  night.  For  the  first  offence  the  penalty  was  $50 
or  one  week's  imprisonment  and  for  the  second,  $100  or  one  month's 
imprisonment.  The  limit  of  speed  was  raised  to  15  miles  an  hour 
in  Cities  and  towns  and  to  20  miles  on  country  roads.  Various 
amendments  were  made  to  the  House  of  Refuge  Act  and  the  Provin- 
cial Secretary,  at  Mr.  Rowell's  suggestion,  added  a  clause  requiring 
all  rules  and  regulations  to  be  approved  by  the  Inspectors  of  the 
Department.  The  Act  was  also  extended  into  Provisional  Judicial 
Districts. 

Speaking  in  the  House  on  Feb.  14th  Mr.  Hanna  pointed  out  that 
Ontario's  death  rate  from  Tuberculosis  was  lower  than  in  England, 
United  States,  Germany,  Norway,  Ireland,  Servia  and  Austria;  that 
the  Provincial  Government  had  responded  to  appeals  from  various 
localities  and  that  the  efforts  put  forth  had  resulted  in  a  decrease  in 
the  annual  death  toll  since  1905;  that  the  grants  made  in  the  past 
ten  years,  to  assist  local  Sanitaria  in  the  care  of  tubercular  patients, 
and  to  provide  facilities  for  their  treatment,  were :  For  the  five  years, 
1900  to  1905,  $20,438;  for  the  five  years  from  1905  to  1911,  $160,073; 
total  $180,511.  In  addition,  the  Government  in  1907  had  appro- 
priated the  sum  of  $1,000  for  the  purpose  of  a  Tuberculosis  Exhibit; 
in  1908  the  amount  was  increased  to  $4,000  and  had  been  continued 
each  succeeding  year.  In  1911  the  Government  further  appropriated 
the  sum  of  $1,000  for  a  Public  Health  Exhibit  in  connection  with  the 
other  Exhibit,  and  this  appropriation  had  been  renewed  for  the  years 


332  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

1912  and  1913.    The  death  rate  from  Tuberculosis  in  Ontario  in  the 
year  1905  was  120  per  100,000  inhabitants;  in  1910  it  was  102. 

A  measure  passed  by  Mr.  Hanna  divided  Ontario  into  ten  Health 
Districts  with  special  responsibility  amongst  the  Officers  in  charge 
for  notification  of  all  infectious  diseases  and  the  municipal  care  of 
indigent  sick.  He  also  amended  the  Liquor  License  Act  so  as  to 
prohibit  the  storing  of  liquor  in  Local  Option  districts;  empowering 
the  Government  to  suspend  the  sale  of  liquor  in  vicinity  of  construction 
works;  increasing  maximum  fine  for  infractions  of  the  Act  to  $500; 
and  making  it  an  offence  for  a  hotel-keeper  or  his  employees  to 
accept  or  cash  a  pay  cheque.  There  was  an  interesting  discussion 
and  subsequent  withdrawal  of  two  Bills  dealing  with  the  marriage 
of  imbeciles  and  the  union  of  insane  persons  and  criminals — Dr. 
Forbes  Godfrey,  seconded  by  Dr.  McQueen — and  Mr.  Hanna 
expressed  himself  in  favour  of  all  possible  restraints  upon  such 
unions.  In  reference  to  marriage  conditions  at  Windsor  and 
Detroit  he  declared  that  there  should  be  compulsory  residence  in 
the  Province  for  three  weeks.  An  amendment  to  the  Hospitals  and 
Charities  Act  provided  for  the  registration  of  all  nurse  graduates  of 
training  schools  employed  in  such  institutions.  Into  the  Municipal 
Act,  Mr.  Hanna  also  introduced  a  provision  for  the  imposing  of 
indeterminate  sentences  on  habitual  drunkards.  He  presented  for 
a  1st  reading  and  for  consideration  by  those  concerned  a  general 
revision  of  the  Municipal  Act. 

The  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  presented  a  measure  adding  a  section  to 
the  Algonquin  National  Park  and  providing  that  during  the  con- 
struction and  after  completion  of  any  Kailway  passing  through  the 
Park,  the  Minister  could  appoint  as  many  rangers,  officers  or  guar- 
dians as  he  might  see  fit  for  the  protection  of  fish,  animals  and  birds, 
and  of  any  other  property  or  interest  of  the  Crown  or  public  therein, 
with  the  expenses  incident  to  and  connected  with  such  service,  includ- 
ing the  salaries  of  appointees,  to  be  treated  as  a  debt  to  the  Crown 
from  the  Kailway  Company  and  recoverable  in  any  Court  of  compe- 
tent jurisdiction.  The  Mining  Act  was  also  amended  to  provide  an 
extension  of  time  for  doing  development  work  if  it  fell  due  between 
November  and  April.  Abandonment  of  a  mining  claim  was  to  be 
posted  in  the  Recorder's  office  ten  days  before  operation  and  Jack  pine 
not  under  timber  license  was  to  pass  to  the  grantee  of  the  mining 
claim.  Sanitary  provisions  were  made  more  stringent,  and  the  respon- 
sibility for  providing  safeguards  was  placed  upon  mine-owners.  Code 
signals  were  simplified.  It  was  made  an  offence  for  anyone  intoxi- 
cated or  carrying  liquor  to  enter  a  mine.  Mine-owners  could  bring 
in  water,  drain  adjoining  lands,  cut  roads  and  tramways  through 
adjoining  locations  on  a  compensation  basis  fixed  by  the  Mining  Com- 
missioner. Employment  of  children  under  14  about  a  mine  was  pro- 
hibited, while  no  boy  under  seventeen  was  to  be  employed  under- 
ground. No  girls  or  women  were  to  be  employed  except  in  office 
work.  No  person  under  20  was  to  have  charge  of  a  hoist  carrying" 
passengers,  and  no  person  under  18  to  have  charge  of  any  other  hoist. 


THE  1912  SESSION  OP  THE  ONTARIO  LEGISLATURE         333 

Mr.  Hearst  also  amended  the  Land  Titles  Act  so  that  the  owners  of 
minerals  on  or  under  the  surface  of  certain  lands,  registered  under 
a  preceding  Act,  must  obtain  registration  in  that  respect  as  well  as 
for  the  land.  The  new  Judicial  District  of  Timiskaming  was  also 
created  out  of  the  northern  part  of  Nipissing  with  Haileybury  even- 
tually chosen  as  its  County  seat. 

Measures  presented  by  Hon.  Adam  Beck  dealt  with  varied  phases 
of  the  Electric  Power  situation.  Provision  was  made  for  a  general 
extension  of  the  work  of  the  Commission  with  greatly  enlarged  powers 
and  for  the  proper  recognition  in  a  financial  way  of  the  services  of 
the  Chairman — $6,000  a  year.  This  policy  met  with  unqualified  public 
approval.  The  Hon.  A.  J.  Matheson  carried  an  Act  providing  a  Govern- 
ment guarantee  of  University  of  Toronto  bonds  for  $300,000 — the 
University  contribution  to  the  construction  of  the  new  Toronto  Gen- 
eral Hospital.  Hon.  J.  J.  Foy  had  a  measure  forbidding  minors  (boys 
under  18)  to  frequent  billiard  rooms,  but  his  principal  Bill  embodied 
a  comprehensive  effort  to  check  the  operations  of  "  loan  sharks  "  and 
extortionate  money  lenders.  The  new  Act  gave  the  Courts  the  right, 
where  money  had  been  loaned  at  an  excessive  rate,  or  where  the  trans- 
action was  in  other  respects  a  harsh  one,  to  reopen  the  contract.  The 
Court  could,  notwithstanding  any  statement  or  settlement  or  any 
agreement,  relieve  the  debtor  from  payment  of  any  sum  in  excess  of 
what  the  Court  adjudged  to  be  fairly  due.  The  lender  could  be  com- 
pelled to  repay  any  such  excess,  or  if  it  had  been  paid,  to  allow  the 
amount  on  the  account.  Another  clause  applied  to  the  security  given, 
and  gave  the  Court  power  to  set  aside,  either  wholly  or  in  part,  or  to 
alter  any  security  or  agreement,  made  in  respect  of  the  money;  or  if 
the  lender  had  parted  with  the  security  to  order  him  to  indemnify  the 
debtor.  Heavy  penalties  were  provided.  Only  corporations  with 
Head  Offices  or  management  in  Ontario  could  be  registered  and  no 
unregistered  person  could  carry  on  business. 

Mr.  Foy's  revised  Insurance  Act  was  an  important  measure  pre- 
pared by  himself  and  a  Committee  of  Judges.  It  consolidated  exist- 
ing Statutes  which  were  also  condensed  and  added  to  greatly  by  new 
and  radical  changes.  Provincial  taxation  was  raised  from  $3,000  to 
$5,000  per  annum;  provisions  regarding  incorporation  of  Companies 
were  revised  and  the  formation  of  Mutual  Companies  restricted  while 
the  future  incorporation  of  Cash-Mutuals  was  entirely  forbidden; 
Companies  seeking  a  license  must  prove  that  stock  payments  had 
actually  been  made;  no  license  would  hereafter  be  given  to  transact 
both  fire  and  life  business;  Companies  outside  of  Canada  were  not 
to  be  licensed  unless  proving  five  years  of  successful  business ;  a  Com- 
pany with  Dominion  license  was  not  to  be  entitled  to  registration  in 
Ontario  until  making  necessary  deposits  at  Ottawa;  representatives 
of  Lloyds,  London,  were  given  special  privileges  as  to  registration. 
Many  lesser  changes  were  made  and  the  Bill  as  a  whole  was  much 
discussed  amongst  Insurance  men  and  some  amendments  afterwards 
made  in  accordance  with  their  representations. 


334  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff,  as  Minister  of  Agriculture,  carried  a  measure 
authorizing  the  Province  to  enter  into  an  agreement  with  the  Federal 
Government  to  undertake  the  expenditure  of  the  Dominion  grant  for 
Agricultural  purposes.  The  period  covered  was  one  year,  and  was 
designed  to  bridge  the  time  during  which  it  was  necessary  for  Mr. 
C.  C.  James,  the  special  Federal  Commissioner,  to  devise  a  plan  for 
the  co-operation  of  the  various  Governments  concerned  in  the  matter 
of  Agriculture.  For  this  first  year,  the  grant  was  made  on  a  per 
capita  basis  and  was  to  be  expended  through  the  regular  channels  of 
the  Agriculture  Department. 

The  Minister  of  Education  (Hon.  K.  A.  Pyne)  presented  a  Bill 
which  extended  the  principle  of  compulsory  education.  It  provided 
that  Municipal  Councils  at  the  request  of  Boards  of  Education  could 
pass  By-laws  requiring  the  attendance  at  school  of  boys  not  employed 
or  wl^o  had  not  passed  the  junior  High  School  examination.  In  case 
of  boys  who  were  employed  the  By-law  could  make  it  compulsory  for 
them  to  attend  night  school  or  take  a  certain  time  each  day  from 
their  employment.  Another  Bill  provided  for  a  Royal  Ontario 
Museum.  Dr.  Pyne  explained  that  the  Governors  of  the  University 
were  given  power  to  provide  a  sum  sufficient  for  the  erection,  equip- 
ment and  furnishing  of  a  building  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $400,000. 
Of  this  one-half  was  to  be  given  by  the  Province  and  the  site  by  the 
University.  The  Province  and  the  University  would  share  equally 
the  cost  of  maintenance.  Control  and  management  of  the  Museum 
would  be  carried  on  by  ten  members  of  a  Board — the  Minister  of 
Lands,  Forests  and  Mines,  the  Minister  of  Education,  and  the  Chair- 
man of  the  University  Governors  as  ex-officio  members,  and  the  other 
seven  to  be  appointed — four  by  the  Government  and  three  by  the 
Board  of  the  University.  The  object  of  the  Museum  was  to  illustrate 
the  natural  history  of  Ontario  and  to  collect  objects  with  that  end  in 
view.  A  College  of  Art  was  also  established  for  the  purpose  of  train- 
ing students  in  the  Fine  Arts  including  drawing,  painting,  designing, 
modelling  and  sculpture  and  in  all  branches  of  the  Applied  Arts  in 
the  more  artistic  trades  and  manufactures.  The  training  of  teachers 
was  to  be  also  undertaken  and  the  College  was  to  be  governed  by  a 
Council  composed  of  representatives  of  various  institutions  and 
organizations  in  the  City  of  Toronto.  The  School  Law  Amendment 
Act  made  changes  in  the  various  Educational  laws.  The  Salaries  of 
County  Public  School  Inspectors  were  increased  to  a  maximum  of 
$2,000  and  urban  Boards  of  Education  were  permitted  to  expend  such 
sums  as  were  deemed  expedient  for  establishing  and  maintaining 
Cadet  Corps  and  for  promoting  and  encouraging  gymnastic  or  other 
athletic  exercises — up  to  $200. 

The  Hon.  J.  0.  Reaume  carried  a  measure  to  ratify  the  agree- 
ment with  the  Grand  Trunk  for  running  rights  over  the  Timiskaming 
and  Northern  Ontario  Railway,  and  also  to  empower  the  T.  &  N.  0. 
Commission  to  pass  traffic  regulations  with  an  Order-in-Council  for 
each  change.  The  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  Minister  without  Portfolio,  pre- 
sented an  amendment  to  the  Moving  Picture  Act  which  brought  Ian- 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  ONTARIO  LEGISLATURE         335 

tern  slides  as  well  as  motion-picture  films  under  Provincial  inspection. 
Mr.  Lucas  also  put  through  a  Telephone  Act  facilitating  the  opera- 
tion of  the  existing  competitive  and  privately-owned  systems  of  the 
Province  and,  as  a  step  toward  public  ownership,  granting  power  to 
municipalities  to  expropriate  local  Telephone  systems.  Power  was 
given  to  grant  Telephone  franchises  in  counties  and  townships  without 
a  rate-payers  vote  upon  approval  of  the  Ontario  Railway  Board. 

Of  local  or  private  measures  G.  H.  Gooderham  amended  the 
Charter  of  the  Canadian  National  Exhibition  and  W.  K.  McNaught 
amended  the  Railway  Act  to  relieve  a  possible  deadlock  in  Toronto 
over  the  interchange  of  traffic  between  the  Civic  car  lines  and  Street 
Railway  by  providing  that  where,  in  the  same  City,  two  lines  of  street 
railway  were  contiguous  to  one  another,  but  operated  by  different  cor- 
porations, it  would  be  the  duty  of  each  corporation  to  afford  to  the 
other  all  reasonable  facilities  for  the  interchange  of  traffic  and  run- 
ning rights.  In  the  event  of  the  Corporations  being  unable  to  agree 
the  matter  was  to  be  adjusted  by  the  Ontario  Railway  and  Municipal 
Board.  W.  D.  McPherson's  Bulk  Sales  Act  was  discussed  and,  finally, 
was  held  over  until  the  next  Session  at  the  Premier's  request.  It 
provided  that  no  merchant  could  dispose  of  his  stock  in  trade  in  bulk, 
by  auction  or  otherwise,  without  first  making  a  full  statement  to  all 
his  creditors  and  receiving  authority  from  a  certain  proportion  of 
them.  Any  sale  in  violation  of  these  conditions  would  be  declared 
roid,  unless  it  were  shown  that  the  vendor  devoted  the  whole  of  the 
proceeds  to  paying  off  his  creditors  in  proper  proportion. 

Three  Woman's  Suffrage  Bills  were  considered  by  the  House. 
W.  McDonald's  measure  proposed  to  allow  the  Parliamentary  fran- 
chise to  widows  and  spinsters  possessing  property  qualifications  in 
municipal  elections.  T.  R.  Whiteside's  Bill  proposed  to  give  the 
municipal  franchise  to  all  women  of  property — married,  unmarried 
or  widows.  Allan  Studholme  wanted  to  extend  the  Parliamentary 
franchise  to  all  women,  irrespective  of  property  qualifications.  Mr. 
McDonald's  measure  was  debated  on  Mch.  25th  and,  on  motion  of 
Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  it  was  decided  on  division  that  "  sudden  and 
unconsidered  changes  in  the  -Parliamentary  franchise  are  undesir- 
able, that  the  subject  of  changes  in  the  Franchise  was  not  discussed 
nor  brought  before  the  people  at  the  last  General  Elections  and  that, 
therefore,  the  said  Bill  be  read  this  day  six  months."  Mr.  Whiteside 
withdrew  his  Bill  at  the  Provincial  Secretary's  request  while  Mr. 
Studholme's  was  voted  upon  and  the  2nd  reading  lost  on  division. 
During  the  debate  Mr.  Rowell  proclaimed  himself,  personally,  in 
favour  of  Woman's  Suffrage  as  did  S.  Clarke  (Lib.)  and  H.  A.  C. 
Machin  (Cons.).  The  Premier  declared  that  if  the  question  was 
ever  decided  it  would  be  decided  upon  the  broad  issue  of  extending 
the  franchise  to  all  women.  At  present  the  issue  was  dull  and  dead. 
There  was  no  place  in  the  Province  where  it  had  proved  to  be  a  burn- 
ing question.  "  If  it  is  to  be  settled  at  all  it  will  be  by  opening  the 
flood-gates  and  allowing  all  the  sisters  in." 


336  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Two  measures  dealing  with  the  8-hour  day  question  were  presented, 
repectively,  by  the  Premier  and  Mr.  Rowell.  Sir  James  Whitney's 
Bill  proposed  a  standard  day  for  miners  while  Mr.  Rowell's  included 
all  underground  toilers.  After  some  discussion,  on  Mch.  22nd,  it  was 
finally  decided  to  defer  action  in  the  matter  till  next  Session,  the 
Premier  frankly  admitting  that  he  had  been  precipitate  in  presenting 
his  measure  and  had  since  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  subject 
required  further  consideration  and  inquiry.  Incidents  of  a  Session 
in  which  161  Bills  were  passed  included  tributes  by  the  Premier  and 
Opposition  Leader  alike  (Feb.  13)  to  Mr.  C.  C.  James  on  his  retire- 
ment from  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  eulogistic  references 
also  to  the  late  Edward  Blake — once  Premier  of  Ontario — on  Mch. 
4th,  accompanied  by  adjournment  of  the  House ;  refusal  to  admit  two 
applicants — a  British  barrister  and  a  Canadian  who  had  qualified  in 
South  Africa — to  the  practise  of  law  without  passing  the  statutory 
examinations;  a  decision  by  the  Speaker  on  Mch.  14th  which  the 
Opposition  resented  and  which  asserted  the  Speaker's  right  to  give 
assent  to  the  presentation  of  all  questions  before  they  appeared  on  the 
Order  paper;  a  ruling  by  the  Speaker,  on  a  point  raised  by  Mr. 
Rowell,  which  declared  (Mch.  21st)  that  "the  Government  through 
the  Leader  of  the  House,  has  the  right  to  control  the  order  in  which 
Government  business  shall  be  taken  up,  and  in  practice  since  I  have 
been  in  the  Legislature  the  Leader  of  the  House  has  been  practically 
allowed  to  control  the  other  business  " ;  another  ruling  which  declared 
(Mch.  14)  certain  Opposition  questions  as  to  an  alleged  pre-Election 
statement  of  Hon.  J.  J.  Foy  to  be  "  in  open  violation  of  the  rules  and 
practice  of  the  House,"  and  a  ruling  on  Apl.  11  which  declared  that 
Ministers  cannot  be  asked  by  question  for  expressions  of  opinion  in 
matters  of  policy;  the  defeat  of  the  Bill  presented  by  J.  C.  Elliott 
(Lib.)  amending  the  Law  Reform  Act  by  striking  out  clauses  pro- 
viding for  the  creation  of  a  new  Court  of  Appeal. 

In  connection  with  the  Speaker's  ruling  on  Apl.  11  the  Opposi- 
tion Leader  by  a  long  Resolution  sought  to  assert  "the  right  to 
interrogate  the  Ministry  on  matters  of  public  policy  and  administra- 
tion," to  protest  against  "  any  encroachment  upon  this  established 
right,"  to  dissent  entirely  from  the  Speaker's  ruling  and  to  insist 
upon  an  answer  to  certain  questions.  A  debate  followed  and  Messrs. 
Lucas  and  Hearst  moved,  for  the  Government,  an  amendment  stating 
that  "  under  the  Rules  and  Procedure  of  this  House  questions  put  to 
Members  must  not  put  forward  any  debatable  facts  nor  any  matter 
that  will  involve  opinion,  argument  or  inference,  nor  can  any  fact  be 
stated,  nor  any  opinion  or  intention  as  to  matters  of  Policy;  nor 
should  any  question  be  put  upon  a  matter  which  is  not  within  the 
recognition  of  the  House."  J.  C.  Elliott  and  W.  Proudfoot  (Liberals) 
moved  in  further  amendment  that  the  House  should  safeguard  the 
rights  of  its  Members  "  to  make  all  reasonable  inquiries  of  the  Min- 
istry." The  latter  was  defeated  by  69  to  20  and  the  Government 
amendment  carried  by  69  to  20.  Mr.  Rowell  also  moved  on  Apl.  2nd 
a  Resolution  declaring  that  "  in  the  judgment  of  this  House  the 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  ONTAEIO  LEGISLATURE         337 

spoils  and  patronage  systems  are  inimical  to  the  highest  efficiency 
of  the  Public  Service  and  to  the  best  interests  of  the  country ;  that  the 
public  interests  demand  the  immediate  creation  of  a  non-partisan 
Civil  Service  Commission  with  ample  powers;  and  that  all  appoint- 
ments and  promotions  in  the  Public  Service  shall  be  by  merit  after 
competitive  examination,  except  in  those  cases  where  the  conditions 
of  the  Public  Service  render  this  impracticable."  A  Government 
amendment  was  moved  by  Sir  James  Whitney  and  carried  on  division 
declaring  that: 

This  House  congratulates  the  people  of  the  Province  on  the  fact  that 
under  the  administration  of  public  affairs  by  the  present  Government,  no 
such  system  as  the  Spoils  System  has  any  place;  recognizes  the  difficulties 
which  would  surround  the  operation  of  a  system  of  so-called  Civil  Service 
over  a  small  number  of  officials  and  that  it  would  be  wholly  unwise  and 
practically  impossible  to  bring  under  such  a  system  the  various  officials 
in  the  service  of  the  Province,  including  such  officials  as  Registrars  of 
Deeds,  Sheriffs  and  County  Crown  Attorneys;  this  House  recognizes  the 
fact  that  success  In  a  competitive  examination  is  in  no  way  a  guarantee 
of  pre-eminent  or  ordinary  fitness  for  Government  service,  and  this  House 
also  recognizes  the  wisdom  and  fairness  with  which  the  Government  has 
dealt  with  appointments  and  promotions  in  the  Government  service. 

A  Resolution  in  connection  with  the  Marriage  question  was  presented 
by  the  Opposition  Leader  on  Apl.  12  declaring  that  in  the  Supreme 
Court  and  Judicial  Committee  hearings  of  the  case  the  Provincial 
Government  should  appoint  Counsel  "  to  support  the  view  that  the 
Parliament  of  Canada  has  power  to  enact  a  Bill  declaring  the  validity 
of  all  marriages  celebrated  throughout  the  Dominion  of  Canada."  It 
was  voted  down  by  65  to  19.  A  Resolution  presented  by  W.  S. 
Brewster  (Cons.)  was  approved  which  authorized  a  Loan  of  $500,000 
for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  the  rights  of  licensees  of  Timber  Limits 
in  any  lands  to  be  set  apart  in  future  as  Provincial  Reserves  or  Parks. 
Provision  was  made  through  legislation  for  the  establishment  by 
Municipalities  of  Industrial  Farms  for  the  treatment  of  certain  classes 
of  criminals,  notably  inebriates  hitherto  confined  in  the  gaols  and 
lock-ups  throughout  the  Province. 

On  Apl.  12th  W.  S.  Brewster  and  A.  E.  Donovan  presented  a  Reso- 
lution declaring  that  "this  House  emphatically  protests  against  the 
unjust  and  partisan  action  of  the  Senate  in  rejecting  the  Bill  passed 
by  the  House  of  Commons  for  granting  a  Subsidy  amounting  to  nearly 
two  millions  of  dollars  in  aid  of  the  Timiskaming  and  Northern 
Ontario  Railway."  A  Liberal  amendment  (W.  Proudfoot  and  J.  C. 
Elliott)  declared  that  "this  House  is  of  the  opinion  that  subsidies 
should  be  granted  by  the  Parliament  of  Canada  to  Provincial  Gov- 
ernment Railways  under  the  same  circumstances  and  upon  the  same 
conditions  as  subsidies  are  granted  to  Railway  corporations.  This 
House  approves  of  the  action  of  the  Liberal  Government  of  this  Pro- 
vince in  applying  to  the  Government  of  Canada  for  a  Subsidy  to  the 
T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  when  the  construction  of  the  said  Railway  was 
undertaken  by  this  Province,  and  the  action  of  the  present  Govern- 
ment in  continuing  said  application."  Reference  was  also  made  to 
22 


338  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Senate  not  having  apparently  been  informed  that  application  was 
made  for  the  Subsidy  before  construction  was  undertaken ;  it  was 
declared  that  the  Subsidy  should  be  granted  and  that  objections  could 
be  removed  by  making  the  rates  subject  to  control  of  the  Dominion 
Railway  Commission.  This  was  rejected  on  division  and  the  original 
motion  duly  passed. 

Other  Acts  passed  during  the  Session  included  one  dealing  with 
Fruit  Pests  and  another  to  prevent  the  spread  of  Noxious  Weeds.  A 
rather  important  measure  was  that  dealing  with  City  Planning,  the 
arrangement  of  Suburbs  and  the  registration  of  Sub-division  plans, 
etc.  Municipal  Councils,  by  another  Act,  were  controlled  in  their 
grant  of  franchises  in  respect  to  Public  Utilities  and  it  was  enacted 
that  all  such  grants  must  be  approved  by  the  municipal  electors 
through  By-law.  An  elaborate  measure  dealt  with  Loan  and  Trust 
Corporations  and  revised  the  various  enactments  dealing  with  those 
institutions.  Religious  institutions  were  further  regulated  in  their 
control  and  disposition  of  property.  The  House  adjourned  on  ApL 
16th  after  an  address  from  the  Lieutenant-Governor  reviewing  briefly 
the  legislation  of  the  Session. 

The  Bye-elections  of  1912  were  very  few.  Dr.  H.  G.  Lackner 
(Cons.)  resigned  in  North  Waterloo  to  accept  the  County  Shrievalty 
and  on  Oct.  28  C.  H.  Mills  (Cons.)  of  Berlin  was  elected  over  Matthew 
Wayman  (Socialist),  and  ex-Mayor  Huber  (Ind.),  by  1,931  to  546 
and  153  votes  respectively.  The  election  in  East  Middlesex  caused 
by  the  death  of  R.  W.  Sutherland  (Lib.)  was  quite  a  vigorous  con- 
test. George  W.  Neely  of  Dorchester  received  the  Conservative  nom- 
ination and  Wm.  Sutherland  ran  as  an  Independent-Liberal.  The 
Prohibition  question  or  "  abolish  the  Bar  "  was  the  Liberal  issue  and 
Mr.  Neely  won  on  Oct.  28  by  2,198  to  1,659  votes.  In  Muskoka  on 
Nov.  5th  S.  H.  Armstrong  (Cons.)  was  elected  by  acclamation. 

New  Ontario  was  much  before  the  public  in  1912. 
poUcHi*11*  Following  the  1911  visit  of  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade 
Northern  to  the  North  many  of  the  Northern  Boards  came  to- 
Ontario  and  Toronto  and  held  a  Convention;  the  Whitney  Govern- 
ment  announced  a  broad  policy  of  development  and 
both  Sir  W.  Laurier  and  Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell  toured  the 
Northern  country.  It  was  in  the  Legislature  on  Feb.  12" 
that  Sir  James  Whitney  rose  and  made  his  announcement  of  policy 
in  this  connection.  "Before  and  during  the  General  Election  cam- 
paign, the  Government  drew  attention  to  the  great  and  obvious 
importance  of  the  further  opening  up  and  development  of  New  or 
Northern  Ontario,  and  alluded  to  the  promised  financial  aid  from 
the  Dominion  Government  for  immigration  and  colonization  purposes. 
The  subject,  outside  of  the  proposed  Dominion  aid,  has  been  care- 
fully considered  by  the  Government,  with  the  result  that  it  has  been 
decided  to  select  a  man  of  tried  capacity  and  experience,  who  will 
report  as  to  settlement  and  colonization  matters,  and  take  under  his 
charge  all  matters  relating  to  settlement  and  the  construction  of  neces- 
sary roads,  etc.  His  duty  will  lie  outside  the  construction  of  the 


GOVERNMENT  POLICY  IN  NORTHERN  ONTARIO  339 

ordinary  colonization  roads.  It  will  be  remembered,  also,  that  in 
my  Address,  I  asked  the  people  to  say  whether  they  would  authorize 
further  Provincial  appropriations  for  such  purposes  and  the  answer 
had  been  unmistakable.  The  Government  intends,  therefore,  to  ask 
the  House  during  the  present  Session  for  authority  to  borrow  a  sum 
of  money  not  exceeding  $5,000,000  for  the  purposes  of  colonization 
and  development  in  New  or.  rather  Northern  Ontario,  including  not 
only  the  Timiskaming  country,  but  the  country  in  the  vicinity  of 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Port  Arthur  and  Fort  William,  the  Kainy  Eiver 
district,  and  other  localities  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Province." 
Mr.  Rowell's  only  immediate  comment  was  "  Is  it  enough  ?" 

On  Apl.  9  the  Eesolutions  were  presented  on  which  the  succeeding 
legislation  was  based.  They  enumerated,  first,  the  purposes  for  which 
the  Grant  would  be  used:  "For  (a)  the  construction  of  works  and 
improvements;  (6)  the  making  of  roads;  (c)  the  improvement  and 
development  of  water-powers;  (d)  the  advancement  of  settlement 
and  colonization  and  the  assistance  of  settlers;  (e)  the  improvement 
of  means  of  transportation  and  communication  and  the  encourage- 
ment and  assistance  of  agriculture  and  re-f  orestation  in  the  north  and 
northwestern  districts  of  the  Province  and  for  such  other  public  pur- 
poses of  a  like  character  as  the  Lieut.-Governor-in-Council  may  deem 
expedient."  Authorization  was  to  be  given  for  a  Loan  on  the  credit 
of  the  Province,  not  exceeding  40  years  at  4  per  cent.,  with  provi- 
sion for  a  special  Sinking  Fund.  The  policy  was  received  with 
evidences  of  popular  approval  and  with  undoubted  pleasure  in  the 
North.  Mr.  Rowell  and  the  Opposition  took  the  ground  (Apl.  11) 
that  this  money,  and  subsequent  grants,  should  be  authorized  by  the 
Legislature  from  year  to  year,  and  that  the  clause  in  the  Bill  vesting 
power  in  the  Lieut.-Governor-in-Council  was  depriving  the  House  of 
its  right  to  control  the  finances  of  the  Province. 

In  his  address,  Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell  said  that  this  latter  provision 
was  the  most  vicious  piece  of  legislation  that  had  been  introduced  in 
recent  years.  The  Opposition  was  in  hearty  accord  with  the  proposal 
to  spend  the  money  on  development  in  the  North  country,  but  the 
right  of  the  Legislature  to  control  all  public  expenditure  must  be 
preserved.  The  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  in  reply  claimed  that  these  state- 
ments did  not  indicate  any  great  desire  to  help  the  North  country 
and  stated  that  only  $350,000  would  be  expended  on  road-making  in 
agricultural  districts  this  year — about  the  sum  which  it  had  been 
hoped  would  come  from  the  Dominion  Highway  Act  and  which  they 
had  intended  to  spend  on  improving  and  making  roads  in  New 
Ontario.  This  $350,000  would  construct  300  miles  of  highway,  and 
was  sufficient  to  open  up  transportation  facilities  for  5,000  farms,  or 
an  area  of  800,000  acres. 

The  Government  will  proceed  at  once  with  the  necessary  organization 
for  the  general  work  of  colonization  of  the  North  country  and  obtain  the 
best  men  available  for  this  particular  work,  and  will  confer  with  the 
Dominion  authorities  and  their  Immigration  officials  so  that  there  may 
be  no  unnecessary  duplication  of  the  work  and  so  that  the  two  Govern- 


340 

ments  may  work  hand  in  hand  in  the  settlement  of  that  great  country. 
The  experience  that  will  be  gained  in  the  construction  of  the  roads  above 
mentioned  will  be  valuable  in  determining  the  final  policy.  The  policy  to 
be  adopted  will  also  to  some  extent  be  determined  by  the  wishes,  charac- 
ter and  experience  of  the  settlers  that  will  go  into  the  country,  and  the 
character  of  farming  they  intend  to  follow.  In  a  general  way  it  can  be 
stated  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  $5,000,000  will  be  spent  in  the  con- 
struction of  roads,  for  the  advancement  of  immigration,  the  care  of 
incoming  settlers,  the  employment  of  guides  for  the  settlers  and  of  instruc- 
tors for  those  who  require  them  as  to  the  best  method  of  disposing  of 
their  timber,  cultivating  their  lands  or  making  a  success  of  their  work. 
The  Government  expect  to  secure  the  erection  of  Pulp  Mills  in  Timis- 
kaming  in  the  near  future,  so  as  to  afford  a  home  market  for  the  pulp- 
wood  so  abundant  in  that  country.  We  will  also  establish  Crown  land 
agencies  in  the  districts  to  be  apportioned  as  farm  lands  and  will  have  to 
engage  a  corps  of  guides  to  take  prospective  settlers  over  the  properties 
in  order  to  secure  satisfied  settlers. 

On  Apl.  12  Mr.  Rowell  moved  a  Resolution  declaring  that  "in  the 
opinion  of  this  House  the  placing  at  the  disposal  of  the  Executive  of 
so  large  a  sum  as  $5,000,000  without  a  vote  of  this  House  appropriat- 
ing the  same  to  particular  works,  is  contrary  to  our  constitutional 
usages ;  subversive  of  the  right  of  the  people  through  their  representa- 
tives to  control  and  direct  the  erpenditure  of  public  moneys;  in  con- 
travention of  the  accepted  principle  of  voting  Supply  for  the  ensuing 
year,  only;  and  is  inimical  to  the  best  interests  of  this  Province." 
This  was  rejected  by  68  to  20  and  the  Opposition  Leader  then  moved 
another  Resolution  declaring  that  this  policy  and  the  rich  resources 
of  the  North  required  a  separate  Department,  with  a  Minister  in 
charge,  who  should  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  development  of  New 
Ontario.  This  was  voted  down  by  71  to  20  and  the  Bill  based  upon 
the  Resolutions,  already  quoted,  then  passed  the  House. 

On  June  21st  a  Delegation  of  150  from  the  New  Ontario  Con- 
vention, which  was  being  held  in  Toronto,  waited  upon  the  Premier 
and  his  Ministers  and  described  railways,  roads  and  settlers  as  the 
trinity  of  requirements  in  their  great  country.  To  them  Sir  James 
said  that  this  $5,000,000  Grant  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Govern- 
ment's ordinary  expenditure,  that  the  money  would  be  spent  slowly 
and  equitably  and  where  it  was  most  needed.  "  If  at  the  end  of  two 
or  three  years,  when  the  Government  are  approaching  the  end  of 
their  great  scheme  and  find  that  they  have  gone  beyond  their  means 
in  respect  of  either  the  eastern,  northern  or  western  portions  of  New 
Ontario  I  will  tell  you,"  said  the  Premier,  "what  we  are  going  to 
do.  Confident  in  our  belief  that  our  action  will  be  endorsed  by  the 
people  of  this  Province,  we  will  issue  another  million  dollars  of  bonds. 
If  it  should  be  necessary,  we  will  issue  two  million  dollars  of  bonds/' 
A  little  later,  in  August,  100  members  of  the  Associated  Board  of 
Trade  of  the  Province  visited  the  North  and  saw  the  splendid  country 
represented  by  Cochrane,  Haileybury,  Cobalt,  Englehart,  New  Lis- 
keard  and  other  centres.  On  Aug.  21st  it  was  announced  that  the 
Government  would  receive  a  bonus  of  $105,000  in  payments  spread 
over  21  years  for  the  Abitibi  Pulp  limit  lease  and  that  the  successful 
tenderers  would  at  once  erect  a  Pulp-mill  costing  half-a-million. 


GOVERNMENT  POLICY  IN  NORTHERN  ONTARIO  341 

J.  F.  Whitson,  Chief  of  the  Survey's  Branch  was  in  June  appointed 
Commissioner  to  study  Northern  conditions  in  connection  with  the 
Government's  policy  and  to  carry  on  preliminary  Road  construction. 

Meanwhile,  on  Feb.  13th,  it  was  announced  in  the  House  by  Hon. 
J.  0.  Reaume,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  that  the  Government  would 
appropriate  $1,000,000  for  the  construction  of  country  roads  through- 
out the  Province.  This  would  supplement  the  $1,000,000  voted  by  the 
Legislature  in  1901  when  the  Ross  Government  introduced  the  Act 
to  aid  in  the  improvement  of  Public  Highways.  Of  the  amount  set 
aside  then  $893,814  had  'been  paid  out  to  the  Counties  entitled  to 
receive  grants  under  the  former  Act,  and  the  balance  would  be  used 
in  the  current  year.  In  the  measure  presented  no  change  was  made 
in  the  Act,  as  amended  in  1907,  by  which  the  Counties  were  entitled 
to  receive  from  the  Government  one-third  of  the  total  amount 
expended  upon  a  County  road  system.  A  new  clause  provided,  how- 
ever, that  the  management  of  all  road  improvement  under  the  Act 
would  be  centralized  in  a  capable  Superintendent  or  Engineer, 
appointed  and  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  County  Council. 

As  a  reason  for  endorsing  this  policy  and  the  proposed  grants  of 
the  Dominion  Government,  T.  L.  Kennedy,  Chairman  of  the  Ontario 
Good  Roads  Association,  stated  in  Toronto  on  Feb.  26th  that  in 
Ontario  one-half  of  the  total  Assessment,  or  $500,000,000  was  upon 
the  cities  alone,  which  had  only  a  few  miles,  comparatively,  of  road- 
ways to  maintain.  The  other  $500,000,000  was  upon  towns,  villages 
and  townships  which  were  forced  to  keep  up  50,000  miles  of  roads. 
He  maintained  that  Ontario  needed  a  Provincial  system  of  main 
highways  from  county  town  to  county  town.  Such  a  system  would 
comprise  about  2,500  miles  and  would  be  essentially  a  farmers'  High- 
way. Resolutions  were  passed  by  this  organization  and  presented  to 
the  Premier  by  200  delegates  endorsing  the  proposed  grant  of  $1,000,- 
000  and  the  proposed  Dominion  policy,  urging  a  motor-car  tax  with 
proceeds  to  go  on  road  construction,  asking  for  a  policy  looking  to 
the  gradual  prohibition  of  wide-tired  waggons  and  approving  the 
Northern  Ontario  Grant. 

The  subject  was  debated  in  the  Legislature  on  Mch.  26  and  the 
Premier  stated  that  the  money  would  be  expended  equitably  in  both 
Old  and  New  Ontario.  Mr.  Rowell  expresed  great  fear  as  to  this 
projected  Road  policy.  The  Opposition  Leader  moved  a  long  Reso- 
lution of  which  the  two  last  clauses  dealt  with  the  pending  Dominion 
legislation.  The  first  two  clauses  were  as  follows:  "  (1)  That  this 
House  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  thorough  system  of  good  roads  in  this 
Province  would  increase  the  value  of  farm  lands,  lessen  the  cost  of 
transportation,  improve  marketing  facilities,  increase  the  comfort  and 
convenience  of  farm  life  and  greatly  promote  the  general  progress 
and  prosperity  of  the  Province;  (2)  That  this  House  is  gratified  at 
the  progress  so  far  made  in  road  improvement  under  the  Highway 
Improvement  Act  passed  in  1901,  but  this  House  is  of  the  opinion 
that  the  time  has  come  for  a  more  comprehensive  and  adequate  policy 
to  promote  the  construction  of  good  roads  throughout  the  Province, 
particularly  roads  leading  to  market  towns." 


342  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Hearst,  Minister  of  Lands  and  Mines,  moved  an  amendment 
expressing  satisfaction  with  the  Provincial  Government's  policy  and 
with  that  of  the  Dominion  in  its  proposed  Highway  grants.  J.  G. 
Anderson  and  W.  R.  Ferguson  moved  an  additional  amendment 
declaring  that  the  House  could  not  approve  any  Dominion  grant 
unless  it  were  paid  to  the  Province  concerned  upon  a  basis  of  popula- 
tion and  expended  entirely  by  that  Province.  This  was  rejected  by 
78  to  20  and  Mr.  Hearst's  amendment  carried  by  the  same  vote. 
Further  amendments  were  rejected  on  Apl.  10th  when  the  3rd  reading 
passed  by  75  to  17.  Two  days  later  Albert  Grigg  and  J.  R.  Dargavel 
represented  Conservative  feeling  in  the  following  Resolution: 

That  this  House  learned  with  satisfaction  of  the  proposals  of  the 
Government  of  Canada  to  contribute  out  of  its  revenue  towards  the  estab- 
lishment of  good  roads  in  the  several  Provinces  of  Canada.  That  this 
House  now  learns  with  indignation  and  deep  regret  that  although  that 
policy  was  approved  by  the  electorate  at  the  last  General  Election,  and 
by  a  large  majority  of  the  people's  representatives  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, the  popular  will  has  been  over-ridden  by  the  partisan  action  of  the 
Senate,  and  Ontario  has  been  deprived  of  her  share  of  the  $1,000,000  pro- 
posed to  be  expended  during  the  present  financial  year,  which  would  have 
amounted  to  at  least  $351,000  and  of  the  benefit  which  would  have  flowed 
from  the  expenditure  of  that  sum  on  Highway  improvement. 

The  Opposition  presented  a  long  Amendment  blaming  the  Dominion 
Government's  refusal  to  agree  with  the  Senate's  Amendments  as  being 
responsible  for  the  action  of  that  body.  It  was  lost  by  19  to  71  and 
the  original  motion  carried  by  these  figures  reversed. 

Many  proposals  for  New  Ontario  development  were  made  during 
the  year.  The  Haileybury  Board  of  Trade  suggested  in  January  that 
(1)  the  opening  of  Townships  for  settlement  should  be  carefully  con- 
sidered; (2)  that  main  colonization  roads  should  be  built  in  advance 
of  settlement;  (3)  that  the  education  of  settlers -should  be  aggres- 
sively provided  for  by  Government  Agricultural  Farms,  Model  Farms 
and  Lecture  courses;  (4)  that  Townships  should  be  so  opened  and 
settlement  encouraged  as  to  lessen  the  loneliness  and  isolation  of 
settlers.  The  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  of  Ontario  laid  the  follow- 
ing proposals  before  Sir  James  Whitney  on  Mch.  12th :  The  extension 
of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  to  Hudson's  Bay,  to  Georgian  Bay,  and  down  to 
Toronto,  connecting  with  a  system  of  radial  railways  in  Southern 
Ontario;  the  appointment  of  a  Commission  to  report  as  to  the  best 
policy  for  the  development  of  Northern  Ontario ;  the  extension  of  the 
Good  Roads  system  of  the  Province  by  means  of  Federal  and  Pro- 
vincial grants;  the  control  of  townsites  before  incorporation  and  the 
establishment  of  a  Prison  Farm  in  Northern  Ontario. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Field  in  his  special  Report  to  the  Toronto  Board  of 
Trade  suggested  the  following  lines  of  action:  The  desirability  of 
reduced  Timber  dues,  and  better  fire  protection  for  towns  and  forest 
lands;  more  capital  for  development  of  timber  resources  and  a  trial 
of  the  ready-made  farm  idea  which  had  proved  so  successful  in  the 
West;  legislation  to  prevent  the  speculation  in  Veteran's  claims  which 
was  retarding  development  and  further  facilities  in  the  matter  of 


special  rates  for  settlers'  effects  on  the  Government  Line;  consider- 
able Government  assistance  in  laying  roads  in  the  agricultural  regions 
which  it  was  desired  to  settle;  a  bigger  publicity  campaign  by  the 
Provincial  Government  so  as  to  divert  to  the  North  part  of  the  immi- 
gration stream  now  going  West;  appointment  of  a  New  Ontario 
Colonization  Commission  to  handle  the  entire  question  of  the  agri- 
cultural settlement  of  the  Northland.  At  the  close  of  the  year  Mr. 
J.  F.  Whitson  reported  to  the  Government  that  so  far  $200,000  had 
been  expended  in  New  Ontario  road  construction  and  that  the  follow- 
ing further  expenditures  were  desirable  and  necessary  as  follows: 

District  of  Rainy  River Trunk  and  other  Roads $100,000 

District  of  Kenora Trunk  Roads 76,000 

Country  tributary  to  Fort  William 

and  Port  Arthur Trunk  Roads 150,000 

Agriculture  and  Mining  Sections 

of  Sudbury  District. ...» Trunk  Roads 75,000 

District  of  Sudbury Mining  road 25,000 

Algoma  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie Sections  of  Trunk  Road 50,000 

Along  the  T.  &  N.  O.  Railway  and 

Branches  Trunk  and  other  Roads 75,000 

Along  the  T.  &  N.  O.  Railway, 

Porcupine  Region  Trunk  and  other  Roads 125,000 

Transcontinental  Railway  in  Tim- 

iskaming  Trunk  Roads 150,000 

District  of  Nipissing Trunk  Roads 75,000 

Transcontinental  Railway  in 

Algoma  Trunk  Roads.. 75,000 

Salaries,  etc.,  to  Staff 25,000 


Total $1,000,000 

During  this  year  the  Government  and  Parliament 
^  Canada  added  to  the  territory  of  the  Province  of 
the  District  Ontario  a  block  of  land  larger  than  the  British  Isles 
of  Patricia  and  three-quarters  the  area  of  France  or  Germany. 
The  addition  increased  the  size  of  the  Province  by  56 
per  cent.,  or  from  260,852  square  miles  to  407,252.  The  sub- 
ject was  discussed  in  the  Legislature,  as  well  as  at  Ottawa 
and  Winnipeg,  and  was  a  matter  of  negotiation  between  the 
Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments  also.  The  change  of 
Government  at  Ottawa  had  made  it  reasonably  certain  that  when 
the  boundaries  of  Manitoba  came  to  be  re-adjusted  the  claims  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario  would  not  be  overlooked.  Much  curiosity  was 
felt  as  to  the  situation  and  on  Feb.  20  the  Provincial  Secretary  (Mr. 
Hanna)  tabled  in  the  Legislature  a  digest  of  the  correspondence 
between  the  Dominion  and  Ontario  Governments  on  the  subject  up 
to  February,  1910,  and,  especially,  the  Ontario  Memorandum  of  Nov. 
9,  1906,  which  set  out  that  Ontario  would  not  require  to  enter  into 
a  consideration  of  the  questions  at  issue  between  the  Dominion  and 
Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan,  but  declared:  (1)  that  the  boundaries 
of  Manitoba  should  be  extended  northward  so  as  to  take  in  Fort 
Churchill;  (2)  that  the  eastern  boundary  should  be  carried  northward 
until  it  strikes  the  Churchill  River,  and  that  the  middle  channel  of 
the  River  should  then  become  the  boundary  until  the  River  debouches 
into  Hudson's  Bay;  (3)  that  the  remainder  of  the  territory  lying  to 
the  eastward  of  such  boundary  line  should  be  allotted  to  the  Province 


344  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  Ontario.  On  Feb.  21,  N.  W.  Rowell,  Opposition  Leader,  seconded 
by  A.  G.  MacKay,  moved  the  following  Resolution  in  the  Legislature : 

(1)  That  in  the  judgment  of  this  House  the  Province  of  Ontario  is 
entitled  to  its  own  hinterland,  and  to  have  its  westerly  boundary  extended 
north  to  the  60th  parallel  North  Latitude,  so  that  its  northerly  boundary 
shall  be  the  same  as  that  of  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan  and 
Manitoba,  but,  in  order  that  the  Province  of  Manitoba  may  have  access  to 
an  ocean-going  port  on  Hudson's  Bay  through  Its  own  territory,  this  House 
is  prepared  to  approve  a  settlement  whereby  the  westerly  boundary  of 
Ontario  shall  be  extended  north  to  the  Churchill  River  and  shall  then 
follow  the  middle  thread  of  the  Churchill  River  north-easterly  to  deep 
water  in  Hudson's  Bay.  (2)  That  this  House  respectfully  protests  against 
any  settlement  of  the  boundary  which  shall  deprive  Ontario  of  any  portion 
of  her  hinterland  south  of  the  Churchill  River,  and  which  does  not  secure 
for  Ontario  a  good  port  on  Hudson's  Bay  for  ocean-going  vessels. 

The  subject  was  debated  at  length  by  the  two  Leaders.  Mr.  RowelFs 
chief  claim  was  that  Ontario's  contention  had  not  been  adequately 
presented  at  Ottawa,  "  In  the  original  brief,  while  it  is  true  the  mat- 
ter is  digested,  no  great  force  appears  to  have  been  put  upon  the 
importance  to  Ontario  of  an  ocean-going  port  on  Hudson's  Bay  until 
after  the  Resolution  had  been  introduced  into  the  House  of  Commons. 
If  this  had  been  emphasized  in  the  first  place  rather  than  after  the 
Dominion  Government  passed  the  Resolution,  the  contention  for  a 
port  on  Hudson's  Bay  would  have  had  more  force  in  it."  Sir  James 
Whitney  went  fully  into  the  correspondence  with  Ottawa  and  read 
rarious  letters  from  and  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier.  He  showed  how  the 
Ontario  Government  had  at  first  tried  to  secure  a  joint  port  with 
Manitoba  at  Fort  Churchill,  but  had  later  proposed  an  alternative 
plan  by  which  the  Province  would  be  given  the  south  shore  of  the 
Nelson  River  for  26  miles  from  its  mouth.  At  Ottawa  on  Feb.  28th, 
following,  Resolutions  changing  the  boundaries  of  Manitoba,  Quebec 
and  Ontario  were  presented  in  the  Commons  and  afterwards  became 
law.  The  following  was  the  portion  relating  to  Ontario: 

Resolved,  that  it  is  expedient  to  extend  the  limits  of  the  Province  of 
Ontario  so  that  the  boundaries  thereof  shall  include,  in  addition  to  the 
present  territory  of  the  said  Province,  the  territory  bounded  and  described 
as  follows: — Commencing  at  the  most  northerly  point  of  the  westerly 
boundary  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  as  determined  by  the  Canada 
(Ontario)  Boundary  Act,  1889,  chapter  28  of  the  Statutes  of  1889  of  the 
United  Kingdom  (the  said  westerly  boundary  being  the  easterly  boundary 
of  the  Province  of  Manitoba) ;  thence  continuing  due  north  along  the  same 
meridian  to  the  intersection  thereof  with  the  centre  of  the  road  allowance 
on  the  twelfth  base  line  of  the  system  of  Dominion  Land  Surveys;  thence 
northeasterly  in  a  right  line  to  the  eastern  point  of  Island  lake,  as  shown 
in  approximate  latitude  53°  30'  and  longitude  93°  40'  on  the  railway 
map  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  published,  on  a  scale  of  thirty-five  miles 
to  one  inch,  in  the  year  1908,  by  the  authority  of  the  Minister  of  the 
Interior;  thence  northeasterly  in  a  right  line  to  the  point  where  the  89th 
Meridian  of  west  longitude  intersects  the  southern  shore  of  Hudson's  Bay; 
thence  easterly  and  southerly  following  the  shore  of  the  said  Bay  to  the 
point  where  the  northerly  boundary  of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  as  estab- 
lished tinder  the  said  Act,  intersects  the  shore  of  James  Bay;  thence 
westward  along  the  said  boundary,  as  established  by  the  said  Act,  to  the 
place  of  commencement. 


BOUNDARY  EXTENSION  AND  THE  DISTRICT  OF  PATRICIA      345 

On  the  same  day  the  discussion  was  resumed  in  Toronto  and  Sir 
James  Whitney  announced  that  by  Order-in-Council  of  Feb.  20th,  the 
Dominion  Government  had  made  important  additional  concessions 
to  Ontario.  "  We  get  a  strip  of  land  five  miles  wide  from  the  boun- 
dary of  the  Province  of  Manitoba  to  the  Nelson  Kiver,  the  only  con- 
dition being  that  we  cannot  go  further  away  from  Hudson's  Bay  than 
fifty  miles.  We  can  take  a  five-mile  strip  along  the  edge  of  the  shore 
if  we  please,  or  anywhere  within  the  limit  of  fifty  miles.  Then  we 
get  a  further  strip  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Nelson  River,  the  right- 
hand  side,  five  miles  in  length  and  half-a-mile  wide,  which  will  give 
us  a  total  frontage  at  the  River  of  ten  miles,  five  miles  of  which  will 
consist  of  the  end  of  the  strip  five  miles  wide,  which  has  been  brought 
across  the  country.  This,  Mr.  Speaker,  will  come  from  the  Govern- 
ment of  Canada,  not  from  the  Government  of  Manitoba.  The  Gov- 
ernment of  Canada  retains  the  same  control  of  the  land  as  it  had,  and 
upon  our  locating  what  we  want  will  give  us  a  patent,  or  statute,  con- 
veying the  land  to  Ontario.  I  may  say  that  the  Government  of  Mani- 
toba has  also  agreed  to  pass  a  statute  rendering  this  strip  of  land  five 
miles  wide  free  from  taxation  and  thus  we  get  a  terminus  on  Hudson's 
Bay.  We  have  five  years  in  which  to  make  the  location  of  this  strip 
and  that  is  the  only  limitation  upon  it."  The  Premier  reviewed  nego- 
tiations to  this  end  and  concluded  by  congratulating  the  House  that 
"we  have  been  able  to  checkmate  the  attempt  by  which  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  endeavoured  to  set  the  Provinces  of  Manitoba  and  Ontario  by 
the  ears." 

Mr.  A.  G.  MacKay  followed  in  an  eloquent  effort  to  overcome  the 
natural  effect  of  these  announcements.  He  claimed  that  under  the 
terms  of  Mr.  Rowell's  motion  Ontario  would  obtain  40,000  square 
miles  more  territory  in  what  was  really  her  Northern  Hinterland  than 
she  would  be  getting  under  the  arrangement  proposed  at  Ottawa.  He 
thought  the  Ontario  Government  failed  to  appreciate  that  Ontario 
had  equitable  rights  outside  of  legal  rights,  rights  which  were  on  a 
higher  plane  than  legal  technicalities.  Sir  Wilfrid  had  advised  the 
two  Provincial  Governments  to  get  together  and  agree.  That  did  not 
look  like  "  setting  the  Provinces  by  the  ears."  R.  R.  Gamey,  seconded 
by  D.  Jamieson,  then  moved  a  long  amendment  to  Mr.  Rowell's  motion 
erpressing  satisfaction  with  the  Government's  efforts,  regretting  that 
they  had  so  long  been  unfruitful  owing  to  the  policy  of  the  late  Gov- 
ernment at  Ottawa  and  stating  the  gratification  of  the  House  at  the 
changed  conditions  there  and  the  new  policy  embodied  in  the  Domin- 
ion Order-in-Council  which  had  just  been  read  by  the  Premier.  On 
Mch.  5th  J.  C.  Elliott  and  T.  Marshall  (Liberals)  moved  a  long 
amendment  to  the  amendment  of  which  the  following  were  the  chief 
clauses : 

This  House  regrets  that  the  Government  has  undertaken  to  deal 
with  the  division  of  the  Territory  of  Keewatin,  containing  324,500  square 
miles,  and  possessing  most  valuable  agricultural  lands,  timber  and  min- 
eral resources,  without  consultation  with  the  Legislature,  and  this  House 
is  of  the  opinion  that  in  matters  of  so  great  and  vital  interest  to  the 


346  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Province  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Executive  to  consult  the  representatives  of 
the  people  in  the  Legislative  Assembly.  This  House  further  regrets  that 
the  Government  failed  to  realize  the  great  importance  to  the  Province  of 
securing  such  an  extension  of  her  boundary  as  would  include  her  natural 
hinterland  and  a  deep  sea  harbour  on  Hudson's  Bay,  and  which  would 
have  thereby  greatly  added  to  her  territorial  extent  and  her  natural 
resources,  and  enabled  a  Provincial  Railway  to  be  extended  or  constructed 
to  tide-water  on  Hudson's  Bay  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Province. 
This  House  further  regrets  that  the  Government,  without  consulting  with, 
or  securing  the  aid  of  the  Legislature  of  this  Province,  admitted  and 
insisted  that  this  Province  had  '  no  legal  right  or  claim  whatever '  to  the 
lands  in  question,  and  that  the  Government  has  now,  without  consulting 
the  Legislature,  consented  to  a  division  of  the  territory  in  question,  which, 
if  carried  into  effect,  will  deprive  Ontario  of  about  40,000  square  miles 
of  her  natural  hinterland,  and  of  a  deep  sea  harbour  on  Hudson's  Bay 
within  her  own  territory. 

Reference  was  made  also  to  the  claim  that  if  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway 
left  Provincial  territory  it  would  pass  under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction 
of  Canada  and  a  demand  was  presented  that  Ontario  should  be  given 
the  same  financial  terms  in  this  territorial  re-adjustment  as  were 
accorded  Manitoba.  The  division  showed  a  vote  of  72  to  22  against 
this  Amendment  and  the  carrying  of  Mr.  Gamey's  amendment  to  the 
Rowell  Resolution  by  the  same  vote.  On  Apl.  10  the  3rd  reading  of 
the  Bill  to  legalize  the  transfer  of  territory  was  carried  by  66  to  21 
votes.  An  amendment  was  first  moved,  however,  by  Mr.  Rowell 
reiterating  his  previous  one  as  to  the  boundary  line  and  was  voted 
down  by  66  to  21  as  was  another  asking  for  a  re-adjustment  of  Debt 
allowance  similar  to  that  of  Manitoba, 

Following  these  debates  and  the  final  passage  of  the  Resolutions 
at  Ottawa,  W.  G.  Miller,  Provincial  Geologist,  reported  upon  the  new 
District  of  Patricia — called  after  and  with  the  consent  of  H.R.H. 
the  Princess  Patricia.  Its  area  was  given  as  146,400  square  miles  and 
its  addition  made  Ontario  the  second  largest  Province  of  the  Dominion 
with,  also,  a  seashore  of  over  600  miles  in  length.  Mr.  Miller's  Report 
comprised  elaborate  and  little-known  extracts,  articles,  studies  and 
descriptions  of  the  region  in  question  compiled  from  the  statements 
of  exploring  parties  and  officials  which,  during  a  period  of  forty 
years,  had  been  made  and  then  buried  in  Annual  Reports  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  A  brief  glance  at  their  data  indicated 
the  probability  of  Mineral  wealth,  of  agricultural  land  here  and  there, 
of  abundant  fish,  game,  timber  and  water-power.  The  Indians  num- 
bered about  700.  Following  this  action  the  Government  appointed 
J.  B.  Tyrrell  to  head  an  exploration  party  through  the  District  and 
he  spent  nearly  two  months  of  the  summer  in  traversing  2,000  miles 
of  country  and  investigating  resources  and  characteristics.  To  the 
Mail  and  Empire  on  his  return  (Oct.  28)  Mr.  Tyrrell  described  Port 
Nelson  as  a  good  harbour,  stated  that  there  was  a  larger  area  of  agri- 
cultural land  than  had  been  supposed,  indicated  the  general  nature  of 
the  region  as  resembling  that  of  the  Timiskaming,  and  declared  that 
the  lakes  and  marsh  region  in  Patricia  constituted  "  a  sportsman's 
Paradise." 


BUDGET  SPEECH  OF  THE  HON.  I.  B.  LUCAS  347 

In  the  absence,  through  illness,  of  the  Hon.  A.  J. 
Budget  Matheson,  Provincial  Treasurer,  the  Financial  State- 

fhee6Kon°f  ment  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Oct.  31,  1911,  was 
i.  B.  x.ncas  delivered  on  Mch.  7  by  the  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  Acting- 
Treasurer  and  Minister  without  Portfolio.  Mr.  Lucas 
first  drew  attention  to  the  still  increasing  Eevenue — the  figures  for 
the  year  being  the  largest  in  the  record  of  the  Province  and  totalling 
$9,370,833  or  $479,829  more  than  in  1910.  In  20  years  of  Liberal 
Administration,  1874  and  1894,  the  Eevenue  was  almost  stationary — 
$3,446,347  and  $3,453,162  respectively;  from  1894  to  1904  it  rose 
to  $4,464,100;  since  the  latter  year,  when  that  Party  left  Office,  it 
had  doubled. 

Dealing  with  new  sources  of  revenue  the  speaker  referred  to 
$285,000  from  Mining  royalties  and  claimed  that  this  sum  would 
have  been  very  much  larger  if  the  late  Government  had  taken  advan- 
tage of  its  opportunities  in  1903  when  Prof.  W.  G.  Miller  reported 
the  highly-mineralized  nature  of  the  Cobalt  region  and  advised  its 
withdrawal  from  settlement  and  prospecting  until  a  policy  of  taxa- 
tion could  be  "settled.  They  did  withdraw  the  lands  for  six  months 
and  then  threw  them  open  without  any  defined  system  under  which 
the  present  millionaires  of  that  region  might  have  contributed  their 
share  to  Provincial  revenues.  "  When  we  came  in,  in  1905,  there 
were  only  a  few  shreds  and  patches  left,  but  as  to  these  we  adopted  a 
policy  of  selling  upon  a  royalty  basis,  without  which  not  one  dollar 
would  have  been  received  by  the  Province  from  the  sale  of  Cobalt 
Lake,  Kerr  Lake,  and  other  claims  disposed  of  by  the  Government." 

As  to  Timber  limits  he  said :  "  Under  the  former  system,  so  much 
territory  was  put  up  and  you  bought  it  subject  to  timber  dues  at  so 
much  bonus  per  square  mile.  Under  the  present  system,  a  bonus  is 
paid  on  the  measurement,  and  on  every  foot  of  timber  cut  by  the 
licensee  he  pays  a  bonus.  There  are  obvious  advantages  under  the 
latter  method,  I  do  not  propose  to  argue  it  at  length  now.  The  former 
system  allowed  timber  limits  to  be  tied  up  for  an  indefinite  period. 
The  present  system  requires  licenses  to  be  issued  for  a  definite  period 
after  which  no  further  renewals  will  be  given  and  the  territory  will 
revert  to  the  Crown."  This  policy  had  the  effect  of  reducing  receipts 
— the  Liberal  Government's  average  in  its  last  five  years  being 
$880,000  a  year  from  bonuses  and  the  Whitney  Government  in  the 
succeeding  five  years  receiving  an  average  of  $211,559.  As  to  Suc- 
cession duties  he  declared  that  the  present  Provincial  Treasurer  had 
vindicated  his  criticisms  while  in  Opposition  "by  bringing  a  far 
greater  proportion  of  estates  in  the  Province  under  the  Succession 
Duties  Act,  while  not  oppressing  the  poorer  estates,  and  providing  a 
low  graduated  tax  of  one  to  five  per  cent,  on  estates  devolving  on 
lineals,  where  the  net  value  exceeds  $50,000  up  to  $200,000.  He  has 
also  vindicated  his  opposition  to  the  rates  in  vogue  prior  to  1905,  by 
placing  on  the  Statutes  the  graduated  additional  tax  which  was 
imposed  upon  the  beneficiary  according  to  the  value  of  the  benefits 
received." 


348  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Of  the  total  Revenue  $2,261,758  came  from  Dominion  Subsidies; 
$998,804  came  from  Crown  lands,  Mining  licenses,  fees  and  royalties, 
Acreage,  Profit  and  Gas  taxes;  $1,711,438  from  Woods  and  Forests 
which  included  bonus  payments,  timber  dues  and  ground  rents; 
$656,363  from  Liquor  licenses;  $104,155  from  Law  stamps  and 
$130,267  from  Game  and  Fisheries;  $323,736  from  Fees,  etc.,  paid 
the  Provincial  Secretary  and  $854,659  from  the  Supplementary 
Revenue  Act  or  taxes  on  Stocks,  Railways,  financial  and  other  cor- 
porations; $1,050,633  frgm  Succession  duties  and  $160,671  from 
Casual  revenues:  $274,300  from  Public  institutions  and  $515,000  from 
the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway. 

The  total  of  Expenditures  on  ordinary  account  was  $9,619,934  and 
thus  showed  a  deficit  of  $249,101.  Mr.  Lucas  explained  this  as  fol- 
lows :  "  The  statement  of  expenditures  which  I  have  given  you  includes 
the  fiscal  year  and  eighteen  days  subsequent  to  it,  so  we  should  also 
include  the  revenue  for  that  time.  Therefore,  we  might  include  the 
amounts  received  on  the  8th  and  10th  November  from  Crown  lands, 
on  timber  dues,  of  $273,648.28.  This  with  the  item  from  the  T.  & 
N.  0.  of  $78,000,  earned  but  not  paid,  without  anything  else,  gives 
$351,648,  or  an  actual  surplus  of  $102,548  for  the  year."  The  chief 
items  of  expenditure  included  $83,402  of  Railway  taxation  distributed 
to  the  municipalities;  $1,885,739  applied  to  Education  with  other  items 
which  should  be  added  making  a  total  of  $2,374,314  as  compared  with 
$1,000,000  expended  by  the  Ross  Government  in  1904;  $451,111  on 
Colonization  Roads  and  $680,101  in  Agriculture;  $602,528  for  Civil 
Government  and  $275,959  for  legislation;  $653,383  on  Administra- 
tion of  Justice  and  $1,197,726  on  the  maintenance  of  Public  institu- 
tions; $106,906  on  Colonization  and  Immigration  and  $357,849  on 
Hospitals  and  Charities;  $199,511  on  Repairs  and  maintenance  and 
$617,111  on  Crown  Lands  charges;  $252,953  on  miscellaneous  ser- 
vices and  $91,302  on  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission;  $170,606  on 
Hospitals  for  Insane  and  $172,065  on  Public  Works;  $763,415  on 
various  Interest  charges  of  a  statutory  character  and  other  statutory 
payments  totalling  $877,077. 

The  receipts  from  two  Loans  totalled  $2,680,795  and  from  the 
sale  of  certain  properties  $89,840.  The  Capital  expenditure  included 
$166,227  on  the  new  Government  House,  $159,920  on  the  new  Pro- 
vincial Prison,  $71,231  on  the  addition  to  Osgoode  Hall,  $475,400  on 
Parliament  Buildings,  $290,000  for  Algonquin  Park  timber  limits 
and  $1,358,697  advanced  to  the  Hydro-Electric  Commission.  The 
estimated  Receipts  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  31,  1912,  were  $9,404,429 
and  the  Expenditures  $8,645,065 ;  with  additional  anticipated  Capital 
expenditure  of  $3,523,300  of  which  $1,870,000  was  for  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Commission.  The  payments  due  on  Railway  aid  certificates 
and  Government  Annuities  up  to  1929  totalled  $3,951,372  and  the 
present  value  of  these  investments  was  stated  at  $3,899,206.  The 
Government's  Cash  balance  on  Oct.  31,  1911,  was  $1,503,916  as  com- 
pared with  $3,177,589  on  Oct.  31,  1910.  The  total  Assets  of  the 
Province,  including  this  balance  and  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway,  were 


TEMPERANCE  QUESTIONS  AND  THE  NEW  LIBERAL  LEADER    349 

$26,936,069;  the  direct  Liabilities  in  bonds,  stocks,  Eailway  certifi- 
cates, Annuities,  etc.,  were  $24,765,922;  the  indirect  Liabilities 
including  the  C.  N.  0.  Railway  guarantee  of  $7,860,000,  were 
$9,390,000. 

The  Hon.  A.  G.  MacKay  followed  for  the  Opposition  and  opened 
a  debate  which  lasted  for  over  a  week.  He  claimed  that  the  Debt 
had  been  increased  by  over  $3,000,000  during  the  past  year — as  much 
in  one  year  as  the  former  Government  had  added  in  fourteen.  If 
the  present  Government  had  been  in  power  as  long  as  the  Liberal 
Government,  instead  of  Liabilities  of  $8,000,000,  by  the  same  annual 
ratio  of  increase,  the  Liabilities  would  now  reach  $125,731,170 !  In 
pointing  proudly  to  a  balance  of  $1,503,516,  Mr.  Lucas  had  forgotten 
to  tell  the  House  that  last  year  there  was  cash  on  hand  of  $3,000,000. 
If,  he  declared,  the  Financial  Statement  had  followed  the  position 
taken  by  the  Provincial  Treasurers  prior  to  1905  the  accounts  would 
show  a  Deficit  of  over  $2,000,000,  instead  of  a  so-called  Surplus  due 
to  mixing  ordinary  and  capital  expenditure  and  ordinary  and  capital 
receipts.  He  contended  that  receipts  from  Crown  lands  and  timber 
dues  should  not  appear  in  the  current  account. 

As  long  as  the  Government  did  not  re-forest  to  keep  up  the  supply 
of  timber,  the  money  received  from  the  removal  of  timber  should  be 
placed  in  Capital  receipts.  Mr.  MacKay  suggested  increasing  the 
Succession  tax  on  large  estates  of  over  $1,000,000  and  assessing  the 
rate  proportionably  on  and  over  this  amount  until  the  Government 
should  get  back  a  considerable  part  of  the  accumulation.  He  drew 
attention  to  the  fact  that  there  was  a  Bill  before  the  Federal  House, 
which  would  give  Manitoba  $516,000  annually  more  than  she  formerly 
received ;  on  account  of  the  increased  territory  which  had  been  granted 
to  that  Province  by  the  recent  Boundary  adjustment.  "  Because  Mani- 
toba gets  178,100  square  miles  of  additional  territory,  she  is  given 
$516,000  of  an  increase.  Ontario  gets  146,000  square  miles,  and  why 
shouldn't  she  receive  about  $500,000  more  from  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment ?" 

Prohibition,  in  the  form  of  Local  Option,  continued 
Temperance  to  grow  in  the  Province  during  1912  though  reaching 
iiend  a  ^g6  °^  probable  limitation.  In  January,  18  munici- 
rjberai  palities  carried  By-laws  of  this  description  abolishing 
Leader  28  licenses ;  21  municipalities,  involving  44  licenses, 

would  have  carried  Local  Option  but  for  the  three-fifths 
condition;  30  municipalities,  controlling  143  licenses,  gave  majorities 
against  the  policy.  In  the  previous  five  years,  1907-11,  333  munici- 
palities had  voted  on  Local  Option  and  it  was  carried,  over  the  three- 
fifths  requirement,  in  215.  On  Feb.  15,  1912,  the  Ontario  Branch 
of  the  Dominion  Alliance  (Prohibition)  met  in  Convention  at 
Toronto,  heard  reports  from  President  Joseph  Gibson  as  to  inter- 
views with  Mr.  Premier  Whitney  and  the  Opposition  Leader,  and 
then  passed  the  following  Resolution: 

1.  That  this  Convention  renews  its  demands  for  legislation  abolishing 
the  bar-room  and  the  treating  system,  and  drinking  in  Clubs;   and  the 


350  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

imposition  upon  the  Liquor  traffic  of  such  other  restrictions  as  will  most 
effectively  restrain  its  operations  and  remedy  its  evils. 

2.  That  no  candidate  or  party  that  does  not  support  the  foregoing 
policy  can  be  accepted  as  entitled  to  the  support  of  electors  who  realize 
that  the  abolition  of  the  bar-room  is  the  greatest  political  issue  in  this 
Province  to-day. 

3.  That  the  Alliance  Executive  immediately  take  steps  to   effect  a 
thorough  organization  of  voters  to  secure  the  nomination  and  election  of 
representatives  who  can  be  relied  upon  to  support  the  policy  herein  set 
out. 

4.  That  the  Executive  Committee  be  directed  to  appoint  a  Sub-Com- 
mittee whose  duty  it  will  be  to  plan  and  carry  into  effect  political  organiza- 
tion. 

Mr.  Gibson  was  re-elected  President,  F.  S.  Spence,  Honorary  Presi- 
dent and  Rev.  Ben.  H.  Spence,  Honorary  Secretary.  At  the  same 
time  and  place  the  Dominion  Alliance  Council  was  in  Session.  It 
elected  F.  S.  Spence  President,  asked  him  to  visit  all  the  Provinces 
in  order  to  strengthen  the  cause,  and  passed  a  Resolution  condemning 
evils  of  the  licensed  grocery  system  and  urging  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernments to  separate  the  sale  of  liquor  from  the  sale  of  groceries.  As 
to  the  Ontario  Alliance  a  description  of  its  work  appeared  in  the 
Toronto  News  of  July  20th.  "  In  1907  the  cash  receipts  for  propa- 
ganda purposes  were  upwards  of  $14,000 ;  in  1908,  $21,000 ;  in  1909, 
$31,000;  in  1910,  $52,000;  and  in  1911,  $55,000.  To-day  the  Alli- 
ance has  an  energetic  staff  of  ten  men  giving  their  entire  time  to 
campaign  work  and,  besides  this,  an  office  staff  of  fifteen  or  twenty. 
Its  chief  efforts  are  devoted  to  what  is  called  the  Alliance  Field  Day 
plan.  In  1911  over  3,000  public  educational  meetings  were  held  in 
various  parts  of  the  Province.  A  new  departure  is  being  made  this 
year,  and  the  Field  Day  is  being  followed  up  by  the  organization  of 
the  electors  by  counties  and  municipalities." 

The  net  result  of  careful  administration  of  the  Liquor  Act,  the 
work  of  Temperance  agitators,  and  a  growth  in  public  opinion,  was 
the  reduction  in  Ontario  licenses  from  2,899  in  1904  to  1,836  in  1912. 
Meanwhile,  this  process  was  having  its  effect  on  Hotel  accommodation 
in  rural  districts  and,  on  Mch.  1,  a  petition  signed  by  1,000  Commer- 
cial travellers  was  presented  to  the  Premier  and  Mr.  Hanna  declaring 
that  reports  had  been  received  by  the  Commercial  Travellers  Associa- 
tion from  27  places,  ranging  from  Renfrew  to  Cobalt,  and  that  "  in 
the  great  majority  of  places  reported  upon  conditions  are  in  a  very 
unsatisfactory  state,  and  our  travelling  members  are  the  victims  of 
increased  expenditure  and  considerable  inconvenience.  These  condi- 
tions have  been  aggravated  in  part  of  the  municipalities  passing  Local 
Option  by-laws  without  having  to  assume  any  responsibility  with 
respect  to  Hotel  accommodation."  Sir  James  Whitney  said  the  Gov- 
ernment would  do  its  best  to  alleviate  the  difficulty. 

Meanwhile,  Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  the  new  and  aggressive  Lib- 
eral leader  in  the  Legislature,  had  been  preparing  to  take  high  ground 
upon  the  Temperance  issue.  During  the  first  months  of  the  year 
Mr.  Rowell  and  his  colleagues  were  in  a  state  of  progressive  considera- 
tion of  the  question.  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  where  the  Leader  and 


TEMPERANCE  QUESTIONS  AND  THE  NEW  LIBERAL  LEADER    351 

members  such  as  W.  Proudfoot,  K.C.,  stood  as  a  matter  of  conviction 
but  the  question  they  were  apparently  considering  was  how  far  the 
Party  as  a  whole  would  be  with  them  in  an  advanced  policy.  Mr. 
Rowell  spoke  at  Dundas  on  Jan.  9,  at  London  on  Feb.  16,  and  at  other 
places  without  clearly  indicating  his  position.  In  the  Legislature  on 
Mch.  26,  however,  he  gave  notice  of  Resolutions  which  put  the  issue 
with  sufficient  clearness.  As  The  Globe  of  the  27th  said:  "  When  the 
Liberal  party  in  the  Ontario  Legislature  yesterday  announced  their 
policy  on  the  Temperance  question  they  had  counted  the  cost.  They 
knew  it  meant  serious  business.  They  knew,  too,  that  it  involved  not 
a  brief  conflict,  but  a  long  and  hard  struggle.  To  a  man  they  lined 
up  behind  their  leader,  Mr.  N.  W.  Rowell,  and  to  a  man  they  will 
fight  with  him  against  the  Liquor  traffic,  its  allied  commercial  and 
social  interests,  and  the  political  forces  with  which  it  is  leagued." 
The  Resolution  was  as  follows : 

That  in  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  public  interests  demand: 

(1)  The  immediate  abolition  of  the  bar; 

(2)  Such  other  restrictions  upon  the  residue  of  the  Wquor  traffic  as 
experience  may  show  to  be  necessary  to  limit  its  operations  and  effective 
to  remedy  its  evils; 

(3)  The  strict  enforcement  of  the  law  by  officials  in  sympathy  with 
law   enforcement,   and   the   elimination   of   political    influence   from   the 
administration  of  the  law; 

(4)  Regulation  and  inspection  of  all  houses  of  public  entertainment 
so  as  to  insure  reasonable  accommodation  for  the  travelling  public. 

Amongst  the  leaders  in  social  and  moral  reform  who  at  once  expressed 
approval  of  Mr.  Rowell's  policy  (Globe,  Mch.  27)  were  Rev.  Dr.  J.  G. 
Shearer,  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Gandier,  Rev.  Dr.  T.  A.  Moore,  Rev.  L. 
Minehan,  Rev.  Dr.  W.  B.  Crichton  and  J.  L.  Hughes.  The  Hon. 
"W.  J.  Hanna  made  this  comment  in  the  same  paper:  "Any  policy 
which  leaves  the  retail  and  wholesale  licenses,  and  everything  else, 
confining  itself  only  to  cutting  off  the  bar  license,  is  a  joke."  From 
Sir  G.  W.  Ross  at  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  came  this  message:  "Approve 
cordially  of  decision  of  Liberal  party  to  abolish  the  bar.  I  favoured 
this  policy  eight  years.  The  success  of  Local  Option  assures  the 
wisdom  of  this  decision."  On  Mch.  29th  the  Hon.  S.  H.  Blake,  K.C., 
said  in  an  interview :  "  If  one  was  satisfied  that  the  abolishing  of  the 
bar  would  end  the  degrading  system  of  treating,  then  it  would  be  well 
to  pass  such  legislation  as  would  give  this  splendid  result;  but  there 
are  so  many  other  open  doors  that  it  would  appear  to  me  it  would 
simply  divert  the  habit  from  the  bar  to  some  other  place,  possibly 
without  even  the  safeguards  of  the  bar-room."  On  the  same  day,  the 
Ottawa  Journal  (Ind.-Cons.)  approved  the  policy. 

On  Apl.  3rd,  in  a  crowded  House,  Mr.  Rowell  moved  his  Resolu- 
tion and  made  a  characteristically  eloquent  speech  in  which  he  dealt 
with  the  economic,  the  social  and  the  scientific  aspects  of  the  Liquor 
traffic,  the  industrial  loss  which  it  caused,  and  its  influence  in  pro- 
ducing crime,  insanity  and  pauperism.  He  showed  its  power  for  evil 
in  the  home,  and  estimated  the  annual  expenditure  of  the  people  of 


352  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Ontario  in  this  respect  at  $25,000,000  a  year.  He  had  not  sought  nor 
coveted  the  position  he  held  as  Leader  of  the  Oppostiion  in  the  House 
nor  the  position  of  Prime  Minister  of  the  Province.  "  To  these  I 
have  never  aspired;  not  because  I  did  not  appreciate  the  honour  and 
the  importance  of  these  positions,  but  other  walks  of  life  would  have 
appealed  to  me  more  than  these.  The  only  inducement  I  had  to  accept 
the  position,  the  only  reason  why  in  this  House  to-day  I  enter  upon  this 
contest,  the  only  reason  why  I  enter  upon  it  in  the  country  is  this: 
I  hope  in  some  small  way  and  in  some  small  measure  to  be  able  to 
contribute  to  the  betterment  of  the  moral,  social  and  industrial  condi- 
tion of  the  people  of  this  my  native  Province.  I  can  think  of  no  better 
way  than  by  the  abolition  of  the  bar."  As  to  the  Club  and  shop 
licenses  there  were  only  53  of  the  former  in  the  Province  and  222 
of  the  latter  and  they  were  but  a  fraction  of  the  evil.  If  the  bar  was 
abolished,  however,  the  Clubs  must  go  also.  The  shops  could  be  dealt 
with  by  and  under  Local  Option  laws.  Sir  James  Whitney  followed 
with  a  Resolution  and  announcement  of  policy  to  which,  by  an  addi- 
tional amendment  moved  by  F.  G.  Macdiarmid,  there  was  afterwards 

added  the  final  clause: 

i 

This  House  recognizes  the  duty  cast  upon  it  to  minimize  as  far  as 
possible  the  evil  effect  of  the  drink  habit  by  wise  restrictions  upon  the 
traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors.  This  House  also  recognizes  that,  having 
regard  to  the  decisions  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council 
as  to  the  respective  jurisdictions  of  the  Dominion  and  of  the  Provinces,  it 
is  impossible  for  the  people  of  the  Province  through  Its  Legislature  to 
abolish  or  control  the  manufacture  within,  or  the  importation  into,  the 
Province  of  intoxicating  liquors;  that  the  treating  habit  is  now  almost 
universally  recognized  as  the  most  powerful  factor  in  the  evil  results  of 
the  said  traffic  and  habit,  and  no  good  object  would  be  served  by  simply 
diverting  the  habit  from  the  bar  to  some  other  place.  That  in  the  opinion 
of  this  House  legislation  to  prevent  and  put  a  stop  to  the  said  treating 
habit  should  be  enacted,  and,  if  necessary,  supplemented  by  regulations 
under  which  retail  licenses  are  granted  and  held.  And  this  House  desires 
to  put  on  record  its  appreciation  of  the  good  work  done  by  the  present 
Government  of  the  Province  during  the  past  seven  years,  and  of  their 
earnest  and  faithful  administration  of  the  Liquor  License  law,  and  by 
the  desirable  improvements  which  have  been  added  thereto. 

The  Premier  was  emphatic  as  to  Mr.  Rowell's  proposal :  "  Abolish  the 
bar  and  what  would  happen  ?"  he  demanded.  "  It  is  my  unhesitating 
belief  that  if  we  abolish  the  bar  the  evils  now  existing  will  be  ampli- 
fied and  increased  " — through  illicit  sales  and  places.  He  was  equally 
assured  as  to  the  general  question.  "  The  results  of  the  Liquor  traffic 
and  the  liquor  habit  are  bad,  terribly  bad.  Not  only  is  it  right,  but 
it  is  the  duty  of  every  man  in  his  sphere,  be  it  private  or  public,  to  do 
what  he  can  to  lessen  and  minimize  the  evils  relating  to  the  drink 
traffic."  The  Government  had  done  its  duty  in  that  regard,  said  the 
Prime  Minister,  and  the  Act  of  which  they  were  proudest  was  the 
enactment  of  the  Three-Fifths  clause  in  the  Liquor  law.  "  Our  atti- 
tude to-day  is  as  it  was  ten  years  ago — that  this  is  a  question  of 
evolution,  of  development,  and  of  progress."  The  "  ridiculous  and  dis- 
gusting "  treating  habit  was  the  worst  feature  of  bar-room  drinking. 


TEMPERANCE  QUESTIONS  AND  THE  NEW  LIBERAL  LEADER    353 

There  was  no  doubt  as  to  the  desirability  of  its  abolition  but  the  great 
difficulty — one  which  he  believed  might  be  overcome — was  in  the 
enforcement  of  the  law.  "  Probably,  if  legislation  were  enacted,  regu- 
lations by  the  Department  which  is  in  control  of  the  License  system 
might  be  issued  so  as  to  hold  over  the  hotel-keeper  the  possibility  of 
losing  his  license  and  this  would  have  great  effect  and  render  such  a 
law  more  easy  of  enforcement  than  any  enactment  in  favour  of  the 
abolition  of  the  bar." 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna  declared  the  Three-fifths  clause  the  great- 
est aid  in  enforcing  Local  Option  laws.  "  The  moment  we  carry  by 
60  per  cent,  we  find  in  place  of  a  guerilla  warfare  during  the  next 
three  years,  in  the  hope  of  reversing  the  vote,  that  the  Liquor  forces 
lay  down  their  arms  and  quit  the  fight."  Mr.  W.  Proudfoot,  in  his 
speech,  declared  the  Government's  Resolution  a  good  thing  but  Mr. 
Rowell's  a  better;  claimed  that  if  the  Scott  Act  had  been  enforced  as 
laws  now  were  in  the  Province  it  would  have  been  beneficial;  and 
declared  that  "  for  years  the  Members  of  the  Government  had  been 
elected  by  the  united  efforts  of  the  Liquor  people."  The  vote  of  the 
House  stood  79  for  the  combined  amendment  and  19  against. 

A  clear  issue  was  thus  put  before  the  Province.  In  neither  case 
was  it  Prohibition;  in  each  it  was  a  proposal  which,  from  the  Tem- 
perance point  of  view,  contained  elements  of  good.  In  both  cases 
there  were  difficulties.  Mr.  Rowell  faced  the  possible  transfer  of 
liquor  drinking  from  the  bar  to  the  shop  or  some  illicit  place  of  sale ; 
the  Government  faced  the  problem  of  enforcement.  Varied  opinions 
were  expressed  in  the  matter.  The  W.C.T.TL  of  Ontario  issued  a 
signed  statement  approving  Mr.  Rowell's  policy  and  declaring  that 
"  the  proposal  on  the  part  of  the  Government  to  prohibit  or  curtail 
the  treating  habit  appears  to  us,  as  to  its  author,  surrounded  with 
difficulties.  Our  experience  with  the  drinker  and  the  purveyor  of 
drink  leads  us  to  the  conclusion  that  an  anti-treating  law  would  be 
impossible  of  enforcement."  The  Christian  Guardian,  organ  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  stated  (June  19)  that  "no  temperance  slogan  for 
a  generation  has  so  taken  hold  of  the  people  of  Ontario  as  the  one 
which  is  now  being  heard  in  every  Church  court  in  Ontario,  and  which 
the  Liberal  party  has  made  its  own.  .  .  .  This  *  Banish  the  Bar ' 
campaign  promises  more  from  the  Temperance  standpoint  than  we 
had  dared  to  hope,  and  all  and  sundry  had  better  get  out  of  the  way." 

A  persistent  Temperance  agitation  followed  throughout  the  Pro- 
vince. Resolutions  were  passed  favourable  to  Mr.  Rowell's  policy  by 
the  Baptist  Young  Peoples'  Union  of  Ontario  and  Quebec  at  Toronto 
on  Apl.  5;  by  the  Western  Ontario  Association  of  Baptist  Churches 
at  Ridgetown  on  May  30 ;  by  the  Hamilton  Methodist  Conference  on 
June  4  plus  approval  of  Mr.  Hanna's  License  administration;  by  the 
Methodist  Bay  of  Quinte  Conference  on  June  8th ;  by  the  Niagara  and 
Hamilton  Baptist  Association  on  June  7th;  by  the  Toronto  Meth- 
odisjb  Conference  on  June  17 ;  by  the  Board  of  Social  Service  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Canada  at  Brampton  on  Sept.  5;  by  the 
Temperance  and  Moral  Committee  of  the  Methodist  Church  of 
23 


354  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Canada  at  Toronto  on  Sept.  27;  by  various  gatherings  of  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union.  On  the  other  hand  the  Church  of 
England  Synods  refused  to  express  any  opinion  and  that  of  Toronto 
voted  down  (June  13)  a  Resolution  in  favour  of  abolishing  the  bar. 
A  curious  statement  appeared  at  the  close  of  a  Mail  and  Empire 
editorial  on  June  10  dealing  with  Mr.  Rowell's  campaign :  "  Should 
he  succeed  in  developing  opinion  to  the  point  of  demanding  that  the 
bar  be  abolished,  Sir  James  Whitney's  Government,  always  keeping 
pace  with  public  opinion  and  always  responsive  to  it,  will  effect  the 
reform." 

During  Mr.  Rowell's  summer  campaign  he  spoke  at  London  on 
July  1st  and,  after  referring  to  the  above  statement,  said :  "  I  make 
this  appeal  to  Sir  James  Whitney :  Join  with  me  and  let  both  political 
parties  unite  to  wipe  it  (the  bar)  out.  I  invite  Sir  James  Whitney 
to  join  with  us  and  to  cease  straining  for  an  ineffective  and  inefficient 
substitute."  He  was  vigorous  in  his  denunciation,  here  as  elsewhere, 
of  the  Bar :  "  All  our  measures  for  social  and  industrial  reform  will 
fail  to  secure  the  results  we  desire  so  long  as  we  continue  in  our  midst 
an  institution  which  impairs  the  efficiency  of  the  workingman;  cur- 
tails the  output  of  the  manufacturer;  diverts  from  productive  and 
beneficial  industries  a  large  amount  of  capital;  destroys  homes  and 
wrecks  lives;  makes  paupers  and  criminals — the  licensed  bar."  At 
Belleville,  on  July  10,  Mr.  Rowell  claimed  that  Club  licenses  had 
increased  from  24  to  56  since  the  Whitney  Government  took  office  and 
there,  as  well  as  at  other  points,  he  continued  his  aggressive  advocacy 
of  abolition. 

The  East  Middlesex  bye-election  was  made  a  special  fighting 
ground  on  this  issue.  The  Independent  candidate  (W.  Sutherland) 
announced  on  Oct.  17  in  The  Globe  that:  "  I  will  support  the  Liberal 
party's  policy  of  '  Abolish-the-bar '  in  the  Legislature,  and  will  vote 
for  any  Resolution  which  Mr.  Rowell  may  introduce  to  this  effect; 
unless  Sir  James  Whitney  introduces  legislation  going  further  toward 
the  abolition  of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  in  such  event,  I  reserve  my 
freedom  to  vote  for  such  a  measure  if  I  consider  it  in  the  interests 
of  temperance  so  to  do."  Mr.  Rowell  promptly  promised  his  support 
to  the  candidate  and  on  Oct.  22nd  opened  his  campaign  at  Ilderton. 
There  was  no  mistake  as  to  the  issue.  "  I  covet  for  East  Middlesex," 
said  the  Opposition  Leader,  "  that  she  should  on  this  issue  give  the 
Province  of  Ontario  a  lead.  I  covet  for  you  the  proud  distinction  of 
leading  this  Province  in  a  great  campaign  for  wiping  out  the  bar. 
But  no  matter  what  you  do  it  will  not  stop  the  progress  of  the  fight, 
for  the  moral  sense  and  judgment  of  Ontario  is  against  the  open 
bar,  and  the  open  bar  is  going  to  go."  At  Lambeth  on  the  23rd  Mr. 
Rowell  insisted  upon  this  as  the  paramount  issue  though  he  men- 
tioned some  other  matters  of  Party  difference.  He  was  at  Belmont 
on  the  24th  and  at  Thorndale  on  the  25th. 

Sir  James  Whitney  spoke  at  Thorndale  on  Oct.  24th  and  said 
little  of  the  abolition  of  "treating"  but  indicated  his  own  personal 
position  as  follows :  "  It  is  the  duty  of  every  public  man,  not  only  his 


ELECTRIC  POWER  QUESTION  AND  THE  COMMISSION'S  WORK    355 

right  and  privilege,  if  he  values  British  institutions  and  has  self- 
respect,  to  take  every  reasonable  step  in  his  power  to  minimize  and 
do  away  with  the  awful  effects  of  the  drink  traffic."  This  had  been 
his  view  when  entering  public  life  and  he  thought  the  Province  would 
say  that  he  had  carried  it  out.  In  this  very  constituency  there  were 
32  licenses  in  1904  and  10  in  1910.  "  Any  man  who  will  trifle  with 
such  a  question  and  use  it  as  a  stalking  horse  for  political  purposes, 
is  a  political  fakir  and  not  worthy  of  support."  He  was  very  sarcastic 
over  The  Globe  and  Mr.  Eowell,  as  a  Director  of  that  paper,  publish- 
ing attractive  and  numerous  Liquor  advertisements.  Mr.  Hanna, 
Provincial  Secretary,  also  spoke  and  Mr.  Adam  Beck  addressed  sev- 
eral meetings.  The  result  of  the  contest  was  the  turning  of  a  Liberal 
majority  of  540  in  1911  into  a  Conservative  majority  of  539 — about 
what  it  had  been  in  1908.  Mr.  Eowell's  comment  was  that  this  was 
a  "  preliminary  skirmish."  Speaking  at  Woodstock,  Nov.  7,  Mr. 
Rowell  challenged  the  Premier  or  Members  of  his  Government  to  come 
and  speak  with  him  in  the  current  Local  Option  contests.  He  was  at 
Ayr  on  Dec.  26th  and  again  supported  Local  Option  as  a  step  toward 
the  more  complete  policy. 

On  Dec.  31,  1911,  30  Ontario  Municipalities  were 
*a^3ttS  electric  power  from  the  Hydro-Electric  Power 
Commission — a  body  responsible  to  the  Provincial  Gov- 
•ion'i  work  eminent  with  one  of  its  Ministers,  Hon.  Adam  Beck,  as 
Chairman  and  another,  the  Hon.  J.  S.  Hendrie,  c.v.o., 
as  a  Member  and  W.  K.  McNaught,  M.L.A.,  as  the  third  Commis- 
sioner. During  the  succeeding  year  much  further  progress  was  made 
and,  early  in  January,  36  more  municipalities  passed  "  enabling " 
By-laws  so  that  they  might  come  into  the  system.  As  to  the 
importance  of  the  subject,  Roderick  J.  Park  compiled  at  this  time  a 
statement  which  was  quoted  by  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade  and  in 
which  he  claimed  that  there  were  capital  investments  in  Ontario 
water-power  development  of  $84,265,100,  estimated  the  undeveloped 
power  in  the  Province  at  10,000,000  horse-power  and  declared  that 
a  field  existed  for  the  "  profitable  and  sound  investment "  of  $960,- 
•00,000  of  capital.  In  Cobalt,  for  instance,  steam  power  was  in 
1911-12  almost  wholly  displaced  by  hydraulic  power  for  the  operation 
of  its  mines  and  works. 

Addressing  the  newly-formed  Ontario  Municipal  Electric  Asso- 
ciation, with  Mayor  G.  R.  Geary  of  Toronto  as  President,  on  Feb. 
22nd  Mr.  Beck  stated  that  the  Power  Commission  had  100,000  horse- 
power available.  The  Niagara  district  had  contracted  for  33,900 
horse-power  and  altogether  there  was  44,000  horse-power  contracted 
for.  The  quantity  in  actual  use  was  18,000  horse-power.  The  object 
of  the  Municipal  Electric  Association  was  a  union  for  all  Hydro- 
electric matters,  such  as  the  purchase  of  supplies,  standardization  of 
equipments,  the  accounts,  operation  and  general  management  of 
plants,  etc.,  and  to  work  in  conjunction  with  the  Government  Com- 
mission in  promoting  the  electrical  development  of  the  Province.  A 
Resolution  was  passed  urging  the  Government  to  recognize  Mr.  Beck's 


356  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

public  services  in  this  connection.  The  Government  proposed  at  this 
time  to  make  Mr.  Beck  the  head  of  a  new  Department  of  Power,  in 
name  as  well  as  in  effect,  but  the  only  step  actually  taken  was  a 
measure  introduced  and  carried  by  the  Premier  to  enable  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Commission  to  receive  a  salary  of  $6,000  a  year  without 
resigning  his  seat  in  the  Legislature. 

As  to  this  Sir  James  said  in  the  House  on  Feb.  13th :  "  The  change 
had  been  considered  because  the  Government  found  it  difficult  to  give 
the  Eastern  and  Central  part  of  Ontario  the  benefit  of  cheap  power 

t  ,  owing  to  the  bitter  and  determined  opposition  of  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment as  then  constituted.  Private  syndicates,  aided  and  abetted 
by  the  Ottawa  Government,  were  acquiring  the  water-powers  in  the 
East.  Now,  however,  that  the  Government  at  Ottawa  has  been 
changed,  it  is  possible  to  reconsider  the  matter.  We  have  merely 
deferred  putting  into  operation  that  which  we  will  put  into  operation 
when  the  time  comes,  namely,  the  transfer  of  the  Hydro-Electric  to 
a  Department  of  the  Government."  The  Opposition  had  fought  this 
/  suggestion  in  the  recent  campaign  owing  to  the  fear  of  tying  up  the 

v  municipalities  too  closely  with  a  Government  Department  and  this 
decision  was,  therefore,  claimed  by  Mr.  Rowell  as  "  a  great  victory." 
At  Woodstock  on  Jan.  9th  he  had  said:  "To  the  full  limit  of  the 
resources  of  the  Opposition  in  the  Legislature  we  will  oppose  a  policy 
inimical  to  the  best  interests  of  the  municipalities,  and  prejudicial 
to  the  development  of  our  Hydro-electric  system;  a  policy  which 
strikes  one  of  the  worst  blows  ever  struck  at  public  ownership  in  this 
Province.  If  you  take  the  administration  of  that  great  boon  of  the 
people  from  a  business  Commission  and  make  it  a  Department  of 
Government  you  do  a  great  wrong  to  the  people  of  this  Province." 
In  respect  to  the  remuneration  given  Mr.  Beck  after  seven  years  of 
energetic  and  absorbing  work,  for  and  with  the  Commission,  it  was 
understood  that  he  had  deprecated  the  proposal  and  that  the  other 
Members — Messrs.  Hendrie  and  McNaught — had  refused  to  accept 
anything  at  all.  The  measure  passed  the  House  unanimously  and  with 
popular  approval.  A  little  later  in  the  Session  Mr.  Beck's  measure 
enlarging  and  re-arranging  the  powers  and  functions  of  the  Commis- 
sion included  the  following  additions  to  its  authority: 

1.  To  take  over  existing  Power  transmission  lines  and  to  improve 
water-powers  by  assisting  municipalities  and  others  in  the  storage  of 
water,  making  of  sluices,  etc. 

^/  2.  To  expropriate  a  local   distributing  plant  where  a  municipality 

votes  to  enter  into  a  contract  with  the  Commission  for  a  supply  of  power; 

3.  To  regulate  installation  of  electrical  equipment  and  installation  of 
wires  in  all  buildings,  including  private  houses,  and  to  require  the  appoint- 
ment by  municipalities  of  Inspectors  to  see  that  such  regulations  are 
carried  out; 

4.  To  order  the  removal  and  alteration  of  any  works  that  are  a 
menace  to  the  public  safety  or  endanger  life  and  to  control,  absolutely, 
whether  those  municipalities  take  power  from  the  Commission  or  not; 

5.  To  control  the  rates  of  any  Company  or  individual  taking  power 
from  the  Commission,  and  to  prescribe  a  uniform  system  of  bookkeeping 
on  the  part  of  Power  municipalities; 


ELECTRIC  POWER  QUESTION  AND  THE  COMMISSION'S  WORK    357 

6.  To  direct  the  disposal  of  surpluses  earned  by  municipal  Power- 
plants  supplied  by  the  Commission  and  which,  in  many  cases,  are  devoted 
to  the  building  of  sidewalks,  street-sweeping,  etc.,  and  to  direct  them  to 
the  relief  of  Power  and  Light  users. 

7.  To  order  all  wires  under  its  jurisdiction  underground  in  cities  and 
towns  and,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Dominion  Railway  Commission, 
to  order  underground  all  wires  strung  on  streets  where  the  municipalities 
construct  tunnels  or  conduits  to  carry  such  wires; 

8.  To  impose  a  penalty  of  $100  per  day  for  any  disobedience  of  any 
such  order. 

Strenuous  objection  was  made  by  various  Companies  to  the  expro- 
priation clauses  and,  on  Mch.  5,  Mr.  Beck  and  his  colleagues  heard  the 
representations  of  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C.,  for  136  concerns  having  an 
investment  of  $85,000,000.  The  Toronto  Electric  Light  Co.  and  the 
Trent  Valley  companies  were  also  represented.  Mr.  Rowell,  in  the 
Legislature  on  Apl.  2nd  protested  against  the  powers  of  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Commission  being  so  enlarged,  declared  that  the  Government 
was  proceeding  in  the  wrong  direction  and  that,  instead  of  curtailing 
the  authority  of  the  municipalities,  it  should  be  increased.  The 
municipalities  were,  he  said,  entitled  to  direct  representation  on  the 
Commission.  Mr.  Beck,  in  his  speech,  stated  that  Niagara  Falls  was 
now  supplying  with  electric  power,  through  the  Commission  9  cities, 
14  towns  and  6  villages  while  30  other  contracts  were  pending.  One 
of  the  chief  obstacles  to  the  extension  of  the  work  of  the  Commission 
was  found  in  the  existence  of  privately-owned  plants  which,  at  times, 
were  able  to  exclude  the  municipality  from  enjoying  the  benefit  of  the 
Commission's  system.  The  Bill  passed  in  due  course. 

Addressing  the  Ontario  Municipal  Association,  Toronto,  on  June 
19  Mr.  Beck  said :  "  The  total  estimated  cost  of  the  lines  in  the 
Niagara  district,  including  the  stations,  towers  and  right  of  way 
apparatus  in  the  various  stations,  is  $4,466,417.  The  actual  cost  will 
be  $4,493,000  or  about  $27,000  in  excess  of  our  estimate.  But,  in  the 
expenditure,  we  have  an  extra  cost  of  right  of  way  alone  of  $321,000 
more  than  the  estimate ;  additional  equipment  such  as  protective  relay 
system  and  spare  transformers  amounting  to  $158,285  and  we  added 
the  interest  charges  for  the  first  year,  that  is,  up  to  the  1st  of  Nov., 
1911,  to  capital  account,  amounting  to  $80,506,  or  a  total  of 
$559,970."  He  expected  a  further  reduction  in  charges  to  munici- 
palities by  the  end  of  the  year.  Negotiations  were  underway  with 
many  centres  in  the  West  and  East  alike.  At  "Oxbridge  on  July  30 
the  Midland  Association  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Union  waa 
formed  with  Mayor  N.  R.  Beal  as  President.  Mr.  Beck,  in  his  speech,, 
furnished  estimates  for  1,900  horse-power  to  the  8  municipalities  con- 
cerned. "  What  we  want  is  that  every  small  village  shall  be  an  indus- 
trial centre.  Rather  small  towns  and  villages  with  plenty  of  manu- 
facturing than  great  factory  towns  with  slums  and  congested' 
population."  For  the  farms  it  meant  much.  Automatic  chopping, 
a  root  cutter,  a  hay  cutter,  a  wood-saw  and  other  farmer's  devices 
could  be  run  by  two  horse-power — in  fact  all  the  ordinary  work  of 
the  farm  with  lighting  as  an  incident. 


358 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Mr.  Beck  pointed  out  that  a  year  ago  people  thought  electric 
milking  was  absurd,  yet  there  were  now  a  lot  of  milking  plants  around 
Ingersoll.  For  threshing  and  filling  the  silo  25  horse-power  was 
required.  The  Government  would  probably  have  a  portable  motor 
and  transformer  for  specified  districts  as  it  would  not  pay  to  put  in 
a  transformer  everywhere.  When  a  Township  was  wired  the  portable 
transformer  could  be  attached  anywhere  and  by  a  cable  the  power 
could  be  taken  over  the  fields  to  the  barns.  The  cost  of  wiring  a 
Township  was  $40,000  and  this  would  be  payable  to  the  Commission 
in  $5,000,  yearly  installments.  At  the  J.  W.  Might  farm  near  Cooks- 
ville  on  Aug.  28  the  Minister  gave  a  gathering  of  farmers  a  practical 
illustration,  by  means  of  25  horse-power,  of  what  electricity  could  do 
for  them.  Other  and  similar  illustrations  were  given  at  different 
points  in  the  Province.  On  Oct.  10  Mr.  Beck  and  the  Commissioners 
announced  a  new  schedule  of  rates  in  Niagara  District  beginning  on 
Nov.  1st  and  on  Dec.  6  another  was  announced : 


Rate, 

Municipality.  Oct  10. 

Toronto     f  18.10 

London    28.00 

Guelph     25.00 

Stratford    32.00 

Seaforth    41.00 

Mitchell    38.00 

St.  Thomas    32.00 

Woodstock    26.00 

Ingersoll   28.00 

Tillsonburg    32.00 

Norwich    30.00 

Beachville    33.89 

Berlin    26.00 

Waterloo 26.00 

New  Hamburg   32.00 

Baden    37.00 

Preston    25.00 

Gait    25.00 

Hespeler    26.00 

St   Mary's    38.00 

Dundas    17.00 

Hamilton    17.00 

Waterdown    37.50 

Port  Credit    36.79 

Weston    30.00 

Brampton   29.00 

Mimico    30.74 


Rate. 

Nov.  1. 

116.50 
27.00 
23.50 
32.00 
41.00 
38.00 
32.00 
24.00 
27.00 
32.00 
30.00 
32.00 
24.00 
25.00 
32.00 
37.00 
23.50 
24.00 
25.00 
35.00 
16.00 
16.50 
30.00 
32.00 
30.00 
29.00 
30.00 


Rate  announced, 
Dec.  6. 
115.00 
24.00 
22.00 
30.00 
40.00 
37.00 
29.00 
23.00 
25.50 
32.00 
32.00 
31.00 
22.50 
23.50 
32.00 
37.00 
21.50 
22.00 
23.00 
29.50 
16.00 
16.00 
26.00 
31.00 
30.00 
25.00 
30.00 


"We  have  been  in  operation  but  a  year,"  said  Mr.  Beck  on  Dec.  6, 
"and  we  have  found  that  even  our  first  low  charges  were  excessive 
and  that  we  have  a  surplus  over  and  above  the  cost  of  power.  We  are 
now  able  to  save  consumers  $100,000  in  cheaper  rates."  Meanwhile 
"Woodstock  had  turned  on  its  Hydro-electric  system  on  July  llth; 
the  Commission  announced  on  July  4  that  it  would  construct  trans- 
mission lines  and  supply  Collingwood,  Barrie,  Coldwater,  Elmvale 
and  Stayner  at  a  cost  of  $198,000;  at  Brantford,  which  had  not  yet 
come  into  the  system,  Mr.  Beck  on  Oct.  22nd  spoke  at  length  in  sup- 
port of  his  policy;  in  Toronto,  on  Nov.  14,  the  Ontario  Electric 
Association  passed  a  Resolution  declaring  that,  "in  the  opinion  of 
this  meeting  representing  over  30  Ontario  municipalities,  it  is  desir- 
able that  a  system  of  electric  railways,  including  street  railways  to 


ELECTRIC  POWER  QUESTION  AND  THE  COMMISSION'S  WORK    359 

be  owned  by  the  municipalities,  be  established  and  built ;  and,  further, 
that  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission  be  requested  to  look  into 
the  advisability  and  practicability  of  constructing  such  a  system  and 
to  furnish  a  report  thereon  to  this  Association."  Mr.  Beck  expressed 
sympathy  with  the  suggestion.  In  November  it  was  announced  that 
the  Commission  had  signed  contracts  with  five  new  municipalities — 
Brantford,  Paris,  Port  Dalhousie,  Brockville  and  Prescott.  The 
Annual  Eeport  of  the  Commission  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  31  showed 
Expenditures  on  the  Niagara  System  during  the  year  of  $456,635, 
Receipts  of  $511,801,  and  Capital  expenditures  to  date  of  $4,158,829. 

Meanwhile,  the  Toronto  Hydro-Electric  Commission  had  been 
having  difficulties.  The  City  Auditor  reported  (Oct.  14)  that  the 
plant,  etc.,  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  had  cost  to  date  $2,610,995  with  out- 
standing liabilities  of  $378,518;  that  the  deficit  on  Dec.  31st  was 
$117,803,  that  the  additional  deficit  on  June  30,  1912,  was  $85,642, 
that  the  accrued  Sinking  fund  unprovided  for  on  June  30th  was 
$50,888,  and  that  the  proportion  of  Interest  charged  to  Capital  was 
$36,305;  that  the  total  net  shortage  to  June  30th  was  $290,639.  At 
the  same  time  he  reported  that  the  system  of  bookkeeping  was  cum- 
bersome and  involved  in  detail,  the  business  over-staffed  and  the 
Power  purchased  on  the  "  peak  load  "  system,  which  he  thought  was 
not  the  best  which  could  be  employed.  Mayor  Geary  vigorously 
defended  the  Toronto  Commission,  denied  the  conclusions  reached, 
and  criticized  the  financial  figures.  The  deficit  was  said  to  be  a  matter 
of  bookkeeping.  John  Mackay  &  Co.  were  at  once  employed  to  go 
over  the  accounts  and  they  reported  on  Dec.  21st  a  mass  of  figures 
giving  a  different  view  of  the  situation. 

An  interesting  development  arose  out  of  the  visit  on  May  16  of 
several  New  York  State  Senators  and  Assemblymen  to  Toronto  to 
obtain  information  as  to  the  Ontario  Hydro-electric  system  to  lay 
before  their  Legislature.  Senator  T.  H.  Ferris  was  Chairman  of  the 
Committee,  he  and  the  members  had  a  long  interview  with  Hon. 
Adam  Beck  and  his  colleagues,  and  were  given  every  assistance.  At 
the  close  of  the  year,  the  Committee's  Report  was  made  public  at 
Albany,  N.Y.,-  and  elaborate  figures  given  to  indicate  a  deficit  in 
Ontario  municipalities,  between  contract  rates  with  the  Commission 
and  rates  charged  the  consumers,  of  $250,080.  They  were  characterized 
early  in  1913  by  the  Electrical  Engineer  of  the  Ontario  Commission 
as  "  altogether  misleading."  Meantime,  P.  W.  Sothman,  Chief 
Engineer  for  this  body,  had  resigned  in  July  and  been  succeeded  by 
Fred.  A.  Gaby,  B.A.SC.,  and  in  February  the  Commission  had  served 
notice  of  expropriation  of  the  Power  site  at  Chats  Falls,  on  the  Ottawa 
River,  involving  an  estimated  development  of  120,000  horse-power. 
By  this  means  an  ample  supply  of  cheap  power  was  secured  for  the 
entire  Eastern  section  of  the  Province  including  Ottawa,  Smith's 
Falls,  Prescott  and  Brockville. 

The  Toronto  Electric  Light  Co.  had,  during  the  year,  various  diffi- 
culties to  meet  in  its  competition  with  a  powerful  Government  organi- 
zation and  not  the  least  of  these  was  the  frequent  though  brief  breaks 


360  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  its  transmission  lines  and  the  holding  up  of  Toronto's  business. 
On  July  22nd  a  series  of  announcements  were  made  by  the  Company 
as  to  changes  and  improvements.  The  Hydro-Electric  Commission 
was  "  turned  down  "  by  the  Kingston  City  Council  which,  on  Aug. 
20th,  decided  to  enlarge  the  local  plant.  A  Deputation  from  Stratford 
on  July  19th  endeavoured  to  obtain  from  the  Government  a  repeal  of 
the  clause  in  their  contract  compelling  exclusive  dealing  with  the 
Commission  but  Sir  James  Whitney  told  them  the  Government  would 
not  interfere.  The  municipality  had  undertaken  to  further  the  sale 
of  Provincial  electric  power,  and  any  tampering  with  its  agreement 
would  establish  a  dangerous  precedent  which  might,  in  the  end, 
increase  the  cost  of  power  to  others  in  partnership  with  the  Govern- 
ment or  Commission.  The  Toronto  Court  of  Revision  decided  on 
Sept.  26th  that  the  Toronto  Hydro-Electric  Commission  was  not 
subject  to  Civic  taxation. 

An  interesting  matter  was  the  visit  of  the  Opposition 
Mr.  Boweii  Leader,  the  Liberal  Members  of  the  Legislature  and  a 
Ontario^*"*  number  of  prominent  men  of  the  Party  to  New  Ontario 
Liberal  inci-  during  the  summer.  Amongst  those  who  accompanied 
dent*  of  1912  Mr.  Rowell  and  the  other  Members  of  the  House  were 
Hon.  Charles  Murphy,  Ottawa;  A.  E.  Ames,  W.  H. 
Shaw,  J.  E.  Atkinson,  James  Ryrie,  Hon.  Robert  Jaffray,  G.  Frank 
Beer,  R.  S.  Gourlay  and  J.  W.  Curry,  K.C.,  Toronto;  G.  M.  Reid,. 
T.  H.  Purdom  and  G.  S.  Gibbons,  London;  Lieut.- Colonel  J.  I. 
McLaren,  Hamilton;  J.  M.  Kilbourn,  Owen  Sound,  and  Malcolm 
Douglas,  Woodstock.  The  party  left  Toronto  on  July  29th  and  in 
Cobalt  on  the  30th  Mr.  Rowell  said  at  his  first  meeting :  "  We  have 
come  to  you  that  we  may  better  appreciate  and  understand  the  many 
questions  of  interest  to  this  great  North  country.  We  seek  to  become 
more  familiar  with  conditions  as  they  are  on  the  ground  and  to  meet 
and  confer  with  our  fellow-citizens,  the  men  of  the  North.  We  believe 
that  the  interests  of  North  Ontario  are  the  interests  of  the  whole 
Province  and  that  there  is  a  primary  responsibility  upon  the  Govern- 
ment and  Legislature  to  seek  to  further  such  a  policy  as  will  open 
up,  develop  and  expand  this  country  of  splendid  possibilities." 

At  Earlton  on  July  31st  the  Opposition  Leader  was  sarcastic  and 
used  a  phrase  made  familiar  in  the  1911  Elections:  "We  are  having 
considerable  experience  in  blazing  the  trail  for  the  Government  of  the 
Seven  Sleepers  and  we  will  do  our  best  to  induce  Sir  James  Whitney 
and  his  colleagues  to  again  emulate  us  and  to  come  here  and  meet 
with  you  and  study  the  requirements  of  your  great  and  growing  coun- 
try." On  this  day  Haileybury,  Thornloe  and  Milberta  were  also 
visited  and  short  speeches  made.  In  the  evening  an  address  was  given 
at  New  Liskeard  and  Mr.  Rowell  declared  that  transportation,  pub- 
licity, immigration  and  settlement  conditions  dominated  the  situation 
in  the  North.  He  favoured  the  right  of  every  citizen  to  free  access  to 
the  Courts  of  the  land  in  actions  against  the  T.  &  N.  0.  without  the 
necessity  for  securing  a  fiat  from  the  Attorney-General  and  urged  the 
evolution  of  a  thorough  system  of  good  roads  throughout  the  new 


MR.  EOWELL  IN  NORTHERN  ONTARIO;  LIBERAL  INCIDENTS    361 

settlement  districts.  lie  promised,  on  the  accession  of  the  Liberal 
Party  to  power,  that  improvements  on  settlers'  property  would  be 
exempted  in  whole  or  in  part. 

From  the  Mining  district  the  visitors  passed,  on  Aug.  1st,  to  the 
agricultural  belt  and  saw  something  of  Matheson  and  Englehart,  of 
the  Government's  Experimental  Farm  at  Monteith,  and  of  Cochrane 
where  the  Board  of  Trade  gave  a  banquet  at  which  the  Liberal 
Leader  made,  according  to  the  press,  the  best  speech  of  the  tour. 
There  could,  he  declared,  be  no  question  of  the  need  of  the  North 
for  better  roads  and  he  paid  a  high  tribute  to  the  work  being  done 
by  Mr.  J.  F.  Whitson  in  this  respect  for  the  settler.  A  strong  pro- 
gressive policy  was  needed.  He  insisted  that  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway 
should  be  conducted  more  as  a  colonization  road  than  as  a  paying 
proposition  with  the  requirements  of  the  settlers  as  the  first  considera- 
tion for  its  management.  Growing  municipalities  should  not  be 
handicapped  by  great  tracts  of  land  withdrawn  from  taxation.  Senator 
Jaffray,  Hon.  C.  Murphy,  J.  E.  Atkinson  and  others  also  spoke.  On 
the  2nd  the  various  Porcupine  Mines  were  visited  and  at  South  Por- 
cupine in  the  evening  Mr.  Rowell  referred  to  local  "  blind  pigs  "  and 
violations  of  the  License  law  and  declared  again  for  complete  abolition 
of  all  bars. 

According  to  The  Globe  report  he  pledged  himself  to  re-introduce 
an  8-hour  Bill  at  the  next  Session  and  was  in  conference  all  day  with 
manufacturers  and  men  at  the  mines.  On  the  3rd  a  meeting  was 
addressed  at  Haileybury  on  the  way  back  and  Toronto  was  reached 
again  on  Aug.  4th.  Of  this  brief  tour  the  Toronto  Star  (Lib.)  said 
on  the  6th :  "  Mr.  Rowell  met  as  many  organizations  as  possible, 
Boards  of  Trade  and  corporation  representatives,  but  he  did  not  rely 
wholly  on  them.  He  went  down  into  the  mines  and  talked  to  the 
miners,  went  into  the  offices  and  talked  to  the  'bosses,'  drove  over 
the  country  roads  and  talked  to  the  farmers,  asked  questions  of  the 
lumbermen,  and  found  out  what  the  men  who  swing  the  axe  for  a 
living  had  to  say  about  things  in  the  North."  There  was  little  hos- 
tile comment  as  to  the  trip  and  Mr.  Rowell's  praise  of  the  work  done 
by  a  Government  official — J.  F.  Whitson — was  appreciated  by  his 
opponents. 

An  important  question  which  the  Liberal  Leader  dealt  with  con-, 
siderably  during  the  year,  following  Sir  William  Meredith's  Interim 
Report,  was  that  of  Compensation  for  Workmen.  At  Woodstock,  on 
Aug.  29,  he  held  a  conference  with  a  number  of  the  workingmen  of 
his  constituency  and  delivered  an  elaborate  address  in  which  he 
described  an  adequate  Act  in  this  respect  as  one  of  the  most  urgent 
needs  of  the  Province.  He  quoted  Labour  Department  statistics  and 
estimates  showing  the  probable  death  of  2,000  persons  yearly  in 
Canada  from  industrial  accidents  with  10,000  non-fatal  but  more  or 
less  serious  accidents.  "  This,  apparently,  is  one  of  the  sacrifices 
which  our  modern  civilization  demands  as  a  condition  of  our  indus- 
trial progress.  But  why  should  the  victim  bear  the  whole  loss?  If 
modern  industry  demands  this  sacrifice  why  should  not  industry  bear 


362 

the  cost?  .  .  .  There  are  two  views  o*  Workmen's  Compensation 
— the  old  and  the  new.  The  old  view  was  that  the  employer  should 
only  be  liable  to  the  employee  in  case  the  latter  had  suffered  injury 
through  the  personal  negligence  of  the  employer;  and  under  these 
circumstances,  and  these  circumstances  only,  the  employer  should 
make  compensation.  The  new  view  is  that  as  a  certain  number  of 
industrial  accidents  appear  to  be  inseparably  associated  with  the  con- 
duct of  modern  industry,  the  industry  should  bear  the  cost  of  com- 
pensating those  who  suffer  from  the  effects  of  such  accidents  and, 
while  the  charge  falls  immediately  upon  the  industry,  it  will  be  added 
to  the  cost  of  production  and  ultimately  be  borne  by  the  community." 

After  reviewing  the  law  of  the  Province  as  it  now  stood  he  claimed 
it  was  too  limited  in  operation  and  too  expensive  in  administration. 
"  The  law  should  provide  compensation  for  workmen ;  not  employment 
for  lawyers  and  Insurance  Companies."  As  to  his  policy  the  first 
and  primary  consideration  in  legislation  should  be  the  prevention  of 
accidents;  compensation  should  be  provided  for  all  injuries  sustained 
in  employment  except,  perhaps,  where  the  injury  was  caused  by  intent 
of  the  employee,  and  even  then,  in  the  event  of  death  or  permanent  dis- 
ability ;  the  industry  should  bear  the  burden  of  compensation ;  certain 
diseases  caused  by  chemicals  used  in  the  industry  should  be  classed  with 
accidents ;  the  compensation  should  be  based  upon  the  earning  capacity 
of  the  workman;  the  payments  should  be  guaranteed  so  as  not  to  be 
lost  in  the  event  of  the  employer's  insolvency.  After  reviewing  the 
legislation  of  other  Provinces  and  countries  he  declared  that  if  the 
Government  did  not  introduce  a  Bill  at  the  next  Session  embodying 
these  principles  he  would  do  so.  The  Bureau  of  Labour  should  also 
be  re-organized  and  the  Public  Health  Act  made  still  better.  These 
views  were  reiterated  in  several  speeches — notably  before  the  Insur- 
ance Institute  of  Toronto  on  Oct.  16th  and  at  Earlscourt,  Toronto,  on 
Dec.  26th. 

On  Oct.  8th  the  Ontario  Leader  with  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Sir 
G.  W.  Ross  and  Sir  Allen  Aylesworth  addressed  the  Provincial  Reform 
Association  of  which  the  Hon.  Mackenzie  King  had  just  been 
re-elected  President.  Mr.  Rowell  made  a  fighting  speech  in  which 
he  claimed  to  have  forced  the  hands  of  the  Government  in  the  matter 
of  the  Hydro-Electric  Department  proposal,  the  New  Ontario  develop- 
ment policy,  the  Tax  Reform  matter,  the  Temperance  proposals — in 
fact  as  to  everything  with  which  they  had  dealt  during  the  year. 
Some  of  his  other  speeches  treated  of  more  than  Provincial  issues — 
notably  one  before  the  National  Club,  Toronto,  on  May  17  and  one 
at  the  Laurier  banquet  in  Montreal  on  Mch.  29th.  At  the  former  he 
defined  the  two  Empire  tendencies  of  recent  years  as :  1st,  an  increas- 
ing recognition  of  the  autonomy  of  the  self-governing  Dominions; 
2nd,  a  growing  consciousness  of  the  desirability  and  practicability  of 
closer  co-operation.  He  wanted  a  development  of  the  Imperial  Con- 
ference idea,  closer  trade  relations,  better  inter-communication  by 
ships  and  cables,  a  recognized  Imperial  citizenship.  The  latter  address 
was  described  by  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  in  the  Montreal  press  as  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  heard  there  in  recent  years.  An  incident  in  the  Ontario 


EDUCATIONAL  AFFAIRS  AND  INTERESTS  OF  THE  YEAR        363 

Liberalism  of  the  year  was  the  retirement  of  Hon.  A.  G.  MacKay, 
K.C.,  from  its  politics  and  departure  for  Edmonton,  Alta.  Press 
comments  from  both  sides  were  cordial  and  eulogistic  of  his  abilities 
as  a  party  leader.  On  Dec.  2nd  Mr.  Justice  Leitch  dismissed  the 
personal  charges*  which  had  been  laid  against  him  over  a  year  before 
and  which  had  caused  some  unpleasant  discussion.  The  case  was  dis- 
charged with  costs  against  the  Plaintiff  and  the  statement  that  par- 
ticulars demanded  by  the  Court  in  October,  1911,  had  never  been 
furnished. 

The  1912  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education 
Educational  (Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne,  LL.D.)  with  statistics  for  the  cal- 
uvtervst^of  eBdar  year  1911  described  the  Educational  progress  of 
the  Year  ^h6  Province  as  steady  and  satisfactory.  The  total 

expenditure  upon  Elementary  schools  increased  by 
$813,000  with  Legislative  grants  increasing  by  $86,000;  the  number 
of  pupils  enrolled  were  6,720  more  than  in  1910  and  the  average 
attendance  increased  by  6,357.  As  to  one  vital  problem  the  Minister 
said :  "  The  position  of  the  teacher  in  Elementary  schools  shows  dis- 
tinct improvement  both  in  respect  to  the  grade  of  certificate  held  and 
the  salary  paid.  In  general  it  may  be  said  that  the  situation  tends 
toward  a  satisfactory  solution,  and  the  supply  of  certificated  teachers 
for  the  schools  is  approaching  normal  conditions.  In  1911  the  aver- 
age salary  paid  in  all  the  Elementary  schools  to  male  teachers  was 
$767;  to  female  teachers,  $518.  These  salaries  showed  increases  of 
$56  and  $35,  respectively,  over  1910.  The  progress  made  in  this  respect 
during  the  past  six  years  is  remarkable,  the  average  increase  for  male 
teachers  being  $253  and  for  female  teachers  $170.  .  .  .  The 
average  salary  in  the  urban  schools  for  male  teachers  is  $1,153  while 
that  in  the  rural  schools  is  $536  which  accounts,  not  unnaturally,  for 
the  difficulty  experienced  in  starring  the  rural  schools.  The  generous 
grants  given  by  the  Legislature  have  been  a  vital  factor  in  the  steady 
rise  in  the  salary  scale,  and  if  School-boards  generally  will  follow 
the  policy  pursued  by  some  of  them  in  advancing  salaries,  in  a  pro- 
portion commensurate  to  the  rewards  paid  to  persons  in  other  avoca- 
tions, an  adequate  supply  of  teachers  will  be  found  available." 

In  the  teaching  of  teachers  conditions  were  also  better.  "There 
are  at  present  in  the  seven  Normal  Schools  969  teachers  in  training. 
In  1912  the  number  of  certificates  issued  to  Normal  School  graduates 
was  1,076,  and  the  number  issued  to  graduates  of  the  Model  Schools 
was  442.  The  total  number  of  2nd  and  3rd  Class  certificates  issued 
in  1912  was  1,518.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  without  taking  into 
consideration  the  holders  of  1st  Class  certificates  or  those  who  secure 
certificates  good  in  the  districts  after  attendance  at  Summer  Sessions, 
the  supply  of  teachers  must  soon  be  quite  adequate,  even  when  allow- 
ance is  made  for  the  usual  withdrawals  from  the  teaching  profession." 
Reference  was  made  to  the  appreciation  of  the  Continuation  Schools 
by  the  farming  community;  to  the  extension  of  agricultural  training 

•  NOTE. — Allegations  made  by  a  woman  confined  for  some  time  in  an 
Insane  Asylum. 


364  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

in  27  centres  in  co-operation  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture;  to 
the  fact  that,  in  1912,  the  teachers  taking  an  agricultural  course  at 
the  Guelph  College  numbered  45 ;  to  the  successful  work  of  the  Schools 
for  Blind  and  Deaf  at  Brantford  and  Belleville,  respectively;  to  the 
continued  and  excellent  work  of  the  Public  Libraries'  branch  under 
W.  E.  Nursey.  The  following  were  the  1911  Statistics: 

Con- 

Psrticulars.*                                      Public  Separate              High  tinuation 

Schools.  Schools.             Schools.  Schools. 

Number  of  Schools 5,921  495                     148  129 

Enrolled  pupils 400,552  59,396               32,227  5,753 

Average  Daily  Attendance 244,674  37,310               20,177  3,487 

Number    of    Teachers 9,349  1,193                    898  218 

Amount   expended   on   Teachers' 

Salaries    $5,196,563  $413,650  $1,141,124  $177,057 

Total    amount    expended $9,006,394  $897,890  $1,948,058  $252,080 

Cost    per    pupil $22.48  $15.11               $60.44  $43.82 

At  the  51st  annual  gathering  of  the  Ontario  Educational  Association 
in  Toronto  on  Apl.  9-11,  there  was  an  attendance  estimated  as  high 
as  1,000  with  teachers,  inspectors  and  school  trustees  present  from 
all  over  the  Province.  The  President,  J.  H.  Laughton,  was  in  the 
chair  and  made  some  practical  remarks.  He  was  not  displeased  at  the 
movement  of  Ontario  teachers  westward,  because  it  was  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  whole  country  that  the  new-comers  in  those  Provinces 
should  be  educated  by  good  Canadians  from  the  East.  "  Some  say  it 
is  costing  too  much,"  he  remarked.  "  If  it  is,  cut  down  your  grants 
for  missionary  work  in  'China  and  use  them  at  home.  We  are  bothered 
in  the  schools  with  the  work  of  the  home  and  the  church.  The  home 
does  not  do  its  duty  and  it  asks  us  to  teach  morals  and  sex  hygiene. 
The  church  will  have  to  look  after  the  home  and  the  home  will  have 
to  look  after  the  children,  and  not  foist  its  duty  on  the  schools." 

The  Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne,  President  E.  A.  Falconer,  Archdeacon  Cody 
and  others  addressed  the  Association  or  Sections  of  it;  Dr.  A.  H.  U. 
Colquhoun,  Deputy  Minister  of  Education,  read  a  paper  in  which  he 
said  that  there  were  enough  teachers  now  for  rural  schools  "  if  Trustee 
Boards  would  advertise  properly  and  offer  proper  salaries,"  and  fav- 
oured a  system  of  pensions  for  teachers  in  order  to  make  the  profession 
more  permanent  and  efficient;  practical  addresses  in  the  Sections 
were  delivered  by  J.  R.  Lumby,  Fort  William,  D.  D.  Moshier,  M.A., 
W.  A.  Mclntyre,  LL.D.,  Winnipeg,  F.  F.  Macpherson,  Toronto,  N.  W. 
Campbell,  B.A.,  Principal  Hutton,  Toronto,  J.  H.  Putnam,  B.A.,  of 
Ottawa,  J.  Dearness,  M.A.,  London,  and  many  others.  Dr.  J.  L. 
Hughes  was  elected  President. 

The  University  of  Toronto  continued  to  prosper  so  far  as  attend- 
ance was  concerned  but  with  certain  financial  difficulties  looming  on 
the  horizon.  As  to  these  a  statement  was  submitted  to  the  Prime  Min- 
ister by  the  Board  of  Governors  which  described  the  situation  clearly. 
By  June  30, 1913,  it  was  estimated  that  the  reserve  which  had  accumu- 
lated in  recent  years  would  be  wiped  out  and  a  deficit  exist  of 
$120,000.  The  reasons  for  this  were  the  reduction  of  the  amount 

•  NOTE. — The  Protestant  Separate  Schools  in  the  Province  totalled  6  with 
424  enrolled  pupils;  the  Kindergartens  numbered  194  with  20,677  pupils  and 
the  Night  Schools  21  with  1,573  pupils. 


EDUCATIONAL  AFFAIRS  AND  INTERESTS  OF  THE  YEAR        365 

received  from  ear-marked  Succession  duties;  the  increasing  capital 
charges  for  new  buildings  of  many  and  varied  character;  the  large 
interest  and  sinking  fund  charges  and  the  growing  cost  of  mainten- 
ance. The  annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Governors,  signed  by  Sir 
Edmund  Walker,  Chairman  (June  30,  1912),  showed  a  revenue  of 
$863,557  and  ordinary  expenditures  of  $875,849 — a  deficit  whieh  was 
met  from  the  still-remaining  balance  in  the  Reserve  Fund. 

According  to  President  Falconer's  Report  the  total  staff  of  the 
University  and  University  College  numbered  383  with  22  in  Victoria 
College,  20  in  Trinity,  and  7  in  St.  Michael's;  the  total  of  registered 
students  in  1911-12  was  4,136  of  whom  2,352  were  in  Arts,  519  in 
Medicine,  798  in  Applied  Science,  134  in  Household  Science,  305  in 
the  Faculty  of  Education,  and  40  in  Forestry,  with  12  in  duplicate 
courses.  The  financial  statement  showed  Legislative  grants  of 
$470,325  during  1911-12.  Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  retire- 
ment of  Prof.  R.  Ramsay  Wright,  Vice-President  of  the  University, 
after  38  years  service;  the  re-appointment  on  June  20  for  six  years 
of  Sir  Charles  Moss,  Sir  Edmund  Osier,  J.  W.  Flavelle,  LL.D.,  J.  A. 
Macdonald,  LL.D.,  Mr.  Justice  Kelly  and  Mr.  R.  W.  Leonard  as  Gov- 
ernors of  the  institution;  the  conferring  of  an  Hon.  LL.D.  upon  Dr. 
Falconer  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh;  appointments  of  the  year 
included  Dr.  B.  P.  Watson  as  Professor  of  Gynaecology;  Rev.  Father 
McBrady  as  President  of  St.  Michael's  College;  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E. 
Gooderham  and  T.  A.  Russell,  B.A.,  as  Governors  of  the  University. 

Queen's  University  during  1912  passed  out  of  the  ranks  of  denom- 
inational institutions  and,  while  remaining  by  Parliamentary  enact- 
ment "  distinctively  Christian,"  was  at  the  same  time  separated  from 
its  association  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  became,  officially, 
Queen's  University  at  Kingston.  On  Apl.  12  the  new  Board  of 
Trustees  elected,  in  part,  under  these  changed  conditions  by  the  pre- 
ceding Board  was  announced :  Rev.  Dr.  W.  T.  Herridge  "and  Judge 
MacTavish,  Ottawa;  Lieut.-Col.  W.  A.  Logie  and  Rev.  D.  R.  Drum- 
mond,  Hamilton;  Alex.  Laird,  Hon.  J.  J.  Maclaren,  J.  K.  Macdonald 
and  A.  T.  Drummond,  Toronto;  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.  Clark,  Westmount; 
D.  B.  Maclennan,  E.G.,  Cornwall;  Edward  Brown,  Winnipeg;  and 
Rev.  Dr.  M.  MacGillivray,  Kingston.  Those  afterwards  elected  by 
the  University  Council  were  H.  A.  Calvin,  D.  M.  Mclntyre,  K.C., 
W.  F.  Nickle,  K.C.,  M.P.,  Kingston,  Dr.  James  Douglas  of  New  York, 
and  P.  C.  McGregor,  LL.D.,  Almonte.  The  graduates  elected  Hamilton 
Cassels,  K.C.,  and  J.  S.  Willison,  LL.D.,  Toronto,  Hon.  Wm.  Harty, 
Kingston,  Rev.  Dr.  Eber  Crummy,  Winnipeg,  and  Dr.  Adam  Shortt, 
Ottawa. 

It  was  stated  on  June  24  that  the  projected  University  Fund  of 
$400,000  had  reached  $282,547  with  a  promised  subscription  of 
$100,000  from  Mr.  Carnegie  when  the  full  amount  was  secured.  In 
October  the  subscriptions  totalled  $301,000  and  Mr.  Carnegie  changed 
his  offer  to  $80,000  when  the  Fund  reached  $320,000.  Judge  Mac- 
lennan retired  from  the  Board  of  Trustees  at  this  time  and  at  a 


366  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Dinner  of  the  Medical  Faculty  (Dec.  12)  Mr.  J.  S.  Willison  urged 
the  appointment  of  a  Provincial  Commission  to  consider  the  claims 
upon  the  Province  of  this  and  other  Universities.  The  students  in 
attendance,  1911-12,  totalled  1,507— a  decrease  of  105  over  1910-11 
due  to  a  reduction  in  extra-mural  students.  There  were  925  registered 
in  Arts,  4  in  Paedagogy,  27  in  Theology,  302  in  Practical  Science, 
247  in  Medicine  and  45  in  Department  of  Education — with  43  dupli- 
cate registrations.  The  Women  students  numbered  266  and  the  affili- 
ated School  of  Mining  had  632  students  in  attendance.  The  Journal 
of  this  University  stated  during  the  year  that  176  of  its  Graduates 
were  teaching  (1910)  in  Ontario  High  Schools  and  Collegiate  Insti- 
tutes with  365  Toronto  Graduates  doing  similar  work.  The  Rev.  Dr. 
Wm.  Morgan  was  appointed  Professor  of  Systematic  Theology. 

Of  other  institutions  the  Western  University,  London,  made 
marked  advances  during  1912.  The  citizens  had  contributed  $30,000 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  institution 
so  strong  that  it  might  hope  for  aid  from  the  Provincial  Government. 
The  students  in  1911-12  numbered  196,  the  graduating  medical  class 
on  May  2  was  38.  Speaking  on  this  latter  occasion,  Bishop  Fallon 
declared  that  London  had  a  right  to  a  great  University  and  he  would 
do  all  he  could  to  help  the  Western  attain  that  position.  During  the 
year  T.  J.  Murphy  of  London  conducted  a  vigorous  agitation  for 
Government  financial  aid  to  the  institution  and,  in  The  Globe  of  Dec. 
9th,  said :  "  Fifty  per  cent,  of  all  the  Succession  duties  goes  to  Toronto 
University.  From  the  13  Counties  in  the  Western  University  district, 
the  Province  collected  as  Succession  duties  in  1908,  $88,744;  all  over 
$44,000  being  handed  to  Toronto  University;  in  1909,  $96,562  or 
over  $48,000  for  Toronto;  in  1910,  $77,863  or  nearly  $39,000  for 
Toronto.  Altogether,  in  the  three  years,  these  Counties,  which  are 
denied  assistance  for  their  own  University,  contributed  $263,199  in 
Succession  duties,  $131,600  being  handed  over  to  Toronto  University." 

The  University  of  Ottawa  with  60  Professors  and  800  students 
made  steady  progress  in  the  construction  of  its  splendid  new  Arts 
Building  while  Knox  College,  Toronto,  advanced  its  ambition  to 
collect  funds  for  a  new  Building  costing  $500,000  it  being  stated  in 
April  that  the  Province  had  subscribed  $150,000,  the  City  $150,000 
and  Lord  Strathcona  the  last  $25,000.  Speaking  on  Apl.  9  Principal 
Gandier  stated  that  they  had  140  students  enrolled  with  the  Presby- 
terian Ministry  in  view.  The  corner-stone  of  the  new  University  was 
laid  by  Sir  John  Gibson  on  Sept.  26th.  Incidents  of  the  year  included 
the  adoption  by  the  Toronto  Board  of  Education  of  a  Superannuation 
system  for  its  teachers  (June  20)  which  was  to  take  effect  on  July  1st 
and  involve  an  assessment  of  2  per  cent,  on  $1,212,000  of  salaries; 
the  declaration  at  Ottawa  on  Nov.  22nd  by  Principal  D.  M.  Gordon 
of  Queen's  that  the  exclusion  of  religion  from  the  schools  had  crippled 
Christianity  in  Canada  and  that  religion  and  education  must  go 
together;  the  statement  by  a  writer  in  the  Toronto  Star  of  Oct.  19 
that  there  were  2,173  girls  being  educated  in  Toronto  Ladies  Colleges ; 
the  gradual  development  of  the  practice  of  sex  separation  in  the  class- 


Bl-LINGUAL   SCHOOLS   AND   POLITICAL   DISCUSSION  367 

rooms  of  Toronto  Public  Schools  until,  in  October,  1912,  six  of  the 
largest  Schools  had  adopted  the  system.  The  Honorary  Degrees  con- 
ferred during  1912  in  Ontario  were  as  follows: 


University  of  Toronto 
University  of  Toronto 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Queen's  of  Kingston. 
Victoria  University  . 
Victoria  University . 
Victoria  University . 
Trinity  University. . 


.Charles  C.  James,  M.A.,  C.M.G.  .  .Toronto    LL.D. 

.Prof.    J.    George   Adami,    F.R.S.  .  .Montreal    LL.D. 

.Very  Rev.  Dr.  E.  J.  Bidwell Kingston    D.D. 

.  Rev.   D.    R.   Drummond,   B.D  .....  Hamilton    D.D. 

.Rev.   Thomas  Mitchell Southport,  Eng..D.D. 

.Rev.   R.   Bruce  Taylor.   M.A Montreal    .  .D.D. 

.Arthur   G.   Doughty,   C.M.G Ottawa   LL.D. 

.A,    H.    McDougall Ottawa   LL.D. 

.  Prof.  W.  Bennett  Munro Harvard LL.D. 

.Rev.   George  W.  Kerby,  B.A Calgary    D.D. 

.Rev.  T.  E.   Egerton  Shore,  B.D.. Toronto    D.D. 

.Rev.  Allan  J.  Irwin,  B.D Hamilton    D.D. 

.Rt.  Rev.  Heber  J.  Hamilton,  B.A.  Japan    D.D. 


Trinity  University Rev.  T.  W.  Powell,  M.A Windsor   D.D. 

Knox  College Rev.   Alex.   MacGillivray Toronto    D.D. 

Knox  College Prof.  James  W.  Falconer Halifax D.D. 

This  question  in  Ontario  could  hardly  fail  to  be 
complicated  by  the  double  element  of  race  and  religion 
— the  French  language  being  a  part  of  the  racial  ideal 
Discussion  brought  by  French-Canadians  into  Ontario,  and  other 
places  in  Canada  to  which  they  migrated,  coupled  with 
religious  beliefs  which  were  and  are  in  a  very  considerable  minority 
in  that  Province.  When  a  Eoman  Catholic  Separate  School,  by  a  per- 
fectly natural  process  of  adjustment  to  meet  the  desires  of  its  own 
people,  and  without  much  thought  of  Departmental  regulations, 
became  also  a  Bi-lingual  or  perhaps  almost  entirely  a  French-speaking 
school  then  the  issue  became  obvious.  As  an  illustration  let  the  devel- 
opment at  Alexandria  in  Eastern  Ontario  be  noted.  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic Separate  School  had  been  in  existence  there  from  time  imme- 
morial and,  as  the  people  of  the  town  were  more  than  two-thirds 
Catholic,  the  school  became  one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the 
Province  with  an  attendance  of  over  500  pupils  and  10  teachers. 
Gradually,  the  French  influx  of  population  obtained  a  majority  of 
the  Catholic  school  vote  for  Trustees,  etc.,  and  then  there  came  a 
divergence  of  opinion  between  the  English  and  French  Catholics  as  to 
language  in  addition  to  the  usual  standing  divergence  of  sentiment 
between  Protestant  and  Catholic. 

With  such  conditions,  or  a  portion  of  them,  in  certain  localities 
there  was  also  the  political  issue — the  desire  of  the  vast  majority  of 
the  people  to  keep  the  Province  English-speaking  and  the  embodiment 
of  this  desire — to  some  extent  at  least — in  the  regulations  of  the 
Education  Department.  Legally,  as  was  stated  in  the  1911  Elections, 
there  were  no  Bi-lingual  Schools  in  the  Province;  practically  and 
naturally  they  had  developed  in  portions  of  the  Province.  Hence 
the  appointment  of  Dr.  F.  W.  Merchant  in  1910  to  inquire  into  the 
whole  situation,  the  commencement  of  investigation  on  Nov.  2nd  of 
that  year  and  the  considerable  public  interest  which  was  felt  in  the 
coming  of  his  Report.  When  completed,  on  Feb.  8th,  and  made  public 
on  Mch.  7,  1912,  it  showed  that  the  Commissioner  had  visited  269 
schools  with  a  total  of  538  teachers  and  an  aggregate  enrollment  of 


368  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

20,645  pupils,  of  whom  18,833  were  French-speaking  children.  These 
schools  were  in  the  Counties  of  Kent,  Essex,  Russell,  Prescott,  Stor- 
mont  and  Glengarry,  the  City  of  Ottawa  and  in  the  various  unorgan- 
ized districts.  There  were  also  a  number  of  others  not  visited  totalling 
76  schools  with  104  teachers. 

Dr.  Merchant  found  that  conditions  were  not  good  in  many  of 
these  schools  and  there  seem  to  have  been  various  reasons  for  this 
fact.  As  he  pointed  out  the  Bi-lingual  situation  was  one  of  special 
difficulty.  Children  had  learned  to  understand  and  to  speak  one  lan- 
guage, perhaps  before  they  came  to  the  Province,  and  they  were 
required,  in  addition,  to  master  the  ordinary  subjects  of  the  Public 
School  course  of  study,  to  learn  another  language,  and  to  become  so 
proficient  in  the  latter  that  it  might  become  the  means  of  communi- 
cation and  the  medium  of  instruction.  There  were  also  irregularities 
in  attendance  and  a  preponderance  of  low-grade  teachers.  It  appeared 
that  the  teachers  were  often  conscientious  and  zealous  but  were  handi- 
capped by  youthfulness  and  lack  of  experience  and  constant  change. 
"  There  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  but  that  the  efficiency  of  the  Eng- 
lish-French schools  is  seriously  lowered  by  the  employment  of  such 
a  large  proportion  of  teachers  holding  certificates  of  the  lower  grades." 
Sixty  per  cent,  of  these  teachers  were  said  to  have  been  in  their 
positions  less  than  a  year. 

There  was  also  an  assumption  in  many  quarters  that  the  Depart- 
ment of  Education  regulations  did  not  apply  to  Separate  Schools. 
The  impression  amongst  those  in  control  of  these  schools  was  that 
they  had  a  freer  hand  than  had  the  Public  Schools.  "  Indirectly  the 
impression  has  been  one  of  the  chief  factors  in  limiting  the  use  of 
English  in  English-French  Roman  Catholic  Separate  Schools  in 
Eastern  Ontario,  and  the  Districts,  because  the  teachers  in  these 
schools  have  not  been  made  to  feel  that  they  were  under  obligations 
or  bound  by  regulations  to  endeavour  to  make  it  the  language  of 
instruction."  Dr.  Merchant  found  that  in  the  schools  of  Essex  and 
Kent  the  English  and  French-speaking  children  were  taught  in  the 
same  classes  in  all  forms.  In  Eastern  Ontario  and  the  Districts  the 
plan  of  organization  varied  in  different  centres.  The  most  serious 
defect  in  organization  was  the  matter  of  grading  and  the  classification 
of  pupils.  The  tendency  was  to  promote  too  rapidly.  The  practice, 
the  place  held  by  English  or  French  respectively,  depended  largely 
upon  the  Teacher  in  charge — there  being,  for  instance,  wide  differ- 
ences in  the  character  of  the  instruction  given  in  Essex  and  Kent  and 
in  eastern  Ontario. 

Amongst  the  latter  schools  there  had  developed  a  system  in  which 
French  was  employed  to  teach  all  subjects  except  English  and  Eng- 
lish had  come  to  be  regarded  simply  as  one  subject  among  others  in 
the  course  of  study.  Approximately,  80  per  cent,  of  the  Separate 
Schools  in  eastern  Ontario  and  90  per  cent,  of  the  Public  and  rural 
Separate  Schools  in  the  Districts  conformed  more  or  less  completely 
to  this  type.  In  none  of  the  English-French  Public  Schools  visited 
were  the  Scriptures  read  at  opening  or  closing;  in  four  cases  no 


BI-LINGUAL  SCHOOLS  AND  POLITICAL  DISCUSSION          369 

religious  exercises  were  held  at  the  opening  or  closing;  in  10  Essex 
Public  Schools  Roman  Catholic  forms  of  prayer  were  used  and  in  8 
the  Roman  Catholic  Catechism  was  taught  during  school  hours  as 
well  as  in  a  couple  of  those  in  Prescott  and  Russell;  in  the  District 
Public  Schools  23  used  Catholic  forms  in  the  exercises  while  in  21 
cases  the  Catechism  was  taught  in  school  hours;  in  Stormont  and 
Glengarry  two  cases  of  this  latter  nature  were  reported.  Of  one  thing 
Dr.  Merchant  was  certain — "  that  the  best  results  are  obtained  when 
the  medium  of  instruction  is,  in  the  beginning,  the  Mother-tongue 
and  that  this  should  include  the  first  four  years."  Another  definite 
statement  was  that  "  it  is  evident  from  an  investigation  of  the  results 
of  all  the  tests  applied  that  the  English-French  schools  are,  on  the 
whole,  lacking  in  efficiency."  Certain  other  conclusions  were  reached: 

The  transition  from  French  to  English  is  best  made  gradually  through 
the  method  of  double  teaching.  According  to  this  plan,  a  lesson  is  first 
taught  in  French  and  then  repeated  or  reviewed  in  English.  During  the 
first  part  of  the  lesson  the  child  is  expected  to  become  familiar  with  the 
subject  matter  of  the  lesson;  during  the  second  part  his  attention  is  given 
mainly  to  grasping  the  thought  and  expressing  himself  in  English. 

The  mixed  school  offers  the  French-speaking  children  the  best  oppor- 
tunity of  learning  English.  Not  only  does  this  form  of  organization  give 
them  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  English  through  association  with  the 
English-speaking  pupils  on  the  playground,  but  it  permits  of  the  teaching 
of  English  throughout  the  grades  by  teachers  whose  mother-tongue  is 
English  and  of  French  by  teachers  whose  mother-tongue  is  French,  by  a 
system  of  exchanges  in  teachers  easy  to  arrange. 

This  subject  of  English  Conversation  has  been  quite  fully  considered 
in  connection  with  the  discussion  of  the  language  of  instruction.  Convex 
sation  is  best  taught  when  every  school  lesson  becomes  a  practice  exer- 
cise. The  child  at  entrance  to  school  begins  with  systematic  lessons  in 
conversation.  The  subjects  of  conversation  are  objects,  pictures,  actions, 
etc.,  and  words  are  directly  associated  with  ideas.  As  soon  as  a  few 
notional  words  are  acquired,  relational  words  are  introduced.  Many 
teachers  make  a  good  beginning  in  applying  conversational  methods  in 
teaching  English,  but  through  lack  of  knowledge  and  materials  are  unable 
to  continue  beyond  a  few  simple  lessons.  A  Manual  of  Method  for  teachers 
covering  the  whole  field  of  the  teaching  of  English  to  French-speaking 
pupils  would  assist  them  materially. 

The  subject  of  French  in  the  English-French  Schools  was  considered 
mainly  in  its  bearing  upon  the  teaching  of  other  subjects  of  the  course 
of  study.  The  teaching  of  French  is  in  the  early  stages  very  closely  con- 
nected with  the  use  of  the  language  as  an  introductory  medium  of  instruc- 
tion. It  is  in  Form  IV — especially  in  the  case  of  classes  preparing  for  the 
Entrance  Examination — that  the  chief  difficulty  is  experienced.  While 
some  of  the  teachers  say  that  they  can  cover  the  Entrance  course  and  at 
the  same  time  devote  sufficient  attention  to  French  reading,  grammar  and 
composition;  yet  the  majority  of  them  are  of  the  opinion  that  such  a 
course  is  too  extensive. 

The  chief  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  Improvement  and  the  mainten- 
ance of  the  English-French  Schools  is  the  difficulty  of  securing  an  adequate 
supply  of  competent  teachers.  Given  a  sufficient  force  of  well  selected 
and  well-trained  teachers  who  have  a  clear  and  sympathetic  grasp  of  the 
needs  of  the  English-French  Schools  and  of  the  means  of  supplying  them, 
and  the  schools  might,  in  a  reasonable  time,  be  made  quite  as  efficient  as 
the  schools  in  English-speaking  localities.  The  key  to  the  permanent 
solution  of  the  problem  can  be  found  only  in  the  closer  connection  of  the 
English-French  schools  with  the  High  School  system  of  the  Province.  In 
24 


370  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  meantime,  teachers  with  Temporary  Certificates  must  be  engaged  to 
make  up  deficiencies  in  supply.  The  efficiency  of  these  teachers  has  been 
greatly  increased  by  training  in  the  Summer  Schools. 

Press  and  public  comments  on  this  Report  were  analytical  and 
political  with  the  latter  element  preponderating.  A.  H.  Musgrove, 
M.L.A.,  drew  attention  to  the  ridiculously  low  salaries,  running  in  50 
cases  to  $200  a  year,  in  77  to  $250,  and  in  66  to  $300 ;  the  Toronto 
Telegram  drew  renewed  attention  to  the  Sturgeon  Falls  and  Springer 
Township  School  cases  as  illustrative  of  conditions  arising  out  of 
language  ambitions  or  antagonisms;  in  the  Legislature  on  Apl.  12 
Mr.  Rowell  stated,  in  connection  with  a  small  vote  for  English-French 
training  schools  (Teachers)  that  this  was  the  great  requirement  of  the 
day.  On  Apl.  14  the  Premier  in  the  Legislature  quoted  the  1911 
Resolution  stating  that  "  the  English  language  shall  be  the  language 
of  instruction  and  of  all  communications  with  the  pupils  in  the  Public 
and  Separate  Schools  of  the  Province,  except  where,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  Department  it  is  impracticable  by  reason  of  pupils  not  under- 
standing English."  He  then  proceeded  as  follows :  "  The  Government 
proposes  to  provide  additional  inspection  so  that  every  school  shall 
be  visited  by  a  Supervising  Inspector  to  observe  and  test  the  progress 
made  and  enforce  the  carrying  out  of  the  Regulations ;  to  make  State 
aid  conditional  upon  the  employment  of  teachers  capable  of  giving 
instruction  in  English  and,  where  necessary,  to  give  further  financial 
aid  towards  the  payment  of  such  teachers;  to  insure  that  no  text- 
books be  used  in  any  school  other  than  those  authorized  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Education  and  that  instruction  in  English  shall  commence 
at  once  upon  a  child  entering  school ;  to  permit  the  use  of  French,  as 
the  language  of  instruction  and  of  communication,  to  vary  according 
to  local  conditions  upon  the  report  of  the  Supervising  Inspector  but 
in  no  case  to  continue  this  beyond  the  end  of  the  first  form." 

Before  a  Liberal  audience  in  Toronto  on  Apl.  19  the  Opposition 
Leader  (Mr.  Rowell)  criticized  this  policy  as  inadequate;  declared 
that  the  Department  of  Education  had  failed  (1)  in  securing  an  ade- 
quate supply  of  properly-qualified  teachers;  (2)  in  providing  efficient 
Inspectors  for  the  Schools;  (3)  in  carrying  out  the  law  and  the  Regu- 
lations of  the  Province.  His  policy  was  outlined  as  follows:  (1)  Dis- 
miss officials  responsible  for  present  conditions  in  Bi-lingual  schools; 

(2)  replace  inefficient  Inspectors  by  others  who  will  adopt  a  sympa- 
thetic attitude  toward  the  Regulations  and  policy  of  the  Department ; 

(3)  establish  additional  training  schools  to  secure  teachers  competent 
to  teach  in  English  thoroughly;  (4)  carry  out  the  present  law  regard- 
ing language  instruction  and  appoint  Supervising  Inspectors  to  see 
that  school  laws  and  Regulations  are  obeyed;    (5)   give    financial 
assistance  to  schools  in  sparsely-settled  districts  so  that  they  can  get 
good  teachers;  (6)  discontinue  all  denominational  teaching  and  use 
of  unauthorized  text-books  in  schools. 

On  June  15th  the  Government  policy  in  connection  with  the 
Report  was  definitely  announced  by  Sir  James  Whitney  as  going  into 
effect  at  the  beginning  of  the  School  year.  In  summarized  form  the 


Bl-LINGUAL   SCHOOLS   AND   POLITICAL   DISCUSSION  371 

reorganization  plans  were  stated  as  follows :  "  The  pupil  shall,  upon 
entering  the  first  Form,  begin  an  oral  course  in  English;  as  soon  as 
he  has  sufficient  knowledge  of  English  he  shall  begin  the  course  in  the 
Primer;  in  schools  where  French  has  hitherto  been  a  subject  of  study, 
instruction  in  that  language  shall  be  limited  to  one  hour  daily,  shall 
not  interfere  with  instruction  in  English,  and  shall  be  optional ;  three 
Divisions  for  purposes  of  Inspection  will  be  established,  with  four 
Model  Schools  for  training  English-French  teachers."  Supervising 
Inspectors  were  announced  as  follows :  W.  J.  Summerby,  R.  0.  White, 
B.A.,  E.  E.  Ingall,  B.A.,  and  the  Inspectors  were  to  be  L.  E.  0.  Pay- 
ment, M.A.,  V.  H.  Gaboury,  H.  St.  Jacques,  B.A.  Of  the  Model  Schools 
Dr.  Pyne  stated  that  the  Principals  would  be  as  follows:  Ottawa, 
C.  H.  Edwards,  B.A.  ;  Vankleek  Hill,  John  Hartney ;  Sandwich,  D.  M. 
Eagle;  and  Sturgeon  Falls,  A.  A.  Jordan,  B.A.  Elaborate  and  explicit 
instructions  were  issued  to  all  English^French  and  Roman  Catholic 
Separate  Schools  defining  the  new  Regulations — Circular  of  Instruc- 
tions, 17 — and  promising  for  the  teachers  a  Manual  of  Method.  The 
chief  clauses  were  as  follows : 

(1)  Where  necessary  in  the  case  of  French-speaking  pupils,  French 
may  he  used  as  the  language  of  instruction  and  communication;  but  such 
use  of  French  shall  not  be  continued  beyond  Form  I  excepting  during  the 
school  year  of  1912-13,  when  it  may  also  be  used  as  the  language  of 
instruction  and  communication  in  the  case  of  pupils  beyond  Form  I  who, 
owing  to  previous  defective  training,  are  unable  to  speak  and  understand 
the  English  language.  (2)  In  the  case  of  French-speaking  pupils  who  are 
unable  to  speak  and  understand  the  English  language  well  enough  for 
the  purposes  of  instruction  and  communication,  the  following  provision 
is  hereby  made:  (a)  As  soon  as  the  pupil  enters  the  school  he  shall  begin 
the  study  and  the  use  of  the  English  language;  (6)  As  soon  as  the  pupil 
has  acquired  sufficient  facility  in  the  use  of  the  English  language  he  shall 
take  up  in  that  language  the  course  of  study  as  prescribed  for  the  Public 
and  Separate  Schools. 

The  comment  of  The  Globe  upon  this  announcement  (June  25)  was 
concise.  "The  new  Regulations,  honestly  enforced,  will  solve  the 
Bi-lingual  problem  "  but,  it  declared,  there  is  no  guarantee  that  they 
ever  will  be  enforced.  The  personal  attitude  of  the  Hon.  Dr.  J.  0. 
Reaume,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  at  the  French-speaking  Congress 
in  Quebec  (June  25)  was  expressive  and  was  widely  quoted  at  this 
time  in  the  Liberal  press :  "  Before  we  leave  this  Congress  we  should 
make  a  vow  to  raise  and  educate  our  children  in  the  French  language, 
no  matter  what  part  of  Canada  we  live  in."  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Hon.  N.  A.  Belcourt,  K.C.,  a  Liberal  Senator  of  Ottawa,  was  equally 
expressive :  "  The  use  of  French  in  the  schools  of  Ontario  is  not  sanc- 
tioned by  the  constitution  or  by  the  law.  It  is  simply  tolerated  until 
it  can  be  made  to  disappear — if  that  is  possible.  .  .  It  is  unde- 
niable that  the  ostracism  of  the  French-Canadian  in  Ontario  is  almost 
general.  The  attempt  of  250,000  French-Canadians  in  Ontario  who 
do  not  wish  their  language  to  disappear  and  who  are  ready  to  make  a 
constant  fight  to  prevent  it  at  whatever  cost  to  themselves,  instead  of 
provoking  admiration  seems  to  have  awakened  the  animosity  of  a 
great  part  of  the  population  of  the  Province." 


372  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

A  'controversy  over  the  new  Regulations  was  inevitable  and  it 
assumed  immediate  shape  in  Ottawa  where,  on  Aug.  26,  La  Justice 
put  the  French  view  in  succinct  terms.  The  Government  was  said  to 
desire  that  the  Bi-lingual  teaching  of  French  children  should  come 
from  Anglicized  teachers,  who  naturally  would  have  a  tendency  to 
neglect  the  instruction  of  French  children  in  their  mother-tongue, 
which,  officially,  had  equal  rights  with  English  in  all  parts  of  Canada. 
The  only  thing  to  do  was  to  resist  the  new  Regulations  and  to  that 
end  La  Justice  called  on  the  French  clergy  to  take  the  lead;  and 
urged  the  formation  in  every  district,  parish  and  village  of  Com- 
mittees to  aid  and  stimulate  the  School-boards.  The  Ottawa  Separate 
School  Board  (Sept.  11)  led  the  fight  with  two  Resolutions  passed  by 
large  majorities.  The  first,  after  stating  various  objections  to  the 
Instructions  declared  that  "  this  Board  is  regretfully  compelled  to 
decline  enforcing  the  said  Instructions."  The  second  stated  that  "  it 
is  detrimental  to  the  Catholic  teachers  and  the  Catholic  population 
to  have  a  non-Catholic  at  the  head  of  the  Bi-lingual  training  school." 
The  Trustees  expressed  their  willingness  to  lose  their  $4,000  Govern- 
ment grant  if  necessary. 

On  Sept.  18  there  was  published  a  long  letter  from  the  veteran 
Father  of  Ontario's  Separate  School  system — Sir  Richard  W.  Scott — 
to  Dr.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  in  which  he  claimed  that  Quebec 
had  been  more  than  generous  in  its  treatment  of  the  Protestant 
minority;  stated  that  the  Protestant  Committee  of  Public  Instruction 
there  was  actually  encouraging  the  teaching  of  French  in  its  schools; 
declared  that  the  yearly  examinations  in  Ontario  proved  the  efficiency 
of  Separate  School  pupils  to  equal  that  of  Public  Schools;  and  made 
a  strong  plea  for  generous  treatment  of  the  minority.  The  French- 
Canadian  Educational  Association  of  Ontario  urged  a  vigorous  fight 
against  the  Regulations,  obtained  action  or  protest  from  a  number  of 
Separate  School  Boards,  with  many  signed  circulars  of  protest  from 
individual  Catholic  ratepayers.  C.  S.  0.  Boudfeault,  President  of 
the  Association,  stated  on  Oct.  6th  that  50  Boards  had  passed  Reso- 
lutions similar  to  that  of  Ottawa — in  response  to  a  circular  requesting 
the  passage  of  the  Ottawa  Resolution  and  another  declaring  that  the 
teachers  of  the  District  addressed  should  be  "  obliged  to  teach  French 
reading,  grammar,  spelling  and  literature,  and  that  the  language  to 
be  used  in  the  teaching  of  history  and  of  geography  should  be  the 
French  language;  that  they  be  obliged  furthermore  to  make  use  of 
the  French  language  in  the  ordinary  relations  between  teachers  and 
pupils." 

Sir  James  Whitney  on  Oct.  9  issued  a  press  statement  regretting 
the  misrepresentation  which  these  Resolutions  indicated  and  declaring 
that  "  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Government  to  carry  out  its  policy  without 
fear  or  favour,  undeterred  by  threats  and  this  is  the  course  the  Gov- 
ernment proposes  to  pursue.  To  break  provisions  of  the  School  law, 
some  of  which  are  not  new,  but  have  prevailed  in  this  Province  for 
many  years,  is  a  serious  step  to  take."  From  the  Department  of 
Education  also  went  a  notice  (Instructions  18)  to  the  Teachers  and 
Trustee  Boards  stating  that  any  school  which  disobeyed  the  Regula- 


Bl-LINGUAL    SCHOOLS   AND   POLITICAL    DISCUSSION  373 

tions  would  cease  to  be  a  part  of  the  Provincial  system  and  that  its 
supporters,  while  they  might  voluntarily  contribute  to  it,  would  also 
be  classed  as  Public  School  supporters  and  would  have  to  contribute 
as  such;  while  the  teachers  would  be  liable  to  suspension  or  cancella- 
tion of  certificate. 

The  Ottawa  Board  continued  to  campaign  against  the  Regulations 
under  the  leadership  of  Trustee  S.  M.  Genest;  Le  Temps  of  Ottawa 
demanded  (Oct.  11)  the  retirement  of  Messrs.  Foy  and  Beaume  from 
the  Cabinet;  Sir  Eichard  Scott  on  Oct.  8  issued  another  appeal  for 
consideration  based  upon  the  fact  that  2,000,000  Canadians  and 
100,000,000  other  people  spoke  the  French  language  and  that  it  was 
the  language  of  culture,  of  a  great  literature,  and  of  diplomacy;  Sir 
George  W.  Eoss  in  The  Globe  of  Oct.  30-31  stated  various  historical 
and  political  reasons  for  the  toleration  of  French  in  Ontario  and 
dwelt  upon  the  value  to  every  educated  man  or  woman  of  knowing  two 
languages.  He  summed  up  his  views  as  follows:  "In  an  experience 
of  16  years  as  Minister  of  Education,  I  was  brought  into  close  contact 
with  the  French  population  of  Ontario,  as  well  as  with  their  clergy 
and  Bishops,  and  while  all  desired  and  were  ever  anxious  that  every 
French  child  should  learn  English,  they  were  equally  anxious  that 
instruction  should  be  given  in  French  to  the  same  extent  as  in  Eng- 
lish by  competent  teachers.  This  request  appeared  to  me  quite  reason- 
able and  just  to  the  children  of  French  origin."  At  Ottawa  on  Nov. 
14  about  1,000  young  French-Canadians  held  a  meeting,  organized 
an  Association  and  passed  a  long  Resolution  urging  modification  of 
the  Regulations  because  "we  have  the  right  to  speak  and  to  teach 
French  in  this  Province  by  the  natural  right  of  any  man  to  speak  his 
own  language,  by  the  constant  use  of  French  in  this  Province  since 
its  first  discovery,  by  the  Resolutions,  Statutes,  and  Provincial  regu- 
lations previous  to  Circular  17,  officially  recognizing  French  in 
Ontario  for  no  less  than  fifty  years  past."  The  reply  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Education  to  this  and  other  demonstrations  was  the  issue  of 
a  pledge  of  obedience  to  Departmental  Regulations  the  signing  of 
which  was  required  from  teachers  in  Bi-lingual  schools. 

On  Dec.  27  representatives  from  nearly  all  French-Canadian 
School  Sections  with  delegates  from  or  credentials  of  most  of  the 
School  Boards  concerned  waited  upon  the  Premier  of  Ontario  who 
had  with  him  the  Minister  of  Education  and  several  other  Members 
of  the  Cabinet.  A  Memorial  was  presented  asking  for  the  withdrawal 
of  Regulation  No.  17  on  the  ground  that  "it  was  issued  in  error, 
without  authority,  is  ultra  vires  and  in  direct  contradiction  to  and  in 
positive  conflict  with  Regulation  No.  15  which  provides  that  'the 
study  of  the  French  language  in  the  schools  is  one  entirely  under  the 
control  of  the  Boards  of  Trustees.' "  Elaborate  arguments  were 
adduced  and  S.  M.  Genest  and  Dr.  A.  Freeland  of  Ottawa  also  spoke. 
Sir  James  Whitney,  while  promising  consideration  and  declaring  for 
a  policy  of  give  and  take  in  details,  was  explicit  on  one  point :  "  The 
reason  why  Separate  Schools  exist  is  because  of  religious  feeling,  but 
the  people  of  Ontario  are  not  willing  that  a  third  kind  of  schools, 
known  as  racial  schools,  should  exist." 


374 

On  June  30,  1910,  Chief  Justice  Sir  W.  R.  Meredith 
Employee*'  was  appointed  a  Commissioner  by  the  Government  of 
compensation  Qntiario  to  make  inquiries  regarding  the  liability  of 

ana  Jt  wmer  •  i/vi  i  •          i       1 1     -  i  t 

Bank  Affair  employers  to  afford  compensation  to  their  employees  for 
injuries  received  in  the  course  of  their  employment;  to 
report  as  to  the  laws  in  force  in  other  countries,  and  to  state  how  far 
such  laws  were  found  to  work  satisfactorily.  He  took,  as  time  per- 
mitted, a  considerable  volume  of  oral  evidence,  collected  a  mass  of 
documentary  evidence  and  official  or  legal  data  from  many  countries, 
received  the  views  of  Labour  and  other  organizations  in  Canada,  and 
was  presented  with  an  elaborate  expression  of  studied  opinion  from 
the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association.  On  Mch.  27,  1912,  an 
Interim  Report  was  presented  to  the  Lieut.- Governor  and  afterwards 
published  in  a  bulky  volume.  Sufficient  progress  had  been  made,  th€ 
Commissioner  thought,  to  warrant  the  statement  that  the  law  oi 
Ontario  was  entirely  inadequate  to  meet  the  conditions  under  which 
industries  were  being  carried  on  or  to  provide  just  compensation  for 
those  employed  in  them  who  met  with  injuries  or  suffered  from  occu- 
pational diseases  contracted  in  the  course  of  their  employment.  For 
his  future  consideration  there  was  still  the  question  of  what  industries 
or  employments  a  new  law  should  cover  and  as,  to  the  treatment  of 
various  individual  conditions  or  exceptions.  As  to  the  main  issues 
he  was  explicit: 

It  is  satisfactory  to  be  able  to  say  that  there  is  practical  unanimity  on 
this  point  and  that  those  who  speak  for  the  employers  concede  the  justice 
of  the  claim  made  on  behalf  of  the  employees  that  the  industries  should 
bear  the  burden  of  making  compensation.  The  employers,  however,  con- 
tend that  the  whole  of  this  burden  should  not  be  borne  by  them,  but  that 
the  employees  should  share  it,  and  suggest  as  a  fair  contribution  by  the 
employees  10  per  cent,  of  the  amount  required  to  provide  for  the  compensa- 
tion. This  contention  is  strenuously  opposed  by  the  employees  who  take 
the  position  that  the  whole  burden  should  be  borne  by  the  employers. 

The  basic  principle  that  the  burden  of  providing  compensation  should 
be  borne  by  the  industries  being  conceded,  the  question  arises  as  to  what 
form  the  legislation  necessary  to  give  effect  to  it  should  take.  Those  repre- 
senting the  employers,  who  have  appeared  before  me,  favour  what  Is  prac- 
tically a  plan  of  mutual  insurance,  under  the  management  of  a  Board 
appointed  by  the  Crown,  that  the  industries  should  be  divided  into  groups 
or  classes,  and  that  an  annual  assessment  should  be  made  by  the  Board  to 
meet  the  claims  for  the  preceding  year,  each  group  or  class  being  assessed 
only  for  the  compensation  for  injuries  happening  In  estaolishments  within 
it  with  a  special  additional  assessment  in  all  cases  to  provide  a  reserve 
fund.  This  plan  seems  to  be  favoured  by  the  representatives  of  labour 
organizations. 

There  being  practically  unanimity  on  the  part  of  the  employers  and 
the  employed  as  to  these  two  main  principles,  it  would  seem  to  follow  that 
it  is  reasonable  that  they  should  form  the  basis  of  Provincial  legislation 
and,  as  at  present  advised,  I  shall  be  prepared  to  recommend  a  plan  such 
as  is  proposed,  if,  after  careful  and  thorough  inquiry  and  examination  I 
am  satisfied  that  it  is  economically  sound  and  workable. 

Much  important  evidence  was  given.  Miles  M.  Dawson  of  New 
York  declared  that  the  Compensation  system  in  Germany  had  headed 
off  Socialism,  prevented  the  growth  of  slums  and  improved  the  effi- 


EMPLOYEES'  COMPENSATION  AND  FARMERS  BANK  AFFAIR    375 

ciency  of  the  workmen.  F.  W.  Wegenast  presented  the  Manufacturers 
brief,  and  argued  (1)  that  for  reasons  both  humanitarian  and  eco- 
nomic the  prevention  of  accidents  should  be  a  prime  consideration  in 
any  scheme  of  Workmen's  Compensation;  (2)  that  relief  should  be 
provided  in  every  case  of  injury  arising  out  of  industrial  accident,  but 
that  gross  carelessness,  drunkenness,  or  intentional  wrong  on  the  part 
of  the  workman  should  be  penalized  in  some  way;  (3)  that  the  system 
of  relief  should  be  adapted  to  cover  wage-workers  in  every  industry 
or  calling,  involving  any  occupational  risk,  and  should  not  be  confined 
to  such  industries  as  railroading,  manufacturing,  building,  etc.;  (4) 
that  relief  should  be  certain  and  not  dependent  upon  the  solvency  of 
the  employer,  or  upon  the  Courts,  and  that  the  amount  of  compensation 
should  be  definite;  (5)  that  the  funds  should  be  provided  by  joint 
contributions  from  the  Employers,  Workmen  and  the  State. 

As  a  body  the  Manufacturers  recommended  either  a  collective 
liability,  or  a  State  Insurance  system,  and  the  creation  of  an  inde- 
pendent, non-political  Provincial  Insurance  Department  administered 
by  a  Board  of  three  Commissioners.  This  Board  should  provide  for 
the  payment  of  all  claims  for  compensation  out  of  a  Fund  to  be  raised 
by  premiums  levied  upon  the  pay-roll  of  industries  classified  accord- 
ing to  hazard.  The  Board  should  have  varied  and  wide  powers  of 
administration.  The  official  representatives  of  the  Labour  bodies 
presented  many  proposals  identical  to  those  of  the  Manufacturers  but 
insisted  that  the  entire  cost  of  compensation  should  rest  upon  the 
employers.  In  August  Sir  Wm.  Meredith  left  to  investigate  condi- 
tions in  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Belgium  and  Holland.  *  On  his 
return,  in  the  course  of  further  Hearings,  Sir  William  said  on  Dec. 
27 :  "  The  whole  problem  before  me  is  this :  Can  I  propose  a  scheme, 
economically  sound  and  workable,  that  will  be  equally  just  and  accept- 
able to  employers  and  employed?" 

The  Farmers  Bank  insolvency  case  came  up  prominently  during  > 
the  year  and  Sir  William  Meredith  was  appointed  by  the  Ottawa  Gov- 
ernment in  February  as  a  Special  Commissioner  to  investigate  the 
incorporation,  conduct  and  failure  of  the  institution.  In  the  Inquiry 
which  followed  and  proceeded  intermittently  throughout  the  year, 
F.  E.  Hodgins,  K.C.,  and  John  Thompson,  K.C.,  represented  the  public; 
"W.  C.  Mikel,  K.C.,  and  T.  E.  Weldon  the  Depositors,  and  W.  Laidlaw, 
K.C.,  the  Shareholders.  The  issue  of  the  Certificate  by  the  Treasury 
Board  was  thoroughly  gone  into  at  Ottawa  and,  at  Toronto,  W.  E. 
Travers,  ex-General-Manager,  was  brought  from  the  Penitentiary  to 
testify  as  to  various  matters.  On  Apl.  11,  Dr.  W.  Beattie  Nesbitt, 
ex-M.L.A.,  the  founder  and  for  a  year  President  of  the  Bank,  who  had 
left  the  country  after  its  failure,  was  arrested  in  Chicago  and  eventu- 
ally brought  back  to  Toronto  on  May  12  without  insisting  on  extradi- 
tion. He  appeared  in  the  Police  Court  and  was  released  on  bail  of 
$30,000.  The  whole  matter  of  Nesbitfs  relations  with  the  Bank  was 
gone  into  before  the  Commissioner  and  all  the  complicated  charges 
and  counter-charges,  matters  of  note  discounting  and  stock  raising, 
bookkeeping  and  management,  investigated. 


376  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  question  of  the  Ontario  Government's  deposit  in  the  institu- 
tion was  gone  into  and  particulars  given  by  Hon.  A.  J.  Matheson, 
Provincial  Treasurer,  on  May  30.  Evidence  was  also  heard  from 
W.  H.  Greenwood  and  W.  F.  Maclean  of  The  World  as  to  their  efforts 
to  obtain  larger  deposits  from  the  Government  for  this  Bank  with 
the  subsequent  allegation  in  the  Liberal  press  that  a  certain  loan  given 
Mr.  Maclean  by  the  Bank  and  afterwards  repaid  was  really  given  from 
Government  deposits.  This  charge  was  explicitly  made  in  The  Globe 
on  May  31st  and  vigorously  denied,  so  far  as  the  inference  was  con- 
cerned, by  Mr.  Maclean.  The  Commissioner  stated  (Mail,  June  1st) 
that  the  allegation  by  The  Globe  was  not  justified  by  the  evidence. 
Dr.  Nesbitt  testified  on  June  28th;  on  the  30th  Travers  created  a 
sensation  by  stating  that  a  mysterious  $3,000  cheque  of  his,  about 
which  nothing  could  be  ascertained,  had  been  delivered  by  him  to 
Peter  Ryan,  Registrar  of  Toronto,  on  Nov.  28,  1906,  in  connection 
with  the  issue  of  the  Government  certificate  and  as  a  result  of  hints 
alleged  to  have  come  from  political  circles  at  Ottawa.  He  stated  that 
he  had  seen  Ryan  at  the  Russell  House  in  Ottawa  and  afterwards  sent 
the  cheque  up  to  his  room.  Mr.  Ryan  denied  this  under  oath  and 
proved  that  he  had  not  been  registered  at  the  Russell  on  the  day  in 
question  nor  was  there  any  record  of  his  having  had  a  room  there. 
He  placed  all  his  books  and  banking  matters  under  the  Commissioner's 
inspection. 

The  Report  of  the  Commissioner*  reviewed  the  history  of  the 
formation  and  exploitation  and  failure  of  the  Bank  and  reported 
that  as  to  the  matter  of  the  moneys  and  securities  and  loans  adjusted 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Treasury  Board  on  organization  "  the 
Provincial  Directors  and  Travers  were  guilty  of  a  breach  of  trust " ; 
that  the  Treasury  Board  was  "  induced  to  give  its  certificate  by  false 
and  fraudulent  representations  on  the  part  of  Travers";  that  as  to 
the  representations  made  the  Finance  Minister  by  Sir  Edmund  Osier 
and  others  "  it  was,  in  my  opinion,  incumbent  on  the  Treasury  Board 
to  have  investigated  the  charges  that  had  been  made  before  coming  to 
a  conclusion  as  to  whether  or  not  the  Certificate  should  be  given  " ; 
that  "  the  evidence  satisfies  me  that  if  the  Bank  had  been  prudently 
and  honestly  managed  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  have  suc- 
ceeded."; that,  on  the  other  hand,  "the  subsequent  management  of 
the  affairs  of  the  Bank  was  characterized  by  gross  extravagance,  reck- 
lessness, incompetency,  dishonesty  and  fraud." 

Upon  the  Ryan  matter  the  Commissioner  was  explicit :  "  An  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  was  made  to  show  that  money  had  been  used  by 
Travers  to  procure  the  issue  of  the  certificate.  In  support  of  it 
Travers  testified  to  the  issue  of  a  cheque  for  $3,000  which  he  said 
was  placed  in  an  envelope  addressed  to  Mr.  Peter  Ryan  and  sent  to 
Mr.  Ryan's  room  in  the  Russell  House,  at  Ottawa,  and  afterwards 
presented  and  cashed.  That  Ryan  received  this  cheque  or  had  any 
connection  with  it,  if  it  was  used  for  the  purpose  stated  by  Travers, 

*  NOTE. — Submitted  to  the  Government  Feb.   21,   1913. 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PROVINCE  IN  1912     377 


BevonroM  and 

Development 
Of  the 
Province  la 
1912 


was  disproved/'  As  to  the  charges  that  the  alleged  promise  made  by 
W.  H.  Greenwood  of  The  World  to  Travers  had  influenced  the  Pro- 
vincial Treasurer  the  finding  was  also  clear :  "  That  if  any  such 
promise  was  made  it  was  not  communicated  to  the  Provincial  Treas- 
urer, and  that  he  was  not  made  aware  that  it  had  been  made,  and  that 
in  making  deposits  with  the  Bank  he  acted  with  nothing  in  view  but 
the  public  interest  and  the  making  of  a  fair  distribution  of  Govern- 
ment deposits  between  the  Banks  carrying  on  business  in  Toronto." 
The  latest  available  figures  as  to  Ontario's  popula- 
tion (1910)  showed  the  number  of  people  in  the  Pro- 
vince in  the  Census  year  to  be  2,523,274  as  compared 
with  1,917,544  in  1890 ;  the  latest  figures  of  total  Muni- 
cipal Assessment  (1910)  were  $1,331,198,191  as  against 
$798,616,271  in  1890  and  of  Taxes  for  all  purposes,  in- 
cluding schools,  $23,941,400  as  against  $10,897,485;  the  Debenture 
debt  of  Municipalities  (1909)  was  $100,441,779,  the  Sinking  Funds 
$17,199,730  and  the  Floating  debt  $13,256,765  as  compared  with  $40,- 
720,985  of  Debenture  debt  and  $8,387,186  of  Floating  debt  in  1890. 
The  Census  of  Manufactures  showed  in  1900  a  Capital  investment  of 
$214,972,275  and  in  1910  $595,394,608;  the  number  of  employees 
as  161,757  and  238,817,  respectively;  the  salaries  and  wages  paid 
as  increasing  from  $56,548,286  to  $117,645,784;  the  value  of  pro- 
ducts as  growing  from  $241,533,486  to  $579,810,225.  The  area  of 
assessed  land  in  rural  Ontario  in  1911  (Provincial  figures)  was 
24,683,747  acres,  the  portion  cleared  was  14,381,650  acres  and  the 
portion  still  classed  as  woodland  was  5,333,296.  The  value  of  farm- 
lands was  $723,902,419 — an  increase  of  $83,000,000  since  1906,  of 
Buildings  $317,876,963,  of  Implements  $84,969,426,  of  Live-stock 
$214,720,424.  The  total  was  $1,341,469,232  or  an  increase  of  152 
millions  in  six  years.  The  farm  value  per  occupied  acre  was  $29.33 
for  land  as  against  $27.65  in  1907  and  a  total  of  $42.94  for  land, 
buildings  and  implements  as  compared  with  $38.75  in  1907.  In  Agri- 
culture, as  in  Manufacture,  Ontario  still  held  first  place.  The  agri- 
cultural production  of  1912,  according  to  Federal  figures,  was  as 
follows : 


Yield 

Total 

Average 

Total 

Crops. 

Area. 

per  Acre. 

Yield. 

Price 

Value. 

Bush. 

Bush. 

per  Bush. 

Fall  Wheat   

661,000 

20-63 

11,673,000 

0-92 

$10,647,000 

Spring    Wheat    ... 

110,000 

18-77 

2,065,000 

0-88 

1,817,000 

All  Wheat   

671,000 

20-32 

13,638,000 

0-91 

12,464,000 

Oats  

2,637,000 

34-85 

91,899,000 

0-41 

37,679,000 

Barley   

600,000 

29-49 

14,745,000 

0-61 

8,994,000 

Rye    

96,000 

18-38 

1,746,000 

0-75 

1,310,000 

Peas   

220,000 

14-96 

3,289,000 

1-16 

3,815,000 

Buckwheat  

201,700 

26-74 

6,393,000 

0-66 

3,020,000 

Mixed   grains    .... 

389,000 

36-64 

14,214,000 

0-58 

8,244,000 

Flax    

8,100 

16-70 

136,000 

1-62 

219,000 

Beans    

49,200 

17-67 

864,000 

2-13 

1,840,000 

Corn  for   husking:. 

271,700 

59-06 

16,047,000 

0-61 

9,789,000 

Potatoes    

163,600 

143-90 

22,089,000 

0-59 

13,033,000 

Turnips,    etc  

148,000 

436-26 

64,565,000 

0-19 

12,267,000 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Per  Ton. 

Hay   and    Clover.  . 

3,240,000 

1-62 

5,249,000 

12-04 

63,198,000 

Fodder  Corn   

241.400 

10-70 

2,583,000 

4-84 

12,502,000 

Sugar  Beets    

17,000 

11-16 

190,000 

5-00 

950,000 

Alfalfa    

86,000 

2-76 

235,000 

11-76 

2,761,000 

378  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  total  product  was  valued  at  $204,549,000 ;  that  of  1911  was  $193,- 
260,000.  Despite  this  gain  in  value  there  was  in  1912  a  consider- 
able reduction  in  wheat  production  owing  to  an  excessively  wet 
season.  The  Census  figures  of  1911  (for  1910)  showed  120  butter 
factories  with  a  product  valued  at  $2,741,689  and  1,007  Cheese  fac- 
tories with  a  product  of  $12,597,252.  According  to  Provincial  Statis- 
tics there  were  in  1911,  737,916  horses  in  Ontario  valued  at  $103,- 
373,206;  1,045,610  milch  cows  worth  $47,377,588  and  1,547,595 
other  cattle  worth  $37,257,374;  1,040,245  sheep  and  lambs  worth 
$6,213,021 ;  1,744,983  swine  valued  at  $14,593,917  and  Poultry  worth 
$5,905,318.  The  value  of  this  Live-stock  was  $214,720,424  as  com- 
pared with  $194,416,037  in  1910;  the  total  value  of  Live-stock  sold 
or  killed  in  the  Province  during  the  year  was  $80,675,390;  the  wool 
clip  of  the  year  was  3,780,748  pounds. 

Fruit  was  a  matter  of  growing  interest  to  the  farmers  and  to  those 
concerned  in  general  agricultural  development.  At  the  Dominion 
Conference  of  Fruit  Growers — Ottawa,  Feb.  14 — it  was  stated  that 
there  were  42  Co-operative  Fruit  Associations  in  Ontario  and  that 
they  were  proving  eminently  successful.  Statistics  from  the  recent 
Census  showed  that  in  1910  there  was  a  total  of  12,252,818  fruit  trees 
in  the  Province — a  decrease  of  1,835,118  since  1900;  271,666  acres 
in  orchard  and  nursery — a  small  increase;  9,069  acres  in  vineyard  or 
an  increase  of  71  per  cent. ;  a  decrease  in  peach,  pear  and  plum  trees 
and  an  increase  in  cherry  trees ;  a  decrease  in  apple  trees  from  9,542,- 
000  to  7,766,000,  a  considerable  increase  in  grapes  and  a  small  increase 
in  strawberries  and  other  small  fruits.  As  to  this  Province,  W.  H. 
Bunting  in  his  Special  Report  to  the  Dominion  Government  (1912) 
said: 

General. — The  Province  of  Ontario  is  without  doubt  the  most  important 
one  in  the  Dominion  from  a  horticultural  standpoint,  both  as  regards  the 
extent  of  territory  involved,  the  great  variety  of  fruits  which  reach  per- 
fection, and  the  volume  of  the  trade  which  has  been  successfully  devel- 
oped throughout  Canada  and  in  foreign  markets.  Owing  to  the  proximity 
of  the  several  large  lakes  surrounding  the  southern  part  of  the  Province, 
it  has,  over  a  large  territory,  a  much  milder  and  more  equable  climate 
than  many  sections  of  the  United  States  considerably  farther  south.  Late 
spring  frosts  and  severe  winter  temperature  are  quite  unusual  here  and 
consequently  many  of  the  tender  varieties  of  fruits  may  be  produced  with 
great  regularity  and  success. 

Niagara  District. — Throughout  the  greater  part  of  this  territory,  par- 
ticularly along  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  as  far  east  as  the  Niagara 
River,  are  to  be  found  the  principal  commercial  peach  orchards  and  grape 
vineyards  of  Canada.  Many  thousands  of  acres  are  devoted  exclusively  to 
the  cultivation  of  these  fruits,  which  here  find  a  very  congenial  home. 
Extremes  of  temperature  are  so  rare  that  a  complete  failure  of  these 
fruits  seldom  occurs;  in  fact,  although  the  writer  has  been  engaged  in 
the  production  of  fruit  in  this  section  for  over  30  years,  he  does  not 
remember  a  situation  of  this  kind  in  his  experience.  Plums,  pears, 
cherries  and  small  fruits  of  all  kinds  are  grown  with  ease  and  with  a 
certainty  of  production  which  renders  the  business  very  reliable  and 
profitable,  if  ordinary  care  and  application  are  exercised. 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  PROVINCE  IN  1912     379 


Passing  to  Forests,  it  may  be  said  that  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Maga- 
zine estimated  the  Ontario  areas  in  pulp- wood  timber  (1912)  at 
40,000,000  acres  with  400,000,000  cords  standing;  that  the  great  lum- 
ber and  pulp  industries  of  the  Ottawa  Valley — the  Riordans,  the  Eddy 
Company,  the  Booth  Mills — made  marked  progress  during  the  year; 
that  at  St.  Catharines,  Thorold,  and  Sturgeon  Falls,  and  the  Sault, 
similar  development  was  proceeding.  In  Minerals  there  was  a  large 
growth  of  production  with,  for  the  first  time,  a  considerable  total  in 
gold.  The  total  of  all  minerals  was  $47,471,990  as  compared  with 
$41,976,797  in  1911  and  $25,019,373  in  1907.  The  bulk  of  this  pro- 
duction was  in  what  was  called  Northern  Ontario — even  the  Nickel 
mines  of  the  Sault  coming  under  that  heading.  The  total  for  the 
Province  in  1911  and  1912  was  as  follows : 


Metallic. 


Value,  1911. 

Gold    $42,637 

Silver    15,953,895 


Copper 
Nickel   ... 
Iron  ore 
Pig  Iron 
Cobalt    . 
Sundries 


1,281,118 
3,664,474 

445,930 
7,716,314 

170,890 


129,275,258 
Less  Ontario  ore  smelted  into  pig:  irons          172,391 


Net   Metallic   production $29,102,867 

Non-Metallic. 
Brick    (common)    $2,801,971 


Tile  (drain) 

Brick   (paving:,  fancy,   etc.). 

Brick,    pressed    

Building:  and  crushed  stone. 

Calcium  carbide    

Cement,    Portland    

Corundum   

Lime  

Natural  gas   

Petroleum    

Quartz    

Salt   

Sewer  Pipe 

Sundries    


349,545 
86,685 
564,630 
892,627 
84,437 
3,640,642 
147.158 
402,340 
2,186,762 
353,573 
64,405 
430,835 
410,064 
468,256 

Total    Non-Metallic   production $12,873,930 

Add  net  Metallic  production 29,102.867 

$41,976,797 


Value,  1912. 

$1,859,285 

17,455,080 

1,581,062 

4,722,040 

238,884 

8,054,369 


330.171 

$34,240,891 
145,326 

$34,095,565 


$3,178,250 
279.579 
126,286 
627,669 
953,839 
120,000 

3,373,653 
233,212 
381.672 

2,267,897 
344,537 
179,576 
450,251 
427,353 
432,651 

$13,376,425 
34,095,556 

$47,471,981 


Of  miscellaneous  matters  Federal  statistics  for  year  ending  Mch.  31, 
1912,  showed  78,853  immigrants  landing  at  ocean  ports  with  Ontario 
a?  their  destination ;  the  Bank  Clearings  of  the  Province — Brantford, 
Fort  William,  Hamilton,  London,  Ottawa  and  Toronto — were  $2,677,- 
391,796  in  1912  as  compared  with  $1,491,336,495  in  1906 ;  the  total 
traffic  of  Ontario  Canals — Sault,  Welland,  Ottawa,  Rideau  and  Trent 
— was,  in  the  1912  season,  43,151,203  tons;  the  mileage  of  Ontario's 
Railways  (Federal  year,  June  30,  1912)  was  8,545  or  an  increase  in 
the  year  of  223  miles  with  1,856  miles  under  construction;  the  esti- 
mated value  of  the  product  of  Fisheries  in  1911-12  was  $2,205,436  or 
an  increase  of  $179,315.  The  Loan  Companies  of  the  Province  had 


380  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

general  Receipts  of  $118,543,577  in  1911;  Keceipts  in  their  Trustee 
capacity  of  $131,372,187;  an  expenditure  on  Corporation  account  of 
$118,002,684  and  on  Trust  account  of  $128,668,361.  The  Presidents 
of  the  chief  Agricultural  bodies  were  as  follows : 

Ontario  Association  of  Fairs  and 
Exhibitions  Dr.  J.  U.  Simmons Frankf ord. 

Ontario  Agricultural  and  Experi- 
mental Union  Fred  W.  Goble Woodstock. 

Ontario  Horticultural  Association.  Rev.  A.  H.  Scott Perth. 

Ontario  Vegetable  Growers'  Asso- 
ciation   Thos.  Delworth  Weston. 

Fruit  Growers'  Association  of 

Ontario  D.  Johnson Forest. 

Ontario  Bee-Keepers'  Association .  D.    Nolan Newton  Robinson. 

Ontario  Corn  Growers  Association.  J.    H.    Williams Fletcher. 

Dairymen's  Association  of  East- 
ern Ontario  J.  H.  Singleton Smith's  Falls. 

Dairymen's  Association  of  West- 
ern Ontario  D.  A.  Dempsey Stratford. 

Ontario  Horse  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion   Wm.  Smith Columbus. 

Ontario  Sheep  Breeders'  Associa- 
tion   Lieut.-Col.  Robt.  McEwen .  Byron. 

Ontario  Large  Yorkshire  Swine 

Breeders  Association J.  E.  Brethour Burford. 

Ontario  Berkshire  Breeders  Asso- 
ciation   E.  E.  Martin Canning. 

Poultry  Association  of  Western 

Ontario  Richard  Oke  London. 

Eastern  Ontario  Poultry  Associa- 
tion   Geo.  Robertson  Ottawa. 

Ontario  Provincial  Winter  Fair..Wm.  McNeil   London. 

Eastern  Ontario  Live  Stock  and 

Poultry  Show  Peter  White  Pembroke. 

The  great  region  of  Ontario  lying  north  of  the 
Hew  Ontario:  prench  River  and  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  called 
Porcnpi^d  New  or  Northern  Ontario,  was  the  object  in  1912  of 
Development  much  discussion,  legislation  and  development.  With 
147,000  square  miles  of  territory  (exclusive  of  the  new 
District  of  Patricia)  in  which  60  million  acres  were  said  to  be  cov- 
ered with  spruce,  'black  pine  and  poplar;  with  abundance  of  moose, 
caribou,  bear,  beaver,  wild  duck  and  partridge  for  the  sportsman; 
with  the  extraordinary  growth  of  the  Cobalt  and  Porcupine  regions ; 
with  the  rapid  construction  or  extensions  of  three  Transcontinental 
Railways;  with  a  large  influx  of  settlers  and  inpouring  of  visitors, 
capitalists,  and  politicians;  it  was  little  wonder  that  public  attention 
was  greatly  drawn  to  the  North.  One  word  of  hostile  criticism  there 
was  and  it  came  from  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow,  Dean  of  Forestry,  Toronto 
University,  in  a  Report  to  the  Commission  on  Conservation.  Dated 
Dec.  28,  1912,  it  was  the  announced  product  of  "  a  rapid  inspection 
of  conditions  along  the  National  Transcontinental  Railway  from 
Cochrane  east  and  west  for  about  200  miles  "  and  in  it  Dr.  Fernow 
took  the  ground  that  preceding  studies  and  current  opinions  of  the 
country  were  largely  incorrect  as  to,  at  least,  the  portion  of  the  "  Clay 
Belt "  region  which  he  had  seen. 

His  judgment  was  that  "  probably  50  per  cent,  of  the  area  involved 
does  not  contain  any  wood  values  and  that  probably  the  same  per- 
centage of  it  is,  under  present  conditions,  undesirable  to  open  for 
settlement."  This  somewhat  sweeping  statement  was  anticipated  as 
to  general  conditions  in  a  series  of  speeches  delivered  by  the  Hon. 


NEW  ONTAEIO:  COBALT  AND  PORCUPINE  DEVELOPMENT     381 

W.  H.  Hearet,  Minister  of  Lands  and  Mines*  during  the  year  and  in 
press  interviews  following  its  publication  was  handled  without  gloves. 
Leaving  details  aside  it  will  be  of  value  to  quote  here  certain  state- 
ments from  official  Reports  of  preceding  years.  The  first  extract  is 
an  analysis  by  W.  A.  Charlton,  M.L.A.,  and  C.  T.  Harvey,  C.E.,  in  a 
Report  oh  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  route  (Dec.  27,  1897)  of  E.  B. 
Borron's  previous.  Report  of  1885 ;  the  second  is  from  an  interview 
given  to  The  Globe  on  Sept.  3,  1891,  by  Hon.  A.  S.  Hardy,  then  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands ;  the  third  is  from  the  Report  of  a  Survey 
and  Exploration  of  Northern  Ontario  undertaken  in  1900  as  the 
result  of  a  vote  of  $40,000  by  the  Provincial  Legislature;  the  4th  is 
a  statement  made  by  J.  F.  Whitson,  New  Ontario  Roads  Commisioner, 
in  a  letter  published  in  the  press  on  June  26,  1912 : 

1.  Summary  of  the  E.  B.  Borron  Report. — He  expressed  the  opinion 
that  a  tract  of  dry  and  fertile  land  extends  across  the  territory  from  east 
to  west,  not  less  than  400  miles  long  and  50  miles  wide,  comprising  20,000 
square  miles  or  12,800,000  acres.    Making  every  reasonable  deduction  for 
lakes,  marshes,  swamps,  muskegs  and  un-arable  land,  a  very  large  quan- 
tity is  fit  for  settlement,  the  climate  and  soil  favourable  to  a  mixed  system 
of  husbandry;  stock  raising  and  dairy  farming  will  be  the  most  success- 
ful.   He  expresses  the  opinion  that  there  is  a  larger  area  of  arable  land 
along  the  Missinabie  River  than  on  any  other — the  Kenogami  excepted. 

2 .  Statement  of  the  Hon.  A.  8.  Hardy. — The  territory  lying  along  the 
banks  of  Rainy  River,  between  its  mouth  and  source,  was  a  revelation  to 
us.    There  is  a  stretch  of  nearly  80  miles  of  farm  land  between  Fort 
Francis  and  the  mouth  of  Rainy  River  along  the  Canadian  bank  which 
does  not,  perhaps,  contain  two  miles  of  broken  or  untillable  land  in  the 
whole  distance  as  seen  from  the  River.     It  is  of  unparalleled  fertility. 
I  know  of  no  stretch  of  80  miles  in  Ontario  that  can  compare  with  it  in 
richness  or  fertility  of  soil.    The  available  land  varies  in  depth  along  the 
bank  of  the  River  from  ten  miles  to  thirty  miles  as  we  were  told,  but  it 
has  not  yet  been  fully  explored,  and  may  stretch  back,  as  we  were  also 
informed,  a  good  deal  farther  at  certain  points.    It  is  capable  of  sustaining 
500,000  people,  perhaps  more.    The  crops  are  uniformly  of  the  best  quality, 
wheat  running  from  30  to  35  and  40  bushels  per  acre,  and  other  grains  in 
proportion. 

S.  Official  Investigation  of  1900. — The  great  Clay  Belt  running  from 
the  Quebec  boundary  west  through  Nipissing  and  Algoma  Districts  and 
into  the  District  of  Thunder  Bay  comprises  an  area  of  at  least  24,500 
square  miles,  or  15,680,000  acres,  nearly  all  of  which  is  well  adapted  for 
cultivation.  This  almost  unbroken  stretch  of  good  farming  land  is  nearly 
three-quarters  as  great  in  extent  as  the  whole  settled  portion  of  the 
Province  south  of  Lake  Nipissing  and  the  French  and  Mattawa  Rivers. 
It  is  larger  than  the  States  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware  combined,  and  one-half  the  size  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  The  region  is  watered  by  the  Moose  River,  flowing  into 
James  Bay  and  its  tributaries,  the  Abitibi,  Mattagami  and  Ogoke.  Each  of 
and  by  the  Albany  and  its  tributaries  the  Kenogami  and  Ogoke.  Each  of 
these  rivers  is  over  300  miles  in  length,  and  they  range  in  width  from 
300  to  400  yards  to  a  mile.  They  are  fed  by  numerous  smaller  streams 
and  these  in  turn  drain  numberless  lakes  of  larger  or  smaller  size,  so 
that  the  whole  country  is  one  network  of  waterways  affording  easy  means 
of  communication  with  long  stretches  fit  for  navigation. 

Another  point  equalled  only  in  importance  by  the  existence  of  a  vast 
area  of  agricultural  land  in  this  country  and  its  moderate  climate  is  the 

*  Nora. — One  Is  published  in  full  in  the  Supplement  to  this  Volume. 


382  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

fact  that  it  is  largely  covered  with  extensive  forests  of  spruce,  jackpine 
and  poplar.  The  value  of  this  class  of  timber,  as  everybody  knows,  is 
increasing  every  day  and  the  market  for  it  is  widening;  and  rich  indeed 
is  the  country  which  has  boundless  resources  in  these  varieties  of  woods. 
In  the  District  of  Niplssing,  north  of  the  C.P.R.  line,  there  is  estimated 
to  be  at  least  20,000,000  cords  of  pulpwood;  in  the  District  of  Algoma 
100,000,000  cords;  in  the  District  of  Thunder  Bay,  150,000,000  cords;  and 
in  the  District  of  Rainy  River,  18,000,000  cords;  a  grand  total  of  288,- 
000,000  cords.  The  pine  region  does  not  seem  to  extend  much  beyond  the 
Height  of  Land,  but  on  this  side,  in  the  country  around  Lakes  Temagaml 
and  Lady  Evelyn,  and  to  the  north,  an  area  of  red  and  white  pine  of  fine 
quality  was  explored  and  estimated  to  contain  about  three  billions  of 
feet,  B.M. 

4.  Mr.  J.  F.  Whitson's  statement. — The  surveys  of  the  new  Townships 
that  are  being  made  this  season  along  the  N.T.R.  will  cover  some  of  the 
finest  territory  along  the  Line.  I  have  to  admit  that  there  is  a  good  deal 
more  pulpwood  In  this  country  than  I  had  supposed.  The  average  is 
much  higher  than  the  Department  has  ever  estimated;  25  cords  per  acre 
is  not  too  high,  although  the  burnt  area  will  reduce  the  average.  With 
all  the  drawbacks  there  may  be  in  this  country  for  many  years  they  will 
be  no  greater  than  in  old  Ontario.  Railway  facilities  will  place  this 
country  45  years  in  advance  of  the  first  settlements  in  my  native  county, 
Grey.  The  soil  is  far  superior.  After  the  timber  is  cleared  off  you  have 
no  stones  to  gather  and  stumps  are  easily  got  rid  of.  From  the  improve- 
ments and  small  clearings  that  are  now  made  in  the  Townships  around 
Cochrane  I  have  no  hesitation  in  expressing  my  opinion,  as  a  farmer,  that 
the  man  who  lives  to  visit  this  country,  along  the  O.T.P.  in  the  next  25 
years  or  in  the  next  10  years,  will  see  evidence  enough  to  satisfy  him  that 
the  Clay  Belt  has  possibilities  greater  than  ever  the  Department  antici- 
pated. 

Many  incidents  of  the  year  in  connection  with  this  region  have 
been  more  or  less  dealt  with  in  previous  pages.  The  invasion  of 
Toronto  on  June  20-21  by  a  large  Delegation  from  Northern  centres 
was  an  educative  happening  and  one  which  showed  the  boundless 
enthusiasm  of  the  settlers — though  Toronto  did  not  show  as  much 
interest  as  it  might  have  done.  However,  New  Ontario's  need  of  men 
and  money,  roads  and  railways,  its  rich  resources  and  attractiveness 
for  individual  and  general  investment,  were  abundantly  proclaimed 
in  speeches,  in  the  press,  and  at  a  banquet  given  by  the  Toronto  Board 
of  Trade  when  the  opportunities  offered  by  Sudbury,  and  Thessalon, 
North  Bay  and  Bruce  Mines,  Steelton  and  the  Sault  were  generously 
depicted.  During  Aug.  13-20  about  a  hundred  members  of  the 
Associated  Boards  of  Trade  visited  the  towns  along  the  T.  &  N.  0. 
Railway.  They  found  that  the  Government  Experimental  Farm  at 
Monteith  had  proved  the  soil  to  be  specially  adapted  for  the  raising 
of  roots,  potatoes  and  all  kinds  of  vegetables,  clover  and  grasses,  while 
wheat,  hay,  barley  and  oats  had  been  raised  with  great  success;  that 
the  numerous  farms  in  the  Cochrane  region  and  the  established  com- 
munities around  New  Ldskeard  bore  testimony  to  the  fruitfulnese  of 
the  soil;  that  the  need  for  Government  grants  to  settlers  was  clear, 
and  that  while  the  land  was  fruitful  in  many  cases  the  coat  of  clearing 
was  heavy  and  the  value  of  the  timber  affected  by  lack  of  shipping 
facilities. 


NEW  ONTAEIO:  COBALT  AND  POBCUPINE  DEVELOPMENT     383 

An  important  matter  was  the  Government  arrangement  with 
Willis  K.  Jackson  of  Buffalo  and  his  American  colleagues  under  which 
there  was  handed  over  to  the  Company  in  June  two  Townships  in  the 
Clay  Belt — Kendry  and  Haggart — in  exchange  for  $1.00  per  acre,  or 
$98,364,  and  an  undertaking  to  construct  a  sawmill,  planing-mill,  sash 
and  door  mill,  costing  $70,000 ;  to  improve  farms  for  settlers  by  clear- 
ing 25  acres  and  building  a  house  and  barn  in  each  case ;  to  construct 
and  maintain  all  roads  and  bridges  and  to  make  adequate  provision 
for  the  institution  of  Public  Schools  in  the  Townships;  to  clear  a 
minimum  of  1,500  acres  in  five  years  and  to  settle  2,400  acres  with 
16  settlers  within  two  years,  and  16  settlers  yearly  thereafter.  The 
Government  retained  the  title  to  all  land  pending  settlement;  reserved 
an  area  for  future  townsite  and  water-powers  and  retained  absolute 
control  over  all  agreements  with  the  settlers  with  power  to  fix  terms 
of  sale.  The  Algoma  Eastern  Eailway,  connecting  Sudbury  with  the 
Great  Lakes  at  Little  Current,  was  completed  in  December.  Of  the 
rising  villages  and  towns  of  this  region  in  which  the  population  five 
yeare  before  was  a  negligible  quantity  the  following  were  the  chief  in 
1912: 

Estimated 
Town  or  Village.  Chief  Interest.  Population. 

Blind  River Lumber  and  Minerals '  2,558 

Charlton  Temiscaming  District    600 

Cobalt   Silver  Mines   5,630 

Elk  Lake  City Silver  Mines   700 

Englehart     T.  &  N.  O.  Railway 670 

Port    Francis Iron-ore,   pulpwood,   Gold 1,643 

Fort    William Transportation,  elevators,  shipping,  iron- works ....  16,499 

Gowganda    Mining   Centre    500 

Haileybury    Agriculture,    saw-mills    3,874 

Keewatin    Summer  resort;   saw-mills 1,242 

Kenora    Lumbering,   gold  mining,  Fisheries 6,159 

Latchford    Lumbering,  T.  &  N.  O.  Ry 428 

Matheson    Lumbering,  T.  &  N.  O.  Ry 300 

New    Liskeard Agriculture    2,107 

North    Bay Lumbering,  mining  and  Railway  centre 7,715 

Porcupine Gold  mining    6,000 

Port    Arthur. Transportation,   manufactures,   Fisheries 14,106 

Rainy  River Lumbering  and  Mining 1,579 

Sault  Ste.  Marie. .  Industries,  Shipping,  Water-power 10,986 

Sturgeon  Falls. . . .  Industries,  Shooting,  Fishing 2,188 

Sudbury    Transportation,  Nickel  mining 4,139 

Tlmmins     Porcupine  gold  mines 1,300 

The  Cobalt  damp  continued  its  prosperous  career  in  1912  and  the 
total  dividends  paid  during  the  year  were  stated  at  $9,722,850 — 
excluding  certain  privately  owned  and  very  rich  properties  whose  total 
payments  up  to  the  close  of  this  year  were  estimated  at  $6,604,826. 
Of  the  Mines  paying  dividends  in  1912  the  chief  ones  were  Cobalt 
Townsite,  40  per  cent,  and  $1,940,000  as  its  total  for  the  year; 
Coniagas,  36  per  cent,  and  $1,440,000  with  total  dividends  to  date  of 
$4,280,000;  Crown  Reserve,  60  per  cent,  and  $1,061,280,  with  a  total 
to  date  of  $4,687,341;  Nipissing,  30  per  cent,  and  $1,800,000,  with 
a  total  of  $9,540,000 ;  Hudson  Bay,  2,400  per  cent,  and  $186,264,  with 
a  total  of  $1,660,854  or  21:400  per  cent,  altogether;  Kerr  Lake,  20 
per  cent,  and  $600,000,  with  a  total  of  $4,320,000 ;  La  Rose,  9y2  per 
cent,  and  $712,500,  with  a  total  of  $3,055,237;  McKinley-Darragh, 
40  per  cent,  and  $898,716,  with  a  total  of  $3,055,237;  Timiskaming, 


384:  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

9  per  cent,  and  $225,000  with  a  total  of  $1,234,156.  Smaller  concerns 
were  the  Beaver  paying  9  per  cent.;  the  Buffalo  19  per  cent.,  the 
Trethewey  20  per  cent,  and  the  Wettlaufer  20  per  cent.  The  total 
dividends  paid  to  the  end  of  1912  were  $38,313,921  or,  including  the 
close  corporations,  nearly  45  millions.  Taking  the  entire  period  of 
dividend  payment  Coniagas  had  paid  107  per  cent.,  Crown  Reserve 
275,  Kerr  Lake  144,  McKinley-Darragh  126,  Nipissing  150,  Trethe- 
wey 98,  Buffalo  156.  In  1904  the  preliminary  production  of  the  Camp 
was  206,875  ounces  of  silver  valued  at  $111,887;  in  the  succeeding 
eight  years  it  was  as  follows : 

Tear  Ounces.               Value.                       Tear.  Ounces.                Value. 

1906..    ..  2,451,356  $1,360,503  1909 25,897,825  $12,461,576 

1906..    ..  6,401.766              3,667.651  1910 30,645,181              16,478,047 

1907..    ..  10,023,311              6,165,391  1911 31,507,791              16,963,847 

1908..    ..  19.347,875              9,133,378  1912 30.260,636              17,456,080 

Totals     166,685,740  $81,665,373 

Despite  the  fact  that  a  million  less  ounces  were  produced  in  1912 
than  in  1911  the  higher  prices  of  silver  raised  the  total  returns  above 
the  preceding  year.  An  increasing  tendency  towards  final  treatment 
of  the  ore  in  the  Camp  was  manifested  in  the  shipments  of  bullion, 
consignments  of  which  amounted  to  5,071,897  ounces  in  1912,  as 
against  3,132,976  ounces  in  1911.  The  Nipissing  and  Buffalo  mines 
were  equipped  for  reducing  their  entire  output  to  merchantable  bars 
on  the  spot.  The  largest  producing  Mines  of  the  year  were  as  follows : 
Nipissing  4,680,670  ounces;  Coniagas  3,703,942  ounces;  La  Rose 
2,920,344  ounces;  Crown  Reserve  2,714,765  ounces;  McKinley-Dar- 
ragh 2,694,560  ounces;  Kerr  Lake  1,895,309  ounces;  Buffalo  1,890,150 
ounces;  Cobalt  Townsite  1,505,396  ounces;  Timiskaming  1,217,994 
ounces  and  O'Brien  1,091,631  ounces.  During  the  year  new  and 
important  silver-bearing  veins  were  found  at  La  Rose,  Cart  Lake 
(Seneca  Superior),  Casey-Cobalt,  etc.  The  last-named  mine  was, 
according  to  the  Annual  Bulletin  of  T.  W.  Gibson,  Deputy  Minister 
of  Mines,  significant  of  the  possibilities  of  the  conglomerate,  situated 
as  it  was  on  an  outlier  of  this  formation  some  14  or  15  miles  distant 
from  Cobalt  proper.  The  finding  of  good  ore  by  the  Beaver  mine  in 
the  diabase  underlying  the  Keewatin  and  the  recrudescence  of  the 
Cobalt-Townsite  mine  were  other  features  of  the  year.  At  the  Toronto 
meeting  of  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute  on  Mch.  7,  1912,  C.  A. 
O'Connell  of  Cobalt  had  this  to  say  as  to  the  decline  or  otherwise  of 
production  in  the  Camp : 

The  history  of  most  mining  districts  of  a  similar  nature  shows  that 
the  time  from  the  inception  of  operation  to  that  when  production  attains 
its  maximum  rarely  represents  more  than  seven  or  eight  years.  The 
decline  to  nominal  production  covers  a  much  larger  period  and  when  it 
is  known  that  there  are  extremely  favourable  chances  of  finding  other 
productive  ore-bodies  within  the  proved  ore  zone,  It  will  be  seen  that  ten 
years  would  not  be  too  long  a  period  to  estimate  as  the  future  minimum 
life  of  Cobalt.  I  am  willing  to  predict  that  the  total  production  will  exceed 
250,000,000  oz.  and  while  this  statement  may  be  criticized  as  being  the 
extreme  view  of  an  optimist,  I  make  it  without  reserve,  for  it  is  largely 
based  on  the  figures  covering  the  past  seven  years'  production. 


NEW  ONTARIO:  PORCUPINE  AND  COBALT  DEVELOPMENT      385 

There  would,  in  such  a  case,  be  over  $100,000,000  worth  of  produc- 
tion still  to  come.  A  feature  of  the  year  was  the  sale  of  old  proper- 
ties and  revived  working  of  old  mines  in  the  region  tributary  to  Cobalt 
such  as  the  Ophir,  the  John  Black,  the  Cobalt  Central,  the  Angoid, 
the  Green-Meehan,  the  Bailey,  the  Columbus  and  the  Foster.  Inci- 
dents of  the  year  included  the  retirement  of  Ellis  P.  Earle  of  New 
York  from  La  Rose;  the  visit  of  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute — 
including  leading  journalists  and  mining  authorities  from  London, 
New  York,  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  Toronto,  Montreal,  Halifax 
and  Victoria,  to  Cobalt  and  the  Porcupine  on  Mch.  9-11 ;  the  conser- 
vative policy  followed  by  La  Rose  Consolidated  in  maintaining  its 
$1,500,000  surplus  intact  and  giving  a  bonus  of  2^2  per  cent,  to  share- 
holders in  December;  the  assignment  of  the  Pearl  Lake  Limited  to 
Burr  E.  Cartwright  and  his  transfer  of  the  property  to  a  New  York 
syndicate ;  the  purchase  of  the  property,  plant,  etc.,  of  the  Nova  Scotia 
Silver-Cobalt  by  D.  M.  Steindler  of  New  York;  the  success  of  the 
Casey-Cobalt,  after  six  years  of  struggle,  and  its  shipment  in  June 
of  what  was  said  to  be  the  richest  car-load  of  ore  ever  sent  from  the 
District — valued  at  $132,000;  the  opening  of  a  part  of  the  Gillies 
Limit  to  prospectors  on  Aug.  20  amid  spectacular  scenes  and  the 
death  of  one  miner  in  the  rush. 

Other  occurrences  were  the  United  States  Government  charges 
against,  and  trial  of,  Julian  Hawthorne  and  others  in  connection  with 
the  alleged  fraudulent  sale  of  stock  in  the  Hawthorne  Silver  Mines  of 
Cobalt  and  the  ultimate  conviction  of  the  accused;  the  relief  of  the 
Chambers-Ferland  Company  from  Provincial  royalty  pending 
enlarged  production;  the  passing  of  the  Buffalo  and  Coniagas  into 
the  list  of  Cobalt  mines  which  had  repaid  their  capital  in  dividends; 
the  sale  of  the  Cobalt  Lake  property  by  Sir  Henry  Pellatt  to  an  Eng- 
lish syndicate  on  most  advantageous  terms.  In  various  portions  of 
this  widely-extended  Mining  region  there  was  considerable  develop- 
ment. The  Larder  Lake  district  had  a  revival  of  work  and  the 
Goldfields  Ltd.  put  its  new  40-stamp  mill  in  operation;  the  Curry 
Mine  in  South  Lorrain  was  re-opened  and  new  work  undertaken ;  the 
Elk  Lake  Camp  was  said  in  August  (Financial  Times)  to  have  ten 
working  mines  and  valuable  discoveries  were  reported  from  the  Don- 
aldson, which  the  Beaver  people  had  acquired  during  the  year,  while 
silver  was  said  to  have  been  found  at  Auld,  and  the  Miller-Lake 
O'Brien  and  the  Millerette  Mines  had  a  successful  year.  In  Gow- 
ganda  the  Mann  Mines  produced  excellently  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
local  Board  of  Trade  wrote  to  the  press  on  Oct.  3rd  that  "  to-day  the 
least  that  may  be  said  is  that  the  prospects  of  the  whole  Mann  ridge 
are  rendered  bright  by  the  disclosure  of  much  high-grade  commercial 
ore." 

The  Porcupine  country  came  into  the  regions  of  productive  cer- 
tainty during  1912  with  the  Hollinger  Mine  as  the  central  figure  in 
development.  First  discovered  in  1909  the  gold  of  these  Townships 
had  been  a  matter  of  much  interest  and  considerable  expenditure.  By 
1912  it  was  known  that  gold  could  be  produced  in  exceedingly  profit- 
25 


386 

able  quantities  and  the  Report  of  the  Hollinger  Gold  Mines  Ltd.  on 
Oct.  26  showed  mining  properties  valued  at  $2,500,000  and  a  plant 
costing  $593,728 ;  a  Capital  Stock  of  $3,000,000  and  a  Surplus  on  the 
year's  business  of  $758,771.  A  dividend  of  three  per  cent,  for  four 
weeks  production  was  announced  and  on  Nov.  2nd  President  N.  A. 
Timmins  wrote  to  the  shareholders:  "  Our  surplus  at  the  present  time 
is  considerably  over  $800,000  of  which  $550,000  represents  profits 
from  operation,  and  it  is  therefore  expedient  to  commence  the  pay- 
ment of  dividends,  allowing  the  surplus  to  grow  at  a  somewhat  slower 
rate.  Our  profits  at  the  present  time  are  over  $40,000  per  week  and 
the  management  is  confident  of  continuing  this  at  an  undiminished 
rate ;  hence  the  payment  of  regular  dividends  every  four  weeks  presents 
no  difficulties,  and  will  permit,  concjurrently  therewith,  substantial 
increases  to  be  made  to  the  reserve  fund  of  the  Company." 

P.  A.  Bobbins,  the  General-Manager,  at  the  same  time  stated  that 
"  at  present  we  are  treating  on  an  average  300  tons  daily,  and  making 
97  per  cent,  extraction  from  $30  ore;  working  costs,  both  in  the  mine 
and  mill,  are  satisfactory  and  are  somewhat  lower  than  had  been  con- 
templated; 20,444  tons  of  ore  from  development,  partly  made  up  of 
waste  rock,  inadvertently  included  from  drifting  and  sinking,  have 
been  milled,  and  have  shown  an  average  value  of  $19.70  per  ton ;  5,777 
tons  of  ore  from  stopes  have  been  treated  and  have  shown  an  average 
value  of  $37.89  per  ton.  The  average  value  of  all  the  ore  removed 
from  the  Hollinger  Mine  to  date  is  $23.69  per  ton  established  by 
treating  26,221  tons  in  the  original  test  mill  and  in  the  new  mill. 
The  first  stamps  were  dropped  June  15th  but  no  attempt  was  made 
until  July  1st  to  treat  ore  and  for  2  weeks  in  July  only  low  grade 
was  treated." 

Meanwhile,  a  conservative  estimate  in  The  Globe  of  Jan.  1st  had 
put  the  value  of  ores  in  assured  possession  of  certain  Mines  as  follows : 
Dome  $7,200,000;  Hollinger  $1,866,660;  Vipond  $209,592;  Rea  Con- 
solidated $280,000.  In  a  Report  (June  20)  to  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Com- 
mission, Arthur  A.  Cole  stated  that  the  40-stamp  mill  at  the  Dome 
was  treating  about  250  tons  daily  with  orders  issued  to  run  the  milling 
up  to  15,000  tons  monthly;  that  in  the  North  Dome  development 
work  was  proceeding  with  good  ore  encountered;  that  in  the  Dome 
Extension  a  small  quantity  of  good  ore  had  been  developed  and  that 
the  Dome  Lake  was  a  promising  prospect;  that  work  was  proceeding 
on  the  Mulholland,  the  'Crown  Chartered,  the  McEaneny,  the  Vipond, 
the  Jupiter,  Plenaurium,  Pearl  Lake,  Mclntyre  and  Hollinger;  that 
the  McEaneny  was  the  first  case  in  Porcupine  where  visible  gold  had 
been  found  by  actual  development  at  a  depth  of  300  feet  and  that  on 
the  200-foot  level  they  had  an  ore-chute  250  feet  long  of  an  average 
width  of  three  feet,  and  an  average  value  of  $25 ;  that  in  Jupiter  two 
veins  were  of  economic  value  and  that  development  work  on  the  Miller- 
Middleton  and  Dixon  claims  of  the  Hollinger  Company  had  proved 
satisfactory.  As  to  the  rest  Mr.  Cole  added :  "  The  glamour  of  Por- 
cupine has  caused  the  other  gold  camps  in  the  District  to  be  dwarfed, 
but  good  healthy  progress  has  been  made  in  Swastika,  Munro  and 


NEW  ONTARIO:  PORCUPINE  AND  COBALT  DEVELOPMENT      387 

Larder  Lake.  Properties  are  getting  into  the  hands  of  men  with  the 
patience  and  capital  necessary  to  develop  and  prova  them,  so  that  the 
future  promises  a  healthy  advance  which  is,  in  the  end,  of  more  lasting 
benefit  to  the  industry  than  the  rush  of  a  boom." 

On  Mch.  30,  Mr.  Ambrose  Monell  of  the  Dome  Mines  inaugurated 
their  new  stamp  mill  by  a  banquet  at  which,  after  reviewing  condi- 
tions and  pioneer  work,  he  said:  "  Much,  of  course,  remains  to  be  done 
in  the  way  of  development  work  before  any  real  judgment  can  be 
formed  as  to  the  ultimate  extent  and  character  of  the  district.  It 
would  be  idle  for  me  to  say  more  than  that  we  have  great  belief  in 
the  future  of  the  property.  As  to  the  outlook  for  the  Camp,  there  is 
no  reason  to  believe  that  the  ore  bodies  are  contained  in  only  a  few 
properties.  The  development  which  has  already  taken  place  puts  the 
Camp  farther  ahead  in  the  same  space  of  time,  in  the  way  of  possi- 
bilities for  its  future,  than  any  other  gold  camp  I  have  ever  known." 
At  the  same  time  it  was  essentially  a  rich  man's  region  where  large 
expenditures  were  necessary  to  obtain  returns.  Charles  W.  Merrill, 
a  well-known  Mining  authority,  said  that  after  a  study  of  conditions 
in  Porcupine,  he  had  come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  were  few  camps 
of  superior  position  for  the  economical  extraction  of  gold  from  the 
ores.  Porcupine  had  abundance  of  water;  its  labour  was  of  compara- 
tively high  class;  and  he  believed  it  had  great  possibilities  in  regard 
to  the  development  of  large  quantities  of  ore.  Mr.  J.  L.  Englehart 
also  spoke  and  he  was  given  varied  tributes  for  pushing  the  T.  &  N".  O. 
into  the  country.  The  Dome,  it  may  be  added,  had  so  far  cost  $1,000,- 
000  in  expenditure  for  plant  and  the  most  expert  mining  men  of  the 
continent  had  been  engaged  to  operate  it.  It  had,  too,  within  8 
months  reconstructed  all  its  works,  after  the  fire  of  1911,  on  a  better 
and  a  permanent  basis.  As  to  the  general  situation  a  special  corre- 
spondent of  the  Montreal  Star  wrote  on  Apl.  2nd: 

The  consensus  of  opinion  among  the  many  experts  here  consulted, 
borne  out  by  personal  examinations,  places  the  Dome,  Hollinger,  Mac- 
Intyre  and  Vipond  in  the  class  of  mines  the  permanence  of  which  appears 
assured;  and  those  whose  permanence  is  regarded  as  practically  assured 
include  the  Dome  Extension,  Pearl  Lake,  Jupiter  and  Plenaurium.  Mr. 
Proctor  Smith  and  Col.  Weatherly,  two  New  York  capitalists,  are  working 
as  a  close  corporation  the  mine  known  as  '  The  Little  Pet.'  This  mine, 
which  1s  situated  near  the  Dome,  gives  every  indication  not  only  of  being 
a  permanent  one,  but  also  of  being  a  high-grade  one  throughout.  The 
English  Syndicate  known  as  The  Porcupine  (Canada)  Mining  and  Devel- 
opment Co.,  which  is  represented  in  the  field  by  Mr.  C.  A.  Blacklock,  has 
75  properties  in  Porcupine  and  is  satisfied  with  the  outlook. 

Following  Mr.  Monell's  warning  about  the  cost  of  developing  gold 
mines  came  the  statement  in  July  that  40  properties  or  Companies  had 
discontinued  operations  including  the  Foley-O'Brien,  the  Preston 
East  Dome,  the  Eea  Consolidated,  the  Scottish  Ontario,  the  West 
Dome,  the  Dobie  and  the  Bewick-Moreing.  A  depleted  treasury  was 
the  usual  reason  given.  On  June  18  the  Vipond  ball  and  tube  mill 
was  started  and  the  Hollinger  had  started  ten  stamps  while  new  finds 
of  gold  were  reported  from  the  McTntyre  and  Plenaurium  and  in  the 


388  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

Swastika  district  and  at  Larder  Lake.  At  the  Dome  Extension  meet- 
ing (June  28)  the  official  estimate  was  70,000  tons  available,  running 
$5  to  the  ton.  In  August  The  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  stated 
that  the  Dome  was  producing  325  tons  worth  $2,808  daily,  the  Hoi- 
linger  250  tons  worth  $4,250,  the  Vipond  80  tons  worth  $900,  and  the 
Mclntyre  60  tons  worth  $510. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  it  was  found  that  Porcupine  had  produced 
$1,859,285  worth  of  gold  in  comparison  with  $42,637  in  1911  while, 
on  Nov.  1st,  The  Canadian  Mining  Journal  said :  "  The  prospects  at 
Porcupine  will  not  all  prove  to  be  mines,  but  some  of  them  will.  The 
Hollinger  and  Dome  are  mines  now,  and  there  are  others  not  so  large 
whose  outlook  is  more  than  promising.  The  field  was  opened  under 
auspicious  circumstances  in  that  the  two  principal  deposits  fell  into 
strong  hands,  capable  of  proving  them  without  recourse  to  the  stock 
market,  and  they  are  still  in  control.  Diamond  drill  bores  promise 
richness  in  depth,  and  the  situation  is  full  of  hope.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered, however,  that  there  are  as  yet  no  deep  shafts  in  Porcupine  and 
until  much  lower  levels  are  reached  it  cannot  be  held  that  uncertainty 
is  wholly  removed."  Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  passing  of 
the  Bewick-Moreing  Company  of  Northern  Ontario  Exploration  and 
Ontario  Goldfields  fame  and  the  statement  that  they  had  "  experienced 
great  disappointment"  in  an  area  purchased  from  the  Timmins 
Syndicate;  the  strike  of  Western  Federation  Miners  in  South  Porcu- 
pine during  November  and  alleged  important  discoveries  on  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Martin;  an  estimated  blocked-out  ore  on  the  Hollinger 
of  from  4  to  10  millions  in  value;  the  announced  discoveries  in  the 
Pearl  Lake  and  Jupiter  properties  and  the  erection  of  stamp  mills 
by  the  Mclntyre,  Dome  Lake  and  McEaneny.  The  following  were 
the  chief  New  Ontario  Mines  and  their  Presidents  in  1912 : 

Timiskaming  Mining:  Co.,   Ltd Burr  B.  Cartwright Buffalo. 

Trethewey  Silver-Cobalt  Mining  Co.  .Alex.    M.    Hay Haileybury. 

La  Rose  Consolidated  Mines  Co.,  Ltd.D.    Lome    McGibbon Montreal. 

Wettlaufer-Lorraine      Silver      Mines 

Co.,    Ltd Henry   Lockhart    New  York. 

Kerr  Lake  Mining  Co.,  Ltd Julius  A.  Lewisohn New  York. 

Peterson  Lake  Mining  Co.,  Ltd Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt Toronto. 

Dome  Mines,   Ltd Ambrose  Monell    New  York. 

Hollinger    Mines,    Ltd N.   A.   Timmins Montreal. 

Dome  Extension  Mines,  Ltd W.   S.   Edwards Toronto. 

Mclntyre  Porcupine  Mines,  Ltd Albert   Freeman    'New  York. 

McKinley-Darragh-Savage    Mines    of 

Cobalt,    Ltd C.    A.    Masten Toronto. 

Timiscaming  &  Hudson  Bay  Co.,  Ltd.Geo.   Taylor   New  Liskeard. 

Crown  Reserve  Mining  Co.,  Ltd Lieut.-Col.    John    Carson . .  Montreal. 

Hargrave    Silver    Mines W.  N.  Ferguson Toronto. 

Hudson  Bay  Mines,  Ltd G.   A.    Taylor Toronto. 

Nipissing  Mines  Co David   Fasken    Toronto. 

The  Right  of  Way  Mines,  Ltd George  Goodwin   Ottawa. 

Silver  Cliff  Mining  Co.,  Ltd A.  R.  Peacock Toronto. 

Swastika  Mining  Co.,  Ltd Dr.    M.    Steele Toroflto. 

Cobalt  Lake  Mining  Co.,  Ltd Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt Toronto. 

Beaver  Consolidated  Mines,  Ltd Frank    L.    Culver Toronto. 

Buffalo    Mines,    Ltd C.   L.    Denison New  York. 

Chambers-Ferland   Mining  Co.,   Ltd ..  Arthur  Ferland   Haileybury. 

City  of  Cobalt  Mining  Co.,  Ltd R.   T.   Shillington Haileybury. 

Cobalt  Townsite  Mining  Co.,  Ltd W.    R.    P.    Parker Toronto. 

Coniagas  Mines,  Ltd R.  W.   Leonard St.  Catharines. 

Casey-Cobalt  Mining  Co.,  Ltd W.    R.    P.    Parker Toronto. 


V.    QUEBEC  PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS 

During  this  year  Sir  Lomer  Gouin,  who  had  been 
Becord  of  Premier  since  1905,  introduced  important  new  legisla- 
A^nrfniTtra-  ^on'  won  &  Senera^  election  and  received  for  his  Pro- 
tion  during-  vince,  in  the  Boundary  adjustment,  the  great  region  of 
i9ia  Ungava.  The  1910  policy  of  the  Provincial  Govern- 

ment in  prohibiting  the  exportation  of  pulpwood  from 
Crown  Lands  was  one  of  frequent  discussion  and  reference  by  the 
Premier.  It  had  proved  a  stimulus  to  the  pulp  and  paper  industry 
and  during  the  year  following  its  inauguration  19  pulp,  paper  and 
lumber  companies,  with  a  total  capitalization  of  $41,709,000  were 
incorporated  in  the  Province.  During  1912  the  incorporations  were 
few,  but  a  number  of  mills  previously  incorporated  began  to  manu- 
facture and  to  produce  a  total  output  of  paper  500  tons  per  day  greater 
than  it  was  a  year  before.  At  the  same  time,  some  of  the  old-estab- 
lished concerns  which  had  to  get  their  pulpwood  from  Crown  lands 
did  not  like  the  handicap  of  a  $5.75  per  ton  duty  on  all  paper  manu- 
factured from  such  a  source  and  sent  to  the  United  States ;  they  there- 
fore joined  with  representatives  of  the  American  Publishers  Associa- 
tion in  urging  Mr.  Premier  Gouin  to  modify  his  regulations  so  that 
they  might  get  a  removal  of  the  United  States  restrictions.  To  Sir 
Lomer  Gouin  as  Attorney- General  the  Inspectors  of  Prisons  reported 
early  in  the  year  that  the  total  number  of  prisoners  was  7,375  in  1910 
of  whom  6,068  were  men  and  1,307  women ;  2,784  were  sentenced  for 
drunkenness,  1,380  for  theft,  847  for  vagrancy  and  416  for  assault. 

On  Jan.  26th  Sir  Lomer  received  a  Deputation  from  Montreal 
which  asked  the  Government  to  contribute  toward  the  erection  of  a 
Monument  to  Sir  George  E.  Cartier,  the  one-time  Conservative  leader 
in  Quebec,  and  were  promised  a  $10,000  contribution.  A  Delegation 
representing  Labour  interests  presented  a  series  of  requests  to  the 
Premier  on  Jan.  19  including  the  acceptance  of  Compulsory  Educa- 
tion and  uniformity  of  school  books  and  free  instruction;  better 
inspection  of  manufacturing  establishments  and  an  Inspector  of  foun- 
dries with  three  more  Inspectors  of  factories;  greater  autonomy  for 
the  City  of  Montreal,  and  an  eight-hour  day  in  the  Public  Works  of 
the  Province ;  the  abolition  of  the  property  qualification  for  mayor  and 
aldermen;  and  various  amendments  to  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Act.  The  Premier  declared  himself  favourable  to  the  election  of 
Labour  men  on  School  Boards  and  of  the  greatest  possible  autonomy 
for  Montreal.  Speaking  at  a  banquet  of  the  Montreal  Chambre  de 
Commerce  on  Apl.  25  Sir  Lomer  declared  that  the  Federal  subsidy 
of  $6,240  a  mile  to  the  James  Bay  Eailway  was  not  enough.  "The 
Government  of  Quebec  intends  to  construct  a  line  from  Montreal  to 
the  Transcontinental  and  on  to  James  Bay  and  this  will  be  done  no 


390  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

matter  how  insufficient  the  Federal  Government  subsidy  may  be."  The 
Provincial  Elections  followed  and  on  May  18  the  Montreal  Herald 
had  this  interesting  suggestion : 

It  is  not  unnatural  that  the  popular  mind  should  turn  with  favour 
toward  Sir  Lomer  Gouln  as  the  natural  successor  to  the  mantle  of  Liberal 
leadership.  He  is  the  man  of  the  hour  in  Canadian  politics.  His  signal 
success  in  this  week's  fight  has  given  Canadian  Liberalism  just  the  encour- 
agement it  needed  and  at  a  good  time.  The  Opposition  at  Ottawa  will 
fight  harder  and  more  cheerfully  and  with  more  effect  for  the  next 
couple  of  years  because  of  him.  How  natural  the  question,  "  Why  not 
Sir  Lomer?"  when  Liberals  think  of  the  day  when  the  wearer  of  the 
white  plumes  must  take  his  resting  time. 

In  June  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  received  from  the  King  of  the  Belgians 
appointment  as  Grand  Officer  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  II.  In  the 
autumn  the  Premier,  accompanied  by  Lady  Goiiin,  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie 
and  others,  paid  his  first  visit  to  Western  Canada.  In  Winnipeg  on 
Sept.  19  he  told  the  press  that  "  We  want  to  have  a  railway  to  James 
Bay ;  as  you  in  Manitoba  want  one  to  Hudson's  Bay.  The  problem  of 
Education  probably  vies  in  importance  with  that  of  good  roads.  We 
have  three  good  technical  schools  in  Quebec  City  and  Montreal  and 
our  intention  is  to  give  the  same  schools  to  the  other  cities  of  the 
Province."  He  visited  most  of  the  centres  through  to  Victoria,  B.C., 
and  the  Provincial  Governments  paid  him  every  courtesy.  To  the 
Toronto  press  on  his  return  he  expressed  enthusiasm  as  to  Western 
prospects.  "  We  need  the  West  and  the  West  needs  us  and  conse- 
quently the  eventual  result  will  be  a  perfect  union.  The  pressing  cry 
of  the  Prairie  Provinces  at  the  present  moment,  though,  is  for  indus- 
tries and  manufacturers.  One  other  thing  the  West  insists  upon  is 
larger  markets  and  on  that  point  it  is  determined."  Toward  the  close 
of  the  year  Country  Life,  an  English  publication,  paid  this  tribute  to 
the  Quebec  Premier: 

Coming  to  his  high  office  seven  years  ago  with  a  varied  legal,  muni- 
cipal and  political  experience  behind  him,  he  and  his  colleagues  have 
shown  themselves  capable  of  giving  their  Province  the  advantage  of  the 
fuller  life  which  has  come  to  every  branch  of  Canadian  activity  during 
the  last  decade.  Surpluses  have  taken  the  place  of  deficits,  progressive 
schemes  of  colonization  and  industrialism  have  brought  back  many 
French-Canadians  to  their  former  homes  from  the  New  England  States, 
vast  tracts  in  the  northern  hinterland,  with  as  yet  unknown  resources, 
have  been  opened  up  by  railways  for  the  farmer  and  capitalist,  and  in 
other  ways  Quebec  has  been  given  a  new  and  honoured  place  in  the 
Dominion. 

Of  the  other  Ministers,  the  Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mackenzie,  Provincial 
Treasurer,  had  the  unusual  privilege  of  presenting  two  Budgets  in 
the  same  year  with  a  Surplus  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1911,  of 
$905,910  and  for  the  succeeding  twelve  months  of  $683,428 — as 
against  an  estimated  surplus  in  the  second  case  of  $164,226.  The 
estimated  Surplus  for  June  30,  1913,  was  $356,569.  In  July  he  made 
another  Provincial  record  by  wiping  out  the  Loan  of  1882^ — a  balance 
of  $2,493,080 — from  the  available  resources  of  the  Province.  To  Mr. 


RECORD  OF  THE  GOUIN  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912      391 

Mackenzie,  as  Provincial  Treasurer,  there  reported  the  Superintend- 
ent of  Insurance  (Wm.  Chubb)  regarding  the  various  Insurance  Com- 
panies in  the  Province  and  showed  Plate  Glass  and  Accident  policies 
of  $4,019,626  in  force  on  Dec.  31,  1910;  $5,400,587  Assurance  in 
Joint  Stock  Life  Companies  (Provincial) ;  $37,274,489  in  Mutual 
and  Cash  Mutual -Fire  Companies;  $41,097,797  in  Joint  Stock  Pro- 
vincial Fire  Companies.  The  Provincial  Mutual  Benefit  Societies 
showed  on  the  same  date  92,218  members  with  $64,700,979  of  Assur- 
ance certificates,  Assets  of  $3,758,890  and  Liabilities  of  $188,331, 
Income  of  $1,434,405  and  Expenditures  of  $1,075,348.  Mr.  Mac- 
kenzie was  in  England,  Scotland  and  France  during  the  Autumn  for 
a  first  visit  and  on  Oct.  12  told  Canada,  in  London,  that  "  as  a  citizen 
of  Quebec  who  has  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  French-Canadian 
people  during  a  long  period  of  public  life,  I  was  glad  to  find  in  France 
so  much  evidence  of  the  entente  cordiale  and  of  the  affectionate  regard 
in  which  our  Province  is  held  in  its  old  Motherland." 

The  Hon.  J.  E.  Caron,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  issued  his  Eeport 
for  1910-11  on  Jan.  2,  1912.  In  it  he  stated  that  the  number  of  miles 
of  road  maintained  by  his  Department  had  increased  steadily  from 
1,000  in  1907  to  9,000  in  the  current  year  and  the  expenditure  upon 
Road  improvement  from  $15,404  to  $95,000;  described  the  campaign 
organized  for  further  and  greater  improvement  with  a  view  to  popu- 
larizing the  idea  amongst  the  people;  mentioned  the  encouragement 
given  to  the  formation  of  Co-operative  Fruit  Associations,  the  estab- 
lishment of  14  Experimental  stations  for  the  cultivation  of  clover, 
the  successful  effort  of  the  Department  to  promote  poultry-raising  and 
also  stock-breeding  through  sales  of  pure-bred  swine  and  sheep.  The 
total  expenditures  of  the  Department  since  1906-7  had  increased  from 
$218,800  to  $436,653  in  1910-11.  The  Agricultural  Societies  of  the 
Province  numbered  656  with  62,052  members. 

One  of  the  matters  under  this  Minister's  control  during  the  year 
was  the  construction  of  the  King  Edward  Seventh  Highway — a  part 
of  the  Good  Roads  legislation  and  policy  which  Mr.  Caron  had  been 
advocating  for  years.  It  ran  40  miles,  from  Montreal  to  Rouse's  Point, 
N.Y.,  on  the  international  frontier,  and  by  June  90,000  loads  of  stone 
had  been  brought  by  the  farmers  to  make  the  road.  It  cost  about 
$4,000  a  mile  and  the  Government  defrayed  75  per  cent,  of  this. 
Under  Mr.  Caron's  Act  of  1911  rural  municipalities  could  borrow 
money  by  Government  guarantee  for  purposes  of  road-making — the 
latter  undertaking  to  pay  one  half  of  the  4  per  cent,  interest  and  the 
annual  sinking  fund  until  the  whole  of  the  debt  was  cleared  off  in 
41  years.  The  Department  sent  out  in  county,  town,  and  village, 
official  lecturers  who  at  public  mass  meetings  explained  the  law,  with 
the  result  that  out  of  the  1,003  rural,  municipalities  of  the  Province, 
about  700  were  in  July  working  on  the  improvement  of  their  road- 
ways. Mr.  Caron  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Montreal  Cheese  Board 
on  Oct.  15  and  discussed  with  the  members  a  complicated  situation 
which  had  arisen  in  the  Cheese  trade  of  the  Province — co-operative 
matters,  inspection,  nature  of  product.  The  Minister  stated  that  since 


392  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  inception  of  the  Co-operative  Society,  supported  by  the  Provincial 
Government  the  quality  of  cheese  in  the  Province  had  immensely 
improved  and  that  this  was  due  to  the  system  of  grading  first  intro- 
duced by  the  Society. 

Mr.  Caron's  Departmental  Report  for  June  30th,  1912,  dealt 
with  this  subject  and  declared  that  the  membership  of  the  Cheese- 
makers  Society  had  been  multiplied  by  eight  during  the  last  two  years 
and  that  this  meant  an  increasing  quantity  of  first-class  product,  an 
increase  in  the  prices  paid  to  producers,  the  improvement  of  many 
factories,  the  rectification  of  many  processes  of  manufacturing,  and 
the  stimulation  of  a  growing  spirit  of  rivalry  among  all  concerned. 
He  announced  that  it  was  the  intention  to  increase  the  number  of 
Inspectors  and  to  make  more  definite  rules  relative  to  the  governance 
of  cheese  and  butter  factories.  Farmers  were  advised  to  devote  more 
attention  to  the  fattening  of  poultry  and  it  was  stated  that  the  chief 
part  of  Quebec's  Agricultural  grant  from  the  Dominion  would  be 
devoted  to  Irrigation  by  the  guaranteeing  of  half  the  expense  to 
farmers  who  drained  a  certain  acreage.  To  the  press  on  Nov.  7th, 
Mr.  Caron  stated  that  during  the  past  year  no  less  than  12,161  miles 
of  roadway  were  maintained  by  the  Government  and  that  they  were 
determined  to  have  good  roads  in  the  Province,  as,  indeed,  their  pre- 
election pledges  and  Legislative  grant  of  $10,000,000  fully  indicated. 
The  Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin,  Minister  of  Colonization,  Mines  and  Fish- 
eries, reported  in  November,  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1912,  that 
the  revenues  of  his  Department  were  $162,305  and  the  expenditures 
$232,272;  that  during  the  year  794  miles  of  Colonization  roads  and 
13,536  feet  of  bridges  had  been  constructed  or  repaired;  that  19,016 
Immigrants  had  landed  at  Quebec  and  were  of  a  better  class  than 
usual  and  that  the  Montreal  Agent — E.  Marquette — was  directing  all 
French  and  Belgian  immigrants,  passing  through  his  hands,  into  the 
Temiscamingue  country;  that  during  the  year  6,569  French-Cana- 
dians returned  from  the  United  States.  Hector  Caron,  an  officer  of 
the  Department,  urged  a  propaganda  of  education  for  the  protection 
of  fish  and  game  and  E.  T.  D.  Chambers  had  a  useful  article  on  the 
raising  of  game  and  fur-bearing  animals  as  a  business.  In  the  press 
on  Apl.  13  Mr.  Devlin  stated  that  much  was  being  done  by  his  Depart- 
ment, and  especially  by  the  Agent-General  in  London,  to  promote 
immigration. 

The  Eastern  Townships  were  being  advertised  for  this  purpose. 
"  We  also  have  to  deal  with  immigrants  from  France,  Belgium  and 
other  countries.  It  was  only  a  few  weeks  ago  that  we  advertised  very 
extensively  in  one  of  the  great  papers  of  Paris,  and  at  my  request  the 
Hon.  Dr.  Pelletier  went  to  Belgium  where,  I  am  sure  he  did  good 
work."  On  another  point  of  policy  he  spoke  at  the  54th  Anniversary 
•  Dinner  of  the  Quebec  Association  for  Protection  of  Fish  and  Game — 
Montreal,  Dec.  12th — and  stated  that  the  Quebec  Government  was 
liberal  to  the  sportsmen;  much  more  so  than  the  Governments  of 
other  Provinces  in  the  Dominion.  "  We  are  the  only  Government 
which  leases  complete  control  of  large  sections  of  our  territory  to 


RECOKD  OF  THE  GOUIN  ADMINISTRATION  DURING  1912      393 

individual  sportsmen,  and  to  Fish  and  Game  Clubs,  though  it  is  true, 
at  the  same  time,  that  the  Government  reaps  benefit  from  these  leases." 
Mr.  Devlin  then  referred  to  the  amendments  to  the  Game  laws  which 
had  already  passed  the  Assembly.  One  of  the  most  important  of  these 
changes  was  that  which  postponed  the  opening  of  the  hunting  season 
for  big  game  from  the  1st  of  'September  to  the  15th  of  the  month. 

The  Provincial  Secretary,  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie,  in  his  Report  for 
1910-11  stated  the  number  of  lunatics  in  Provincial  Asylums  at 
4,006,  the  inmates  of  Reformatory  Schools  at  388  and  of  Industrial 
Schools  at  327,  the  number  of  pupils  at  schools  controlled  and  opened 
by  the  Provincial  Council  of  Arts  and  Manufactures  during  the  year 
as  2,533,  the  Capital  invested  (June  30,  1911)  in  197  new  Joint 
Stock  Companies  as  $21,190,200.  The  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau,  K.C., 
Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Labour,  reported  for  the  same  year 
progressive  work  on  the  Library  annex  of  the  Parliament  Buildings 
and  in  the  erection  of  the  Mercier  Monument — the  latter  30  feet  high 
and  built  on  a  concrete  foundation,  resting  on  solid  rock;  and  dealt 
with  various  public  works  or  buildings  under  construction  or  renova- 
tion. He  stated,  through  the  Director  of  Railways,  that  91  miles  of 
railway  had  been  built  during  the  year,  that  the  construction  to  date, 
subject  to  Provincial  Land  Subsidies  of  $4,557,728,  was  1,025  miles 
and  that  the  total  railway  mileage  of  the  Province  (June  30,  1911) 
was  4,243. 

As  Minister  of  Labour*  Mr.  Taschereau  was  able  to  state  the 
settlement  of  several  disputes  by  Felix  Marois,  Registrar  of  Concilia- 
tion and  Arbitration.  The  work  done  in  the  inspection  of  Industrial 
establishments  and  Public  buildings  was  recorded,  industrial  condi- 
tions reviewed,  the  work  of  the  Provincial  Labour  Bureau  mentioned 
and  its  filling  of  398  positions.  In  the  House  on  Mch.  18  the  Min- 
ister stated  that  the  Government  Employment  Bureaus  in  Montreal 
and  Quebec  had  since  April  3,  1911,  obtained  employment  for  6,725 
persons  and  received  applications  from  9,638  persons  while  13,252 
applications  had  come  for  workmen.  Mr.  Taschereau  was  greatly 
interested  in  the  Government  Monument  to  Hon.  Honore  Mercier, 
which  cost  $16,000,  and  was  the  work  of  Paul  Chevre,  a  French  sculp- 
tor. It  was  unveiled  by  Sir  Francois  Langelier,  Lieutenant-Governor, 
on  June  25  with  Mr.  Taschereau  as  Chairman.  The  latter  paid  an 
eloquent  tribute  to  the  late  Liberal  leader  and  stated  that  the  Statue 
was  the  first  of  a  series  which  the  Government  intended  to  erect  in 
the  grounds  of  the  Parliament  Buildings.  Most  of  the  Members  of 
the  Quebec  Government  also  spoke  as  did  H.  Mercier,  M.L.A.,  a  son 
of  the  late  Premier.  Messrs.  T.  Chapais  and  J.  M.  Tellier,  the  Con- 
servative Leaders,  refused  to  be  present  or  speak. 

The  Hon.  Jules  Allard,  Minister  of  Lands  and  Forests,  in  his 
Report  for  1910-11  stated  that  out  of  6,293,045  acres  of  surveyed 

*  NOTE. — At  page  489  of  the  REVIEW  for  1911  there  was  a  statement  that 
Mr.  Taschereau,  in  connection  with  his  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  had 
asserted  that  "  8  per  cent."  of  those  suffering  accidents  had  received  no  com- 
pensation before  the  passing  of  the  law.  It  should  have  been  "  80  per  cent" 
and  the  typographical  error  is  obvious. 


394  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

(Crown)  farm-lands  there  were  sold  during  the  fiscal  year  119,465 
acres  and  to  that  total  were  added  229,432  newly-surveyed  acres  and 
67,340  acres  reverting  to  the  Crown  from  cancelled  sales.  The  ground 
rents  due  on  Timber  licenses  brought  in  $221,215,  the  dues  on  timber 
cut  under  such  licenses  $821,719,  the  total  revenue  from  Woods  and 
Forests  was  $1,229,928.  The  expenditure  of  the  Department  was 
$291,500  and  the  area  under  license  70,138  square  miles.  There  had 
been  no  sales  of  Timber  limits  since  1907-8  and  the  net  sales  prior 
to  that  date  and  since  1867  totalled  $3,000,000.  The  School  of 
Forestry,  Quebec,  with  38  students,  reported  to  Mr.  Allard  as  did 
the  Superintendent  of  the  Laurentides  National  Park.  Addressing 
a  Montreal  meeting  on  Apl.  13  the  Minister  claimed  that  the  Home- 
stead law  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  was  such  that  the  Limit  holder 
was  thoroughly  protected  and  that  the  bona  fide  settler  had  nothing 
to  complain  of.  The  Government,  he  said,  had  adopted  all  possible 
measures  to  ensure  the  permanency  of  the  forests.  Trained  special- 
ists had  organized  a  special  service  of  Forestry,  and  the  Government 
was  working  jointly  with  the  Limit  holders  for  the  protection  of 
timber  lands  against  forest  fires.  The  chief  Government  appoint- 
ments of  1912  included  the  following  King's  Counsel :  Pierre  Beulac, 
T.  Rinfret,  J.  Augustin  Mann,  Wm.  Patterson,  F.  P.  Walton,  T. 
Pagnuelo,  Oscar  Senecal,  Charlemagne  Rodier,  Leon  Garneau,  C. 
Dessaulles,  J.  C.  Lamothe,  H.  S.  Ross,  R.  C.  McMichael,  J.  Wilson 
Cook,  A.  Geoffrion,  Wm.  A.  Baker,  A.  B.  Holden,  Jos.  Archambault, 
W.  G.  Mitchell,  E.  Edwin  Howard,  G.  A.  Campbell— all  of  Montreal ; 
Philippe  Bigne,  Three  Rivers;  Adolphe  Stein,  Fraserville;  J.  G.  A. 
Creighton,  Ottawa ;  C.  D.  White  and  Jacob  Nicol,  Sherbrooke ;  Ernest 
Hebert,  Joliette. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Crown  Lands Dr.    Elzgar    Dechene Beauceville. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Roads Benj.    Michaud Quebec. 

Deputy   Provincial    Secretary J-    C.    Simard Quebec. 

Provincial  Agent-General  in  Paris... Hon.    Philippe    Roy Paris. 

Judge  of  Juvenile  Delinquent  Court. Francois   X.    Choquet Montreal. 

Police  Magistrate  for  District  of 

Montreal  Ulric  Lafontaine Montreal. 

Member  of  Legislative  Council George  E.  Amyot Quebec. 

Member  of  Legislative  Council Eugene    Roberge Lambton. 

Recorder  of  Fraserville Louis   Talbot Fraserville. 

Recorder  of  Montreal Amedee    Geoffrion,    M.L.A  . . .  Montreal. 

Clerk  of  the  Legislative  Assembly. .  .Louis    P.    Geoffrion Quebec. 

Member  Catholic  Committee  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction  Hon.  L.  R.  Roy Quebec. 

Sheriff  of  District  of  Roberval Georges    Levesque Roberval. 

Arbitrator  for  Settlement  of 
Accounts  between  the  Dominion, 
Ontario  and  Quebec Hon.  H.  Archambault Montreal. 

Assistant  Prothonotary,  District  of 

Montreal  L.  P.  P.  Cardin,  M.L.A •.  Montreal. 

Secretary  Running  Waters  Commis- 
sion   H.  L.  de  Martigny Montreal. 

Crown  Lands  Agent  of  Abitlbi Hector  Authier Quebec. 

Member  Council  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion  Patrick  M.  Wickham Montreal. 

Member  Protestant  Committee  of 

Public  Instruction  Robert  Bickerdike,  M.P Montreal. 

Member  Protestant  Committee  of 

Public  Instruction  Wm.  H.  Walker Huntingdon. 

Provincial  Licenses  Commissioner. .  .Hon.    H.    Carroll Quebec. 

Provincial   Licenses  Commissioner . . .  Hon.  A.   G.  Cross Montreal. 

Provincial  Licenses  Commissioner. .  .Hon.  Auguste  Tessier Rimouski. 


THE  FOURTH  SESSION  OF  THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATURE        395 

The  4th  Session  of  the  twelfth  Parliament  of  Quebec 
The  4th  wag    opened    on    Jan.  9th  by  Sir  Francois  Langelier, 

Lieut-Governor,  in  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which 
first  paid  high  tribute  to  the  late  Sir  Alphonse  Pelletier 
in  isia  and  congratulated  Canada  upon  having  a  Royal  Gover- 

nor-General; rejoiced  in  the  large  increase  of  Quebec's 
population  as  shown  by  the  recent  Census;  stated  that  the  clearing 
of  the  public  domain  was  being  carried  on  more  actively  than  ever 
and  that  "  the  time  seems  to  have  come  for  turning  to  account  the 
vast  areas  of  arable  land  in  the  northwest  part  of  our  Province  " ; 
observed  that,  the  Colonization  Department  had  already  begun  the 
construction  of  a  main  artery  in  the  Temiscamingue  region  and  pro- 
posed "  to  begin  opening  a  road  about  110  miles  long  in  Abitibi  next 
Spring  along  which  road  free  grants  of  lots  will  be  given  " ;  urged 
the  construction  of  new  railways  through  the  north  of  the  Province 
such  as  a  Line  having  its  terminus  at  Jamas  Bay;  referred  to  the 
Government's  campaign  and  legislation  in  favor  of  better  rural  roads 
and  state$  that  the  Government  "  will  therefore  ask  you  to  place  a 
considerable  appropriation  at  its  disposal  to  enable  it  to  provide  a 
sinking  fund  for  the  loans  contracted  by  municipalities  and  to  .con- 
tribute to  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  same  " ;  pointed  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Cheese-makers'  Co-operative  Societies  and  of  the  Govern- 
ment's efforts  to  promote  the  growing  of  clover  and  fruit-trees; 
announced  the  gradual  abolition  of  tolls  on  public  bridges  and  roads, 
the  establishment,  in  the  coming  September,  of  two  new  Normal 
Schools,  and  a  larger  appropriation  for  Education;  promised  an  Act 
enabling  School-boards  to  supply  text-books  to  all  pupils  under  their 
control  and  another  redistributing  the  electoral  districts;  stated  that 
the  Provincial  Sanitary  system  would  be  re-organized  and  aid  given 
to  Tuberculosis  Hospitals ;  promised  legislation  establishing  a  Juvenile 
Court  and  facilitating  and  cheapening  Civil  suits. 

Meantime,  Olivier  Cyrille  Fraser  Delage,  LL.D.,  was  elected  Speaker 
of  the  Assembly.  He  had  been  a  Member  since  1901  and  Deputy 
Speaker  for  three  years.  The  Address  was  moved  on  Jan.  10  by 
P.  M.  L.  Roy  of  Levis  and  seconded  by  W.  H.  Walker  of  Hunting- 
don. Mr.  J.  M.  Tellier,  Opposition  Leader,  then  criticized  the  Gov- 
ernment policy  at  length.  He  disliked  the  Land  legislation  of  1909, 
urged  a  separation  of  Crown  lands  and  Colonization  interests  and 
claimed  that  the  Department's  policy  in  regard  to  timber-limit 
holders  and  settlers  was  driving  the  latter  into  Ontario ;  described  the 
Good  roads  policy  as  patchwork  and  the  Temiscamingue  Railway 
proposal  as  exceedingly  belated ;  declared  the  encouragement  of  clover- 
growing  and  fruit  cultivation  to  be  good  but  thought  the  Government 
should  go  further  and  extend  its  aid  to  agricultural  pursuits.  ."It 
is  not  a  good  thing  that  the  Province  should  have  to  import  so  many 
food-stuffs  that  could  be  grown  and  manufactured  here."  Regarding 
the  Technical  schools  he  thought  the  Government  was  spending  too 
much  on  buildings  and  too  little  on  education  itself.  He  deprecated 
the  practice  by  which  school-grants,  instead  of  being  paid  to  the 


396  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

proper  Trustees  as  the  law  demanded,  were  paid  to  Liberal  members 
or  election  agents  and  used  to  influence  the  electorate.  As  to  finances 
he  noted  that  since  1892  no  new  obligations  had  been  created  but,  in 
the  period  from  1892  to  1897,  the  Conservative  Government  had  to 
pay  an  annual  sum  of  one  million  dollars  for  old  Railway  subsidies 
previously  voted.  "  To-day  the  Government  receives  four  times  as 
much  in  taxes  as  was  received  in  1897  and  they  have  no  Railway  sub- 
sidies to  pay.  Where  the  Conservatives  had  to  pay  $1,000,000  a  year, 
the  Liberals  have  not  paid  a  million  dollars  altogether  during  the  16 
years  they  have  been  in  power.  In  addition  to  that,  they  have  a  new 
source  of  revenue  in  the  increase  of  the  Federal  Government  subsidy 
by  $600,000  in  1906,  and  there  will  be  a  further  increase  of  $200,000 
next  year." 

Sir  Lomer  Gouin  followed  and  dealt  chiefly  with  the  proposed 
Government  railway  policy.  The  construction  of  railways  was  a  duty 
of  the  Government  in  order  to  enhance  the  value  of  the  Northern 
Districts  of  Quebec  with  their  fertile  soil,  rich  forests,  and  rivers  with 
mighty  falls.  Agriculture,  commerce  and  industry  might  well  be 
developed  there.  Farmers'  sons  could  found  new  homes  in  the  North, 
their  brothers  in  the  United  States  might  return  to  enjoy  their 
mother-tongue.  A  population  of  several  millions  could  live  there  in 
ease  and  abundance.  This  policy  would  also  aid  in  the  transportation 
of  the  products  of  the  West.  He  wanted  a  Railway  to  James  Bay  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Nottaway  River  and  thought  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment should  take  it  up  as  a  National  enterprise  connecting  Quebec 
with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  and  Western  centres.  "  If  they  will 
not,  perhaps  we  can  get  a  private  Company  to  take  up  the  scheme.  If 
not,  then  the  Quebec  Government  will  have  to  undertake  it."  The 
Premier  then  announced  his  Roads  policy : 

We  propose  to  add  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  a  Department 
of  Roads  and  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  will  in  future  be  known  as  the 
Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Roads.  We  are  going  to  guarantee  the  loans 
of  the  municipalities  for  the  upkeep  and  macadamizing  of  their  roads. 
We  are  going  to  ask  the  House  to  authorize  a  loan  of  ten  million  dollars, 
of  which  the  Government  will  pay  the  sinking  fund,  and  up  to  half  of 
the  interest,  the  municipalities  to  pay  the  rest.  And  we  propose  to  have 
the  best  system  of  roads  that  has  been  constructed  in  Canada  since  Con- 
federation. 

The  Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin,  in  following,  announced  the  Government's 
intention  to  build  in  the  Spring  a  Railway  running  100  miles  from 
where  the  T.  &  N.  0.  touched  the  Provincial  boundary,  to  Bell  River, 
through  the  Temiscamingue  country.  In  answer  to  a  charge  made 
by  Mr.  Jean  Prevost,  that  there  had  been  little  increase  in  Quebec's 
population  due  to  colonization,  he  quoted  figures  of  increases  shown 
by  the  last  Census  in  Counties  which  were  essentially  Colonization 
counties — Chicoutimi  and  Saguenay,  15,000;  Rimouski,  11,000; 
Champlain,  10,000;  Beauce,  8,000;  Megantic,  7,000;  Labelle,  7,456; 
Gaspe,  5,682;  Pontiac,  4,200;  Dorchester,  4,000;  Bonaventure,  3,600; 
Portneuf,  3,370;  Nicolet,  2,000.  The  debate  proceeded  for  days  and 


THE  FOURTH  SESSION  OF  THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATURE        397 

on  Jan.  16  Henri  Bourassa  gave  his  contribution.  He  dealt  with  the 
James  Bay  project  as  being  a  doubtful  rival  of  the  Georgian  Bay 
Canal  and  denounced  the  Government  policy  by  which,  he  claimed,  a 
double  proprietorship,  one  for  the  land  and  one  for  the  timber,  was 
established.  "  You  take  away  from  the  settler  the  sole  harvest  he  has 
during  the  first  years  of  his  life  on  the  land.  That  is  making  coloni- 
zation an  impracticable  thing.  Until  you  go  to  the  heart  of  the  evil, 
and  remove  this  continual  cause  of  conflict  between  colonists  and  lum- 
ber merchants,  your  colonization  policy  will  never  be  a  success."  He 
feared  that  lack  of  system  would  turn  the  Good-roads  grant  into  a 
matter  of  large  expenditure  and  little  result.  On  Jan.  18th  an  Oppo- 
sition amendment  to  the  Address  was  moved  by  P.  Cousineau  (Cons.) 
in  the  following  terms : 

Nevertheless  we  deem  it  our  duty  to  respectfully  express  regret  that 
the  Speech  from  the  Throne  and  the  Ministerial  explanations  do  not  allow 
the  Province  to  expect  from  the  Government  a  vigorous  and  progressive 
policy  to  assure  to  it:  Schools  that  will  be  more  profitable  to  the  children 
of  the  people;  the  development  of  our  agricultural  industry;  easy  access 
to  our  settlement  lands  and  more  favourable  treatment  of  settlers; 
improvement  of  our  rural  roads  on  a  methodical  system  and  general  plan; 
easy  and  advantageous  means  of  communication  wherever  needed  for 
settlers  or  persons  wishing  to  settle;  the  conservation  at  the  same  time 
as  the  judicious  utilization  of  our  natural  resources;  improving  the  lot 
of  our  working  classes  generally;  a  more  active  and  more  efficient  super- 
vision over  mutual  insurance  companies  and  benefit  societies  with  a  view 
to  better  protection  of  the  public;  better  administration  of  justice; 
reforming  our  laws  so  as  to  do  away  as  much  as  possible  with  private 
legislation  and  exceptional  Acts;  respect  for  the  autonomy  and  rights  of 
municipalities;  doing  away  with  the  abuse  of  patronage  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  public  grants;  reducing  taxes  which  are  too  heavy  a  burden  for 
the  people. 

This  was  defeated  by  a  party  vote  of  50  to  13  and  the  Address 
then  passed  without  division.  During  the  debate  the  Hon.  L.  A. 
Taschereau  announced  that  the  Government  proposed  to  ask  for  a 
vote  of  $500,000  in  order  to  abolish  the  toll  roads  and  toll  bridges  in 
the  Province.  On  Jan.  24  Mr.  Prevost  attacked  the  Government  for 
allowing  Charles  Lanctot,  K.C.,  to  receive  large  retainers  for  outside 
work  when  acting  as  Assistant  Attorney- General  and  Sir  Lomer  Gouin 
vigorously  defended  his  assistant — quoting  precedents  in  Quebec's 
Conservative  days  and  the  practice  of  Mr.  Newcombe,  Deputy  Minis- 
ter of  Justice  at  Ottawa.  Mr.  Tellier  claimed  that  the  system  should 
be  abolished  and  a  larger  salary  paid.  The  subject  was  discussed 
again  on  Feb.  2nd  and  on  Mch.  6th,  also,  when  Mr.  Prevost  went  so 
far  as  to  call  Mr.  Lanctot  "  a  Legislative  toll-gate  "  and  produced  a 
letter  from  Mr.  Newcombe  stating  that  the  only  outside  work  he  did 
was  to  take  an  occasional  brief  before  the  Supreme  Court  or  Judicial 
Committee.  Later  on  in  the  Session  legislation  increased  this  official's 
salary  to  $6,000  and  provided  that  his  services  should  be  entirely  given 
to  the  Province.  As  to  this  the  Opposition  objected  by  Resolution  on 
Mch.  13th  to  the  Assistant  Attorney- General  receiving  a  higher  salary 
than  other  Deputy  Ministers  but  it  was  voted  down  by  53  to  11.  On 


398  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Apl.  3rd  the  Opposition  moved  a  long  Resolution  stating  that  Mr. 
Lanctot  had  between  July  1,  1905,  and  July  1,  1910,  received  $6,000 
a  year  in  salaries  and  expenses,  etc.,  and  a  total  for  other  Government 
services  of  $8,200  during  the  five  years  as  well  as  "  considerable 
amounts  from  municipal  and  commercial  corporations  in  connection 
with  private  legislation  "  and  declaring  the  Government  deserving  of 
censure  in  this  connection.  The  vote  was  46  against  and  9  in  favour 
of  the  motion. 

On  Jan.  31  a  stirring  scene  occurred  between  Messrs.  Lavergne 
and  Taschereau  in  which  both  used  strong  language.  The  matter 
arose  over  the  absence  of  certain  documents  and  two  days  later  Mr. 
Lavergne  apologized  for  his  statements.  In  answer  to  questions  Mr. 
Taschereau  stated  at  this  time  that  the  new  Montreal  Prison  was 
nearly  completed  and  would  cost  altogether  $2,850,000.  A  prolonged 
debate  took  place  on  Feb.  21-22  as  to  alleged  malversation  in  respect 
to  timber  on  colonization  lands  in  the  Province.  Messrs.  Prevost, 
Lavergne  and  Bourassa  delivered  fiery  speeches  on  the  subject  and 
replies  came  from  Hon.  Mr.  Allard  and  Hon.  Mr.  Caron.  The  charges 
made  by  the  Opposition  centred  around  the  operations  of  speculators 
in  timber  on  settlers'  lots.  Mr.  Allard,  Minister  of  Lands,  declared 
that  the  speculation  had  crept  in  between  the  years  1904  and  1909 
when  Land  agents  were  allowed  to  dispose  of  lands  without  super- 
vision by  the  Minister.  The  changing  of  the  system  by  the  law  of 
1909  had  made  it  possible  to  control  the  situation.  Mr.  Jean  Prevost 
alleged  that  the  Government  had  lost  $500,000  in  uncollected  penal- 
ties on  illegally-cut  timber  and  Mr.  Hall  Kelly,  in  reply,  whittled  these 
charges  down  to  two  cases  which  he  explained  very  fully.  The 
Marriage  question  was  brought  up  by  Mr.  Bourassa  on  Feb.  23rd  who 
declared  that  if  there  was  any  doubt  as  to  the  legality  of  mixed  mar- 
riages, the  Province  should  enact  legislation  to  clear  away  ambiguities 
and  do  justice  to  all.  Each  Church  should  look  after  its  own  people. 
Mr.  Tellier  described  the  Ne  Temere  Decree  as  simply  a  regulation 
affecting  Catholics;  Protestants  should  be  married  by  their  own  clergy 
and  mixed  marriages  be  conducted  by  the  Church  of  either  party. 
The  Premier  stated  that  his  Government  had  not  been  consulted  by 
the  Ottawa  authorities. 

On  Mch.  14th  a  discussion  took  place  regarding  the  maintenance 
of  Spencer  Wood,  the  Lieut.-Governor's  residence,  and  the  Conserva- 
tive Opposition,  represented  by  L.  P.  Bernard  and  E.  L.  Patenaude, 
proposed  the  following  Resolution :  "  While  willing  to  vote  the  sup- 
plies to  His  Majesty,  this  House  requests  the  Government  to  adopt 
the  necessary  measures  to  abolish  Spencer  Wood  as  the  residence  of 
the  Lieut-Governor  of  this  Province;  to  utilize  said  property  for 
humanitarian  or  educational  purposes;  to  give  the  Lieut.-Governor  a 
fixed  salary  that  will  enable  him  to  reside  where  he  pleases,  in  order 
to  render  the  office  of  Lieut.-Governor  more  in  accordance  with  demo- 
cratic principles,  as  well  as  to  save  in  this  manner  large  and  useless 
expenses  to  the  Province."  It  was  voted  down  by  41  to  10 — Mr. 
Bourassa  and  the  Opposition  Leader  not  voting.  The  critics  described 


THE  FOUKTH  SESSION  OF  THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATURE        399 

the  Government  House  as  both  costly  and  useless,  ridiculed  all  form 
and  ceremony  and  even  sneered  at  certain  Parliamentary  ceremonies. 
Sir  Lomer  Gouin  declared  that  the  institution  and  its  functions  were 
good  for  the  Province.  Quebec  was  the  gateway  of  Canada  and  it  fell 
to  her  lot  to  receive  many  distinguished  visitors.  The  Province  could 
discharge  its  obligations  and  maintain  its  traditions  with  honour;  to 
abolish  Spencer  Wood  would  be  neither  worthy  nor  convenient. 

Some  vigorous  Opposition  language  was  used  on  Mch.  20th  as  to 
a  Resolution  moved  by  A.  Lavergne  and  L.  P.  Bernard  declaring  that 
the  Compagnie  de  Publication  du  Canada — publishers  of  Le  Canada, 
a  strong  Liberal  paper — printed  the  Government  Journal  of  Agricul- 
ture and  •  received  in  various  forms  $45,000  for  doing  what  other 
Companies  had  offered  to  do  in  exchange  for  the  advertising  privi- 
leges of  the  Journal.  The  motion  was  rejected  by  51  to  13.  An  inter- 
esting private  Bill  of  the  Session  was  that  of  M.  J.  Walsh  which  made 
it  compulsory  for  the  City  Council  of  Montreal  to  appoint  an  English- 
speaking  Catholic  as  one  of  its  three  Members  on  the  Catholic  School 
Commission.  On  Mch.  27  Messrs.  Cousineau  and  Patenaude  moved 
a  long  Resolution  of  censure  regarding  contracts  for  the  construction 
of  the  Montreal  Gaol.  It  concluded  with  a  statement  that  the  Gov- 
ernment "has  shown  itself  extravagant  in  this  undertaking,  has 
wasted  the  public  moneys,  has  ignored  the  interests  of  the  Province  " 
and  was  voted  down  by  42  to  14. 

Several  motions  of  the  kind  which  an  Opposition  would  naturally 
present  on  the  verge  of  an  Election  were  proposed  toward  the  close 
of  the  Session.  On  Mch.  26  Messrs.  Bernard  and  Lavergne  moved 
a  Resolution  which  referred  to  the  appointment  of  a  Commission 
(Dec.  29,  1911)  to  prepare  rules  for  the  management  of  the  Run- 
ning Waters  of  the  Province — composed  of  Hon.  S.  N.  Parent  ( Chair- 
man) at  a  salary  of  $500  per  month  and  C.  Ernest  Belanger  and 
Wm.  H.  Bishop,  Commissioners,  at  $25  per  day,  and  declared  the 
salaries  in  question  "  extravagant  and  scandalous."  The  vote  was  49 
against  and  12  for  the  motion.  On  the  28th  Arthur  Sauve  and 
Georges  Laf  ontaine  moved  a  Resolution  declaring  that  the  rural  popu- 
lation of  the  Province  did  not  show  a  normal  increase;  that  the  cost 
of  living  and  of  labour  was  increasing  disastrously'  that  the  produc- 
tiveness of  the  farms  was  falling  off  owing  to  weeds;  that  the  Gov- 
ernment was  not  encouraging  the  intensive  farming,  by  the  creation 
of  local  markets,  which  was  so  essential  to  the  progress  of  the  farmers ; 
that  for  these  and  other  reasons  the  House  "  regrets  that  the  Govern- 
ment has  done  nothing  practical  and  effective  to  sufficiently  encour- 
age agricultural  industries  in  the  Province."  The  vote  against  it 
was  45  to  12.  Another  motion  presented  by  Mr.  Prevost  and  Pierre 
D'Auteuil  on  the  29th  (rejected  by  42  to  12)  regretted  that  the  Gov- 
ernment had  neglected  "  to  separate  the  Forest  domain  from  that  of 
Colonization  in  order  to  prevent  and  remove  all  occasion  of  conflict 
between  the  settler  and  the  lumber  merchant  and  to  give  free  land  to 
free  settlers  "  and  had  failed  to  protect  settlers  from  the  exactions  of 
speculators  on  the  public  domain." 


400  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

* 

Mr.  Lavergne  asked  the  House  to  express  regret  that  contractors, 
through  the  privilege  of  making  road  machines  and  of  sub-letting 
their  contracts  had  made  "  scandalous  profits  "  but  his  motion  was 
defeated  by  42  to  13.  Messrs.  C.  E.  Gault  and  A.  W.  Giard  presented 
a  motion  declaring  that  the  Taxes  on  Commercial  Corporations  had 
increased  from  $138,925  in  1892-3  to  $712,118  in  1910-11;  that  these 
taxes  were  not  distributed  with  equity  or  justice ;  and  that  the  House 
regretted  that  the  Government  would  neither  reduce  nor  re-adjust 
them.  It  was  voted  down  by  42  to  12.  In  this  connection  the  Premier 
stated  that  the  Government  was  studying  the  question  of  reducing 
these  taxes  but  could  do  nothing  this  Session.  On  Apl.  2nd  G.  Lafon- 
taine  and  M.  H.  A.  Plante  were  defeated  by  41  to  11  on  a  Resolution 
regretting  that  a  notable  part  of  the  'School  funds  should  be  dis- 
tributed without  rational  method;  that  cheques  representing  the 
School  grants  were  often  placed  in  the  hands  of  third  parties,  Mem- 
bers, or  others,  instead  of  being  addressed  directly  to  the  interested 
parties ;  and  that  this  gave  rise  to  "  deplorable  and  scandalous  abuses." 

Turning  to  legislation  there  was  much  of  importance  presented 
and  carried  through  the  House  by  the  Premier.  The  Metropolitan 
Parks  Bill  created  a  Commission  for  the  Island  and  City  of  Montreal 
based  upon  the  previous  year's  rejected  measure  with  certain  improve- 
ments and  additions — the  chief  being  the  granting  of  power  to  the 
Commission  to  acquire  property  by  purchase,  gift  or  expropriation  and 
to  sell  any  surplus  real  estate  it  might  acquire.  The  Bill  provided 
that  this  Commission  should  consist  of  six  members  appointed  by  the 
Lieut.-Governor  of  the  Province  of  whom  one  would  be  the  Mayor 
of  Montreal — the  Chairman  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor-in- 
Council.  The  Commission  was  authorized  "  to  make  and  execute 
and  carry  out  plans  for  the  establishment  of  public  parks,  squares, 
promenades,  boulevards,  thoroughfares,  recreation  grounds,  play- 
grounds, street  baths  and  gardens  on  the  Island  of  Montreal,  the 
Dorval  Islands  and  St.  Paul,  Dixie  and  Heron  Islands."  It  was  to 
have  the  power  to  collect  an  annual  assessment  of  one-twentieth  of 
one  per  cent,  on  all  the  real  estate  entered  on  the  assessment  rolls  of 
all  the  municipalities  of  the  Island  of  Montreal,  for  a  period  of  forty 
years  and  to  issue  bonds  and  debentures  not  exceeding  in  value  half 
the  sum  obtainable  by  the  hypothecation  of  the  future  revenue  of  the 
Commission.  All  debts  were  to  be  paid  in  forty  years.  In  the  follow- 
ing August  the  Commission  was  duly  appointed  with  Sir  W.  C.  Van 
Home,  L.  A.  Lavallee,  K.C.  (Mayor),  Hon.  Arthur  Boyer,  Dr.  E.  P. 
Lachapelle,  W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C.,  J.  C.  "Walsh  and  Alexandre  Michaud, 
as  Members. 

Another  measure  of  Sir  Lomer  Gouin's  re-arranged  the  Electoral 
districts  of  the  Province,  created  seven  more  seats  (of  which  four 
were  on  the  Island  of  Montreal)  and  made  the  representation  81 
instead  of  74.  Westmount  was  the  only  English-speaking  Seat.  The 
names  of  the  new  divisions  created  were  as  follows :  Montreal-Dorion, 
Montreal-Laurier,  Maisonneuve,  Westmount,  Labelle,  Lake  Megantic, 
Temiscamingue.  In  Montreal  the  name  of  St.  Antoine's  was  changed 


THE  FOURTH  SESSION  OP  THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATURE        401 

to  St.  George's.  By  Amendments  to  the  Civil  Service  Act,  Sir  Lomer 
effected  two  important  changes.  First,  the  salaries  of  the  civil  ser- 
rants  were  placed  on  a  definite  and  clear-cut  basis,  with  terms  more 
generous  than  those  which  had  existed.  Second,  an  end  was  put  to  the 
question  of  the  emoluments  received  by  the  Assistant  Attorney-Gen- 
eral who  was  given  increased  remuneration  and  confined  to  his  Pro- 
vincial duties.  The  Act  as  a  whole  was  based  on  the  Federal  Civil 
Service  Act,  and  divided  the  general  Service  into  three  divisions,  each 
consisting  of  two  sub-divisions. 

The  Premier's  amendments  to  the  Electoral  law  gave  practically 
manhood  suffrage  to  the  Province.  His  measure  provided  that  anyone 
who  owned  a  little  property  or  earned  $10  a  month  was  a  qualified 
voter.  Plural  voting,  which  had  existed  in  Quebec  since  very  early 
days,  was  abolished  and  the  one-man-one-vote  principle  enforced. 
Each  voter  had  to  qualify  at  his  domicile  and,  irrespective  of  what 
property  he  might  have,  could  vote  but  once.  While  property  quali- 
fication remained  the  amount  was  not  determined.  The  right  to  vote 
was  extended  to  priests,  clergymen,  college  professors  and  teachers 
without  any  other  qualification  and  the  Act  was  to  come  into  force  on 
March  1,  1913.  To  this  the  Opposition  proposed  without  success 
amendments  declaring  (1)  that  General  Elections  should  take  place 
at  a  date  fixed  by  law;  (2)  that  Bye-elections  should  take  place  within 
a  specified  time  after  the  vacancies  occur;  (3)  that  Election  lists 
should  be  made  up  only  as  need  arises — between  the  issue  of  the  writ 
and  nomination  day.  An  important  bit  of  legislation,  and  one  afford- 
ing a  new  precedent  in  Canada  and  even  upon  the  Continent,  was  Sir 
L.  Gouin's  Bill  to  cut  down  the  Liquor  licenses  in  Quebec  City  from 
96  to  60  and  compensate  the  License-holders  with  $3,000  each — pay- 
able by  installments  from  remaining  License-holders  within  ten  years. 
At  the  same  time  he  re-adjusted  the  remaining  License  charges 
by  increasing  them  so  that  the  yearly  return  to  the  Govern- 
ment would  not  be  less  than  before  the  reduction.  On  Mch. 
22nd  the  Premier  made  the  statement  that  if  the  plan  worked  well 
for  Quebec  City  it  might  be  put  in  operation  elsewhere.  His  Bill 
respecting  the  Quebec  and  Montreal  Technical  Schools  proposed  to 
give  the  labouring  class  representation  on  the  Board  in  Quebec  and 
in  Montreal  to  give  a  representative  each  to  the  manufacturing  and 
labour  classes,  to  increase  the  borrowing  powers,  the  annual  grants 
from  the  Government  and  the  City  liability.  Sir  Lomer  also  intro- 
duced the  Bill  legalizing  the  acquisition  of  Ungava  and  a  measure 
creating  a  Eoads  Department  in  connection  with  that  of  Agriculture. 
There  were  two  other  measures  of  the  Premier's — (1)  increasing  the 
indemnity  of  jurors  and  (2)  abolishing  costs  in  the  Circuit  Court 
when  less  than  $25  was  involved. 

The  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau  had  several  important  measures  to 
handle.  By  one  of  them  toll-gates  were  abolished  and  about  $500,000 
appropriated,  during  five  years,  to  indemnify  companies  and  persons 
possessing  or  operating  toll-bridges,  etc.  In  speaking  on  the  subject 
(Feb.  27)  the  Minister  reviewed  the  various  efforts  made  in  the  past 
26 


402  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

to  clear  away  these  remnants  of  medievalism,  and  dealt  especially 
with  the  work  of  the  Commission  formed  in  1909  for  this  purpose. 
They  had  to  consider  236  miles  of  roads  under  the  control  of  turn- 
pike trusts,  and  42  bridges — the  whole  representing  a  capital  of  about 
$1,500,000.  The  Commission  had  already  abolished  toll-gates  or 
control  over  roads  and  bridges  valued  at  about  $250,000.  An  amend- 
ment moved  by  the  Opposition  Leader  (Mr.  Tellier)  on  Mch.  6  pro- 
posed to  strike  out  the  clause  giving  certain  powers  to  the  Quebec 
Utilities  Commission  and  to  replace  it  with  authority  to  the  inter- 
ested municipalities  to  provide,  "either  by  agreement  or  by  arbitra- 
tion, for  the  apportionment  of  the  repairs  to  be  done  for  the  main- 
tenance of  expropriated  bridges  and  roads."  It  was  defeated  by  44 
to  12.  Another  measure  enacted  that  in  cotton  or  woollen  factories 
no  boy,  child,  girl  or  woman  should  be  employed  more  than  ten  hours 
in  any  one  day,  or  more  than  fifty-five  hours  in  any  one  week.  C.  E. 
Gault  (Cons.)  moved  an  amendment  declaring  that  so  far  as  women 
and  children  were  concerned  this  regulation  be  made  to  apply  to  all 
industries.  It  was  voted  down  by  46  to  11.  On  Mch.  25,  Mr. 
Taschereau  introduced  the  Government's  Railway  legislation  in  an 
elaborate  speech  based  upon  the  premises  that  Quebec  was  behind  the 
other  Provinces  of  Canada  in  Railway  facilities,  and  development,  and 
Provincial  aid.  There  were  a  large  number  of  Subsidies  specified  but 
the  largest  and  most  important  proposal  was  the  construction  of  the 
James  Bay  Railway.  This  involved  a  grant  of  4,000  acres  per  mile 
for  200  miles  of  road  from  Montreal  to  the  Transcontinental,  and 
5,000  acres  for  each  succeeding  mile  from  the  junction  with  the  Trans- 
continental to  the  mouth  of  Nottaway  Harbour  at  James  Bay : 

At  the  end  of  June,  1911,  the  Provincial  mileage  stood  as  follows: 
Ontario  8,322,  Quebec  4,343.  Ontario  had  given  $9,204,616  from  1875  to 
June  30th,  1911,  in  Railway  subsidies;  Quebec  had  given  $8,395,310.  But 
in  Ontario  the  municipalities  had  further  contributed  $13,360,000  whilst 
Quebec  had  only  contributed  $3,137,000.  It  was  true  that  from  1882 
Quebec  had  given  16,339,170  acres  that  were  convertible  into  money,  but 
of  this  number  less  than  1,500,000  acres  had  been  given  in  actual  land 
grants.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Province  of  Ontario,  besides  voting  money 
grants,  had  given  7,323,000  acres  of  land.  We  ask  the  House  therefore  to 
aid  no  less  than  31  companies  to  construct  or  extend  their  lines,  to  subsi- 
dize 2,200  miles  of  railway — that  is,  to  increase  by  fifty  per  cent,  the 
present  mileage.  We  ask  it  to  revote  1,554,364  acres  that  have  lapsed  and 
to  vote  4,334,510  acres  of  new  grants. 

To-day  the  Province  possesses  220,000,000  acres.  From  this  amount 
we  subtract  2%  per  cent,  to  construct  thirty-one  railways  that  will 
enhance  the  value  of  our  public  domain  by  opening  up  new  regions  to 
commerce,  to  industry,  agriculture,  colonization,  progress  and  civiliza- 
tion. We  believe  that  Hudson's  Bay  will  one  day  be  one  of  the  centres  of 
distribution  between  the  West  and  the  East,  and  we  believe  that  the 
Federal  Government  owes  not  only  to  the  Province  of  Quebec  but  to  the 
whole  country  to  lead  to  the  St.  Lawrence  River  the  wheat  of  the  western 
plains  by  way  of  Hudson's  Bay  and  from  there  directly  to  Montreal  or 
Quebec.  We  repeat  that  the  Government  of  Quebec  will  build  a  Railway 
to  James  Bay  if  the  Federal  Government  or  a  private  Company  does  not 
build  it. 


THE  FOURTH  SESSION  OF  THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATURE        403 

The  Opposition  criticism  of  the  Resolutions,  which  passed  as  a  Bill  in 
due  course — and  under  which  it  was  stated  that  the  land  grants  would 
he  given  in  Ungava — was  that  they  were  of  a  political  nature  and 
intended,  simply,  to  help  the  Government  in  the  Elections.  The 
James  Bay  Railway,  Mr.  Tellier  described  as  "  a  piece  of  chimerical 
folly."  The  Provincial  Treasurer,  Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mackenzie,  revised 
the  Succession  Duties  by  raising  the  exemption  on  direct  line  estates 
from  $5,000  to  $15,000.  In  speaking  on  the  matter  (Mch.  4)  the 
Minister  said:  "While  this  legislation  will  to  some  extent  affect  the 
revenues  of  the  Province,  it  will  nevertheless  afford  relief  to  those  of 
the  community  who  are  less  able  to  bear,  in  comparison  with  the  rich 
and  wealthy,  the  burdens  of  the  State."  Another  subject  dealt  with, 
though  not  at  this  time  by  legislation,  was  the  much-discussed  and 
varied  Insurance  conditions  of  the  Province.  Speaking  on  Mch.  14 
Mr.  Mackenzie  reviewed  the  nature  and  application  of  the  recently 
imposed  laws,  stated  that  six  Companies  had  failed  to  survive  opera- 
tion of  the  new  regulations  and  declared  the  fundamental  fault  of 
these  Companies,  and  that  to  which  their  downfall  might  be  ascribed, 
to  be  their  neglect  to  create  a  guarantee  capital  or  reserve  fund  for 
the  security  of  the  policyholders.  Their  management  was  weak,  and 
in  their  eagerness  to  obtain  business  in  competition  with  stronger  com- 
panies, they  cut  their  rates  and  were  not  sufficiently  careful  in  the 
selection  and  inspection  of  risks. 

New  and  very  important  amendments  to  the  Good  Roads  Act  were 
presented  by  Hon.  J.  E.  Caron  who  stated  (Mch.  5)  that  Ontario  had 
spent  $893,000  on  roads  during  the  past  ten  years  and  Quebec  $600,- 
000  in  five  years.  It  was  now  proposed  to  spend  $10,000,000  in 
Quebec  during  the  next  five  years.  If  half  of  this  was  used  for 
macadam  roads,  it  would  serve  for  the  construction  of  1,650  miles  at 
$3,000  per  mile.  For  the  other  five  millions  about  16,000  miles  of 
gravelled  road  might  be  built  at  from  $250  to  $300  a  mile.  The 
main  roads  on  which  work  was  to  be  started  at  once  were  as  follows : 
Montreal  to  Rouse's  Point  (two  roads) ;  Montreal  to  Quebec,  one 
road  each  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence;  Montreal  to  Sherbrooke;  Sher- 
brooke  to  the  United  States  boundary;  Quebec  to  Sherbrooke;  Three 
Rivers  to  Grand  Mere ;  Quebec  to  Rimouski ;  Montreal  to  the  Ontario 
boundary.  This  would  mean  a  distance  of  1,200  miles  of  macadamized 
highways. 

As  to  the  scheme  itself  the  actual  construction  of  the  roads  was  to 
be  undertaken  by  the  municipalities  interested  which  would  raise 
loans  to  pay  for  the  construction.  The  Government  would  pay  one- 
half  of  the  interest  and  all  the  capital  outlay  when  the  loans  matured. 
The  proposals  included  all  roads  for  the  advantage  of  the  community 
and  not  merely  the  national  or  trunk  roads.  No  coercion  would  be 
used,  the  belief  being  that  the  various  municipalities  would  see  the 
advantage  of  participating  in  the  plan.  In  the  case  of  any  refusing 
to  take  part  in  the  construction  of  a  trunk  road  passing  through  its 
territory  special  legislation  might,  later  on,  be  required  but  few  such 
cases  were  anticipated.  If  a  municipality  was  too  poor  to  participate 


404  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  the  movement,  even  under  the  proposed  generous  conditions,  spe- 
cial aid  might  be  given.  Convict  labour  would  be  used  in  certain 
cases.  The  Government  would  control  the  road  plans  and  superin- 
tend the  work  of  construction.  An  Opposition  amendment  was  moved 
by  Jos.  Sylvestre,  K.C.,  declaring  that  this  measure  would  (1)  take 
away  from  municipalities  certain  rights  and  guarantees  under  charter 
and  (2)  would  permit  a  Municipal  Council  to  impose  a  tax  or  assess- 
ment by  simple  Resolution.  These  conclusions  were  denied  by  the 
Government  and  the  Resolution  voted  down  by  54  to  9. 

A  measure  presented  by  the  Hon.  Jules  Allard  allowed  settlers  to 
dispose  of  their  lots  at  three  instead  of  five  years  after  obtaining  let- 
ters patent.  Mr.  Tellier  moved  that  the  restriction  be  entirely  removed 
but  this  was  rejected  by  33  to  8.  The  principal  private  Bill  of  the 
Session  was,  perhaps,  the  one  amending  the  City  Charter  of  Montreal. 
Under  its  terms  the  borrowing  powers  of  the  City  were  reduced  from 
15  per  cent,  to  12  per  cent,  of  the  annual  increased  values  of  taxable 
properties  in  the  City.  A  pension  fund  "  must  within  the  next  twelve 
months"  be  established  for  all  employees  whose  salary  was  provided 
for  in  the  City  budget;  the  annual  grant  to  the  Technical  School  was 
to  be  increased  by  the  City  Council  from  $25,000  to  $40,000.  The 
Civic  administration  was  given  authority  to  establish  municipal  ice 
houses  and  to  sell  ice  to  citizens  or  otherwise  dispose  of  it.  The  Con- 
trollers were  authorized  to  expropriate  a  multitude  of  properties  so 
as  to  effect  the  opening  or  widening  of  city  streets. 

The  most  important  expropriation  of  all,  which  would  have  opened 
Mount  Royal  Park  from  Mountain  Street,  was  struck  out  of  the  Bill. 
The  clause  of  the  old  Charter  under  which  citizens  were  disfranchised 
as  municipal  electors  if  they  did  not  pay  their  water-tax  by  Dec.  1st, 
each  year,  was  abolished  and  the  necessity  that  candidates  for  the 
Mayoralty  should  possess  property  worth  $10,000  and  candidates  for 
the  City  Council  property  valued  at  $2,000  was  removed.  The  Legis- 
lative Council,  following  its  own  precedent  of  former  years,  insisted 
that  these  clauses  should  remain  in  the  Charter  but,  on  the  matter 
being  referred  back  to  them,  the  members  decided  to  bow  to  the  will 
of  the  Assembly.  There  were  many  other  measures,  including  the 
long-pr-essed  enactment  enabling  Quebec  to  join  the  other  Provinces 
in  a  mutual  recognition  of  Medical  diplomas  and  completing  the 
inter-Provincial  right  of  physicians  to  practice  throughout  Canada. 
An  Act  to  amend  the  Montreal  Tramways  Charter  confirmed  various 
Agreements  of  that  Company. 

Incidents  of  the  Session  included  Mr.  Prevost's  motion  (Mch.  22) 
declaring  that  "  this  House  regrets  to  see  that  the  moneys  voted  for 
•colonization  roads  under  the  present  Administration  have  been  dis- 
tributed in  various  places,  in  the  interest  of  the  party  in  power  and 
contrary  to  that  of  the  settlers  of  this  Province/'  which  was  rejected 
by  36  to  9;  an  expression  of  regret  moved  by  Mr.  Sauve  (Cons.)  that 
the  Government  had  done  nothing  "  to  settle  the  question  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  Seigneurial  rents  "  which  was  defeated  on  Mch.  28  by  38  to 
11 ;  a  Resolution  by  Mr.  Prevost  declaring  that  "  the  system  of  making 


ANNEXATION  or  THE  DISTRICT  OF  UNGAVA  TO  QUEBEC      405 

the  municipalities  bear  one-half  the  cost  of  the  maintenance,  resi- 
dence and  treatment  in  the  Asylums  of  patients  sent  there  as  public 
patients,  is  badly  organized  and  does  not  give  satisfaction,"  and  should 
be  amended  by  the  Government,  which  was  rejected  (Apl.  2)  by  43 
to  13;  the  demand  by  Jos.  Sylvestre  (Apl.  2)  that  the  Government 
should  "  better  supervise  all  Insurance  Companies  doing  business  in 
this  Province  so  that  the  public  may  be  protected  "  which  was  voted 
down  by  48  to  15;  an  Opposition  motion  by  Mr.  Prevost  on  Apl.  3 
which  declared  that  the  citizens  of  Montreal  should  be  left  free  "  to 
manage  their  own  municipal  affairs  instead  of  being  under  the  tutelage 
of  the  Legislature  "  and  was  rejected  by  41  to  11.  Mr.  Decarie,  Pro- 
vincial Secretary,  in  reply  to  questions  on  Jan.  22nd  stated  that  the 
provisions  of  the  Council  of  Trent  respecting  marriage  had  been 
promulgated  in  the  Province  by  order  of  Mgr.  de  St.  Valier  on  Oct.  8, 
1700.  The  Legislature  adjurned  on  Apl.  3rd  after  receiving  177  Bills 
of  which  one  came  from  the  Legislative  Council  and  of  which  the 
great  majority  were  passed  into  law. 

This    matter — one  pregnant  with  issues  of    great 

future  importance — was  settled  during  the  year  with 
*        verv  *^e  PuWic  or  Parliamentary  discussion.     After 
to        varied  representations  to  the  Federal  Government  as  to 
Quebec  the  territory  being,  geographically,  a  part  of  Quebec, 

the  Parliamentary  Resolutions  of  July  13th,  1908,  deal- 
ing with  the  Boundaries  of  Manitoba  and  Ontario  had  "upon  such 
terms  and  conditions  as  may  be  agreed  to  "  declared  it  expedient  that 
Ungava  should  be  given  to  Quebec  but  that  legislation  arising  out  of 
this  transfer  "  shall  not  in  any  way  prejudicially  affect  the  representa- 
tion of  any  Province  in  this  House/'  Sir  W.  Laurier  on  Feb.  26,  1909, 
enclosed  these  Eesolutions  to  Sir  L.  Gouin  and  drew  his  attention  to 
the  latter  phrase.  The  Premier  of  Quebec  wrote  on  Mch.  4  accepting 
the  "  general  provisions  "  contained  in  these  Kesolutions  and  on  Apr. 
27,  following,  the  local  Legislature  authorized  his  Government  to  con- 
tinue negotiations  as  to  the  District  and  all  the  Islands  appertaining 
thereto.  Correspondence  followed  relating  to  the  Indian  title  in 
TJngava  with  the  final  understanding  that  Quebec  would  settle  any 
claims  arising  in  that  respect.  On  Jan.  3rd,  1912,  Sir  Lomer  Gouin 
wrote  the  new  Prime  Minister  at  Ottawa  advising  him  that  "terms 
and  conditions  of  an  arrangement  had  been  substantially  agreed 
upon"  with  the  late  Government  and  asking  him  to  deal  with  this 
matter  if  and  when  the  Manitoba  boundary  came  up  for  settlement. 
Finally,  Mr.  Borden  on  Feb.  26,  presented  to  Parliament  the  follow- 
ing Eesolution  upon  which  the  ensuing  Bill  annexing  Ungava  to 
Quebec  was  based : 

Resolved  that  it  is  expedient  to  extend  the  limits  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  so  that  the  boundaries  thereof  shall  include,  in  addition  to  the 
present  territory  of  the  said  Province,  the  territory  bounded  and  described 
as  follows:  Commencing  at  the  point  at  the  mouth  of  East  Main  River 
where  it  empties  into  James  Bay,  the  said  point  being  the  western  ter- 
mination of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  as  estab- 


406  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

lished  by  Virtue  of  Chapter  3  of  the  Statutes  of  1898  intituled  'An  Act 
respecting  the  Northwestern,  Northern  and  Northeastern  Boundaries  ot 
the  Province  of  Quebec,'  thence  northerly  and  easterly  along  the  shores 
of  Hudson  Bay  and  Hudson  Strait;  thence  southerly,  easterly  and  north- 
erly along  the  shore  of  Ungava  Bay  and  the  shore  of  the  Strait;  thence 
easterly  along  the  shore  of  the  said  Strait  to  the  boundary  of  the  territory 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  Newfoundland;  thence  south-easterly  along  the 
westerly  boundary  of  the  said  last  mentioned  territory  to  the  middle  of 
Batte  du  Rigolet  or  Hamilton  Inlet;  thence  westerly  along  the  northern 
boundary  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  as  established  by  the  said  Act  to  the 
place  of  commencement. 

The  question  .of  Quebec's  original  boundary  and  representation  came 
up  in  the  ensuing  discussion.  The  Hon.  W.  Pugsley  claimed  that  by 
the  adjustment  of  the  Boundary  disputes  with  Ontario  in  1898 
100,000  square  miles  were  then  added  to  Quebec  and  the  unit  of  repre- 
sentation thereby  affected;  Mr.  Borden  thought  that  the  issue  in  1898 
was  a  "  declaration  "  of  boundary  rather  than  an  addition  and  that  it 
did  not,  therefore,  trench  upon  the  Confederation  enactment.  The 
new  Bill  itself  had  a  clause  by  which  the  1912  addition  of  territory 
was  declared  to  be  not  included  in  the  computation  of  the  unit  of 
population  for  the  purpose  of  adjusting  the  representation  of  the  other 
Provinces.  In  moving  the  Resolutions  in  the  House  on  Mch.  18  Mr. 
Borden  stated  that  the  Islands  mentioned  in  the  negotiations  would 
not  be  transferred  to  Quebec.  "  It  was  thought  better  to  keep  them 
as  they  might  be  used  for  navigation  purposes  by  the  Dominion."  On 
the  29th  the  3rd  reading  of  the  ensuing  Bill  passed  without  Amend- 
ment and  with  a  little  discussion.  It  passed  the  Senate  in  due  course. 

On  Apl.  1st  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  introduced  at  Quebec  the  measure 
giving  effect  to  this  Federal  Act.  By  this  legislation  the  name  of 
Ungava  was  changed  to  New  Quebec  without  opposition — except  from 
Mr.  Tellier  who  thought  the  territory  would  entirely  lose  its  identity 
under  the  new  designation.  Sir  Lomer  argued  that  there  was  nothing 
in  history  to  show  that  the  name  Ungava  had  been  given  to  commem- 
orate any  notable  event  or  any  great  name.  He  considered  that  since 
the  territory  formed  part  of  the  Province  it  was  important  that  it 
should  be  known  as  such.  It  was  with  pride  that  Quebecers  going 
across  the  Atlantic  could  point  out  Quebec  on  the  map  and  show  their 
Province  to  be  the  largest  in  Confederation.  As  to  the  new  area  of 
the  Province  he  said :  "In  1897  the  area  of  the  Province  of  Quebec 
was  201,536  square  miles.  In  1898,  after  the  limits  of  the  Province 
had  been  carried  northward  from  the  Height  of  Land  to  the  East  Main 
River,  it  was  346,875  square  miles.  With  the  annexation  of  Ungava 
the  area  will  be  702,875  square  miles  or  about  425,000,000  acres."* 

The  population  of  the  new  territory  was,  by  the  last  Census,  1,171 
and  its  annexation,  the  Premier  pointed  out,  was  to  be  ratified  subject 
to  three  conditions:  the  preservation  of  the  existing  Quebec  unit  of 
representation,  a  Provincial  agreement  along  Dominion  lines  with  the 
Indians,  and  a  guarantee  of  its  rights  of  property  to  the  Hudson's 

•  NOTE. — Official  Dominion  figures  issued  in  July  stated  the  area  of 
Quebec,  prior  to  Ungava's  annexation,  at  351,873  square  miles  and,  after  that 
event,  as  706,834  square  miles. 


\ 

ANNEXATION  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  UNGAVA  TO  QUEBEC      407 

Bay  Company.  As  to  representation  "  it  is  true  that  the  District  of 
Ungava  will  not  affect  the  Quebec  unit,  but  it  will  have  representa- 
tion for  all  that  and,  if  at  the  next  Census,  it  has  a  sufficient  popula- 
tion to  entitle  it  to  a  member,  it  will  have  one  as  soon  as  that  popula- 
tion equals  the  Quebec  unit,  and  its  representative  will  be  added  to 
the  105  which  Quebec  already  has  by  the  British  North  America  Act." 
The  measure  passed  without  opposition,  and  a  Federal  Order-in- 
Council  on  May  15th  completed  the  transfer.  The  next  point  to 
settle  was  the  boundary  between  New  Quebec  and  the  Labrador  terri- 
tory of  Newfoundland.  On  May  29  Sir  Ralph  Williams,  Governor 
of  the  Island,  was  in  Quebec  and  a  conference  followed  with  the 
Premier.  The  matter  had  already  been  under  discussion  between  the 
Governments  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland  and  the  former  had  pro- 
posed submitting  a  stated  case  to  the  Privy  Council.  Conditions  were 
still  unsettled  at  the  close  of  the  year.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Borden 
had  changed  a  clause  in  the  Ungava  Bill  for  reasons  specified  in  the 
House  on  Mch.  18 :  "  For  sometime  past  there  has  been  an  endeavour 
to  have  a  decision  given  by  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Coun- 
cil upon  a  stated  case  which  has  not  been  hearc).  yet,  nor  I  think  agreed 
to.  In  the  meantime,  I  think  it  would  be  advisable  to  strike  out  the 
words  'under  the  jurisdiction  of  Newfoundland'  and  substitute  for 
them  'over  which  the  Island  of  Newfoundland  has  lawful  jurisdic- 
tion/ ''• 

As  to  the  region  itself  little  was  known  by  the  public  of  Canada. 
Dr.  A.  P.  Low  had  made  certain  geological  and  scientific  studies  in 
previous  years  and  had  dealt  with  them  in  the  Geological  Survey 
Report  of  1895.  He  had  explored  the  chief  rivers  and  in  one  cam- 
paign of  17  months  had  traversed  5,460  miles — 2,960  in  canoes,  1,000 
on  foot,  500  with  dog-teams  and  1,000  on  a  steamer.  According  to 
him  the  soil  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Peninsula  was  derived  from 
the  underlying  Archaean  rocks  and  was  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand 
with  the  latter  predominating.  The  Forest  was  continuous  to  between 
Latitudes  52  and  54  with  the  exception  of  the  summits  of  rocky  hills. 
To  the  northward  of  Latitude  53  the  size  and  number  of  barren  areas 
increased  rapidly.  The  black  spruce  was  the  most  abundant  tree  and 
constituted  90  per  cent,  of  the  Forest.  On  the  southern  water-shed 
the  growth  was  very  thick  so  that  the  trees  rarely  reached  a  large 
size.  White  spruce  was  found  throughout  the  wooded  area  and  other 
trees  growing  there  were  canoe  birch,  aspen,  balsam,  poplar,  cedar, 
banksian  pine  and  tamarack.  The  numerous  large  lakes  of  the  several 
water-sheds  and  most  of  the  rivers,  especially  those  flowing  north  and 
east,  were  stocked  with  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  food  fishes  of  large 
size  and  superior  quality,  including  among  other  species,  the  lake  and 
brook  trout,  land-locked  and  sea-run  salmon,  white-fish,  pike,  pickerel 
and  ling  or  fresh-water  cod.  Gold  was  not  observed  but  silver,  accord- 
ing to  a  later  Report  of  Dr.  Robert  Bell,  might  be  a  possibility. 
Occurrences  of  low-grade  iron-ore  were  numerous  while  Dr.  Low 
reported  also  deposits  of  titanic  iron-ores,  iron  pyrites,  and  mica,  at 
various  points.  The  region  was,  of  course,  the  last  great  reserve  of 
fur-bearing  animals  in  North  America. 


408  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

,  Before  the  end  of  1912  New  Quebec  was  attracting  much  attention. 
Expeditions  of  exploration  and  exploitation  were  fitted  out  in  various 
directions.  Alleged  discoveries  of  placer  gold  around  Ungava  Bay, 
possibilities  of  varied  minerals  in  the  highlands,  rumours  of  great 
reserves  of  bituminous  coal,  all  the  chances  of  a  new  and  rich  mineral 
zone  were  publicly  and  privately  discussed.  An  Ottawa  party  on 
June  4th  left  to  hunt  for  rumoured  diamonds  and  another  party  in 
August  staked  out  gypsum  claims;  the  Ungava  Exploitation  Com- 
pany with  $1,000,000  capital,  and  experienced  mining  men  connected 
with  it,  undertook  an  expedition;  Dr.  W.  T.  Grenfell  (Apl.  11)  told 
the  Montreal  press  that :  "  I  think  there  are  undoubtedly  minerals 
in  that  region,  but  while  you  are  waiting  for  the  minerals  to  be  dis- 
covered, there  is  no  reason  why  reindeer  ranching  should  not  b'e  made 
profitable  in  the  immediate  future." 

Sir  Lomer  Gouin  appealed  to  the  people  for  the 
The  Provincial  second  time  as  Prime  Minister  with  many  things  in  his 
favour.  There  was  general  prosperity,  no  pronounced 
agitation  visible  in  the  Province  as  to  any  particular 
subject,  a  dearth  of  discontent,  and  severe  depression  amongst  the 
Nationalists.  The  Premier's  personal  record  was  of  the  highest,  the 
political  career  of  his  Cabinet  since  March  20,  1905,  had  been  very 
largely  peaceful,  the  policy  pursued  had  been  constructive  and  finan- 
cial conditions  excellent.  Bye-elections,  also,  had  since  1908  been 
almost  uniformly  favourable  to  the  Government  which  at  Dissolution 
had  61  supporters  against  a  combination  of  13  Conservatives  and 
Nationalists.  The  financial  record  of  the  Administration  showed  a 
revenue  growing  from  $5,436,734  in  1905-6  to  $7,147,936  and  expen- 
ditures from  $5,255,981  to  only  $6,886,730.  In  the  building  of 
Schools  and  larger  grants  to  Education,  in  the  aid  given  to  Agricul- 
ture and  Good  Roads,  in  the  Pulp-wood  policy  and  Railway  proposals, 
the  Government  had  a  record  of  satisfactory  and  progressive  charac- 
ter and  one  which  the  Montreal  Gazette  (Cons.)  had  more  than  once 
praised  as  to  its  financial  aspect  in  moderate  but  concise  terms.  The 
Montreal  Herald  (Lib.)  put  the  financial  situation  as  follows  on 
May  2nd : 

The  Provincial  Conservative  party,  which  in  1891  assumed  power  with 
the  same  Debt  as  we  have  to-day,  with  a  revenue  of  about  one-half,  a 
trade  of  less  than  one-half,  a  business  community  suffering  from  pro- 
nounced depression  and  a  falling  barometer,  felt  itself  justified  in  adding 
nine  millions  to  the  Debt — though,  be  it  observed,  it  had  promised  not  to 
do  so.  The  same  Conservative  party,  led  by  a  man  who  sat  in  the  Legisla- 
ture and  voted  in  support  of  Messrs,  de  Boucherville,  Taillon  and  Flynn, 
now  denounces  the  Liberal  Government  for  not  further  reducing  the  Debt, 
in  face  of  a  rising  barometer  of  prosperity,  a  doubled  revenue,  an 
immensely  increased  wealth  and  population,  and  universal  conditions  of 
expansion  which  make  certain  expenditures  imperatively  necessary  for 
education,  rural  communication,  technical  training  and  the  development 
of  the  Provincial  hinterland. 

On  Apl.   15  the  Dissolution  was  announced  with  Nominations  for 
May  8  and  polling  on  the  15th.    The  Liberal  campaign  opened  on  tbe 


THE  PROVINCIAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  409 

evening  of  the  Election  announcement  at  a  political  banquet  tendered 
to  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie,  Provincial  Secretary,  in  Montreal.  The  drill- 
hall  was  crowded  with  1,000  representatives  of  21  local  Liberal 
organizations  and  with  the  chief  Provincial  politicians.  Hon.  Dr. 
Lanctot,  President  of  the  Montreal  Federation  of  Liberal  Clubs,  was  in 
the  chair.  Mr.  Decarie  in  his  address  said  that  the  Government  had 
re-established  the  night  schools  inaugurated  by  M.  Mercier  in  1886, 
but  abolished  by  the  Conservatives  in  1892.  They  had  helped  strug- 
gling municipalities  to  build  schools  and  to  pay  the  salaries  of  those 
engaged  as  teachers.  They  had  distributed  books  and  geographical 
charts  and  they  had  also  tried  to  inculcate  the  history  of  their  beloved 
country  and  Province  among  the  young  by  undertaking  the  annual 
distribution  of  32,000  volumes  of  works  by  French  and  English- 
speaking  authors.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  reviewed  the  record  of  his  Admin- 
istration, of  its  recent  legislation  and  its  financial  progress  and,  in  the 
Good  Roads  matter,  declared  that  the  Government  would  not  be  satis- 
fied until  much  more  than  $10,000,000  had  been  expended  on  Provin- 
cial Highways.  "  We  have  made  Quebec  a  better,  a  more  prosperous 
and  a  richer  Province  under  our  Administration  since  1905,  and  it  is 
on  the  merits  of  this  administration  that  we  now  appeal  to  the  elector- 
ate, confident  that  we  will  remain  in  power."  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau 
and  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  also  spoke. 

At  Quebec  on  Apl.  22nd  the  Premier  addressed  a  mass-meeting 
and  was  at  the  Monument  National,  Montreal,  on  the  26th.  Here  he 
took  exception  to  Conservative  statements  that  he  was  concerned  in 
the  1911  Reciprocity  contest  and  involved  in  its  results.  "  Several 
of  the  Conservative  speakers  may  lead  you  to  suppose  that  the  Liberals 
want  this  to  be  a  Federal  contest.  I  want  it  to  be  understood  that  we 
do  not  wish  to  be  judged  except  on  the  merits  of  our  own  acts.  They 
talk  of  Reciprocity.  That  question,  I  say  most  categorically,  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  issue  which  will  be  decided  on  May  15."  Much 
stress  here  and  elsewhere  was  laid  upon  the  fact  that  Quebec  was  now 
the  largest  Province  in  the  Dominion.  In  the  matter  of  Railways  Sir 
Lomer  said  that  the  Quebec  and  Saguenay  Railway,  the  Matane  to 
Gasp6,  the  new  LeVis  to  Sherbrooke.  the  Richmond  to  the  American 
border,  Lake  Temiscamingue  to  Rapide  des  Quinze,  the  Ha-Ha  Bay 
to  Mistassini,  were  now  being  built  or  would  be  in  the  near  future. 
"  If  the  Federal  Government  does  not  do  for  us  what  it  has  done  for 
the  Western  Provinces  and  build  the  road  which  is  due  to  connect 
Montreal  with  the  Transcontinental,  we  will  do  it  ourselves.  I  promise 
the  electors  of  Montreal  that  a  railroad  will  be  built  to  the  fertile  and 
timber  lands  of  Ungava,  whether  the  Conservative  Government  at 
Ottawa  grants  us  the  subsidy  of  $6,400  per  mile  or  not." 

The  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  followed  in  a  eulogy  of  Sir  Lomer  Gouin. 
"  He  has  realized  all  the  aspirations  which  the  people  of  Quebec  placed 
in  him.  His  inflexible  rectitude  naturally  bore  him  to  the  eminent 
post  which  he  occupies  with  such  distinction.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  under- 
stood that  if  our  Province  was  to  remain  faithful  to  certain  ideals  it 
must  be  started  out  along  the  lines  of  progress  and  higher  education. 


410 

Faithful  to  the  policy  of  his  great  predecessor,  Honore  Mercier,  he 
multiplied  the  grants  for  elementary  schools  and  night  schools,  while 
the  monument  of  his  work  is  the  School  for  Higher  Commercial 
Studies  and  the  Technical  Schools  of  Montreal  and  Quebec."  Reci- 
procity,  he  asserted,  was  not  an  issue  though  Sept.  21st,  1911,  had  been 
"  a  day  of  dupes."  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  spoke  at  Sherbrooke  on  May  1st 
accompanied  by  Messrs.  Devlin  and  Mackenzie;  he  was  at  Westmount 
on  the  2nd  when  he  promised  an  early  and  satisfactory  settlement  of 
the  Commercial  tax  problem  after  his  return  to  power;  Grand  Mere 
was  visited  on  May  10  and  the  Premier  told  the  audience  that  Nation- 
alism had  ceased  to  exist  in  the  Province.  He  was  at  St.  John's  on 
May  12  in  the  constituency  from  which  Marcellin  Robert  had  retired 
to  make  way  for  Sir  Lomer  and  he  there  addressed  a  Sunday  after- 
noon meeting.  Other  speeches  were  given  and  on  May  8th  the  Premier 
issued  an  elaborate  Address  to  the  Electors  of  the  Province.  In  it  he 
re-capitulated  everything  done  by  his  Government  in  legislation  and 
by  administration  and  the  list  was  certainly  a  long  and  interesting 
record  of  seven  years : 

In  the  first  place  we  have  by  the  annexation  of  Ungava  assured  to 
our  Province  the  possession  of  an  immense  territory  that  is  rich  in  for- 
ests, in  minerals,  in  mighty  water-powers  and  resources  of  every  kind. 
We  have  modified  the  laws  in  such  a  manner  as  to  encourage  Temperance. 
We  have  instituted  a  Commission  to  study  the  most  fitting  means  to  fight 
against  Tuberculosis  and  we  have  given  grants  towards  the  maintenance 
of  Sanitaria  and  Hospitals  for  those  afflicted  with  this  disease. 

We  have  Increased  the  estimates  for  Public  Instruction  from  $483,460 
to  $1,321,597  and  the  expenditure  on  Universities,  on  the  Polytechnic 
School,  on  the  classical  colleges,  on  the  high  schools,  the  academies  and 
the  modern  schools.  We  have  given  a  grant  to  establish  a  Chair  of  Sur- 
veying at  Quebec  and  have  contributed  towards  the  construction  of  fifty 
commercial  academies  for  boys  'in  the  country  districts  and  have  increased 
the  annual  grant  for  public  schools,  created  new  grants  to  the  value  of 
$225,000  in  aid  of  the  smaller  country  schools,  trebled  the  special  grant 
for  elementary  schools  and  increased  from  $28,881  to  $78,449  the  grants 
to  the  poor  schools.  We  have  instituted  a  system  of  rewards  for  the 
most  deserving  school  municipalities  and  also  for  teachers  of  both  sexes 
who  have  a  record  of  at  least  ten  years'  service.  We  have  increased  the 
pensions  of  retired  instructors  and  have  founded  eight  Normal  Schools. 
We  have  founded  two  Technical  Schools  and  given  generous  subsidies  to 
the  Art  Schools  and  schools  with  classes  in  Manufacturing. 

We  have  increased  the  estimates  for  Agriculture  from  the  1906  figure 
of  $218,600  to  the  amount  of  $679,600  and  the  grants  to  agricultural  socie- 
ties and  clubs.  We  have  encouraged  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  clover 
and  fruit,  besides  the  production  of  honey  and  the  raising  of  poultry. 
We  have,  through  the  medium  of  loans  without  interest,  stimulated  the 
purchase  of  blood-stock  and  the  improvement  of  our  herds  and  flocks  and 
passed  regulations  for  the  cheese  and  butter  factories  and  compelled 
these  manufacturers  to  have  a  certificate  of  capability.  We  have  estab- 
lished co-operative  societies  in  order  that  the  farmers  might  obtain  better 
prices  for  their  dairy  products  and  their  tobacco  and  endeavoured  to 
spread  the  instruction  of  housekeeping  and  to  encourage  the  children  in 
country  schools  to  learn  gardening.  We  have  accorded  large  grants  to 
the  Dairy  School,  the  Veterinary  School  and  the  Agricultural  schools. 

We  have  inaugurated  an  active  campaign  in  favour  of  the  develop- 
ment of  our  roads  and  raised  the  estimates  for  this  purpose  from  the  1906 


THE  PROVINCIAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  411 

figure  of  $9,661  to  $350,000.  We  have  guaranteed  up  to  the  sum  of 
$10,000,000  the  loans  that  will  be  made  by  the  municipalities  in  order  to 
macadamize,  stone,  or  gravel  their  roads.  We  shall  pay  half  the  Interest 
on  the  sum  and  arrange  for  the  sinking  fund.  We  have  begun  to  abolish 
the  toll-gates  and  this  work  will  be  hastened.  We  have  subsidized  the 
construction  of  160  iron  bridges  at  a  total  cost  of  $1,390,000  and  have 
given  large  subsidies  for  the  construction  of  railways  in  new  districts. 
We  have  started  the  project  of  a  railway  to  link  up  the  James  Bay  with 
Montreal  and  Quebec  and  have  began  to  open  highways  to  penetrate  the 
Districts  of  Temiscamingue  and  Abitibl.  We  have  instituted  clearing 
contests  in  order  to  encourage  colonization. 

We  have  extended  the  franchise  and  created  the  Montreal  Metro- 
politan Parks  Commission  which  will  not  only  take  means  to  beautify 
Montreal,  but  will  also  study  the  improvement  of  the  working  classes.  We 
have  created  Forest  reserves  for  townships  in  order  to  help  the  farmers, 
and  settlers  that  have  no  more  wood,  and  district  Forest  reserves.  We 
have  founded  a  School  of  Forestry  and  we  have  organized  a  special  Service 
for  the  exploration  and  supervision  of  the  public  domain  and  for  the 
control  and  direction  of  the  development  of  our  forests.  We  have  named 
a  Commission  to  study  the  best  means  to  adopt  in  order  to  regulate  our 
water-powers  and  water-ways  and  have  prohibited  the  exportation  of 
wood  cut  upon  our  public  lands  in  order  to  encourage  the  establishment 
of  pulp  and  paper  mills  in  our  own  Province.  We  have  raised  the  rents 
and  stumpage  dues  payable  by  the  limit-holders  and  have  thus  increased 
our  forest  revenues  by  at  least  $400,000. 

We  have  modified  the  Mines  law  so  as  to  stimulate  the  exploration 
and  development  of  our  mining  lands.  We  have  finished  the  work  of 
revising  the  Statutes  and  have  increased  the  number  of  Judges  In  order 
to  make  justice  more  expeditious.  We  have  limited  appeals  in  order  to 
make  justice  less  costly.  We  have  abolished  costs  in  cases  where  less 
than  $25  is  involved.  We  have  on  two  occasions  increased  the  Indemnities 
of  jurors.  We  have  created  a  Juvenile  Court  and  have  instituted  a  Public 
Utilities  Commission.  We  have  enacted  a  law  to  protect  workmen  who 
are  injured  while  at  their  work  and  have  made  the  Inspection  of  scaf- 
foldings compulsory.  We  have  installed  a  museum  of  safety  devices  for 
the  protection  of  working  men  and  have  opened  Employment  offices  at 
Montreal  and  Quebec.  We  have  made  laws  for  the  better  protection  of 
women  and  children  who  labour  in  factories.  We  have  been  the  means 
of  having  the  Dominion  subsidy  readjusted.  This  adjustment  now  allows 
us  to  draw  an  additional  sum  of  $880,000,  that  is  to  say  even  more  than 
is  necessary  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  Consolidated  Debt. 

Despite  all  these  additional  expenses  the  ordinary  expenditure  was  in 
1911,  the  Premier  said,  only  11  cents  per  capita  greater  than  in  1897. 
As  to  the  future  a  similar  policy  would  be  pursued.  In  Montreal  on 
May  13-14  Sir  Lomer  made  his  last  speeches  of  the  campaign  and 
had  a  good  deal  to  say  on  the  heated  local  question  of  Tramways  and 
corporate  control.  He  claimed  (May  13)  to  have  broken,  after  four 
years  of  struggle,  the  Light  and  Power  monopoly  of  Montreal  and 
given  the  citizens  50  per  cent,  better  rates;  described  the  Tramways 
matter  as  not  yet  settled  and  said  that  in  its  present  form  it  would 
at  least  give  the  people  a  reduced  tariff,  an  improved,  more  complete 
and  wider  service ;  declared  that  "  this  question  of  Tramways  will 
never  be  settled  until  we  can  obtain  the  support  of  the  Municipal 
authorities  and  it  will  never  be  settled  by  any  but  a  Liberal  Govern- 
ment at  Quebec";  described  the  new  Gaol  at  Montreal  as  the  most 
perfect  in  America  and  built  in  part  upon  land  now  worth  $2,000,000 


412  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

which  Mr.  Mercier  had  bought  for  the  Province  in  1892  at  a  cost  of 
$40,000.  Several  speeches  were  made  in  the  Montreal  district  during 
the  last  two  days  and,  indeed,  the  Premier  had  spent  most  of  his  time 
during  two  weeks  in  these  constituencies. 

The  Opposition  Leader — J.  M.  Tellier,  LL.D.,  who  had  represented 
Joliette  as  a  Conservative  since  1892 — put  up  as  strong  a  fight  as  was 
possible,  and  had  some  support  from  Ottawa.  C.  P.  Beaubien  was 
his  general  organizer  while  Armand  Lavergne,  the  Nationalist,  acted 
as  his  chief  organizer  in  the  Quebec  district  which  included  23  Seats. 
An  undoubted  loss  to  the  Opposition  was  the  decision  of  Henri 
Bourassa  not  to  be  a  candidate  in  St.  Hyacinthe  or  elsewhere.  To  the 
press  at  Quebec  on  Mch.  27  he  sa"id:  "  I  am  going  to  Europe  to  cleanse 
my  mind,  to  rejuvenate  myself."  After  his  return  he  would  prob- 
ably make  a  tour  of  the  West  and  be  out  of  politics  for  two  years  at 
least.  Before  sailing  on  Apl.  18  Mr.  Bourassa,  in  two  columns  of 
political  disquisition  in  Le  Devoir,  urged  the  people  to  support  Mr. 
Tellier  as  being  an  able  Leader  well  fitted  to  take  charge  of  affairs. 
"  The  inertia  of  the  Gouin  Government  in  the  matter  of  colonization 
ought  to  suffice  to  accomplish  the  present  Government's  downfall.  It 
is  time  for  every  taxpayer  to  say  that  colonization  is  the  most  absorb- 
ing Provincial  question.  The  agricultural  policy  is  as  nothing,  the 
new  road  building  idea  is  incoherent  and  the  educational  policv  is  as 
bad." 

Mr.  Tellier  spoke  throughout  the  Province  almost  continuously  for 
weeks.  He  was  banquetted  at  Montreal  on  Feb.  24  by  local  Conser- 
vatives and  declared  that  all  the  business  of  the  Gouin  Administration 
had  been  negative.  They  could  show  surpluses,  but  the  indebtedness 
of  the  Province  was  all  the  time  increasing.  The  surpluses  boasted 
of  every  year  were  only  an  evidence  of  bad  accounting.  Escaping 
responsibility  had  been  the  policy  followed  by  the  Government  of  Sir 
Lomer  Gouin  and  an  example  of  this  was  to  be  found  in  the  $10,000,- 
000  Grant  for  good  roads.  The  Government  would  rather  spend  that 
sum  in  "  shrimps  "  all  over  the  Province  than  assume  the  responsi- 
bility of  planning  a  system  of  good  roads  and  carrying  it  through.  All 
the  initiative  was  left  to  the  municipalities,  a  great  proportion  of 
which  were  not  properly  organized  for  the  task  and  could  not  be 
expected  to  be.  In  abolishing  toll-gates  and  toll  bridges  the  policy 
of  the  Government  had  been  the  same — escaping  responsibility  and 
progressing  backwards. 

In  Montreal  on  Apl.  23  Mr.  Tellier  spoke  at  length  as  to  the  Gov- 
ernment and  his  own  policy.  He  described  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  as  the 
Father  of  taxation  on  bonds  and  on  the  obligations  of  corporations 
and  municipalities;  declared  that  the  nine  million  reduction  of 
indebtedness  was  due  to  the  receipt  of  $7,000,000  from  the  C.P.R. 
balance  due  on  purchase  of  the  North  Shore  Railway  and  $2,394,000 
additional  from  the  Federal  Government;  claimed  that  the  School 
for  Higher  Studies  and  the  Technical  Schools  in  Montreal  and  Quebec 
were  under  the  control  of  fictitious  corporations  which  were  really 
Government  Commissions  and  which  had  borrowed  raonev  under 


THE  PROVINCIAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  413 

Government  guarantees  totalling  $1,775,000 — not  included  in  Pro- 
vincial indebtedness ;  stated  that  toward  the  end  of  the  last  Conserva- 
tive Administration  the  Province  obtained  $105  for  obligations  of 
$100  bearing  interest  of  4  per  cent,  and  a  little  after  the  change  of 
Government  $90  for  obligations  of  $100  bearing  interest  at  3  per  cent, 
to  be  reimbursed  in  40  years ;  condemned  as  "  scandalous  waste  "  the 
expenditure  of  $600,000,  with  a  yearly  outlay  of  $50,000,  upon  the 
School  for  Higher  Studies'  building  occupied  by  37  pupils  and  of 
$1,300,000  upon  the  two  Technical  School  Buildings ;  alleged  that  the 
Montreal  gaol  was  costing  $2,850,000  or  $114,000  interest  and  $228 
a  year  for  the  lodging  of  each  inmate;  declared  that  the  Province 
should  look  after  its  main  roads  directly  and  not  through  the  munici- 
palities. Upon  another  point  he  was  explicit : 

Complaints  of  settlers  are  being  heard  from  one  end  of  the  Province 
to  the  other.  They  complain  of  the  bad  will  of  the  Crown  Lands  Depart- 
ment. They  are  prevented  from  buying  more  than  one  lot.  They  have  to 
wait  for  wee"ks,  months  and  even  years  and  if  they  have  to  change  their 
location  the  law  prevents  them  from  selling  the  buildings,  improvements, 
or  work  which  they  have  done.  This  was  proved  by  hundreds  of  docu- 
ments in  the  House.  Hon.  Mr.  Pr6vost  and  Mr.  Armand  Lavergne  have 
been  the  devoted  defenders  of  the  settlers  in  this  regard  and,  in  view  of 
this  anti-patriotic  poWcy,  the  sale  of  lands  has  considerably  diminished, 
as  the  official  reports  show,  and  the  settlers  are  going  in  crowds  to  Ontario. 

Moreover,  "under  the  Gouin  Government  the  municipalities  have 
been  despoiled  of  the  control  of  their  roads,  streets,  franchises  and 
often  of  their  right  to  manage  their  most  intimate  affairs.  The  City 
of  Montreal,  in  particular,  has  been  held  under  the  Government  as 
if  it  were  in  a  stage  of  interdiction;  and  the  Government  often  dis- 
poses of  its  money  as  well  as  its  franchises."  The  Hon.  F.  D.  Monk 
and  Hon.  L.  P.  Pelletier  of  the  Federal  Government,  Jean  Prevost 
and  L.  T.  Marechal  followed.  From  Mr.  Borden  came  a  despatch 
sending  best  wishes  to  Mr.  Tellier  "  whose  high  character,  wide 
experience  and  splendid  ability  render  him  eminently  worthy  of  the 
leadership  which  has  been  conferred  upon  him."  Mr.  Tellier  spoke 
amongst  other  places  at  Sherbrooke  on  Apl.  30th  when  he  defined  his 
policy  as  follows :  "  Business  administration  of  affairs,  building  of 
trunk  roads  at  the  entire  expense  of  the  Government,  and  cross  roads 
at  the  cost  of  the  municipalities  and  the  Government;  reduction  and 
readjustment  of  taxation;  substantial  grants  to  agriculture,  educa- 
tion, etc."  He  was  at  Quebec  on  May  2  accompanied,  as  at  other 
places,  by  Mr.  Lavergne  and  at  St.  Jerome  on  the  3rd  where  he  stated 
that  "  since  the  Gouin  Government  has  been  in  existence,  the  sale  of 
lots  from  the  Crown  Lands  to  the  settlers  of  the  Province  has  been 
reduced  by  more  than  half.  In  1908,  the  Government  sold  292,000 
acres  of  land,  while  during  the  past  year  119,000  acres  only  have  been 
sold.'''  The  Hon.  W.  B.  Nantel,  Minister  of  the  Interior  at  Ottawa, 
also  spoke. 

He  was  in  his  own  constituency  of  Joliette  on  May  5  and  at  St. 
Hyacinthe  on  the  4th.    At  Berthierville  on  the  7th  he  addressed  a  joint 


414  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

meeting  in  the  interest  of  Dr.  Gaboury  and  was  at  Three  Rivers  on  the 
9th  when  he  criticized  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  for  fixing 
the  maximum  indemnity  for  the  loss  of  life  at  $2,000,  without  taking 
into  consideration  the  value  of  the  life,  or  age,  or  responsibility  of 
the  working  man  himself.  An  enthusiastic  meeting  was  held  at  Mont- 
real on  May  10  with  a  number  of  prominent  local  speakers  present. 
Stress  was  laid  upon  the  Government  attitude  toward  Montreal. 
"  Our  policy — I  have  affirmed  this  before  and  I  repeat  it  before  this 
immense  meeting — our  policy  when  we  come  to  power  will  be  to  treat 
the  metropolis  of  our  country  as  all  municipalities  should  be  treated. 
Montreal  should  have  its  autonomy  and  it  should  have  the  right  to 
administer  its  own  affairs  for  itself."  On  the  following  day  a  meeting 
at  Joliette  was  addressed  by  Mr.  Tellier  with  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie  for 
the  Government. 

Incidents  of  the  campaign  included  a  press  interview  with  the 
Hon.  C.  E.  B.  de  Boucherville,  an  ex-Premier  of  90  years,  who  hoped 
to  see  another  Conservative  Government  in  power;  addresses  in  Que- 
bec by  Hon.  E.  J.  Flynn,  K.C.,  also  a  one-time  Conservative  Premier; 
the  rousing  campaign  of  speeches  by  L.  T.  Marechal,  K.C.,  in  Chambly 
who,  however,  once  more  failed  of  election ;  the  attacks  by  L.  H.  Boyd, 
K.C.,  Conservative  candidate  in  St.  Lawrence-Montreal,  upon  the 
Tramways  Bill  of  the  last  Session  as  a  surrender  of  the  City's  inter- 
ests to  the  Corporation  whose  President,  E.  A.  Robert,  was  running 
in  Beauharnois  as  a  Government  candidate;  the  alleged  circulation 
by  Conservatives  of  a  letter  signed  by  J.  E.  Bernier,  A.  Benard  and 
A.  Prefontaine,  of  the  Manitoba  Legislature,  stating  that  the  French 
Conservative  members  of  the  Ottawa  Cabinet  had  obtained  great  con- 
cessions from  the  Roblin  Government  to  the  local  Catholics  in  School 
matters;  the  address  in  Montreal  on  Apl.  22nd  for  C.  Ernest  Gault 
by  Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice  at  Ottawa ;  the  determined 
effort  of  Rev.  Father  Belanger  to  defeat  Mr.  G.  Langlois  (Liberal) 
and  "  advanced  "  educationalist  in  Montreal ;  the  statement  issued  by 
J.  H.  Roberts,  Secretary  of  the  Dominion  (Prohibition)  Alliance,  on 
May  14th,  stating  that  "with  no  party  bias  whatever  the  Dominion 
Alliance  has  decided  to  ask  men  of  all  parties  to  sustain  the  candi- 
dates of  the  Government  because  it  has  been  a  good  Temperance  Gov- 
ernment and  therefore  deserves  the  support  of  all  who  place  emphasis 
upon  temperance  and  morality."  The  result  of  the  Election  on  May  15 
was  as  follows : 

Government  Opposition  Poll- 

Constituency.  Candidate.  Candidate.  Elected.  tics. 

Argenteuil    .    ..John  Hay    Harry  Slater Harry   Slater    ...    .Cons. 

Arthabaska    ...Paul  Tourigny   ...A.  Gilbert Paul  Tourigny          .Lib. 

Basrot  IP.  H.  Daigneault..T.  Marsil   F.    H.   Daigneault 

Beauce"  .Dr.  J.  A.  Godbout.'L.  U.  Talbot Dr.  J.  A.  Godbout 

Beauharnoi's  '..  .B.    A.    Robert Arthur  Plante  . . .  .E.    A.    Robert. . . . 

Bellechasse    . . .  A.   Galipeault    . . . .  J.   E.    Gelly A.   Galipeault    . . . 

Berthter    Joseph  Lafontaine.J.    O.    Gadoury J.    O.    Gadoury. . .    .Cons. 

Bonaventure    . .  J.  H.  Kelly A.   Beauchesne    . . .  J.  H    Kelly Lib. 

Brome  w    F    Vilas F.   A.   Olmstead . . .  W.    F.    Vilas 

Chambly"        '.Dr.   E.    M.   DSsaul-L.    T.    Marechal ...  Dr.    E.    M.    Desaul- 
niers    


THE  PROVINCIAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  415 

Government               Opposition  Poll- 
Constituency.           Candidate.                 Candidate.  Elected.              tics. 

Champlain   ....P.  C.  Neault J.      A.      Labisson- 

niere J.  A.       Labisson- 

Charlevoix-et-  nifire Cons. 

Sagneuay   .    .C.    B61anger    P.  d'Auteuil P.  d'Auteuil    

Chateauguay     .H.  Mercier H.  Desrosiers  ....H.  Mercier    Lib. 

Chicoutimi   ..    .H.  Petit    G.    Delisle    H.  Petit   " 

Compton N.  G.  Scott A.  W.  Giard N.  G.  Scott 

Dorchester  ..    .A.  Morisett G.  Hamel   A.  Morisset    

Drummond     .    .L.    J.   Allard A.   Mercure    L.  J.   Allard. 


Frontenac 


.Dr.  G.  S.  Gr£goire.E.  Roberge    Dr.  G.  S.  Grfigoire. 


Gasp6 G.  Lemieux   • (Acclamation). 

Huntingdon   . .  .W.  H.  Walker A.  Muir W.   H.   Walker 

Iberville J.  A.   Benoit E.  Huot   J.  A.  Benolt 

Jacques-Car- 

tier  J.  V.  A.  Geoffrion.  .P.  Cousineau P.   Cousineau    Cons. 

Joliette J.   Gadoury    J.    M.    Tellier J.    M.    Telller 

Kamouraska    ..A.  Stein   J.  Langlais   A.  Stein   Lib. 

Labelle    H.  A.  Fortier J.   C.   Langlois H.  A.  Fortier 

Lake  St.  John..J.   B.   Carbonneau . G.  Verreault J.   B.   Carbonneau.. 

Laprairie    G.  A  Simard E.   L.   Patenaude . .  E.   L.   Patenaude . . .  Cons. 

L'Assomption   .W.  Reed J.  Prfivost   W.    Reed    Lib. 

Laval J.  W.  L6vesque. . .  J.  O.   Renaud J.  W.  L6 vesque . . . . 

Levis  L.  Roy   A.  Bernier   A.  Bernler  Cons. 

L'Islet  J.  E.  Caron J.    O.    Morin J.  O.  Morin 

Lotbinifere    . .  ..J.  N.  Francoeur. .  .A.   Baker    J.   N.   Francoeur . . . Lib. 

Magdalen 

Islands Hon.  J.  E.  Caron.. A.  Arseneau    ..    ..Hon.  J.   E.  Caron.. 


Maisonneuve   ..Hon.  J.  L.  Dficarie.J.   H.    Garceau. 

Maskinong£   ...R.   Tourville   G.    Lafontaine 

Metane D.   Caron    J.   E.   Gagnon . . 


MSgantic J.  Demers   D.  H.  Pennington .  J.  Demers 


Missisquoi    ....J.    B.   Gosselin F.  X.  O.  Giroux 

Montcalm   J.  U.  O.  Lapierre. .  J.   Sylvestre    .. 

Montmagny   . . .  J.   E.   M asson A.  Lavergne   . . 


..Hon.  J.  L.  Dfecarie. 
. .  R.  Tourville 
. .  D.   Caron 


.  J.   B.   Gosselin 

.  J.   Sylvestre    Cons. 

. .  A.  Lavergne   Nat. 


Montmorency  ..Hon.  L.  A.   Tasch- 

ereau    A.  Lavergne   Hon.    L.    A.    Tasch- 

Montreal —  ereau     Lib. 

Dorion   G.  Maynard C.   A.   Pariseault . .  G.    Maynard    

Hochelaga  ...S.   Letourneau    ...F.  Fauteux    S.   Lfitourneau    " 

Laurler   N..  Turcot A.  Germain N.   Turcot    Lab. 

St.  Anne  ....M.    J.    Walsh D.   Tansey    D.  Tansey   Cons. 

St.  George   ..A.    F.    Leggatt C.  E.  Gault .  .C.  E.  Gault " 

St.  James  ...C.   Robillard    L.   R.   Montbriant.C.   Robillard    Lib. 

St.  Lawrence. J.   T.   Finnie L.  H.  Boyd J.   T.   Finnic " 

M.  M.   Sperber 

St.   Louis    ...J.  E.   G.  Langlois. C.  Bruchgsi   J.  E.  G.  Langlois..     " 

M.    Langlois    

St.  Mary  . . .  .N.   Sfiguin    J.  A.  Beaulieu N.   S€guin    " 

Napierville  ....C.      Dorrls       (Ind.A.       Bouchard 

Lib.)    (Lib.)    C.  Dorrls   Ind.  Lib. 

Nlcolet Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin. J.   A.    Labelle Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin.. Lib. 

Ottawa F.  A.   Gendron J.   E.    Gravelle F.  A.  Gendron " 

Pontiac   T.   C.   Gaboury G.   B.   Campbell ...  G.  B.   Campbell Cons. 

Portneuf Sir  Lomer  Gouin..E.    Chassg    Sir   Lomer   Gouin.  .Lib. 

Quebec C.  F.  Delage A.   Taschereau    ...C.    F.    Delage " 

Quebec  Centre.. E.  Leclerc    R.  Langlais E.  Leclerc    " 

Quebec  East...L.  A.  LCtourneau.  .A.  Huard   L.   A.  L6  tourneau . .      " 

Quebec  West..  .Hon.  J.  C.  Kaine.  .C.  Smith Hon.  J.  C.  Kaine. . .      " 

Richelieu M.    L.    PSloquin. . .  J.   Desjardins    M.   L.    Feloquin " 

Richmond  Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mac- 
kenzie     W.    E.    Mclver Hon.  P.   S.   G.   Mac- 
kenzie          " 

Rimouski    A.  M.  Tessier E.  Sasseville A.  M.  Tessier " 

Rouville    J-  E.  Robert A.    Ares    J.  E.  Robert " 

St.  Hyacinth  e    .T.  D.  Bouchard. .  .E.  Gulmont   T.    D.    Bouchard...      " 

St.  Johns  Sir  Lomer  Gouin. .N.   A.   Sabourin.    .Sir  Lomer   Gouin..     " 


St.  Maurice  . . .  .G.  I.  Delisle J.    A.    Dufresne. 

St.  Sauveur    . . .  J.  A.  Langlois. . .  .L.   Savard 


Omer  Brunet    . . 

Shefford W.  S.  Bullock L.    P.    Bernard. . 

Sherbrooke C.  E.  Therrien F.   H.   Hubert... 

Soulanges     ....J.   O.   Mousseau. .  .C.    E.    Deguire.. 


.G.  I.  Delisle. 
.J.  A.  Langlois. 

!w.   S.   Bullock. 

.C.  E.  Therrien 

.J.  O.  Mousseau.... 


Stanstead P.  A.  Bissonnet. .  .L.    A.    Ge>in P.  A.  Bissonnet. . . .      " 

Temiscamingue.Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin. A.    J.    Aubin C.  R.  Devlin " 

Temiscouata  ..  .J-   H.   Rousseau. .  .J.  A.  L.  B6  rubS . . .  J.  A.  L.  Be'rube' Cons. 

Terrebonne  .  ...J-    C.    L.    de    Mar- 

tigny   Jean   Provost    Jean  Provost    " 


416  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Government  Opposition  Poll- 

Constituency.  Candidate.  Candidate.  Elected.  tics. 

Trois-Rivieres..J.    A.    Tessler P.  N.  Martel J.    A.    Tessier Lib. 

Two  Mountains.?.    B.    Pager A.    SauvS    A.    Sauve    Cons. 

Vaudreuil    H.  Pilon   C.  A.  Harwood H.  Pllon Lib. 

Vercheres A.    Geoffrion    V.  Chicoine   A.    Geoffrion    " 

Westmount  .. .  .W.    Rutherford   ...C.    A.    Smart C.    A.    Smart Cons. 

Wolfe B.  P.  Tanguay. .  .  .A.  Thibault B.    P.    Tanguay Lib. 

Yamaska E.    Ouellette    A.  Fortln   E.    Ouellette    

All  the  Ministers  were  re-elected  except  Mr.  Caron  who  was 
defeated  in  L'Islet  but  elected  afterwards  in  one  of  the  deferred  con- 
tests, and  the  Government  majority  as  finally  developed  was  about  the 
same  as  before — 61  to  18  Conservatives  and  two  Independents.  The 
Ministers  elected  had  good  majorities — Sir  Lomer  Gouin  in  Portneuf 
running  to  1,187  and  in  St.  John's  to  386  while  Mr.  Mackenzie  in 
Richmond  had  1,465.  A  feature  of  the  contest  was  the  Liberal  sweep 
of  the  one-time  English  and  Conservative  Eastern  Townships.  Of 
the  new  Constituencies  the  Liberals  won  five;  Mr.  Lavergne  held  his 
own  in  Montmagny  but  failed  to  defeat  Mr.  Taschereau  in  Mont- 
morency;  of  the  familiar  names  in  the  old  House  the  Conservatives 
lost  Messrs.  Plante,  D'Auteuil,  Girard,  Lafontaine,  Pennington  and 
Bernard  and  the  Liberals  L.  Roy,  M.  J.  Walsh  and  T.  G.  Gaboury. 
The  Conservatives  rejoiced  in  the  victory  of  Colonel  C.  A.  Smart  in 
Westmount  and  in  Mr.  Gault's  Montreal  majority  of  1,159.  Mr. 
Tellier  had  the  small  majority  of  41  in  Joliette  and  Mr.  Prevost  car- 
ried Terrebonne  by  890.  Mr.  Devlin  won  in  Nicolet  by  308  and  in 
Temiscamingue  by  211.  In  Arthabasca  Mr.  Gilbert,  the  hope  and 
victor  of  the  Nationalists  in  1910  for  the  Ottawa  House  was  defeated 
by  370.  Mr.  E.  A.  Robert  was  elected  in  Beauharnois  by  61  majority. 

The  result  was  not  a  surprise  in  the  Province  and  the  press  com- 
ments were  of  a  party  nature.  Outside  opinion,  generally,  looked  upon 
it  as  involving  the  death  of  Nationalism;  Liberal  papers  described  it 
as  a  blow  at  the  Borden  Government  while  the  Conservative  press 
declared  that  the  Gouin  Government  had  won  because  it  disassociated 
itself  from  Federal  issues  and  Reciprocity.  In  November  L.  P. 
Geoffrion,  Clerk  of  the  Crown,  reported  that  479,523  names  had  been 
on  the  Electoral  lists — 63,721  more  than  in  1908 — and  291,366  valid 
ballots  were  cast.  There  were  six  recounts  and  Sir  Lomer  Gouin 
announced  in  November  that  he  would  sit  for  Portneuf  while  Mr. 
Devlin  decided  to  retain  his  Temiscamingue  seat.  At  a  Bye-election 
in  Vercheres  on  Oct.  16  J.  L.  Perron,  K.C.  (Lib.)  was  elected  by 
acclamation  in  place  of  A.  Geoffrion  who  went  on  the  Bench. 

The  ist  The  opening  of  the  new  Legislature  took  place  on 

session  of  the    Nov.  5  and  Sir  Francois  Langelier  in  his  Speech  from 

Wew  the  Throne  reviewed  the  work  of  the  Government  in 

respect  to  Education,  the  recent  opening  of  two  Normal 

Schools,    the    popularity    of     the    new    Commercial 

Academies,  and  the  steady  increase  in  teachers'  salaries;  mentioned 

the  holding  of  the  French-speaking  Congress  at  Quebec  and  hoped 

that  its  results  would  advance  the  solution  of  certain  Educational 


THE  FIRST  SESSION  OP  THE  NEW  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY    417 

problems;  referred  to  the  great  success  of  the  Child  Welfare  Exhibi- 
tion in  Montreal,  hoped  that  it  would  contribute  to  the  lessening  of 
infantile  mortality  and  promised  to  aid  in  making  its  conclusion  effec- 
tive ;  referred  to  the  appointment  of  a  Commission  to  inquire  into  the 
Liquor  Traffic  and  spoke  of  increasing  Colonization  in  the  Province; 
promised  the  opening  of  new  roads  into  the  Abitibi  region ;  mentioned 
the  completion  of  the  Agricultural  College  at  St.  Anne  de  la  Pocatiere 
and  the  popularity  of  House-keeping  schools  in  the  rural  districts; 
stated  that  the  Report  of  the  Commission  on  Running  Waters  was 
ready  and  that  the  work  of  creating  better  roads  was  being  actively 
pushed;  promised  a  measure  to  aid  in  providing  fire  protection  in 
small  municipalities  and  referred  to  the  new  portion -of  the  Province 
as  follows: 

The  wealth  of  our  forests,  mines  and  hunting  territories  in  southern 
Ungava  and  in  the  northern  sections  of  the  former  Province  of  Quebec 
is  often  threatened  through  the  imprudence  and  wilful  neglect  of  prospec- 
tors. The  Government  will  see  that  all  the  riches  of  that  region  are 
protected.  The  Government  intends  to  promote,  as  is  done  in  certain 
countries,  the  establishment  of  public  and  private  parks  where  game  and 
fur-bearing  animals  can  multiply. 

Mr.  Cyrille  F.  Delage  was  unanimously  re-elected  Speaker  of  the 
Assembly  and  the  Address  was  moved  by  Auguste  Tessier,  Rimouski, 
and  seconded  'by  N.  G.  Scott,  Compton.  In  the  short  debate  which 
followed  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  announced  a  change  in  the  Good  Roads 
Act.  The  existing  law  required  those  municipalities  which  wished 
to  take  advantage  of  the  Act  to  pay  half  the  interest  charge,  amounting 
to  two  per  cent,  the  Government  paying  the  Sinking  fund  and  the 
other  two  per  cent.  The  Premier  now  stated  that  the  House  would 
be  called  upon  to  authorize  the  Government  to  borrow  the  money 
directly,  as  this  could  be  done  on  better  terms  than  municipalities 
could  obtain,  and  the  latter  would  pay  the  two  per  cent,  to  the  Gov- 
ernment instead  of  to  the  private  financial  interests.  The  general 
policy  of  the  Government  was  reviewed  and  the  statement  made  that 
the  Butter  industry  alone  had  brought  the  fanners  of  Quebec 
$10,000,000  in  the  past  year.  Mr.  J.  M.  Tellier  declared  that  the 
Government  grants  to  Normal  Schools  were  too  small  and  that  the 
number  of  lots  granted  settlers  were  decreasing  every  year.  The 
Good  Roads  movement  would  have  been  more  practical  had  it  been 
placed  within  the  reach  of  all  the  tax-payers  on  the  North  shore  as 
well  as  on  the  South  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  As  to  the  Quebec 
License  Commission  Mr.  Tellier  said  that  every  time  the  Government 
had  a  difficult  question  to  settle  they  appointed  a  Commission  to  think 
for  them.  The  Address  then  passed.  The  Chairmen  of  Committees 
in  the  new  House  were  announced  as  follows : 

Public    Accounts. .  .Honor6  Mercler.  Legislation Sir  Lomer  Gouin. 

Agriculture    Hon.  J.  E.  Caron.  Permanent  Orders. .  J.  O.  Mousseau. 

Privileges  and  Blec-  Private  Bills Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mac- 

tions     J.  L.  Perron,  K.C.  kenzie. 

Industries Paul  Tourigny.  Railways Hon.  J.  C.  Kaine. 

27 


418  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

During  the  Session  which  followed  Compulsory  Education  formed  the 
topic  of  an  important  debate  while  this  proposal  and  Godfroy  Lang- 
lois'  persistent  agitation  for  the  lessening  of  Church  control  in  educa- 
tion stirred  up  a  certain  religious  element  in  the  Province.  During 
the  year  L' Action  S oriole,  the  Church  organ  in  the  Quebec  Arch- 
diocese, had  a  series  of  articles  attacking  "  reformers  who  more  or  less 
openly  desire  to  get  rid  of  the  Church  in  school  matters."  It  was 
claimed  that  these  politicians  were  constantly  trying  to  slip  some 
subtle  paragraph  into  legislation  in  order  to  open  the  door  for  more 
sweeping  changes  and,  in  an  editorial  (Nov.  6)  which  the  Premier 
quoted  in  the  House,  it  was  declared  that:  "The  Government  can 
count  on  finding  us  behind  it  when  it  resists  the  objurgations  of  those 
who  would  make  it  throw  aside  its  role  and  transform  itself  from 
the  benevolent  supporter  of  schools  into  the  odious  tyrant  of  con- 
sciences. And  the  reformers  will  find  us  ever  on  their  path  if  they 
dare  to  lift  up  their  voice  in  the  House." 

On  Nov.  13th  the  Premier  spoke  regarding  this  matter  with 
indignation,  described  the  article  as  written  by  Abbe  D' Amours  and 
as  being  one  of  a  series  published  during  the  Elections  which  were  as 
"malicious  as  they  were  calumnious"  (Montreal  Herald  report). 
For  the  honour  of  the  Legislature,  the  Liberal  Party  and  the  people 
he  felt  it  his  duty  to  denounce  them  even  though  written  by  a  Priest. 
"  I  belong  to  the  Catholic  Church.  It  is  the  Church  of  my  ancestors 
and  of  my  children  and  I  trust  -that  my  grand-children  will  hold  to 
the  same  faith  as  is  held  by  the  majority  of  this  House."  Mr. 
Lavergne  said  that  an  apparent  basis  for  these  articles  was  found  in 
the  alleged  system  of  instruction  at  the  School  of  Higher  Commer- 
cial Studies.  Was  that  institution  Neutral,  Catholic  or  Protestant? 
As  to  this  Sir  Lomer  afterwards  said  (Dec.  10)  that  the  affiliation  of 
the  School  with  Laval  would  some  day  take  place.  To  the  Premier's 
remarks  L' Action  Sociale  replied  with  a  vigorous  rejoinder  on  Nov. 
15th  and  charged  the  Premier  with  shirking  the  issue.  "  The  Radical 
group  in  the  Liberal  party  has  already  received  more  concessions  than 
are  desirable." 

There  was  some  important  legislation  during  the  Session.  In  the 
amendments  to  the  Good  Roads  Act  presented  by  Hon.  Mr.  Caron  the 
Provincial  Treasurer  was  authorized  to  contract  such  loans  as  might 
be  required  to  carry  out  the  purposes  of  the  Act  but  the  said  loans 
were  not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  $10,000,000,  at  a  rate  of  interest  of  not 
more  than  4^/2  per  cent.  The  Bill  provided  that  those  municipalities 
which  took  advantage  of  the  Act  should  pay  an  interest  charge  of  two 
per  cent,  on  the  sum  of  money  supplied  by  the  Government  but  that 
the  Provincial  Government  and  not  the  municipalities  would  borrow 
the  necessary  funds,  which  could  thus  be  done  under  better  condi- 
tions. The  usual  controversial  Montreal  legislation  was  presented, 
discussed,  amended  and  finally  passed.  The  most  important  Clause 
of  the  new  Bill  enlarged  the  powers  of  the  Board  of  Control  and 
alleviated  a  friction  between  that  body  and  the  Council  which  had 
sometimes  paralyzed  the  Civic  administration.  To  the  Premier  was 


THU  FIRST  SESSION  OF  THE  NEW  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY    419 

due,  chiefly,  the  merit  of  pressing  through  this  portion  of  the  Bill. 
Another  measure  subsidized  the  North  Railway  Company  for  building 
the  promised  Line  to  James  Bay : 

That  there  will  be  granted  to  the  North  Railway  Company,  in  lieu  of 
the  Subsidy,  granted  by  Sub-section  hh.  of  Section  1  of  the  Act  2,  George 
V.,  Chapter  5,  to  aid  it  to  build  a  railway  from  a  point  in  or  near  the  City 
of  Montreal  to  James  Bay,  a  subsidy  of  8,000  acres  of  land  per  mile,  not 
convertible  Into  money,  for  the  section  extending  from  Montreal  to  or 
near  the  837th  mile  west  of  Moncton  on  the  National  Transcontinental 
Railway  and  10,000  acres  of  land  per  mile,  not  convertible  into  money, 
for  the  section  from  the  said  point  on  the  National  Transcontinental  Rail- 
way to  a  port  on  James  Bay,  for  a  total  length  of  not  more  than  550  miles. 

The  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau,  in  presenting  the  Bill,  said  the  Company 
would  have  to  begin  building  within  six  months  and  he  believed  would 
do  it.  The  Company  were  granted  mines  and  minerals  on  one-fifth 
of  these  lands — to  be  selected  within  5  years  and  subject  to  25  per 
cent,  of  the  net  profits  of  working  being  payable  to  the  Government. 
Another  Government  measure  reduced  the  taxes  on  commercial  and 
industrial  Corporations  to  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  paid  up 
capital  plus  $30  (instead  of  $50)  for  each  office  or  place  of  business 
in  the  Cities  of  Montreal  and  Quebec  and  $15  (instead  of  $20)  for 
each  place  elsewhere  in  the  Province.  By  a  new  Act  the  Quebec 
Bureau  of  Statistics  was  established  to  collect  and  publish  informa- 
tion respecting  the  chief  interests  and  resources  of  the  Province;  the 
law  respecting  motor  vehicles  was  revised,  so  as  to  make  the  employer 
as  well  as  the  driver — if  the  former  was  in  the  vehicle — liable  to  con- 
viction for  any  infraction  of  the  law  and  a  clause  was  added  forbid- 
ding the  passing  of  a  street-car  when  the  latter  was  stationary;  the 
regulations  respecting  Moving  Pictures  were  amended  by  providing 
for  a  Board  of  Censors  to  examine  and  pass  upon  all  films  used  in  the 
Province ;  another  measure  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  Provin- 
cial Fire  Commission  which  was  empowered  to  hold  inquiry  into  every 
fire  which  had  destroyed  property  and  to  give  authority  to  Chiefs  of 
Fire  Departments  in  the  Cities  to  enter  and  deal  with  any  building 
which  was  assumed  to  be  dangerous. 

Considerable  discussion  took  place  over  the  long-term  franchises 
granted  by  the  Parish  of  St.  Laurent  and  the  infant  town  of  Mont 
Royal — the  future  creation  of  Canadian  Northern  Railway  work — to 
the  Montreal  Tramways  Company  and  the  Montreal  Public  Service 
Corporation.  The  Government  passed  a  measure  extending  the  powers 
of  the  Montreal  Juvenile  Court  over  neglected  or  ill-treated  or  vicious 
children  and  authorizing  it,  in  certain  conditions,  to  place  such  a 
child  in  an  Industrial  Home.  The  National  Hydro-Electric  Company 
obtained  certain  powers  with  the  provision  that  permission  of  munici- 
palities concerned  must  first  be  obtained  for  its  use  of  their  streets. 
Mr.  Devlin's  measure  amending  the  Game  laws  forbade  the  killing 
of  beaver  from  Apl.  1st,  1913,  to  Nov.  1,  1917.  Another  Bill  regu- 
lated the  Trust  Companies  which  were  increasing  greatly  in  number. 
Under  the  old  law  considerable  latitude  had  been  given  them  in  their 


420  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

charters,  but  by  the  new  Act  their  powers  were  largely  restricted  and 
they  were  also  made  subject  to  Government  supervision  and  inspection. 
Financial  interests  objected  but  the  Montreal  Board  of  Trade 
approved  the  measure  as  finally  passed.  The  Charter  of  the  St.  Jean 
Baptiste  Society  of  Montreal  was  changed  so  as  to  prefix  the  word 
"  National "  to  its  title  with  the  following  statement  of  aim :  "  The 
Union,  from  a  national  standpoint,  of  French-speaking  Canadians 
and  of  French-speaking  foreigners  who  are  naturalized  Canadians, 
or  are  considered  Canadians."  The  Premier  passed  a  measure  con- 
stituting Ungava  a  territory  of  the  Province  under  the  name  of  New 
Quebec ;  another  Bill  granted  additional  power  to  the  Commission  for 
the  Management  of  Running  Waters;  Mont  Royal  was  incorporated 
as  a  town.  The  Legislature  was  prorogued  on  Dec.  21st  after  passing 
188  Acts;  and  on  the  same  day  the  Members  of  the  Opposition  met 
and  presented  Mr.  Tellier  with  a  handsome  clock  and  various  eulogies 
of  his  work  for  the  Conservative  Party. 

The  Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mackenzie,  Provincial  Treasurer, 
Mr.  Macken-  na(j  the  rather  unusual  experience  of  delivering  two 
Bndfret™  Budget  Speeches  in  this  year  and  in  both  cases  with 

speeches  prosperity  as  a  self-evident  factor.     On  Jan.  25th  he 

of  IBIS  showed  Ordinary  Receipts  for  the  fiscal  year  ending 

June  30,  1911, "of  $7,032,744,  total  Expenditures  of 
$6,424,900  and  a  Surplus  of  $607,844;  the  expected  Receipts  for 
1911-12  were  $6,472,651  the  total  Expenditures  $6,308,424,  the  esti- 
mated Surplus  $164,227 ;  estimated  Receipts  for  the  succeeding 
year  were  $7,133,221,  Expenditures  $6,755,820  and  a  probable 
Surplus  of  $377,401;  stated  the  Assets  of  the  Province  as  having 
increased  by  $691,797  and  the  Liabilities  decreased  by  $65,089  leaving 
the  Net  Liabilities  as  $21,009,941;  described  the  Funded  Debt  of 
Quebec  as  $25,545,942  or  $115,292  less  than  on  June  30,  1910.  The 
financial  year  had  been  the  best  in  the  history  of  the  Province  and 
notice  had  been  given  of  the  intention  to  pay  off  the  1882  Loan  of 
which  $2,493,080  was  outstanding.  He 'made  the  following  compari- 
son of  Conservative  and  Liberal  financial  administration : 

The  total  net  deficit  of  the  Conservatives  from  30  June,  1892,  to  30th 
June,  1897,  was  $2,035,316  and  their  average  yearly  deficit  was  $339,219 
while  under  the  Liberals  from  30th  June,  1897,  to  30th  June,  1911,  the 
total  net  surplus  had  amounted  to  $3,908,864  and  the  average  yearly 
surplus  to  $279,204.  Under  the  Conservatives  on  17th  Dec.,  1891,  the 
excess  of  liabilities  over  assets  was  $16,468,470  or,  per  capita,  on  the  last 
preceding  Census  $11.06  and  on  June  30th,  1897,  the  excess  of  liabilities 
over  assets  had  risen  to  $24,394,691  or  per  capita  $16.38 — which  gave 
an  increase  of  $7,926,220,  or  a  per  capita  increase  of  $5.32;  while  under 
the  Liberals,  on  30th  June,  1911,  the  excess  of  liabilities  over  assets  had 
been  reduced  to  $21,009,941  and  the  per  capita  excess  to  $10.41  which 
gave  a  reduction  of  $3,384,749  in  the  one  and  of  $5.97  in  the  other. 

He  pointed  out  that  the  Receipts  had  nearly  doubled  since  1897— 
Licenses,  Succession  duties  and  Corporation  taxes  being  chiefly  respon- 
sible. The  expenditures  upon  Agriculture  and  Education  had 
increased  proportionably.  During  the  past  year  the  extraordinary 


MK.  MACKENZIE'S  Two  BUDGET  SPEECHES  OF  1912 

expenditures  upon  various  Public  Works  had  been  $298,065  leaving 
a  Net  Surplus  of  $607,644.  Upon  the  matter  of  Dominion  subsidies 
the  Treasurer  had  this  to  say :  "  The  Dominion  subsidy  to  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec,  based  on  population,  and  the  special  allowance  until 
the  30th  June,  1907,  were  annually  $959,252— the  Subsidy  being 
based  on  the  Census  of  1861.  Thanks  to  the  persistent  efforts  and  far- 
seeing  statesmanship  of  the  Prime  Minister,  in  leading  the  successful 
demand  made  by  the  Provinces  for  a  modification  and  readjustment 
of  the  British  North  America  Act,  from  the  30th  June,  1907,  when 
the  change  went  into  force,  this  Subsidy  and  Allowances  were 
increased  to  $1,559,118  or  an  augmentation  of  $599,865.  For  the 
next  ten  years  the  amount  would  be  $1,844,244  per  annum  or  an 
increase  of  $285,125  per  annum,  or  a  total  of  $884,991  more  than  was 
received  per  annum  prior  to  the  30th  June,  1907."  The  Treasurer 
dealt  with  various  matters  of  Government  policy ;  expressed  gratifica- 
tion that  the  new  Government  at  Ottawa  had  accepted  the  intention 
of  the  Laurier  Administration  and  allowed  the  Province  its  $250,000 
expenditure  on  the  collapsed  Quebec  Bridge;  stated  that  since  the 
restrictive  Pulp-wood  regulations  had  come  into  force  there  had  been 
a  marked  activity  in  the  lumber  and  pulp  business,  with  several  new 
pulp  and  paper  industries  created  by  the  expenditure  of  many  millions 
of  capital;  pointed  to  the  increase  in  Succession  duties  which  gave 
the  Province  in  1910-11  $1,072,027  and  to  the  License  returns  which 
gave  a  total  of  $938,664. 

As  to  the  latter :  "  It  does  not  appear  that  the  early  closing  law, 
which  came  into  force  on  1st  May,  1911,  has  effected  a  diminution  of 
the  revenue.  The  increase  has  taken  place  also  despite  the  fact  that 
the  number  of  municipalities  granting  licenses  are  being  diminished, 
and  the  number  of  licenses  are  decreasing.  Active  measures  have  been 
taken  during  the  whole  year  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  law  and 
to  bring  to  justice  all  offenders."  The  proposed  abolition  of  toll- 
gates  was  referred  to  and  the  Road  policy  of  the  Government  dealt 
with  at  length.  Mr.  Mackenzie  announced  that  the  revenue  derived 
from  Automobile  taxes  would  be  appropriated  towards  paying  pro 
tanto  the  Sinking  Fund  and  interest  on  the  loans  undertaken  by  the 
municipalities  and  guaranteed  by  the  Government  in  connection  with 
the  Good  Roads  Act.  Indirect  Liabilities  were  described  and  the 
items  may  be  summarized  as  follows :  Montreal  and  Western  Railway, 
$448,000 ;  Protestant  Hospital  for  Insane,  Montreal,  $325,000 ;  Beau- 
port  and  Longue  Pointe  Lunatic  Asylums,  $590,000;  Hull  Court 
House  debentures,  $72,500;  School  for  Higher  Commercial  Studies,. 
$500,000;  Montreal  Technical  School,  $775,000;  Quebec  Technical 
School,  $300,000 ;  City  of  Three  Rivers,  $400,000.  "  With  regard  to 
most  of  the  institutions  mentioned  the  Government  holds  a  first  mort- 
gage on  the  properties  as  security  for  the  guarantee  given."  The 
debate  on  the  Budget  was  brief.  Mr.  J.  M.  Tellier,  Oppo- 
sition Leader,  claimed  that  Subsidies  to  Railways  were  not 
included  in  the  Liabilities  and  yet  in  the  Public  Accounts  were 
entered  as  being  now  payable  by  the  Province.  Neither  did  they  con- 


422 

tain  the  sums  borrowed  for  the  construction  of  the  Technical  Schools 
at  Montreal  and  Quebec  and  the  School  of  Higher  Commercial  Studies. 
With  these  sums  deducted  the  Liabilities  had  only  been  reduced  by 
$39,874  since  1897.  Nevertheless  the  Liberal  party  had  had  at  its 
disposition  in  order  to  obtain  this  pitiful  result  resources  of  revenue 
which  the  Conservative  Governments  never  knew,  namely:  Direct 
taxes  $1,500,000  more  than  their  predecessors ;  Federal  subsidy  $600,- 
000  more  annually;  sale  of  timber  limits  $2,361,378.  Messrs.  Prevost, 
Bourassa  and  Taschereau  also  spoke.  On  Mch.  22nd  an  Opposition 
Eesolution  censuring  the  Government  for  extravagance  in  respect  to 
the  construction  of  the  Commercial  Studies  and  Technical  Schools 
was  rejected  by  38  to  10  and,  on  Apl.  1st,  another  long  Resolution 
was  moved  and  rejected  by  37  to  12  of  which  the  following  was  the 
chief  clause : 

Whereas  the  excess  of  the  Liabilities  over  the  Assets  would  not  be 
merely  $21,009,941  but  would  be  much  higher  if  the  Treasurer  included 
among  the  direct  liabilities  of  the  Province  what  is  really  owing  for  sub- 
sidies to  different  Railway  Companies,  as  well  as  the  amount  of  $1,775,000 
borrowed  for  the  construction  of  the  Quebec  Technical  School,  the  Mont- 
real Technical  School  and  the  School  of  Higher  Commercial  Studies:  This 
House  deems  it  its  duty  to  protest  against  the  methods  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  requests  it  to  insert  under  the  head  of  Inabilities  all  that  the 
Province  really  owes,  in  order  that  the  public  may  be  properly  informed 
and  that  the  taxpayers  may  not  be  led  into  error  regarding  the  true  situa- 
tion of  the  public  finances. 

On  July  1st  and  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec  the  maturing  debentures  of  a  Loan  were  duly  extinguished 
from  the  available  sources  of  the  Provincial  revenue — the  balance  of 
the  1882,  5  per  cent.,  Loan  of  the  Chapleau  Government.  Meantime 
in  the  House  on  Feb.  9  Mr.  Mackenzie  stated,  in  answer  to  a  question, 
that  the  direct  taxes  and  contributions  paid  by  Montreal  were  $2,507,- 
536  and  by  the  rest  of  the  Province  $1,013,351;  and  on  May  5  the 
Province  won  a  Succession  duty  case  in  the  Superior  Court  against 
the  estate  of  the  late  Sir  R,  G.  Reid  which  added  $100,000  to  the 
revenue — the  question  turning  upon  the  fact  of  certain  bonds,  etc., 
being  situated  or  payable  in  the  Province.  In  his  second  Budget 
speech — new  Legislature,  Nov.  18 — Mr.  Mackenzie  was  able  to  point 
to  a  buoyant  and  increasing  revenue  and  to  a  further  reduction  in  the 
Provincial  Debt.  Reference  was  first  made  to  the  disturbing  and 
depressing  influence  of  the  Balkan  War  upon  the  price  of  high-class 
securities  and  upon  general  financial  conditions.  "  Under  these 
unfavourable  conditions,  it  was  fortunate  indeed  that  this  Govern- 
ment was  not  obliged  to  place  on  the  market  any  of  the  loans  it  had 
been  authorized  to  make  and  that  the  resources  of  the  revenue  from 
accumulated  surpluses  were  sufficient,  at  the  time,  to  enable  it  to  meet 
and  to  pay  in  cash  on  the  first  of  July  last  the  balance  of  the  loan  of 
1882,  viz.,  $2,405,580." 

The  Ordinary  Receipts  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1912,  were 
then  stated  at  $8,070,109,  the  Ordinary  Expenditures  at  $7,022,796 
and  the  Surplus  at  $1,047,312;  the  extraordinary  expenditure  was, 


MR.  MACKENZIE'S  Two  BUDGET  SPEECHES  OF  1912 


423 


however,  $363,883  leaving  a  net  Surplus  of  $683,428.  The  Treasurer 
stated  that  on  June  30,  1912,  the  excess  of  Liabilities  over  Assets  was 
$19,885,069  or  a  decrease  from  the  previous  year1  of  $1,124,872;  that 
the  outstanding  Funded  Debt  was  $25,341,157  or  a  reduction  of 
$204,834;  that  the  Surplus  of  Assets  over  the  unfunded  Debt  was 
$4,284,712  or  $885,298  better  than  last  year  and  included  Cash  in 
Banks  of  $3,000,619 ;  that  the  estimated  Ordinary  Keceipts  for  1913-14 
were  $7,403,211  and  the  combined  Ordinary  and  Extraordinary 
expenditures  $7,046,642  or  an  estimated  net  Surplus  of  $356,563. 

As  to  details  Mr.  Mackenzie  reported  an  increase  of  $586,678  in 
Succession  duties  over  his  estimates  and  a  similar  increase  of  $248,458 
in  Lands  and  Forests  revenue.  A  small  increase  in  License  fees  was 
announced  despite  the  spread  of  the  Temperance  movement,  the 
refusal  of  many  municipalities  to  allow  licenses  to  be  issued,  the 
increased  severity  in  the  administration  of  the  law,  and  the  repressive 
efforts  generally  throughout  the  Province  in  response  to  the  heavy 
demands  made  on  the  Government  by  religious  and  civil  authorities. 
The  matter  of  British  Trustee  investments  in  Provincial  stocks  or 
debentures  was  dealt  with  at  length.  The  inscribed  stocks  of  the 
Provinces  of  Canada  were  eligible  for  registration  under  the  Colonial 
Stock  Act  of  1877,  and  amending  Acts;  but  in  view  of  the  uncertainty 
that  had  arisen  as  to  the  true  definition  of  the  word  "  Colony  "  and 
some  recent  rulings  of  the  British  Courts,  it  seemed  clear  that  the 
Canadian  Provinces  were  not  regarded  in  law  as  Colonies  or  Depend- 
encies and  executors  or  trustees  could  not  therefore  invest  in  their 
stocks — even  when  specifically  authorized  to  invest  in  the  stocks  of 
any  British  colony  or  dependency.  The  subject  was  of  special 
importance  at  this  time  when  the  new  British  Insurance  Act  involved 
an  investment  of  money  running,  possibly,  as  high  as  £20,000,000. 
The  estimated  Eeceipts  for  1913-14  were  $7,403,211  and  Expenditures 
$7,054,276.  The  following  table  gives  (1)  the  chief  items  in  the 
Provincial  Receipts  during  five  years  and  (2)  the  chief  Expenditures 
in  the  same  period : 


Receipts. 
Dominion  of  Canada. 
Lands  and   Forests  .  . 
Fisheries  and  Game. 

1907-08. 
$1,866,697 
1,109,199 
99,506 
893,022 

1908-09. 
$1,813,039 
1,041,226 
99,792 
876,553 

1909-10. 
$1,781,972 
1,150,747 
110,345 
871,448 

1910-11. 
$1,761,473 
1,229,928 
107,803 
983,664 

1911-12. 
$2,053,176 
1,658,457 
116,080 
903,737 

Taxes  on  Commercial 
Corporations,    etc.  . 
Duties  on  Successions. 
Cash  on  hand  at  1st 
July  of  each  year. 

565,591 
620,916 

706,187 

653,341 
634,445 

1,693,235 

688,152 
838,334 

1,746,771 

712,118 
1,072,027 

2,224,377 

776,642 
1,226,678 

2,532,186 

Expenditures. 

Public    Debt. 

Legislation    . 

Civil    Government. . . . 
Administration         of 

Justice    

Public        Instruction 

(including      Night 

Schools)     

Agriculture 

Colonization    

Public      Works      and 

Buildings     

Lunatic  Asylums. . . . 
Lands  and  Forests.. 


1907-08. 

$1,257,859 

299,031 

337,642 

700,387 


1908-09. 

$1,198,115 

340,960 

353,715 

793,547 


1909-10. 

$1,125,129 

328,772 

408,184 

805,880 


1910-11. 

$1,123,021 

349,457 

447,696 


1911-12. 

$1,131,991 

445,256 

491,967 


834,642  892,926 


561,960 
228,210 
146,000 

737,600 
286,026 
221,000 

783,592 
317,300 
176,000 

969,390 
400,247 
221,786 

1,177,233 
883,664 
234,272 

206,160 
431,062 
263,758 

240,492 
438,325 
272,532 

323,927 
468,325 
273,150 

454,923 
525,330 
289,275 

556,095 
515,025 
316,465 

424  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  C.  Ernest  Gault  was  the  first  Opposition  critic  of  the  Budget 
and  laid  special  stress  upon  the  matter  described  in  the  following 
Resolution — which  was  beaten  by  47  to  15 :  "  In  consenting  to  vote 
the  subsidies  to  His  Majesty,  this  House  regrets  that  the  Government 
has  since  April  3,  1912,  issued  special  warrants  for  the  sum  of 
$696,970  and  spent,  without  the  authorization  of  Parliament,  the  sum 
of  $670,002."  Mr.  Tellier's  chief  point  was  as  follows :  "  The  Prime 
Minister  and  his  followers,  when  in  Opposition,  considered  that  it  was 
criminal  and  odious  to  raise  nearly  half  a  million  dollars  of  taxes  on 
Commercial  corporations,  Municipalities  and  Successions  while  to-day 
they  realize  $776,542  on  Commercial  corporations;  $1,226,678  on 
Successions;  $49,026  on  Automobiles;  $19,719  on  Insurance  com- 
panies ;  $68,845  on  Municipal  and  other  bonds  and  $216,803  on  Regis- 
tration Acts."  Hon.  L.  A.  Teschereau  and  Hon.  C.  R.  Devlin  defended 
the  Government's  position. 

This  important  gathering — the  first  of  its  kind  in 
rwnch       America — was  held  in  the  City  of  Quebec  during  the 

week  of  June  24tn  ^k  about  1'000  Delegates  in  attend- 
msat  ance  fr<>m  all  over  Canada  and  from  many  parts  of  the 

Qu»b«c  United  States — wherever,  in  fact,  the  French  language 

was  spoken  on  the  Continent.  France,  or  the  French 
Academy,  sent  a  special  Delegate  in  the  person  of  M.  Etienne  Lamy, 
the  historian;  Louisiana,  the  home  of  expatriated  Acadians,  sent  a 
large  representation ;  the  original  Acadie  and  present  Nova  Scotia,  the 
French  of  Western  Canada  and  of  Northern  and  Eastern  Ontario,  were 
well  represented.  The  Congress  had  been  called  to  study  questions 
relating  to  the  preservation,  the  defence,  and  the  culture  of  the  French 
language  in  Canada  and  in  French  centres  of  the  United  States  and 
also  to  study  new  questions  arising  out  of  local  conditions  surrounding 
the  language  and  to  take  note  of  the  development  of  French-Canadian 
literature. 

It  was  stated  in  the  formal  description  of  objects,  etc.,  that  the 
English  of  the  Province  of  Quebec  were  enlarging  the  programme  of 
the  study  of  French  in  all  their  schools  so  that  it  behooved  French- 
Canadians  to  find  out  how  it  was  being  taught  in  their  own  schools, 
how  it  was  cultivated  at  the  family  fireside,  and  in  society.  French- 
Canadians  in  Quebec  were,  in  this  respect,  said  to  be  the  guardians 
of  the  rights  of  New  France,  heirs  to  its  traditions,  custodians  of  a 
national  heritage.  Acadians  were  described  as  people  of  sorrow,  whom 
neither  isolation  nor  persecution  could  destroy  and  who  preserved  in 
misfortune  their  faith  and  their  language.  The  French-Canadians 
of  Ontario  were  peaceful  conquerors  who  fought  with  courage  for  their 
rights  and  who  must  encounter  still  greater  difficulties.  .The  French- 
Canadians  of  Manitoba  and  the  West  were  pioneers  of  French  culture 
who  had  endowed  a  new  land  with  the  blessings  of  an  old  language. 
The  French-Canadians  and  Acadians  of  the  United  States  were  emi- 
grants who  remained  faithful  to  the  language  of  their  forefathers.  To 
all  of  them,  the  Congress  should,  therefore,  appeal. 


THE  FRENCH  LANGUAGE  CONGRESS  OF  1912  AT  QUEBEC      425 

The  Hon.  Presidents  of  the  Congress  were  Mgr.  Begin,  Archbishop 
of  Quebec;  Mgr.  Bruchesi,  Archbishop  of  Montreal;  Mgr.  Langevin, 
Archbishop  of  St.  Boniface ;  Mgr.  Gauthier,  Archbishop  of  Kingston ; 
Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Sir  Francois  Langelier,  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  and 
the  Rector  of  Laval  University.  The  Hon.  Vice-Presidents  included 
the  French-Canadian  members  of  various  Provincial  Cabinets  in  Can- 
ada— Messrs.  Reaume,  Landry,  Turgeon  and  Gallant — P.  E.  Lessard, 
M.L.A.,  of  Edmonton,  Sir  A.  B.  Routhier,  the  Governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  IT.  S.,  and  others.  Mgr.  Paul  Eugene  Roy  of  Quebec  pre- 
sided and  the  Vice-Presidents  were  Hon.  N.  A.  Belcourt,  Ottawa,  Hon. 
Thomas  Chapais,  Quebec,  and  Hon.  P.  A.  Landry,  St.  John.  The 
Congress  was  divided  into  three  Sections — Scientific,  Pedagogical  and 
Literary;  it  met  in  Laval  University  and  a  multitude  of  papers  upon 
most  varied  subjects  were  read;  in  the  evenings  public  meetings  were 
held  at  which  popular  and  current  topics  were  dealt  with  by  various 
prominent  FrenchJCanadians.  The  Congress  was  opened  in  the  Drill- 
hall,  Quebec,  on  June  24  with  about  3,000  people  present.  The 
decorations  were  profuse  and  about  the  Hall  were  many  mottoes  such 
as  "The  language  is  the  soul  of  a  nation";  "Language  should  be 
considered  one  of  the  most  sacred  privileges  of  a  people  " ;  "  England 
our  Faith,  France  our  heart " ;  "  The  sincere  expression  of  loyalty  is 
sincere  in  all  languages."  On  the  platform  were  the  Papal  Delegate, 
Mgr.  Stagni,  Archbishops  Langevin,  Bruchesi  and  B6gin  and  a  dozen 
Bishops  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ;  Sir  Francois  Langelier,  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor,  represented,  also,  the  Governor-General;  while  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier  and  the  Quebec  Premier  were  also  present. 

Mgr.  Roy  opened  the  Congress  in  the  name  of  3,000,000  French- 
Canadians  and  read  messages  from  Frenchmen  and  French-Canadians 
in  many  countries.  To  the  gathering  he  made  the  statement  that 
"  this  Congress  is  the  expression  of  our  national  conscience. 
We  are  acclaiming  the  indestructible  will  of  a  race  which  wishes  to 
live."  Sir  F.  Langelier,  Mgr.  Stagni,  Mgr.  Begin,  C.  E.  Bonin, 
French  Consul-General,  spoke  and  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  welcomed  the 
Delegates  to  the  Province.  The  Premier  spoke  highly  of  the  services 
rendered  by  the  French  clergy  to  the  people  of  Quebec  and  said  that 
the  latter  had  no  better  friends.  Although  the  French-Canadians  of 
Quebec  had,  many  of  them,  learnt  English,  yet  they  had  in  no  case 
forgotten  their  own  tongue.  Archbishop  Langevin  of  St.  Boniface, 
Man.,  made  a  vigorous  speech.  The  3,000,000  French-Canadians  of 
the  Continent  should,  he  declared,  form  a  great  union  for  the  protec- 
tion of  their  common  rights  and  common  religion.  "This  Union 
would  be  no  menace  to  the  people  of  the  other  races.  Let  them  do 
similarly  if  they  so  wish.  But  the  best  way  to  have  peace  is  to  be 
prepared  for  war,  and  if  other  excuse  is  needed  we  all  belong  to  the 
Church  millitant."  As  to  which  last  point  he  added,  at  the  conclusion 
of  his  address,  "if  we  have  remained  French  it  is  because  we  have 
remained  Catholic.  It  is  by  guarding  our  religion  that  we  guard  our 
race."  Of  the  French-Canadians  in  Ontario  His  Grace  said,  accord- 
ing to  the  Montreal  Herald  report:  "They  have  nothing  to  discuss, 


426  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

nothing  to  plead;  they  are  simply  men  who  guard  their  rights  and 
who  say  with  a  pride  truly  French  and  a  determination  truly  British : 
'  What  we  have  we'll  hold.' r"  French-Canadians  were  at  home  in 
Canada  "wherever  the  British  flag  carries  in  its  folds  our  sacred 
rights  and  the  traces  of  our  blood.  We  swear  to  it  faith  and  fidelity; 
but  we  demand  in  return  the  protection  of  our  liberties." 

On  the  next  day  cablegrams  were  sent  to  H.M.  the  King,  to  His 
Holiness  the  Pope ;  and  to  the  French  Academy  at  Paris  as  "  the 
secular  guardian  of  the  speech  of  our  Fathers."  To  the  King  it  was 
stated  that:  "Assembled  at  Quebec  the  members  of  the  first  Congress 
of  the  French  Language  in  Canada  are  happy  to  offer  to  His  Majesty 
the  homage  of  their  respectful  attachments  to  his  person  and  of  the 
undying  loyalty  which  every  subject  of  the  French  language  in  Canada 
guarantees  toward  the  British  Crown."  To  the  Pope  was  expressed 
"filial  submission  to  his  Apostolic  authority."  No  direct  message 
was  sent  to  the  French  Republic.  Following  this  came  a  ceremony  in 
which  M.  Etienne  Lamy,  Abbe  Tellier  de  Ponceville  and  Gustave 
Zidler,  the  Poet,  were  given  the  Hon.  degree  of  Doctor  of  Literature 
at  Laval.  There  were  several  important  addresses  during  this  day. 
In  his  speech  Sir  Joseph  Du-buc  said :  "  The  French  language  is,  with 
the  Catholic  religion  and  the  love  of  our  country,  the  most  sacred  heri- 
tage which  we  have  received  from  our  forefathers.  To  conserve  our 
Mother-tongue  is  for  us  a  question  of  to  be,  or  not  to  be,  nationally 
distinct.  Nevertheless  we  are  loyal.  I  am  happy  to  be  the  inter- 
preter of  the  feelings  of  my  compatriots  in  saying  that  the  French- 
Canadians  are  as  much  attached  to  the  British  flag  as  were  their 
fathers  who  defended  it  against  the  revolt  of  New  England." 

Dr.  Reaume,  of  Ontario,  urged  the  teaching  of  French  to  all  their 
children;  Abb6  Quinn  made  an  Irish  speech,  although  brought  up  as 
a  French-Canadian,  and  urged  Irishmen  in  Quebec  to  be  more  just 
to  the  Catholics  of  French  origin;  M.  Lamy  paid  a  most  eloquent 
tribute  to  Canada  as  separated  from  France  before  France  was  separ- 
ated from  her  past — "Thou,  that  hast  cherished  the  abundance  of 
our  ancestral  traditions ;  Canada,  land  of  constancy  that  hast  strength- 
ened the  wisdom  of  thy  customs  and  thy  laws  on  thy  Catholic  faith  " — 
and,  at  the  same  time,  he  urged  the  practical,  intellectual,  business 
and  Imperial  value  of  being  a  bi-lingual  nation;  Abb6  Groulx,  of 
Valleyfield  College,  treated  the  traditions  of  Trench  literature  in  Can- 
ada. "  Let  French-Canadians,"  he  said,  "  keep  their  distinctive  spirit 
to  make  it  a  living  factor  in  the  works  of  the  future,  with  the  virtues 
of  their  faith  and  the  value  of  their  tongue.  Then  their  brothers  of 
France  would  testify  that  they  remained  always  the  sentinel  of  France, 
that  the  country  they  had  failed  to  aid  a  century  and  a  half  ago  still 
stood  weapon  in  arm  on  the  old  Rock  of  Quebec  ever  ready  to  launch, 
without  desertion  and  without  weariness,  the  cry  of  the  watchman 
'France  herself  is  here/"  Sir  A.  B.  Routhier,  as  the  author  of 
"  0  Canada,"  received  an  ovation  from  the  Congress. 

Senator  Paschal  Poirier  from  New  Brunswick  introduced  a  dif- 
ferent note  into  his  speech  on  the  26th — one  of  criticism  and  alarm. 


"  Our  influence  in  the  high  councils  of  Parliament,"  he  said,  "  is  not 
what  it  was.  In  the  public  domain  we  have  stupidly  allowed  the 
strangers  who  have  been  pouring  into  the  country  to  take  away  from 
us  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  our  own  Manitoba,  without  being  aware 
of  what  was  taking  place  until  it  was  too  late.  The  best  places,  the 
most  important  positions,  have  been  taken  away  from  us.  Who  are 
the  men  who  are  carrying  away  the  honours  in  science  and  literature  ? 
They  are  the  graduates  of  the  Protestant  Schools  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  In  the  domain  of  literature  the  old  names  are  not  being 
replaced  though  they  can  never  be  surpassed.  In  the  domain  of  science 
it  is  the  same."  Senator  Belcourt  followed  in  an  important  and  vig- 
orous speech  and  urged  the  appointment  of  a  permanent  Committee 
to  advise  on  financial  and  other  steps  and  to  help  maintain  the  French 
tongue  in  Ontario. 

Archbishop  Bruchesi  declared  that  a  patois  did  not  exist  in  Mont- 
real. Anglicisms  and  slang  should,  however,  be  eliminated  from  the 
language  wherever  used.  "We  never  think  of  imposing  our  tongue 
on  any  one  but  we  preserve  it  as  a  natural  right  by  the  constitution 
which  governs  us  and  which  guarantees  its  usage.  The  British  flag 
protects  it  as  it  protects  our  religion,  our  churches  and  our  priests. 
Long  live  the  British  flag,  but  long  live,  too,  the  French  language." 
On  June  27  Mgr.  0.  E.  Mathieu,  C.M.G.,  Bishop  of  Regina,  suggested 
that  not  only  should  the  French-Canadians  of  the  Province  of  Quebec 
or  the  United  States  be  directed  towards  Western  Canada,  but  also 
that  the  latter  be  grouped  in  French  centres  so  as  to  allow  of  their 
tongue  and  faith  being  preserved,  and  to  avoid  danger  from  their  prox- 
imity to  other  religions  and  nationalities. 

On  the  28th  Henri  Bourassa  arrived  from  Europe,  entered  the 
Congress  amidst  spectacular  conditions,  knelt  to  various  ecclesiastics 
on  the  platform  and  then  delivered  one  of  his  typical  speeches.  It 
was  a  frank  and  eloquent  plea  for  the  propagation  of  the  language 
throughout  Canada  based  (1)  upon  its  necessity  as  a  preservative 
of  the  race,  and  (2)  its  value  in  maintaining  Canada  apart  from  the 
United  States.  As  to  the  latter  point  he  was  emphatic:  "The  main- 
tenance and  propagation  of  the  French  language  in  every  Province 
of  Canada  is  the  sole  means  by  which  the  Confederation  can  be  pre- 
served or  the  people  protected  from  the  evil  influence,  moral  and 
political,  of  Americanism.  The  Confederation  will  not  remain  except 
in  the  measure  that  the  equality  of  language  and  race  is  recognized. 
...  At  present  the  French-Canadians  love  British  institutions, 
but  the  moment  you  destroy  their  identity  by  destroying  their  lan- 
guage, the  majority  will  rather  throw  in  their  lot  with  the  million 
and  a  half  French-Canadians  in  the  United  States  than  remain  under 
British  government."* 

A  stormy  incident  occurred  on  June  29th  when  Paul  Leduc  and 
Senator  P.  A.  Choquette  endeavoured  to  present  a  long  Resolution 
denouncing  Bishop  Fallon  of  London,  Ont.,  for  an  alleged  order  to 
the  Priests  of  his  Diocese  forbidding  their  attendance  at  the  Congress. 

*  NOTE. — Montreal  Herald  report,  June  29th. 


428  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Neither  the  President  nor  the  €ongress  would  allow  the  motion  to  be 
put  nor  would  the  Delegates  hear  the  Senator  speak  to  it.  A  similar 
result  followed  Mr.  Choquette's  effort  to  add  the  names  of  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  Government  and  the  City  of  Quebec  to  the  Permanent 
Committee.  The  Congress  saw  a  possible  introduction  of  politics  and 
voted  the  suggestion  down  unanimously.  The  recommendations  of 
various  Committees  were  endorsed  (1)  as  to  the  encouragement  of 
national  French  language  Associations  in  preference  to  any  others; 
(2)  the  celebration  of  St.  Jean  Baptiste  Day  in  every  French-Cana- 
dian centre;  (3)  the  union  of  all  the  French  Associations  of  America; 
(4)  banning  the  publication  of  improper  photographic  literature; 
•(5)  urging  the  encouragement  of  the  study  of  Canadian  history  and 
publication  of  books  on  the  subject;  and  (6)  approving  the  creation 
of  a  Permanent  Committee  of  the  Congress. 

Other  incidents  of  the  Congress  included  a  report  that  the 
Lavergne  law,  enforcing  the  printing  of  Railway  tickets,  etc.,  in  both 
languages,  was  working  satisfactorily ;  the  brilliant  illuminations  and 
decorations  of  the  building  and  City  in  honour  of  the  event;  the 
large,  fashionable,  and  deeply-interested  character  of  the  audiences; 
the  applause  given  at  the  opening  of  each  meeting  by  an  up-springing 
throng  to  the  air  of  "  God  Save  the  King  " ;  the  appreciation  shown 
to  poetry  and  poetic  quotations  and  the  length  of  the  Essays  read  to 
really  attentive  audiences  upon  an  infinite-  variety  of  questions. 
Amongst  these  subjects  were  the  traditions  of  French  literature  in 
Canada;  the  economic  and  political  situation  of  French-Canadians 
in  the  United  States;  the  exercise  of  the  recognized  rights  of  the 
French  language  in  Canada;  the  French  of  Louisiana;  the  position 
of  the  Acadians;  the  Catholic  Church  and  problems  of  the  national 
language;  the  mission  of  the  French  language  in  the  United  States; 
the  French  language  and  the  future  of  the  race ;  the  French  language 
in  Ontario;  the  language  as  the  guardian  of  faith,  traditions,  and 
nationality,  and  so  on.  A  Permanent  Committee  was  appointed  repre- 
senting in  equal  proportions  Canada,  New  England  and  Louisiana. 
The  following  were  the  Canadians:  Hon.  A.  E.  Arsenault,  Summer- 
side;  Eev.  A.  F.  Auclair,  O.M.I.,  Duck  Lake,  Sask. ;  M.  l'Abb6  Elie 
Auclair,  Dr.  G.  H.  Basil  and  Edouard  Montpetit  of  Montreal;  Hon. 
N.  A.  Belcourt,  C.  S.  0.  Boudreault  and  Rev.  Charles  Charlebois, 
O.M.I.,  of  Ottawa;  Hon.  Thomas  Chapais,  M.L.C.,  Amedee  Denault, 
M.  1'Abbe  P.  J.  Fillion,  J.  E.  Prince,  Adjutor  Rivard,  Mgr.  P.  E.  Roy, 
M.  1'Abbe  Camille  Roy,  of  Quebec;  M.  1'Abbe  Emile  Chartier,  St. 
Hyacinthe;  M.  1'Abbe  Emile  Cloutier,  Three  Rivers;  Sir  Joseph 
Dubuc,  Winnipeg;  Lavin  Girroir,  Antigonish,  N.S. ;  Dr.  Fortunat 
Lachance,  St.  Boniface,  Man.;  Hon.  P.  A.  Landry  and  Hon.  A.  D, 
Richard,  Dorchester,  N.B. ;  M.  1'Abbe  J.  A.  Ouellette,  Edmonton,. 
Alta. ;  Hon.  L.  A.  Prud'homme,  St.  Boniface,  Man.;  Hon.  J.  0. 
Reaume,  Toronto;  Hon.  W.  F.  A.  Turgeon,  Regina,  Sask. 

The  Congress  adjourned  on  June  29th  after  passing  various  Reso- 
lutions emphasizing  the  rights  of  French-Canadians  to  their  Mother 
tongue.  One  of  these  stated  that  when  Canada  was  ceded  te  Eng- 


EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  AND  TEMPERANCE  MATTERS         429: 

land  in  1763  French- Canadians  were  a  distinct  nationality;  that  in 
1867  the  positive  right  of  language  equality  was  secured  for  all  the 
Provinces  and  also  of  other  Provinces  to  be  formed  ;  and  that  to  attack 
this  right  was  to  violate  the  spirit  of  the  Constitution.  "  The  names 
of  the  most  valiant  apostles  and  defenders  of  our  language  in  this 
country  should  be  piously  preserved  and  a  Committee  of  men  versed 
in  the  law  should  be  appointed  to  watch  legislation  touching  the  rights 
of  language."  As  to  Bi-lingual  education  the  Congress  expressed 
itself  clearly.  It  declared  that  "  Bi-lingual  teaching  should  be  con- 
sidered everywhere  as  an  element  of  superiority  in  our  system  of 
instruction  " ;  that  as  "  Canada  is  an  Anglo-French  Confederation,  in 
which  the  two  languages  have  equal  rights  in  the  Federal  constitution, 
numerous  advantages  must  result  from  the  cultivation  of  the  two 
official  languages  of  the  country  " ;  that  it  was  necessary  for  one  of 
the  two  races  to  learn  the  other's,  language  in  order  to  facilitate  rela- 
tions between  compatriots  of  different  nationality ;  that  wherever  suffi- 
ciently important  groups  of  French-Canadians  or  Acadians  are  found 
authority  should  be  given  for  the  organization  of  Bi-lingual  Schools 
on  a  rational  plan — "  the  foundation  of  the  system  to  be  knowledge  of 
the  French  language  which  should  be  the  medium  for  teaching  the 
different  subjects  of  the  syllabus  " ;  that  a  Bi-lingual  Normal  school 
should  be  established,  if  possible,  in  each  Province ;  that  the  French- 
Canadians  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  "  should  not  be  content  with 
half-an-hour  of  French  in  the  Schools  but  see  that  a  Primary  course 
in  French  be  also  given  " ;  that  the  French  press  o*f  America  should 
"  protest  against  the  reduction  of  French  in  the  primary  schools  of 
Ontario  and  against  the  double  inspection  by  English  and  French- 
Canadian  inspectors/' 

One  of  the  most  important  subjects  in  connection 
Education  with  Quebec  is  that  of  Education.  Bound  up  with  it 
in  Quebec:  are  fae  inevitable  questions  of  Church  and  State,  race 
M^Tters^nd  an^  religion.  There  has  been  and  is  a  tendency  on  the 
the  License  one  side  to  deprecate  conditions  and  a  system  which  are 
commission  largely  controlled  and  guided  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church;  on  the  other  there  is  the  natural  contention  that  the  system 
suits  the  needs  and  requirements  and  highest  welfare  of  the  people. 
The  Gouin  Government  had,  meantime,  been  steadily  increasing  its 
grants  to  Education  and  promoting  progress  in  every  immediately 
practical  direction.  Speaking  in  the  House  on  Nov.  27  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin  proclaimed  his  belief  that  the  existing  system  was  superior  to 
that  of  any  other  Province  and  adduced  various  figures  to  prove  the 
contention.  Quebec's  population  in  1911  was  2,002,712  and  the  num- 
ber of  children  inscribed  in  the  schools  was  385,057,  or  19  per  cent. ; 
Ontario's  population  was,  in  1911,  2,523,274  and  the  number  of  chil- 
dren inscribed  in  the  schools  was  459,145,  or  18  per  cent.  As  to 
average  School  attendance  his  comparison  showed  Saskatchewan  43  '06 
per  cent,  in  rural  schools;  Ontario  60-84  per  cent,  in  all  schools; 
Nova  Scotia,  64-03  per  cent.;  New  Brunswick  69-34  per  cent.; 
British  Columbia  71-27  per  cent,  in  all  schools.  In  Quebec  73-82 


430  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

per  cent,  were  in  Elementary  Schools,  81  -85  per  cent,  in  Model 
Schools,  84-82  per  cent,  in  Academies,  or  an  average  of  77 -53  per 
cent,  in  all  schools. 

From  the  Protestant  standpoint  the  Toronto  Globe  of  Feb.  24 
had  a  most  pessimistic  review  of  conditions  by  its  Special  correspond- 
ent in  Montreal  dealing  with  what  was  described  as  the  necessity  for 
compulsory  education  and  uniform  text-books,  Normal  School  and 
non-clerical  certificates  for  teachers,  and  the  creation  of  a  better 
primary  system.  This  was,  also,  the  view  of  Godfrey  Langlois,  M.L.A., 
the  representative  of  a  small  minority  in  his  own  faith  and  party  but 
a  vigorous,  outstanding  advocate  of  what  he  considered  necessary 
reforms.  His  paper  Le  Pays  advocated  these  opinions  though  in  a 
sometimes  guarded  manner  and,  on  June  9th,  a  Mandement  was  read 
in  the  churches  of  Montreal  from  Archbishop  Bruchesi  warning  the 
people  against  the  religious  and  educational  views  of  this  journal 
and  stating  that  if  its  tone  was  not  completely  changed  he  would  have 
to  take  the  strongest  measures.  On  the  16th  M.  Langlois  replied  by 
reiterating  his  intention  to  fight  for  his  views : 

Le  Pays  affirms  In  the  most  categorical  manner  that  on  no  occasion 
has  it  failed  in  its  respect  for  the  Church,  for  its  dogmas,  for  its  discipline 
and  for  all  those  who  constitute  the  depository  of  its  authority — using  the 
terms  of  the  Episcopal  document.  .  .  .  The  creation  of  a  Department  of 
Public  Instruction,  free  and  compulsory  education  and  the  uniformity  of 
school  books  are  certainly  not  questions  that  affect  any  religious  belief  or 
dogma.  It  is  not  our  intention  to  recede  one  inch  in  our  educational  cam- 
paign. .  .  .  Our  paper  will  continue  to  be,  as  in  the  past,  a  fighting 
organ,  a  pioneer  of  live  Liberalism,  a  soldier  of  the  firing  line. 

The  matter  of  free  school  books,  locally,  was  debated  by  the  Cath- 
olic School  Committee  in  Montreal  on  June  llth  when  the  Chairman, 
Mgr.  Emile  Roy,  vigorously  opposed  the  suggestion  as  leading  to 
uniformity  of  text-books  and  the  gradual  exclusion  of  religious 
instruction.  In  this  view  he  was  supported  by  J.  N.  Perrault,  Direc- 
tor-General. Mr.  Langlois  replied  to  this,  and  some  harsher  state- 
ments in  the  press,  on  Nov.  7th,  saying  that  the  appointment  of  a 
special  Minister  was  essential  in  order  to  give  life  to  the  Department, 
uniformity  of  text-books  necessary  to  ensure  cheaper  education  and 
compulsory  attendance  essential  to  avoid  truancy  and  illiteracy.  On 
Nov.  12  Dr.  J.  T.  Finnie,  seconded  by  Mr.  Langlois,  presented  in  the 
Legislature  his  measure  making  the  attendance  of  Protestant  children 
at  school,  between  the  ages  of  seven  and  thirteen,  compulsory. 

On  the  2nd  reading  (Nov.  26)  a  heated  debate  took  place.  Dr. 
Finnie,  in  speaking,  gave  due  credit  to  the  Government  for  what  it 
was  doing.  "  I  claim,  however,  that  there  is  something  lacking  in  the 
present  system  to  secure  the  best  results.  While  a  large  percentage 
of  our  children  go  to  school,  more  or  less,  they  are  unfit  to  pass  the 
examinations  expected  and  leave  school  knowing  little  or  nothing  of 
arithmetic,  geography,  etc.;  in  fact,  they  are  only  one  degree  above 
illiteracy."  He  produced  a  long  list  of  Provinces  and  countries  which 
had  adopted  this  principle.  The  Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mackenzie  replied  and 


EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  AND  TEMPERANCE  MATTERS         431 

claimed  that  the  Protestant  children  could  not  be  compelled  to  do  a 
thing  which  Catholic  children  were  free  to  do  or  not  do  as  they  liked; 
that  education  was  progressive  in  the  Province  with  an  expenditure 
increasing  from  $538,549  in  1906-7  to  $1,373,355  in  1911-12;  that 
this  proposal  would  also  mean  schools  free  from  fees  and  free  text- 
books or  a  yearly  revenue  loss  of  $102,516  and  an  additional  cost  of 
$200,000 ;  that  if  the  principle  of.  the  Bill  was  extended  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  schools  the  cost  would  be  about  eight  times  these  amounts. 
There  was  no  mandate  either  from  the  people  of  the  cities,  or  the  rural 
parts,  to  place  such  additional  burden  upon  them  or  to  take  the  money 
from  the  public  exchequer. 

MT.  Langlois  spoke  in  favour  of  the  measure  and  declared  that 
the  250,000  English-speaking  people  of  the  Province  outweighed  in 
energy,  industry  and  capacity  the  1,500,000  French-Canadians  and 
that  the  cause  of  this  was  lack  of  education.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  told 
the  Members  to  vote  on  the  Bill  as  they  wished  though,  he  pointed 
out,  the  measure  was  not  demanded  by  the  public,  the  people  had  not 
been  consulted,  it  dealt  with  only  a  small  portion  of  the  general  issue, 
and  only  one  of  the  four  Protestant  members  of  the  House  was  pub- 
licly favourable.  He  declared  that  the  Province  of  Quebec  would 
stand  favourable  comparison  with  the  population  of  any  country  in 
point  of  intelligence  and  education.  The  Bill  did  not  deal  with  poor 
salaries  paid  to  teachers,  neither  did  it  concern  poor  school  buildings. 
The  statistics,  elsewhere  quoted,  were  then  given  and  the  Premier  con- 
cluded as  follows : 

I  have  visited  all  the  Provinces  of  the  Dominion  and  I  can  safely  say 
that  we  in  Quebec  are  far  ahead  in  educational  facilities  of  our  sister  Pro- 
vinces. Where  can  we  find  Universities  which  can  compare  with  McGill  and 
Laval?  Show  me  educational  institutions  equal  to  our  primary  schools,  to 
our  five  hundred  convents,  to  the  two  hundred  schools  conducted  by  Chris- 
tian Brothers;  to  the  Poly  technical  School  in  Montreal;  to  the  Technical 
Schools  in  Montreal  and  Quebec;  to  the  Agricultural  Colleges;  to  our  Daliry 
Schools,  our  Normal  Schools,  of  which  there  are  thirteen — a  larger  number 
than  in  all  the  other  parts  of  the  Dominion — and  yet  we  have  not  com- 
pulsory education! 

Mr.  Tellier,  Opposition  Leader,  agreed  in  the  main  with  the  Premier. 
"  Looking  over  the  figures  which  are  given  in  the  Report  of  the  Sup- 
erintendent of  Public  Instruction,  I  find  in  average  school  attend- 
ance that  we  are  far  ahead  of  the  other  Provinces.  Is  compulsory 
education  necessary  in  our  case?"  Mr.  Tellier  proceeded  to  describe 
the  sacrifices  which  a  great  number  of  the  people  of  the  Province  were 
imposing  upon  themselves  to  provide  schools  and  teachers  for  their 
children.  They  certainly  did  not  need  this  law.  By  a  vote  of  59  to 
10  the  Legislature  then  voted  down  an  amendment  proposed  by  Col. 
C.  A.  Smart  and  D.  Tansey  (Conservatives)  declaring  that  "the 
Government  should  be  requested  to  refer  the  whole  subject  to  the 
Council  of  Public  Instruction  with  the  request  that  they  study  and 
report  on  it  to  this  House  at  as  early  a  date  as  possible."  The  House 


432  THiE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

then  voted  against  the  2nd  reading  by  62  to  6 — the  latter  including 
Messrs.  Finnic,  Tansey,  Langlois,  Smart,  N.  G.  Scott  and  Harry 
Slater.  In  speaking  to  the  Montreal  branch  of  the  British  Institute 
of  Journalists  on  Dec.  1st,  Mr.  Langlois  advocated  not  only  the 
appointment  of  a  Provincial  Minister  of  Education  but,  according  to 
The  Herald  report,  favoured  a  Federal  Department  of  Education  at 
Ottawa  similar  to  that  at  Washington. 

A  much-discussed  educational  matter  came  to  a  head  in  1912 
in  connection  with  the  College  of  Ste.  Marie  de  Monnoir  at  St.  John's. 
This  College  was  once  located  at  Marieville,  but  that  place  was  side- 
tracked by  the  Railways  and,  later  on,  the  building  itself  was  burned. 
It  was  then  decided  by  the  Priests  who  had  administered  the  College 
to  rebuild  at  St.  John's  where,  it  was  hoped,  they  might  continue  to 
attract  students  from  Canada  and  the  United  States.  They  asked 
permission  of  the  Bishop  of  Ste.  Hyacinthe  to  do  so,  he  refused  the 
request  and,  on  appeal,  the  Holy  See  confirmed  the  refusal.  In  1909, 
however,  the  Priests  proceeded  to  transfer  their  institution  to  St. 
John's  and  defied  the  sentence  of  suspension  which  Bishop  Bernard 
had  then  pronounced.  This  suspension  was  afterwards  withdrawn 
in  view  of  an  expected  submission  to  the  judgment  of  the  Apostolic 
Delegate. 

On  Apl.  2,  1912,  the  latter  ordered  the  Priests  to  leave  St.  John's 
absolutely  at  the  end  of  the  School-year  1911-12.  They  refused  to 
submit  to  this  command  and  a  decree  of  suspension  was  issued  (May 
13)  by  the  Papal  Delegate.  Meanwhile,  at  the  early  Legislative  Session 
of  1912,  and  with  the  approval  of  Archbishop  Bruchesi,  a  new  College 
of  St.  John  had  been  incorporated  and  on  July  7th  a  Mandement 
from  the  Archbishop  of  Montreal  was  read  in  all  his  churches 
announcing  the  suppression  of  the  original  College  and  stating  that 
the  long  dispute  over  this  matter  had  become  a  painful  scandal.  The 
Archbishop  added  that  he  did  not  believe  the  Professors  of  the  College 
would  longer  continue  to  disregard  the  orders  of  the  Holy  See.  If 
they  did  so  any  parents  sending  their  children  to  the  institution  would 
in  future  be  guilty  of  a  grievous  sin.  A  week  later  the  Bishop  of  Ste. 
Hyacinthe  followed  with  a  formal  interdiction  and  pastoral  review- 
ing the  situation  and  forbidding  all  parents  to  send  their  children  to 
the  College. 

Then  followed  a  public  campaign  led  by  Mr.  Justice  D.  Monet  of 
Iberville  on  behalf  of  the  College  and  the  Priests  and  without  much 
apparent  respect  for  the  authority  of  the  Church.  He  addressed  a  mass- 
meeting  at  St.  John's  on  July  16  with  another  appeal  to  Rome  as 
the  basis  of  his  argument  and  his  denunciations  of  the  Ecclesiastics 
concerned.  The  French  press  disapproved  strongly  of  his  action  and 
even  Mr.  Bourassa  in  Le  Devoir  said :  "  No  matter  what  may  be  the 
nature  of  the  case  or  motives  actuating  Judge  Monet,  it  is  inadmis- 
sible for  a  Catholic  addressing  a  public  meeting  to  deal  in  such  a 
manner  with  the  decisions  rendered  by  two  Prelates  in  the  exercise  of 
their  disciplinary  authority.  It  is  likewise  inadmissible  for  a  Judge, 


EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  AND  TEMPERANCE  MATTERS         433 

and  more  especially  a  Catholic  Judge,  to  hold  up  to  ridicule  the 
judgments  of  Ecclesiastical  tribunals."  A  Petition  had  been  sent  to 
Home  on  July  llth;  on  the  18th  by  Order  of  the  Sacred  Congrega- 
tion and  the  Pope  the  collective  suspension  was  made  perman- 
ent. It  was  announced  on  Aug.  26  that  the  Priests  had 
submitted,  the  individual  suspension  against  them  was  eventu- 
ally lifted,  the  College  closed  and  the  Priests  scattered  throughout 
various  parts  of  Quebec.  At  St.  John's  on  Sept.  8th,  however,  Judge 
Monet  returned  to  the  subject  and  fiercely  attacked  the  Bishop  and 
Archbishop  while  the  City  Council  passed  a  Eesolution  of  thanks  to 
the  Monnoir  priests  for  their  local  services. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  obvious  difficulty  of  small  Eng- 
lish-speaking and  Protestant  communities  keeping  up  their  schools 
amid  an  overwhelming  French  environment  and  the  statement  by 
Rev.  J.  A.  Macfarlane  at  Montreal  on  Mch.  13th  that  of  700  Protest- 
ant rural  schools  500  were  not  open  ten  months  in  the  year,  that  many 
of  these  were  inefficient,  and  that  of  800  teachers  more  than  half  had 
no  certificates  while  at  least  300  were  not  only  uncertificated  but 
unqualified;  the  organization  by  the  Protestant  Committee  of  Public 
Instruction  of  a  campaign  to  interest  the  people  in  the  subject  with 
meetings  at  Inverness  and  Shawville  on  Aug.  13th,  Eichmond  and 
Lachute  on  the  14th,  Cowansville  and  Ayer's  Cliff  on  the  15th  and, 
Cookshire  on  the  16th;  the  statement  of  Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher  and  Dr. 
G.  W.  Parmelee  to  the  Protestant  Committee  on  Sept.  27th  as  to  their 
addresses  at  many  points  in  this  connection  during  a  period  of  three 
months  with,  it  was  hoped,  good  results  for  school  consolidation  and 
uniform  text-books ;  the  decision  by  the  Protestant  Committee  on  Nov. 
29th  to  adopt  a  system  of  uniform  text-books  to  become  effective  in 
1914;  the  severe  attacks  upon  specific  elements  in  the  Educational 
system  of  the  Province  at  a  Reform  Club  meeting  in  Montreal  on 
Oct.  24th  with  Dr.  J.  T.  Finnic,  G.  Langlois  and  S.  W.  Jacobs,  K.C., 
as  the  chief  speakers;  the  statement  of  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie  in  the 
Legislature  on  Feb.  26th  that  in  1905-6  766  teachers  in  19  counties 
received  a  smaller  salary  than  $100  and  in  1910-11  only  93.  The 
following  were  the  Educational  statistics  of  1910-11: 

Roman  Catholic       Protestant 
Model  Schools  and  Academies.  Institutions.         Institutions. 

Number   of  Model   Schools 622  50 

Roman   Catholic   Pupils 101'223  m 

Protestant   Pupils 4.818 

Number  of  Academies 

Roman  Catholic  Pupils 47>£~ 

Protestant    Pupils    7.887 

Male  Lay  Teachers  with  Diplomas 84 

Male  Lay  Teachers  without  Diplomas 

Female  Lay  Teachers  with  Diplomas 

Female  Lay  Teachers  without  Diplomas 

Male    Religious    Teachers ; 1. 22 5 

Number  of  Female    Religious    Teachers. 3.194 

Number  of  Roman  Catholic  Classical  Colleges.. 

Pupils  in  Commercial    Course 2,691 

Pupils  in  Classical   Course 4, 445 

Number  of  Religious  Professors 

Total  Number  of  Professors 

23 


434  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Roman  Catholic       Protestant 
Elementary  Schools.  Institutions.         Institutions. 

Number  of  Schools,   under   control 4,906  947 

Independent  Schools    48  4 

Roman   Catholic   Pupils 189,962  1,644 

Protestant    Pupils    509  34,323 

Male   Teachers   in   Orders 112  1 

Number  of  Nuns  Teaching 542 

Total  Number  of  all  kinds  of  educational  institu- 
tions      6,934 

Total  Male  Teachers   3,272 

Total  Female   Teachers    11,325 

Total  Average  Salaries  in  All  Schools — 

1.  Male   Teachers   with   Diplomas    $824 

2.  Female  Teachers  with  Diplomas 178 

Contributions  of  Municipalities  toward  Education — 

(a)  Annual   Taxes $3,111,743 

(b)  Special   Tax    313,274 

(c)  Monthly  contributions    277,280 

(d)  Fees  from  various  institutions 2,026,807 

Total  Contributions  from  Municipalities 6,729,104 

Total  Contributions  from  Government 1,172,457 

The  annual  Report  of  McGill  University  for  the  year  ending  Aug. 
31,  1912,  included  the  statement  that  95  per  cent,  of  the  $1,552,000 
subscribed  in  1911  had  been  paid  in;  that  with  other  Government  and 
Civic  contributions  the  permanent  revenue  would  be  increased  by 
over  $100,000 ;  that  the  Provincial  Government  had  recently  raised  its 
annual  vote  of  $3,000  a  year  to  $25,000  and  the  City  of  Montreal  had 
agreed  to  make  its  contribution  to  the  1911  Fund  a  yearly  grant  of 
$10,000 ;  that  the  gift  by  Sir  W.  C.  Macdonald  to  the  University  of 
a  group  of  properties  lying  north  of  Pine  Avenue  had  relieved  the 
institution  of  much  difficulty  in  the  future  and  adequately  provided 
for  its  natural  expansion;  that  toward  the  close  of  1911,  P.  B. 
Mignault,  K.C.,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Civil  Law  and  G.  W.  Mac- 
Dougall,  K.G.,  Professor  of  Private  International  Law. 

The  Matriculation  examination  in  June,  1912,  was  held  at  65 
different  centres,  at  33  of  which  there  were  only  one  or  two  candi- 
dates. Hereafter  they  were  to  be  held  at  certain  specified  places  only. 
The  principal  centres  were  Vancouver,  with  226  candidates,  Montreal 
with  134,  Victoria,  B.C.,  with  92,  Ottawa  with  47  and  New  West- 
minster, B.C.,  with  40.  Fourteen  wrote  at  London,  England.  In  all, 
there  were  871  candidates  of  whom  211  qualified  for  entrance  to  the 
Faculty  of  Arts,  81  to  the  Faculty  of  Applied  Science  and  four  to 
other  Departments.  At  the  June  Leaving  Examination  of  the  Pro- 
vince 146  candidates  qualified  for  entrance  to  the  University.  The 
attendance  during  the  Season  1911-12  was  636  in  the  Faculty  of  Arts, 
593  in  that  of  Applied  Science,  354  in  that  of  Medicine,  62  in  Law, 
80  in  Music,  110  in  the  Graduate  School  and  478  in  Macdonald  Col- 
lege or  a  total  of  2,313  with  27  duplications.  There  were  282  degrees 
conferred  during  the  year.  The  Endowments  of  the  University  on 
June  30,  1912,  totalled  $11,138,049  and  the  Receipts  were  $658,864 
with  Disbursements  of  $738,746.  An  important  change  occurred  in 
the  Medical  Course  in  August  which  was  made  five  years  in  place  of 
four.  The  chief  appointments  in  McGill  during  1912  were  Dr.  W.  W. 
Chipman  as  Professor  of  Obstetrics;  Dr.  R.  F.  Ruttan  as  Macdonald 
Professor  of  Chemistry;  Francis  E.  Lloyd,  M.A.,  as  Macdonald  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany;  Miss  C.  M.  Derick,  M.A.,  as  Professor  of  Morpho- 


EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  AND  TEMPERANCE  MATTERS         435 

logical  Botany ;  T.  G.  Bunting,  B.S.A.,  as  Professor  of  Horticulture  at 
Macdonald  College.  The  Hon.  Degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on 
Hon.  Charles  Peers  Davidson  and  Sir  Melbourne  Tait  while  Principal 
Peterson  was  made  an  Hon.  Doctor  of  Literature,  Oxford. 

The  historic  institution  of  Laval  University — Quebec  and  Mont- 
real— had  a  successful  year.  On  Jan.  18  a  large  Delegation  of  its 
graduates,  representative  of  the  public  and  general  life  of  the  Pro- 
vince, were  promised  by  Sir  L.  Gouin  a  considerable  increase  to  the 
Provincial  grant  and  this  was  found  on  Apl.  2nd  to  include  for  both 
the  Quebec  University  and  its  Montreal  branch  an  increase  from 
$4,000  to  $25,000  a  year.  At  Quebec,  as  a  result  of  needed  improve- 
ments, the  University  underwent  a  transformation  and  was  made  a 
fire-proof  structure  at  the  cost,  it  was  said,  of  $250,000  and  with  a 
view  to  the  special  protection  of  its  invaluable  collection  of  paintings, 
books,  etc.  The  students  in  attendance  during  1911-12  were  131  in 
the  Faculty  of  Theology,  83  in  Law,  77  in  Medicine,  5  in  Pharmacy, 
15  in  Arts,  40  in  Forestry,  making  with  other  courses,  a  total  of  454. 
Affiliated  with  this  institution  were  French  Seminaries  and  Colleges 
numbering  26  and  8  Schools  of  important  Religious  Orders.  Laval 
University  in  Montreal  had  273  students  in  1911-12  and  with  it 
were  affiliated  10  Colleges  having,  altogether,  3,576  students.  The 
Rector  at  Quebec  was  M.  Amedee  E.  Gosselin  and  the  Vice-Rector  in 
Montreal  M.  Gaspard  Dauth.  At  the  University  of  Bishop's  College, 
Lennoxville,  the  students  in  attendance  during  1911-12  were  16  in 
Divinity  and  30  in  Arts.  During  the  year  Laval  conferred  the  Hon. 
degree  of  LittDr.  upon  Sir  Gilbert  Parker. 

An  interesting  incident  of  the  year  was  the  amalgamation  of  the 
four  Theological  Colleges  in  Montreal  affiliated  with  McGill  Univer- 
sity— the  Congregational,  Diocesan,  Presbyterian  and  Wesleyan. 
Practically  they  were  formed,  with  their  183  students,  into  one  School 
of  Instruction  to  educate  young  men  desirous  of  entering  the  min- 
istry in  any  one  of  the  four  Churches.  The  Committees  in  charge  of 
the  basis  of  Union  were  as  follows :  Anglican,  Rev.  Principal  Rexford, 
Very  Rev.  Dean  Evans,  Rev.  H.  E.  Horsey,  R.  Wilson- Smith,  George 
G.  Foster,  K.C.  ;  Wesleyan,  Rev.  Principal  Smyth,  Rev.  Dr.  Young  and 
Rev.  Dr.  Sparling,  W.  Hanson  and  C.  C.  Holland;  Presbyterian,  Rev. 
Principal  Scrimger,  Rev.  Prof.  Fraser,  Rev.  Bruce  Taylor,  J.  W.  Ross 
and  W.  M.  Birks;  Congregational,  Rev.  Principal  Munson  Hill,  Rev. 
Hugh  Pedley,  Rev.  F.  J.  Day,  W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C.,  and  A.  M. 
Murphy. 

Arrangements  were  only  completed  after  much  study  and  consulta- 
tion and  the  plans  called  for  a  large  new  building  in  which  the  united 
classes  could  be  taught,  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  University 
grounds;  the  present  College  buildings  to  be  used  for  the  strictly 
denominational  work.  The  basis  of  government  of  the  co-operating 
Colleges  called  for  a  Board  of  Governors,  to  be  composed  of  the  Presi- 
dents of  the  existing  Colleges,  three  lay  members  elected  from  its  own 
membership  by  each  of  the  Governing  Boards  of  the  Colleges,  and  two 
representatives  of  each  of  the  four  Protestant  communities.  The  Princi- 


43-6  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pals  and  Professors  of  the  co-operating  Colleges  were  to  form  the  Fac- 
ulty of  the  United  College.  The  courses  of  study  for  the  united  courses 
were  to  be  Old  Testament,  New  Testament,  Church  History,  History 
of  Doctrine,  Philosophy  of  Religion  and  Apologetics,  History  of  Reli- 
gions, Systematic  Theology,  Patristics,  Homiletics,  Pastoral  Theology, 
Sociology,  Christian  Ethics,  Christian  Missions,  Sunday  School  Peda- 
gogics, Ecclesiastical  Architecture,  Elocution.  A  great  banquet,  pre- 
sided over  by  W.  M.  Birks  and  addressed  by  Bishop  Boyd-Carpenter 
of  England,  marked  (Oct.  1)  the  completion  of  arrangements. 

In  Temperance  matters  there  was  distinct  progress.  At  the  Domin- 
ion Alliance  Convention  (Quebec  Branch)  in  Montreal  on  Mch.  16th 
a  Resolution  was  passed  declaring  that  "  the  early-closing  law  of  the 
present  Government  has  resulted  in  great  benefit  to  the  people  of  this 
Province,  compelling,  as  it  does,  the  closing  of  all  bar-rooms  at  7 
o'clock  every  Saturday  evening  throughout  the  Province,  and  on  the 
other  evenings  of  the  week  in  cities  and  towns  at  11  o'clock  and  at  10 
o'clock  in  rural  parts."  Mr.  S.  J.  Carter  was  re-elected  President, 
J.  R.  Dougall,  Hon.  President,  and  J.  H.  Roberts,  Secretary.  Another 
active  organization  was  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  of  Can- 
ada which,  throughout  the  year,  kept  up  a  quiet  but  persistent  cam- 
paign under  Archbishop  Bruch6si  as  Hon.  President  and  E.  A. 
Shanahan  as  President. 

The  event  of  the  year,  however,  was  the  creation  by  the  Legisla- 
ture of  a  License  Commission  to  inquire  into  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  and  the  changes  which  it  might  be  expedient  to  make  therein. 
By  Order-in-Council  of  June  21st  the  Hon.  H.  Carroll  and  Hon.  A.  G. 
Cross  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  and  Hon.  Auguste  Tessier  of  the 
Superior '  Court  were  appointed  Commissioners.  The  first  meeting 
was  held  in  Montreal  on  Sept.  9th  and  amongst  those  heard,  then  or 
later  on,  were  representatives  of  the  Dominion  Alliance,  the  Ligue 
Anti-Alcoholique,  the  Catholic  and  Protestant  Clergy,  the  W.C.T.U., 
the  Socialists  and  the  Licensed  Victuallers.  The  abolition  of  grocery 
licenses  was  strongly  urged.  In  Quebec,  on  Sept.  30th,  Canon  Sylvain 
suggested  the  curtailment  of  bars  on  steamers,  railroads  and  at  Clubs. 
Bars  should  also  be  inspected  to  see  if  they  fulfilled  hygienic  require- 
ments. At  Montreal,  on  Nov.  1st,  Madame  Beique,  President  of  the 
Women's  St.  Jean  Baptiste  Association,  urged  that  no  licenses  be 
granted  to  women  and  that  there  should  be  not  more  than  one  license 
for  every  1,000  men. 

The  Brewing  industry  presented  an  elaborate  Memorandum  claim- 
ing, and  apparently  proving  by  an  immense  number  of  figures,  that 
the' Prohibition  movement  originally  arose  as  a  result  of  the  abuses  in 
Saloon  traffic,  in  extravagant  grants  of  licenses,  in  the  wholesale  exist- 
ence of  "  groggeries."  It  was  claimed  that  the  movement  did  not  apply 
to  present  conditions  where,  instead  of  the  liquor  sold  being  hard 
intoxicating  drinks  containing  50  per  cent,  or  more  of  alcohol  a  great 
part  of  the  patronage  called  for  beer  which  contained  only  three  to 
four  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  The  contention  and  demands  of  the  Tem- 
perance forces  was  put  rather  moderately  before  the  Commission. 


EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  AND  TEMPERANCE  MATTERS         437 

Their  whole  scheme  of  reform  was  based  upon  a  recognition  of  the 
fact  that  there  was  a  demand  for  intoxicating  liquors  and  that  public 
sentiment  did  not  yet  justify  the  entire  extinction  of  the  Liquor  traffic. 
Taking  the  present  License  laws  as  a  basis,  they  alleged  that  the  sale 
of  drink  was  provided  for  through  three  distinct  channels:  (1)  the 
retail  liquor  shop,  which  catered  to  the  home  consumption  of  liquors ; 
(2)  the  hotels  and  restaurants  which  existed,  primarily,  for  travellers 
and  that  part  of  the  public  which  did  not  always  eat  at  home;  (3) 
the  Clubs  which  provided  for  the  men  who  want  to  get  together  in 
club  life  and  drink  socially.  Their  demand  was  not  for  the  abolition 
of  all  these  outlets  for  intoxicating  liquor,  but  for  such  an  effective 
supervision  or  control  of  them  as  would  minimize  the  evils  inseparable 
from  the  sale  and  use  of  intoxicating  liquors.  Before  the  Commis- 
sion during  these  Sittings,  L.  T.  Marechal,  K.C.,  represented  the  group 
of  large  Hotels  and  urged  a  sort  of  preferential  classification  of 
Licenses ;  L.  A.  Rivet,  K.C.,  represented  the  Licensed  Victuallers  Asso- 
ciation or  the  restaurants  and  smaller  hotels — Lawrence  A.  Wilson,  a 
well-known  Liquor  merchant,  suggesting  taxation  of  all  the  licensed 
saloons,  hotels  and  liquor  stores  in  the  Province  to  raise  a  fund  out 
of  which  full  compensation  could  be  paid  to  those  who  lost  their 
licenses;  the  Licensed  Grocers  were  also  represented  while  the  Tem- 
perance bodies  were  led  by  Mr.  Justice  Lafontaine  in  joint  representa- 
tions. 

Quebec  Incidents  of  the  Year. 

Feb.  1. — After  weeks  of  aggressive  fighting  in  the  Montreal  Municipal 
contest;  with  the  English-speaking  press  a  unit  In  denouncing 
the  Aldermanic  candidates  who  belonged  to  the  notorious  "  23  " 
of  Royal  Commission  decision;  with,  on  the  side  of  Mr.  Giroux 
in  particular,  most  unpleasant  charges  in  the  press  as  to  the 
class  of  people  to  whom  he  leased  his  houses;  the  following  go 
to  the  polls:  N.  Giroux,  M.  Martin,  N.  Seguin,  Morin,  Lariviere, 
Sauvageau,  Levesque  and  Dan  Gallery.  The  first  five  are  elected. 

Men.  12. — The  Alliance  Francaise,  a  Society  for  the  advancement  of  the 
French  language  and  literature,  welcomes  M.  Charles  Eudes 
Bonin,  newly  appointed  Consul-General  for  Canada  from  France 
at  a  banquet  In  Montreal.  Sir  F.  Langelier,  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie, 
Mr.  Justice  Robidoux  and  Principal  Peterson  are  amongst  the 
speakers. 

May  7. — The  judgment  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Ottawa,  in  Ouimet  vs. 
Bazin,  has  the  effect  of  declaring  the  Lord's  Day  Act  in  Quebec 
ineffective  in  the  matter  of  closing  moving  picture  shows  on 
Sunday. 

June  1. — With  a  Federal  vote  of  $114,500  for  immediate  purposes  and  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  in  hand  the  National  Battlefields 
Park  Commission  composed  of  Sir  George  Garneau  (Chairman), 
Col.  George  T.  Denison,  Hon.  Ad61ard  Turgeon,  Robert  Bicker- 
dike,  M.P.,  Col.  the  Hon.  J.  S.  Hendrie  and  Hon.  L.  A.  Tasch- 
ereau,  commences  its  work  of  creating  a  great  National  Park 
on  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

June  2. — Bishop  Archambault  of  Joliette  issues  a  Mandement  to  his 
clergy  denouncing  Radicalism  in  press  and  politics  and  reli- 
gion. "  Our  enemies  are  well  organized  and  are  attempting  by 
books,  papers,  clubs,  secret  associations  and  private  conversa- 
tion to  influence  the  people,  the  family,  public  men  and  even 
the  Governments."  He  defines  Catholic  Liberalism  as  a  doctrine 


438  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

which  "bows  before  the  Church  yet  seeks  to  take  away  one  by 
one  every  right  properly  belonging  to  a  free  and  independent 
society." 

Oct.  19. — Amidst  much  state  and  ceremony  a  Monument  is  unveiled  at 
Quebec  in  honour  of  Francois  Xavier  Garneau,  the  French- 
Canadian  historian.  A  gift  to  the  Province  by  Hon.  G.  E. 
Amyot,  M.L.C.,  and  the  work  of  Paul  ChevrS,  the  French  Sculp- 
tor, it  is  unveiled  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  and  accepted  for 
the  Province  by  Sir  L.  Gouin.  Addresses  follow  from  Mr. 
Amyot,  Mayor  Drouin,  Rev.  Abb6  Gosselin,  Principal  Peterson 
and  Lieut-Colonel  Wm.  Wood.  Sir  W.  Laurier  pays  high 
tribute  to  Garneau  as  an  historian  but  adds  this  statement: 
"  Throughout  he  was  dominated  by  the  sense  of  injustice  under 
which  his  compatriots  were  suffering,  and  that  he  was  correct 
in  his  pleas  for  the  rights  of  his  race  was  amply  proved  by  the 
fact  that  the  wrongs  of  his  people  had  been  recognized  and 
righted." 

Oct.  27. — At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Union  Nationale  Francaise  1,500 
people  are  present  and  A.  F.  Revol  is  elected  President.  M. 
Bonin,  French  Consul-General,  and  Rev.  Father  Lecocq  of  the 
Seminary  of  St.  Sulplce,  according  to  the  Star  report,  speak 
of  the  greatness  of  the  French  Republic  and  of  the  necessity 
for  all  Frenchmen  to  remain  united  and  grouped  around  the 
Tri-colour. 

The  population  of  Quebec  increased  between  1900 
Be.cmrce.and  and  1910  by  353^14  or  from  1,648,898  to  2,002,712; 
the  Fish6"68  product  in  1910-11  was  valued  at  $1,868,- 
136  or  an  increase  in  the  year  of  $175,661;  the  immi- 
grants classified  as  arriving  at  Canadian  ports,  with 
Quebec  as  their  destination,  totalled  (year  ending  Mch.  31,  1912) 
34,876 ;  the  grain  passing  down  the  Welland  Canal  to  Montreal  in  the 
1912  Season  of  Navigation  was  961,855  tons  while  the  through  freight 
passing  eastward  to  Montreal  through  the  Welland  and  St.  Lawrence 
Canals  totalled  1,559,963  tons  and  westward  from  Montreal  236,979 
tons;  the  Railway  mileage  of  the  Province  in  1912  (Federal  statistics) 
was  3,882  with  1,345  miles  under  construction  on  June  30th ;  the  Bank 
clearings  of  Montreal  in  1912  were  $2,845,470,000  or  nearly  double 
the  figures  of  1906  and  those  of  Quebec  City  were  $158,759,585  as 
against  $92,934,213  in  1906 ;  the  Mutual  and  Cash  Mutual  Fire  Com- 
panies of  the  Province  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31st,  1911,  had  total 
assets  of  $1,857,204,  liabilities  of  $162,476,  income  of  $375,089, 
losses  of  $225,146  and  Policies  in  force  totalling  $40,728,553  with 
$17,874,071  issued  during  the  year. 

Agriculture  remained  the  chief  industry  of  the  Province  though 
the  exports  of  Live-stock,  Cheese  and  Butter  from  the  Port  of  Mont- 
real showed  a  decrease  owing  to  high  prices  and  increasing  demands 
at  home.  The  Census  returns  of  1911  (for  1910)  showed  a  produc- 
tion of  $9,961,732  in  Butter  compared  with  $4,916,756  in  1900  and 
of  $6,195,254  in  Cheese  compared  with  $7,957,621  in  1900.  Record 
prices  for  dairy  products,  live-stock  and  poultry  were  reported  in  1912 
as  well  as  the  practical  passing  of  the  Butter  export  trade — 70  pack- 
ages going  from  Montreal  as  compared  with  361,400  packages  in  1906. 
The  latest  statistics  of  Live-stock  (June  30,  1911)  sopwed  371,400 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  QUEBEC  PROVINCE        439 

horses  in  the  Province,  872,800  milch  cows,  609,200  other  cattle, 
533,400  sheep,  697,500  swine — a  reduction  in  all  except  horses  since 
1908.  Fruit  figures  according  to  the  Census,  showed  a  small  reduc- 
tion over  1900  in  almost  all  lines;  the  orchard  and  nursery  acreage 
in  1910  being  34,376,  the  apple  product  1,401,109  bushels.  Yet 
Quebec  had  the  greatest  possibilities  in  this  respect  and  had  been 
slowly  developing  along  Horticultural  lines  for  a  century.  Much  of 
the  Province  was  fitted  for  fruit  production  and,  latterly,  the  Nursery 
business  had  been  increasing  in  popularity.  During  1912  the  crops 
of  Quebec  were  somewhat  damaged  by  rain — oats,  hay  and  potatoes 
being  especially  affected.  The  Federal  figures  gave  a  total  yield  of 
$65,470,000  in  value  and  were  as  follows: 


Crops. 
Spring   wheat  

Area. 
63,100 

Yield 
per  Acre, 
Bush. 
16:17 

Total 
Yield, 
Bush. 
1,020,000 

Average 
Price, 
per  Bush. 
1-18 

Total 
Value. 

11,204,000 

Oats  

1,170,400 

25-86 

30,267,000 

0:54 

16,344,000 

Barley     

91,300 

23*69 

2  163  000 

0-79 

1  709  000 

Rye    

19,200 

15-44 

296,000 

0-95 

281,000 

Peas     

29,000 

15:11 

438,000 

2-03 

889,000 

Buckwheat   

114,600 

26-44 

3,030,000 

0:73 

2,212,000 

Mixed   grains    .... 
Flax   

120,000 
1,300 

26:74 
9-66 

3,209,000 
12,500 

0:67 
1-76 

2,150,000 
22,000 

Beans     

9,400 

15:59 

147,000 

2:55 

375,000 

Corn  for  husking. 
Potatoes   

21,000 
128,600 

24  :47 
137-11 

514,000 
17,632,000 

1-03 
0-35 

529,000 
6,171,000 

Turnips,    etc  

13,100 

251:60 

3,296,000 

0-28 

923,000 

Hay  and  clover.  .  . 
Fodder  corn    

2,750,000 
36,300 

(tons) 
1:22 
7-38 

(tons) 
3,355,000 
268  000 

(per  ton) 
9:36 
3-79 

31,403.000 
1  016  000 

Alfalfa    . 

10.000 

2:75 

27.500 

9-00 

248.000 

As  to  manufacturing  the  Province  of  Quebec  is  probably  not 
regarded  by  the  outside  world  as  an  industrial  centre,  yet  it  is  the 
second  of  the  Provinces  of  Canada  in  this  respect  and  in  the  past  ten 
years  has  had  a  most  marked  development.  In  Montreal  there  had 
always  been  a  large  industrial  interest.  The  French-Canadian  fitted 
easily  into  this  line  of  work  either  in  his  own  Province  or  in  the  New 
England  States  to  which  some  years  ago  he  migrated  in  such  large 
numbers.  Moreover,  Montreal  had  been  for  many  years  a  centre  of 
the  industries  which  grow  naturally  around  or  out  of  Transportation 
facilities  and  in  1890  this  City — in  which  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway 
so  long  had  its  central  shops  and  head  offices,  which  had  been  the 
centre  of  the  operations  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  magnates  and  was 
the  practical  birth-place  of  a  continental  system  which  in  1912  had 
16,000  miles  of  railway — possessed  a  total  industrial  production 
valued  at  $67,654,060;  in  1900  the  total  was  $71,099,750;  in  1910 
it  was  $166,296,972.  The  increase  in  the  first  decade  was  5-09  per 
cent. ;  in  the  second  decade  it  was  133  '89  per  cent.  Another  important 
centre  in  this  respect  was  Maisonneuve  with  its  production  of  $3,653,- 
584  in  1890,  $6,008,780  in  1900  and  $20,813,774  in  1910.  Quebec 
City  in  1900  had  a  total  product  of  $12,779,546  and  in  1910  $17,149,- 
385;  Shawinigan  Falls,  the  home  of  a  great  water-power  and  the 
source  of  electric  power  supply  to  the  industries  of  Montreal  and  Three 
Rivers  had  no  industrial  product  in  1900  and  a  total  of  $13,784,250 
in  1910.  The  Census  statistics  of  the  Province  were  as  follows : 


440  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Particulars.  1900.  1905.  1910. 

Establishments    4,845  4,965  6,584 

Capital  Invested f  142,403,407  1255,479,662  $326,946,925 

No.    of   Employees 110,059  119,008  158,207 

Salaries   and    Wages 136,550,656  $47,160,452  $69,432,967 

Value    of    Products $168,287,994  $219,861,648  $350,901,656 

In  Lumber  and  pulp-wood  Quebec  has  great  resources.  Accord- 
ing to  reliable  estimates  the  Province  has  a  Forest  area  of  111,000,000 
acres  worth  $445,000,000;  its  lumber  production  averages  1,000  mil- 
lion feet  per  annum ;  the  privately-owned  timber  lands  comprise  about 
6,000,000  acres  capable  of  supplying  500,000  to  1,000,000  cords  per 
annum  for  some  time.  According  to  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Magazine* 
"  Quebec  seems  destined  to  become  the  pulp  and  paper  manufacturing 
centre  of  the  continent.  This  Province  possesses  abundant  water- 
powers,  extensive  pulp  areas  and  the  labour  necessary  to  manufacture 
pulp-wood  into  paper.  The  fact  that  paper  can  be  manufactured  in 
this  Province  at  $5.50  per  ton  cheaper  than  in  the  United  States  and 
the  further  fact  that  the  export  of  pulp-wood  cut  from  Crown  lands  is 
prohibited,  will  tend  to  make  the  Province  a  great  pulp  and  paper 
centre."  During  1911  a  total  of  19  pulp,  paper  and  lumber  com- 
panies were  incorporated  in  the  Province,  with  a  total  capitalization  of 
$41,709,000.  During  1912  the  incorporation  of  new  companies  was 
practically  nil,  but  many  of  the  companies  incorporated  in  1911  began 
to  produce  during  the  year.  The  Province  in  1911  had  28  out  of  54 
paper  mills  operating  in  Canada  and  consumed  58  per  cent,  of  the  total 
pulp  wood  consumed  in  the  Dominion. 

Of  the  new  interests  in  1912  there  was  the  completed  Kenogami 
Paper  Mills  located  near  Chicoutimi  and  the  property  of  Price  Bros., 
Ltd.;  the  Donnacona  Paper  Mills  on  the  C.N.R.  and  Jacques  Cartier 
River,  50  miles  from  Quebec,  under  construction  as  an  investment  by 
American  capitalists;  the  improvements  and  enlargements  of  the 
Belgo-Canadian  Company  at  Shawinigan  and  of  the  Laurentide  con- 
cern, the  completion  of  the  Quebec  and  St.  Maurice  Company's  Sul- 
phite Mill,  the  Holland  Company's  addition  to  their  St.  Adele  Mill. 
Writing  to  an  English  periodical — The  Canadian  News — the  Hon.  P. 
Pelletier,  Agent-General  for  Quebec,  on  Nov.  2nd  stated  the  value  of 
the  privately-owned  Forest  land  at  $25,000,000  with  a  yearly  revenue 
of  $3,000,000;  the  Crown  lands  of  the  Province  as  containing  100 
million  cords  of  pulpwood  which  would,  in  large  measure,  be  opened 
up  by  the  Transcontinental  Railway;  the  area  of  forest  leased  to  lum- 
bermen as  70,058  square  miles  or  45  million  acres ;  the  Forest  Reserves 
as  numbering  11  and  containing  107,000,000  acres.  He  estimated 
the  lumber  product  of  Quebec  as  follows : 

Soft-wood  trees   (pine,   spruce,   hemlock) 155,425,000,000  feet. 

Hard- wood  trees  (maple,  elm,  white,  yellow  and  black 

birch)     21,650,000,000  feet. 

Pulpwood  (cedar  ties  and  poles) 1,493,000,000  ends. 

Shingle  logs    (cedar) 700,000,000  ends. 

Square    timber    30,000,000  cu.  ft. 

As  to  Minerals  Quebec  produced,  according  to  Federal  figures, 
$17,282  worth  of  pig-iron  in  1911  and  3,616  tons  of  iron  ore;  $1,341,- 

•  NOTE. — Toronto,  January,  1913. 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  QUEBEC  PROVINCE        441 

467  worth  of  Clay  products  and  $356,453  worth  of  Lime;  a  total 
Mineral  production  of  $9,304,717  or  9-01  per  cent,  of  Canada's  pro- 
duct In  1912  this  total  was  $11,675,682  or  8  -77  per  cent.  The 
final  Report  of  the  Chibougamou  Commission  in  January,  1912, 
declared  in  summarized  form  and  from  a  geological  standpoint  that 
this  region,  in  common  with  other  pre-Cambrian  areas,  promised  a 
rich  reward  to  diligent  and  intelligent  prospecting;  but  the  remote- 
ness of  the  district  and  the  almost  universal  and  thick  covering  of 
moss  and  peat  rendered  the  economic  search  for  minerals  both  diffi- 
cult and  unduly  expensive.  Besides  this,  while  large  areas,  probably 
of  equal  economic  importance  from  a  mining  standpoint,  still 
remained  unprospected  in  much  more  accessible  portions  of  Northern 
Quebec  it  seemed  unwise  to  devote  further  attention  to  detailed  pro- 
specting in  this  section  of  the  country. 

During  the  year  a  great  deal  of  work  was  done  in  both  Federal  and 
Provincial  Geological  investigation  throughout  Quebec  and  a  number 
of  exploring  parties  were  sent  out  to  various  Northern  parts  of  the 
Province.  Valuable  deposits  of  Terra  Cotta  were  reported  in  June 
from  Lakeside  near  Montreal;  gold  mining  was  carried  on  at  East 
Angus  by  a  Montreal  syndicate  with,  it  was  rumoured,  rich  results; 
copper  was  known  to  exist  in  over  600  places  in  the  Province  but  its 
production  was  slow;  Asbestos  continued  to  be  90  per  cent,  of  the 
world's  product  but  was  exported  chiefly  as  raw  material;  graphite 
and  mica  were  improving  industries  of  the  year.  Of  another  element 
Mr.  Pelletier,  Agent-General  in  London,  wrote  on  Oct.  26 :  "  Experi- 
ence in  the  United  States  and  in  this  country  have  proved  that  ferro- 
titanium  steels  are  among  the  very  best  produced  by  modern  metal- 
lurgy. Quebec  possesses  huge  deposits  of  titaniferous  ores,  which 
could  feed  powerful  furnaces  and  rolling-mills  for  years.  Dr.  Alfred 
Stansfield,  Professor  of  Metallurgy  at  McGill  University,  Montreal, 
has  developed  a  process  in  which  the  reduction  of  these  ores  to  metal 
and  the  subsequent  refining  of  the  steel,  is  carried  out  in  a  single  fur- 
nace. The  results  of  the  experiments  have  been  so  satisfactory  as  to 
justify  every  hope  that  the  process  will  prove  a  commercial  success." 
The  Provincial  annual  Report  of  Theo.  C.  Denis,  Superintendent  of 
Mines,  showed  a  production  increasing  from  $2,985,463  in  1902  to 
$11,017,046  in  1912.  The  figures  for  three  years  were  as  follows : 

1910.  1911.  1912. 

Asbestos    12,677,829  $3,026.306  $3,059,084 

Asbestic     17,612  19,802  23,358 

Copper  and   Sulphur   ore 145,165  240,097  631,963 

Ochre    33,185  28,174  32,010 

Mineral   Water    68,155  65,648  9,854 

Cement     1,954,646  1,931,183  3,098,350 

Marble    151,103  143,457  250,939 

Granite 291,240  308,545  358,749 

Lime    279,306  284,334  455,570 

Limestone    503,178  1,128,402  1,361,082 

Bricks     906,375  1,129,480  1,284,232 

Tiles,  drain  and  sewer  pipe,  pottery, 

etc.                197,526  142,223  203,100 

Sundries    107,966  232,135  248,755 

Totals     .  $7,333,281  $8,679,786         $11,017,046 


442  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  water-powers  Quebec  has  unlimited  resources.  The  Provincial 
Treasurer  (Hon.  P.  S.  G.  Mackenzie)  stated  in  London  on  Oct.  12 
that  "out  of  the  total  estimated  water-powers  in  the  whole  of  the 
Dominion  more  than  one-half  are  located  in  Quebec,  and  this  is  a 
great  factor  in  our  industrial  growth.  In  its  recently  acquired  terri- 
tory, Ungava,  Quebec  possesses  the  greatest  cataract  in  the  world.  It 
is  not  generally  known  that  the  Grand  Falls,  on  the  Hamilton  River, 
are  capable  of  supplying  power  many  times  greater  than  Niagara." 
In  connection  with  the  resources  of  Quebec  generally,  Mr.  Pelletier, 
the  Agent-General  in  London,  did  good  work  during  the  year  both  in 
making  known  the  riches  of  the  Province  and  in  urging  his  own  Gov- 
ernment to  advertise  more  fully.  A  local  incident  of  the  year  waa 
the  election  of  Rev.  Father  Leopold,  a  pioneer  of  the  Fruit-growing 
industry,  as  President  of  the  Pomological  and  Fruit-Growers  Society 
of  Quebec.  On  Apl.  12  William  Power,  M.P.,  was  elected  President 
of  the  Quebec  Province  Limit-Holders  Association. 


VI.— THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES 

Tne  Government  of  Mr.  Flemming  had,  in  1911, 
replaced  that  of  Mr.  Hazen  when  the  latter  retired  to 
tion  and  j0in  the  Borden  Government  at  Ottawa.     Practically 

^  wag  a  continuation  of  the  Conservative  Administra- 
tion  which  had  been  approved  at  the  polls  in  1908  and 
an  Election  was,  therefore,  pending.  Late  in  the  year, 
1911,  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Copp,  Liberal  member  since  1901  for  Westmore- 
land, had  accepted  the  Opposition  Leadership  so  that  the  preliminary 
fight  in  the  Legislature  and  the  electoral  contest  when  it  came  were 
between  two  new  Party  leaders — though  the  Government  still  main- 
tained the  claim  of  being  a  Coalition  and  the  Hon.  John  Morrissy,  a 
Liberal  and  an  advocate  of  Reciprocity,  continued  as  Commissioner 
of  Public  Works.  On  Jan.  30th  Mr.  Premier  Flemming  addressed  a 
meeting  at  Newcastle.  He  expressed  his  conviction  that  Provincial 
politics  should  be  conducted  along  lines  clearly  independent  of  Fed- 
eral politics.  It  was  his  desire  to  give  the  Province  progressive  and 
honest  Government  and  if  support  were  tendered  him  he  did  not  pro- 
pose to  ask  the  politics  of  those  tendering  that  support.  The  Premier 
referred  briefly  to  the  work  of  the  local  Government  and  to  the  fact 
that  New  Brunswick  was  at  the  commencement  of  an  era  of  unprece- 
dented development.  Upwards  of  $25,000,000  would  soon  be  expended 
in  development  work  in  the  Province.  Mr.  Morrissy  also  spoke  and 
eulogized  the  Premier  for  his  ability  and  honesty  of  character. 

On  Feb.  2nd  Mr.  Flemming  was  at  Andover  and  told  the  audience 
that  he  was  not  in  favour  of  Government-ownership  of  Telephones 
under  present  conditions.  At  Perth,  on  this  date,  he  received  an 
Address  of  welcome  from  the  local  Indian  tribe.  To  a  Fredericton 
Board  of  Trade  banquet  on  the  6th  the  Premier  declared  New  Bruns- 
wick's chief  need  to  be  population  and  this  the  Government  would  do 
everything  possible  to  attract.  He  suggested  the  placing  of  new- 
comers on  deserted  farms  rather  than  in  the  unsettled  parts  of  the 
Province.  At  a  St.  John  meeting  on  Feb.  7th  he  declared  that  St. 
John  would,  in  the  course  of  a  very  few  years,  come  into  its  rightful 
position  as  the  terminal  of  the  three  great  trunk  railways  of  Canada; 
that  the  construction  of  the  Valley  Railway  would  assure  the  com- 
ing of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  to  the  winter  port  and  make  it 
imperative  for  the  Canadian  Northern  to  link  up  its  system  with  the 
port  of  St.  John  by  making  connections  with  the  Valley  road  at 
Grand  Falls;  that  the  Valley  route  would  give  traffic  originating  in 
the  West  an  advantage  of  100  miles  over  the  other  routes  and  that  the 
Local  Government  intended  to  do  all  in  its  power  to  increase  popula- 
tion and  production  in  the  Province  by  assisting  railway  develop- 
ment, improving  highways,  encouraging  the  extension  of  rural  tele- 
phones and  doing  other  things  to  make  the  call  to  the  land  attractive ; 
that  if  the  people  would  seize  their  opportunities  the  next  five  years 
would  be  years  of  progress  and  expansion  such  as  the  Province  had 
never  known. 


444  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Premier  was  banquetted  at  Gagetown  on  the  8th  and  amplified 
his  policy  as  to  agricultural  immigration.  "We  propose  to  have 
ready-made  farms  for  settlers  in  New  Brunswick  and  they  will  be 
open  to  all.  Our  idea  is  to  create  by  Act  of  the  Legislature  a  Board 
to  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  carrying  this  plan  into  effect.  We  will 
make  available  enough  money  for  the  project  and  the  Board  will  take 
charge  of  the  work  and  make  the  scheme  operative.  At  the  start  we 
intend  to  make  ready  100  farms,  to  place  such  houses  and  buildings 
on  them  as  are  necessary  and,  generally,  to  put  them  in  such  shape  that 
it  will  be  possible  for  the  settler  to  raise  a  crop  the  first  year  of  his 
occupancy/'  As  to  Immigration  in  general :  "  We  will  give  the  Cana- 
dian Northern  Eailway  permission  to  issue  as  loans  a  certain  amount 
of  money  to  help  pay  the  passage  to  this  Province  of  worthy  settlers. 
When  the  assisted  setttlers  come  the  Government  will  take  charge  of 
repayment  of  the  loan."  The  farmer  was,  indeed,  the  pivotal  point 
of  all  these  speeches  and  to  the  Farmers  and  Dairymen's  Association — 
Fredericton,  Mch.  20 — Mr.  Flemming  said :  "  Good  roads  enhance  the 
value  of  farm  properties  and  facilitate  the  transfer  of  products.  The 
farmer  is  a  partner  of  the  Government  in  the  maintenance  of  roads. 
As  Premier  I  am  going  to  try  to  make  the  life  of  the  farmer  more 
attractive  and  offer  more  inducements  for  the  son  to  take  up  land 
adjoining  that  of  his  father." 

To  the  Premier  a  Labour  delegation,  at  this  time,  asked  for  a 
co-operative  system  of  technical  education  which  would  enable  an 
apprentice  to  attend  a  technical  school  during  a  part  of  the  day — the 
employer  to  pay  him  wages  during  that  time;  urged  the  appointment 
of  Medical  inspectors  for  schools  and  asked  for  an  Act  to  prevent 
persons  troubled  with  tuberculosis  working  in  bakeries,  restaurants, 
or  any  place  where  food  is  prepared  or  handled;  asked  for  legislation 
requiring  Street  Eailway  companies  to  equip  cars  with  the  most 
approved  safety  appliances  and  to  abolish  running  boards  on  open 
cars;  asked  for  legislation  governing  the  erection  of  scaffolds,  floors 
and  so  on  and  enforcing  better  sanitary  and  ventilation  facilities  in 
factories  and  shops;  recommended  the  appointment  of  more  factory 
inspectors  from  amongst  trade  unionists,  and  asked  that  it  be  made 
a  criminal  offence  for  an  employer  to  discriminate  against  a  worker 
because  of  his  membership  in  a  Union ;  urged  that  the  deposit  required 
to  be  put  up  by  candidates  in  Provincial  elections  be  abolished. 

Meanwhile,  on  Mch.  7th,  the  5th  Session  of  the  Fifth  Legislature 
of  the  Province  had  been  opened  by  His  Honour,  the  new  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  referred  to  the  Coro- 
nation, the  Royal  visit  to  India  and  the  coming  of  the  Duke  of 
Connaught;  described  the  Province  as  having  enjoyed  in  1911  most 
prosperous  business  conditions,  a  bountiful  harvest  and  remunerative 
prices  for  farm  products ;  stated  that  the  interest  in  agricultural  pur- 
suits continued  to  increase,  that  new  agricultural  societies  were  being 
organized,  that  agricultural  exhibitions,  poultry  shows,  etc.,  were 
increasing  in  number  and  extending  their  sphere  of  usefulness  and 
that  the  work  of  the  Poultry  Expert,  appointed  by  the  Government, 


THE  FLEMMING  ADMINISTRATION  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK      445 

had  been  attended  with  satisfactory  results;  referred  to  the  success 
of  the  Fruit  Growers'  Exhibition  and  the  large  area  of  land  available 
for  production  of  the  very  finest  quality  of  apples;  mentioned  the 
proposed  Maritime  Conference  to  discuss  the  continued  loss  of  Federal 
Parliament  representation  and  to  seek  means  of  checking  the  process ; 
described  the  work  of  promoting  Immigration  as  proceeding  success- 
fully, with  promised  Federal  co-operation;  stated  that  arrangements 
had  been  completed  for  the  early  construction  of  a  Railway  from  the 
coal-fields  at  Minto  to  Gibson — subject  to  lease  and  operation  by  the 
C.P.R.  when  completed;  promised  legislation  as  to  this  and  the 
re-creation  and  settlement  of  abandoned  farms;  and  made  the  follow- 
ing statement  as  to  the  much-discussed  Valley  Eailway,  the  legislation 
of  1910,  the  negotiations  of  1911,  and  the  Contract  of  Dec.  12,  1911 : 
/ 

Survey  work  has  been  carried  on  by  the  St.  John  and  Quebec  Rail- 
way Co.  since  that  time,  and  construction  will  begin  as  early  in  the  Spring 
as  conditions  will  admit.  The  contract  calls  for  the  completion  of  the 
portion  of  the  line  from  Centreville  to  Gagetown  prior  to  November,  1913, 
and  for  the  completion  of  the  entire  line  before  November,  1915.  An 
Agreement  to  lease  and  operate  the  Railway  when  constructed  has  been 
entered  into  between  the  Federal  Government,  my  Government  and  the 
Construction  Company.  The  terms  of  the  Agreement  will  be  found  in 
accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  Act  authorizing  the  same.  The 
Agreement  to  Lease  also  contains  an  obligation  on  the  part  of  the  Federal 
Government  to  guarantee  bonds  for  the  construction  of  three  large  bridges 
upon  the  line  of  Railway  to  the  extent  of  $1,000,000,  and  contains  a  fur- 
ther provision  that  the  whole  of  the  40  per  cent,  gross  earnings  shall  be 
paid  to  the  Province  during  the  first  15  years  of  the  operation  of  the  Rail- 
way— the  Federal  Government  thus  contributing  the  interest  upon  the 
bridge  bonds  during  that  period  of  15  years.  A  Bill  to  amend  Chapter  6 
of  the  Acts  of  the  Legislature,  1910,  and  ratifying  the  Contract  will  be 
submitted  for  your  consideration. 

The  Address  was  moved  by  Lieut.-Col.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter,  K.C.,  of 
St.  John  and  seconded  by  Scott  D.  Guptill  of  Charlotte — who  had 
been  elected  on  Feb.  10,  by  acclamation,  as  a  Liberal  supporter  of  the 
Flemming  Government.  Mr.  Copp,  the  Opposition  Leader,  followed 
and  expressed  the  view  that  it  was  better  to  try  and  keep  the  people 
in  the  country  than  to  try  and  get  others  to  come  in  and  that  the 
Census  returns  showed  the  Province  to  be  standing  still;  that  the 
Government  seemed  to  have  "  a  railway  fever  "  and  to  disregard  the 
cost  of  its  projects  to  the  people  while  the  C.P.R.  stood  as  a  sort  of 
god-father  to  the  Government;  that  the  proposed  farm  policy  meant 
assisting  newcomers  at  the  expense  of  the  home  farmer;  that  the 
Forests  were  becoming  depleted  and  it  was  time  the  Government 
called  a  halt  on  the  lumbermen.  Mr.  Flemming  replied  in  optimistic 
terms,  traced  the  revived  interest  in  agricultural  matters  and  spoke 
of  the  great  fruit-growing  future  of  the  Province;  dealt  with  the 
Ottawa  representation  question  and  deprecated  a  situation  which 
might  kill  the  national  spirit  of  the  Atlantic  Provinces;  hoped  for 
100,000  of  a  new  population  in  the  next  ten  years,  eulogized  the  Valley 
Railway  project,  and  described  the  Contract  as  follows:  "The  lease 


446  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

is  for  a  period  of  99  years  and  40  per  cent,  of  the  earnings  come  to 
the  Province  but  when  the  interest  charges  are  paid  the  balance  of  the 
money  goes  to  the  Company  and  if  the  interest  is  not  paid  the  Pro- 
vince can  foreclose  its  mortgage  on  the  road  and,  then,  for  the  99  years 
the  40  per  cent,  of  the  earnings  of  the  road  would  all  come  to  the 
Province." 

He  stated  that  the  C.P.R.  had  agreed  to  operate  the  line  of  rail- 
way to  be  constructed  from  Gibson  to  Minto,  and  also  to  operate  the 
New  Brunswick  Coal  &  Railway  and,  furthermore,  had  agreed  to  pur- 
chase for  its  own  use  50,000  tons  of  screened  coal  from  Grand  Lake 
annually  for  ten  years.  That  meant,  he  declared,  the  increasing  of 
the  coal  production  of  the  Province  by  100  per  cent.  The  Premier 
then  reviewed  various  matters  of  Administration  and  stated  that  the 
Stumpage  collections  had  increased  from  $191,414  in  1908  to  $367,679 
in  1911  with  timber,  to  which  the  scale  had  applied,  totalling  respec- 
tively 151  million  feet  and  310  millions.  After  several  days'  debate 
the  Address  was  adopted  without  division  on  Mch.  11. 

During  the  ensuing  Session  a  number  of  important  Government 
measures  were  passed.  The  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  of  1903 
was  amended  so  as  to  include  granite  workers  and  stone-cutters;  the 
maximum  provision  in  case  of  death  was  raised  from  $1,500  to  $2,000 ; 
the  maximum  payment  in  event  of  total  or  partial  incapacity  result- 
ing from  injury  was  raised  from  50  to  75  per  cent,  of  the  average 
weekly  earnings ;  the  limit  within  which  notice  of  injury  must  be  given 
was  raised  from  two  weeks  to  two  months.  The  Factories  Act  of  1905 
was  amended  so  as  to  strengthen  the  prohibition  against  employment 
of  children  under  16  years  and  authorizing  Inspectors  to  demand  par- 
ticulars and  proofs  of  age.  The  Premier's  measure  for  the  encour- 
agement of  agricultural  settlement  provided  for  the  establishment  of 
a  Farm  Settlement  Board  composed  of  three  Commissioners  with 
power  to  purchase  real  estate  suitable  for  general  farming  purposes, 
to  hold  and  improve  it,  or  sell  it  to  settlers  on  attractive  terms. 

He  explained  this  measure  on  Apl.  15,  in  part,  as  follows:  "The 
plan  will  be  available  to  our  own  people,  just  the  same  as  to  those 
who  come  in  from  outside,  the  object  being  to  provide  for  people 
on  properties  where  the  earning  capacity  can  commence  from  the 
very  first."  Provision  was  also  made  in  the  Bill  for  the  Board  to  sell 
to  bona  fide  settlers  the  properties  at  a  price  not  exceeding  the  cost, 
with  cost  of  improvements,  the  idea  of  profit  being  entirely  elimin- 
ated. A  payment  of  25  per  cent,  of  the  purchase  money  would  be 
required  as  an  initial  payment  when  possession  was  given  to  the  pur- 
chaser, and  ten  years  would  be  given  to  pay  the  balance,  with  a  charge 
of  5  per  cent,  interest.  There  was  also  provision  that  suitable  sec- 
tions of  Crown  lands  could  be  granted  to  the  Board  by  the  Surveyor- 
General  upon  an  order  of  the  Lieut.-Governor-in-Council.  The  Bill 
provided  that  the  title  to  land  taken  over  by  the  Board  would  remain 
in  the  Board  until  all  payments  had  been  made.  The  Board  was 
authorized  to  borrow  $100,000  for  a  period  of  20  years  at  4  per  cent, 
interest,  and  it  was  not  proposed  that  this  should  be  added  to  the 


THE  FLEMMING  ADMINISTRATION  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK      447 

permanent  Debt  of  the  Province,  but  that  the  loan  and  interest  would 
be  repaid  in  payments  of  $5,000  annually  out  of  current  revenue.  On 
Aug.  6th  the  Board  was  constituted  with  Thomas  W.  Butler,  Milltown, 
Wm.  Hay,  Woodstock,  and  James  Gilchrist,  St.  John,  as  Members. 

An  Act  was  passed  authorizing  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
to  enter  into  an  agreement  with  the  Dominion  Minister  along  the  lines 
of  the  measure  appropriating  money  to  aid  Provincial  agriculture 
throughout  Canada;  another  measure  provided  for  encouragement  of 
fox-raising  by  forbidding  trespass  upon  premises  allotted  to  such 
industry;  further  and  stringent  regulations  were  enacted  to  protect 
forests  from  fire ;  the  Public  Health  Act  was  amended  in  certain  detail 
and  a  measure  passed  to  encourage  town-planning.  In  connection 
with  his  Bill  to  amend  the  Act  aiding  the  St.  John  Valley  Eailway, 
Mr.  Flemming,  on  Mch.  12,  explained  that  no  additional  responsi- 
bilities were  involved.  The  most  important  change  provided  that  the 
Company  should  deposit  with  the  Eeceiver-General  an  amount  equal 
to  $1,500  per  mile,  in  respect  to  which  bonds  were  guaranteed.  This 
would  aggregate  $300,000  and  would  be  for  the  purpose  of  meeting 
the  difference  between  the  interest  on  the  bonds  and  the  earnings  of 
the  road.  The  Bill  ratified  the  Contract  with  the  Company ;  a  separate 
Company  with  the  same  personnel  was  to  be  formed  to  handle  the 
construction  of  the  bridges  on  the  Line.  An  amendment  proposed  by 
J.  F.  Tweeddale  (Lib.)  wanted  construction  work  to  begin  on  those 
sections  of  the  proposed  line  of  railway  from  Andover  to  Grand  Falls 
and  from  Rothesay  to  Gagetown,  simultaneously  with  work  on  other 
sections  of  the  Line,  and  the  whole  Line  from  St.  John  to  Grand  Falls 
to  be  completed  on  or  before  the  1st  day  of  November,  1913.  It  was 
voted  down  by  28  to  12.  Another  measure  of  the  Premier's  provided 
for  the  Minto-Norton  Railway  construction. 

The  Hon.  W.  C.  H.  Grimmer  was  responsible  for  the  measure  con- 
firming agreements  between  the  St.  John  and  Quebec  Railway  Co. 
and  the  Governments  of  Canada  and  New  Brunswick  and  for  a  Bill 
to  regulate  theatres  and  moving  picture  shows — no  child  under  15  to 
attend  the  latter  without  a  parent  or  guardian.  Other  measures 
amended  the  City  of  Fredericton  Act  and  gave  various  additional 
powers  to  the  Municipality;  consolidated  and  amended  the  laws  relat- 
ing to  the  Church  of  England  in  the  Province;  incorporated  G.  W. 
Fowler  and  others  as  the  North  Shore  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. 
Ltd.  with  specific  powers  of  railway  construction  and  also  the  Mira- 
michi  Bay  Shore  Railway  Co.;  authorized  the  City  of  St.  John  to 
establish  the  Commission  form  of  Civic  government;  amended  the 
Motor  Vehicle  Act  so  as  to  increase  the  precautions  as  to  display  of 
numbers  and  imposed  additional  taxation  upon  manufacturers,  dealers 
and  chauffeurs  and  compelled  registration  of  chauffeurs  and  owners; 
amended  the  Liquor  License  Act  so  as  to  increase  the  difficulties  of 
selling  adulterated  articles,  to  define  and  enlarge  the  powers  of  Inspec- 
tors in  this  respect,  to  impose  various  minor  restrictions  upon  the  sale 
of  liquor  such  as  giving  no  recourse  in  law  for  liquor  sold  on  credit,  to 
reduce  the  fine  for  drunkenness  in  St.  John  to  $2.00  on  the  ground 


448  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

that  the  wife  usually  had  to  pay  it  out  of  her  meagre  earnings ;  consoli- 
dated and  amended  the  elaborate  Clauses  of  the  Act  Eespecting 
Municipalities. 

The  Act  to  incorporate  the  New  Brunswick  Hydro-Electric  Co. 
caused  some  lively  debates.  It  empowered  C.  H.  Easson,  W.  E.  Foster, 
P.  W.  Thomson,  J.  G.  Harrison  and  J.  Edwin  Ganong  as  a  Company 
to  acquire,  utilize  and  develop  lands,  water-powers  and  an  electric, 
pneumatic  or  hydraulic  power  or  force  on  the  Lepreaux  and  Magagua- 
davic  Rivers  and  tributaries  and  gave  them  other  and  varied  powers 
of  a  wide  character — the  capital  to  be  $1,500,000.  W.  F.  Hatheway 
(Cons.)  strongly  opposed  the  Bill  in  the  powers  of  expropriation  given. 
An  incident  of  the  Session  was  a  Resolution  (Apl.  2)  by  C.  H. 
LaBillois  (Lib.)  declaring  that  automobiles  should  not  be  run  on 
the  highways  during  one  day  in  each  week  so  as  to  give  the  farmers 
one  free  day  on  the  roads;  the  Hon.  H.  F.  McLeod,  of  the  Govern- 
ment, opposed  it  as  legislation  in  favour  of  one  class  against  another 
and  it  was  rejected  by  19  to  11.  On  Apl.  16th  J.  B.  M.  Baxter  (Cons.) 
carried  without  division  a  Resolution  urging  uniformity  amongst  the 
Provinces  in  laws  relating  to  commercial  subjects  and  approving  the 
Government's  plan  of  a  Conference  regarding  Federal  representation. 
On  Mch.  13  a  Resolution  moved  by  W.  F.  Hatheway  and  D.  P.  Mac- 
Lachlan  passed  unanimously.  It  described  the  material  wealth  of 
Canada  as  depending  upon  the  skill  and  science  shown  in  their  avoca- 
tions by  the  farmer,  miner  and  lumberman ;  pointed  to  the  representa- 
tions made  at  Ottawa  regarding  the  value  of  Technical  Education  and 
referred  to  the  absence  of  this,  or  agricultural  instruction,  from  the 
Public  Schools  and  declared: 

1st.  That  the  Federal  Government  of  Canada  should  appropriate 
annually  for  the  next  ten  years  the  sum  of  $4,000,000  a  year  to  be  expended 
solely  upon  agricultural  and  Industrial  education. 

2nd.  That  such  sum  of  $4,000,000  a  year  be  paid  over  by  the  Federal 
Government  through  the  Minister  of  Education  to  the  Governments  of 
each  Province  of  the  Dominion  In  sums  pro  rata  to  the  population  of  each 
Province  as  shown  In  the  Census  of  1911. 

3rd.  That  each  Province  of  the  Dominion  pledge  itself  to  expend  such 
sum  solely  and  only  for  Agricultural  Schools  or  farms  or  colleges,  and  for 
technical  education  of  the  miner,  the  lumberman  and  the  mechanic  by 
means  of  manual  training,  technical  schools,  high  schools  and  colleges. 

4th.  That  each  Province  appoint  one  of  its  Cabinet  who  will  annually 
make  his  report  to  the  Minister  at  Ottawa,  showing  in  detail  where  and 
how  such  sums  have  been  expended. 

The  Durant  Bill  amending  a  previous  Act  and  permitting  the  City 
of  St.  John  to  extend  the  period  in  which  F.  C.  Durant,  or  the  Atlantic 
Sugar  Refining  Co.  Ltd.,  could  commence  construction  of  a  Sugar 
Refinery  disposed  of  a  difficult  matter;  the  incorporation  of  New 
Brunswick  Shales  Ltd.  gave  a  concern  of  which  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie 
was  the  chief  figure  the  right  to  expend  $2,000,000  in  the  treatment 
of  Albert  County  shales ;  the  Session  was  interesting  as  being  the  first 
in  which  Mr.  Flemming  led  the  Government  forces  and  Mr.  Copp  the 


THE  FLEMMINQ  ADMINISTRATION  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK      449 

Opposition  forces  while  on  Mch.  29th  Mr.  C.  W.  Robinson  delivered 
a  sort  of  valedictory  address — a  farewell  to  the  House  in  which  he  had 
been  for  a  brief  period  Liberal  Premier  and  during  four  years  Opposi- 
tion Leader.  He  claimed  that  the  total  Liabilities  of  the  Province 
when  he  left  office  in  1908  were,  according  to  Mr.  Flemming's  own 
figures,  $10,253,000  and  that  they  were  in  1911  $14,657,104.  These 
included  indirect  Liabilities.  In  1907  the  ordinary  Expenditure  was 
$960,093  and  in  1911  $1,403,546;  in  1907  the  net  Debt  was  $3,590,897 
and  in  1911  $4,648,857. 

The  Budget  debate,  during  which  these  remarks  were  made,  was  a 
prolonged  affair  of  nearly  a  month.  On  Mch.  19th  the  Hon.  H.  F. 
McLeod,  as  Provincial  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  presented  his  first 
Budget.  He  gave  the  figures  of  net  Debt  as  above  and  the  increases 
as  $289,556  in  1907,  $293,309  in  1908,  $217,491  in  1909,  $185,280  in 

1910  and  $161,684 — a  steadily  decreasing  quantity.    The  Receipts  for 

1911  (year  ending  Oct.  31)  were  $1,347,077;  and  the  Expenditures 
$1,403,547.      The    chief    excess  of    expenditure  over  estimate  was 
$97,465  in  Public  Works.    Of  the  revenue  $621,360  came  from  Domin- 
ion subsidies ;  $529,660  from  Territorial  or  timber  dues ;  $48,278  from 
Company  taxes  and  $46,631  from  Liquor  licenses.    The  chief  items  of 
expenditure  were  $276,578  on  Education;  $245,193  on  Interest  and 
$416,265  on  Public  Works  including  permanent  bridges,  etc.    In  con- 
cluding, Mr.  McLeod  declared  that  the  Government  believed  in  the 
future  of  the  Province,  and  acted  upon  that  belief.    "  Too  long  it  has 
stood  still.    With  a  marvellous  wealth  of  natural  resources,  unexplored 
and  practically  unknown,  her  young  men  have  gone  out  to  other  lands. 
That  is  being  changed  now.    The  old  feeling  of  despondency  has  been 
replaced  by  a  buoyant  optimism.    The  resources  of  the  Province  must 
be  used  to  make  fit  homes  for  the  host  who  will  cultivate  her  fertile 
acres  and  carry  their  products  to  market  over  its  substantial  roads 
and  bridges." 

It  is  impossible  to  review  the  many  speeches  which  followed  on  both 
sides — no  doubt  influenced  by  the  pending  Elections — but  an  excep- 
tion may  be  made  as  to  Mr.  Morrissy's  speech  on  Apl.  10.  The  Chief 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works  was  a  conspicuous  target  for  Opposi- 
tion attack  on  account  of  his  Liberal  opinions.  They  resented  his 
standing  for  the  portion  of  the  Party  which  in  New  Brunswick  did  not 
believe  in  combining  Federal  and  Provincial  politics  and  declared  that 
he  was  "  in  company  with  Tories  and  played  their  game."  Mr.  Mor- 
rissy  was  able  to  take  care  of  himself,  however,  and  on  this  occasion 
pointed  to  the  "  Suspense  account "  in  his  Department  when  he 
assumed  office  which  had  now  disappeared— "  there  is  now  no  hold- 
ing back  or  hiding  of  expenditures."  In  this  connection  he  read  vari- 
ous Departmental  letters  of  his  predecessor's  period  as  to  bridges  and 
roads.  As  to  expenditures  on  ordinary  bridges  the  total  in  the  last 
years  of  Liberal  rule  (eliminating  1908)  had  risen  from  $80,758  in 
1905  to  $95,419;  in  the  first  years  of  his  administration  they  had 
grown  from  $153,973  in  1909  to  $235,315  in  1911.  Since  1908  there 
had  been  $2,015,000  spent  on  bridges,  wharves  and  roads  by  his 
29 


THE  CAXADIAX  AXXTAL  REVIEW 

Department  Mr.  A.  F.  Bentley  (Lib.)  stated  on  ApL  15  that  there 
were  5,000,000  acres  of  productive  forest  lands  in  Xew  Brunswick; 
if  the  growth  were  estimated  as  in  Xew  York  State  it  would  be  250 
million  feet  a  year;  the  records  showed  the  annual  cut  on  Crown  lands 
to  be  305  million  feet 

On  ApL  10  A.  B.  Copp,  for  the  Opposition,  moved  a  Resolution 
declaring  that "  this  House  views  with  alarm  the  growing  evil  of  using 
the  taxpayers'  money  to  pay  tribute  to  a  political  party,  thereby  caus- 
ing waste  and  extravagance;  and  further  desires  to  place  on  record 
its  disapproval  of  the  very  large  and  unparalleled  increase  in  the 
Public  Debt  under  the  present  Administration  and  the  inability  of 
the  Government  to  prudently  administer  Provincial  finances  so  as  to 
keep  the  ordinary  expenditure  within  the  ordinary  revenue  notwith- 
standing the  large  increase  in  the  Subsidy  from  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment and  other  large  increases  in  revenue.5*  It  was  voted  down  on  the 
15th  by  20  to  7.  It  may  be  added  that  the  estimated  Receipts  for 
1912  were  $1,379,682  and  that  the  actual  total  announced  in  the 
following  December  was  $1.417,788;  fta>  estimated  Expenditure  was 
fJJMM«t  and  the  actual  total  $1,409,049.  The  net  Debt  on  Oct 
31, 1918,  was  $4,693,457.  The  House  was  prorogued  on  ApL  80th. 

Following  this  several  incidents  of  importance  occurred.  On  May 
14th  Mr.  Flemming  was  given  a  banquet  by  300  citizens  at  St  John 
with  the  following  tribute  from  The  St**Jord:  *  Mr.  Flemming7s 
important  services  to  the  Province  entitle  him  to  the  recognition  which 
is  tendered  him  to-day.  The  persistency  with  which  he  has  laboured 
to  bring  about  the  construction  of  the  Valley  Railway,  by  which  one 
of  ft*  oldest  and  best  settled  sections  of  the  Province  wfll  be  afforded 
transportation  -fc^astw  long  denied,  entitle  him  to  a  first  place  in 
the  esteem  of  all  piugie«i«e  citizens."  On  May  22nd  at  Woodstock 
he  turned  the  first  sod  of  the  Railway  which  was  to  provide  continuous 
communication  along  the  River  from  Grand  Falls  to  its  mouth  and, 
in  his  address,  float  liln  il  the  line  as  not  only  bringing  direct  benefit 
to  Woodstock  but  "benefit  and  new  life  and  new  optimism  to  the 
entire  St  John  VaDey."  A  little  later  it  was  announced  that  $5,000,- 
000  of  4  per  cent  1st  mortgage  hnnfli,  guaranteed  by  the  Government 
had  been  issued  in  this  connection  and  sold  in  London ;  on  May  31 
E.  H.  Macdonefl  of  the  St  John  and  Quebec  Railway  Co.  stated 'that 
they  held  the  contract  for  210  miles — some  doubt  had  been  expressed  as 
to  die  distance  involved— and  would  bnfld  the  road  from  end  to  end; 
on  ApL  25  A.  R.  Gould,  the  head  of  the  project,  corrected  a  much- 
discuBsed  press  interview  of  his  as  follows :  "  When  I  used  the  words 
'  I  owe  them  nothing  aad  wfll  pay  nothing '  it  had  reference  to  the 
Government  My  dealings  with  the  Government  of  the  Province  have 
been  satisfactory.  There  has  been  no  graft  or  suggestion  of  graft  and 
hold-up  on  the  part  of  die  Government  Everything  has  been  straight- 
forward, honest  and  above  board,  and  wfll  continue  so."  On  July  llth 
the  great  Federal  works  in  Conrtenay  Bay  were  inaugurated  with 
jky  the  Ueutenant-Governor,  Hon.  W.  T.  White  of  the 
Government,  Mr.  Flemming  and  others. 


THE  FLEMMCTC  ADMOTSTXAHOK  is  NEW  BKTSSWICK     451 


On  Sept.  9th  it  was  announced  that  the  Dominion 
would  establish  an  Experimental  Farm  two  mfles  from 
with  W.  W.  Hubbard,  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  as 
Superintendent  and,  on  Xov/lst,  Mr.  Coehrane,  Minister  of  Bail- 
ways  at  Ottawa,  stated  at  Moneton  that  his  Department  might  take 
over  the  Salisbury  and  Harver  Railway  and  bufld  a  local  badge  which 
much  needed.  At  Woodstock,  on  the  same  day,  Mr. 
thatHwasthe 


flie  Fisher  legacy  to  bufld  an  Agricultural  School  at 
at  Woodstock.  Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  flie 
statrment  that  the  New  Brunswick  Coal  and  Baflway 
had  a  record  of  Freight  increasing  from  54,860  tons  in  1908  to  71,800 
tons  in  1911,  pammgus  carried  from  20,087  to  21^287,  and  ^"«"»fp 
from  $54,030  to  $66,476  yet  had  increased  its  expenses  from  $36,096 
to  $80,765 ;  die  making  of  a  Contract  with  Sir  Thomas  Tait,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Fredericton  and  Grand  Lake  Coal  and  Baflway  COL,  for 
the  building  of  the  Gflwrn-Mmto  Baflway;  the  request  of  the  Xew 
Brunswick  AutomohOe  Association  on  Oct.  13  that  the  Government 
borrow  $3,000,000  for  tike  construction  of  500  mfles  of  good  muds 
in  the  Province. 

The  Premier,  accompanied  by  Hon.  John  Morrissr,  visited  the 
Prairie  Provinces  and  the  Pacific  Coast  in  September-leaving  Fred- 
ericton on  Aug.  26,  attending  the  Canadian  Forestry  Convention  in 
Victoria  on  Sept  4-6  and,  on  his  return,  stopping  at  Vancouver,  Cal- 
gary, Edmonton,  Saskatoon,  Begina  and  Winnipeg.  At  Va 
500  one-time  residents  of  5ew  Brunswick  banqnetted  the 
SepL  9th  and  fl*<>  Canadian  dub  entertained  fl****>  at  T^smri*****  when 
Mr.  Flemming  spoke  strongly  on  Umpire  matters :  m  Xow  we  are  out 
of  swaddling  dothee,  we  must  take  a  greater  share  of 
ties  of  the  Empire:  we  are  now  full  grown  members  of  the 
family,  and  should  do  our  parL"  On  his  return  the 
press  Oat  "I  didn't  see  anything  in  the  whole  West  that 
as  delightful  as  the  SL  John"  Valley,  the  IGramiehi  or  the 
YaBey."  Of  Administrative  changes,  the  most  important  was  the 
expiration  of  Mr.  L.  J.  Tweedie's  term  as  lieuL-Govternor  and  the 
appointment  on  Mch.  6  of  the  Hon.  Jodah  Wood,  iff  * ,  ex-M-P.,  a 
Senator  of  Canada  since  1895.  A  change  in  the  Government  also  took 
place  owing  to  the  retirement  of  Hon.  Robert  Maxwell,  Minister  with- 
out Portfolio,  to  become  Deputy  Beceiver-General  at  SL  John.  He 
was  succeeded  on  June  17  by  John  Edwards  Wflson,  member  for  SL 
John  City.  The  Hon.  James  AVrandfr  Murray,  Minister  without 
Portfolio,  was  selected  as  President  of  the  Executive  Councfl. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Crown  Land  Department,  issued  by  Mr. 
Flemming  as  Surveror-General,  showed  Receipts  of  $522,399  in  the 
year  ending  Oct.  31,  1912.  compared  with  $528,439  in  1911.  This 
slight  reduction  was  described  as  a  matter  of  <*«giii  station  and  the 
Premier  stated  that  it  would  be  well  if  these  lands  could  be  left  alto- 
gether alone  for  a  period  and  withdrawn  from  lumbering  operations. 
-"  The  collection  of  stnmpage  has  been  fahhfnDy  carried  out  under  the 


452  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

new  system  inaugurated  by  my  predecessor  and  supplemented  by 
myself.  We  feel  there  has  been  a  just  return  of  the  lumber-cut  largely 
brought  about  by  the  complete  system  of  the  Department  and,  as  a 
result  of  the  system,  I  was  called  upon  only  in  a  very  few  instances 
to  adjudicate  on  any  claims  for  overscaling."  The  advantageous  sale 
of  fishing  leases  on  Mch.  20,  1912,  was  dealt  with;  the  absence  of 
forest  fires  owing  to  the  wet  season  mentioned.  The  Report  of  Hon. 
D.  V.  Landry,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  showed  in  Horticulture 
the  operation  of  three  demonstration  orchards,  of  23  illustration 
orchards,  of  special  instruction  given  by  the  Horticulturist — A.  G. 
Turney — on  about  80  farms,  the  conduct  of  many  orchard  surveys, 
the  holding  of  100  lantern-slide  lectures  on  fruit-growing;  in  poultry 
matters  there  was  a  record  year  as  to  demand  and  prices ;  in  a  general 
connection  there  was  the  tour  of  a  "  Better  Farming "  special  car 
through  the  Province  in  June  and  July  and  distribution  of  thousands 
of  instructive  leaflets;  the  publication  by  the  Department  of  useful 
Bulletins  dealing  with  practical  topics — especially  a  handsome  booklet 
entitled  "  Orchard  Opportunities."  Mr.  Morrissy,  Chief  Commis- 
sioner of  Public  Works,  in  his  Report  showed  appropriations  of 
$1,038,279  and  expenditures  of  $553,148— the  latter  total  including 
$162,557  on  Ordinary  Bridges,  $132,354  on  Roads,  $146,847  on  Per- 
manent Bridges.  The  chief  appointments  of  the  year  were  as  follows : 


Chairman  Public  Utilities  Commission 
Member  Public  Utilities  Commission. 
Member  Public  Utilities  Commission. 

King's   Councillor    

Secretary,  Provincial  Board  of  Health 
Secretary  Department  of  Agriculture. . 


.G.  O.  Dickson-Otty St  John. 

.Allison  B.   Connell,   K.C  ...  Woodstock. 

.  Felix   Michaud    Buctouche. 

.B.  T.  C.  Knowles St.  John. 

.Dr.  B.  M.  Mulliri St.  Mary's. 

.  J.  B.  Daggett Centreville. 


Provincial   Superintendent  of  Immigra- 
tion     James  Gilchrist St.  John. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  year  there  was  a  gen- 
eral  expectation  of  coming  Elections.  The  Hon.  C.  W. 
1912  in  H«W  Robinson,  K.C.,  the  lately-retired  Leader  of  the  Opposi- 
Brnmwiok  tion,  told  the  press  on  Mch.  26th  that  Liberal  prospects 
were  bright,  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  further 
increase  the  revenue  of  the  Province  in  order  to  make  both  ends  meet, 
and  that  the  salvation  of  the  East,  even  admitting  the  present  forward 
movement,  depended  very  greatly  upon  the  opening  up  of  the  large 
markets  of  the  United  States  to  the  Maritime  Province  farmers. 
During  the  Legislative  Session,  however,  little  was  said  about  Reci- 
procity and  it  was  not  really  an  issue  in  the  Elections.  Mr.  A.  B. 
Copp,  the  Opposition  Leader,  in  a  speech  at  Hampton  on  Mch.  16 
struck  the  keynote  of  his  policy  in  general  terms  as  follows:  (1)  Gov- 
ernment loans  to  farmers  at  5  per  cent,  on  long  term  mortgages;  (2) 
cheap  rural  Telephone  communication  along  lines  which  he  had 
worked  out  but  did  not  describe;  (3)  the  removal  of  politics  from 
Highway  control  and  construction. 

At  Moncton  on  May  22,  Mayor  Robinson,  a  brother  of  the  retiring 
Leader,  was  selected  as  Liberal  candidate  and  the  Liberal  press  pub- 
lished statistics  showing  "  a  million  more  of  Debt  in  four  years  " ; 
increased  revenues  from  all  sources  and  heavier  taxation  of  Banks, 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK     453 

Insurance  Companies,  etc.;  increased  expenditures  and  large  Con- 
tingencies Account;  with  smaller  payments  for  Agriculture  and  Edu- 
cation in  proportion  to  revenue  than  under  Liberal  auspices.  Mean- 
time, Mr.  Flemming  had  been  given  a  great  banquet  at  St.  John  on 
May  14th  with  W.  H.  Thome  in  the  chair  and  300  citizens  present, 
and  had  described  his  Government's  policy  and  practice  as  the  honest 
collection,  expenditure  and  auditing  of  revenues ;  cheaper  school-books 
and  public  works  put  up  to  tender;  Valley  Eailway  construction, 
co-operation  with  the  Ottawa  Government  and  development  of  Pro- 
vincial resources.  He  spoke  at  Eexton  on  the  16th  and  at  other  points. 
On  May  27th  the  Dissolution  was  announced  with  nominations  on 
June  13th  and  polling  on  June  20th.  At  the  same  time  Mr.  Flemming 
issued  a  Manifesto  to  the  Electors  in  the  following  terms: 

Gentlemen, — The  Legislature  has  been  dissolved  and  the  electorate  of 
the  Province  are  called  upon  to  select  their  representatives  for  another 
term.  As  Leader  of  the  Government  which  assumed  office  in  October  last 
I  appeal  to  the  people  for  an  expression  of  their  confidence.  The  present 
Government  being  largely  the  same  as  that  led  by  the  Hon.  Mr.  Hazen 
from  1908  up  to  October  last,  we  assume  responsibility  for  the  acts  of  the 
Administration  from  the  change  of  Government  in  March,  1908,  to  the 
present  time.  In  soliciting  the  support  of  the  electors  of  New  Brunswick, 
I  wish  to  point  out  a  few  changes  which  have  taken  place  since  1908,  to 
refer  to  some  things  that  have  been  accomplished  and  to  some  matters  to 
be  dealt  with  during  the  ensuing  term. 

1.  When  the  change  of  Government  took  place  in  1908  we  found  the 
system  of  payments  and  the  system  of  bookkeeping  unsatisfactory.  Tens  of 
thousands  of  dollars  were  paid  out  by  the  various  Departments  on  the 
cheque  of  the  Deputy-head  of  the  Department,  without  any  audit  having 
taken  place,  and  without  requiring  the  signature  of  the  Auditor-General  or 
Receiver-General.    We  have  introduced  a  modern  system,  and  now  have  a 
continuous  audit  by  the  Auditor-General  throughout  the  entire  year.    All 
bills  are  sworn  to  by  the  party  seeking  payment,  certified  correct  by  the 
Department  dealing  with  the  matter,  audited  by  the  Auditor-General  and 
certified  correct  by  him  before  being  passed  over  to  the  Receiver-General 
for  payment. 

2.  When  in  Opposition  we  claimed  that  the  revenues  from  the  Crown 
lands  of  the  Province  were  not  being  properly  collected,  and  that  great 
loss  resulted  annually  on  account  of  the  interests  of  the  Province  not  being 
fairly  protected.     Since  assuming  power  we  have  increased  the  revenue 
received  by  the  Crown  Land  Department  by  a  very  large  sum.    The  total 
revenue  collected  by  the  Crown  Land  Department  in  1907,  the  largest  year 
of  the  old  Administration,  being  $321,550  while  last  year  the  amount  col- 
lected was  $528,439.     This  condition  justifies  the  criticism  made  by  our 
Party  when  in  Opposition.    This  large  increase  has  made  it  possible  for 
us  to  deal  generously  in  providing  for  the  public  services  of  the  Province. 
The  large  increase  in  the  appropriations  for  agriculture,  education,  roads 
and  bridges,  etc.,  are  due  in  great  measure  to  the  better  collection  of  the 
revenue  from  the  Crown  lands. 

3.  On  taking  office  in  1908  we  applied  ourselves  to  making  arrange- 
ments to  secure  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  school  books  and  in  this  we 
have  been  successful.     An  arrangement  has  been  entered  into  and  the 
books  now  in  use  in  the  common  schools  are  procured  at  a  large  reduc- 
tion;  in  many  cases  the  price  now  paid  being  only  half  the  price  paid 
formerly. 

4.  We  have  passed  legislation  protecting  the  interests  of  the  working 
men  and  the  workingman's  wife  and  children.  As  a  result  of  that  legisla- 
tion more  care  is  being  exercised  where    large    numbers    of    men    are 


454  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

employed  and  fewer  accidents  occur.  Many  homes  are  provided  with  the 
necessaries  of  life  while  the  workman  is  not  only  unable  to  earn  but  is 
requiring  care  either  in  the  home  or  the  hospital;  should  the  accident 
result  fatally,  a  reasonable  sum  is  now  available  for  the  family  of  the 
deceased  workman. 

5.  We  have  amended  the  Liquor  License  Act  along  the  lines  advocated 
by  the  Temperance  people  of  the  Province.    An  important  amendment  was 
one  providing  that  any  community  can  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  rate- 
payers abolish  the  saloon.    A  considerable  number  of  communities  have 
taken  advantage  of  this  amendment  and  the  area  under  License  is  grow- 
ing smaller  each  year.    Other  important  amendments  to  the  License  Act 
have  been  made,  all  in  the  interests  of  temperance  and  sobriety.    With  the 
amendments  made  our  New  Brunswick  Liquor  License  Act  was  declared 
by  a  leading  clergyman  in  the  City  of  St.  John  and  a  leader  of  the  Tem- 
perance forces,  to  be  the  best  License  Law  in  Canada. 

6.  We  have  fostered  the  interests  of  the  agriculturists  of  the  Province. 
The  Agricultural  Department  was  in  a  state   of  stagnation   when   we 
assumed  office.    To-day  there  is  no  more  busy  Department  in  the  whole 
Administration.    In  addition  to  the  Dairy  Superintendents,  the  Horticul- 
turist, the  Assistant  Horticulturist,  a  Poultry  Expert,  the  Secretary  of 
the  Department  and  his  staff,  are  all  earnestly  at  work  carrying  out  pro- 
gressive plans  to  aid  the  farming  interests  in  our  Province.    The  number 
of  Agricultural  Societies  have  Increased  from  58  to  more  than  100,  and 
the  grant  to  assist  these  Societies  is  much  larger  than  formerly. 

7.  In  compliance  with  our  promise  to  the  people,  we  repealed  the 
Highway  Act  passed  by  the  late  Government  and  have  enacted  a  Highway 
Bill  which  vests  large  control  of  the  highways  in  the  Municipal  Councils. 
Our  present  law  provided  that  the  ratepayers  may  perform  statute  labour 
instead  of  paying  cash,  and  Insures  that  the  people  shall  have  the  benefit 
of  statute  labour  or  the  expenditure  of  the  cash  paid  by  them  in  their  own 
locality,  and  on  the  highways  in  which  they  are  directly  interested.    This 
local  control  has  had  a  beneficial  effect,  and  the  statute  labour  done  upon 
the  roads,  with  the  generous  provision  from  the  Public  Works  Department, 
is  bringing  about  a  splendid  improvement    in    the    condition    of    our 
highways. 

8.  We  have  grappled  with  the  question  of  providing  railway  facilities 
in  the  St.  John  Valley  and  elsewhere.    Despite  difficulties  put  in  our  way, 
our  efforts  have  been  successful,  and  a  splendid  arrangement  has  been 
entered  into  for  the  construction  of  the  St.  John  Valley  Railway.     The 
arrangement  is  such  that  I  do  not  believe  any  burden  will  be  placed  on 
the  people  of    the  Province,  although  the  Railway  will    be    of    a    high 
standard,  will  bring  a  large  amount  of  through  traffic  to  St.  John  and 
open  up  and  make  accessible  a  large  portion  of  the  St.  John  River  Valley. 
The  work  Is  now  under  construction  and  will  be  prosecuted  vigorously 
until  the  whole  line  is  completed.     The  Federal  Government  have  not 
only  provided  the  double  Subsidy  but  have  also  agreed  to  assist  in  the 
construction  of  certain  bridges  to  the  extent  of  a  million  dollars  by  way 
of  guarantee  of  bonds,  and  are  contributing  in  cash  the  interest  upon  the 
bridge  bonds  for  the  first  fifteen  years,  which  would  amount  to  $600,000. 
This  aid  has  helped  greatly  in  carrying  the  project  through  successfully. 
The  Leader  of  the  Opposition  and  his  forces  in  the  Legislature  came  out 
in  direct  opposition  to  this  project  by  voting  against  the   ratification 
of  the  contract  and  the  Act  authorizing  the  guarantee  of  the  bonds  as  well 
as  voting  for  the  Tweeddale  amendment  which  would  have  killed  the 
whole  enterprise.    The  contract  for  the  construction  of  a  railway  from 
Minto  to  Gibson  has  been  entered  into  and  construction  is  now  going  on. 
The  length  of  this  railway  is  about  31  miles  and  it  will  open  up  the  coal- 
fields of  Sunbury  and  Queens  and  give  them  an  outlet  to  Fredericton  and 
all  the  western  part  of  the  Province.     This  railway  when  constructed, 
together  with  the  N.  B.  Coal  and  Railway,  will  be  operated  by  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific.    The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  engage  to  use  annually 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK     455 

for  a  period  of  ten  years  not  less  than  fifty  thousand  tons  of  screened  coal 
from  the  Queens-Sunbury  coal  field.  This  means  doubling  the  output  of 
our  coal  areas  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  the  Increase  will  be  more 
than  that,  as  a  greatly  enlarged  market  will  be  found  for  the  coal.  The 
addition  of  this  line  of  railway  will  not  only  bring  about  large  coal  devel- 
opment, but  will  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  farmers  of  a  considerable 
section  of  Sunbury  and  Queens  as  well  as  the  lumber  interests  in  that 
locality.  The  forty  per  cent,  gross  earnings  which  will  be  paid  to  the 
Province  to  cover  the  interest  on  the  bond  guarantee  will,  in  my  Judg- 
ment, be  sufficient  and  that  no  permanent  burden  will  be  placed  on  the 
people  of  the  Province  on  this  account.  This  Railway  is  to  be  completed 
and  ready  for  operation  before  the  end  of  the  present  year. 

9.  We  have  increased  the  expenditure  on  roads  and  bridges  during  the 
past  four  years  and  have  been  subject  to  severe  criticism  by  the  Opposi- 
tion on  account  of  our  increased  expenditures.  That  we  have  increased 
the  expenditure  very  greatly  for  the  ordinary  bridge  service  of  the  Pro- 
vince is  true,  the  figures  for  this  service  being  as  follows: 

Expenditure  1905,  ordinary  bridges $80,758  48 

Expenditure  1906,  ordinary  bridges 86,401  54 

Expenditure  1907,  ordinary  bridges 95,419  34 


Total  for  three  years  of  the  old  Administration $262,579  36 

Expenditure  1909,  ordinary  bridges $153,973  40 

Expenditure  1910,  ordinary  bridges 162,266  18 

Expenditure  1911,  ordinary  bridges 235,315  51 

Total  for  three  years  of  the  present  Administration. .   $551,555  09 

I  have  no  apology  to  make  for  this  increased  expenditure.  We  found 
the  bridges  of  the  Province  in  a  rotten,  neglected  condition  and  we  have 
spent  freely  in  endeavouring  to  give  the  people  the  bridges  that  they 
required.  We  have  also  built  bridges  of  a  more  permanent  character  than 
was  done  formerly,  many  of  our  bridges  paid  for  out  of  ordinary  revenue 
are  permanent  bridges  and  will  stand  for  generations.  We  have  provided 
as  generously  as  possible  for  the  road  service  and  I  deeply  regret  the 
action  of  the  Senate  of  Canada  in  rejecting  the  Bill  whereby  this  Province 
would  have  received  $50,000  from  the  Federal  Treasury  to  go  upon  the 
roads  this  present  season. 

If  continued  in  power  as  a  result  of  the  Elections,  the  Government 
will  continue  the  same  fair  and  honest  methods  in  the  collection  of  the 
revenues  of  the  Province,  and  will  expend  the  same  prudently  and 
economically,  carrying  on  at  the  same  time  a  progressive  administration. 
We  shall  press  earnestly  and  vigorously  for  a  settlement  of  the  repre- 
sentation question  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  satisfactory  to  the  people  of 
the  Province.  Without  some  change  in  the  B.  N.  A.  Act  the  representation 
of  the  Province  may  decrease  each  decade  until  we  lose  in  large  measure 
the  influence  which  the  representation  from  New  Brunswick  have  always 
exerted  in  the  Parliament  of  Canada.  Considering  the  immense  areas  of 
Dominion  lands  which  have  been  added  to  several  other  Provinces  of  the 
Dominion,  lands  in  which  we  were  part  owners  and  had  a  proprietary 
right,  the  Government  will,  without  delay,  push  the  claims  of  the  Pro- 
vince for  a  readjustment  of  the  Subsidies  paid  to  us  by  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment. The  Government  takes  the  position  that  if  we  lose  the  lands 
in  which  we  hold  a  proprietary  interest  then  we  are  entitled  to  reasonable 
compensation. 

The  Government  will  endeavour  to  secure  an  early  settlement  of  the 
Fishery  claims  which  are  outstanding  against  the  Federal  Government. 
Negotiations  have  been  carried  on  for  some  time  past  and  we  have  within 
the  past  few  months  reason  to  hope  fpr  an  early  settlement.  These  claims 
are  of  many  years  standing  and  should  have  been  adjusted  long  ago.  I 
believe  the  claims  put  forward  by  this  Government  are  reasonable,  and 
I  shall  urge  in  the  strongest  manner  possible  for  their  adjustment.  If 


456  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Administration  IB  continued  in  power,  we  will  foster  in  every  reason- 
able way  the  establishment  of  large  pulp  and  paper  mills  in  the  Province; 
were  a  considerable  portion  of  our  annual  cut  of  lumber  manufactured 
into  pulp  and  paper  it  would  bring  into  the  Province  a  large  amount  of 
capital,  it  would  create  employment  for  thousands  of  men  and  would 
greatly  increase  the  wealth  and  population  of  New  Brunswick.  The  Gov- 
ernment will  exert  every  effort  to  protect  our  timber  wealth  and  foster  the 
preservation  of  the  timber  industry. 

If  successful  in  the  coming  contest  we  will  put  into  effect  immediately 
the  Act  passed  at  the  recent  Session  of  the  Legislature  to  assist  in  the 
settlement  of  farm  lands.  This  measure  was  aimed  to  encourage  young 
men  in  New  Brunswick  to  settle  here  instead  of  seeking  a  home  elsewhere, 
and  also  to  secure  settlers  from  outside  the  Province.  Our  policy  of  ready- 
made  farms  will  help  to  increase  the  agricultural  population  and  add  to 
our  agricultural  wealth  which,  in  turn,  will  bring  prosperity  to  our  towns 
and  villages  and  promote  the  business  interests  of  the  country.  We  appeal 
to  the  electors  of  the  Province  with  the  utmost  confidence.  This  Adminis- 
tration has  fairly  collected  the  revenue  due  to  the  Province,  it  has  honestly 
expended  the  revenues  with  which  we  have  had  to  do.  Though  our  oppon- 
ents charge  us  with  waste  and  extravagance,  they  depend  solely  on  charges 
of  a  general  nature,  and  when  they  have  the  opportunity,  as  they  have 
every  year,  of  examining  the  expenditures  in  detail  in  the  Public  Accounts 
Committee,  in  no  single  case  have  they  been  able  to  put  their  hand  upon 
waste  or  extravagance. 

During  the  ensuing  term,  if  charged  with  the  responsibility  of  admin- 
istration, nothing  will  be  left  undone  by  us  to  encourage  the  development 
of  the  wealth  and  resources  of  the  Province,  and  while  the  Administration 
will  continue  to  be  prudent  we  will  not  fail  to  be  progressive.  I  believe 
our  Province  has  entered  upon  a  period  of  great  prosperity  and  advance- 
ment; the  Government  will  do  its  share  in  bringing  about  increased  pros- 
perity to  every  section  and  to  every  class  within  the  Province. 

The  Government  entered  the  contest  with  every  prospect  of  success — 
not  the  least  element  in  a  Maritime  Province  election  being  the  fact 
of  the  Government  in  power  at  Ottawa  having  the  same  political  sym- 
pathies. The  St.  John  Globe  (Ind.  Lib.)  of  May  25th  had  already 
declared  that  "the  outlook  is  most  favourable  to  the  Provincial 
Administration ;  and,  indeed,  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  find  any  substan- 
tial reason  why  it  should  be  otherwise.  Without  any  fireworks  or 
meteoric  displays,  Mr.  Flemming  has  attended  to  the  important  duties 
that  are  entrusted  to  him.  He  has  proved  himself  deeply  interested 
in  all  those  concerns  of  the  Province  which  are  within  the  control  of 
the  local  Administration,  and  he  seems  to  have  a  Cabinet  in  which 
there  is  a  reasonable  spirit  of  harmony."  Mr.  Flemming  made  a 
number  of  speeches  in  the  ensuing  campaign.  He  was  at  Hartland 
on  June  1,  at  Campbellton  on  the  4th,  at  Shediac  on  the  6th,  at 
Woodstock  on  the  13th,  at  Fairville  and  in  St.  John  on  the  14th  and 
at  other  points  on  other  dates. 

His  Ministers  took  their  share  of  the  work  and  Mr.  Hazen,  Federal 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  spoke  at  St.  John  on  June  7th  and 
reviewed  the  legislation  and  work  of  the  Government  during  his  period 
of  administration.  He  was  also  at  Sussex  on  the  17th.  Two  points 
made  in  the  Conservative  speeches  included  the  statement  that  Lib- 
erals, in  speaking  of  the  increased  Debt,  did  not  refer  to  a  floating 
debt  of  $215,781  inherited  from  the  Liberal  Government,  to  an  entry 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  IN  NEW  BHUNSWICK     457 

giving  $115,568  of  fictitious  value  to  the  Central  Railway,  or  to  the 
International  Railway  Subsidy  of  $143,700  not  charged  in  the  Public 
Debt  by  the  preceding  Government;  another  was  the  claim  that  cor- 
rected figures  of  revenue  under  Liberal  Government  in  1904-8  showed 
a  total  of  $4,134,070  with  3-7  per  cent,  expended  upon  Agriculture 
and  Immigration — the  total  for  the  present  Government  in  1908-11 
being  $5,018,082  with  4  per  cent  expended  in  that  connection. 

Mr.  Copp's  campaign  was  vigorous  and  hopeful  in  tone  whatever 
may  have  been  the  actual  expectations — Senator  G.  G.  King,  a  veteran 
Liberal,  predicting  on  May  28th  a  majority  of  10  for  Mr.  Copp.  The 
Premier's  Manifesto  was  described  by  the  Liberal  press  as  a  dreary 
and  futile  document,  the  Government's  record  as  one  of  blundering 
and  extravagance,  the  Valley  Railway  as  probably  not  to  be  built 
north  to  Grand  Falls,  the  Public  Debt  as  having  increased  a  million 
dollars  in  four  years  of  office,  the  Government  itself  as  being  too  closely 
identified  with  C.P.R.  interests.  The  Opposition  Leader  spoke  at 
Riverside  on  May  28th,  at  Andover  on  June  10,  at  Milltown  on  the 
llth  and  at  various  other  places.  Mr.  Copp  had  the  active  support 
of  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley,  formerly  Liberal  Minister  of  Public  Works 
at  Ottawa,  Hon.  H.  R.  Emmerson,  M.P.,  F.  B.  Carvell,  M.P.,  and 
other  Federal  friends.  Mr.  Emmerson  spoke  at  St.  George  on  June 
14th  and  Mr.  Pugsley  at  Hampton  on  the  8th  when  the  following 
statement  was  made :  "  Mr.  Hazen  fails  to  tell  the  people  that  he  dealt 
the  City  of  St.  John  a  cruel  blow  by  refusing  to  accept  the  tender  of 
Cammell,  Laird  &  Co.  for  the  building  of  eleven  Canadian  battleships 
at  Courtenay  Bay.  The  sum  of  $100,000  was  on  deposit  with  the 
tender  of  this  firm,  and  Mr.  Hazen  returned  the  money." 

On  June  4th  Mr.  Copp  issued  a  long  Manifesto  in  which  his  attack 
upon  the  Government  was  vigorous  and  his  pledges  numerous.  He 
dealt  with  the  Public  Debt  increase  of  $1,057,960  in  four  years  plus 
the  receipt  of  $520,000  more  in  Dominion  Subsidies  and  also  increased 
revenues ;  with  an  alleged  Government  subserviency  to  great  Railway 
corporations  in  the  two  Railway  contracts  of  the  year;  with  an 
assumed  danger  that  the  Government  might  build  the  Valley  Rail- 
way, not  from  Grand  Falls,  but  from  a  point  on  the  Maine  border  40 
miles  below  that  place ;  with  the  decreased  population  of  the  Province 
and  the  special  requirements  of  the  farmers;  with  asserted  partisan 
administration  of  the  Highways  Act  and  the  impotence  of  the  Audit 
Act.  As  to  the  rest  he  submitted  the  following  platform  which  his 
Administration,  if  formed,  would  carry  out: 

Advancement  and  betterment  of  Agriculture  by  introducing  legisla- 
tion with  a  view  to  assisting  Provincial  farmers  who  lack  the  necessary 
capital  to  bring  their  lands  up  to  a  satisfactory  productiveness — such 
assistance  to  be  by  financial  aid  under  proper  safeguards,  by  long-term 
loans  upon  the  Provincial  credit,  at  a  low  rate  of  interest  and  easy  terms 
of  repayment — thereby  increasing  development  and  production  and  encour- 
aging our  farmers  and  their  sons  to  remain  in  the  Province;  by  associating 
a  practical  farmer  with  the  administration  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture; by  abolishing  unnecessary  offices  in  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture so  that  the  appropriations  therefor  may  serve  their  purpose  and  no 


458  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

longer  be  largely  wasted  In  the  salaries  and  travelling  expenses  of  useless 
officials;  by  aiding  the  establishment  of  cheap  rural  telephone  services 
throughout  the  Province. 

We  will  also  remove  the  administration  of  the  roads  absolutely  from 
politics,  and  place  the  expenditure  of  the  road  moneys  directly  in  the 
hands  of  the  people,  thereby  abolishing  the  waste  of  the  moneys  passing 
through  expensive  and  unnecessary  officials;  we  will  provide  for  the  tax- 
ing for  school  purposes  of  granted  forest  lands  lying  contiguous  to  school 
districts  (which  now  escape  taxation)  thereby  improving  the  schools  of 
remote  and  depopulated  sections,  and  relieving  from  the  present  excessive 
rates  the  farmers  who  remain  upon  the  land  in  these  districts;  we  will, 
except  in  cases  of  imperative  urgency,  put  up  all  public  works  to  tender 
and  award  the  contract  therefor  to  the  lowest  bidder;  we  will  provide  in 
all  Government  contracts  conditions  to  secure  the  payment  of  such  wages 
as  generally  are  accepted  as  current  in  each  trade  for  competent  workmen 
in  the  district  where  the  work  is  carried  out;  this  to  apply  also  to  work 
undertaken  by  the  Government  which  Is  done  by  necessary  day's  work. 

We  will  keep  ordinary  expenditures  of  the  Province  within  the  ordin- 
ary revenues;  we  will  undertake  a  re-survey  and  valuation  of  the  Crown 
lands  of  the  Province  and  to  provide  for  the  conservation  of  our  forest 
revenue  under  the  direction  of  scientific  Foresters;  we  will  promote  and 
encourage  the  colonization  and  settlement  of  the  Crown  lands,  which  are 
adapted  to  agriculture;  we  will  amend  the  mining  laws  of  the  Province 
in  the  interests  of  bona  fide  development  and  to  prevent  the  holding  of 
mineral  areas  by  speculators;  we  will  not  permit  any  legislation  or 
Departmental  regulation  to  interfere  with  the  customary  privileges  of  the 
fishermen  respecting  the  oysters,  clam  and  quahaug  beds  along  our  shores, 
or  support  the  creation  of  any  monopoly  in  such  oyster,  clam  or  quahaug 
fisheries  to  the  injury  of  the  small  fishermen. 

We  will  introduce  legislation  to  set  aside  certain  streams,  lakes  and 
rivers,  wherein  the  residents  of  this  Province,  upon  the  payment  of  a 
nominal  license  fee  and  subject  to  proper  regulations,  may  have  the  right 
to  fish;  we  will  give  careful  attention  to  the  development  of  the  various 
water  powers  of  the  Province  under  Government  control  with  a  view  to 
transmitting  and  supplying  electricity  at  actual  cost  to  manufacturers, 
farmers  and  others  who  might,  with  advantage,  use  this  modern  source 
of  heat  and  power;  we  will  no  longer  permit  the  granting  of  these  valuable 
water-powers  and  franchises  to  Companies  for  the  purpose  of  private 
speculation  and  to  be  held  for  gain  against  bona  fide  manufacturing 
interests  seeking  cheap  power. 

The  Temperance  question  was  only  a  slight  issue  in  the  contest.  The 
Temperance  Federation  sent  a  request  to  all  candidates  to  sign  a 
pledge  .in  support  of  Prohibitory  legislation  and  amongst  those  who 
signed  were  I.  N.  Killam,  C.  M.  Leger,  S.  H.  Flewelling,  G.  N.  Pear- 
son and  J.  W.  Kierstead — all  Opposition  candidates.  Mr.  Kierstead 
made  a  vigorous  effort  to  carry  St.  John  on  this  issue  and  was  warmly 
endorsed  by  the  Federation.  An  incident  of  the  campaign  included 
a  Manifesto  issued  by  J.  L.  Stewart,  L.  Doyle  and  F.  D.  Swim,  Oppo- 
sition candidates  in  Northumberland,  denouncing  certain  alleged 
efforts  by  Hon.  Mr.  Morrissy  in  opposing  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Swim, 
who  was  described  as  a  Conservative,  and  in  offering  the  Government 
nomination  to  J.  P.  Burchill,  a  well-known  Liberal ;  criticizing  "  the 
land-grabbing  lumber  kings"  of  the  County  who  were  said  to  be 
supporting  the  Government  and  declaring  that  they  (the  candidates) 
would,  if  elected,  be  "  no  tame  followers  "  of  the  Government  of  the 
day.  On  June  20th  the  issue  was  decided  with  an  almost  complete 


sweep  for  the  Government  which,  in  the  previous  House,  had  stood 
34  to  12.  It  may  be  added  here  that  the  representation  had  been 
increased  to  48.  Of  the  Opposition  candidates  only  two  Liberals  in 
Madawaska  and  two  Conservative-Independents  in  Northumberland 
were  elected.  Mr.  Copp  was  defeated  in  Westmoreland  with  523  votes 
less  than  the  lowest  on  the  Conservative  ticket.  A  number  of  old-time 
Liberals  such  as  G.  W.  Upham,  0.  J.  LeBlanc,  C.  H.  LaBillois,.  G.  W. 
Kimball,  J.  F.  Tweeddale  and  C.  M.  Leger  shared  in  the  Party  dis- 
aster. W.  E.  Foster  and  F.  J.  G.  Knowlton,  two  prominent  St.  John 
Liberals,  were  defeated  by  large  majorities;  L.  P.  D.  Tilley,  K.O., 
another  prominent  citizen  of  St.  John,  coming  in  as  a  new  Conserva- 
tive Member.  The  candidates  and  those  elected  were  as  follows : 

Poll- 
Constituency.         Government.  Opposition.  Elected.  tics. 

Albert   Walter  B.  Dickson.Dr.  J.  Lewis W.  B.  Dickson Cons. 

Albert   G.  D.  Prescott W.  J.  Carnwath . . .  G.  D.  Prescott " 

Carleton    Hon.    J.   K.    Flem- 

ming    G.  W.  Upham Hon.    J.    K.    Flem- 

ming    

Carleton   Donald  .Munro .... Chas.   L.   Smith. .  .Donald  Munro    ....      " 

Carleton    George  L.  White.. F.  R.  Shaw George   L.    White..      " 

Charlotte    Hon.     W.     C.     H. 

Grimmer H.  McAllister Hon.  W.  C.  H.  Grim- 
mer         " 

Charlotte    Hon.  G.  J.  Clarke.. H.  W.  Mann Hon.  G.  J.  Clarke..     " 

Charlotte    H.  I.  Taylor,  M.D..G.  M.  Byron H.  I.  Taylor " 

Charlotte    Scott  D.   GuptilL.D.   Gillmore,  Jr...S.   D.    Guptill Govt 

Gloucester   ....A.  J.  H.  Stewart..  J.  P.  Byrne A.  J.  H.  Stewart. .  .Cons. 

Gloucester   ....J.   B.   Hachey S.  R.  Leger J.  B.   Hachey " 

Gloucester   ....J.   A.    Witzell P.  J.  Venlot J.   A.   Witzell " 

Gloucester   . . . .  M.  J.  Robichaud . .  J.  G.  Delgarde . . . .  M.  J.  Robichaud ...     " 

Kent    Hon.  D.  V.  Landry.O.  J.  LeBlanc Hon.  D.  V.  Landry.     " 

Kent    T.  J.  Bourque,  M.o.C.  Atkinson T.  J.  Bourque,  M.D.     " 

Kent    J.   Sheridan A.  Bordage    J.  Sheridan   " 

Kings Hon.  J.  A.  Murray.Dr.  G.  F.  Pearson. Hon.  J.  A.  Murray. 

Kings Geo.  B.  Jones S.  H.  Flewelllng.  .Geo.  B.  Jones " 

Kings H.  C.  Dickson O.  V.  Wetmore H.   C.   Dickson " 

Madawaska   ...Chas.  Cyr L.  A.   Dugal L.  A.   Dugal Lib. 

Madawaska    . .  .M.  D.  Cormier J.  H.  Pelletler J.  H.  Pelletier " 

Northumber- 
land    Hon.  J.  Morrissy.  .L.  D.  Doyle Hon.   J.   Morrissy.  .Govt. 

Northumber- 
land    D.  P.  McLachlan.  .F.  D.  Swim F.  D.  Swim Ind.  Cons. 

Northumber- 
land    W.    L.    Allaln (None)    W.    L.   Allain Cons. 

Northumber- 
land   J.  Betts J.  L.  Stewart J.  L.  Stewart ..  Ind.  Cons. 

Queens H.  W.  Woods I.  W.  Carpenter. .  .H.  W.  Woods Cons. 

Queens A.  R.   Slipp G.  H.  King A.  R.  Sllpp " 

Restigouche  ...A.  Culligan C.  H.   LaBillois. .  .A.  Culllgan  " 

Restigouche  ...D.   A.    Stewart. ..  .A.  E.  G.  McKenzle.D.   A.   Stewart " 

St.  John  City.. Hon.  J.  E.  Wilson. W.   E.   Foster Hon.  J.  E.  Wilson..     " 

St.  John  dty..L.  P.  D.  Tilley..    .F.  J.  G.  Knowlton. L.  P.  D.  Tilley. 


.  J.  W.  Klerstead. .  .C.    B.    Lockhart.... 

.W.   J.   Mahoney...P.  Grannen   

.A.  F.  Bentley J.  B.  M.  Baxter.... 

.A.  Anderson   T.   B.   Carson.. 


St.  John  Clty..C.  B.  Lockhart.. 
St.  John  City.. Phillip   Grannen. 

St.  John  Co J.  B.  M.  Baxter. 

St  John  CO....T.    B.    Carson... 

Sunbury   P.  Glasler G.  W.  Kimball P.  Glasier 

Sunbury   G.  A.  Perley M.  A.  Smith G.  A.  Perley 

Victoria    J.  L.  White J.   F.   Tweeddale ..  J.    L.   White 

Victoria    T.   J.   Carter J.  Burgess T.  J.   Carter 

Westmoreland.. W.    T.   Humphrey. A.   B.   Copp W.   T.   Humphrey.. 

Westmoreland.. O.  M.  Melanson. .  .G.   M.   Leger O.    M.    Melanson. . . 

Westmoreland.. F.  B.  Black I.   N.  Klllam F.    B.    Black 

Westmoreland. .  P.  G.  Mahoney F.  Magee   P.  G.  Mahoney 

City    of    Mono- 
ton   Dr.   O.   B.   Price... F.    C.    Robinson ...  Dr^  O.  B.  Price 

York Hon.  H.  F.  McLeod.G.   F.   Burden Hon.  H.  F.  McLeod. 

York J.  K.  Plnder W.  J.   Osborne J.  K.  Finder 

York J.   A.   Young W.  Limerick J.   A.   Young 

York O.    E.    Morehouse.  A.  Little O.  E.  Morehouse... 


460  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Flemming  at  once  issued  an  expression  of  thanks  to  the  Electors 
for  their  "  splendid  endorsation  "  of  the  Government  and  answer  to 
the  misrepresentations  of  its  opponents.  Conservative  comments  out- 
side of  the  Province  devoted  much  attention  to  what  was  considered 
a  blow  at  Mr.  Pugsley  and  his  alleged  dominance  in  New  Brunswick 
Liberalism;  much  was  made  also  of  the  defeat  in  Gloucester  of  P.  J. 
Veniot,  who  claimed  to  specially  represent  the  Acadians  and  of  the 
campaign  work  done  amongst  the  French  people  by  Laetare  Roy,  a 
Liberal  from  Levis,  Quebec. 

The  best  way  to  encourage  Immigration  was  a  sub- 
immiffration,     -j^  Of  m^b  consideration  in  the  Province  during  1912 

Education  and  ,     -,  .,  •>,*/-*  ,  -,  •  t 

Temperance  in  accentuated,  as  it  was,  by  the  Census  returns  which 
HewBrnniwick  showed  an  increase  in  population  between  1900  and  1910 
of  only  20,769  or  331,120  to  351,889.  Early  in  the 
year  efforts  were  made  to  bring  together  representatives  from  the  22 
Boards  of  Trade  in  the  Province,  the  115  Agricultural  Societies,  the 
Town  Councils  and  County  Councils,  and  the  whole  Membership  of 
the  Legislature  and  of  the  Fruit  and  Farmers  and  Dairymen's  Asso- 
ciations, in  a  Conference  on  the  subject.  The  St.  John  and  Frederic- 
ton  Boards  of  Trade  had  the  arrangements  in  hand  and  on  Mch.  8 
the  meeting  took  place  at  Fredericton  with  every  County  and  town 
of  importance  represented.  J.  T.  Jennings  presided  with  Bishop 
Richardson,  C.  H.  Mclntyre  of  Boston,  Mr.  Premier  Flemming, 
W.  Leonard  Palmer  of  London,  Wm.  Stitt  and  George  Ham  of  the 
C.P.R.,  amongst  the  speakers. 

Mr.  Stitt  corrected  the  idea  that  Western  harvest  excursions  were 
depleting  New  Brunswick  of  its  population.  Of  1,500  people  who 
went  West  in  1911  75  per  cent.,  he  said,  returned.  The  Census 
showed  only  4,000  New  Brunswickers  in  the  West,  while  at  the  same 
time  there  were  50,000  New  Brunswickers  in  the  New  England  States 
who  had  gone  there  at  the  rate  of  3,000  a  year.  A  chief  subject  of 
discussion  was  that  of  ready-made  farms  for  immigrants  administered 
by  a  Commission  with  Government  loans.  It  was  presented  by  Mr. 
Mclntyre  who  described  the  plan  as  being  discussed  also  in  the  State 
of  Massachusetts.  Later  in  the  year  the  Government  took  up  this 
matter  and  passed  legislation  along  the  lines  discussed.  Some  of  the 
practical  suggestions  made  by  the  speakers  and  upon  which  the  Dele- 
gates set  the  seal  of  approval  were  the  following:  (1)  Organization 
of  a  New  Brunswick  Publicity  League  with  membership  fees  to  be 
used  for  advertising  the  Province;  (2)  Business  men's  excursions  to 
New  Brunswick  from  Ontario  and  the  West,  to  be  arranged  through 
the  Boards  of  Trade;  (3)  a  Central  Bureau  for  giving  information 
to  newly-arrived  immigrants  with  officials  to  visit  the  latter  and  give 
advice;  (4)  Immigration  officials  to  take  legal  options  on  lands  for 
disposal  to  newcomers;  (5)  an  Agricultural  Loan  Commission  to 
assist  new  settlers  in  the  Province;  (6)  the  establishment  of  improved 
flour  mills  to  encourage  wheat  growing. 

On  Apl.  17  Mr.  Bowder,  Provincial  representative  in  London, 
stated  at  St.  John  that  since  Feb.  1st  upwards  of  150  new  settlers  had 


IMMIGRATION  AND  EDUCATION  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK        461 

been  located  in  New  Brunswick  and  that  in  the  next  20  days  about 
250  more  would  arrive  in  St.  John  and  be  distributed  about  the  Pro- 
vince. "  The  number  of  immigrants  coming  to  the  Province  this  year 
will  be  large,"  he  added.  "  We  will  have  small  parties  coming  out  till 
next  October.  Among  the  new  settlers  are  quite  a  number  of  Old 
Country  farmers  with  sufficient  money  to  take  up  lands  as  soon  as 
they  get  a  little  experience.  Some  of  them  have  $10,000  or  more. 
Interest  in  New  Brunswick  is  growing  but  the  competition  for  desir- 
able settlers  is  keen.  If  you  take  the  Immigration  Offices  of  the  Fed- 
eral Government,  the  other  Provinces,  and  the  big  Railways,  there 
are  200  men  engaged  in  trying  to  get  immigrants  for  Canada — most 
of  them  only  interested  in  the  West.  All  the  booking  agents,  too,  are 
interested  in  the  West,  because  the  farther  they  can  send  a  man  the 
bigger  is  their  commission  from  the  transportation  companies." 
Tourist  travel  during  the  year  was  very  heavy  and  much  good  work 
was  done  by  the  N.  B.  Tourist  Association  of  which  Frank  B.  Ellis, 
St.  John,  was  on  Jan.  29  elected  President.  Special  articles  by  visi- 
tors in  the  Financial  News,  London,  in  the  Belfast  Telegraph 
(R.  H.  II.  Baird),  in  the  London  Standard  by  W.  Percy  Thomson, 
eulogized  New  Brunswick's  beauty  of  scenery,  fertility  of  soil,  near- 
ness to  Britain,  pleasantness  of  climate.  Following  the  announced 
intention  of  the  Dominion  Government  to  co-operate  with  the  Pro- 
vince in  this  connection  A.  B.  Wilmot  was  appointed  Dominion  Immi- 
gration Agent  for  the  Province  and  he  took  up  the  ready-made  farm 
plans  with  energy. 

Education  made  satisfactory  progress  during  the  year  ending 
June  30th,  1912.  The  enrollment  of  Dec.  31,  1891,  was  56,217  with 
a  percentage  of  attendance  during  the  full  term  of  59  -82 ;  in  Decem- 
ber, 1911,  the  enrollment  was  61,514  and  the  attendance  percentage 
72  '23.  This  latter  was  the  best  year  on  record  as  to  attendance  but 
1911-12  showed  a  further  increase.  The  schools  in  the  1st  Term 
numbered  1,921  and  in  the  2nd  1,906;  the  teachers  2,005  and  2,015 
respectively;  the  pupils  61,514  and  63,564  respectively.  The  propor- 
tion of  the  population  at  school  was  1  in  5  '72  and  1  in  5  -53 ;  the  boys 
numbered  30,278  in  the  1st  Term  and  32,061  in  the  2nd;  the  girls 
were,  respectively,  31,236  and  31,501 ;  the  total  percentage  of  attend- 
ance was  in  the  one  Term  72  -?3  and  in  the  other  63  -89.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  in  the  Common  Schools  sewing  and  knitting  were 
optional  and  only  taken  by  a  few  hundred  pupils  and  that  Latin  and 
French — also  optional — were  not  largely  taken.  Physical  exercises 
and  Lessons  in  Morals  were  compulsory.  Salaries  of  Teachers  were 
steadily  increasing  as  the  following  table  of  average  amounts  shows : 

Class  of  Teacher.  1902.  1912.  Increase. 

Grammar   School    $954  54  $1,098  79  $145   25 

Superior    School    569  41  728  46  159  05 

First  Class — Male    610  59  683  54  172  95 

Second  Class — Male    286  39  363  40  77  01 

Third  Class — Male    220  85  282  60  6175 

First  Class — Female    315   25  408  79  93  54 

Second   Class — Female    232  38  300   26  67  88 

Third   Class— Female    180  51  234  16  53   65 


462  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  BE  VIEW 

The  24th  meeting  of  the  N.  B.  Educational  Institute  was  held  at 
Fredericton  on  June  27-28  and  a  Eesolution  passed  declaring  that  all 
teachers  who  had  taught  20  years  and  upwards  and  who  were  unable 
to  continue  in  their  work  should  receive  as  many  seventieths  of  their 
average  annual  salary  for  the  last  five  years  as  their  years  of  service. 
It  was  also  stated  that  the  course  of  instruction  in  the  Public  Schools 
was  being  steadily  enlarged  "without  a  proportionate  increase  of 
opportunity  being  given  the  instructors  to  teach  the  more  crowded 
curriculum,"  and  a  Committee  of  teachers  was  appointed  to  deal  with 
the  matter. 

The  University  of  New  Brunswick  had  a  year  of  progress.  Its 
students  in  1911-12  totalled  159  with  31  men  and  27  women  in  the 
Arts  Course,  81  men  in  Engineering,  17  in  Forestry,  and  3  in  special 
courses.  The  graduates  numbered  42  and  their  standard  was 
described  as  exceptionally  high  in  both  character  and  scholarship. 
The  only  change  in  the  staff  was  the  appointment  of  E.  K.  Gordon, 
M.A.,  as  Professor  of  English.  The  Chancellor,  Dr.  C.  C.  Jones,  in 
his  annual  Report,  stated  the  special  needs  of  the  University  and 
added :  "  If  the  annual  grant  from  the  Legislature  were  to  be  increased 
to  $20,000,  a  very  moderate  expenditure  and  one  which  would  repre- 
sent an  increase  in  the  grant  for  University  purposes  of  but  $2,000 
a  year,  the  University  would  of  itself  in  a  few  years  be  able  to  under- 
take to  pay  for  the  construction  of  a  suitable  laboratory  building  and 
so  relieve  the  present  congestion  for  some  years  to  come."  At  its 
112th  Encoenia  on  May  16th  the  University  had  the  largest  graduat- 
ing class  in  its  history,  and  conferred  the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  upon 
Hon.  Josiah  Wood,  Lieut-Governor,  and  upon  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Street 
of  St.  John  who  had  graduated  in  1851.  The  Alumni  oration  was 
given  by  Hon.  George  E.  Foster.  At  the  close  of  the  year  Arthur  N. 
Carter  of  Rothesay  was  appointed  a  Rhodes  Scholar.  At  the  Univer- 
sity of  Mount  Allison,  Sackville,  the  students  in  1911-12  numbered 
130  and  the  graduates  50.  During  the  annual  Exercises  on  May  28th 
President  B.  C.  Borden  announced  the  need  of  a  new  Endowment 
Fund  of  $200,000.  Half  of  this  had  already  been  subscribed.  When 
visiting  the  West  a  little  later  Mr.  Borden  received  a  subscription  of 
$2,500  from  E.  S.  McQuaid  of  Edmonton.  In  the  subsidiary  Mount 
Allison  Academy,  the  student  enrollment  of  1912  was  162  and  in  the 
Ladies  College  406  with  205  in  residence.  Of  the  latter  Rev.  Dr. 
G.  M.  Campbell  was  appointed  Principal  during  the  year.  The  Hon. 
degrees  conferred  were  D.D.  upon  the  Rev.  Wm.  Harrison  of  Char- 
lottetown  and  the  Rev.  Mark  Fenwick  of  St.  John's,  Newfoundland; 
and  LL.D.  upon  the  Rev.  George  J.  Bond,  B.A.,  of  Halifax.  St. 
Joseph's  University,  Memramcook,  had  23  graduates. 

In  Temperance  matters  there  was  not  a  great  deal  to  record.  On 
Feb.  23rd  the  organized  forces  of  the  Province  in  this  connection 
waited  upon  the  Government  and  presented  for  its  consideration  a 
Bill  outlining  complete  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  liquor  in  the  Pro- 
vince. In  the  event  of  this  not  being  acceptable  certain  amendments 
to  the  existing  Liquor  laws  were  urged. 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK        463 

Mr.  Premier  Flemming,  in  his  reply,  made  no  promises  and  stated 
the  Government's  policy  to  be  a  rigid  enforcement  of  existing  laws. 
"  In  order  to  bring  about  a  better  enforcement  of  the  law  the  Govern- 
ment appoints  sub-inspectors  whose  duty  it  is  to  assist  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  law  under  the  new  conditions  created  by  the  closing  of 
saloons  by  proclamation.  Under  the  amendments  adopted  by  this 
Government  there  has  been  a  rapid  change  for  the  better  and  the 
licensed  saloons  have  been  abolished  in  many  districts."  In  Newcastle 
on  Nov.  29th  a  meeting  stated  by  Resolution  that  there  was  "  constant 
and  flagrant  violation  "  of  the  Scott  Act  and  the  Town  Council  was 
urged  to  amend  matters.  During  the  Elections  an  effort  was  made 
to  pledge  candidates  to  complete  Prohibition  but  all  the  Liberals  who 
signed  the  document  were  defeated.  Of  the  organizations  J.  Willard 
Smith  of  St.  John  was  re-elected  President  of  the  N.  B.  Temperance 
Association  and  S.  B.  Bustin  of  St.  John,  was  chosen  G.W.P.  of  the 
Provincial  Sons  of  Temperance. 

There  was  an  air  of  expansion  about  New  Brunswick 
BMOHTCMI  «na  conditions  in  1912,  a  degree  of  development,  which 
taTjr<»w?in*llt  promised  much  for  the  future.  Reviewing  the  Province 
Bmuwick  generally,  Lieut-Col.  T.  G.  Loggie,  Deputy  Surveyor- 
General,  told  an  English  paper  on  July  27;th  that 
"  Lumbering  is  the  principal  industry  of  which  we  have  charge,  spruce 
being  the  chief  wood  cut  and  exported,  for  the  most  part,  to  England 
in  the  shape  of  deals.  Then  we  have  also  under  this  Department  the 
Mining  industry  and  the  Game.  New  Brunswick  is  probably  the  best 
sporting  ground  in  Canada — I  might  almost  say  in  America — for  big 
game,  consisting  of  moose,  caribou,  deer,  etc.  The  game  has  increased 
wonderfully  during  the  last  ten  years  and  a  sportsman  is  assured  of 
getting  all  the  sport  he  wants  if  he  comes  to  New  Brunswick.  The 
season  opens  on  Sept.  15  and  lasts  till  Nov.  30.  New  Brunswick  is 
not,  generally  speaking,  a  mining  country,  but  at  the  present  time 
there  is  great  expectation  of  the  shales  now  being  opened  in  Albert 
County.  These  shales  have  been  thoroughly  examined  by  the  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  Canada  and  have  been  pronounced  to  be  even  better 
than  the  same  shales  found  in  Scotland  and  superior  to  those  of 
France ;  so  that  a  considerable  industry  is  likely  to  arise.  Then  there 
is  an  oil  and  natural  gas  industry  now  being  exploited  by  the  Mari- 
time Oilfields,  Ltd.,  an  English  Company  which  has  already  laid 
pipes  into  the  City  of  Moncton  and  intends  to  extend  the  piping  to 
the  City  of  St.  John,  90  miles  away.  The  coalfields  at  Grand  Lake 
are  being  opened  up  by  Sir  Thomas  Tait,  who  is  building  a  railway 
connecting  with  these  mines  to  Fredericton,  a  distance  of  about  35 
miles.  The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  have  contracted  for  a  large 
quantity  of  this  coal  and  a  big  industry  is  in  prospect." 

At  a  banquet  given  by  L.  P.  D.  Tilley  in  St.  John  on  Jan.  4  it  was 
stated  that  St.  John  was  going  to  be  the  New  York  of  Canada  and  an 
elaborate  list  of  local  projects  and  forthcoming  expenditures  was  given 
which  included  new  C.P.R.  freight  warehouses  and  Harbour  front 
development  in  general ;  a  new  wharf  on  the  West  Side  costing  $1,000,- 


464  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

000  and  preliminary  expenditures  on  Courtenay  Bay  improvements 
totalling  $9,000,000;  the  contract  for  Valley  Railway  signed,  costs 
of  constructing  Permanent  bridges  in  connection  therewith  guaran- 
teed by  Dominion  Government  and  total  estimated  expenditures  of 
$9,000,000 ;  new  Post  Office  under  erection  and  the  Drill-shed  near- 
ing  completion;  various  industrial  extensions  announced  and  three 
Transcontinental  Railways  centreing  in  the  City.  The  press  announced 
an  estimated  expenditure  within  a  year  and  a  half,  in  or  near  the 
City,  of  $36,000,000. 

The  Agreement  between  the  Dominion  Government  and  Norton 
Griffiths  Ltd.  for  the  construction  of  dry-docks,  breakwaters  and 
other  large  harbour  works  in  Courtenay  Bay,  was  approved  by  Order- 
in-Council  on  Feb.  13  and  involved  an  expenditure  of  $7,500,000  on 
Harbour  facilities  and  $4,000,000  on  the  proposed  Dry-dock.  At  a 
Board  of  Trade  banquet  given  Mr.  Norton-Griffiths,  M.P.,  on  Apl.  let 
he  made  a  most  optimistic  speech  as  to  the  future  of  the  City  and 
Province,  endorsed  the  statements  as  to  St.  John  becoming  another 
New  York  and  estimated  the  total  cost  of  the  Dry-dock,  alone,  at 
$9,000,000.  Mr.  Burton  Stewart,  Managing-Director  of  the  Com- 
pany, also  spoke  and  predicted  an  iron  and  steel  industry  for  St. 
John  employing  at  least  2,000  men.  On  July  11  the  Courtenay  Bay 
work  was  formally  inaugurated  with  addresses  from  the  Lieut-Gov- 
ernor, the  Provincial  Premier,  Mayor  Frink,  Hon.  W.  T.  White,  Fed- 
eral Minister  of  Finance,  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid  and  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley, 
M.P.  Mr.  White  reviewed  the  situation  as  follows : 

Let  us  try  to  visualize  the  Importance  of  this  work  when  it  is  com- 
pleted and  made  ready  for  the  traffic  of  the  Dominion.  You  have  out  there 
the  Sea,  open  all  the  year  round  to  the  shipping  of  all  nations,  and  free 
of  tolls.  You  will  have  a  great  breakwater  which  will  form  a  commodi- 
ous basin,  a  magnificent  haven  for  ships.  You  will  have  a  splendid  Dry- 
dock,  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world.  You  will  have  beyond  that  a  large 
ship-repairing  plant,  and  beyond  that  in  the  not  remote  future  you  may 
have  blast  furnaces,  and  I  believe  all  the  huge  structures  and  machinery 
of  great  steel-making  and  ship-building  industries.  On  the  other  side  of 
the  Bay  you  will  have  two  great  piers,  affording  accommodation  for  the 
biggest  ships  in  the  world,  and  alongside  of  them  you  will  have  the  ter- 
minals and  works  of  the  Intercolonial,  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  and  Cana- 
dian Northern.  You  will  see  great  elevators  rising  there  and  a  vast  flood 
of  grain  from  the  West  pouring  into  the  hungry  holds  of  the  waiting  ships. 
On  the  West  Side  of  St.  John  you  will  have  the  terminals  of  the  C.P.R. 
a  marvel  of  effort  by  the  greatest  railway  corporation  in  the  world. 

Meanwhile  there  were  other  developments.  An  interesting  feature 
was  the  increasing  volume  of  American  exports  which  the  C.P.R. 
diverted  to  the  Canadian  route  from  the  ports  of  Boston  and  New 
York.  In  the  winter  season  of  1911-12  a  little  over  $12,000,000 
worth  of  American  goods  passed  through  St.  John  en  route  to  the 
markets  of  Europe.  Of  this  amount  $6,450,000  represented  dressed 
meats,  practically  all  from  Chicago,  and  lard  shipments  in  hand 
accounted  for  $2,482,694,  while  manufactures  totalled  $2,098,317. 
In  this  connection,  it  may  be  added  that  during  the  year  1898-1899, 
61  vessels  bound  for  trans-atlantic  ports  cleared  from  the  Port  of 
St.  John;  in  1910-1911  122  vessels  so  cleared.  Exports  from  the 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK        465 

Port  increased  by  nearly  two  millions  each  year  in  the  previous  twelve 
years;  the  strength  of  the  fleet  sailing  from  St.  John  increased  by 
five  vessels  each  year;  the  tonnage  of  vessels  using  the  Port  trebled 
within  10  years;  Bank  clearings  in  the  City  increased  by  nearly  four 
millions  a  year  in  ten  years. 

During  1912  steady  progress  was  made  with  the  St.  John  Valley 
Railway;  the  Gibson-Minto  Line  was  expected  to  be  in  operation  by 
1913;  the  New  Brunswick  section  of  the  National  Transcontinental 
had  a  limited  portion  in  service;  a  grain  elevator  for  the  C.P.R.  was 
under  construction  at  St.  John  where,  also,  several  new  manufacturing 
industries  got  underway.  Little  wonder  that  0.  S.  Crocket,  K.C.,  M.P., 
told  a  Toronto  audience  on  Apl.  15  that  "  the  days  of  stagnation  or 
retrogression  in  New  Brunswick  are  past.  She  is  on  the  eve  of  the 
greatest  development  of  her  history.  Watch  her,  and  I  am  no  prophet 
if  you  do  not  find  that  her  record  of  the  next  ten  years  marks  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  features  of  the  growth  of  Canada."  Agriculture 
and  other  industries  made  progress,  also,  during  the  year.  Mr. 
Crocket,  in  the  above-mentioned  speech,  stated  that  agriculture  was 
still  the  chief  resource  of  the  Province  but  that,  so  far,  only  1,400,000 
acres  were  under  cultivation  out  of  13,500,000  acres  which  surpassed 
in  fertility  any  other  land  in  Eastern  Canada.  "  Experts  pronounce 
New  Brunswick  to  be  one  of  the  best  mixed-farming  countries  in  the 
world." 

Next  in  importance  was  the  Lumber  industry  the  possibilities  of 
which  were  shown  by  the  fact  that  7,000,000  acres  of  timber  limits — 
a  quarter  of  the  whole  Province — were  still  unalienated  from  the 
Crown.  Its  Fisheries  were  the  third  chief  asset  of  New  Brunswick, 
yet  they  had  no  more  than  touched  the  fringe  of  what  might  be  devel- 
oped. Mineral  development  had  grown  in  late  years  to  be  a  most 
important  factor  in  the  Province.  "  Great  wealth,"  added  Mr.  Crocket, 
"  is  being  unearthed  in  bituminous  coal  fields,  gypsum  deposits,  iron- 
ore,  natural  gas,  oil  wells  and  shales.  The  iron  deposits  are  the  largest  in 
Canada  and  the  gas  wells  produce  the  finest  gas  in  America,  capable 
of  filling  the  light  and  power  requirements  of  the  entire  Province. 
The  oil  shales,  however,  are  the  most  valuable  mineral  asset  of  all. 
They  yield  from  40  to  60  gallons  to  the  ton,  in  comparison  with  27 
gallons  obtained  in  the  shales  of  Scotland  where  such  profits  have  been 
made  that  stock  in  the  Companies  is  worth  fifteen  times  its  par  value. 
Ammonia,  gypsum,  cement  and  fertilizer  are  by-products  of  the 
shales  and  the  possibilities  are  almost  incalculable." 

During  1912  a  Government  Experimental  Farm  was  got  under 
way  and  also  a  C.P.R.  Demonstration  farm  while  this  Railway,  at  the 
close  of  the  year,  stated  its  intention  to  co-operate  with  the  Provincial 
Government  in  bringing  Immigrants  into  the  Province  and  to  other- 
wise help  in  its  development.  The  Act  prohibiting  Pulp- wood  export 
from  Crown  lands  went  into  effect  on  Aug.  1st  and  announcement  was 
made  that  the  Grand  Falls  Company  of  which  Sir  W.  C.  Van  Home 
was  President  would  spend  between  $5,000,000  and  $7,000,000  in 
developing  the  power  and  erecting  great  pulp  and  paper  mills  at  Grand 
30 


466  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Falls.  There  was,  however,  a  falling  off  in  lumber  shipments  from  the 
Province  to  European  markets — the  figures  being  245,806,682  square 
feet  as  against  285,981,379  feet  in  1911.  Demand  for  tonnage  and 
high  freight  rates  turned  the  mill-owners'  attention  for  the  time  to 
the  United  States  market. 

To  return  to  Agriculture  it  was  pointed  out  in  an  official  publica- 
tion at  this  time  that  the  West  was  no  longer  the  only  Canadian 
attraction  in  this  respect  and  that  longing  eyes  were  being  turned  to 
New  Brunswick  with  its  moderate  and  pleasing  climate,  its  abund- 
ance of  cheap,  fertile  agricultural  lands,  its  unexploited  mineral 
wealth,  its  many  railways,  streams,  beautiful  valleys  and  upland  slopes, 
and  its  dominating  and  masterful  position  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
of  Canada.  "  Already  many  people  are  coming  back  from  the  West 
to  make  their  homes  in  New  Brunswick  and  capital  is  being  applied 
to  its  agricultural  and  industrial  development."  The  Eeport  of  the 
Sheep  Commission  appointed  by  the  Laurier  Government  had  much 
to  say  of  this  Province  and  the  raising  of  Live-stock  was  urged  as  the 
best  agricultural  policy  for  such  of  the  farmers  as  were  not  close  to  a 
Railway.  W.  T.  Ritch,  one  of  the  Commissioners,  stated  (Jan.  30) 
that  sheep-raising  would  be  the  most  profitable  branch  of  farming 
operations  in  the  Maritime  Provinces  if  conducted  properly.  The 
climatic  conditions  and  the  geographical  situation  combined  to  this 
end  and,  with  proper  care,  the  raising  of  mutton  and  the  growing  of 
wool  could  be  made  to  re-populate  deserted  farms,  draw  new  settlers 
to  the  Province  and  add  to  the  prosperity  of  all  classes  of  agriculturists. 

According  to  the  Census  returns  for  1910  horses  increased  in 
number  from  61,789  to  65,458  in  ten  years,  but  milch  cows  decreased 
from  111,084  to  108,532,  other  horned  cattle  from  116,112  to  113,659, 
sheep  from  182,524  to  158,216  or  a  total  of  13  per  cent.  The 
number  of  swine  increased  by  70  per  cent,  in  the  decade.  The  average 
value  of  horses  in  1910  was  $121.75,  of  milch  cows  $31.80,  of  other 
cattle  $12.32,  of  sheep  $3.34  and  of  swine  $7.45 ;  in  1901  the  average 
value  of  horses  had  been  $69.79,  milch  cows  $20.85,  other  cattle 
$10.07,  sheep  $2.95  and  swine  $7.76.  The  number  of  weeks  of  hired 
labour  on  farms  in  1910  was  102,784  and  the  value  $813,169  being 
an  average  wage  per  week  of  $7.91  as  compared  with  158,348  weeks 
in  1900  with  a  value  of  $842,253  and  an  average  wage  of  $5.32  or 
an  increase  of  nearly  50  per  cent,  in  farm  wages  per  week  in  ten  years. 
The  value  of  land  owned  in  1900  was  $22,329,482  and  in  1910  $33,- 
079,397,  of  Buildings,  respectively,  $16,379,456  and  $31,469,227,  of 
Farm  Implements  $3,662,731  in  1900  and  $6,024,612  in  1910;  of 
Live  animals  (including  poultry)  $8,953,628  and  $14,351,273  respec- 
tively; of  Field  crops  $7,740,100  and  $10,990,453;  of  Dairy  products 
$2,260,537  and  $7,231,224  respectively;  of  animals  slaughtered  on 
farms  $1,160,783  and  $1,431,416. 

According  to  Federal  figures  for  the  year  1912  the  chief  crops  were 
as  follows:  Spring  wheat  225,000  bushels  valued  at  $169,000;  Oats 
5,359,000  bushels  worth  $2,840,000;  Buckwheat  1,474,000  bushels 
worth  $914,000;  Potatoes  7,387,000  bushels  worth  $3,103,000;  Tur- 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK        467 

nips,  etc.,  2,506,000  bushels  worth  $802,000 ;  Hay  and  clover  826,000 
tons  valued  at  $8,359,000;  a  total  of  field  crops  worth  $16,300,300, 
Other  Agricultural  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  estimate  by 
W.  W.  Hubbard,  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  that  a  City  man  whose 
moderate  living  cost  him  $1,270  a  year  could  live  in  the  same  comfort 
on  a  farm  for  $510 ;  the  tour  of  the  Province  by  F.  C.  Nunnick,  B.S.A., 
and  John'Fixter,  under  the  Commission  of  Conservation,  to  establish 
Illustration  Farms  and  organize  Agricultural  Improvement  Associa- 
tions; the  statement  that  in  two  years  100,000  new  fruit  trees  had 
been  set  out  in  the  Province  and  many  old  orchards  made  profitable; 
the  statement  of  C.  M.  McRae,  appointed  by  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment to  look  into  Sheep-raising  matters,  that  "in  New  Brunswick 
there  is  everything  needed  for  making  the  industry  a  success.  The 
farm  lands  throughout  the  Province  are  in  every  way  suitable,  as  is 
the  climate,  and  the  farmer  who  makes  this  a  specialty  can  get  good 
markets";  the  application  by  the  Norton-Griffiths  Co.  to  the  Farm 
Settlement  Board  for  20  farms  situated  near  together  with  the  promise 
of  immediate  settlement;  the  fact  that  the  Boards  of  Trade  of  St. 
John,  Moncton  and  Woodstock  subscribed  funds  to  establish  commer- 
cial orchards  near  those  cities  while  several  other  Boards  pledged 
themselves  to  take  similar  action;  the  election  of  L.  H,  S.  Smith  of 
Albert  as  President  of  the  Farmers  and  Dairymen's  Association,  of 
C.  N.  Vroom  as  President  of  the  N.  B.  Fruit  Growers  Association,  and 
of  J.  Fraser  Gregory,  St.  John,  as  President  of  the  Provincial  Forest, 
Fish  and  Game  Association. 

In  Mining  matters  the  Canada  Iron  Corporation,  Ltd.,  added  to 
their  plant  a  large  concentrator  and  treated -during  1912  30,500  tons 
of  ore;  there  was  a  production  of  101,430  gallons  of  crude  oil  by  the 
Maritime  Oilfields  Ltd.  and  natural  gas  piped  into  Moncton  and  Hills- 
borough  and  under  installation  on  the  Intercolonial  for  power  and 
other  purposes;  gypsum  was  under  manufacture  at  Hillsborough  and 
130,000  barrels  of  plaster  sold  by  one  Company;  Dr.  Von  Hagan  of 
the  North  Shore  Hail  way  and  Navigation  Co.  had  60  men  getting  out 
coal  at  Beersville,  20  miles  from  Moncton,  and  ordered  machinery  for 
brickmaking.  He  stated  on  Aug.  23  that  New  Brunswick  had  better 
raw  material  for  manufacturing  clay  products  than  was  found  else- 
where in  Canada,  or  in  the  Eastern  States  outside  of  New  Jersey. 
He  also  believed  natural  gas  would  be  found  near  his  mine  and  that 
it  would  be  obtained  within  15  miles  of  St.  John.  Other  incidents 
were  the  proposal  of  the  Maritime  Oilfields  Ltd.  to  pipe  natural  gas 
from  Albert  County  to  St.  John ;  the  organization  of  the  Minto  Coal 
Corporation,  with  $400,000  capital,  by  Sir  Thomas  Tait  and  the 
taking  over  of  various  mining  properties  in  Queen's  County  with,  it 
was  claimed,  a  supply  of  coal  in  this  district  totalling  100,000,000 
tons;  the  construction  work  on  the  New  Brunswick  Shales  Co.  plant 
in  Albert  County  costing  $2,000,000;  the  operations  of  the  Vernon 
Consolidated  Mines  Ltd.,  in  copper  mines  and  coal  areas  in  Queen's 
County,  with  Senator  R.  H.  Pope  as  its  President. 


468  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  Manufactures  New  Brunswick  development  was  steady  •  and 
satisfactory.  The  British  Manufacturers  during  their  visit  were 
greatly  impressed  with  its  possibilities  in  this  respect — one  of  them, 
J.  Stark  Browne  of  London  telling  the  press  on  Aug.  17  that  "  in 
certain  districts,  such  as  Moncton  and  St.  John,  we  saw  distinct  signs 
of  awakening,  and  I  should  not  wonder  if  in  the  future  those  two 
towns  should  develop  into  great  and  important  centres  of  industry. 
I  was  particularly  struck  with  the  position  of  St.  John,  with  its  har- 
bour open  all  the  year  round,  and  the  great  railroad  corporations 
entering  it  from  all  sides,  and  I  do  not  see  what  is  to  prevent  the 
growth  there  of  a  business  centre  which  may  probably,  in  the  future, 
rival  Montreal  itself."  The  Census  returns  for  1910  showed  St.  John 
as  having  a  product  in  1890  of  $8,131,790,  in  1900  of  $6,712,769; 
in  1910  of  $10,081,667  and  Moncton  as  producing  $1,973,536  in  1890, 
$1,291,036  in  1900  and  $3,233,565  in  1910.  The  total  number  of 
establishments  in  New  Brunswick  was  919  and  the  employees  22,158 
in  1900  with  1,158  factories  and  24,755  employees  in  1910 ;  the  Capi- 
tal invested  was  $20,741,170  and  $36,125,012,  respectively,  and  the 
value  of  products  $20,972,470  and  $35,422,302.  Of  miscellaneous 
matters,  the  Clearing-house  figures  of  St.  John  in  1911  were  $77,328,- 
182  and  in  1912  $88,969,218 ;  the  Railway  mileage  of  the  Province  in 
1912  was  1,545  with  447  miles  under  construction;  the  Fisheries 
product  of  1910-11  was  $4,886,157  or  an  increase  of  $752,013. 

There  was  no  change  during  the  year  in  the  govern- 
jng  circles  of  this  Province.    The  Murray  Government, 

freSh    fr°m    the    Elections    °f    1911>    and    with    35    8UP- 

tioninNov»       porters  in  the  Assembly  to  13  Conservatives,  pursued 
Scotia  the  even  tenour  of  its  way  with  but  few  ripples  upon 

the  surface  of  public  affairs.  Mr.  G.  H.  Murray  had 
been  Premier  since  1896  and  at  this  time  was  paying  special  attention 
to  Agriculture  and  the  promotion  of  Immigration.  To  an  Eng- 
lish journal's  correspondent  (Apl.  18)  he  said:  "Any  farmer  who 
really  knows  his  business  can  make  good  in  Nova  Scotia.  We  have  a 
large  industrial  population  that  needs  to  be  fed,  and  our  native  farmers 
are  not  sufficiently  numerous  to  supply  the  greatly  increased  demand 
for  farm  produce.  Farmers  are  most  cordially  welcomed  here.  They 
find  our  country  people  warm-hearted  and  sociable,  and  willing  to 
help  the  new-comer  in  every  possible  way.  The  habits  and  customs 
of  Nova  Scotians,  though  necessarily  different  in  some  minor  particu- 
lars from  those  of  the  Old  Country,  are  yet  in  the  main  exceedingly 
like,  and  for  the  most  part  identical  with,  those  of  Great  Britain.  I 
"believe  I  am  correct  in  saying  that  no  experienced  farmer  who  has 
bought  a  homestead  in  Nova  Scotia  and  settled  on  it  with  his  family 
could  be  persuaded  to  return  to  his  native  land." 

The  financial  statement  of  the  Treasurer  (Hon.  G.  H.  Murray)  for 
the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1911,  showed  total  Receipts  of  $1,625,653. 
The  chief  items  were  $165,480  from  Interest  account;  $647,606  from 
Mines  and  $82,854  of  revenue  from  Charitable  institutions;  $610,460 
from  Dominion  Subsidy  and  $41,649  from  Succession  duties.  The 


ADMINISTRATION,  FINANCE  AND  EDUCATION  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA    469 

Expenditure  was  $1,790,778  of  which  $75,779  went  to  Agriculture  and 
$303,762  to  Debenture  interest;  $327,316  was  expended  on  Education, 
$21,531  on  Industries  and  Immigration  and  $88,257  on  ordinary 
Interest;  Legislative  expenses  totalled  $63,689,  Miners'  Relief  Socie- 
ties received  $19,478,  and  Mines  $42,890;  $53,998  was  expended  on 
the  Nova  Scotia  Technical  College  and  $226,955  on  Hospitals,  Sani- 
tariums, etc. ;  Roads  were  responsible  for  $226,668,  Sinking  funds  for 
$42,241  and  Steamboats,  packets  and  ferries  for  $73,642.  The  Capital 
expenditure  was  $170,502  of  which  $115,735  went  for  Bridges.  The 
total  revenue,  therefore,  was  $1,625,653  and  the  total  expenditure 
$1,961,280.  The  Liabilities  of  the  Province  at  the  date  mentioned 
were  $10,693,689  with  Assets  of  $6,173,703,  of  which  $4,596,372  were 
Mortgages  held  on  the  Halifax  and  South  Western  Railway  and  its 
branches.  The  estimated  Receipts  for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1912, 
were  $1,790,326  and  the  estimated  Expenditures  $1,785,765. 

Of  Departmental  Reports  received  by  the  Legislature  during  the 
year,  Hon.  E.  H.  Armstrong  presented  that  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Hos- 
pital, with  its  458  patients  on  the  register,  and  of  the  various  Public 
Charities ;  he  submitted  the  Department  of  Mines'  statement  showing 
the  production  of  minerals  as  increasing  in  all  Provincial  branches 
and  the  shipments  of  coal  to  Quebec  as  280,000  tons  more  in  1911 
than  in  1910;  another  Report  of  his  Department  traced  the  gradual 
growth  of  the  Provincial  Museum  and  Science  Library  at  Halifax 
while  Roderick  McColl,  Provincial  Engineer,  submitted  a  statement 
as  to  Railways  showing  ten  Companies  and  647  miles  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Province  and  one  as  to  Bridges  throughout  Nova  Scotia 
which  showed  a  total  appropriation  of  $3,215,779  and  expenditure  to 
Sept.  30,  1911,  of  $2,937,232.  The  Factories  Inspector  reported  to 
Mr.  Armstrong  902  accidents  in  the  year  of  which  12  were  fatal,  and 
273  severe,  and  dealt  with  various  phases  of  industrial  life  in  the  Pro- 
vince. The  Road  Commissioner  dealt  elaborately  with  roads  and  their 
construction  in  other  Provinces  and  countries  and  with  Provincial 
bridges. 

The  Hon.  G.  H.  Murray,  Premier,  presented  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  Report  showing  a  series  of  publications  covering,  in 
instructive  form,  various  matters  of  interest  to  farmers;  describing 
the  campaign  waged  against  the  brown-tail  moth  by  special  officials 
and  the  success  of  the  Field  Crops  competition ;  stating  the  existence 
of  35  model  orchards  and  the  holding  of  249  public  meetings  attended 
by  11,815  persons  to  witness  demonstrations  in  fruit-growing;  refer- 
ring to  the  work  of  the  various  Agricultural  Associations  and  the 
progress  of  the  Dairying  industry.  To  Mr.  Murray  the  N.  S.  Agri- 
cultural College  reported  through  Dr.  Gumming  as  having  an  enroll- 
ment, in  1911,  of  419  students  and  the  200  Agricultural  Societies 
announced  8,576  members  with  a  Government  grant  of  $10,000  and 
subscriptions  of  $13,137.  As  Provincial  Secretary  he  also  reported 
116  Companies  incorporated  during  1911;  the  registration  of  788 
Companies  in  the  year  and  of  537  motor  vehicles  with  126  chauffeurs; 
the  statistics  of  incorporated  towns  in  the  Province.  The  Department 


470  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  Public  Health  reported  through  the  Premier  the  prevalence  of 
small-pox  in  some  districts  and  the  fact  of  1,982  children  in  Halifax 
schools  as  not  vaccinated  owing  to  "conscientious  scruples"  of  par- 
ents ;  the  death  of  1,064  people  from  Tuberculosis  and  of  1,469  infants 
out  of  a  total  of  7,120  in  the  year.  To  Mr.  Murray  reported  the  Secre- 
tary of  Industries  and  Immigration  showing  a  total  of  arrivals  at 
ocean  ports  for  the  Maritime  Provinces  of  75,651  persons  with  12,709 
from  the  United  States  between  the  years  1901  and  1911;  the  Game 
Commissioner,  also,  while  the  Deputy  Registrar  submitted  statistics 
as  to  17,529  births  in  1910-11,  3.004  marriages  and  8,237  deaths. 

On  Oct.  23rd  the  Government  issued  regulations  in  respect  to  the 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act  of  1910  which  covered  varied  details 
of  operation.  Of  general  political  incidents  it  may  be  noted  that  on 
Sept  17  the  Conservative  Association  of  Nova  Scotia  passed  a  Reso- 
lution stating  that  they  had  "watched  with  very  deep  interest  the 
good  work  done  by  our  respected  Leader,  C.  E.  Tanner,  K.C.,  and  his 
band  of  followers  in  the  Local  Legislature.  While  wishing  them  even 
more  success  in  the  future,  we  approve  of  the  course  they  have  adopted 
as  being  in  the  best  interest  of  not  only  those  they  particularly  repre- 
sent, but  of  the  people  of  the  Province  at  large."  J.  R.  Macleod  of 
Halifax  was  elected  President  and  J.  W.  Regan,  Hon.  President. 

At  the  annual  meeting  (Feb.  28)  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Temperance 
Alliance  the  Report  of  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant,  Secretary,  declared  that 
Government  officials  in  Glace  Bay  did  not  enforce  the  law;  that  in 
Amherst,  North  Sydney,  Lunenburg,  King's  County,  and  other  places 
the  law  was  broken  constantly.  Resolutions  were  passed  asking  for 
restrictive  cigarette  legislation,  denouncing  liquor  in  Army  or  Militia 
canteens,  urging  Provincial  prohibition  of  liquor  advertisements  in 
the  press  or  elsewhere,  and  one  as  follows :  "  Whereas  the  Reports  from 
various  sections  of  the  Province  clearly  indicate  that  there  is  no  hope 
of  securing  the  enforcement  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Temperance  Act  by 
the  local  authorities  owing  to  the  lack  of  the  necessary  sentiment  to 
compel  the  authorities  to  act  in  certain  districts,  therefore,  resolved 
that  we  most  earnestly  urge  the  Provincial  Government  to  take  the 
necessary  steps  to  enforce  the  law  it  has  recently  enacted  and  which, 
it  is  claimed,  contains  provision  for  Government  enforcement."  Rev. 
A.  J.  McDonald  of  Truro  was  elected  President.  Mr.  Premier  Murray 
did  not  intervene  in  Dominion  affairs  during  the  year  except  in  a 
reply  to  the  Toronto  Star  (Dec.  7)  as  to  his  view  of  the  Naval  ques- 
tion :  "  I  think  it  is  much  more  important  both  for  Canada  and  for 
the  Empire  to  have  at  once  a  definite  and  permanent  policy  substan- 
tially on  the  lines  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Naval  policy.  ...  It 
does  not  appear  from  the  documents  submitted  to  Parliament  that  the 
British  Government  have  represented  to  us  that  there  is  any  emer- 
gency. Of  course,  if  Mr.  Borden  wishes  to  throw  35,000,000  of  Cana- 
dian dollars  into  the  British  treasury  it  would  be  unreasonable  to 
expect  Mr.  Asquith's  Government  to  refuse  to  accept." 

The  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Education  (A.  H.  MacKay, 
LL.D.)  for  the  year  ending  July  31,  1912,  showed  general  improve- 


ADMINISTRATION,  FINANCE  AND  EDUCATION  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA    471 

ment  and  progress — increases  in  attendance  of  pupils,  in  number  of 
schools  and  of  teachers,  in  average  salaries  and  in  Provincial  aid.  As 
to  what  were  called  vacant  School  Sections  Dr.  MacKay  observed  that 
"  more  than  one-half  of  the  97  sections  vacant  will  be  seen,  from  the 
various  Inspectors'  reports,  to  have  been  either  without  school  chil- 
dren or  were  for  the  time  being  served  by  the  schools  of  the  neigh- 
bouring Sections.  About  40,  only,  were  vacant  on  account  of  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  teachers  for  the  salary  obtainable."  Of  the 
Acadian  or  French  schools,  Inspector  Morse  reported  well :  "  All 
French  Sections  maintained  schools  during  the  year  which  were  taught 
by  licensed  teachers  in  all  cases  except  one  in  which  a  permissive 
teacher  was  employed.  These  schools  are  increasing  in  efficiency  year 
by  year  as  the  result  of  the  more  advanced  scholarship  of  the  teachers, 
nearly  all  of  whom  are  Normal  trained." 

The  number  of  trained  teachers  continued  to  increase  but  as  to 
this,  and  the  general  situation,  the  Superintendent  said :  "  The  great 
need  is  simply  a  larger  wage  for  the  teacher,  so  as  to  attract  to,  and 
retain  in  the  profession,  the  better  graduates  of  our  high  schools  and 
colleges,  who  are  now  more  abundant  than  ever  before.  The  defects 
of  the  schools  are  due  in  great  part  to  the  inexperience,  lack  of  train- 
ing, and  weak  judgment,  of  those  who  have  not  enough  force  of  char- 
acter and  enterprise  to  win  the  better-paying  positions  at  home  and 
abroad.  With  better  salaries  the  school  can  always  select  and  retain 
the  choicer  spirits."  Dr.  MacKay  eulogized  the  Cadet  Corps  and  the 
influence  of  its  system  on  the  boys.  The  statistics  of  the  year  were 
as  follows : 

Particulars.  July  31,  1911.       July  31,  1912. 

School  Sections  in  Province -     1,801  1,797 

Sections  without  Schools 93  97 

Schools    in    Operation 2,639  2,662 

Total  Number  of  Teachers    2,799  2,804 

Total  Number  of  Normal-trained  Teachers  1,215  1,236 

Total  Male  Teachers 331  293 

Total  Female  Teachers 2,468  2,511 

Pupils  in  High    School    Grades 8,676  8,668 

Pupils  in  Public    Schools 102,910  103,984 

Value  of  Property  in  School  Sections 1104,033,312         $108,190,673 

Value  of  School  Property $2,756,544  $3.109,652 

Total  municipal  expenditure  on  Education  $146,821  $147,169 

Total  Section  Assessments $804,125  $859,284 

Total  Provincial  expenditure $378,726  $384,646 

Pupils  in  Technical  Schools 1,603  1,891 

Mechanical   Science   Pupils 2,010  1,926 

Domestic  Science   Pupils 2,043  2,447 

Teachers  in  Graded  Schools 1,172  1,208 

Pupils  in  Graded  Schools 56,671  58,694 

Teachers  in  Ungraded  Schools 1,627  1.596 

Pupils   in   Ungraded    Schools 46,239  45,290 

Of  the  higher  institutions,  the  Normal  College  reported  293 
students  and  Dr.  Soloan,  the  Principal,  pleaded  for  more  men  teachers 
in  the  schools.  "Education  is  more  than  instruction;  and  the  judi- 
cious treatment  of  boys  in  the  adolescent  stage  calls  for  the  operation 
of  ideals  of  manliness,  of  vocation  and  avocation,  of  character  and 
culture,  which  boys  will  not  readily  accept  from  women."  The  N.  S. 
College  of  Agriculture,  through  Principal  M.  Gumming,  reported  an 
enrollment  of  419  and  continued  progress  and  success.  The  Nova 


472  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Scotia  Technical  College,  through  Principal  F.  H.  Sexton,  referred  to 
the  new  Building  and  its  dedication  on  May  23rd  by  the  Prime  Min- 
ister, together  with  the  new  Murray  Laboratory  of  Mining  Engineer- 
ing; to  the  seven  graduates  of  the  year  and  the  32  students;  to  the 
continued  growth  of  the  secondary  technical  schools — divided  into 
coal-mining,  engineering  and  technical  sections ;  to  the  Mining  Science 
course  in  the  Public  Schools. 

As  to  this  general  system  it  was  stated  by  Mr.  Sexton  to  have  been 
in  operation  for  five  years.  "  Nova  Scotia  is  the  first  self-governing 
unit,  as  a  Province  or  State  on  the  North  American  continent,  to 
establish  a  comprehensive  system  of  technical  education.  The  Techni- 
cal College  which  provides  a  thorough  engineering  training,  with  a 
degree,  is  now  on  a  good  working  basis  and  is  fully  equipped  for  train- 
ing young  men  to  be  civil,  mechanical,  electrical  and  mining  engin- 
eers." The  School  Commissioners  of  Halifax,  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
Institute,  the  School  for  the  Blind,  and  the  Victoria  School  of  Art 
and  Design,  reported  through  Dr.  MacKay.  The  following  Societies 
played  their  part  in  Educational  matters :  The  Nova  Scotia  Institute 
of  Science  with  W.  L.  Bishop  as  President;  the  Nova  Scotia  Histori- 
cal Society  with  Archdeacon  W.  J.  Armitage  as  President;  the  Mining 
Society  of  Nova  Scotia  with  G.  J.  Partington  as  President. 

The  Provincial  Educational  Association  met  at  Halifax  on  Aug. 
27-29,  listened  to  a  large  number  of  valuable  papers  and  passed  a 
Resolution  which  declared  that  "  it  is  of  the  highest  importance  that 
efforts  be  made  at  once  to  stimulate  the  several  Governments  of  the 
Atlantic  Provinces  to  urge  upon  the  Federal  Government  the  justice 
and  the  necessity  of  our  participating  in  the  Crown-lands  of  Canada 
for  educational  purposes  to  an  extent  comparable  to  that  granted  to 
the  Prairie  Provinces."  On  Oct.  llth  the  Government  appointed  a 
Commission  "  to  inquire  into  and  concerning  the  system  of  Education 
in  the  various  Universities  and  Colleges  in  the  Province  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  their  organization  and  administration,  and  to  report  thereon  to 
the  Lieut-Governor  with  such  recommendations  and  suggestions  in 
regard  thereto  as  to  the  said  Commissioners  may  seem  desirable."  The 
following  were  chosen  as  members:  William  E.  MacLellan,  LL.B. 
(Chairman),  Halifax;  Hon.  John  N.  Armstrong,  K.C.,  D.C.L.,  North 
Sydney;  Christopher  P.  Chisholm,  B.A.,  K.C.,  Antigonish;  John  S. 
McLennan,  Sydney;  Willard  G.  Clarke,  Bear  River;  Arthur  W. 
Eakins,  Yarmouth;  Samuel  A.  Chesley,  D.C.L.,  K.C.,  Lunenburg. 

Of  the  Universities,  Dalhousie  held  first  place  in  Nova  Scotia  and 
during  the  year  succeeded  in  its  campaign  to  raise  $400,000 — for  the 
purchase  and  improvement  of  a  new  site  to  cost  $65,000 ;  the  erection, 
equipment,  and  endowment  of  a  new  Science  building  to  cost 
$120,000;  the  Macdonald  Memorial  Library  and  its  endowment,  in 
addition  to  the  $25,000  raised  in  1902,  required  $35,000;  the  endow- 
ment of  Chairs  in  Arts  and  Sciences  to.  cost  $100,000 ;  the  endow- 
ment of  Chairs  in  Medicine  to  cost  $70,000.  The  hope  was  that 
Halifax  would  give  at  least  half  the  amount  and  this  was  finally 
realized,  and  the  total  figure  obtained,  with  J.  H.  Dunn  of  London, 


THE  1912  SESSION  OP  THE  NOVA  SCOTIAN  LEGISLATURE     473 

England,  giving  $25,000,  Lord  Strathcona  $15,000,  W.  H.  Chase  of 
Wolfville  $15,000,  F.  B.  McCurdy,  M.P.,  $12,500,  and  G.  S.  Campbell 
$12,500,  as  the  chief  contributors.  The  Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  the 
Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Sir  Fred.  Borden  each  gave  $5,000  and 
J.  C.  Macintosh  of  Halifax  $3,750.  The  registration  of  students  in 
1911-12  was  as  follows:  413  in  Arts  and  Science;  60  in  Law;  72  in 
Medicine;  17  in  Dentistry.  The  degrees  conferred  were  69  and  the 
affiliated  institutions  included  Prince  of  Wales  College,  Charlotte- 
town,  the  Halifax  Conservatory  of  Music,  the  Halifax  Ladies  College 
and  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart.  Judge  W.  B.  Wallace  was 
appointed  a  Governor  of  the  University  and  John  Laird,  Professor 
of  Philosophy. 

King's  College,  Windsor,  held  its  Encoenia  on  May  9th  and  con- 
ferred the  Hon.  degree  of  D.C.L.  upon  Colonel  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt, 
c.v.o.,  of  Toronto;  Principal  A.  Stanley  MacKenzie,  LL.D.,  of  Dal- 
housie ;  Rev.  F.  W.  Powell,  D.D.,  President  of  the  University ;  H.  Lothar 
Bober,  M.A.,  Rev.  G.  R.  Mart-ell,  M.A.,  Rev.  R.  D.  Bambrick,  M.A. 
Degrees  were  conferred  upon  17  graduates.  Acadia  University,  Wolf- 
ville, held  its  Convocation  on  May  29  with  61  graduates.  The  Hon. 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  Nathaniel  Curry  of  Montreal  and 
that  of  D.D.  on  Rev.  Alfred  Chipman;  Rev.  W.  C.  Goucher,  St. 
Stephen ;  Prof.  Frank  A.  Starratt  of  Hamilton,  N.Y. ;  and  Rev.  C.  H. 
Day,  Watertown,  Mass.  A  Rhodes  Scholarship  was  awarded  to 
Harvey  T.  Reid  of  Hartland.  During  the  year  Dr.  Adolf  F.  Herrr 
mann  was  appointed  Professor  of  German ;  John  Rice,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  an 
American,  to  the  Chair  of  French ;  Ralph  P.  Clarkson  as  Professor  of 
Engineering.  The  registration  of  students  was  236  of  whom  173  were 
in  Arts  and  Sciences.  In  St.  Francis  Xavier's  College,  P.  J.  Nichol- 
son was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Physics,  Rev.  D.  J.  MacDonald  to 
that  of  English  Literature,  and  Rev.  M.  N.  Tompkins  to  Agricultural 
Science.  The  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Morrison,  Bishop  of  Antigonish,  was 
appointed  Chancellor.  The  following  Government  appointments  were 
made  in  Nova  Scotia  during  1912 : 

Member  of  Legislative  Council David    Hill Onslow. 

Member  of  Legislative  Council Warden    Levatte Lunenburg. 

Member  of  Legislative  Council... David    McPherson Halifax. 

Member  of  Legislative  Council R.  G.  Beazeley Halifax. 

Superintendent  of  Neglected  and  Depend- 
ent  Children Ernest    H.    Blois Halifax. 

Librarian    Legislative   Assembly Annie  F.  Donohoe Halifax. 

Member  Board  of  Public  Utilities R.  T.  Macllreith,  K.C Halifax. 

Chairman  Board  of  Public  Utilities John   U.    Ross,    K.C ->.Pictou. 

Member  Provincial  Dental  Board Hibbert   Woodbury Halifax. 

Member  Provincial  Dental  Board A.    C.    Harding Yarmouth. 

Member  Provincial  Dental  Board M.    K.    Langille Truro. 

Member  Provincial  Dental  Board R.  J.  McMeekin Bridgewater. 

The  first  Session  of  the  35th  General  Assembly  of 
seuion  of  the    ^ova  Scotia  was  opened  at  Halifax,  on  Feb.  22nd,  by 
His  Honour,  J.  D.  McGregor,  Lieutl-Governor,  in  a 
Speech  from  the  Throne  which  referred  to  the  Royal 
Tour  of  India  and  the  coming  of  the  Duke  of  Connaught 
to  Canada;  described  the  past  year  as  the  most  profitable  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Province  with  all  its  productive  industries  of  fishing,  farm- 


474  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ing,  mining  and  manufacturing  in  a  state  of  marked  development; 
mentioned  the  absence  of  present  or  prospective  Labour  troubles,  the 
record  sale  of  Provincial  coal,  the  continued  activity  of  the  Collieries 
and  the  increasing  production  of  gypsum  quarries;  referred  to  the 
slightly-diminished  farm  crops  owing  to  dry  conditions  and  accom- 
panied by  higher  prices ;  dealt  with  the  dairy,  fruit,  creameries,  etc., 
and  stated  that  "  direct  evidences  of  a  new  agricultural  life  are  every- 
where visible,  and  this  is  largely  attributable  to  the  general  educa- 
tional campaign  carried  on  from  the  Agricultural  College  " ;  expressed 
gratification  at  the  growth  of  the  Fishing  fleet  and  as  to  the  industrial 
prosperity,  of  which  it  was  said :  "  Our  manufactories  are  growing  in 
number,  their  output  has  increased,  and  there  is  a  fuller  utilization  of 
the  by-products  of  our  coal  and  steel  industries  that  is  profitable  to 
capital  and  gives  employment  to  large  numbers  of  workmen." 

The  hope  was  expressed  that  whatever  the  Naval  policy  of  Canada 
the  plan  adopted  would  assist  in  the  revival  of  Nova  Scotia's  one-time 
famous  ship-building  industry;  a  general  advance  was  described  in 
the  Educational  system  of  the  Province  and  it  was  stated  that  "  the 
Government,  realizing  the  importance  of  the  rural  school  in  the  life 
of  the  nation,  is  encouraging  attendance  of  teachers  at  the  Eural 
Science  School  and  proposes  to  assist  in  such  equipment  of  rural 
schools  as  will  result  in  their  greater  efficiency  " ;  the  Technical  Col- 
lege and  the  evening  Technical  Schools  were  described  as  developing 
satisfactorily;  emphasis  was  laid  upon  the  necessity  of  encouraging 
Immigration;  the  work  of  the  Department  of  Industries  in  Britain 
was  described  as  good  and  co-operation  was  hoped  for  in  this  respect 
between  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments;  announcement 
was  made  of  the  Government's  intention  to  erect  a  Pathological 
Laboratory  at  the  Victoria  General  Hospital  and  to  construct  a  new 
building  for  Tubercular  patients  at  the  Nova  Scotia  Hospital;  refer- 
ence was  made  to  the  Juvenile  Court  at  Halifax,  to  the  Federal  policy 
of  providing  branch  railways  in  the  Counties  of  Halifax,  Guysborough 
and  Victoria,  and  to  the  Provincial  Government's  collection  of  data  as 
to  Highways  with  a  view  to  more  permanent  construction;  several 
items  of  legislation  were  promised. 

Dr.  James  Fraser  Ellis  of  Guysborough,  a  Member  since  1904, 
was  unanimously  elected  Speaker  and  the  Address  was  moved  by  J.  L. 
Ralston  of  Cumberland  and  Donald  MacLennan  of  Inverness.  The 
debate  was  brief  and  marked  by  addresses  from  the  Premier,  the  Oppo- 
sition Leader — C.  E.  Tanner,  K.C.,  who  had  returned  to  the  House 
after  an  absence  of  some  years — and  R.  H.  Butts  of  Cape  Breton  (a 
new  Member)  whose  speech  greatly  pleased  his  friends.  The  Address 
passed  without  a  division  on  Feb.  26th.  On  Mch.  14th,  J.  W.  Marge- 
son  ('Cons.)  moved  a  Resolution  declaring  that  "the  operation  of 
vessels  known  as  Steam  Trawlers,  operating  beam,  otter  or  other 
trawls  for  the  purpose  of  catching  fish,  threatens  to  deplete  the  fish- 
ing grounds  frequented  by  Nova  Scotia  fishing  vessels,  and  causes 
great  damage  to  the  fisher  and  fishing  industry  of  the  Province,"  and 
asking  that  this  Resolution  be  submitted  to  the  Dominion  Govern- 


THE  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  NOVA  SCOTIAN  LEGISLATURE     475 

merit  for  "immediate  and  careful  consideration."  J.  C.  Tory  (Lib.) 
moved  an  Amendment  which  stated  that 

This  House  deems  it  imperative  to  advise  the  Federal  Government, 
and  does  hereby  so  advise,  of  the  impending  danger  to  the  Provincial 
Fisheries  from  the  introduction  and  use  in  pelagic  waters  adjacent  to  the 
coast  of  the  devices  called  otter  trawls — operated  by  steamers  from  the 
British  Islands  and  from  France,  from  which  a  great  influx  is  contem- 
plated during  the  coming  season  to  the  imminent  peril  of  the  said  fishing 
grounds— as  threatening  to  deplete  them  by  a  method  proved  to  be  most 
destructive  to  the  food  fishes  and  their  spawn,  a  fact  tacitly  admitted  by 
the  Dominion  Government  in  debarring  said  trawlers  from  the  littoral 
waters. 

An  International  Conference  to  Jse  arranged  by  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment was  also  suggested  and  a  clause  referring,  with  regret,  to  an 
alleged  recent  utterance  of  Mr.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fish- 
eries followed.  After  some  debate  the  latter  clause  was  deleted,  the 
House  made  simply  to  "  record  its  exception  to  any  views  intended  to 
raise  doubts  as  to  the  injurious  and  destructive  effect  of  steam  trawl- 
ing," and  the  Resolution  then  passed  unanimously.  An  Opposition 
motion  by  J.  C.  Douglas  on  Mch.  21st  proposed  to  declare  that  "  the 
public  interests  require  thorough  investigation  of  the  causes  of  flood- 
ing of  the  Port  Hood  Mine,  Inverness  County,  and  of  the  best  means 
to  return  the  mine  to  a  workable  condition;  and  that  for  the  said 
purpose  a  Commission  of  practical  and  experienced  mining  men  should 
be  immediately  appointed."  This  was  opposed  by  the  Government  and 
after  debate  was  defeated  on  the  25th  by  23  to  10.  C.  E.  Tanner,  K.C., 
the  Opposition  Leader,  on  Apl.  17  took  advantage  of  the  Party  con- 
flict at  Ottawa  over  the  Highways  Bill  to  move  an  amendment  to  a 
measure  dealing  with  the  construction  of  Provincial  bridges  and 
culverts  as  follows : 

Whereas,  it  is  the  settled  and  declared  policy  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment from  year  to  year  to  grant  out  of  the  Federal  treasury  substantial 
sums  for  the  construction  and  improvement  of  highways  in  all  the  Pro- 
vinces; and  whereas  such  grants  will  materially  implement  the  sums  now 
available  out  of  Provincial  revenue  for  road  and  bridge  purposes;  there- 
fore resolved,  that  pending  further  action  by  the  Federal  Government 
whereby  substantial  grants  out  of  the  Federal  treasury  will  be  provided 
for  highway  improvement  and  construction  in  Nova  Scotia,  it  Is  not  advis- 
able to  adopt  the  borrowing  policy  submitted  in  the  Bill  now  under  con- 
sideration. 

Discussion  followed  and  the  Amendment  was  defeated  on  a  party 
division  of  23  .to  10.  An  unanimous  Resolution,  moved  by  Hon.  G.  E. 
Faulkner,  was  passed  on  May  3rd  congratulating  the  Province  and  the 
country  upon  the  completion  of  the  Halifax  Memorial  Tower  and 
thanking  H.R.H.,  the  Governor-General,  for  promising  to  attend  the 
Ceremonies.  Quite  a  number  of  Bills  were  returned  to  the  House  from 
the  Legislative  Council  with  amendments.  Some  of  these  were 
accepted,  and  some  not,  but  there  was  no  actual  conflict  in  the 
premises.  Of  the  Government  legislation  an  important  Act  was  that 


476  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

under  which  the  Canadian  Northern  Railway  was  permitted  to  enter 
into  an  agreement  with  the  Halifax  and  South  Western  Railway  to 
guarantee  the  payment  of  principal  and  interest  upon  a  proposed  issue 
of  bonds  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  $20,000  per  mile  on  the  latter's 
system — including  also  the  Central,  the  Halifax  and  Yarmouth,  the 
Middleton  and  Victoria  Beach  and  the  Liverpool  and  Milton  Railways. 
The  Government  was  to  take  these  bonds,  subject  to  certain  deductions, 
and  release  its  existing  mortgages  upon  the  Halifax  and  South  West- 
ern. It  was  hoped  by  this  arrangement  to  interest  the  C.N.R.  further 
in  the  Railway  development  of  the  Province.  The  measure  dealing 
with  the  construction,  etc.,  of  Public  Highways  provided  for  the  spe- 
cial apportionment  of  $500,000  amongst  certain  Municipalities  for 
the  re-construction  of  culverts,  smaller  bridges,  and  crossways,  with 
permanent  material.  The  awarding  of  contracts  was  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  subject,  also,  to  the 
approval  of  the  Road  Commissioner.  The  measure  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  Settlement  on  Farnt  Lands  was,  like  the  similar  legislation  in 
New  Brunswick,  popular  and  full  of  promise.  Under  its  terms  it  was 
provided  that  the  Government  could  borrow  $200,000  as  a  Fund : 

Whenever  a  Loan  Company  will  agree,  upon  receiving  the  guarantee 
herein  mentioned,  to  advance  to  a  farmer  on  mortgage  of  farm  lands  and 
buildings,  thereon,  on  terms  approved  by  the  Governor-in-Council,  an 
amount  not  exceeding  80  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  such  farm  lands  and 
buildings  as  appraised  by  such  Loan  Company,  the  Governor-in-Council, 
upon  such  appraisement  being  confirmed  by  the  Inspector,  and  upon 
receiving  a  report  from  the  Inspector,  is  empowered  from  time  to  time  to 
authorize  the  Provincial  Secretary,  or  Deputy  Provincial  Secretary,  to 
give  a  guarantee  in  writing  to  such  Loan  Company  against  loss  on  any 
such  mortgage  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  the  difference  between  50  per 
cent,  of  such  appraised  value  and  the  amount  of  the  loan,  together  with 
interest  thereon.  Whenever  a  Loan  Company  will  agree  to  advance  to  a 
farmer  on  a  first  mortgage  of  farm  land  and  buildings  thereon,  on  terms 
approved  by  the  Governor-in-Council,  an  amount  up  to  at  least  50  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  such  farm  lands  and  buildings  as  appraised  by  such 
Loan  Company,  the  Governor-in-Council,  upon  such  appraisement  being 
confirmed  by  the  Inspector,  may  arrange  with  such  Loan  Company  to 
advance  to  such  persons  through  such  Loan  Company,  out  of  funds  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose,  an  additional  amount  not  exceeding  the  difference 
between  50  per  cent,  and  80  per  cent,  of  such  appraised  value;  provided 
that  this  additional  amount  of  advance  by  the  Governor-in-Council  on  any 
one  loan  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  $2,500. 

Authority  was  given  the  Government  to  appoint  Inspectors  and 
officials,  to  purchase  farming  real  estate  in  this  connection,  and  sub- 
divide it  into  farms  or  lots,  to  erect  buildings  and  otherwise  improve 
the  property  prior  to  selling  it  to  farmers.  It  was  argued  by  the 
Government  that  this  policy  would  encourage  the  settlement  of 
unoccupied  or  untilled  arable  tracts  in  the  Province,  would  induce 
British  and  other  farmers  to  come  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  would  assist 
experienced  local  farmers  to  purchase  or  cultivate  additional  land. 
Provisions  were  made  in  another  Bill  to  assist  Municipalities  in  estab- 
lishing Sanitariums  for  the  treatment  of  Tuberculosis  patients  to  the 
extent  of  one-fifth  the  cost  of  site,  buildings  and  equipment  up  to  a 


TIIK  1912  SESSION  OF  THE  NOVA  SCOTIAN  LEGISLATURE     477 

total  of  $4,000  in  each  case ;  together  with  payments  for  maintenance 
of  $1.50  for  each  week's  actual  treatment  and  stay  of  patients  up  to 
a  total  of  $4,000  in  any  one  year. 

The  Act  creating  the  Board  of  Public  Utilities  Commissioners  was 
amended  so  as  to  forbid  a  Commissioner  having  any  financial  interest 
in  any  Public  Utility  or  in  the  manufacture  of  heat,  light,  water  or 
power;  to  compel  all  such  Utilities  to  contribute  $25  a  year  to  the 
expense  of  the  Board ;  to  define  more  clearly  the  powers  of  the  Board 
and  the  duties  of  public  utilities  toward  the  Board  as  to  reports, 
inquiries,  book-keeping  forms  and  detailed  conduct  of  business.  "  The 
Board  shall,  whenever  it  may  deem  it  desirable  to  do  so,  investigate 
and  ascertain  the  fair  value  of  the  property  of  any  public  utility. 
For  the  purpose  of  such  investigation,  the  Board  is  authorized  to 
employ  such  experts,  engineers  and  other  assistants  as  may  be  neces- 
sary. Every  public  utility  shall  furnish  to  the  Board  from  time  to 
time  and  as  the  Board  may  require,  maps,  profiles,  contracts,  reports 
of  engineers,  and  other  documents,  records  and  papers,  or  copies  of 
any  and  all  of  the  same  in  aid  of  such  investigation  and  to  determine 
the  value  of  the  property  of  such  public  utility." 

The  Nova  Scotia  Temperance  Act  was  amended  so  as  to  empower 
the  Inspector-in-Chief  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  any  Inspector  or 
into  the  manner  in  which  the  law  is  enforced  by  him ;  to  compel  magis- 
trates to  file  certificates  of  conviction  with  the  Prothonotary  of  the 
County — such  document  to  be  evidence  of  previous  conviction ;  to  pro- 
vide that  the  occupant  of  any  place  in  which  the  law  as  to  sale  or 
barter  of  liquors  is  broken  shall  be  personally  liable  for  any  penalties 
involved  whether  the  offence  occurred  through  some  other  person  or 
not ;  to  make  any  incorporated  'Company,  convicted  of  a  second  offence, 
liable  to  a  penalty  of  $200  with  $500  for  a  third  or  subsequent  offence ; 
to  limit  the  operations  of  physicians  in  giving  prescriptions  containing 
spirituous  liquors.  An  elaborate  measure  amended  and  consolidated 
the  Acts  relating  to  Government,  legal  and  other  costs  and  fees.  Vari- 
ous corporations,  Banks  and  Companies  were  taxed  under  the  Supple- 
mentary Revenue  Act  in  sums  ranging  from  $1,000  a  year  in  the  case 
of  Banks,  assessed  on  their  capital,  with  $100  on  each  office  in  the 
Province  up  to  10  and  $50  exceeding  that  number;  to  a  tax  of  one 
per  cent,  on  gross  Insurance  premiums,  $300  on  Loan  Companies, 
$350  on  Trust  Companies  and  varied  charges  on  Telegraph,  Tele- 
phone, Gas  and  Electric,  Express  and  other  corporations. 

Another  measure  established  a  Juvenile  Court,  provided  for  the 
appointment  of  a  Superintendent  of  Neglected  and  Dependent  Chil- 
dren, authorized  the  establishment  of  incorporated  Children's  Aid 
Societies,  empowered  Judges  or  Magistrates  to  send  boys  and  girls 
under  sentence  to  reformatory  institutions,  forbade  the  employment 
of  any  young  person  in  or  about  a  shop  for  more  than  eight  hours  a 
day  or  four  hours  on  any  Saturday,  enacted  that  seats  in  shops  must 
be  provided  for  young  female  employees.  Tenement  houses  were  regu- 
lated by  another  Bill  as  to  construction,  etc. ;  an  Act  relating  to  Town 
Planning  authorized  Municipal  Councils  to  provide  for  such  schemes 


478  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

as  might  be  approved  and  to  deal  with  buildings,  which  were  in  the 
way,  subject  to  compensation  or  arbitration;  another  Bill  authorized 
towns  or  cities  to  appoint  a  Commission  of  three  ratepayers  to  be 
known  as  the  Street  Tree  Commission  of  the  town  or  city,  who  would 
serve  without  compensation,  and  have  power  to  plant,  set  out,  main- 
tain, and  care  for  shade  trees  on  any  of  the  public  streets  within  the 
town  or  city. 

In  other  measures  it  was  enacted  that  no  municipal  bonus  to  an 
industry  should  be  legal  which  involved  its  removal  from  one  to 
another  town  in  the  Province ;  provided  that,  under  certain  conditions, 
the  Commissioner  of  Mines  might  revoke  the  license  or  lease  of 
unworked  mining  areas;  amended  and  consolidated  the  Pharmacy 
Act;  authorized  the  establishment  of  an  Examining  Board  composed 
of  three  practical  embalmers — two  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor- 
in-Council  and  one  by  the  Provincial  Funeral  Directors'  Association — 
for  the  purpose  of  making  regulations  and  creating  certificates  in  con- 
nection with  Embalming ;  consolidated  the  Succession  Duties  Acts  and 
amended  their  assessments;  empowered  the  Government  to  issue 
Debentures  of  the  Province,  as  required,  to  a  total  of  $4,000,000 ;  con- 
solidated and  amended  the  Domestic  and  Foreign  Companies  Act  and 
defined  the  law  as  to  Fishing  rights  in  the  Province  so  as  to  provide 
that  "  any  resident  of  the  Province  shall  have  the  right  to  go  on  foot 
along  the  banks  of  any  river,  stream  or  lake,  upon  and  across  any 
uncultivated  lands  and  Crown  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  lawfully  fish- 
ing with  rod  and  line  in  such  rivers,  streams  or  lakes — subject  to 
compensation  to  the  owner  for  any  damage  done  his  property. 

The  Acts  for  preservation  of  game  were  amended  and  consolidated 
in  elaborate  and  detailed  legislation  and  another  measure,  for  the 
encouragement  of  Agriculture,  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a 
Superintendent  of  Agricultural  Associations,  the  organization  of  Agri- 
cultural Societies  with  an  appropriation  of  $10,000  in  grants,  the 
establishment  of  County  Exhibitions  with  special  Government  grants, 
the  appropriation  of  $5,000  for  helping  Creameries  by  providing  Gov- 
ernment instructors,  the  grant  of  $1,000  for  the  purchase  of  nursery 
stock  and  its  distribution  amongst  the  farmers,  the  establishment  of 
an  Agricultural  College  Experimental  Farm.  Amendments  of  the 
Joint  Stock  Companies  Act  provided  for  an  elaborate  scale  of  regis- 
tration fees  based  upon  Capital  Stock;  the  Nova  Scotia  Factory  Act 
was  changed  so  as  to  prevent  the  employee  under  16  years  of  age  from 
working  without  a  sworn  birth  certificate  held  in  the  hands  of  the 
employer. 

Motor  vehicles  were  compelled  to  register  and  pay  a  fee  ranging 
from  $2  to  $50  and  assessed  upon  horse-power ;  managers  and  officials 
of  Coal  mines  were  compelled  to  obtain  certificates  of  competency 
from  the  Commissioner  upon  the  report  of  a  Board  of  Examiners  and 
improved  regulations  were  made  as  to  safety  lamps;  the  Education 
Act  was  amended  to  provide  that  "  teachers  who  have  taught  in  the 
Public  Schools  of  Nova  Scotia  for  35  years,  or  who  have  attained  the 
age  of  60  years,  after  30  years  of  service,  shall  be  entitled  to  retire 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA  479 

with  an  annuity  equal  to  the  Provincial  aid  granted  to  teachers  of 
their  respective  classes  of  license  " ;  Halifax  was  given  power  to  estab- 
lish a  Board  of  Control  and  the  local  and  exclusive  franchise  of  the 
Halifax  Electric  Tramway  Co.  Ltd.,  was  extended  for  21  years  from 
1916.  Under  this  latter  Bill,  introduced  by  Hon.  G.  E.  Faulkner, 
the  Bond  issue  was  limited  to  '$600,000,  second  mortgages  were  pro- 
hibited, the  Capital  Stock  was  not  to  be  increased  or  Preference  Stock 
created,  and  dividends  were  limited  to  8  per  cent.  The  Legislature 
was  prorogued  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  on  May  3rd. 

The  year  1912  was  one  of  progress  in  the  Province 
Ke«onrce«  and  an(j  of  Optimism  in  the  public  mind.    Immigrants  num- 

Development       ,       •         ..  /%/,«  ,1       T>        •  i      •  i 

in  Hova  Scotia  benng  5,962  came  to  the  Province  during  the  year  and 
were  located  chiefly  in  Cape  Breton  and  Halifax  and 
in  Cumberland  and  Piotou  Counties.  Of  these  356  were  described  as 
farmers  and  A.  S.  Barnstead,  Secretary  of  Industries  and  Immigra- 
tion, reported  a  continued  and  vigorous  campaign  for  settlers  as  being 
carried  on  throughout  the  year  in  Great  Britain  with  much  advertis- 
ing and  a  large  distribution  of  literature.  To  an  English  paper  on 
Aug.  17>th  Mr.  Barnstead  pointed  out  the  advantages  of  the  Province 
to  various  classes  of  people  and  the  aid  which  the  Government  was 
giving  to  experienced  farmers  in  particular.  "  We  are  not  stand- 
ing still,  but  going  ahead;  and  yet  we  have  latent  resources  in 
mine,  in  forest,  in  sea,  and  in  the  ordinary  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing life,  that  await  development,  and  only  require  the  introduc- 
tion of  capital  under  capable  management.  In  some  of  the  large  towns 
like  Amherst,  New  Glasgow  and  Sydney,  the  scope  for  the  investment 
in  dwellings  to  house  the  population  is  great."  During  the  year  the 
production  of  Nova  Scotia,  according  to  the  annual  estimate  of  the 
Halifax  Chronicle,  was  as  follows : 

Coal   $20,700,000      Fisheries    $7,850,000 

Coke 2,400,000  Manufactures,   Ships,   etc.      47,750,000 

Gold  and  other  Minerals. .        1,505,000       Products  of  the  Farm 28,880,000 

Pig  Iron 2,000,000  Products  of  the  Forest. . .        6,000,000 

Steel,    Steel    Rails,    Rods,  Game  and  Furs 500,000 

etc 16,750,000  

Total $134,335,000 

In  Agriculture  there  could  be  no  doubt  of  the  importance  of  Nova 
Scotia  for  dairying  and  fruit-farming;  for  the  raising  of  hay,  grain 
and  roots;  and  the  highest  prices  were  in  1912  obtainable  for  milk, 
butter  and  cheese.  There  were  no  better  grazing  lands  in  North 
America  than  in  this  Province  and  its  wool  had  been  claimed  to  be 
superior  to  any  other  on  the  continent  with  sheep-owners  realizing 
50  per  cent,  on  their  original  outlay.  The  1912  Season  was  a  good  one 
for  the  farmers  despite  the  wet  weather;  there  was  a  large  apple  crop 
and  an  increase  in  net  returns.  The  number  of  horses  in  the  Pro- 
vince (1911)  was  69,000,  milch  cows  and  other  cattle  332,600,  sheep 
351,000,  and  swine  70,000.  The  Agricultural  production  of  1912, 
according  to  Federal  figures,  totalled  $17,509,200  in  value  with  the 
chief  items  as  follows :  Spring  wheat  258,000  bushels  worth  $279,000 ; 
oats  3,175,000  bushels  worth  $1,683,000;  barley  152,000  bushels 


480  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

worth  $117,000;  buckwheat  197,000  bushels  worth  $128,000;  potatoes 
8,061,000  bushels  valued  at  $3,790,000;*  turnips  4,755,000  bushels 
worth  $1,617,000;  hay  and  clover  755,000  tons  worth  $9,679,000.  Of 
butter  the  Census  Statistics  for  1910  showed  a  product  valued  at 
$88,481  and  cheese  $29,977.  During  1912  an  important  phase  of  this 
development  was  the  establishment  of  new  creameries;  a  greater  ten- 
dency among  farmers  to  carry  out  under-draining  of  their  land;  the 
evidence  given  to  the  farmers  that  Maritime-grown  grain  seeds  were 
far  superior  to  any  other  for  their  purposes;  the  more  manifest  and 
growing  influence  of  the  Provincial  Agricultural  College  in  the  life 
of  the  community;  and  the  extension  of  the  co-operative  principle 
among  the  fruit  growers  in  the  Annapolis  Valley — 25  local  fruit  com- 
panies being  formed  into  the  United  Fruit  Companies,  Ltd.  The 
estimated  product  of  apples  was  1,000,000  barrels  valued  at  $2,000,- 
000;  $1,000,000  worth  of  garden  truck  and  small  fruits;  Live-stock 
products  valued  at  $6,500,000.  Provincial  estimates  of  crop  pro- 
duction showed  a  considerable  divergence  from  the  Federal  figures, 
oats  being  stated  at  3,532,044  bushels,  potatoes  at  6,489,002  and  tur- 
nips at  5,529,140. 

Industrial  development  during  the  year  was  marked  and  some  of 
the  Companies  obtaining  money  for  extension  purposes  were  as  fol- 
lows: Hewson  Pure  Wool  Textiles,  6  per-cent.  Bonds,  $350,000  and 
7  per-cent.  Preferred  Stock,  $250,000;  Nova  Scotia  Clay  Works,  7 
per-cent  Preferred  Stock,  $300,000 ;  North  Atlantic  Fisheries,  7  per- 
cent. Preferred  Stock,  $500,000;  Eastern  Car  Co.,  6  per-cent.  Bonds, 
$1,000,000 — guaranteed  by  Nova  Scotia  Steel  and  Coal  Company — and 
6  per-cent.  Preferred  Stock,  $750,000.  The  Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal 
Co.  also  sold  $300,000  common  stock  in  Europe.  At  Sydney,  Cape 
Breton  Island,  there  was  much  expansion.  A  favourable  vote  of  the 
ratepayers  was  given  for  a  million  dollar  bonus  to  the  British  and 
Canadian  Ship-building  &  Dock  Co.  of  which  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt  was 
President.  •  Local  capital  was  subscribed  for  the  establishment  of  a 
tanning  industry  and  for  a  factory  to  manufacture  all  grades  of  foot- 
wear ;  the  Cape  Breton  Electric  Co.  prepared  to  construct  electric  cars 
directly  upon  their  own  premises;  local  capital  became  interested  in 
a  scheme  to  establish  a  fox  farm  at  Westmount,  just  across  the  harbour 
and  opposite  the  City;  the  Dominion  Steel  Co.  employed  4,350  men 
with  a  fortnightly  pay-roll,  approximating  $200,000,  in  the  District. 
The  Dominion  Coal  Co.  employed  10,125  men  with  a  fortnightly  pay- 
roll of  about  half  a  million. 

Of  the  Nova  Scotian  Cities  exceeding  an  industrial  production  in 
1910  (Census)  of  $1,000,000  Halifax  had  $12,140,409;  Amherst 
$4,625,765,  Sydney  $9,395,017,  Sydney  Mines  $2,540,161,  Trenton 
$2,290,000.  New  Glasgow  was  in  the  $1,000,000  class  owing  to  its 
chief  Company's  production  being  carried  on  nearby  in  Trenton  and 
with  it,  in  that  total,  were  the  growing  towns  of  Bridgewater,  Dart- 
mouth, Truro,  and  Yarmouth.  Of  special  industries  the  Acadia  Sugar 

NOTK. — In    the    Census    and   Statistics    Monthly    the    official    figures    given    are 
$379,000 — evidently  from  the  context  a  clerical  error. 


RESOUECES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA  481 

Refining  €o.,  Halifax,  had  been  operating  for  20  years  with  a  net 
trading  profit  in  1911  of  $211,025  upon  a  Capital  Stock  of  $3,115,333 
and  in  1912  was  constructing  at  Woodside  what  was  claimed  to  be  the 
largest  refinery  in  Canada.  The  Nova  Scotia  Car  Works,  Ltd.,  was 
a  new  concern  organized  to  take  over  the  Silliker  Oar  Co.  Ltd.  of 
Halifax  and  its  plant  had  a  capacity  of  15  freight  cars  per  day  with 
an  output  in  1912  of  about  8  cars  per  day.  Another  new  Halifax  con- 
cern was  the  Nova  Scotia  Underwear  Co.  Ltd.  formed  to  take  over  a 
Knitting  Mills  Co.  and  possessing  at  Eureka  a  Mill,  ample  water- 
power,  etc.  The  Nova  Scotia  -Clay  Works  Co.  of  Annapolis,  Stanfeld's 
Woollen  Works  and  the  Eastern  Hat  and  Cap  Co.  of  Truro,  the  vari- 
ous Lumber  Companies  of  Amherst,  the  Eastern  Car  Co.  of  New  Glas- 
gow were  amongst  the  progressive  concerns  of  the  year  1912.  The 
Canada  Car  and  Foundry  Co.  at  Amherst  employed  1,250  men  and 
the  output  for  1912  had  a  total  value  of  $4,000,000,  and  included 
2,250  freight  cars,  280  refrigerator  cars,  70  passenger,  baggage  and 
dining  cars  and  12  snow  plows.  The  Rhodes-Curry  Company  Ltd. 
and  Malleable  Iron  Works,  also  of  Amherst,  made  large  extensions 
during  the  year.  The  Nova  Scotia  Car  Works  at  Halifax  had  a  suc- 
cessful year,  550  men  being  employed  with  an  output  of  1,200  wooden 
box  cars,  650  steel  cars,  2  postal  cars,  2  stock  cars  and  4  tram  cars. 

In  Halifax  the  coming  Government  expenditures  upon  docks  and 
harbours  and  public  works  promised  to  run  into  $30,000,000  in  the 
next  few  years  and  to  mean  the  establishment  of  many  collateral  indus- 
tries. In  this  latter  connection  the  Dominion  Government's  announced 
policy  as  to  terminals  toward  the  close  of  the  year  was  a  substantial 
answer  to  the  statement  of  the  Halifax  Herald  (Cons.),  on  Feb.  23rd, 
that  "  Nova  Scotia  has  not  been  getting  fair  play  in  the  Dominion, 
and  is  still  in  serious  danger  of  being  most  unfairly  overlooked. 
Seven  and  a  half  million  dollars  are  now  being  provided  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  harbour  in  St.  John,  N.B.,  and  twenty-two  million  dollars 
for  Montreal,  while  Halifax  gets  nothing — or  next  to  nothing.  Hali- 
fax, as  usual,  has  been  overlooked  or  forgotten.  Nova  Scotia  as  a  whole 
has  fared  even  worse.  It  is  getting  an  occasional  public  building  or 
wharf — that  is  all."  The  total  industrial  product  of  the  Province 
(Census  1910)  was  $52,706,184  as  compared  with  $23,532,513  in 
1900 ;  the  capital  invested  was,  respectively,  $79,596,341  and  $34,586,- 
416 ;  the  establishments  in  1910  were  1,480  and  the  employees  28,795 
as  against  1,188  and  23,284  respectively  in  1900. 

In  Lumber  the  estimated  export  of  the  Province  in  1912  was  325 
million  feet — chiefly  deals  from  the  eastern  section  and  planks  from 
the  western.  The  domestic  consumption  was  placed  at  100  million 
feet  and  the  total  value  of  the  product  at  5  or  6  millions.  As  to 
Minerals  the  year  was  a  prosperous  one.  Prices  were  good,  iron-ore, 
pig-iron,  and  steel  prices  recovered  from  the  somewhat  low  rates 
received  in  1911.  Prices  were  not  officially  given  in  Government  reports 
but  the  value  of  the  Provincial  output  for  1912  was  estimated  in 
The  Chronicle  (Jan.  1,  1913)  at  $45,825,000;  under  a  different  pro- 
cess of  calculating  prices,  and  excluding  manufactured  products  such 
31 


482  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

as  steel  ingots  and  pig-iron  made  from  imported  ores,  the  Federal 
authorities  put  the  value  at  $18,843,374  as  compared  with  $15,409,397 
in  1911.  There  was  no  iron-ore  mined  in  the  Province  during  the 
year  but  the  Canada  Iron  Corporation  at  Torbrook  was  said  to  have 
100,000  tons  of  ore  on  their  stock  pile  awaiting  shipment.  The  Coal 
production  of  the  year,  according  to  local  estimates  made  at  the  begin- 
ning of  1913,  are  given  in  the  following  table  compared  with  the 
returns  of  1911 : 

1912.  1911. 

Dominion   Coal   Company,    Cape  Breton 4,331,320  4,011,235 

Dominion  Coal  Company,  Springhill 420,481  346,964 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co 821,000  777,800 

Maritime  Coal,  Railway  &  Power  Co 151,308  126,104 

Inverness   Coal   &   Railway   Co 289,704  259,315 

Acadia    Coal    Company 439,476  359,252 

Intercolonial    Coal    Company 243,407  211,898 

Colonial   Coal   Company 35,211  30,525 


Total    in    tons 6,731,907  6,123,093 

The  Coal  sales  of  the  year  totalled  5,180,000  tons.  The  Federal  figures 
of  Mineral  and  allied  production  in  Nova  Scotia  valued  pig-iron  at 
$6,374,910  as  against  $4,682,904  in  1911;  Coal  at  $17,391,608  as 
compared  with  $14,071,379  in  1911;  the  value  of  brick  production 
and  other  clay  products  in  1911  as  $274,249.  Of  other  interests  the 
Fisheries  product  of  1910-11  was  $9,367,550  while  the  fishing  season 
of  1912  resulted  in  a  good  average  catch.  A.  H.  Whitman,  an 
authority  upon  the  subject,  described  in  the  Halifax  Chronicle  the 
Lunenburg  spring  catch  as  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  industry — 
being  about  90,000  quintals;  the  summer  catch  as  considerably  under 
the  average  or  about  115,000  quintals;  making  a  total  of  205,000 
quintals  as  against  200,000  quintals  in  1911  and  225,000  quintals  in 
1910.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  scale  fishery  was  a  good  average  catch  of 
about  40,000  quintals.  The  shore  fisheries  of  Cape  Breton  were  a  good 
average,  as  were  those  of  the  Gaspe  Coast,  the  latter  approximating 
100,000  quintals.  In  1912  there  were  136  fishing  vessels  hailing  from 
Lunenburg  County  and  carrying  2,250  men  engaged  in  deep-sea  fish- 
ing with  an  investment  of  $1,250,000  in  the  business.  %  As  to  miscel- 
laneous elements  of  progress  the  Bank  Clearing-house  totals  for  Hali- 
fax were  $100,467,672  as  compared  with  $87,994,038  in  1911  and  the 
total  Railway  mileage  of  the  Province  was  1,357. 

Nominations  for  the  General  Elections  had  taken 
Prince  Edward  place  on  Dec.  27,  1911,  with  every  probability  of  the 
ttonj^and*0"  return  of  the  recently-formed  Conservative  Government 
Administration  of  Hon.  J.  A.  Mathieson,  and  with  the  immediate  elec- 
tion by  acclamation  of  the  Premier  and  his  colleague 
T.  W.  F.  Macdonald;  J.  Kickham  and  Hon.  John  McLean;  Hon. 
J.  A.  Macdonald  and  J.  Alex.  McPhail — all  Conservatives.  The 
polling  took  place  on  Jan.  3,  1912,  for  a  House  divided  into  two 
classes.  Of  these  15  were  elected  as  Councillors  with  a  property- vot- 
ing qualification  and  15  as  Assemblymen  under  manhood  suffrage. 
There  was  open  voting  and  in  the  final  result,  28  Conservatives  were 
returned  and  two  Liberals — the  latter  being  Alfred  McWilliams  and 


John  Richards.  The  contest  turned  chiefly  upon  the  hope  of  at  last 
obtaining  permanent  and  reliable  service  between  the  Island  and 
Mainland  and  this  was  based  upon  a  telegram  sent,  as  follows,  from 
the  Federal  Premier  to  A.  A.  McLean,  M.P.,  on  Dec.  23rd :  "  In  reply 
to  representations  of  Nicholson  and  yourself  during  the  past  two 
months,  I  beg  to  inform  you  that  the  Government  has  determined  to 
undertake  the  establishment  of  a  Government  Ferry-service  between 
the  Island  and  the  Mainland.  This  will  involve  the  changing  from 
narrow  to  standard  gauge  of  the  Island  Railway.  This  improved 
service  will  do  away  with  three  short  hauls,  and  it  is  hoped  will  result 
in  great  advantage  to  the  people.  R.  L.  Borden." 

The  Charlottetown  Guardian  (Lib.)  supported  the  Government  on 
this  policy  without  prejudice  to  its  hope  of  some  day  obtaining  a 
Tunnel  also.  The  Provincial  Premier  pledged  himself  to  introduce 
the  ballot  for  future  elections;  Federal  promises  of  aid  in  highway 
construction  and  agricultural  education — afterwards  presented  to  Par- 
liament in  Bills  applicable  to  all  Provinces — had  their  effect;  the 
Government  pledges  to  press  claims  against  the  Dominion  in  connec- 
tion with  increased  territory  given  to  other  Provinces  had  some  influ- 
ence. A  Report  on  the  state  of  Provincial  finances  was  also  made 
public  showing  a  Debt  and  current  liabilities  of  $1,000,000  as  the 
alleged  result  of  20  years  of  Liberal  rule.  The  Liberals  lead  by  Hon. 
John  Richards,  lately  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  issued  no  Mani- 
festo but  contented  themselves  with  the  long  party  record  of  adminis- 
tration and  claimed  that  any  Debt  the  Province  had  was  more  than 
offset  by  Assets  held  at  Ottawa  or  claims  against  the  Federal  authori- 
ties. The  following  were  the  candidates  and  those  elected — only  the 
two  above-mentioned  being  Liberals  as  compared  with  17  Liberals  and 
13  Conservatives  in  1908 : 


Conservative 
Candidate. 


Liberal 
Candidate. 


Member 
Elected. 


Councillor  or 
Assemblyman. 


District. 
King's: 

1st    John   Kickham Acclamation   . .  .  .Assemblyman. 

Hon.  John  McLean Acclamation   . . .  .Councillor. 

2nd A.    A.    McDonald.. J.  D.  Mclnnis   .A.  A.   McDonald . Councillor. 


A.   B.   Simpson R.    N.    Cox . .  . 


3rd    Hon.  J.  A.  McDon- 
ald 


John  A.  Dewar. . . .  H.   Nelson. . .  . 

4th    Hon.  M.  McKinnon.Dr.  C.  Barnes 

A.    P.   Prowse G.    S.    Inman. 


.A.    E.    Simpson.  .Assemblyman. 

.Acclamation  ....Councillor. 
.John    A.    Dewar. Assemblyman. 
.M.  McKinnon. . .  .Councillor. 
.A.  P.  Prowse. ..  .Assemblyman. 


5th    Hon.  J.  A.  Mathie- 

son   Acclamation   . . .  .Councillor. 

T.  W.  P.  Macdonald Acclamation Assemblyman. 

Prince's: 

1st    Hon.  C.  E.  Dalton.±>.    Gallant Hon.  C.  E.  Dalton.Councillor. 

S.    T.    Gallant John   Agnew...S.  T.  Gallant Assemblyman. 

2nd George    Matthews. A.    McWilliams.A.    McWilliams.  .Councillor. 

S.    T.    Dougherty.  .J.   Richards.  ..  .J.    Richards Assemblyman. 

3rd    H.    D.    Dobie J.  J.  McNally..H.  D.   Dobie Councillor. 

Hon.  A.  E.  Arsen- 

ault    A.  E.  McLean.. A.   E.  Arsenault . Assemblyman. 

4th    M.    C.    Delaney F.    Tuplin M.    C.    Delaney.  .Councillor. 

J.    Kennedy S.   E.   Reid .  J.    Kennedy Assemblyman. 

5th    J.    E.    Wyatt J.   M.  Clark J.  E.  Wyatt Councillor. 

Hon.  J.  A.  McNeill.H.     Howatt. ..  .Hon.  J.  A. McNeill. Assemblyman. 
Queen's: 

1st    H.    J.    Myers C.   W.   Crosby.. H.    J    .Myers Councillor. 

Hon.  M.  Kennedy..  J.    S.    Cousins.  .Hon.  M.  Kennedy. Assemblyman. 
2nd L.  L.  Jenkins J.    McMillan ...  L.    L.    Jenkins. .  .Councillor. 

J.  A.  H.  Buntain..G.   W.    McPhee.J.  A.  H.  Buntain. Assemblyman. 


484  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Conservative  Liberal  Member  Councillor  or 

District.  Candidate.  Candidate.  Elected.  Assemblyman. 

Queen's: 

3rd H.   F.  Feehan C.    Chandler H.  F.  Feehan.  ..  .Councillor. 

G.  F.  Dewar D.  Macdonald . . G.    F.    Dewar. ..  .Assemblyman. 

4th    J.  A.  McPhail Acclamation    ....  Councillor. 

J.   S.   Martin D.   P.  Irving... J.  S.  Martin Assemblyman. 

Charlotte- 
town    ....S.  R.  Jenkins G.  E.  Hughes..  S.    R.    Jenkins. .  .Councillor. 

Hon.  W.  S.  Stewart.F.    J.    Nash W.    S.    Stewart ..  Assemblyman. 

Following  the  Elections  a  mass-meeting  in  Charlottetown  was  held 
on  Jan.  5th  and  passed  unanimously,  by  a  standing  vote,  a  Resolution 
reciting  the  disabilities  under  which  the  people  laboured  on  account 
of  the  short  haul  freight  rates  and  unsatisfactory  mail  and  passenger 
service — disabilities  which  were  declared  responsible  in  large  measure 
for  the  steady  decrease  in  population ;  asking  that  the  Island  be  placed 
on  an  equality  with  the  other  Provinces  and  approving  the  Car  Ferry 
scheme.  A  letter  from  Mr.  Cochrane,  Minister  of  Railways,  was  read 
endorsing  Mr.  Borden's  previous  message  while  W.  B.  McKenzie, 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Intercolonial,  said  that  a  powerful  steamer 
would  be  necessary  and  stated  that  the  Tunnel  project  was  too  costly 
to  consider.  To  the  Toronto  News  on  the  8th  Mr.  Mathieson  tele- 
graphed this  statement :  "  The  sweeping  vote  of  Jan.  3rd  was  largely 
due  to  the  Car  Ferry  project  which  was  unanimously  endorsed  by 
our  people  with  the  confident  hope  of  an  adjustment  of  our  claims 
hitherto  neglected  or  denied.  It  is  hoped  that  with  better  transpor- 
tation facilities  now  promised  our  worst  disabilities  and  isolation  will 
be  removed  and  the  Island  will  become  an  integral  part  of  Canada  as 
never  before,  with  greatly  enlarged  trade,  an  increase  of  tourist  traffic, 
growth  of  manufacturing  industries  hitherto  impossible,  the  develop- 
ment of  oyster  and  other  fisheries,  more  all-year-round  employment 
and,  with  these,  a  check  upon  the  disheartening  exodus."  The  Car- 
ferry  project  was  much  discussed  and  an  early  estimate  of  the 
cost  of  improvements  decided  upon  by  the  Federal  Government  was 
$450,000  for  the  Car-ferry,  $400,000  for  the  Railway  gauge  changes 
and  $490,000  for  the  construction  of  a  third  rail  on  the  P.E.I.  Line. 
On  Jan.  19th  the  'Charlottetown  Board  of  Trade  passed  the  following 
Resolution : 

Whereas  industries  in  this  Province  are  few,  and  those  we  have  are 
not  flourishing,  due  to  the  want  of  continuous  communication,  winter  and 
summer,  and  for  this  reason  our  workmen  seek  employment  elsewhere  to 
the  great  loss  of  the  Island ;  and  as  the  Premier  of  Canada  recently  stated 
that  the  Dominion  exacted  from  this  Province  the  fulfillment  of  every  con- 
dition under  the  terms  of  Confederation,  but  that  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment had  failed  on  its  part  to  carry  out  the  most  important  part  of  the 
contract — that  of  continuous  communication,  winter  and  summer — and 
was,  therefore,  responsible  for  the  condition  of  our  industries  and  decreas- 
ing population;  therefore,  resolved,  that  as  offering  employment  to  500 
men  the  Dominion  Government  be  asked  to  construct  in  our  large  and 
modern  railway  works  in  Charlottetown  locomotives,  cars  and  other  roll- 
ing stock  for  the  proposed  standardized  gauge  of  the  P.  E.  I.  R.  which  will 
be  changed  when  the  Car  ferry  is  built. 

Early  in  March  Messrs.  Mathieson,  Arsenault  and  John  McLean  of 
the  Island  Government  were  at  Ottawa  pressing  Provincial  claims 


PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND  ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION     485 

upon  the  Government  there.  Upon  his  return  (Mch.  5)  all  that  the 
Premier  would  say  was  that  the  rights  in  certain  harbours  and  other 
waters  now  vested  in  Canada  would  be  vested  in  the  Province  in  order 
that  oyster  cultivation  might  be  developed.  It  was  known,  however, 
that  strong  representations  had  been  made  that  the  present  Subsidy 
was  inadequate,  that  the  Province  had  been  facing  annual  deficits, 
and  that  the  Service  between  the  Island  and  the  Mainland  was  insuffi- 
cient and  not  such  as  was  called  for  by  the  terms  of  Confederation. 
A  Memorial,  dated  Feb.  17th,  and  submitted  to  the  Government  by 
Mr.  Mathieson  and  his  colleagues  pointed  out  that  the  Order-in-Coun- 
cil  admitting  the  Island  to  the  Dominion  had  promised  an  "  efficient 
steam  service  "  to  the  Mainland  and  that  this  had  not  been  provided ; 
that  the  Debt  allowance  granted  the  Island  at  that  time  had  been 
largely  expended  ($3,000,000)  upon  the  P.E.I.  Railway  which  became 
Federal  property;  that  the  Island  was  taxed  for  the  general  Railway 
construction  of  the  Dominion  but  received  no  commercial  advantage 
from  the  Railways  themselves;  that  the  Island  had  no  public  domain 
and  no  Crown  lands  and  that  the  normal  annual  deficit  in  its  finances 
was  $60,000.  In  the  Commons  on  Mch.  26th,  Mr.  White,  Minister  of 
Finance,  introduced  a  measure  which  he  explained  as  follows : 

The  object  of  this  Bill  is  to  provide  a  Subsidy  in  addition  to  the  grant 
now  authorized  by  law  to  the  amount  of  $100,000  per  annum,  to  the  Pro- 
vince of  Prince  Edward  Island.  The  present  Subsidies  to  Prince  Edward 
Island  are  as  follows: 

Allowance   for   Government   and   local    purposes    (under   B.N.A.   Act, 

1907)     $100,000 

Eighty  cents  per  head  on  a  population  of  109,078  (B.N.A.  Act,  1907).  87,262 

Compensation  for  want  of  Crown  lands 45,000 

Twelve  months'  interest  at  5  per  cent,  on  $775,791 38,789 

Additional  Subsidy  granted  in  1887 20,000 

Additional  Subsidy  granted  in  1901 30,000 


$321,061 
Less  interest  upon  the  sum  of  $782,402 39,120 

Present  total  Subsidy  to  Province  of  Prince  Edward  Island $281,931 

The  Minister  made  a  clear  appeal  for  consideration  under  all  the  cir- 
cumstances and  thought  the  new  appropriation  would  make  the  Island's 
financial  condition  satisfactory.  At  the  same  time  he  did  not  con- 
sider the  claims  o?  the  Province  legal.  "  They  proceed  upon  equitable 
grounds,  upon  grounds  of  fairness  and  justice  as  between  this  Domin- 
ion and  the  smallest  of  the  Provinces,  the  little  sister,  as  it  were,  of 
Confederation."  E.  M.  Macdonald  (Lib.)  opposed  the  proposal  as 
not  legal ;  Hon.  W.  Pugsley  thought  the  way  adopted  was  wrong  and 
a  preparation  for  future  claims;  but  there  was  no  serious  opposition 
and  in  due  course  the  measure  became  law.  Prof.  A.  K.  Kirkpatrick 
of  the  Kingston  School  of  Mining  had,  meanwhile,  been  appointed  to 
determine  the  best  route  for  the  proposed  Car-ferry  and  upon  his 
report  it  was  announced  that  the  Federal  Government  had  decided  to 
operate  the  Ferry  between  Cape  Tormentine,  KB.,  and  Carleton 
Point,  P.E.I. — a  distance  of  ten  miles.  This  involved,  also,  the 
acquisition  of  the  30-mile  New  Brunswick  and  P.E.I.  Railway  run- 


486  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ning  from  the  Cape  to  Sackville.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  tenders 
for  construction  had  been  received,  the  contract  arranged,  and  con- 
struction underway  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $1,500,000  for  ferry,  piers, 
and  sheds. 

The  Island  Legislature  had,  meanwhile,  been  opened  by  His 
Honour,  Benj.  Rogers,  on  Mch.  27th.  The  Speech  from  the  Throne 
referred  to  the  rapid  growth  of  fox-ranching,  to  the  falling  off  in  the 
Island's  population  and  to  the  prospect  of  stopping  the  exodus  by 
inauguration  of  more  favourable  conditions ;  to  the  additional  $100,000 
Subsidy  recently  granted  to  the  Province  which,  it  was  believed,  would 
put  a  stop  to  the  deficits  of  over  twenty-five  years;  to  the  measure 
passed  by  the  Federal  Government  whereby  the  Province  was  allowed 
to  give  leases  of  space  for  oyster  cultivation;  to  the  proposed  Car- 
ferry  service  with  the  Mainland  and  the  projected  Federal  grants 
towards  roads  and  agriculture.  Amongst  the  legislation  foreshadowed 
were  Bills  on  immigration,  amendments  to  the  School  Act  whereby 
teachers'  salaries  would  be  increased,  the  improvement  of  public  roads, 
the  vote  by  ballot,  and  the  consolidation  of  the  Statutes.  Mr.  J.  E. 
Wyatt  of  Summerside  was  elected  Speaker. 

On  Apl.  5th  the  Public  Accounts  were  tabled  for  the  year  ending 
Sept.  30,  1911,  and  showed  a  total  Debt  of  $904,344  made  up  of 
Debentures — less  Sinking  fund — of  $726,662;  Loans  $83,906  and 
debt  to  Banks  $93,776.  The  increase  during  the  year  had  been  $26,987 
of  which  $18,141  had  been  capital  expenditure  and  the  balance  an 
ordinary  deficit — the  Revenue  being  $374,797  and  Expenditure 
$383,639.  The  chief  item  of  the  former  was  the  Dominion  Subsidy 
of  $272,182  with  a  total  of  $84,670  obtained  from  Income,  Land, 
Road,  Corporation  and  Succession  taxes.  Of  the  latter  Education 
received  $126,483;  Insane  Asylum,  etc.,  $48,422;  Roads  and  Bridges 
$59,573;  Legislation  $70,961  and  Interest  $39,042.  The  Premier's 
Budget  speech  on  Apl.  29  included  these  figures  but  extended  the 
financial  year  to  15  months  so  as  to  end  in  future  on  Dec.  31st.  The 
Receipts  were,  therefore,  not  proportionate  to  the  Expenditures  as 
the  Federal  Subsidy  was  only  received  in  part  and  the  total  deficit 
was,  consequently,  $145,911.  In  his  speech  Mr.  Mathieson  expressed 
the  belief  that  in  future  years  of  twelve  months,  with  the  new  Subsidy, 
the  Province  would  be  able  to  make  ends  meet.  The  outlay  for  the 
current  year  included  an  increase  in  teachers'  salaries  not  to  exceed 
25  per  cent.,  with  one-half  to  be  paid  by  the  School  districts,  and  one- 
half  by  the  Government. 

In  the  House  on  Apl.  9th  the  Premier  presented  his  report  of 
Ottawa  negotiations,  eulogized  Mr.  White  and  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, and  stated  that  the  increased  Subsidy  just  granted  was  on  such 
grounds  as  not  to  prejudice  a  future  re-arrangement  and  settlement. 
Delegations  from  different  parts  of  the  Province  also  waited  on  the 
Premier  and  presented  a  Memorial  praying  for  the  repeal  of  the  pro- 
hibitive Automobile  Act  and  asking  for  the  enactment  of  a  regulating 
Act.  It  was  asserted  that  motor  prohibition  was  ruining  the  tourist 
trade  which  had  dropped  off  fifty  per  cent,  with  a  revenue  loss  to  the 


PRINCE  EDWABD  ISLAND  ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION     487 

people,  annually,  of  $90,000.  A  little  later  a  Bill  was  passed  incor- 
porating the  Imperial  Motor  'Company,  Ltd.,  for  the  purpose  of  manu- 
facturing motors  and  with  the  right  io  run  demonstration  machines 
at  six  miles  an  hour  to  a  private  park.  A  measure  was  passed  giving 
the  Premier  a  salary  of  $1,500  over  and  above  his  salary  of  $1,200  as 
Attorney-General.  Another  Bill  imposed  a  License  charge  of  $200 
upon  travellers  taking  orders  for  spirituous  liquors.  Among  the  other 
measures  of  the  Session  were  the  Road  Act,  in  which  statute  labour 
was  restored;  amendments  to  the  Public  School  Act  increasing 
teachers'  salaries;  Bills  revising  and  consolidating  the  Statutes  and 
authorizing  the  issue  of  additional  Debentures  of  $280,000;  amend- 
ments of  the  Oyster  Fisheries  Act  taking  advantage  of  the  arrange- 
ments between  the  Federal  and  Provincial  Governments  to  release 
barren  grounds.  The  Legislature  was  prorogued  on  Mch.  2nd  after 
passing  54  Bills  of  which  a  large  number  incorporated  Fox-raising 
Companies. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  presentation  on  Jan.  13th  of  a 
gold  watch  and  chain  to  Mr.  A.  B.  Warburton,  ex-M.P.  and  one-time 
Premier,  by  friends  in  both  Parties ;  the  awarding  of  Carnegie  Medals 
and  $1,000  each  to  Norman  Mclntosh  and  Mark  Cheverie  for  saving 
various  people  from  death  on  several  distinct  occasions;  the  fact  of 
the  telegraphic  cable  being  out  of  service  for  some  days  during  July ; 
the  declaration  by  Lieut.-Governor  Benjamin  Rogers,  when  presenting 
the  Nelson  Shields  to  the  Educational  institutions  of  Charlottetown 
on  Sept.  3rd,  that  he  could  not  see  what  benefit  would  accrue  from  the 
presentation  of  the  Shields,  other  than  perhaps  to  foster  the  spirit  of 
militarism;  the  visit  of  Hon.  J.  A.  Mathieson  to  the  West  and  the 
Pacific  Coast  in  September;  the  appointment  of  Horace  McEwan  as 
Superintendent  of  the  P.E.I.  Railway  and  of  R.  H.  Campbell  as  Chief 
Superintendent  of  Education  in  succession  to  Dr.  Anderson  who  had 
retired. 

During  the  year  Prohibition  was  an  issue  in  the  sense  of  enforce- 
ment— the  law  itself  being  already  in  existence.  On  July  24  Mr. 
Mathieson  stated  in  the  press  that  the  Government  stood  for  the  strict 
and  effective  enforcement  of  the  Prohibitory  law  and  would  not 
attempt  to  justify  failure  with  excuses  as  had  been  the  case  with 
previous  Governments.  If  any  person  could  show  that  the  law  was 
being  violated  or  that  any  public  officer  was  unfaithful  to  his  trust, 
the  complaint  would  be  heard  and  the  wrong  righted.  Newspapers 
making  charges  of  non-enforcement  of  the  law  were  asked  to  place  the 
information  on  which  the  charges  were  based  in  the  hands  of  the 
proper  officers  of  the  Government.  The  difficulties  before  Mr.  Mathie- 
son, however,  were  great  and,  as  the  opponents  of  Prohibition  so  often 
maintain,  casual  and  open  drinking  was  replaced  too  often  by  secret 
and  habitual  drinking.  In  Educational  matters  there  were  (1911)  478 
schools,  591  teachers,  of  whom  413  were  females,  17,397  pupils,  an 
expenditure  of  $181,572 — including  municipal  contribution — or  $9.49 
per  pupil. 


488  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

This  little  Province  prepared  in  1912  to  take  its 
place  in  the  progressive  ranks  of  the  greater  Provinces. 
DesPite  the  decrease  of  population  from  109,078  in 
Edward  i.iand  1890  to  103,259  in  1900,  and  to  93,728  in  1910,  its 
people  were  individually  prosperous.  According  to  the 
Census,  of  which  an  Island  Bulletin  was  issued  in  November,  1912, 
there  were  14,369  farms  or  an  increase  of  355  in  the  ten  years  (1900: 
10).  The  farm-land  occupied  1,202,347  acres,  of  which  there  were 
owned  1,160,168  acres  and  leased  or  rented  42,179  acres.  The  land 
in  natural  forest  had  an  area  of  316,409  acres,  in  field  crops  477,698 
acres  and  in  pasture  284,923  acres.  Small  fruits  had  an  area  of  114 
acres,  vegetables  of  1,171  acres  and  orchards  and  nurseries  of  4,350 
acres.  The  occupiers  of  farm  holdings,  ten  acres  and  under,  num- 
bered 1,284,  of  11  to  50  acres  3,849,  of  51  to  100  acres  5,495,  of  101 
to  200  acres  3,227  and  of  201  acres  and  over  514.  There  were  147,637 
apple  trees  bearing  and  58,342  non-bearing  in  1910  with  a  production 
of  160,124  bushels  of  fruit.  Plum  and  cherry  trees  numbered  49,199 
bearing  and  24,520  non-bearing  with  a  yield  of  12,807  bushels. 

The  value  of  butter,  cheese  and  condensed  milk  made  at  factories 
in  1910  was  $561,756  and  the  value  of  the  products  of  all  factories 
was  $3,136,470  against  $2,326,708  in  1900  or  an  increase  of  34-80 
per  cent.  The  value  of  lands  owned,  and  of  buildings,  rents  and 
implements  was,  in  1910,  $34,369,515  or  an  increase  in  ten  years  of 
$8,589,333 ;  the  values  of  Live-stock  were  $7,489,754  or  an  increase  of 
$2,610,774;  and  the  values  of  field  crops,  vegetables  and  fruits 
$6,833,597  or  an  increase  of  $2,052,646.  The  values  of  Live-stock 
were  $1,514,607  or  an  increase  of  $836,390 ;  and  of  dairy  products  sold 
$2,166,262  or  an  increase  of  $1,054,648.  Animals  slaughtered  on  the 
farm  in  1911  had  a  value  of  $859,625  or  an  increase  of  $296,934. 
Wool,  eggs,  honey  and  wax  and  maple  sugar  produced  in  the  Census 
year  had  a  value  of  $593,334  or  an  increase  in  ten  years  of  $260,116. 
The  Agricultural  production  of  the  Island  in  1912  was,  according 
(1)  to  Federal  estimates  and  (2)  to  the  estimate  of  the  Provincial 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  as  follows: 

Provincial  Estimate.  Federal  Estimate. 

Product.  Bushels.  Value.  Bushels.  Value. 

Spring    Wheat 550,000  $600,000  665,000  $542,000 

Oats 7,000,000  3,000,000  7,216,000  3,103,000 

Barley     150,000  100,000  141,000  92,000 

Peas    7,000  8,000  1,600  1,800 

Buckwheat    100,000  50.000  99,000  63,000 

Mixed   grains 700,000  280,000  344,000  169,000 

Potatoes     6,000,000  1,250,000  6,522,000  1,696,000 

Turnips,    etc 3,000,000  550,000  3.173,000  666,000 

Hay,    tons 300,000  3,600,000  240,000  2,794,000 

The  great  industry  of  the  year  was  silver-fox  ranching.  Black  foxes 
on  the  Island  were  stated  to  number  (Commission  on  Conservation) 
650  pure-bred  as  against  150  in  the  rest  of  Canada  with  200  ranches, 
which,  however,  possessed  1,150  foxes  of  inferior  but  still  valuable 
breed.  They  were  valued  as  a  whole  at  $4,000,000.  The  pioneer  of 
the  Island  industry  was  the  Hon.  -Charles  Dalton  who  had  made  a 
fortune  by  it  before  matters  reached  the  large  production  and  specu- 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND    489 

lative  financial  popularity  of  1912.  The  price  of  first-class  animals 
ran  as  high  as  $5,000  each.  Another  promising  industry  was  that  of 
oysters — the  product  of  the  Island  shores  being  naturally  abundant 
and  of  fine  flavour.  Twenty  years  before  almost  three-fourths  of  the 
oyster  product  of  the  Dominion  came  from  the  Island.  By  over- 
fishing  and  neglect  the  fishery  was  depleted ;  though  the  area  made  up 
of  beds  yet  productive,  and  other  areas  non-productive  but  affording 
excellent  soil  for  oyster-culture,  was  still  estimated  at  from  100,000 
to  300,000  acres.  Of  this  area  about  18,000  acres  were,  in  1912,  care- 
fully surveyed  for  leasing  and  the  number  of  applicants  for  leases 
exceeded  expectations. 

The  plan  of  operations  proposed  by  the  Mathieson  Government, 
under  the  new  conditions  which  removed  the  fatal  difficulty  of  divided 
Federal  and  Provincial  jurisdiction,  was  to  organize  operations  into 
a  system.  It  was  said  to  take  about  four  years  for  the  maturing  of  the 
oyster  from  the  seed,  so  that  the  oyster  farmer  must  have  patience  as 
one  of  his  qualifications.  He  must  also  have  much  scientific  knowledge 
of  the  habits  of  the  bivalve  and  as  to  this  he  was  to  be  assisted  by 
official  advice  and  Government  aid.  The  leases  were  to  run  for  twenty 
years  with  the  privilege  of  renewal.  For  the  first  five  years,  the  annual 
rental  was  to  be  one  dollar  per  acre;  for  the  second  five  years  three 
dollars;  and  for  the  last  ten  years  five  dollars  per  acre.  On  the  basis 
of  the  minimum  estimate,  this  would  mean  a  Provincial  revenue  of 
$7,000,000  for  the  twenty  years,  or  an  average  of  $350,000  a  year. 

In  other  directions,  it  may  be  added,  the  Province  showed  develop- 
ment. Industries  were  small  but  they  had  increased  from  an  output 
of  $2,326,708  in  1900  to  $3,136,470  in  1910  and  these  figures  included 
nothing  of  the  rapidly-risen  Fox  industry.  The  return  of  the  Fish- 
eries in  1910-11  was  $1,196,396  and  $100,000  was  invested  during 
1912  in  Island  Canning  factories.  The  entire  production  of  farmsj 
ranches  and  fisheries  in  that  year  was  estimated  at  $16,000,000  or 
$170  per  head  of  the  population.  As  to  what  the  Island  needed, 
Harrison  Watson,  the  Agent-General  in  London,  put  it  as  follows: 
"  (1)  Farmers  with  $1,000  and  upwards  to  purchase  and  occupy 
improved  farms;  (2)  a  limited  number  of  young  farm  labourers;  (3) 
fishermen  either  with  some  capital,  or  skill,  or  both,  to  develop  the 
cod,  mackerel,  herring,  and  oyster  fisheries;  (4)  persons  with  capital 
to  invest  in  improved  lands  or  oyster  areas,  or  in  the  new  industries 
such  as  a  brick  and  tile  factory,  canning  fruits  and  vegetables,  orchard- 
ing, the  growing  of  strawberries  and  small  fruits,  etc.;  (5)  persons  of 
moderate  income  who  desire  to  find  a  home  in  a  healthful,  bracing 
country  where  taxation  is  at  a  minimum  and  the  cost  of  good  living 
is  less  than  in  other  parts  of  the  Overseas  Dominions." 


VII.  MANITOBA  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 

Sir  Eodmond  Roblin  continued  to  lead  the  Govern- 
Th«  »obiin  ment  of  Manitoba  during  the  year  with  aggressive  force. 
taTifcMtic*0*  W^n  a8sure<l  convictions,  and  with  success.  He  received 
in  Manitoba  the  honour  of  Knighthood  after  26  years  of  a  political 
dorm*  i9ia  career,  won  at  last  his  keenly-waged  contest  for  an 
extension  of  Manitoba's  boundaries,  stood  with  his  usual 
vigour  and  earnestness  for  Imperial  unity  and  against  Reciprocity  or 
American  affiliations.  On  Jan.  4th  he  opened  the  year  with  an  elab- 
orate speech  in  Winnipeg  which  contained  important  announcements 
of  Government  policy  and  the  statement  that  neither  corporate  inter- 
ests nor  opposing  Liberal  newspapers  "can  or  ever  will  be  able  to 
destroy  the  principle  of  Government  ownership  as  established  in  this 
Province."  The  following  were  the  principal  pronouncements : 

1.  A  Provincial  Public  Service  Commission  to  be  created  at  the  next 
Session  of  the  Legislature  to  "  direct,  regulate,  inquire  into  and  govern  " 
steam  and  electric  railways,  gas  and  gasoline  lighting,  telegraphs,  tele- 
phones, elevators,  and  all  Public  Utilities  of  the  Province.     This  Com- 
mission to  have  administrative,  judicial,  appellate  and  directive  powers 
and  responsibility  greater  than  that  of  the  Chief  Justice.    The  Provincial 
Telephone    system  to    be    taken    over    by  the  Commission,  and  thereby 
removed  from  politics. 

2.  A  branch  line  from  Winnipeg  to  connect  with  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Railway — thus  carrying  out  the  policy  of  the  late  Hon.  John  Norquay; 
and  a  continuance  of  the  Government's  policy  of  railway  extensions  to 
districts  without  transportation  facilities. 

3.  Regulations  in  connection  with  the  Manitoba  Agricultural  College 
which  would   "  make   it  absolutely  independent  and   free  from  all   and 
sundry  things  which  might  interfere  with  its  development,  growth  and 
extension  " — in  other  words  the  University  of  Manitoba. 

4.  The  construction  of  new  Parliament  Buildings  to  replace  the  struc- 
ture which  had  been  used  for  26  years  and  had  become  entirely  inadequate. 
The  Government  proposed  to  erect  an  edifice  which  would  be  a  thing  of 
beauty,  admiration  and  pride  to  the  citizens  of  Winnipeg  and  those  of  the 
Province.     The  barracks  site  had  been  secured  for  the  Province  at  the 
reasonable  figure  of  $200,000  through  the  co-operation  of  Colonel  Hughes, 
Minister  of  Militia. 

Mr.  Roblin  took  as  the  basis  of  his  policy  the  fact  that  agriculture 
was  the  root  of  Manitoba's  prosperity  and  a  great  Agricultural  College 
was  essential  to  progress;  declared  that  the  Borden  Government  was 
going  to  do  justice  to  the  Province's  boundary  claims ;  announced  that 
the  Telephone  Commission  had  unanimously  recommended  an 
increased  and  new  schedule  of  rates,  which  the  Government  had 
approved,  and  that  they  were  to  go  into  operation  on  Apl.  1st.  The 
Premier  stated  that  he  was  not  an  expert  in  this  respect  and  found  it 
hard  to  understand  the  situation  which  was  as  follows:  "The  more 
telephones  you  have  the  less  money  you  receive;  the  more  telephones 


THE  KOBLIN  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  MANITOBA    491 

you  operate  the  less  money  you  obtain  per  telephone.  I  will  give  you 
some  actual  results  as  found  in  the  books  of  the  Commission  here  in 
this  €ity.  On  Jan.  15,  1908,  when  the  Government  took  over  the 
Bell  system,  business  and  residence  phones  averaged  for  each  phone 
a  revenue  of  $40.03.  On  Mch.  3,  1909,  business  and  residence  phones 
averaged  $39.47.  On  Dec.  31,  1911,  business  and  residence  phones 
averaged  to  the  Province  $34.38.  When  we  took  over  the  Bell  system 
there  were  about  6,000  phones  in  this  city  and  now  there  are  23,011 
phones.  We  receive  by  virtue  of  these  extensions  $5.65  less  for  every 
telephone  that  we  have  now  in  Winnipeg  than  we  did  the  day  we  took 
them  over."  To  a  gathering  of  Young  Conservatives  in  Winnipeg  on 
Feb.  8  the  Premier  gave  warning  against  demagogues  who  preached 
strife  and  passion  and  prejudice.  At  Le  Pas  (Feb.  16)  he  received 
representations  as  to  the  future  government  and  present  conditions  of 
the  new  territory  which  was  to  be  added  to  Manitoba.  Mr.  Eoblin 
declared  that  the  Government's  policy  would  be  one  of  generous  treat- 
ment of  the  new  territory,  the  granting  of  such  institutions  and  public 
works  as  the  new  status  of  the  country  demanded;  but  above  all  it 
would  be  a  Manitoba  policy. 

A  great  banquet  was  given  Mr.  Eoblin  on  Apl.  llth  with  1,500 
guests  present,  the  Hon.  Eobt.  Rogers,  Federal  Minister  of  the 
Interior,  in  the  Chair,  and  tremendous  enthusiasm  expressed  over 
the  settlement  of  the  Boundary  question.  The  subject  is  separately 
treated  but  an  extract  may  be  given  here  from  the  Premier  of  Can- 
ada's telegram:  "I  rejoice  that  Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin's  splendid  services 
to  the  people  of  Manitoba  have  at  last  been  crowned  by  the  just  exten- 
sion of  the  boundaries  of  that  Province  for  which  he  has  striven  so 
hard,  so  earnestly,  and  so  indefatigably."  On  May  9th  Mr.  Roblin 
opened  the  new  Conservative  -Club  of  St.  James.  The  King's  birth- 
day was  especially  marked  for  Manitoba  by  the  honour  of  K.C.M.G. 
conferred  upon  its  Premier  and  the  press  comments,  with  rare  excep- 
tion, were  generous  and  eulogistic.  On  June  14  the  Civil  servants  of 
the  Province  presented  Sir  Rodmond  Roblin  with  an  Address  describ- 
ing his  administrative  career  as  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Railway 
Commissioner  and  his  general  services  to  the  country  and  the  Premier, 
in  reply,  stated  that  this  was  the  first  time  in  his  25  years  of  public 
work  in  the  Province  that  he  had  met  collectively  the  members  of  the 
Civil  Service.  His  own  constituency  of  Dufferin  banquetted  the 
Premier  at  Miami  on  July  5th  with  a  large  attendance  and  the  presen- 
tation of  an  eloquent  Address.  In  another  Address  at  the  ensuing 
public  meeting  it  was  stated  that  "  to  your  untiring  efforts  Manitoba 
owes  the  fact  that  to-day  she  is  more  than  three  times  larger  than  she 
was  when  you  assumed  the  reins  of  power,  more  than  three  times 
wealthier,  and  with  an  outlook  upon  the  future  much  more  than  three 
times  brighter." 

To  the  press  on  July  17th  Sir  Rodmond  gave  a  characteristic 
interview  regarding  relations  with  the  United  States  and  the  Panama 
Canal  matter :  "  If  the  United  States  will  treat  with  contempt,  abro- 
gate and  defy  by  legislative  action  as  is  proposed,  the  conditions  of 


492  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

a  Treaty  made  with  the  great  British  Empire,  with  how  much  more 
contempt  and  indifference  would  they  evade  and  over-ride  the  terms 
of  a  Treaty  or  arrangement  with  Canada,  if  in  their  interest  to  do  so." 
Speaking  at  Cypress  River  on  Sept.  30th  some  announcements  were 
made  of  interest  to  the  farmers.  The  Premier  stated  that  a  public 
laboratory  was  to  be  established  in  connection  with  the  Agricultural 
College  at  Winnipeg  for  the  purpose  of  testing  samples  of  grain  sent 
in  by  farmers.  Reports  as  to  the  milling  qualities  of  the  grain,  the 
degree  of  moisture  it  contained,  if  any,  and  its  commercial  value  when 
less  than  standard  grade,  would  be  made  free  of  charge.  It  was  also 
stated  that  four  travelling  Inspectors  had  been  appointed  by  the 
Dominion  Government,  through  the  Grain  Commission,  whose  duty  it 
would  be  to  examine  and  deal  with  all  questions  of  car  distribution, 
weights  in  and  out  of  elevators,  grain  shrinkage  in  transit,  and  so 
forth;  and  that  the  Dominion  Government  had  decided  to  take  the 
weighing  of  grain  at  Fort  William  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Department  of  Inland  Revenue  and  place  it  in  that  of  Trade  and" 
Commerce.  Sir  Rodmond  added  that,  in  time  for  next  year's  crop, 
the  Borden  Government  would  have  established  a  Sample  market. 
This  speech  was  during  the  Macdonald  bye-election  when  the  Pro- 
vincial Premier  made  a  number  of  speeches  and  in  the  result  of  which 
he  had  so  large  a  share. 

Of  miscellaneous  matters  it  may  be  said  that  a  Delegation  was 
received  by  the  Premier  on  Mch.  5th  from  Dauphin  asking  for  a 
new  Judicial  District  with  that  town  as  a  centre;  that  the  Industrial 
Bureau  of  Winnipeg  was  granted  $3,000  a  year  until  the  Govern- 
ment should  be  ready  to  take  over  its  Museum ;  that  a  Political 
Equality  League,  with  Mrs.  A.  V.  Thomas  as  President,  was  formed 
at  Winnipeg  on  Apl.  14  in  order  to  educate  public  opinion  along  the 
line  of  demanding  political  equality  for  women;  that  the  Winnipeg 
Conservative  Association  on  Oct.  14  elected  four  Presidents,  each 
representing  a  district,  and  including  R.  A.  C.  Manning,  Dr.  W.  C. 
Morden,  D.  A.  Sullivan  and  W.  J.  Hood;  that  the  annual  Report  of 
the  Elevator  Commission  presented  by  the  Premier  on  Mch.  12th 
showed  a  deficit  for  the  year  of  $80,000;  that  the  Report  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  prepared  by  Hon.  George  Lawrence  for 
the  calendar  year,  1911,  showed  a  grain  crop  of  161,000,000  bushels 
from  the  farms  of  50,000  farmers — treble  the  product  of  12  years 
before  and  the  largest  on  record;  that  the  Report  of  the  Manitoba 
Agricultural  College  to  the  same  Minister  and  for  the  same  year 
showed  261  students  in  Agriculture,  60  in  Home  economics,  166" 
Normal  students  and  58  in  the  Short  Course  for  Engineers;  that  the 
Report  on  Vital  Statistics  submitted  to  Mr.  Lawrence  stated  13,615 
births  in  the  Province  during  1911,  5,449  deaths  and  5,131  marriages. 

The  Report  of  the  Attorney-General  (Hon.  J.  H.  Howden)  showed 
1,207  prisoners  and  insane  persons  in  Provincial  gaols  during  1911, 
the  receipt  of  $288,157  from  Land  Titles  fees,  the  existence  of  284 
hotel  and  wholesale  liquor  licenses  in  the  Province  on  Dec.  31,  the 
treatment  of  532  cases  by  the  Superintendent  of  Neglected  and  Delin- 


THE  ROBLIN  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  MANITOBA    493 

quent  €hildren  during  the  year;  that  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works 
(Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell)  stated  that  he  had  in  hand  the  construction 
of  1,738  miles  of  drainage  benefitting  1,860,736  acres  of  land,  the 
erection  during  this  year,  or  1912,  of  the  new  Agricultural  College 
at  St.  Vital,  the  Brandon  Hospital  for  Insane,  the  Winnipeg  Gaol 
and  Normal  School,  the  new  Parliament  Buildings,  etc.,  the  care  and 
improvement  of  Roads,  the  supervision  of  Factory  Inspectors  and 
Public  institutions;  that  of  the  Railway  Commissioner  (Hon.  R.  P. 
Roblin)  reported  a  mileage  in  operation  of  4,043  as  compared  with 
half  that  amount  in  1900  and  various  improvements  during  the  year 
in  connection  with  the  C.N.R. ;  that  of  J.  P.  Robertson,  Provincial 
Librarian  reported  37,000  Volumes  in  the  Library  valued  at  $80;000 
and  once  more  urged  construction  of  a  suitable  building. 

The  competition  for  plans  in  connection  with  the  proposed  new 
Parliament  Buildings  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,000,000  aroused  much 
interest  and  65  architectural  firms  sent  in  designs.  The  Committee 
in  charge  of  the  matter  was  composed  of  the  Cabinet,  Hon.  James 
Johnson,  G.  Steel,  L.  McMeans,  T.  W.  Taylor,  T.  H.  Johnson, 
S.  Hart  Green,  R.  P.  Lyons,  T.  C.  Norris,  V.  Winkler  and  B.  J. 
McConnell — Members  of  the  Legislature.  Eventually  all  but  five 
plans  were  eliminated  and  out  of  these  F.  W.  Simon  of  Liverpool  was 
the  successful  competitor  winning  a  $10,000  prize  and  $100,000  as 
5  per  cent,  commission  on  construction.  The  others,  who  received 
$2,000  each,  were  E.  &  W.  S.  Maxwell  of  Montreal ;  Sharp  &  Brown 
of  Toronto;  Brown  &  Vallance  of  Winnipeg  and  Clemesha  &  Portnall 
of  Regina.  The  Committee  was  aided  in  its  selection  by  Leonard 
Stokes,  President  of  the  British  Institute  of  Architects. 

In  Temperance  matters  the  Government,  on  Feb.  16th,  received  a 
Delegation  of  about  200  from  the  Social  and  Moral  Reform  Council 
with  W.  W.  Buchanan  as  the  chief  spokesman.  He  stated  that  the 
Council  was  composed  of  17  distinct  bodies  which  represented  prac- 
tically every  Church  organization  in  the  Province,  three  Temperance 
organizations,  the  Trades  and  Labour  Council,  and  the  Grain  Growers' 
Association.  They  came  to  the  Government  with  mature  thought, 
not  to  attack  laws,  but  to  promote  constructive  legislation  and  to  move 
along  well-beaten  lines.  All  they  asked  was  one  more  step  and  they 
were  prepared  to  pledge  active  and  influential  support  to  any  Gov- 
ernment which  would  adopt  it.  "  Men  who  sell  liquor  do  so  by  per- 
mission and  not  by  right.  We  ask  that  the  Government  submit  the 
question  of  banishing  the  bar  to  the  electorate."  The  Hon.  C.  H. 
Campbell,  for  the  Government,  admitted  the  necessity  of  restriction 
in  this  matter  so  far  as  was  possible;  described  their  policy  and  belief 
as  being  that  each  municipality  should  determine  for  itself  what  were 
the  best  conditions  applicable  to  that  municipality;  and  defended  the 
Judges  in  their  interpretation  of  the  existing  law.  A  Prohibition  Con- 
vention at  Crystal  City  in  Southern  Manitoba  formed  a  new  Associa- 
tion on  May  24th  and  elected  D.  S.  McLeod  of  Goodlands  President; 
approved  the  policy  of  Banishing  the  Bar  and  political  action; 
endorsed  the  principle  of  Direct  Legislation.  During  the  Local  Option 


494  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

contests  at  the  close  of  the  year  three  places  decided  against  local 
prohibition  and  one  carried  the  By-law. 

An  incident  of  the  year  was  a  strong  argument  against  the  Single 
Tax  presented  to  the  Real  Estate  Exchange  by  James  Scott  on  Mch. 
13  with  the  following  central  thought:  "Is  it  fair  that  a  man  strug- 
gling to  get  a  home  by  making  a  small  payment  down  on  a  lot  and  a 
few  dollars  per  month  afterwards,  should  have  to  pay  the  same  amount 
of  taxes  on  his  vacant  lot  as  the  man  owning  the  adjoining  lot,  who 
was  able  to  build  a  house  on  it  and  is  now  drawing  in  rental  8  per 
cent,  or  more,  on  the  cost  of  both  house  and  lot?"  Other  events 
included  a  movement  for  the  erection  in  St.  Boniface  of  a  Monument 
to  La  Verandrye,  the  explorer  of  the  'Canadian  West,  with  an  appeal 
issued  by  a  Committee  of  which  Jos.  Lecompte  was  President;  a 
Report  (Nov.  27)  by  the  new  Commissioner  of  Public  Utilities  (H.  A. 
Robson)  upon  the  Selkirk  Asylum  for  the  Insane  which  approved  the 
suggestion  of  a  Lunacy  Commission  as  a  permanent  supervisory  body 
to  be  composed  largely  of  medical  men  and  including,  if  possible,  an 
alienist;  a  decision  from  the  same  source  (Oct.  14)  settling  the  dis- 
pute between  the  City,  the  Winnipeg  Electric  Railway,  and  the  Winni- 
peg, Selkirk  and  Lake  Winnipeg  Railway  Company  in  regard  to  the 
terminal  and  tracks  of  the  Selkirk  'Company's  line  and  ordering  the 
latter  corporation  to  proceed  forthwith  and  construct  a  double  track 
line  down  the  centre  of  Main  Street  from  the  south  boundary  of 
Parish  lot  3,  Kildonan,  to  the  northern  City  limits  and  to  remove  its 
tracks  and  terminals  from  the  west  side  of  the  Street  within  a  reason- 
able time;  a  further  decision  (Dec.  20)  adjusting  the  matter  of  joint 
use  of  electric  poles  by  the  City's  Power  and  Light  Department  and 
the  Street  Railway  Company ;  the  constitution  of  the  Public  Markets 
Board  with  F.  W.  Peters  representing  the  C.P.R.,  J.  R.  Cameron,  the 
C.N.R.,  H.  H.  Brewer,  the  G.T.P.  and  S.  Benson,  the  Provincial 
Government.  The  following  Government  appointments  were  made 
during  the  year : 

Superintendent  of  Immigration Justin  J.  Golden Winnipeg. 

Inspector  of  Public  Institutions W.    M.    Baker. . . . Winnipeg. 

Commissioner  to  Revise  and  Consolidate 

Provincial  Laws Hon.  T.  D.  Cumberland . . .  Brandon. 

Commissioner  to  Revise  and  Consolidate 

Provincial  Laws Hannes  M.  Hannesson. .  .Winnipeg. 

Commissioner  to  Revise  and  Consolidate 

Provincial  Laws A.  M.  S.  Ross. . . Winnipeg. 

Provincial  Representative  Public  Mar- 
kets Board  Stephen  Benson .Neepawa. 

M«mber  Board  of  Directors  Agricultural 

College  E.  A.  C.  Hosmer Virden. 

King's   Councillor Jeremiah    E.    O'Connor. .  .Winnipeg. 

King's   Councillor John   A.   Machray Winnipeg. 

King's   Councillor George    B.    Coleman Brandon. 

Secretary  Public  Utilities  Commission ..  A.    Wilson    Smith Winnipeg. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture Spencer  A.   Bedford Winnipeg. 

An  interesting  movement  was,  during  1912,  heard  much  of  in 
Manitoba  and,  in  fact,  had  been  already  endorsed  by  the  Grain 
Growers  Associations  of  all  three  Western  Provinces.  The  Direct 
Legislation  League  of  Manitoba  was  organized  in  December,  1910, 
and  with  it  was  affiliated  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers  Association, 


Winnipeg  Trades  and  Labour  Council,  the  Eoyal  Templars  of  Tem- 
perance and  the  Manitoba  League  for  the  Taxation  of  Land  Values. 
Its  officers  in  1912  were  J.  H.  Ashdown,  Hon.  President;  Dr.  J.  N. 
Hutchison,  President;  D.  Forrester,  B.A.,  and  John  Kennedy,  Vice- 
Presidents ;  E.  L.  Scott,  Treasurer  and  S.  J.  Farmer — afterwards  sent 
to  assist  the  Saskatchewan  League — Secretary.  Its  policy  was 
approved  by  the  Provincial  Liberal  party  and  opposed  by  the  Govern- 
ment which,  on  Feb.  15th,  received  a  Deputation  urging  the  adoption 
of  the  Initiative  and  Referendum  in  public  policy. 

The  Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell  in  his  reply  was  clear  and  emphatic: 
"  Speaking  for  myself,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  I  am  absolutely 
opposed  to  this  kind  of  legislation — mind  you,  speaking  only  for 
myself.  These  ideas  have  arisen  largely  because  of  conditions  in  the 
neighbouring  Republic,  conditions  which  I  am  glad  to  say  have  never 
existed,  and.  never  can  exist,  under  our  constitution.  We  have 
the  best  constitution  in  the  world,  the  British  constitution,  which  is 
founded  on  the  theory  of  responsible  government  and  the  theory  that 
the  people  are  always  in  session.  The  Legislature  represents  the 
people  and  the  Government  are  simply  a  Committee  of  that  representa- 
tion. British  people  command  the  most  salutary  check  upon  oppres- 
sion or  mal-administration,  the  best  check  that  has  been  produced  in 
the  world.  The  highest  standard  of  ethical  conduct  the  world  has 
ever  seen  has  been  produced  under  the  British  system.  I  do  not  want 
to  have  the  ethical  standards  of  the  United  States  or  of  other  Legisla- 
tures made  the  ethical  standard  of  this  Legislature  or  of  any  British 
Parliament."  What  was  aimed  at  by  the  League  and  its  supporters 
was  defined  in  a  Pamphlet  issued  at  this  time  with  R.  L.  Scott  as  the 
author  and  The  Grain  Growers  Guide  as  publisher.  Direct  Legisla- 
tion was  stated  to  include  the  Initiative  and  Referendum  with,  in 
many  American  States,  the  Recall  as  an  additional  element.  The 
three  planks  were  defined  as  follows: 

The  Initiative  is  the  right  of  a  certain  number  of  the  duly  qualified 
voters — eight  per  cent,  in  nearly  all  of  the  States  where  it  is  in  operation — 
to  propose  a  law  by  means  of  petition.  This  proposed  law  and  petition 
is  sent  to  the  Legislature  and  may  be  enacted  according  to  the  ordinary 
course  of  procedure.  If  the  members  of  the  Legislature  do  not  see  fit  to 
do  this  it  is  obligatory  upon  them  to  submit  it  to  the  people  to  be  voted 
upon  not  later  than  the  next  general  election.  If  it  is  passed  by  a  majority 
vote  of  the  people  it  becomes  law  upon  being  signed  by  the  Lieut-Gover- 
nor. The  Legislature  can  order  a  special  general  election  to  pass  upon 
such  proposed  law  upon  giving  90  days'  notice  of  its  submission  to  the 
people. 

The  Referendum  is  the  right  of  a  certain  number  of  the  duly  qualified 
voters — five  per  cent,  in  nearly  all  of  the  States  where  it  is  in  operation — 
to  demand  of  the  Legislature  the  submission  to  the  people  for  final 
approval  or  rejection,  of  any  law  or  laws  which  the  Legislature  may  pass. 
This  makes  the  people  the  final  arbiters  of  the  laws  which  they  shall 
submit  and  under  which  the  country  shall  be  governed  and  its  public 
institutions  maintained  and  regulated.  The  Referendum  also  provides 
for  the  voluntary  submission  to  the  people  by  the  Legislature  of  proposed 
laws  which  may  originate  with  the  Legislature  but  for  which  its  members 
may  be  unwilling  to  assume  the  responsibility. 


496  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Recall  is  the  right  of  a  certain  number  of  duly  authorized  voters 
—usually  25  per  cent,  where  it  is  in  operation — in  each  or  any  constituency 
to  demand  by  means  of  petition  that  the  sitting  member  of  the  Legislature 
or  other  elective  officer  shall  again  appear  before  his  constituency  for 
re-election  or  dismissal.  This  is  done  by  calling  a  special  bye-election  in 
the  constituency  for  which  the  representative  in  question  is  member. 

It  was  stated  that,  commencing  in  1898,  the  following  States  of  the 
American  Union  had  adopted  the  first  two  portions  of  the  policy: 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Oregon,  Montana,  Oklahoma,  Maine,  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  Colorado,  Arizona  and  •California.  The  League  held  a 
banquet  in  Winnipeg  on  May  8th  with  Dr.  Hutchison  in  the  chair  and 
speeches  from  Mr.  Ashdown,  J.  W.  Dafoe  of  the  Free  Press,  John 
Kennedy  of  the  Grain  Growers,  R.  A.  Rigg  of  the  Labour  Council, 
the  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Wilson,  R.  L.  Richardson  of  The  Tribune,  and 
others.  The  subject  was  discussed  at  the  Liberal  Club  on  May  20th 
with  J.  W.  Wilton  as  the  chief  speaker.  The  annual  meeting  of  the 
League  was  held  on  Dec.  20  and  E.  D.  Martin  was  added  to  the 
Advisory  Board.  The  Organizer,  F.  J.  Dixon,  reported  that  "  a  large 
number  of  meetings  have  been  held  and  our  membership  has  been 
more  than  doubled  with  800  new  members.  I  have  addressed  140 
meetings  in  Manitoba  on  the  subject  of  Direct  Legislation."  A  debt 
of  gratitude  was  expressed  to  the  Grain  Growers'  Guide,  The  Voice, 
the  Winnipeg  Tribune  and  the  Manitoba  Free  Press. 

Intimately  associated  with  this  movement,  with  the  Temperance 
organizations  and  with  the  organized  Grain  Growers,  was  the  work 
of  the  Liberal  Party  during  the  year  under  th6  leadership  of  T.  C. 
Norris.  Addressing  the  Winnipeg  Liberal  Association  on  Apl.  22nd 
Mr.  Norris  said :  "  Probably  the  most  important  plant  in  the  Liberal 
Party's  platform  is  that  of  Direct  Legislation.  The  Opposition  is 
offering  to  the  people  in  that  plank  a  most  advanced  measure  and  if 
the  people  of  Manitoba  ever  honour  us  with  their  confidence  and  place 
us  in  power  that  is  a  piece  of  legislation  which  will  be  enacted  into 
law  at  the  earliest  possible  moment."  Upon  another  matter  he  was 
equally  explicit,  and  declared  he  felt  most  strongly,  the  need  for  Com- 
pulsory Education.  Their  system  would  never  be  complete  until  they 
had  a  Compulsory  school-clause.  For  some  reason  the  Government 
had  consistently  opposed  any  such  measure  but  it  was  one  of  the 
planks  in  the  Liberal  platform  and  he  would  continue  to  advocate  it 
until  it  became  law.  Mr.  Norris  refused  to  admit  that  Reciprocity 
was  dead  and  declared  that  Mr.  Roblin,  in  his  denunciation  of  that 
policy,  had  practically  dalled  600,000  Canadians  traitors.  A  little 
before  this  on  Mch.  8  the  Opposition  Leader  was  banquetted  by 
over  500  Winnipeg  Liberals  and  of  him  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press 
said :  "  During  the  two  years  in  which  he  has  occupied  the 
responsible  position  of  Leader  of  the  Liberals,  there  has  been 
a  steady  growth  in  the  regard  in  which  Mr.  Norris  is  held  by 
the  public.  He  has  led  the  Liberals  of  Manitoba  with  skill  and 
dignity."  Mr.  Norris  spoke  at  many  points  in  the  Macdonald  bye- 
election  and  at  other  places  on  Provincial  issues  during  the  year. 


497 

At  a  banquet  in  'Carman  on  Dec.  13  he  denounced  the  proposed  Reese 
legislation  of  the  past  Session,  declared  justice  under  the  Attorney- 
General  to  be  "in  a  rotten  condition,"  and  added: 

We  must  have  Compulsory  Education  on  broad  and  well-conducted 
lines,  not  for  the  party  alone.  The  first  duty  of  the  Liberals  will  be  to 
see  that  every  child  has  the  chance  of  an  education.  Liberals  stand  for 
the  teaching  of  English,  first  and  foremost,  in  every  school  in  the  Pro- 
vince. There  is  no  objection  to  other  languages  but  let  them  be  secondary. 
The  system  of  education  should  be  rounded  off  with  a  Provincial  Univer- 
sity. The  denominational  colleges  do  well  in  their  way  but  we  must  have 
only  one  head,  one  place  for  giving  diplomas,  and  then  only  will  the 
system  of  education  be  complete. 

The  second  Session  of  the  13th  Legislature  of  the 
The  Manitoba  province  was  opened  on  Feb.  24th  by  His  Honour, 
D.  C.  Cameron,  Lieut-Governor,  with  a  Speech  from 
the  Throne  which  first  mentioned  the  Coronation  and 
the  smart  soldierly  appearance  of  Canada's  Militia  representation; 
referred  to  the  Royal  visit  to  India  arid  the  appointment  of  the  Duke 
of  Connaught  to  Canada;  mentioned  with  conspicuous  brevity  the 
Dominion's  recognition  of  Manitoba's  boundary  and  financial  claims 
and  the  successful  negotiation  with  the  Militia  Department  for  the 
acquisition  of  the  Barracks  property;  dealt  with  the  proposed 
appointment  of  a  Public  Service  Commission,  the  construction  of 
the  new  Agricultural  College  at  St.  Vital  and  the  erection  of  a 
Public  Market  in  St.  Boniface;  referred  to  the  Telephone  matter  as 
follows :  "  Some  public  criticism  having  been  made  upon  the  man- 
agement and  operation  of  the  publicly-owned  Telephone  system  in 
this  Province,  the  (Commission  operating  the  System  asked  for  a 
public  inquiry  covering  their  work  and  my  Government  was  pleased 
to  grant  their  request.  I  trust  that  the  Commission  appointed  to 
make  this  inquiry  will  have  completed  their  work  and  be  able  to 
submit  their  Report  before  you  have  completed  your  labours." 

The  Address  was  moved  by  Samuel  Hughes  of  Gilbert  Plains  and 
seconded  by  A.  M.  Lyle  of  Arthur.  The  Opposition  Leader  (T.  C. 
Norris)  criticized  at  length  the  Telephone  situation  and  described 
the  Government  as  absolutely  responsible;  claimed  that  the  Laurier 
Boundary  offer  of  1910  should  have  been  accepted  and  financial 
terms  arranged  afterwards;  declared  that  the  original  site  of  the 
Agricultural  College  was  a  mistake  and  against  the  Opposition's 
advice;  approved  the  plan  of  a  Public  Service  Commission.  Mr. 
Premier  Roblin  replied  briefly  and  pointed  out  that  the  Laurier 
Government  had  not  included  control  of  natural  resources  in  its 
offer  of  territory  and  had  consistently  "ground  Manitoba  under  its 
heel " ;  declared  that  the  appointments  in  the  Telephone  Commis- 
sion and  management  had  been  absolutely  non-partisan  and  that 
there  was  a  Liberal  press  conspiracy  to  discredit  the  Commission  and 
destroy  public  ownership.  On  Feb.  27  the  following  Opposition 
amendment  was  moved  by  G.  J.  H.  Malcolm  and  J.  B.  Baird : 
"  Whereas  on  Feb.  15,  1911,  petitions  were  presented  to  this  House 
32 


498  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

praying  for  an  Amendment  to  the  Liquor  License  Act  to  prohibit 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  bar-rooms  and  that  such  amend- 
ment be  submitted  to  the  people  in  the  form  of  a  Referendum; 
therefore  Resolved  that  in  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  prayer  of 
the  Petitioners  should  be  granted  immediately." 

Mr.  Malcolm  stated  that  20,000  persons  had  signed  this  Petition, 
that  it  had  not  received  the  Government's  attention,  and  was  a  mat- 
ter of  greater  importance  than  even  Boundaries.  The  Premier 
erpressed  his  entire  sympathy  with  any  movement  having  for  its 
purpose  the  moral  advancement  of  the  people,  but  declared  that  this 
was  a  matter  not  to  be  hastily  argued  or  acted  upon.  Other  Dele- 
gations of  quite  as  high  moral  standing  as  that  which  petitioned  the 
Government  a  year  ago  had  advised  the  Premier  against  such  legisla- 
tion as  being  likely  to  increase  the  evils  and  problems  of  the  Liquor 
traffic.  He  reminded  Mr.  Malcolm  that  a  Plebiscite  of  the  people  in 
favour  of  abolition  of  the  bar  had  been  twice  ignored  by  Liberal 
Governments  in  other  parts  of  Oanada;  he  was  not  affected  by  par- 
tisan reasons.  The  Liberal  Leader  and  his  lieutenants  in  the  ensu- 
ing debate  avoided  the  principle  of  Prohibition  but  stood  for  sub- 
mission of  the  issue  to  the  people.  Mr.  Roblin  took  strong  ground 
against  both  elements  of  the  subject  and  he,  as  well  as  Hon.  C.  H. 
Campbell,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  stood  for  Local  Option  and 
Municipal  control  of  the  traffic.  Mr.  Campbell  believed  in  publicity 
as  the  greatest  check  upon  drinking.  The  amendment  was  (Mch.  1) 
rejected  by  20  to  14 — the  Opposition  being  supported  by  A.  H. 
Carroll  and  James  Argue  of  the  Government  party. 

During  this  debate  on  the  Address,  the  chief  objects  of  Opposi- 
tion criticism  were  the  Telephone  and  Elevator  matters  and  every 
string  of  the  instrument  was  played  upon  in  these  connections. 
S.  Hart  Green  on  Feb.  28  urged  a  union  label  on  Government  pur- 
chases, a  free  Provincial  Employment  Bureau,  the  prohibition  of 
females  in  Oriental  business  places,  the  making  of  a  dower  law  pro- 
tecting a  Woman's  rights  in  her  husband's  property.  He  denounced 
the  administration  of  justice  in  the  Province.  Lendrum  McMeans 
(•Cons.)  replied  by  reading  affidavits  charging  Mr.  Green  with 
improper  registration  of  names  in  the  late  Election  and  attacked  the 
Opposition  by  declaring  that  most  of  its  Members  had  been  in  the 
employ  of  the  late  Dominion  Government  at  one  time  or  another. 
Win.  Molloy  (Lib.)  regretted  that  the  Government  during  its  twelve 
years  of  office  had  failed  to  take  into  its  counsels  a  member  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  minority  of  the  Province,  which  now  formed  one- 
seventh  of  the  population.  "  Never  in  the  history  of  the  Province 
is  such  a  representation  more  needed  than  it  is  to-day  nor  was  there 
ever  a  time  when  it  would  be  more  appreciated.  In  such  questions 
as  the  Boundary  issue,  Bi-lingual  and  Separate  Schools,  the  Catholic 
minority  is  immensely  interested." 

His  reference  to  Reciprocity  was  sensational.  "  No  greater  blow 
has  ever  been  dealt  Western  Canada  than  the  rejection  of  Reciprocity. 
Moreover,  I  am  prepared  to  support  any  man  who  will  introduce  a 


THE  MANITOBA  LEGISLATIVE  SESSION  OF  1912  499 

Resolution  moving  for  the  separation  of  Eastern  Canada  from  West- 
ern Canada.  If  the  people  of  Eastern  'Canada  are  going  to  dictate 
the  policy  of  Western  Canada  then  the  time  for  separation  has  come." 
The  Address  passed  on  Mch.  5th  without  division  after  Mr.  Camp- 
bell had  stated  in  the  Telephone  matter  that  the  Government  could 
have  kept  its  promise  to  cut  the  rates  in  half  if  it  had  only  operated 
the  plant  bought  from  the  Bell  Company.  That  plant  could  be  sold 
to-day  for  what  it  cost  and  the  Government  had  received  offers  on 
that  basis.  It  was  the  great  extension  of  the  system  which  necessi- 
tated higher  rates.  To  the  farmers  the  Telephone  system  had  proved 
a  great  boon  and  had  increased  the  price  of  land.  The  Minister  also 
denounced  Mr.  Molloy  for  his  Separatist  remarks  and  included  Grain 
Grower  leaders  such  as  R.  C.  Henders  and  Eoderick  MacKenzie  in 
his  denunciation. 

Tht  Hon.  Hugh  Armstrong  delivered  his  annual  Budget  Speech 
on  Mch.  12.  It  was  based,  in  figures  and  conclusion,  upon  the  state- 
ment that  "never  since  its  inception  as  a  Province  has  Manitoba 
been  more  fully  recognized  as  a  profitable  field  for  investment,  for 
colonization,  for  settlement,  than  at  the  beginning  of  1912."  The 
estimated  Receipts  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1911,  were  $4,140,- 
247  and  the  actual  total  $4,454,180;  the  Expenditures  on  Consoli- 
dated or  ordinary  account  were  $4,002,826  leaving  a  Surplus  of 
$451,264.  Additional  Receipts  from  Open  Ledger  or  drainage 
accounts  were  $382,284,  from  Trust  accounts  $4,569,042,  from  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench  $138,361,  or  a  total  of  $9,543,877.  Addi- 
tional Expenditures  were  $170,986  on  Open  Ledger  account,  $1,232,- 
747  on  Capital  Account  which  included  $700,624  on  the  Agricultural 
College  and  $393,996  on  the  Brandon  and  Selkirk  Hospitals  for  the 
Insane,  $3,356,538  on  Trust  accounts,  etc.,  or  a  total  of  $8,861,968. 
The  balance  of  Cash  in  the  Treasurer's  hands  on  Dec.  31,  1910,  was 
$1,656,332;  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  it  was  $2,338,242. 

Of  the  ordinary  Revenue  the  Dominion  Subsidy,  etc.,  amounted 
to  $1,021,794;  the  School  lands  returned  $183,547;  the  Attorney- 
General's  Department  for  fines,  Law  and  Court  fees,  Land  Titles  fees, 
etc.,  totalled  $454,158;  Liquor  Licenses  returned  $112,427;  Provin- 
cial Lands,  in  sales  and  deferred  payments,  $575,625;  Public  Works 
and  Institutions  $362,798;  Succession  duties  $165,860;  Financial  and 
Insurance  corporations  and  Railways  $268,619;  Telephones  $1,318,- 
309  and  Grain  Elevator  Commission  $118,642.  The  Expenditures 
included  $116,320  on  Legislation;  Education  Department  $514,433; 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration  $322,443;  Attorney- 
General's  Department — including  administration  of  Justice  $428,686 ; 
Government  Telephone  Commission  $1,000,000;  Public  Works 
Department  $956,107 — including  maintenance  of  public  institutions. 
Mr.  Armstrong  referred  at  length  to  the  prosperity  of  the  Province, 
reviewed  the  Telephone  and  Elevator  situation,  and  gave  a  list  of  the 
Government's  surpluses  on  ordinary  account  from  that  of  $11,056  in 
1900  to  the  nearly  half-million  figure  of  1911 — a  total  in  12  years 
of  $4,111,912.  The  Cash  in  hand  on  Dec.  31,  1899,  was  $600.29 


500 

compared  with  over  $2,000,000  in  1911 ;  the  actual  1899  deficit  left 
by  the  Greenway  Government  was  $248,136.  The  Public  Debt  of 
the  Province  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  included  Manitoba  Government  Stock 
of  $8,151,666,  Provincial  Debentures  (direct  liability)  of  $7,896,259; 
and  indirect  liabilities  of  Canadian  Northern  Debentures,  guaranteed, 
$21,199,445,  and  C.N.R.  Stock,  guaranteed,  $2,860,000,  with  some 
lesser  amounts  in  either  connection.  For  the  direct  liability  Govern- 
ment Telephones  and  Elevators  were  chiefly  responsible. 

The  debate  which  followed  was  led  by  Mr.  Norris  for  the  Opposi- 
tion. He  contended  that  the  Surplus  of  $450,000  announced  by  the 
Provincial  Treasurer  vanished  when  from  it  were  deducted  the  pro- 
ceeds of  sales  of  Provincial  lands,  which  should  properly  be  regarded 
as  capital,  and  the  overdraft  of  $159,000  by  the  Telephone  Commis- 
sion. The  latter  item,  Mr.  Norris  declared,  should  obviously  be 
deducted  from  the  announced  Surplus.  "  If  any  corporation  or  whole- 
sale firm  had  published  a  statement  wilfully  ignoring  the  existence  of 
a  bank  over-draft  of  $159,000  its  statement  would  be  considered  false 
and  misleading/'  Mr.  Norris  endeavoured  to  prove  the  Government's 
responsibility  for  the  alleged  breakdown  of  its  Telephone  and  Elevator 
systems.  He  emphasized  an  investment  by  the  Province  of  $10,500,- 
000  in  the  Telephone  and  Elevator  systems  and  described  the  situation 
in  respect  to  rates  as  follows :  "  A  more  direct  and  flagrant  violation  of 
pledges  made  to  the  people  has  never  happened  in  Canada  and  there 
is  no  justification  for  it."  In  the  latter  part  of  his  speech  Mr.  N  orris 
urged  an  energetic  campaign  in  favour  of  better  roads  in  the  rural 
districts.  He  suggested  that  the  Government  co-operate  with  the 
Western  Provinces  in  the  building  of  public  highways  across  the 
prairies  and  over  the  mountains.  He  contended  that  the  Government 
was  not  spending  enough  on  Education  in  the  rural  districts. 

A  Government  measure  of  great  public  importance  was  the  Bill 
introduced  by  Mr.  Howden,  Attorney-General,  creating  a  Public 
Utility  Commission  for  the  Province.  In  his  speech  on  the  2nd  read- 
ing (Mch.  18)  Mr.  Howden  said: 

The  Commission  to  be  appointed  under  this.  Act  will  be  a  Court 
of  Record  with  ample  provision  to  enforce  its  judgments.  It  will  con- 
sist of  a  Commissioner  and  his  Secretary  and  will  have  the  power 
from  time  to  time  to  call  in  to  assist  it  in  arriving  at  a  conclusion, 
such  experts  and  engineers  as  are  skilled  in  the  subject  which  it  has 
under  consideration.  The  Public  Utilities  which  this  Act  will  deal  with 
are  those  subject  to  the  Legislative  authority  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba 
— telegraph  or  telephone  lines,  and  those  engaged  in  furnishing  water,  gas, 
heat,  light  or  power  either  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  public;  Manitoba 
Government  Telephones  and  the  business  carried  on  under  the  Manitoba 
Grain  Elevators  Act;  but  the  Act  shall  not  apply  to  any  of  these  utilities 
operated  by  a  municipal  corporation  unless  the  corporation  so  wishes. 

The  powers  given  the  Commission  included  the  right  to  value 
property  of  public  service  corporations,  to  fix  and  change  rates,  to 
determine  and  control  services,  to  require  a  uniform  system  of  account- 
ing, to  control  issues  of  stocks  and  bonds.  "The  judgments  of  the 
Commission  will  be  final,  and  no  appeal  can  be  had  therefrom  except 


THE  MANITOBA  LEGISLATIVE  SESSION  OF  1912  501 

as  to  questions  of  jurisdiction ;  if  an  appeal  is  taken,  then  such  appeal 
will  have  precedence  over  any  other  matter  before  the  Court.  Fran- 
chises granted  by  municipalities  will  hereafter  have  to  be  approved 
of  by  the  Commission,  who  will  certify  to  the  reasonableness  of  the 
conditions.  The  Commission  will  have  no  administrative  authority 
except  in  extreme  cases.  Where  its  decision  is  disobeyed  the  Com- 
mission may  take  charge  of  the  property  of  any  Public  Service  cor- 
poration and  operate  it  in  the  interests  of  the  shareholders  and  the 
public  until  such  time  as  its  orders  are  carried  out."  T.  H.  Johnson 
followed  for  the  Opposition  and  claimed  that  the  appointment  of  only 
one  Commissioner  was  unwise  and  arbitrary ;  that  he  would  be  respon- 
sible only  to,  and  be  controlled  by,  the  Government;  that  in  practice 
the  Commission  would  simply  take  over  the  Telephones  and  Elevators 
and  await  the  pleasure  of  the  municipalities  for  further  duties;  that 
the  deletion  of  a  right  of  appeal  created  an  arbitrary  one-man  tribunal. 

Mr.  Boblin  spoke  strongly  in  support  of  the  measure:  "I  am 
democratic  in  so  far  as  the  will  of  the  people  is  concerned,"  said  the 
Premier,  "but  an  autocratic  form  of  government  is  the  best  form 
of  government  in  the  world  if  you  have  the  right  kind  of  autocrat." 
The  appointment  which  the  Government  would  make  to  the  office  of 
Commissioner  would  secure  the  advantages  of  the  Bill  both  to  the 
people  and  to  the  corporations.  The  Commission  would  afford  a  judi- 
cial and  fair  inquiry  into  all  the  facts.  Findings  would  be  made  which 
would  not  be  over-ridden  by  the  technicalities  of  the  law.  The  grant- 
ing of  redress  would  not  be  drawn  out  over  months  and  years.  C.  D. 
McPherson  spoke  for  the  Liberals  and  maintained  that  some  of  the 
clauses  in  the  Bill  would  over-ride  the  rights  of  municipalities  and, 
in  that  respect,  the  powers  of  the  Commissioner  were  dangerous. 
"  The  whole  thing  is  a  proposal  to  increase  the  machinery  of  Gov- 
ernment without  good  reason."  J.  G.  Harvey  (Cons.)  supported  the 
measure  and  summarized  the  criticisms  as  follows:  "  (1)  That  it  does 
not  place  any  corporation,  municipal  or  otherwise,  operating  a  public 
utility,  under  the  control  of  the  proposed  Commission,  i.e.,  it  does  not 
go  far  enough.  (2)  That  it  will  take  away  from  the  City  of  Winni- 
peg, and  I  suppose  other  cities  and  towns,  the  control  of  their  munici- 
pally-owned public  utilities — i.e.,  it  goes  too  far."  On  Mch.  22nd 
Mr.  McPherson's  motion  of  a  "  six-month's  hoist"  was  rejected  with- 
out division  following  upon  a  full  and  careful  explanation  of  the  terms 
of  the  Bill  by  the  Premier,  an  acceptance  of  its  principles  by  S.  Hart 
Green  (Lib.),  and  the  refusal  of  Mr.  Norris,  Opposition  Leader,  to 
divide  the  House.  In  Committee  on  Apl.  1st,  the  Premier  stated 
that  Winnipeg  was  not  specially  included  in  the  Bill  by  its  own 
request.  It  then  passed  without  further  serious  discussion. 

A  much-discussed  measure  of  a  non-official  nature  was  the  Mani- 
toba Power  Company  incorporation  Bill  and  associated  legislation. 
Introduced  by  J.  E.  Bernier  (Cons.)  the  names  of  the  incorporators 
were  E.  E.  Muir,  E.  B.  Reese,  D.  L.  Mather,  A.  E.  Muir  and  W.  R. 
Mulock,  K.C.,  and  the  Capital  Stock,  which  could  be  increased  from 
time  to  time,  was  $15,000,000.  Section  15  empowered  the  Company 


502  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

to  acquire  the  undertakings,  assets,  properties,  good-will,  rights, 
powers,  privileges,  or  authorities  of  any  other  person,  firm  or  com- 
pany while  Section  25  empowered  the  Company  to  buy  out,  particu- 
larly, the  Winnipeg  Electric  Eailway  Co.  and  authorized  the  latter 
corporation  to  "  sell,  transfer  and  convey,"  the  Manitoba  Electric  and 
Gas  'Light  Co.,  the  North- West  Electric  Co.  Ltd.  and  the  Winnipeg 
General  Power  Co.  which  had  been  acquired  by  the  Winnipeg  Elec- 
tric Co.  in  1898,  1900,  and  1904  respectively,  to  the  Manitoba  Power 
Co.  It  was  further  provided  that  the  Manitoba  Power  Co.  should 
then  possess  all  the  powers  and  privileges  set  forth  in  the  statutes 
incorporating  these  latter  Companies.  The  right  was  asked  to  do  an 
immense  and  varied  business  in  operation,  industry  and  transporta- 
tion. In  Committee  and  before  the  City  Council  on  Mch.  20  Mr.  Eeese, 
who  was,  the  promoter  of  the  Syndicate  behind  the  Bill,  gave  his  point 
of  view  and  statement.  First,  as  to  the  amalgamation  there  was  the 
Winnipeg  Electric,  a  holding  company  pure  and  simple ;  the  Manitoba 
Power,  a  company  simply  for  light  and  power;  the  Winnipeg  Street 
Railway  for  building  and  running  street  car-lines  within  the  present 
limits  of  the  city ;  the  Rural  Railway  Co.  for  a  similar  purpose  outside 
the  city  limits.  The  City  would  retain  the  right  to  take  over  the 
Street  Railway  by  purchase  at  the  end  of  its  35-year  franchise — in 
1927.  Mr.  Reese  said  that  the  purpose  of  the  promoters  was  to  give 
the  City  such  a  service  that  when  the  franchise  expired  the  City  would 
be  unwilling  to  take  over  the  system  from  the  Company. 

They  were  prepared  to  expend  $14,000,000  before  the. end  of  1917 
in  the  extension  of  all  the  three  Companies  and  would  build  25  miles 
of  new  railroad  within  each  of  the  next  four  years.  During  the  first 
two  years  the  half  of  that  mileage  would  be  within  the  City,  but  in 
the  last  two  the  proportion  would  be  a  third  in  the  City  and  the 
remainder  outside.  The  matter  was  complicated  by  all  sorts  of  legal  and 
almost  historic  side-issues  in  respect  to  Charters  but  the  chief  points 
were  the  City's  contention  that  its  future  purchase  of  the  Street  Rail- 
way was  hampered  by  the  building  up  of  a  probable  rival  and  competi- 
tor and  the  Syndicate's  contention  that  by  legislation  already  granted 
it  had  the  power  to  build  a  rural  street  car  system  and,  with  the  con- 
sent of  the  City,  bring  its  passengers  into  the  city  on  terminal  lines; 
that  if  it  was  to  extend  this  rural  system  far  into  the  Provinces  it 
must  be  secured  in  the  right  of  bringing  its  passengers  into  the  City; 
and  that  its  right  of  so  doing  would  be  utterly  destroyed,  if  the  City 
were  to  have  the  power  of  cutting  off  the  ends  of  all  their  lines  as 
soon  as  they  fell  within  the  City  limits.  In  the  associated  Rural 
(or  Radial)  Railway  Bill  the  contentious  clause  gave  power  to 
construct,  maintain,  use  and  operate,  for  any  and  all  lawful  street 
railway  purposes,  a  line  or  lines  from  any  point  outside  the  City  of 
Winnipeg,  in  connection  with  any  line  of  railway  which  the  Company 
might  own  or  operate,  to  any  point  upon  any  line  of  any  Street 
Surface  Railway  within  the  said  City. 

It  is  impossible  here  to  go  into  all  the  varied  issues  between  the 
Street  Railway,  the  proposed  Companies  and  the  City.  The  latter 


THE  MANITOBA  LEGISLATIVE  SESSION  OF  1912  503 

presented  its  objections  in  the  Private  Bills  Committee  on  Mch.  25  in 
an  elaborate  statement  signed  by  Isaac  Campbell,  K.C.,  A.  J.  Andrews, 
K.C.,  and  T.  A.  Hunt  as  City  Counsel.  On  the  28th  a  mass-meeting 
of  citizens  was  held  and,  in  a  series  of  Resolutions,  vigorous  protest 
was  made  against  this  proposed  legislation.  Mayor  R.  D.  "Waugh  and 
Messrs.  Campbell  and  Andrews  spoke — postponement  to  the  next  Ses- 
sion being  particularly  urged  by  speech  and  motion.  On  Mch.  30  the 
Premier  attended  the  Private  Bills  Committee  and  heard  the  Com- 
pany's case  presented  by  Alex.  Haggart,  K.C.,  and  the  City's  case 
argued  by  A.  J.  Andrews,  K.C.,  while  E.  B.  Reese  and  Mayor  Waugh 
also  spoke.  In  a  brief  address  Mr.  Roblin  asked  for  a  concise  state- 
ment of  the  City's  position — clear  and  without  legal  verbiage — and 
was  himself  clear  as  to  general  conditions : 

I  am  sure  that  the  Legislature  has  no  desire  to  do  anything,  and  will 
not  tolerate  anything*  that  will  handicap  or  injure  the  City  of  Winnipeg 
in  the  interests  of  any  private  corporation.  I  am  sure,  also,  that  it  is  the 
desire  of  the  Legislature,  as  I  am  sure  it  is  the  desire  of  the  citizens  of 
Winnipeg,  that  everything  possible  should  be  done  to  obtain  capital  for 
the  development  of  this  Province,  both  as  to  electrical  power  and  as  to  the 
convenience  that  electric  railways  can  bestow.  I  also  wish  to  emphasize 
the  fact  that  it  is  not  the  desire  or  the  intention  of  the  Legislature  to 
interfere  in  any  w.ay  with  the  decision  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the 
Privy  Council  with  reference  to  the  rights  that  the  Winnipeg  Street 
Railway  Co.  enjoy.  We  propose  to  leave  that  situation  just  as  the  decision 
placed  it. 

On  Apl.  1st  the  City  presented  the  statement  asked  for  by  the  Premier 
and  on  Apl.  4th  it  was  found  that  the  Power  Bill  had  passed  the  Com- 
mittee and  been  reported  to  the  Legislature.  The  Report  was  received 
by  a  vote  of  24  to  11.  There  followed  a  prolonged  conference  between 
the  Government  and  the  Company's  and  City's  representatives,  and  on 
the  5th  it  was  announced  that  the  Reese  Syndicate  had  withdrawn 
both  the  Power  and  the  Rural  Railway  Bills.  A  little  later  the  Rural 
Railway  measure  was  allowed  to  go  through  in  a  greatly  attenuated 
form.  The  reasons  given  for  the  Power  Bill  withdrawal  seemed  to 
indicate  that  the  Syndicate  had  surrendered  point  after  point  and 
finally  reached  a  stage  where  they  decided  to  abandon  the  fight  in 
its  present  form.  In  reality  a  settlement  had  been  reached  and  the 
Premier  in  referring  to  the  whole  matter  on  Apl.  5th  said:  "There 
has  been  a  good  deal  of  harmful  publicity  given  to  what  are  known 
as  the  Reese  Syndicate  Bills,  which  this  Legislature  was  asked  to 
consider.  I  am,  I  think,  warranted  in  this  statement,  that  the  Mayor, 
every  Controller,  and  every  Alderman  of  this  City,  and  all  the  legal 
gentlemen  who  were  engaged  to  look  after  the  City's  legislation  will 
say  that  myself  and  the  Government  were  willing  and  did  meet  in 
every  regard,  without  any  single  exception,  every  request  that  they 
made  on  us." 

On  the  last  day  of  the  Session  the  Hon.  J.  H.  Howden  introduced 
and  carried  through  all  its  stages  an  Enabling  Bill  in  this  general 
connection :  "  Whereas  it  is  in  the  interests  of  the  public  that  the 
City  of  Winnipeg  be  authorized  to  enter  into  an  agreement  with  any 


504  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Company  operating  utilities  in  the  City,  or  that  may  have  power  to 
do  so,  with  regard  to  the  operation  of  such  utilities;  the  Lieut.-Gov- 
ernor-in-Council  may  approve  of  a  contract  between  the  City  of  Win- 
nipeg and  any  Company  or  Companies  empowered  to  operate  any 
Public  Utilities,  with  reference  to  the  operation  of  such  utilities, 
which  contract  may  be  made  within  the  present  year,  and  said  con- 
tract shall  not  have  the  effect  of  taking  away,  modifying  or  otherwise 
affecting  any  rights  of  any  Company  not  a  party  to  said  contract." 
The  Government  was  thus  given  full  power  to  legalize  such  a  contract. 

There  were  some  important  changes  in  the  Liquor  License  law  intro- 
duced and  carried  by  Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell.  One  provided  further 
safe-guards  in  connection  with  the  Local  Option  interests  and  law  and 
another  increased  the  licenses  paid  by  City  Hotels  in  total  amounts 
ranging  from  $500  to  $2,000  and  dependent  upon  the  number  of  bar- 
tenders employed.  A  Prohibition  delegation  to  the  Legislative  Com- 
mittee on  Apl.  2  described  the  amendments  as  unsatisfactory  and,  on 
the  4th,  T.  H.  Johnson  for  the  Opposition  moved  in  the  House  that 
the  Act  be  amended  so  as  "  to  provide  that  in  connection  with  all 
votes  on  Local  Option  by-laws  only  resident  ratepayers  shall  be 
entitled  to  vote."  It  was  rejected  by  24  to  11.  A  measure  presented 
by  Mr.  Roblin  rectified  an  error  in  a  certain  Canadian  Northern 
guarantee  of  1911  and  also  proposed  to  guarantee  the  bends  of  the 
C.N.R.  Company,  $13,000  a  mile,  for  the  extension  of  a  Line  from 
Gypsumville  to  a  junction  with  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  running 
from  Le  Pas.  The  Premier  also  carried  the  Provincial  Highways 
Act  which,  he  stated  on  Mch.  31st,  provided  a  definite  policy  in 
connection  with  the  construction  of  public  highways  in  the  Province. 
Up  to  the  present  public  highways  had  been  taken  care  of  by  the 
municipalities  with  such  aid  as  the  Government  could  afford  to  give 
them  and  in  a  very  haphazard  manner.  The  Bill  did  not  propose  to 
interfere  with  the  sums  which  the  Government  gave  the  municipalities 
each  year  for  roads,  bridges,  etc.,  but  it  provided  each  year  a  distinct 
sum  of  money,  $200,000  to  begin  with,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
main  highways  from  one  side  of  the  Province  to  the  other,  from  north 
to  south,  or  wherever  required. 

On  Apl.  2nd  T.  C.  Norris,  the  Opposition  Leader,  introduced  a 
pro-Reciprocity  Resolution  which  referred  to  the  motion  against  Reci- 
procity passed  on  Feb.  23,  1911,  and  asked  its  repeal  as  having  been 
inaccurate  in  statement  and  conclusion;  denounced  the  car-shortage 
situation  of  the  winter  of  1911-12  as  due  in  part  to  the  absence  of 
Reciprocity  and  concluded  as  follows :  "  Therefore,  Resolved,  that  this 
House  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  reciprocal  agreement  for  free  trade  in 
natural  products  and  in  farm  machinery  and  cement  should  be  made 
by  the  Governments  of  Canada  and  the  United  States,  and  is  of  the 
opinion  that  every  effort  should  be  made  to  secure  for  the  people  of 
Manitoba  the  benefits  of  such  tariff  arrangement  and  recommends  an 
extension  of  the  British  preference  to  at  least  50  per  cent,  with  the 
ultimate  object  in  view  of  free  trade  within  the  Empire."  Mr.  Norris 
argued  at  length  in  favour  of  this  policy  and  was  followed  by  the 


THE  MANITOBA  LEGISLATIVE  SESSION  OP  1912  505 

Premier  who  charged  the  Opposition  with  disloyalty,  taunted  them 
with  Champ  Clark  and  his  utterances,  and  denounced  Secession  and 
its  occasional  advocates  in  the  West.  The  debate  was  then  adjourned 
and  not  resumed  during  this  Session. 

Another  Resolution  moved  by  G.  J.  H.  Malcolm  (Lib.)  declared 
that  the  Federal  proposal,  in  the  new  Grain  Act,  to  place  the  distribu- 
tion of  cars  at  the  discretion  of  the  Grain  Commission  was  not  accept- 
able to  the  Legislature,  came  up  for  discussion  on  Mch.  25  and  29 
and  was  then  withdrawn.  In  connection  with  the  Public  Accounts 
Committee  Report,  Mr.  Norris  moved  on  Apl.  4th  a  Resolution  declar- 
ing that  not  enough  time  had  been  given  for  investigation;  that  it 
was  not  clear  what  value  the  Telegram  Printing  Co.  Ltd.  had  given 
for  nearly  $100,000  paid  to  it  during  1911  by  the  Departments  of  the 
Government;  that  the  Telephone  and  Elevator  Commission  accounts 
had  not  been  presented  in  an  intelligible  manner.  After  some  dis- 
cussion this  was  rejected  by  22  to  13.  An  Address  was  unanimously 
approved  for  presentation  to  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  asking  for 
a  Federal  Royal  Commission  "  to  inquire  into  the  claims  of  the  orig- 
inal white  settlers  who  came  into  the  Red  River  country  between  Jan. 
1,  1836,  and  the  date  of  the  Union  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba  with 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  or  their  descendants,"  in  order  that  questions 
at  issue  as  to  certain  grants  of  land  should  be  adjusted  and  justice 
done. 

Acts  were  passed  relating  to  drowning  accidents,  the  reports 
thereon  and  the  recovery  of  bodies;  creating  the  electoral  division  of 
Le  Pas  in  the  new  Provincial  territory;  providing  under  specific  and 
defined  condition  for  the  maintenance  of  Illegitimate  children  by  the 
fathers  thereof;  amending  the  Insurance  Act  as  to  Automobile  and 
Investment  insurance;  amending  the  Moving  Pictures  Act  so  as  to 
give  the  City  of  Winnipeg  power  to  appoint  a  Censor  and  to  regulate 
local  picture  film  exchanges;  amending  various  details  of  the  Muni- 
cipal and  Assessment  Acts;  imposing  heavy  penalties  on  the  carrying 
of  offensive  weapons  without  a  certificate;  authorizing  a  Revision  of 
the  Statutes.  The  Taxes  on  Corporations  were  changed  so  as  to 
widen  the  area  and  increase  the  rates.  Other  legislation  included  an 
Act  to  consolidate  and  amend  the  Acts  relating  to  the  Canadian 
(Winnipeg)  Industrial  Exhibition  Association  and  Bills  to  incorpor- 
ate the  Club  Laurier,  the  Winnipeg  Hunt  Club,  the  Winnipeg  Auto- 
mobile Club,  the  Cadillac  Club,  the  Oberon  Scandinavian  Club  and  the 
Winnipeg  Industrial  Bureau ;  the  Bill  of  Hon.  Hugh  Armstrong  which 
enabled  women  to  practice  law  in  the  Province  upon  the  same  terms 
as  men;  the  measure  establishing  Public  Markets  at  St.  Boniface; 
the  City  Bill  providing  for  a  joint  use  of  poles  for  electric  lighting  and 
power  purposes  by  the  City  and  the  Street  Railway  Co. 

The  Women's  and  Children's  Relief  Act  was  passed,  shorn  of  its 
most  important  clauses,  but  providing  that  in  case  of  the  death  intes- 
tate of  a  farmer  whose  widow  desired  to  carry  on  the  farming  business 
of  her  late  husband,  for  the  benefit  of  herself  and  her  infant  children, 
with  capital  belonging  to  herself  and  them,  the  administrator  might, 


506  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  his  discretion,  permit  her  to  do  so,  for  so  long  as  he  should  deem 
advisable ;  but  should  not  be  responsible  for  losses  in  connection  with 
such  business  when  so  carried  on  by  the  widow,  and  the  widow  must 
in  due  course,  make  good  to  her  children  and  their  representatives,  all 
such  losses  and  also  account  to  the  administrator  for  the  profits  of  the 
business  less  a  reasonable  allowance  for  her  services  in  carrying  on  the 
business,  and  for  the  cost  of  maintaining  and  educating  the  children 
while  so  doing.  An  Act  was  also  passed  under  which  a  husband  or 
guardian  might  be  compelled  to  contribute  to  the  maintenance  of  a 
deserted  wife  or  mother  and  children. 

A  Sale  of  Shares  Act  became  effective  on  July  1st  which  declared 
that,  subject  to  a  penalty  of  not  less  than  $50  or  more  than  $500,  or 
in  default  of  payment  six  months  in  gaol,  "  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  person  or  persons,  corporation  or  company  or  any  person  acting 
on  his,  their  or  its  behalf,  to  sell  or  offer,  or  attempt  to  sell  in  Mani- 
toba any  shares,  stocks,  bonds  or  other  securities  of  any  corporation  or 
company,  syndicate  or  association  of  persons  not  incorporated  or 
licensed  under  the  laws  of  the  Province."  This  meant  that  the 
majority  of  the  stocks  and  bonds  sold  on  the  Montreal  and  Toronto 
Exchanges,  as  well  as  those  of  London  and  New  York  could  not  be 
offered  for  sale  in  Manitoba  without  the  parties  first  getting  a  certifi- 
cate from  the  Public  Utilities  Commission. 

There  were  no  By-elections  during  the  year  except  one  in  the  con- 
stituency of  Le  Pas  to  elect  a  representative  of  Manitoba's  new  terri- 
tory. Dr.  E.  D.  Orok  of  Le  Pas,  a  graduate  of  Toronto  University, 
was  elected  by  acclamation  on  Oct.  22  as  a  supporter  of  the  Govern- 
ment. In  connection  with  the  Public  Utilities  Commission  the  Hon. 
T.  D.  Cumberland  of  Brandon  was  first  appointed  by  the  Government 
amidst  general  approval  but  was  compelled  to  retire  shortly  afterwards 
owing  to  ill-health  and,  on  May  24,  the  Hon.  H.  A.  Robson  of  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench  was  appointed.  The  Opposition  organ,  the 
Winnipeg  Free  Press,  indicated  public  opinion  in  stating  that  the 
appointment  was  "an  admirable  one"  and  the  Government  to  be 
congratulated.  Originally,  Judge  Robson  had  been  a  Liberal  and  the 
nature  of  the  selection  was  therefore  clearly  impartial  and  public- 
spirited.  Meantime,  on  Apl.  3rd,  the  Conservative  Members  of  the 
Legislature  had  presented  R.  F.  Lyons,  Government  Whip,  with  an 
Address  eulogizing  his  services  to  the  Party.  The  House  adjourned 
on  Apl.  6th. 

On  Jan.  llth  the  Government  made  public  a  com- 
oovern-     munication  from  F.  C.   Paterson,  Chairman    of    the 
d        Manitoba  Government  Telephone  Commission,  dealing 
in      with  a  proposed  re-arrangement  and  increase  of  Tele- 
Manitoba          phone  rates  which  had  aroused  much  discussion  and 
political  criticism.    "  The  Commission,"  said  its  Chair- 
man, "  feel  that  in  justice  to  themselves  as  well  as  to  the  System, 
some  means  must  be  employed  in  order  that  the  general  public  may 
have  a  true  statement  of  the  facts  as  to  the  methods  employed  in  the 
conduct  and  administration  of  the  whole  System.     I,  therefore,  on 


GOVERNMENT  TELEPHONES  AND  ELEVATORS  IN  MANITOBA    507 

behalf  of  the  Commission,  would  respectfully  ask  that  the  Lieut.- 
Governor-in-Council  appoint  a  Committee  for  that  purpose,  with 
power  to  take  evidence,  under  oath  or  otherwise,  as  they  may  deem 
fit.  The  Committee  should  be  empowered  to  hold  Sittings  in  all  parts 
of  the  Province  where  the  acts  of  the  Commission  or  the  conduct  of 
its  employees  may  be  called  into  question."  The  Premier,  after  stat- 
ing that  the  Government  when  it  acquired  the  Bell  Telephone  system, 
was  authorized  by  statute  to  place  it  under  the  management  and  con- 
trol of  a  Commission  composed  of  three  men  and  that  since  Jan.  15, 
1908,  this  Commission  had  continued  to  operate,  maintain,  construct, 
and  manage  the  system,  proceeded  to  state  that  the  request  would  be 
acceded  to  and  a  Commission  appointed. 

This  was  done  on  the  30th  with  Judge  Corbett  Locke  of  Morden, 
Aid.  G.  R.  Crowe  of  Winnipeg  and  R.  L.  Barry  of  Minneapolis  as 
Commissioners  "  to  investigate  and  inquire  into  all  the  circumstances, 
matters  and  methods  in  connection  with  the  condition  and  adminis- 
tration of  the  whole  Telephone  system  by  the  said  Commission."  The 
first  meeting  took  place  on  Feb.  2nd  and  on  the  19th  Telephone  Com- 
missioner H.  J.  Horan  announced  his  retirement.  A  little  later  Mr. 
Paterson  and  W.  H.  Hayes,  the  other  Commissioners,  also  retired  and 
were  replaced  by  R.  L.  Barry  as  sole  Commissioner.  Meanwhile,  on 
June  14  an  exhaustive  Report  was  made  public  by  the  Commission 
of  Inquiry  with  the  following  definite  conclusion :  "  We  have  found 
that  the  Manitoba  Government  Telephone  property  is  well  built  and 
well  equipped;  that  good  service  has  been  provided  to  the  public; 
that  the  System  has  generally  been  administered  extravagantly  and 
that  very  large  savings  could  be  made  by  economical  management; 
that  there  has  not  been  a  proper  system  of  accounting  and  of  keeping 
records  in  the  various  departments;  that  the  proposed  increase  in 
rates  and  the  introduction  of  the  measured  service  is  not  required  to 
put  the  System  on  a  sound  basis;  and  that  the  automatic  system 
demands  close  investigation  and  earnest  consideration."  Attention 
was  also  directed  to  the  fact  that  the  members  of  the  Telephone  Com- 
mission asserted  that  they  had  been  wholly  untrammelled  by  outside 
interference  or  dictation;  that  they  had  administered  the  System  as 
if  it  had  been  a  private  concern  and  that  no  evidence  of  any  kind  con- 
troverting this  position  was  offered  or  brought  before  the  Royal 
Commission. 

According  to  the  Public  Accounts  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31, 
1911,  the  liability  of  the  Province  for  this  Telephone  System  was 
made  up  of  stocks,  bonds  and  debentures  totalling  $9,292,826.  Mr. 
Armstrong,  Provincial  Treasurer,  stated  in  the  House  on  Mch.  12 
that  the  total  receipts  from  earnings  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31st, 
1911,  were  $1,259,194.  On  operation  and  maintenance  accounts  the 
Commission  had  overdrawn  $59,115,  which  amount  had  been  refunded, 
bringing  the  total  up  to  $1,318,309.  The  Government  had  paid  the 
Commission  on  account  of  operation  and  maintenance  $1,000,000  and 
in  interest  they  had  paid  $361,350.  The  actual  deficit  from  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Telephone  System  for  the  year  1911  was,  therefore, 


508  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

$43,040.  The  Capital  expenditure  was  given  as  $168,389  in  1907 
and  $538,806  in  1908;  $4,450,029  in  1909  and  $2,500,000  in  1910; 
$1,757,047  in  1911  or  a  total  of  $9,414,272  less  $624,194  as  value  of 
stores  in  hand.  The  number  of  telephones  on  Jan.  1,  1912,  was  37,160 
and  the  cost  per  telephone  $236.55. 

The  Liberals  in  the  Legislature  discussed  this  matter  at  great 
length.  T.  H.  Johnson,  on  Mch.  14th,  moved  that  "  a  special  Com- 
mittee of  12  Members  be  appointed  to  examine  and  inquire  into  all 
matters  relating  to  the  Manitoba  Telephone  System,  including  the 
original  purchase  of  the  Bell  Telephone  System,  the  construction, 
maintenance,  operation,  purchasing  of  supplies  and  hiring  of 
employees;  with  power  to  send  for  persons,  papers  and  records  and 
to  examine  witnesses  under  oath;  and  that  this  Committee  be 
instructed  to  report  to  the  House  their  findings,  observations  and 
opinions  thereon  with  such  recommendations  as,  in  their  judgment, 
will  make  possible  the  fulfillment  of  the  pledges  made  by  the  Govern- 
ment as  to  rates  and  service  on  the  strength  of  which  the  Province 
embarked  upon  the  enterprise."  To  this  obvious  vote  of  censure  upon 
the  Government  and  reflection  upon  its  Commission  of  Inquiry  the 
Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell  moved  in  amendment  that  the  House  await  the 
Report  of  the  Royal  Commission. 

Vigorous  speeches  were  made  on  both  sides  of  the  question — Meesre. 
Johnson  and  C.  D.  McPherson,  in  particular,  for  the  Opposition  and 
Mr.  Campbell  for  the  Government  and  the  Ministerial  amendment  was 
then  carried  by  22  to  13.  In  a  Return  submitted  to  the  House  on 
Mch.  19th  it  was  stated  that  the  Telephone  System  of  Winnipeg  alone 
had  given  a  revenue  growing  from  $396,552  in  1908  to  $659,512  in 
1911  and  that  the  net  revenue  over  and  above  expenses  and  interest 
was  $147,146  in  1908,  $82,523  in  1909,  $77,126  in  1910  with  $45,910 
deficit  in  1911.  T.  C.  Norris,  the  Opposition  Leader,  brought  up 
the  subject  in  the  House  again  on  Mch.  21st  with  a  long  Resolution 
which  quoted  from  official  utterances  and  Government  speeches  pro- 
mising a  reduction  in  rates  from  those  of  Bell  telephone  days; 
reviewed  various  Government  statements  as  to  the  desirability  of  low 
rates  plus  the  fact  of  a  deficit  between  revenue  and  expenses  and  a 
proposed  increase  in  rates;  and  urged  that  the  Treasurer's  Surplus 
for  1911  "  should  be  isolated  from  Consolidated  Revenue  Account  and 
deposited  in  a  Special  Trust  Account  to  be  drawn  on  by  the  Provin- 
cial Treasurer  to  meet  any  deficits  which  may  result  in  the  future  in 
connection  with  the  operation  of  the  Manitoba  Government  Telephone 
System;  and  further  this  House  is  of  the  opinion  that  no  increase  in 
telephone  rates  should  be  resorted  to  until  after  the  Trust  Account, 
aforesaid,  is  exhausted."  To  this  Mr.  Campbell,  seconded  by  the 
Premier,  moved  an  amendment  that  "it  is  undesirable  to  take  any 
action  upon  the  Surplus  accrued  or  upon  rates  until  after  the  Royal 
Commission  has  reported  and  the  same  been  fully  considered,"  and 
this  was  carried  by  21  to  11. 

On  Mch.  27  a  Committee  of  the  Winnipeg  Board  of  Trade  com- 
posed of  H.  Bruce  Gordon,  E.  A.  Mott,  D.  E.  Williams,  G.  N.  Jack- 


GOVERNMENT  TELEPHONES  AND  ELEVATORS  IN  MANITOBA    509 

son  and  C.  N.  Bell,  appointed  to  investigate  the  local  Telephone  situa- 
tion, submitted  an  elaborate  Report  which  expressed  opposition  to 
the  measured  system,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  unnecessary  at  the 
present  stage  of  development  in  Winnipeg  and  would  be  bad  for 
business  and  social  life;  stated  that  there  was  no  automatic  method 
for  the  registration  of  calls  and  that  enough  money  could  be  readily 
obtained  for  the  expenses  of  the  system  with  an  unmeasured  service. 
They  suggested  that  savings  could  be  effected  in  the  operation  of  the 
business  and  indicated  certain  technical  changes  which  seemed  desir- 
able. Comprehensive  figures  were  also  given  as  a  basis  for  proper  and 
adequate  charges.  Additional  revenue  should  be  obtained  from  busi- 
ness phones  and  a  reduction  in  working  expenses  effected.  On  July 
19th  Commissioner  Barry  announced  new  and  increased  rates  for  the 
City  of  Winnipeg — the  residence  phone  for  unlimited  service  being 
$30  instead  of  $25  and  the  business  phone  $60  in  place  of  $50.  For 
the  limited  service  there  was  a  varied  list  of  charges. 

Mr.  Bruce  Gordon,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  expressed 
satisfaction  with  the  new  rates  and  especially  with  the  acceptance  of 
the  flat  rather  than  measured  rate  system.  A  little  later  Mr.  Barry 
announced  a  re-organization  plan  for  the  Provincial  System  based 
upon  that  in  force  in  Minneapolis  and  announced  H.  E.  Brockwell 
as  the  new  Chief  Engineer  and  Assistant  to  the  Commissioner  and 
E.  W.  McLennan  as  General  Superintendent  of  Traffic  for  the  Pro- 
vince. The  new  rates  outside  of  Winnipeg  were  published  on  July  30 
with  a  schedule  varying  according  to  locality  and  higher  than  that  of 
1911,  in  general,  but  lower  than  the  schedule  established  in  December 
of  that  year.  Following  the  re-organization,  Mr.  Barry  retired  and 
was  succeeded  on  Aug.  19th  by  George  A.  Watson  of  Minneapolis. 
Monthly  reports  to  the  end  of  1912  showed  a  steady  increase  of 
revenue  in  the  System  and  reduction  in  expenses. 

The  Report  of  the  Elevator  Commission  for  the  year  ending  Aug. 
31,  1911,  was  presented  to  the  House  by  the  Premier  on  Mch.  12.  It 
showed  a  total  Provincial  investment  in  Elevators,  to  Dec.  31st,  of 
$852,370  for  purchase,  $109,994  for  cost  of  building  Elevators  and 
$38,977  for  miscellaneous  purposes  or  a  total  of  $1,001,342.  The 
cost  of  operation  and  maintenance  for  the  year  was  $183,900,  the 
Cash  returns  $97,599  and  the  consequent  loss  on  operations  $84,145; 
the  total  of  grain  received  in  the  year  was  5,051,922  bushels  with 
5,038,534  bushels  shipped.  In  the  House  on  Mch.  20  the  Premier 
stated  that  this  deficit  was  on  handling  the  crop  of  1910.  "  That  was 
the  first  year.  The  1910  crop  was  a  very  small  one ;  it  was  practically 
a  failure.  We  began  the  operation  of  the  Elevators  under  very  unfor- 
tunate conditions,  unfortunate  for  the  country  and  unfortunate, 
necessarily,  for  the  Elevators,  and  the  deficit  was  consequently  larger 
than  it  will  be  in  an  average  year."  On  the  following  day  in  refer- 
ence to  an  inquiry  of  the  Opposition  Leader,  Mr.  Roblin  added :  "  As 
the  House  is  aware,  the  investment  in  the  purchase  of  the  Elevators 
was  entirely  due  to  the  demand  made  by  a  certain  organization  in 
Manitoba  (the  Grain  Growers)  and  the  action  of  the  Legislature  was 


510  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

taken  in  the  belief  that  the  organization  in  question  was  prepared  to 
lend  full  support  to  the  scheme.  Unfortunately  that  has  not  been 
done."  The  subject  was  debated  on  Apl.  3rd  when  C.  D.  McPher- 
son  (Lib.)  condemned  the  suggestion  that  the  farmers  were 
responsible  for  the  purchase  of  the  Elevators.  The  farmers  had 
regarded  the  Elevators  with  suspicion.  As  everybody  in  the  Province 
knew  they  cost  one  million  dollars,  but  if  sold  to-day  they  wouldn't 
realize  one-fifth  of  that  sum. 

The  Premier,  in  following,  stated  that  the  Grain  Growers  Associa- 
tion had  insisted  a  couple  of  years  before  on  Government  ownership 
of  Elevators  as  the  panacea  for  injustice  and  high  rates  at  the  hands 
of  an  Elevator  monopoly.  They  came  in  a  large  Delegation  to  his 
Government  and  promised  to  patronize  the  Government  Elevators  if 
established.  "They  said  they  spoke  for  the  farmers  of  Manitoba, 
and,"  added  the  Premier,  "  I  believed  them.  I  have  since  learned  that 
I  was  mistaken  and  here  I  am  willing  to  admit  that  I  was  wrong.  I 
took  the  voice  of  the  demagogue  as  the  voice  of  the  public  and  I  con- 
sequently made  a  mistake.  The  farmers  didn't  want  Government 
Elevators  in  this  Province.  Experience  has  shown  that  to  be  a  fact 
for  the  reason  that  they  do  not  patronize  them."  The  Premier  went 
on  to  describe  what  the  Government  had  done  in  building  and  buying 
elevators  throughout  the  Province.  As  an  illustration  of  how  they 
were  supported,  he  said  that  from  Sept.  30,  1911,  to  Jan.  31,  1912, 
they  had  shipped  2,360  cars  by  the  C.N.R.  while  the  Company  Eleva- 
tors had  shipped  5,279  cars.  "  You  will  see,"  said  he,  "  that  it  is 
impossible  for  the  Government  Elevators  to  make  any  progress  when 
we  can't  secure  the  patronage  of  those  for  whom  they  were  built." 

As  a  result  of  these  conditions  and  other  developments,  D.  W. 
McCuaig,  Chairman  of  the  Manitoba  Elevator  Commission,  announced 
on  May  9th  that  the  Government  had  decided  to  terminate  the  work 
of  the  Commission  on  Aug.  31st.  Between  September  and  January 
the  Commission  had  only  handled  40  per  cent,  of  the  grain  of  the 
Province.  "This  losing  game,"  said  Mr.  McCuaig,  "where  there  is 
an  insufficient  support  from  the  people  and  where  there  are  certain 
operating  expenses  which  cannot  be  overcome,  and  which  would 
scarcely  be  covered  by  the  amount  of  business  handled,  is  beyond  doubt 
the  reason  for  the  move.  We  can't  get  the  grain  to  handle  to  make  it 
a  paying  business."  There  were  172  Elevators  in  the  System  with  a 
total  capacity  of  about  4,300,000  bushels.  It  was  proposed  to  lease 
or  sell  the  Elevators  and  negotiations  were  got  underway  with  the 
Grain  Growers  Company  Ltd.  The  arrangement,  as  finally  announced 
on  July  20th,  involved  the  payment  of  a  rental  by  the  Company  of 
6  per  cent,  interest  on  the  Government's  capital  investment  of  $1,100,- 
000  in  the  Elevators.  One-third  of  this  rental  was  to  be  available  for 
up-keep  for  which  the  Province  remained  responsible — as  well  as  for 
insurance,  taxes,  etc. 


THE  EXTENSION  OF  MANITOBA'S  BOUNDARIES  AND  AREA      511 

The  victory  of  Manitoba  in  this  connection  was  the 
Provincial  event  of  the  year.  The  Province  had  never 
Boundaries  received  the  territory  to  which  she  might  reasonably 
ana  Area  have  asserted  strong  claims  in  the  days  before  the  great 

,  West  became  fitted  for  carving  into  newer  Provinces. 

She  had  been  curbed  in  her  Eastern  extension  by  the  claims  of 
Ontario;  in  her  Western  expansion  by  (1)  the  requirements  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  (2)  the  evolution  of  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta,  (3)  the  development  of  Educational  and  political  problems 
which  touched  Dominion-wide  interests.  The  result  was  that  for 
40  years  she  had  only  possessed  an  area  of  73,732  square  miles  and 
was,  indeed,  "  the  postage  stamp  Province  " — as  local  politicians  some- 
times termed  her  in  their  appeals  to  Ottawa  for  room  to  grow.  With 
the  coming  of  Mr.  Borden  to  power  it  was  certain  that  the  long 
struggle  of  the  Conservative  Government  of  Manitoba  for  more  terri- 
tory and  greater  revenues  would  obtain  recognition  and  the  only  ques- 
tion was  one  of  details  and  specific  arrangement.  The  District  of 
Keewatin  lay  ready  to  hand  for  division  and  exploitation,  for  popu- 
lation and  railway  communication  with  Winnipeg  and  Hudson's  Bay. 
Saskatchewan  wanted  a  share,  however;  Ontario  demanded  a  portion 
with  a  port  of  Hudson's  Bay;  Quebec  expected  to  receive  the  wide 
areas  of  TJngava. 

At  the  end  of  January  Hon.  E.  P.  Boblin  and  Hon.  C.  H.  Camp- 
bell were  in  Ottawa  conferring  with  the  Premier  and  his  Ministers 
although  the  matter  was  already,  and  in  the  main,  settled  as  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  a  letter  written  by  Mr.  Borden  to  Mr.  Eoblin  on 
Nov.  20,  1911,  indicates :  "  Eef erring  to  our  interview,  I  beg  to  say 
that  the  conclusions  arrived  at  are  as  follows:  the  extension  of  the 
boundaries  of  Manitoba  has  been  under  consideration  at  those  inter- 
views and  a  basis  of  settlement  has  been  reached  respecting  the  finan- 
cial terms  which  hitherto  have  been  in  dispute.  The  basis  adopts  the 
principle  of  equality  of  terms  as  between  Manitoba  and  the  other 
Prairie  Provinces.  The  application  of  this  principle  to  the  details 
remains  to  be  worked  out.  I  may  add  that  we  shall  introduce  the 
necessary  legislation  at  this  Session."  On  Feb.  27  Mr.  Borden  sub- 
mitted an  elaborate  Eesolution  to  Parliament  which,  so  far  as  boun- 
dary lines  were  concerned,  followed  the  1908  agreement  between  the 
Laurier  Government  and  Manitoba  but  included  a  very  different  finan- 
cial arrangement  and  set  of  conditions.  The  Premier  in  this  latter 
connection  indicated  (1)  the  Subsidies  to  which  Manitoba  was  cur- 
rently entitled  and  (2)  those  which  she  would  receive  under  the 
re-arrangement : 

SUBSIDIES,  ETC.,  FOR  TEAR  ENDING  JULY  1,   1912. 

Allowance  for  Government  and  local  purposes,  B.N.A.  Act,  1907..  $190,000  00 
Eighty  cents  per  bead  per  annum  on  455,614  population,  as  ascer- 
tained by  the  Census  of  June,  1911 364,491   20 

Indemnity  for  want  of  Public  Lands  (Cap.  50,  Acts  of  1885) 100,000  00 

Interest  at  5  per  cent,  on  Capital  allowance  in  lieu  of  Debt 178,947  66 


Total     $833,438  86 


512 

PROPOSED  SUBSIDIES,  ETC.,  FOR  YEAR  ENDING  JULY  1,  1913. 

Allowance  for  Government  and  local  purposes,  B.N.A.  Act,  1907..     (190,000  00 
Eighty   cents   per  head   on   456,614    population  as   per   Census   of 

June,  1911,  B.N.A.  Act,  1907,  Sec.  1 364,491  20 

Indemnity  for  want  of  Public  Lands $562,500  00 

Swamp  lands  deduction,  about $134,230  00 

University    lands    deduction 15,000  00 

149,230  00 

413,270  00 

Interest   at   5    per   cent,    on    $8,107,500 $405,375  00 

Less  interest  at  5   per  cent,   on   $475,816.15 23,790   81 

381,584  19 


Total $1,349,345  39 

The  Premier  observed,  at  this  point,  that  "so  far  as  some  of  these 
allowances  are  concerned,  it  is  proposed  that  they  shall  date  from  the 
1st  day  of  July,  1908,  and,  therefore,  as  to  these  there  will  be  arrear- 
ages. The  Province  of  Manitoba  took  the  ground  that  the  extension 
of  its  territory  should  have  taken  place  at  the  same  time  (1905)  that 
the  Provinces  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  were  constituted,  and 
that  it  should  have  received  from  the  Federal  treasury  the  same  con- 
sideration which  was  at  that  time  extended  to  the  two  new  Provinces 
then  created.  This  contention  was  pressed  with  a  great  deal  of  earn- 
estness and  persistence.  We  found  ourselves  unable  to  assent  to  it; 
but,  inasmuch  as  this  Parliament  did  on  the  13th  day  of  July,  1908, 
by  Resolution  determine  that  the  boundaries  of  the  Province  of 
Manitoba  should  be  extended  in  accordance  with  the  terms  as  set 
forth  in  that  Resolution,  it  seemed  to  us  a  fair  proposal  that  the  treat- 
ment now  proposed  for  the  Province  of  Manitoba  should  begin  as,  and 
from,  the  1st  day  of  July,  1908,  and  with  a  good  deal  of  reluctance, 
the  Province  has  eventually  come  to  the  conclusion*  to  accept  those 
terms.  The  following  is  a  statement  showing  approximately  what 
arrearages  will  be  paid  to  Manitoba  should  the  proposed  Bill  become 
law  forthwith: 

(a)  Annual  allowance  in  lieu  of  Debt  under  Bill $381,584  19 

Annual  allowance  already  received   178,947  06 

Arrearage  each  year 202,637  13 

Arrearages  for  four  years,  July  1,  1908,  to  June  30,  1912 810,648  52 

(b)  Annual  allowance  in  lieu  of  lands  under  Bill $562,500  00 

Swamp  lands  deduction,  average,  say $105,500  00 

University    lands    deduction 15,000  00 

Already   received    100,000  00 

220,500  00 

Deducting  that  sum  of  $220,500  from  the  proposed  annual  allowance 
in  lieu  of  lands  under  this  Resolution,  namely,  $562,500,  the  differ- 
ence is  found  to  be  $342,000.  The  estimated  arrearage  each  year  will, 
therefore,  be  $342,000  or  for  four  years  the  sum  of  $1,368,000.  Add- 
ing that  to  the  sum  of  $810,648,  above  mentioned,  we  have  the 
estimated  total  arrearages  of  $2,178,648."  In  the  matter  of  swamp 
lands  the  Premier  stated  that  up  to  the  end  of  1909  2,009,368  acres 
had  been  conveyed  to  Manitoba  and  838,484  acres  sold  by  the  Pro- 
vince leaving  1,170,883  acres  to  be  re-conveyed  to  the  Dominion  under 
the  terms  of  this  legislation.  Other  Swamp  lands  in  the  Province 
brought  the  total  acreage,  which  would  then  be  under  Dominion  con- 
trol, up  to  8,232,831. 


THE  EXTENSION  OP  MANITOBA'S  BOUNDARIES  AND  AREA      513 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  in  following,  objected  to  an  arrangement 
which  gave  Manitoba  compensation  and  grants  as  large  as  though  she 
were  a  new  Province  just  entering  Confederation.  The  Hon.  W.  T. 
White,  Minister  of  Finance,  said  as  to  the  general  situation,  that  "  the 
Bill,  which  will  be  founded  upon  these  Resolutions,  is  to  establish 
equality  between  the  Province  of  Manitoba  and  the  Provinces  of 
Alberta  and  Saskatchewan;  in  other  words  to  do  simple,  plain  every- 
day justice  to  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  which,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  was 
withheld  from  that  great  Province  by  my  Right  Hon.  friend  when  he 
was  Prime  Minister  of  this  country."  The  Hon.  W.  Pugsley  (Lib.) 
said :  "  What  I  do  complain  of  is  that  the  Government  should  come 
down  with  exceptional  legislation  proposing  to  deal  with  one  of  the 
old  Provinces  of  Canada  upon  an  exceptional  basis,  while  altogether 
ignoring  the  claims  of  the  other  Provinces."  The  Hon.  F.  Oliver 
reiterated  the  current  contention  that  all  the  Provinces  should  agree 
before  a  change  was  made  in  any  Provincial  Subsidies.  "  In  my 
judgment  the  late  Government  had  good  and  sufficient  reason  and 
was  well  advised,  in  not  undertaking  of  its  own  motion  to  increase 
the  Subsidy  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba  on  Debt  account  as  this 
Government  has  seen  fit  to  do."  The  principle  of  paying  arrearages  of 
the  kind  proposed  was  "  absolutely  objectionable." 

Mr.  Borden,  in  reply,  claimed  that  it  was  merely  a  matter  of  equal 
treatment  and  that  for  the  year  ending  July  1,  1913,  Manitoba  would 
receive  a  total  of  $1,349,345,  Alberta  $1,260,105  and  Saskatchewan 
$1,551,820  while  the  area  of  the  three  Provinces  would  be  much  the 
same.  The  Resolutions  were  then  passed*  and  Mr.  Borden  introduced 
his  Bill  embodying  their  terms  and  explained,  at  the  same  time,  the 
concurrent  arrangement  with  Ontario  as  to  its  extension  of  boun- 
daries. On  Feb.  28  Mr.  Borden  stated  that  the  new  boundary  exten- 
sion would,  approximately,  add  to  the  area  of  Manitoba  (73,732  square 
miles)  166,000  square  miles  of  land  and  12,000  square  miles  of  water 
and  make  the  total  area  251,832. 

•  Nora. — Resolved,  that  it  Is  expedient  (a)  to  extend  the  boundaries  of 
the  Province  of  Manitoba  northward  to  the  60th  parallel  of  latitude  and  north- 
eastward to  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  upon  such  terms  and  conditions  as 
may  be  agreed  to  by  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Manitoba  and  by  Parlia- 
ment; (b)  to  authorize  the  Governor-in-Council,  inasmuch  as  the  Province 
was  not  in  debt  at  the  time  of  its  establishment,  to  pay  to  the  said  Province 
an  annual  sum  of  $381,584  being  the  equivalent  of  interest  at  five  per  cent. 
on  $7,631,683,  the  difference  between  a  principal  sum  of  $8,107,500  and  $475,816, 
heretofore  advanced  by  the  Government  to  the  Province  for  Provincial  pur- 
poses; such  annual  sum  to  be  paid  as  and  from  the  1st  day  of  July,  1908,  but 
subject,  however,  as  to  payments  due  upon  the  coming  into  force  of  any  Act 
founded  upon  these  Resolutions,  to  the  deduction  of  certain  sums  received 
by  the  said  Province  by  way  of  interest  on  capital  allowance  in  lieu  of  Debt; 
(c)  to  authorize  the  Governor-in-Council  to  pay  to  the  said  Province,  in  lieu 
of  ownership  of  Public  Lands,  an  annual  sum  based  upon  the  population  of 
the  said  Province  as  ascertained  by  each  quinquennial  Census  thereof,  such 
annual  sum  to  commence  with  $562,500  (less  certain  deductions  in  respect  of 
what  are  known  as  Swamp  lands  and  University  lands)  and  not  to  exceed  the 
annual  sum  of  $1,125,000  (less  equivalent  deductions);  the  same  to  be  paid 
as  from  the  1st  day  of  July,  1908,  but  subject,  however,  as  to  payments  due 
at  the  time  of  passing  of  any  Act  founded  upon  these  Resolutions,  to  a 
deduction  of  the  aggregate  of  certain  sums  received  by  the  Province  on  and 
after  July  1st,  1908,  on  account  of  indemnity  in  lieu  of  Public  Lands;  (d)  to 
authorize  the  Governor-in-Council  to  pay  the  said  Province  (one-half  on 
July  1,  1912,  and  one-half  on  July  1,  1913)  the  sum  of  $201,723  towards  the 
•construction  of  public  buildings. 
33 


514  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Interviewed  in  Winnipeg  on  Feb.  29th,  the  Provincial  Premier 
said  of  this  proposed  legislation :  "  The  announcement  is  most  pleas- 
ing to  me,  possibly  more  so  than  to  any  other  man  in  the  Province. 
It  is  more  than  30  years  since  I  made  my  first  speech  claiming 
extended  boundaries  and  equality  in  regard  to  our  financial  relations 
with  the  Dominion.  The  additional  revenue  will  enable  us  to  carry 
out  the  forward  policy  that  has  characterized  the  Conservative  Party 
in  this  Province  for  many  years.  We  will,  use  a  portion  of  this  money 
in  completing  and  perfecting  our  Agricultural  College  buildings,  giv- 
ing it  first  place,  because  we  recognize  that  agriculture  is  the  staple 
industry  or  interest  in  Manitoba  and  therefore  must  have  first  con- 
sideration. We  will  increase  our  expenditure  in  connection  with  the 
Educational  interests  of  the  Province  giving  special  consideration  to 
technical  and  industrial  education.  We  will  inaugurate  and  estab- 
lish a  Good  Roads  policy  and  will  set  apart  at  least  $100,000  a  year 
for  the  purpose  of  building  permanent  highways  through  the  Pro- 
vince. Whatever  portion  or  sum  that  may  be  necessary  will  be 
applied  to  properly  equip  and  qualify  those  portions  of  the  added 
territory  which  require  facilities  and  conveniences." 

A  Liberal  opinion  or  argument  in  Manitoba  was  expressed  by  the 
Winnipeg  Free  Press  on  Mch.  5th  as  follows :  "  Has  anybody,  save 
and  except  Mr.  Roblin  himself,  an  imagination  powerful  enough  to 
blazon  forth  the  language  Mr.  Roblin  would  have  used  if  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  had  ever  proposed  to  partition  Keewatin  in  this  way — fasten- 
ing an  Ontario  belt  across  Manitoba,  with  Port  Nelson  as  the  buckle  ? 
The  Borden  Government,  in  which  Mr.  Rogers  and  Dr.  Roche  repre- 
sent this  Province,  has  the  sole,  original  and  absolutely  incontestable 
claim  to  the  unique  glory  of  having  originated  the  idea  of  decorating 
the  map  of  Canada  with  that  five-miles-wide  and  three-hundred-miles- 
long  Isthmus  of  Ontario  lying  across  Manitoba."  The  Manitoba 
Opposition  views  were  more  fully  voiced  in  a  speech  by  T.  Crawford 
Norris,  Provincial  Liberal  Leader,  at  a  Winnipeg  banquet  in  his 
honour  on  Mch.  7th : 

I  can  tell  you  the  policy  of  the  Manitoba  Liberals  on  the  boundary 
question  in  a  single  phrase.  We  demand  the  transfer  to  this  Province  of 
the  natural  resources  within  its  boundaries.  The  Nelson  River  and  the 
lower  reaches  of  the  Saskatchewan,  within  the  new  territory,  have  com- 
bined water-power,  as  estimated  by  the  Conservation  Commission,  of 
6,500,000  horse  power.  We  give  that  to  the  Dominion.  The  new  territory 
has  considerable  areas  of  arable  and  swamp  land,  probably  20,000,000 
acres;  it  has  extensive  forests  of  pulp-wood  and  timber;  it  has  lakes  filled 
with  fish;  it  has  important  mineral  prospects.  All  these  belong  to  Mani- 
toba of  right;  but  the  Dominion  retains  them.  The  new  territory  con- 
tains the  site  of  what  will  be  one  of  the  large  cities  of  Canada,  the  port 
of  Western  Canada.  We  give  it  to  the  Dominion  which  has  already  oblig- 
ingly transferred  it  to  Ontario.  And  finally  we  hand  back  to  the  Domin- 
ion swamp  lands  in  the  existing  Province  to  the  extent  of  at  least  7,000,000 
acres  worth  not  less  than  $20,000,000. 

On  Mch.  4th  Mr.  Borden  moved  the  2nd  reading  of  his  Bill  at 
Ottawa  and  reviewed  the  whole  situation.  He  stated  the  Swamp  lands 
to  be  restored  to  the  Dominion  were  worth  at  least  $21,000,000  in 


THE  EXTENSION  OF  MANITOBA'S  BOUNDARIES  AND  AREA      515 

Capital  or  $1,000,000  a  year  in  revenue;  Manitoba  had  accepted  a 
reduction  of  $149,230  in  the  allowance  on  account  of  lands  from  the 
amount  allowed  Saskatchewan ;  the  Province  was  charged  with  150,000 
acres  of  land  originally  granted  the  University  of  Manitoba  at  a  value 
of  $2.00  an  acre — estimated  as  at  the  period  when  granted.  Care  had 
been  taken  while  creating  equality  of  treatment  to  make  sure  that 
conditions  in  each  case  were  fairly  alike.  A  long  debate  followed 
with  many  speeches  and  detailed  arguments  looking,  on  the  part  of 
the  Opposition,  to  the  claim  that  Manitoba  was  getting  special  and 
unfair  consideration  on  account  of  its  political  views.  As  to  the  mat- 
ter of  natural  resources  the  Government  described  it  as  one  of  simi- 
larity in  all  the  Western  Provinces,  one  requiring  careful  consideration 
and  consultation  with  the  other  Provinces  of  Canada.  Both  Mr. 
Borden  and  Mr.  Bogers  indicated  that  the  settlement  would  have  to 
be  a  broad  one,  and  general,  rather  than  limited  to  one  Province. 
Later  on  the  discussion  turned  upon  the  Separate  School  question 
which  has  been  elsewhere  dealt  with.  Eventually  the  Bill  became  law. 

In  the  Provincial  Legislature  on  Mch.  28th  Mr.  Boblin  presented 
an  Act  to  provide  for  the  further  extension  of  the  boundaries  of  the 
Province  and  to  formally  consent  and  agree  to  the  new  boundaries 
and  the  financial  terms  as  elaborated  and  defined  in  the  measure  which 
had  recently  passed  Parliament  and  received  the  Assent  of  the  Crown. 
In  an  exhaustive  speech  the  Premier  reviewed  the  history  of  Boundary 
negotiations  and  efforts;  denounced  the  alleged  antagonism  of  the 
Laurier  Government  to  the  rights  and  claims  of  Manitoba;  declared 
that  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  had  used  all  its  power  "  to  retard, 
obstruct,  injure,  and  impair  Manitoba's  influence  and  development " ; 
reviewed  the  financial  condition  of  the  Province  in  its  Federal  rela- 
tionship since  the  Union  in  1872;  stated  various  facts  and  figures  that 
Mr.  Borden  had  already  presented  at  Ottawa ;  declared  that  the  total 
cash  accruing  to  the  Province,  as  at  this  date  and  under  the  new 
settlement,  was  $2,896,387  or  $202,636  for  increased  Subsidy,  $313,- 
278  increase  in  lieu  of  lands,  $201,723  allowance  on  Public  buildings, 
and  arrearages  $2,178,648. 

Mr.  Norris,  Opposition  Leader,  spoke  at  length  on  the  2nd  read- 
ing (Mch.  29)  and  gave  the  Government  credit  for  having  secured 
a  considerable  cash  bonus  from  the  Dominion  Government.  Against 
this  amount,  which  he  estimated  at  $500,000  a  year,  there  was  the 
fact  that  the  Province  gave  back  to  the  Dominion  Government  its 
Swamp  lands  and  failed  to  obtain  the  control  of  its  natural  resources 
in  either  the  old  or  the  new  territory.  He  pointed  out,  on  the  alleged 
showing  of  the  Winnipeg  Telegram,  that  Manitoba's  Swamp  lands 
were  worth  $32,000,000  or,  at  5  per  cent.,  equal  to  $1,600,000  per 
annum.  Mr.  Xorris  declared  that  the  offer  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier 
under  which  Manitoba  would  have  retained  her  Swamp  lands  and 
received  $200,000  per  annum  for  the  added  territory,  was  a  better 
offer  than  the  one  accepted  by  Mr.  Koblin.  There  was,  however,  no 
division  taken  on  the  measure  and  the  criticism  was  not  kept  up.  On 
Apl.  1st  a  final  reading  was  given  and  the  Bill  passed.  On  the  6th 


516 

the  Lieut.-Governor,  in  proroguing  the  House,  gave  his  Assent  and 
congratulated  the  Province  upon  its  new  status  in  Confederationy  On 
May  15  the  Dominion  Boundaries  Act  was  proclaimed  and  the  changes 
became  law;  Manitoba  had  177,000  square  miles  added  to  its  terri- 
tory, 500  miles  of  shore  line  given  it  on  Hudson's  Bay  and  5,770 
persons  added  to  its  population  of  whom  4,822  were  Indians.  On  May 
20  a  cheque  for  $2,178,648  was  forwarded  by  the  Ottawa  Government. 
Arrangements  were  also  made  for  a  continuance  of  Mounted  Police 
duty  in  Keewatin  with  the  Province  paying  a  share  of  the  expense. 

A  subject  of  deep  interest  and  of  reiterated  public 
Education  in     discussion  during  the  year  was  that  of  Education  in 

SnT*e«itthof  Wi11111!*^  and  in  tne  TOral  P*1*8  of  Manitoba.  There 
Manitoba7  was  no  compulsory  attendance  law  and  the  situation  was 
everywhere  complicated  by  the  Roman  Catholic  objec- 
tion to  that  system  and  its  desire  to  maintain  Separate  Schools  of  its 
own  faith  and  instruction.  To  the  Toronto  Globe  of  Sept.  30,  Oct.  5, 
10,  12,  19,  26  and  Nov.  2,  Prof.  C.  B.  Sissons  of  Toronto  contributed 
a  sort  of  serial  study  of  the  situation  from  a  rather  pessimistic  stand- 
point and  with  clearly-expressed  sympathy  for  the  Compulsory  Educa- 
tion system.  "  Whole  sections  of  the  country,  homesteaded  by  for- 
eigners years  ago,  are  still  without  schools  while,  in  the  City  of  Winni- 
peg, thousands  of  children  of  school  age  are  running  in  the  streets, 
helping  in  the  homes,  or  contributing  to  make  Winnipeg  the  fourth 
largest  manufacturing  centre  in  the  Dominion." 

To  partly  meet  the  natural  difficulties  of  this  mixed  population 
the  Education  Department  under  Hon.  G.  R.  Coldwell  had  been 
pressing  the  organization  of  Consolidated  Schools  and  the  1911  Report 
stated  that  20  were  then  in  existence.  The  small  School,  it  was 
pointed  out,  had  been  the  great  weakness  of  the  rural  educational 
system.  Based  on  the  cost  of  education  per  child  it  was  highly  expen- 
sive and  was  characterized  by  a  low  average  attendance,  poor  classifi- 
cation of  work,  and  a  lack  of  inspiration  and  incentive.  It  was  also 
very  difficult  for  such  schools  to  secure  good,  experienced  teachers. 
Consolidated  Schools  were  found  to  be  very  effective  in  meeting  the 
situation  and,  where  the  average  rural  attendance  ran  from  35  to  50 
per  cent,  of  the  enrollment,  that  of  the  Consolidated  Schools  ran  from 
57  to  90  per  cent.  The  system  was  explained  as  follows : 

By  consolidation  is  meant  the  merging  into  one  large  district  of  two 
or  more  smaller  districts,  thus  forming  a  new  district  large  enough  in 
numbers  to  admit  of  satisfactory  classification  and  to  produce  in  the 
school  a  healthy  spirit  and  energy  sufficient  to  bring  forth  the  best  efforts 
of  teachers  and  pupils  and  large  enough  in  territory  to  enable  Trustees  to 
build,  equip  and  operate  a  school  of  modern  style — furnishing  an  educa- 
tion for  the  farmers'  children  equal  to  that  of  the  children  of  the  cities, 
towns  and  villages,  without  their  being  compelled  to  leave  home  to  secure 
it.  On  account  of  the  enlarged  size  of  these  districts,  it  is  necessary  to 
provide  conveyance  to  and  from  school,  at  the  public  expense,  for  all  chil- 
dren living  over  one  mile  from  the  School-house. 

During  1912  ten  new  consolidations  were  arranged  and  the  system 
was  kept  before  the  people  by  lectures,  meetings  and  leaflets.    To  the 


EDUCATION  IN  GENERAL;  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MANITOBA     517 

Manitoba  Educational  Association,  on  Apl.  10,  Hon.  Mr.  Coldwell 
stated  that  the  new  Manitoba  school-readers  and  the  recently-issued 
Programme  of  studies  had  been  favourably  commented  on  by  teachers 
and  inspectors;  that  good  progress-  had  been  made  in  extending  the 
plan  of  school-gardening  and  it  had  been  found,  without  exception, 
that  every  school  in  the  Province  which  had  seriously  attempted  this 
work  was  a  good  school  doing  good  work  along  other  lines;  that  gen- 
eral interest  was  being  shown  in  the  improvement  of  school  build- 
ings and  school  grounds  and  that  the  false  economical  idea  of  cheap 
schools  was  fast  becoming  a  thing  of  the  past;  that  in  order  to  save 
teachers  seeking  positions  from  the  extortions  of  private  agencies,  the 
Government  had  opened  a  Teachers'  Employment  Bureau  of  which 
any  teacher  or  School  Board  could  secure  the  benefit  on  payment  of 
$2.00.  This  meeting  was  attended  at  Winnipeg  by  between  300  and 
400  teachers  and  E.  A.  Garratt,  Winnipeg,  was  elected  President  for 
the  next  year. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Western  Manitoba  Teacher's  Association 
(Brandon,  Oct.  17)  the  President,  D.  J.  Wright,  deprecated  the 
excessive  immaturity  of  the  teachers  in  rural  schools  and  the  Minister 
of  Education  urged  teachers  to  strike  out  on  new  and  original  lines; 
deplored  the  uniformity  of  educational  methods  which  had  hitherto 
characterized  the  profession;  expressed  the  view  that  the  time  had 
arrived  when  every  child  should  be  treated  as  an  individual  unit.  In 
the  discussion  as  to  the  number  of  children,  not  attending  schools,  the 
figures  varied  greatly.  The  Eev.  J.  S.  Woodsworth  of  Winnipeg  stated 
the  number  at  30,000;  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  put  the  Winnipeg 
figures  at  11,000;  D.  A.  Ross,  M.L.A.  (Lib.)  stated  the  Provincial 
figures  at  30,000 ;  a  statement  to  the  Home  Economic  Society  put  the 
total  at  11,000.  To  remedy  this  and  other  difficulties  the  Liberal 
proposal,  in  and  out  of  the  Legislature,  was  Compulsory  Education. 
Dr.  B.  J.  McConnell  urged  this  policy  on  Mch.  14  and  Mr.  Coldwell 
in  his  reply  stated  that  the  system  had  been  ineffective  in  Ontario. 
There  was  no  Act  in  Manitoba  because  it  had  been  repealed  by  the 
late  Mr.  Greenway's  Government.  The  present  Government  were 
following  out  the  system  inaugurated  by  the  Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell, 
when  Minister  of  Education,  in  providing  Consolidated  Schools  with 
means  of  carrying  the  children  to  school.  This  would  accomplish 
what  was  desired.  The  general  Statistics  of  Education  for  the  year 
1911  were  as  follows: 

Legislative  Grants  to  Schools $527,686 

Number  of  School    Districts     1,598 

Number  of  Schools   in   Operation 2,341 

Number  of  School-houses    1,449 

Number  of  pupils  registered    80,848 

Number  of  Teachers  Employed   (Male,   651;  Female,   2,217) 2,868 

Grade  of  Teachers:  1st  class,  305;  2nd  class,   1,293;  3rd  class,  938. 
Average  Teacher's  Salary: 

In  Cities    and    Towns $775 

In  Rural  Districts $586 

Average   for  the  whole   Province $668 

Number  of  High  Schools  and  Collegiate  Institutes 23 

Total  Educational  Receipts  from  all  sources $5,241,808 

Total  Expenditures    $5,023,890 


518  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  University  of  Manitoba  was  the  subject  of  important  legisla- 
tion, discussions,  and  changes  in  1912.  Its  total  of  students  in  attend- 
ance for  the  1911-12  Session  was  789  of  whom  412  were  in  Arts,  142 
in  Medicine,  51  in  Engineering,  47  in  Law,  48  in  Agriculture,  86  in 
Extension  Courses  and  3  under  Special  instruction.  The  graduates 
in  1911-12  were  131  and  the  institutions  affiliated  with  the  University 
were  St.  Boniface  College,  Catholic,  and  St.  John's,  Church  of  Eng- 
land; Manitoba  College,  Presbyterian,  and  Wesley  College,  Method- 
ifit;  the  Manitoba  Medical  College  and  the  Manitoba  College  of  Phar- 
macy. The  total  Assets  of  the  University  on  June  30,  1912,  were 
$908,105  of  which  $676,997  were  specified  as  current,  $105,326  as 
dormant  and  $125,781  in  trust.  The  land  sales  to  date  had  been 
$770,408  and  there  were  still  64,550  acres  unsold  and  not  included  in 
the  Assets.  During  the  year  (May  28)  the  College  of  Agriculture 
ceased  its  affiliation  with  the  University  and  thus  took  from  the  Coun- 
cil a  number  of  representative  men.  The  resignation  of  Stephen 
Benson  as  Member  of  the  University  Council  was  also  accepted.  The 
Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  (May  10)  on  Rev.  R.  C.  Johnstone 
and  Daniel  Mclntyre,  B.A.,  of  Winnipeg. 

Meantime,  the  inability  of  the  University  and  the  Roblin  Govern- 
ment to  agree  upon  various  matters  of  importance  was  much  in  evi- 
dence. As  the  Free  Press  put  it  on  Feb.  16 :  "  Premier  Roblin  takes 
the  ground  that  the  University  Council  must  first  agree  upon  a  policy, 
and  that  then  he  and  his  colleagues  will  adopt  the  policy  thus  agreed 
on.  But  the  Members  of  the  University  Council  have  for  three  years 
been  demonstrating  the  fact  that  no  policy  can  be  agreed  upon  by 
them."  The  Liberal  organ  went  on  to  claim  that  back  of  this  was  a 
more  important  issue :  "  Is  Manitoba  to  have  a  fully-equipped  Pro- 
vincial University  free  from  denominational  control  or  a  nondescript, 
incomplete,  institution  under  the  name  of  a  University,  which  shall 
be  the  creature  of  the  denominational  colleges?"  The  discussions  at 
the  University  Council  meeting  on  Feb.  15th  seemed  to  indicate  that 
no  plan  of  re-organization  could  be  agreed  upon  and  that  matters 
would,  for  the  present,  go  on  as  they  were.  A  Committee  was 
appointed  to  nominate  some  one  for  the  position  of  President  of  the 
University — which  had  never  been  filled — at  a  maximum  salary 
of  $8,000. 

In  the  Legislature  an  Act  presented  by  the  Minister  of  Education 
(Mch.  6)  gave  the  Manitoba  Agricultural  College  full  degree-con- 
ferring powers  and  a  clause  was  added  providing  that  the  affiliation 
of  that  institution  with  the  University  should  cease  on  the  passage  of 
the  Act.  The  University  had  not  been  consulted  and  Mr.  Coldwell 
said  that  he  did  not  see  why  it  should,  as  a  private  institution,  be 
considered  in  that  way.  The  Liberal  Members  protested  and  accused 
the  Government  of  being  hostile  to  the  whole  idea  of  a  State  Univer- 
sity. As  to  this  Mr.  Coldwell  had  always  taken  the  ground  that 
primary  education  should  come  before  large  expenditures  for  higher 
education.  On  Mch.  19th  a  Delegation  from  the  University,  headed 


EDUCATION  IN  GENERAL;  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MANITOBA     519 

by  Archbishop  Machray,  Chancellor,  waited  upon  the  Legislative 
Committee  and  opposed  the  change  of  affiliation  on  the  ground  of  the 
great  importance  of  preserving  a  one-degree  confirming  power  in  the 
Province  while  Principal  W.  J.  Black  presented  the  arguments  for  an 
independent  College  of  Agriculture — his  chief  point  being  the  danger 
of  association  which  might  tend  to  make  boys  go  on  with  a  University 
training  and  not  return  to  the  farm. 

At  the  Council  meeting  on  Apl.  4th  the  much-discussed  Site  ques- 
tion came  up  and  it  appeared  that  the  Government's  offer  of  two  years 
before  was  not  the  expropriation  of  land  adjacent  to  the  present  Site 
but,  according  to  Archbishop  Matheson,  a  promise  to  present  selected 
lands  worth  $1,200,000  to  the  University.  His  Grace  believed  that 
the  time  had  come  to  settle  the  relation  between  the  Government  and 
the  University,  and  also  to  ascertain  the  wishes  of  the  Government 
with  regard  to  the  University.  "  We  have  been  at  sixes  and  sevens," 
said  His  Grace,  "  for  six  or  seven  years."  A  carefully  selected  Dele- 
gation should  have  a  heart-to-heart  talk  with  the  Government.  E.  L. 
Taylor,  K.C.,  stated  that  the  Government  was  prepared  to  provide  an 
adequate  site  for  the  University  and  for  the  Colleges  as  well,  but 
wanted  to  have  something  to  say  in  the  government  of  the  institution. 
A  Delegation  was  appointed  and  was  received  on  Apl.  llth,  when  the 
Premier  explained  the  obstacles  in  the  way  of  renewing  his  former 
offer  and  declared  that,  while  it  was  the  desire  of  the  Government  to 
support  financially  the  development  of  the  University  on  its  present 
site  as  money  became  available,  this  could  only  be  done  on  condition 
that  a  re-organization  of  the  University  was  very  shortly  effected  in 
such  a  way  as  to  make  it  more  business-like  in  its  administration. 
The  Premier  also  undertook  to  acquire  some  land  in  the  vicinity  upon 
which  a  Church  was  about  to  be  built.  The  only  point  in  re-organiza- 
tion upon  which  an  opinion  was  expressed  was  that  the  Colleges 
should  be  represented  on  the  governing  body  of  the  University.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  was  pointed  out,  to  remain  on  the  present  site  would 
involve  the  abandonment  of  the  projected  Tuxedo  site  worth,  perhaps, 
$800,000. 

On  June  19th  the  Council  decided  to  appropriate  a  sum  of  not  less 
than  $150,000  or  more  than  $250,000  to  commence  building  on  the 
Tuxedo  site  while  the  Premier  on  July  4  wrote  the  Chancellor  as  fol- 
lows :  "  I  beg  to  say  that  the  Government  believes  that  it  is  in  the  best 
interests,  not  only  of  the  students  who  may  attend  from  time  to  time, 
but  the  University  itself,  that  the  present  site,  enlarged  from  time  to 
time,  as  its  growth  may  demand,  is  the  proper  location  for  a  permanent 
University.  I  repeat  the  offer  to  buy  the  All  Saint's  property  at  once 
and  to  erect  at  the  expense  of  the  Government,  for  the  University, 
a  modern  well-equipped  building  for  Engineering.  The  Government 
also,  as  promised  at  the  interview  referred  to,  at  which  you  were 
present,  will  add  to  the  present  site  just  as  quickly  as  the  space  is 
required  for  new  or  additional  building's  right  through  to  Colony 
Street  to  the  west.  It,  also,  will  provide  additional  ground  south  of 
.  Broadway  and  east  of  Colony  Street  to  the  River  when  the  necessity 


520 

for  such  an  enlarged  site  exists."  It  was  decided  to  leave  the  whole 
matter  over  until  the  new  President  was  appointed  and,  on  Dec.  4th, 
it  was  announced  that  James  A.  MacLean,  B.A.,  Ph.D.,  a  graduate  of 
Toronto  University  in  1892,  and  President  of  the  University  of  Idaho 
since  1900,  had  accepted  the  position. 

Of  other  Educational  institutions  in  Manitoba,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  Agricultural  College  had  a  most  prosperous  year.  In  asso- 
ciation with  the  C.P.E.  a  nine-car  train  carrying  a  Staff  of  Agricul- 
tural instructors  from  the  College,  and  every  facility  for  practical 
demonstration,  went  through  much  of  the  Province  with  special  lec- 
tures by  Principal  Black,  J.  J.  Golden,  Dr.  G.  W.  Morden,  S.  A. 
Bedford  and  many  others.  Meanwhile,  the  handsome  new  College 
Buildings  at  St.  Vital  were  nearing  completion.  The  completed  work 
was  to  cost  over  $5,000,000  while  that  actually  in  hand  had  cost  about 
$2,500,000  and  included  administrative  offices,  horticulture  and 
biology  building,  chemistry  and  physics  building,  a  central  power- 
house and  a  dormitory  building  550  feet  long  with  accommodation 
for  500  students.  The  area  of  the  site  contained  1,100  acres  and  as 
the  main  group  of  buildings  was  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  wide  sweep 
of  the  River  it  had  water  on  three  sides  of  it.  On  the  23rd  the  follow- 
ing Members  of  the  Board  of  Directors  were  gazetted:  Alexander 
Morrison,  Homewood;  Jacques  Parent,  Letellier;  J.  A.  M.  Aikins, 
K.C.,  Winnipeg;  C.  K.  Newcombe,  Jr.,  Winnipeg.  L.  A.  Moorhouse, 
B.S.A.,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Field  Husbandry  in  July. 

Brandon  College  (Baptist)  held,  on  May  13th,  its  first  Convoca- 
tion as  a  degree-conferring  institution  and,  on  June  1st,  Dr.  H.  P. 
Whidden  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  accepted  the  post  of  Principal.  An 
important  incident  of  the  year  was  the  Report  of  the  Royal  Commis- 
sion on  Technical  Education — Hon.  G.  R.  Coldwell,  Chairman,  and 
R.  Fletcher,  Secretary,  with  21  other  Members  selected  from  various 
lines  of  individual  life  and  work.  It  was  presented  to  the  Legislature 
on  Feb.  27th  by  Hon.  Mr.  Coldwell.  The  first  sitting  had  been  on 
Nov.  29,  1910,  and  a  large  number  of  witnesses  of  most  varied  occupa- 
tion and  attainments  had  been  examined — manufacturers,  workmen, 
skilled  mechanics,  educationalists  and  social  workers,  experienced 
citizens  and  contractors.  The  result  was  an  elaborate  study  of  local 
conditions  and  the  following  important  general  conclusion  : 

1.  That  it  is  desirable  that  such  measure  of  vocational  training  as  is 
found  possible  should  be  provided  for  the  people  of  our  Province. 

2.  That  the  foundation  for  such  training  should  be  laid  in  the  ele- 
mentary school  in  suitable  courses  of  hand  and  eye  training,  leading  up 
to  regularly  organized  industrial  work  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  ele- 
mentary and  through  the  secondary  school. 

3.  That  at  the  present  stage  of  our  development  this  can  be  done  more 
economically  and  effectively  by  the  modification  of  existing  agencies  and 
the  enlargement  of  their  scope  than  by  the  establishment  of  special  insti- 
tutions. 

4.  That  School  Boards  be  encouraged  to  help  locally  and  that  some 
members  of  the  Advisory  Board  (Education  Department)  should  be  men 
engaged  in  the  industries. 


SEPARATE  SCHOOLS  AND  BI-LINGUAL  PROBLEMS  IN  MANITOBA    521 

Evening  classes,  a  special  Departmental  Officer  to  supervise  organiza- 
tion of  work,  Government  grants  for  equipment  and  maintenance, 
physical  training  for  students,  and  a  Technical  College  for  training 
teachers,  were  suggested.  Meantime,  in  Winnipeg  on  Jan.  3rd,  a 
Luncheon  given  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  (D.  C.  Cameron)  was 
addressed  by  W.  J.  Bulman,  W.  H.  Carter,  T.  E.  Deacon,  Knox 
Magee,  and  others  interested  in  the  problem  of  educating  boys  indus- 
trially who  had  reached  the  6th  or  7th  grades  of  the  Public  Schools. 
Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  fact  that  Wesley  College, 
Winnipeg,  had  in  1912,  400  students  in  attendance  and  that  Alfred 
Ewert  of  this  College  was  selected  as  the  Rhodes  Scholar  from  Mani- 
toba University;  that  D.  M.  Duncan,  M.A.,  was  appointed  Assistant 
Superintendent  of  Winnipeg  Public  Schools  and  E.  A.  Garratt,  B.A., 
Principal  of  Kelvin  Technical  High  School;  that  Manitoba  College 
conferred  the  Hon.  degree  of  D.D.  upon  Eev.  Peter  Strang,  Superin- 
tendent of  Missions  in  Southern  Saskatchewan. 

The  Separate  School  problem  had  two  heads  to  it 
separata  jn  Manitoba  during  1912 — the    one    involving    issues 

Bi^itoru"d  eimilar  to  the  discussions  of  1905  over  Alberta  and 
Problem*  in  Saskatchewan  and  the  other  turning  upon  the  existing 
Manitoba  grievances  of  local  Catholics  who  had  to  support  their 
own  Separate  Schools  and  share  in  the  cost  of  Public 
Schools  which  they  did  not  use.  The  first  was  settled  by  the  Dominion 
Government  refusing  to  take  any  special  action  in  connection  with 
the  territory  being  added  to  Manitoba  and  its  natural  passage  under 
the  laws  of  that  Province;  the  second  was  in  some  respects  touched, 
and  the  situation  improved,  by  legislation  of  the  Provincial  Parlia- 
ment. Whether  there  was  any  connection  or  not  between  the  two 
matters  is  hard  to  say;  a  relationship  was  certainly  alleged  during 
the  Quebec  Elections  and  on  other  occasions. 

At  a  French-Catholic  Convention  held  at  Duck  Lake,  Sask.,  on 
Feb.  28,  Mgr.  Charlebois,  Bishop  of  Keewatin,  stated  that  a  year 
before  the  Catholics  of  Le  Pas  had  applied  to  the  Laurier  Government 
for  the  right  to  establish  a  Separate  School  and  were  told  that  it 
could  not  be  done  legally.  They  had  asked  to  be  placed  on  the  same 
footing  as  the  Public  Schools  but  had  met  with  such  delays  that  it 
amounted  to  a  refusal.  Three  Catholics  had  then  petitioned  to  have 
a  Council  appointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  the  Territories  so  that 
he  might  pass  an  Ordinance.  That  was  at  the  beginning  of  Decem- 
ber, 1911,  and  all  they  knew  was  that  the  matter  had  been  referred 
to  Commissioner  White.  "  Then,"  continued  Mgr.  Charlebois,  "  the 
question  of  annexation  to  Manitoba  arose.  Keewatin  was  entitled  to 
Separate  Schools.  It  had  not  yet  belonged  to  any  Province  and  the 
Dominion  Government  should  put  a  clause  in  the  Bill  guaranteeing 
those  rights."  Following  the  announcement  that  no  Educational  or 
guarantee  clause  had  been  inserted  in  the  Borden  measure  the  North 
West  Review,  Manitoba's  Catholic  organ,  expressed  sore  disappoint- 
ment and  declared  that  the  Catholic  Ministers  in  the  Cabinet  had 
"played  the  part  of  traitors  to  the  Catholic  people  of  Canada,  of 


522  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

traitors  to  their  constituents,  traitors  to  their  Catholic  principles,  and 
traitors  to  their  God." 

Meantime,  on  Feb.  19th,  Mgr.  Charlebois  had  written  the  Federal 
Premier  as  to  a  guarantee  of  Separate  School  rights  and  stating  that 
"  this  claim  is  a  condition  sine  qua  non  of  our  consent  to  our  annexa- 
tion to  the  Province  of  Manitoba.  You  will  perhaps  object  that  it 
will  be  impossible  to  obtain  the  full  right  from  Parliament  under  the 
present  circumstances.  I  admit  you  will  meet  some  difficulties  but 
I  do  not  believe  it  is  impossible."  At  Winnipeg  early  in  March  peti- 
tions were  circulated  asking  Parliament  to  grant  Separate  and  Con- 
fessional Schools  to  Keewatin  as  part  of  its  terms  of  union  with  Mani- 
toba and  Joseph  Troy,  Secretary  of  a  local  Committee,  issued  a  letter 
urging  that  all  Catholics  in  Canada  combine  to  meet  and  pass  Reso- 
lutions looking  to  a  perpetuation  of  these  (assumed)  School  rights  in 
Keewatin.  On  Mch.  13,  a  Winnipeg  mass-meeting  of  1,200  Catholics 
was  held  and  two  long  Resolutions  adopted — the  one  claiming  histori- 
cal rights  and  privileges  which  were  said  to  have  been  guaranteed  to 
Catholics  in  the  West  since  early  days  and  the  other  a  strong  protest 
against  the  existent  school  system  in  Manitoba.  The  treatment  of 
Catholics  was,  in  the  words  of  one  of  the  speakers,  "  nothing  short  of 
robbery."  The  first  Resolution  was  a  demand  for  Separate  Schools 
in  the  new  Manitoba,  and  the  second  a  demand  for  Separate  Schools 
throughout  the  Province.  J.  E.  O'Connor  presided,  Dr.  J.  E. 
McKenty,  J.  A.  Beaupre,  M.  G.  McNeill  and  others  spoke  and  much 
enthusiasm  was  shown. 

Meantime  the  condition  of  local  Catholic  Schools  had  come  prom- 
inently before  the  Government  and  the  public.  In  the  Legislature  on 
Mch.  15  Joseph  E.  Bernier  (Cons.),  who  had  been  much  criticized 
by  Liberal  opponents  of  the  local  Administration  for  not  taking  a 
stand  in  this  matter,  made  a  clear  and  strong  speech.  Blame  for  the 
failure  of  the  Catholic  minority  of  Manitoba  to  obtain  justice  and  fair 
treatment  Mr.  Bernier  placed  largely  upon  those  French- Canadian 
Catholics  who  had  supported  and  voted  in  1896  for  the  Liberal  party 
in  Provincial  and  Dominion  elections.  "  I  do  not  believe  Separate 
School  legislation  possible  at  present,"  he  declared,  "on  account  of 
the  state  of  the  public  mind."  In  another  passage  he  said:  "The 
Conservative  Party,  both  English  Protestant  and  French  Catholic, 
has  always  upheld  the  constitution,  has  always  defended  us,  and  to-day 
I  want  to  be  frank  and  honest.  Is  there  one  man  in  this  country  who 
will  stand  up  and  prove  that  either  Mr.  Borden  or  Mr.  Roblin  could 
pass  a  law  restoring  Separate  Schools  in  the  Province  of  Manitoba  ?" 
The  local  re-establishment  of  Separate  Schools  was,  no  doubt,  impos- 
sible but  there  was  at  this  time  in  Winnipeg,  in  Quebec,  and  at  Ottawa, 
much  talk  of  a  re-adjustment  which  might  make  conditions  easier  for 
Catholic  rate-payers  without  infringing  the  principle  of  national 
schools.  Keen  antagonists  of  Roman  Catholicism  took  alarm  and,  on 
Mch.  31,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Duval  came  out  with  one  of  his  militant  speeches 
declaring  that  a  limit  must  be  kept  to  priestly  power  and  that  poli- 


SEPARATE  SCHOOLS  AND  BI-LINGUAL  PROBLEMS  IN  MANITOBA    523 

ticians  were  again  quiescent  while  the  chains  of  slavery  were  being 
forged  for  their  children ! 

In  the  Legislature,  on  Apl.  1,  Mr.  Coldwell,  Minister  of  Education, 
introduced  a  measure  amending  the  Public  School  Act  in  certain 
Educational  details  which  included  the  following  Clauses :  "  Section  2 
of  The  Public  Schools  Act,  being  Chapter  143  of  the  Revised  Statutes 
of  Manitoba,  1902,  is  hereby  amended  by  adding  thereto  the  follow- 
ing sub-sections :  the  word  '  School '  wherever  it  occurs  in  this  Act 
shall  mean  and  include  any  and  every  school  building,  school  room  or 
department  in  a  school  building  owned  by  a  public  school  district, 
presided  over  by  a  teacher  or  teachers;  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  every 
Public  School  Board  in  this  Province  to  provide  school  accommodation 
according  to  the  requirements  of  The  Public  Schools  Act  when  so 
requested  by  the  parents  or  guardians  of  children  of  school  age  under 
The  Public  Schools  Act;  Section  218,  Chapter  143,  Revised  Statutes 
of  Manitoba,  1902,  was  intended  to  mean  and  does  mean  a  teacher 
for  the  children  of  the  petitioners  and  of  the  same  religious  denomina- 
tion as  the  petitioners."  The  ensuing  discussion  turned  largely  upon 
the  alleged  creation  of  state-aided  denominational  schools  through  the 
words  "school  room  or  department"  and  the  ensuing  interpretation 
of  Section  218. 

On  Apl.  3rd  the  Minister  received  a  Deputation  of  vigorous  protest 
from  Orange  members  of  the  House  and  local  leaders.  The  matter 
was  discussed'  in  the  Legislature  on  Apl.  4th  when  the  Minister  of 
Education  declared  that  the  Government  did  not  intend  to  make  any 
change  in  this  direction  in  the  Act.  The  Roman  Catholics,  he  said, 
were  not  endeavouring  to  get  Separate  Schools  and  did  not  expect  to 
get  them.  The  real  object  of  the  thought  and  consideration  of  law- 
makers in  the  case  should  be,  not  partisan  advantage,  but  the  children 
who  were  in  the  schools.  In  the  City  of  Winnipeg  a  very  serious  situa- 
tion existed.  There  were  eight  schools  in  the  City,  with  about  2,000 
children  and  these  were  being  supported  wholly  by  Catholic  people. 
Citizens  were  denying  themselves  to  support  these  schools  and  were, 
at  the  same  time,  paying  taxes  to  support  the  Public  Schools.  It  was 
exceedingly  desirable  that  some  arrangement  should  be  made  so  that 
these  schools  might  be  taken  over  by  the  School  Board.  It  was  desir- 
able that  children,  Catholic  and  Protestant,  should  grow  up  side  by 
side.  This  could  only  be  brought  about  by  persuasion  and  the  law 
ought  to  be  administered  in  a  spirit  of  conciliation,  and  he  would  beg 
the  Opposition  to  say  nothing  to  add  to  the  difficulties  of  the  situation. 
There  was  nothing  to  be  alarmed  about  in  the  proposed  amendments 
to  the  law,  and  there  was  absolutely  no  intention  to  introduce  any 
material  change  in  the  existing  arrangements.  The  explanation  was 
accepted  without  much  further  debate  except  that  T.  C.  Norris,  Oppo- 
sition Leader,  moved  an  Amendment  "to  provide  an  adequate  and 
equitable  measure  of  compulsory  attendance  at  some  efficient  school " 
which  was  rejected  without  division. 

There  was  a  good  deal  of  public  discussion  as  to  what  these  amend- 
ments really  meant.  L'Evenement  (Cons.)  of  Quebec  had  an  Ottawa 


524  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

despatch  on  Apl.  4  stating  that  "  the  first  of  these  amendments  defines 
a  school  in  such  manner  as  to  recognize  the  rights  of  the  Catholics  in 
public  schools;  the  second  amendment  provides  that  School  Commis- 
sioners shall  engage  and  pay  Catholic  teachers ;  a  third  amendment  pro- 
vides that  Catholics  shall  no  longer  be  obliged  to  construct  and  main- 
tain at  their  own  cost  school-houses  for  the  accommodation  of  Catholic 
children."  Le  Manitoba  of  St.  Boniface  (Cons.)  said  on  Mch.  15 :  "  It 
is  a  step  and  a  great  step  in  the  path  of  restitution,  in  the  direction  of  a 
good  understanding,  in  the  direction  of  harmony  such  as  should  exist 
between  all  races  and  all  religions.  We  accept  this  law  as  an  appre- 
ciable payment  on  account."  L' 'Action  Sociale  of  Quebec,  the  ecclesi- 
astical organ,  Le  Devoir  of  Montreal,  the  Nationalist  organ,  and 
Le  Soleil  of  Quebec,  the  Liberal  organ,  all  minimized  and  doubted 
the  value  of  the  concessions. 

Archbishop  Langevin's  paper  Les  Cloches  de  St.  Boniface  (Apl. 
22)  said:  "We  must  state  that  the  new  amendments  are  more  or  less 
of  an  anodyne  and  that  they  in  no  way  settle  the  question.  Our  School 
law  has  not  been  changed  substantially  in  a  single  point.  The  mean- 
ing of  the  word  '  school '  has  been  enlarged  by  giving  it  the  significa- 
tion of  '  class  "  and  the  meaning  of  Article  218,  authorizing  25  Catho- 
lic children  in  the  country  schools  and  40  Catholic  children  in  the 
City  Schools,  to  have  a  Catholic  teacher,  has  been  stated  precisely,  or 
better  said,  has  been  confirmed.  That  is  all."  Following  this  legis- 
lation and  strong  speeches  by  Rev.  Father  Portelance  (Aug.  25)  and 
Rev.  Father  A.  A.  Cherrier  (Sept.  3rd)  which  denounced  the  hard- 
ships of  the  existing  double-tax  situation,  the  Catholics  of  Winnipeg 
asked  the  Public  School  Board  to  take  over  their  parochial  schools  on 
the  understanding  that  the  School  Board  would  control  these  Schools, 
appoint  the  teachers,  enforce  its  own  regulations  and  subject  them  to 
its  own  inspection.  They  would  be  ordinary  Public  Schools  in  every 
sense,  excepting,  of  course,  that  they  would  contain  only  Roman 
Catholic  pupils. 

On  Sept.  24th  the  Winnipeg  Presbytery  promptly  passed  a  Reso- 
lution against  what  it  considered  "  special  privileges  "  in  these  pro- 
posed arrangements.  The  Ministerial  Association  of  the  City  on  Nov. 
4th  was  more  explicit  and  described  the  proposals  as  "  tantamount  to 
the  establishment  of  Separate  Schools  "  and  a  violation  of  the  law. 
It  was  understood  and  frequently  stated  that  Mr.  Coldwell,  Minister 
of  Education,  had  meanwhile  been  in  conference  with  the  School 
Board  and  had  tried  to  effect  an  agreement.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
latter  body  on  Dec.  10  a  Roman  Catholic  Delegation  headed  by  Dr. 
J.  E.  McKinty  formally  asked  that  the  City  take  over  the  eight  Roman 
Catholic  private  schools  in  Winnipeg,  employ  duly  qualified  teachers 
under  the  requirements  of  the  Public  School  Act,  and  operate  the 
schools  under  the  Act,  subject  to  the  control  of  the  School  Board.  It 
was  also  asked  that  the  City  lease,  upon  fair  terms  of  rental,  the  build- 
ings of  the  petitioners  and  maintain  them.  The  Petition  had  175 
signatures  of  prominent  ratepayers  representing,  it  was  stated.  2,029 
pupils  and  30,000  Catholics.  No  action  was  taken  at  this  time. 


THE  GRAIN  GROWERS  ASSOCIATION  OF  MANITOBA          525 

Meantime  the  Bi-lingual  question  had  been  forcing  itself  on  the 
attention  of  Manitoba.  Everywhere,  and  especially  in  Winnipeg,  the 
foreign-speaking  element  in  the  school  population  was  as  much  in 
evidence  as  amongst  the  adults.  On  Mch.  20th  the  pioneers  of  the  non- 
English  people  of  the  Province  held  a  Convention  at  St.  Boniface  and 
decided  to  send  delegates  to  the  French  Language  Congress  at  Quebec. 
Judge  L.  A.  Prad'homme  dealt  with  the  French  language  in  Manitoba 
and  said  that  the  law  of  abolition  passed  in  1890  was  but  another 
instance  of  over-riding  the  constitution.  He  declared  the  Act  ultra 
vires  and  a  glaring  scandal.  Bishop  Mathieu  also  spoke  and  Resolutions 
were  passed  approving  the  Congress  idea  and  urging  the  efficacious 
teaching  of  the  French  language  in  the  Bi-lingual  Schools.  During 
the  year  new  Bi-lingual  English  and  German  readers  were  under  pre- 
paration by  the  Education  Department  and  on  Nov.  21st  the  German- 
English  Bi-lingual  Teachers  Convention  at  Gretna  approved  the  plan 
of  the  books  and  were  addressed  by  Hon.  Mr.  Coldwell.  They  had  one 
day  of  German  and  one  day  of  English  in  their  proceedings.  To  the 
French  Bi-lingual  Teachers  Association  on  Nov.  28,  J.  E.  Bernier, 
M.L.A.,  stated  that  the  French-Canadian  who  spoke  English  was  a 
better  patriot  than  one  who  did  not.  In  their  own  interests  it  was 
absolutely  necessary  for  the  French  to  know  English  and  their  teachers 
should  teach  both  English  and  French.  On  Nov.  4th  the  Winnipeg 
Ministerial  Association  had  by  Resolution  asked  for  the  safeguarding 
of  the  right  of  every  child  to  education  under  competent  teachers  and 
in  the  English  language.  The  Winnipeg  Free  Press  (Jan.  1,  1913) 
had  this  statement  of  conditions  in  Manitoba  as  a  whole : 

There  are  In  Manitoba  between  300  and  350  Bi-lingual  School  districts, 
distributed  among  the  different  nationalities  approximately  as  follows: 
145  French  Bi-lingual  school  districts,  with  200  Bi-lingual  teachers;  76 
German  (Mennonite)  School  districts  with  from  80  to  85  Bi-lingual 
teachers,  and  107  Ruthenian,  Polish  or  Russian  German  School  districts, 
with  the  same  number  of  Bi-lingual  teachers.  In  the  entire  Province  of 
Manitoba  there  were  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  in  existence,  1,598  School  districts. 
Thus  the  Bi-lingual  School  districts  form  almost  exactly  one-fifth  of  the 
whole.  On  the  same  date  there  were  employed  in  the  Province  a  total  of 
2,868  teachers,  so  that  the  Bi-lingual  teachers  number  about  one-seventh 
of  the  entire  teaching  staff  of  the  Province.  The  difference  between  the 
proportion  of  districts  and  the  proportion  of  teachers,  as  above,  is 
explained  by  the  greater  frequency  of  one-teacher  Schools  in  the  Bi-lingual 
districts.  Thus,  all  the  Ruthenian  and  Polish  Bi-lingual  Schools,  and 
nearly  all  the  German  Bi-lingual  Schools,  are  one-teacher  schools.  The 
Bi-lingual  Schools  are  scattered  practically  over  the  whole  Province. 

This  organization  had  much  to  say  during  1912  in 
The  Grain  connection  with  public  topics  and  no  hesitation  in  say- 
ABBTclation  *n&  **•  ^e  Association,  or  its  friends,  had  failed  in 
of  Manitoba  their  Reciprocity  advocacy  and  in  the  Macdonald  bye- 
election;  they  had  miscalculated  conditions  in  respect 
to  the  Government  control  of  Elevators  but  had  eventually  taken 
control  themselves;  the  Grain  Growers  Grain  Co.  Ltd.  had  proved 
quite  a  success  with  assets  on  June  30,  1912,  of  $1,255,344  and  Profits 
for  the  year  of  $121,614  on  a  paid-up  Capital  of  $586,472 ;  they  had  a 


526  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

journal  in  the  Grain  Growers  Guide  which  was  very  ably  conducted 
whatever  might  be  the  popularity  or  wisdom  of  its  vigorous  opinions ; 
they  fought  strongly  for  certain  matters  in  connection  with  the  Fed- 
eral Grain  Act.  To  this  organization,  and  its  organ,  and  its  leaders, 
the  "sinister  influence"  of  capital,  the  predatory  power  of  estab- 
lished privilege,  the  menacing  influence  of  manufacturing  monopolies, 
the  danger  of  the  people  from  moneyed  classes,  seemed  to  be  ever 
present  as  something  real  and  very  serious  in  the  body  politic. 

The  9th  annual  meeting  was  held  at  Brandon  on  Jan.  24th  with 
about  400  Delegates  present  and  addresses  by  F.  J.  Dixon,  T.  A. 
Crerar,  J.  W.  Scallion,  D.  W.  McCuaig,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  G.  Bland,  R, 
McKenzie,  S.  Benson  and  many  others.  The  Secretary,  R.  McKenzie, 
reported  228  branches  with  20  new  ones  in  the  past  year  and 
claimed  that  no  Association  or  Union  in  Canada  had  done  so  much 
work  in  securing  legislation  with  so  little  money.  The  effort  which 
had  been  made  to  enlarge  the  sphere  of  co-operation  in  selling  the 
products  of  the  farm,  and  the  need  of  careful  study  of  economic  ques- 
tions such  as  municipal  ownership  and  the  taxation  of  land  values, 
were  emphasized.  President  R.  C.  Henders,  in  his  annual  address, 
dwelt  upon  the  necessity  for  "  self-government  in  industrial  affairs  " 
and  the  advantages  of  co-operative  business.  He  hoped  for  discus- 
sion and  settlement  of  certain  alleged  problems:  "  (1)  The  rapid 
growth  of  our  Cities  and  the  monopoly  of  their  advantages  by  a  few 
political  and  industrial  schemers;  (2)  Shall  the  rule  of  the  people  be 
given  over  to  the  syndicates  and  corporations?;  (3)  Shall  our  Legis- 
latures have  power  to  legislate  in  spite  of  the  people's  protest  and  to 
refuse  legislation  in  spite  of  the  people's  demands?;  (4)  Shall  rings 
and  bosses,  machines  and  lobbyists,  corporations  and  monopolists, 
continue  to  dominate  our  Government  and  if  not,  then  by  what  means 
are  they  to  be  prevented?" 

Resolutions  were  passed  declaring  (1)  that  "  the  only  way  to  make 
the  Elevators  a  further  success  is  for  the  Government  to  place  the 
present  Commission  in  an  independent  position  entirely  free  from  all 
political  influences";  (2)  that  the  Association  and  the  Grain  Growers 
Co.  Ltd.  should  unite  in  further  extending  the  principles  of  co-opera- 
tion; (3)  that  "the  Executive  shall  form  a  Committee  to  inquire  into 
the  prices  of  agricultural  implements  made  in  Canada  and  other 
countries  and  compare  the  prices  paid  there,  with  those  we  pay  here, 
and  take  the  necessary  steps  to  place  the  same  before  the  Tariff  Com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Dominion  Government  and  to  secure  that 
the  farmers  of  the  Dominion  shall  be  represented  on  that  Commis- 
sion in  proportion  to  their  numbers  and  their  financial  interests " ; 
(4)  that  a  Demurrage  charge  of  one  dollar  a  day  should  be  made 
chargeable  against  any  Railway  Company  which  failed  to  supply  cars 
within  six  days  of  application  and  also  to  any  Railway  that  failed  to 
move  cars  at  least  fifty  miles  a  day  after — the  Demurrage  to  be 
deducted  from  the  freight  charges;  (5)  that  the  acceptance  by  any 
officer  of  the  Association  of  any  post  "  from  the  Provincial  or  Domin- 
ion Government,  or  any  corporation  other  than  an  organization  of 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  MANITOBA  IN  1912      527 

farmers,  shall  constitute  the  resignation  of  such  officer."  Resolutions 
in  favour  of  Reciprocity  with  the  United  States,  the  Enfranchisement 
of  Women,  and  the  abolition  of  the  Bar  were  carried  with  practical 
unanimity.  Another  motion  in  favour  of  purchasing  implements  from 
American  manufacturers;  only,  "until  such  time  as  the  Canadian 
tariff  is  removed  "  was  discussed  and  laid  over  until  next  year. 

R.  C.  Renders  of  Culross  was  re-elected  President  and  J.  S.  Woods 
of  Oakville,  Vice-President,  with  a  Board  of  Directors  chosen  as  fol- 
lows: Peter  Wright,  Myrtle;  R.  M.  Hayden,  Killarney;  D.  D. 
McArthur,  Lauder;  Frank  Simpson,  Shoal  Lake;  W.  H.  Bewell, 
Rosser;  and  R.  J.  Anison,  Gilbert  Plains.  When  the  new  Grain  Act 
was  under  consideration  at  Ottawa  a  large  number  of  local  branches 
of  the  Association  passed  Resolutions  of  protest  against  the  clause 
placing  control  of  car  distribution  in  the  hands  of  the  Grain  Commis- 
sion. The  Grain  Growers  Grain  Co.  Ltd.  held  its  annual  meeting  at 
Winnipeg  on  July  16  and  President  T.  A.  Crerar's  Report  showed  a 
profit  for  the  year  ending  June  30th  of  $121,614,  as  against  a  profit 
of  $69,000  in  the  previous  12  months.  The  Report  also  showed  that 
25,000,000  bushels  of  grain  had  been  handled  during  the  year  as 
compared  with  18,000,000  for  the  previous  12  months. 

The  leasing  of  the  Government  Elevators  was  referred  to  (and 
approved  by  the  Shareholders)  and  the  acquisition  of  timber  limits  in 
British  Columbia  containing  about  300,000,000  feet  of  lumber  men- 
tioned. The  new  Directors  chosen  were  T.  A.  Crerar,  John  Kennedy, 
R.  McKenzie,  George  Langley,  E.  J.  Fream,  J.  Morrison,  J.  A.  Maharg, 
F.  W.  Green  and  William  Moffat.  Mr.  Crerar  was  re-elected  Presi- 
dent, E.  J.  Fream  of  Calgary  1st  Vice-President,  John  Kennedy  2nd 
Vice-President,  with  Wm.  Moffat  as  Secretary.  It  may  be  added  that 
the  profits  of  the  Company  had  been  $790  in  1907,  $30,190  in  1908, 
$53,000  in  1909,  $59,663  in  1910  and  $69,575  in  1911.  W.  J.  Lind- 
say was  appointed  Manager  of  the  newly-acquired  Elevator  system 
early  in  August.  The  Directors  of  the  Grain  Growers  Association 
met  at  Winnipeg  on  Dec.  12  and  passed  Resolutions  approving  the 
policy  of  W.  F.  Maclean,  M.P.,  in  connection  with  Railway  and  freight 
matters  and  denouncing  the  C.P.R.  increase  of  stock. 

Events  moved  rapidly  in  Manitoba,  during  the  year, 
a««ource«  and  jn  production  as  in  everything  else.  The  Federal  esti- 
of^anitoba*  mate  of  values  in  the  grain  product  for  the  year  was 
IB  i9ia  $66,274,700  of  which  $39,462,000  stood  for  wheat, 

$15,066,000  for  oats,  $5,537,000  for  barley,  $1,221,000 
for  flax,  $2,018,000  for  potatoes  and  $2,265,000  for  hay  and  clover. 
The  average  yield,  according  to  Provincial  figures,  showed  general 
increases  over  1911.  The  Federal  figures  of  Live-stock  on  the  farms 
in  the  latter  year  included  251,800  horses,  161,200  milch  cows,  293,300 
other  cattle,  29,600  sheep  and  135,800  swine — a  total  of  871,700  as 
compared  with  984,214  in  1908.*  The  situation  as  to  the  Cattle 
industry  was,  indeed,  very  much  the  same  all  over  the  West  and 

•  NOTE. — The  Provincial  figures  were  smaller  in  number. 


528 

Winnipeg,  as  the  chief  sorting  and  distributing  point,  reflected  the 
general  condition  in  its  shipments. 

Yet  the  Province  had  an  abundance  of  cheap  land,  wild  hay  to 
be  had  for  the  cutting,  and  every  facility  for  the  raising  of  all  sorts 
of  fodder  and  roots  for  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs.  There  was  obviously 
much  money  to  be  made  by  engaging  in  this  line  of  enterprise  in  1912. 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  automobiles  and  farm  tractors  of  all  sorts 
were  freely  used  the  call  for  good  horses  kept  ahead  of  the  supply, 
and  many  horses  were  brought  in  from  Eastern  Canada  and  the  United 
States  that  might  have  been  raised  in  the  Western  Provinces.  Cows 
and  cattle  were  even  more  in  demand  than  horses.  There  was  a  known 
shortage  in  beef  stock  all  over  the  Continent  of  North  America  and 
an  insatiable  demand  from  Overseas.  The  shortage  in  dairy  products 
was,  if  anything,  more  pronounced  than  the  meat  deficit;  and  the 
combined  condition  constituted  a  strong  argument  for  cattle  raising. 
The  following  table  (Provincial  Statistics)  gives  the  yield  of  grain  in 
Manitoba  in  1908  and  in  1912 : 

Acreage.  Yield.  Yield. 

Year.                                    Wheat.  Average  Total 

1908 2.850,640  17-23  49,262,539 

1912 2,823.362  20'07  58,433,579 

Oats. 

1908 1,216,632  36-08  44,686,043 

1912 1.939,982  46 '00  87,190,677 

Barley. 

1908 668,441  27-54  18,136,757 

1912 962.928  35'01  33,795,191 

Flax. 

1908 50,187  11-18  502,206 

1912 196,315  13-06  2,671,729 

The  total  grain  crop  of  the  Province  in  1912  was,  therefore,  182,357,- 
494  bushels  as  compared  with  160,232,487  in  1911.  The  dairy  pro- 
duct was  $1,834,876  worth  of  butter  and  $69,760  worth  of  cheese 
while  Winnipeg's  estimated  consumption  of  milk  and  cream  was 
$750,000.  In  wheat  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  Province  had 
varied  greatly.  It  was  12-4  in  1889  and  19-65  in  1890;  17-13  in 
1899  and  17-13  in  1900;  17-33  in  1909  and  18-29  in  1910.  The 
wheat  inspected  at  Winnipeg  had,  meanwhile,  made  that  City  the 
greatest  wheat  centre  in  the  world:*  The  statistics  were  8,691,800 
bushels  in  1891,  45,651,800  in  1901  and  145,937,700  in  1911.  In 
other  connections  development  was  equally  conspicuous.  The  Winni- 
peg Bank  Clearings  in  1912  were  $1,537,817,524  or  an  advance  of 
365  millions  in  the  year;  those  of  Brandon  were  $32,297,075  .or  an 
increase  of  nearly  three  millions.  The  Fisheries  produced  $1,113,486 
in  1910-11. 

As  to  Industrial  production  the  Census  of  1910  showed  in  Winni- 
peg a  602  per  cent,  increase  over  1890  or  an  output  in  those  years, 
respectively,  of  $5,611,240  and  $39,400,608.  Brandon  had  a  product 
in  1890  of  $733,800  and  in  1910  of  $2,330,430  or  an  increase  of  215 
per  cent.  In  the  same  period  the  establishments  in  the  Province 
increased  from  324  to  439;  the  capital  invested  from  $7,539,691  to 

•  NOTE. — Elaborate  statistics  and  data  regarding  Winnipeg  and  Manitoba 
are  given  In  a  special  Article  in  the  Supplement  to  this  Volume. 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  MANITOBA  IN  1912      529 

$47,941,540;  the  number  of  employees  from  5,219  to  17,325;  the 
wages  paid  from  $2,419,549  to  $10,912,866;  the  Provincial  output 
from  $12,927,439  to  $53,673,609.  On  June  1st  it  was  announced  that 
Winnipeg  would,  through  its  Industrial  Bureau  and  with  the  co-opera- 
tion of  the  City  Council,  offer  ready-made  factories,  fully  equipped 
with  trackage,  electric  power,  water,  etc.,  at  low  rentals  to  manufac- 
turers wishing  to  establish  themselves  in  Winnipeg.  The  City  would 
furnish  the  site  in  a  triangular  area  about  3^  acres  in  extent,  lying 
beyond  the  tracks  of  the  C.P.R.  and  here  the  Industrial  Bureau  pro- 
posed to  erect  a  number  of  factory  buildings  on  the  unit  system; 
making  them  available  to  large  or  small  industries  according  to  the 
factory  space  each  might  require. 

As  to  population  the  Census  showed  an  increase  from  255,211  in 
1900  to  455,614  in  1910.  The  Federal  Immigration  statement  for  the 
year  ending  Mch.  31,  1912,  showed  32,663  immigrants  arriving  at 
Ocean  ports,  with  Manitoba  as  their  destination,  and  2,672  at  United 
States  ocean  ports  with  the  same  destination.  On  Jan.  12th  of  this 
year  a  meeting  was  held  at  Winnipeg  with  200  Delegates  present  from 
all  parts  of  the  Province  and  an  organization  formed  called  "The 
Million  for  Manitoba  League."  Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh  was  in  the 
chair,  the  Lieut.-Governor,  Hon.  R.  P.  Roblin,  Principal  W.  J.  Black, 
Sanford  Evans,  Mayor  J.  W.  Fleming  of  Brandon,  Hon.  G.  Law- 
rence, Sir  W.  Whyte  and  others  spoke.  Mr.  Sanford  Evans  claimed 
that  "  Manitoba  has  advantages,  the  wide  exploitation  of  which  will 
quicken  immigration  to  this  Province.  It  stands  the  nearest  to  mar- 
kets. The  difference  in  freight  in  outgoing  shipments  is  alone  suffi- 
cient to  be  attractive  to  settlers.  The  Province  has  better  transporta- 
tion facilities  than  further  west.  It  still  has  an  immense  amount  of 
fertile  yet  vacant  land,  open  for  homesteads.  The  98  municipalities 
in  the  old  boundaries  of  the  Province  have  an  area  of  47,360,000  acres. 
Of  this  amount,  according  to  official  figures,  16,694,000  acres  are 
occupied  and  5,596,000  acres  are  under  cultivation.  At  present  we 
have  over  20,000,000  acres  of  available  land  capable  of  being  put  under 
the  plow  in  the  Province.  If,  in  every  one  of  the  194,737  vacant 
quarter-sections  of  the  Province,  an  average  family  of  four  persons 
were  placed,  we  should  have  an  additional  rural  population  of 
778,948." 

The  object  of  the  League,  as  finally  evolved,  was  the  immediate 
increase  of  Manitoba's  population  to  a  million,  the  checking  of  land 
speculation,  the  establishment  of  municipal  markets  for  the  farmers, 
the  inauguration  of  a  wide  plan  of  publicity  and  advertising,  the 
encouragement  of  diversified  farming,  the  improvement  of  roads  and 
promotion  of  Banking  facilities  for  the  farmer.  The  Lieut.-Governor 
became  Patron  of  the  League  and  Sir  Wm.  Whyte  Hon.  President. 
W.  Sanford  Evans  was  elected  President,  C.  0.  Smith,  Secretary  and 
Douglas  Neeve,.  Treasurer  with  C.  C.  Scythes,  E.  S.  Horn,  C.  F. 
Roland,  C.  A.  Abraham,  George  Saults  and  J.  W.  Ryckman  as  a  Pub- 
licity Board  and  H.  G.  Coleman  as  Commissioner.  Branches  were 
formed  all  over  Manitoba  within  a  short  period.  The  Province  had 
34 


530  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

water-powers  estimated  at  large  figures  and  those  of  the  Winnipeg 
River  alone,  under  regulation,  were  placed  at  464,000  horse-power. 
The  Railway  mileage  of  Manitoba,  on  June  30,  1912,  was  stated 
(Federal  figures)  as  3,520  with  470  miles  under  construction;  the 
Clay  products  of  the  Province  showed  an  increasing  total  and  in  1911 
were  $834,428  in  value — the  total  Mineral  production  being  in  that 
year  $1,791,772  and  in  1912  $2,314,922.  Along  the  eastern  shore  of 
Lake  Winnipeg,  the  G-abrielle  Mine  was  in  operation  during  1912  with 
several  Syndicates  formed  to  explore  and  exploit  the  district.  Finan- 
cially, the  Trust,  Loan  and  Insurance  Companies  on  Dec.  31,  1911, 
showed  investments  in  Manitoba  of  $100,852,916  as  compared  with 
$86,220,044  a  year  before;  the  Union  Bank  of  Canada,  with  total 
Assets  of  $69,000,000  and  John  Gait  of  Winnipeg  as  President,  held 
its  first  annual  meeting  in  Winnipeg  at  its  new  Head  Office  on  Dec. 
17;  the  Insurance  Companies  doing  business  in  Manitoba  on  Dec.  31, 
1911,  were  registered  or  licensed  at  a  total  of  206. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  statement  of  A.  H.  de  Tre- 
maudan  of  Le  Pas,  in  the  Winnipeg  press  (Apl.  24),  that  the  new 
territory  of  Manitoba  was  a  region  of  vast  resources,  timber  lands, 
agricultural  lands,  minerals,  quarries,  furs,  fisheries,  which  as  yet 
were  quite  un-developed,  but  which  the  advent  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
road  would  make  known  to  the  world;  the  statement  of  the  Conserva- 
tion Commission  that  in  the  Nelson  River  country  alone  there  were 
water-powers  of  5,906,000  horse-power;  the  organization  of  an  Asso- 
ciation (Mch.  5)  at  Grand  Forks,  N.D.,  called  "The  Red  River  to 
Hudson's  Bay  Association  "  for  securing  recognition  of  the  importance 
of  the  Red  River  as  a  possible  waterway  out  of  the  heart  of  the  North- 
west to  the  high  seas  by  way  of  Hudson's  Bay ;  the  entry  of  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  to  Winnipeg  over  its  own  lines  on  May  1  and  the 
addition  of  about  70  miles  to  its  Canadian  total ;  the  unanimous  report 
of  the  Winnipeg  Grain  Exchange  Council  as  to  the  organization  of 
a  grain-sampling  Bureau  following  the  lines  of  the  Bureau  then  exist- 
ing at  large  markets  such  as  Minneapolis,  Duluth  and  Chicago. 

At  Chicago,  on  Dec.  2,  J.  D.  McGregor  of  Brandon  won  the  Cattle 
Championship  of  the  International  Live-stock  Exposition  and  at  a 
large  banquet  given  in  his  honour  (Brandon,  Dec.  10)  Mr.  McGregor 
said :  "  If  we  are  to  prosper  in  Manitoba  exclusive  grain  farming  must 
be  dropped  and  mixed  farming  substituted.  Mixed  farming  will  win 
out  because  it  pays  decidedly  better  than  grain  faming."  Donald 
Morrison,  President  of  the  Winnipeg  Grain  Exchange,  stated  on  Sept. 
11  that  in  1900-1901  Manitoba  had  an  Elevator-storage  capacity  of 
only  10,300,000  bushels  while  in  1912  it  had  22,400,000  bushels. 
During  the  year  the  following  were  elected  to  preside  over  certain 
organizations:  The  Manitoba  Horticultural  Association,  Dr.  H.  M. 
Speechly,  Pilot  Mound;  the  Manitoba  Dairy  Association,  Ira  Strat- 
ton;  the  Winnipeg  Grain  Exchange,  Andrew  Kelly;  the  Manitoba 
Good  Roads  Association,  S.  R.  Henderson  of  Kildonan. 


VIII.  SASKATCHEWAN  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 

The  Hon.  Walter  Scott,  Premier  of  Saskatchewan 
sjnce  ^he  Creati0n  of  the  Province,  won  an  Election 
during  1912  but  was  obliged  to  go  abroad  early  in  the 
Saskatchewan  year  and  later  on  to  spend  further  months  in  Europe 
seeking  for  improved  health.  While  in  Germany  Mr. 
Scott  made  a  special  study  of  the  German  banking  system  in  its 
relation  to  farmers  and  he  returned — according  to  J.  M.  Young  who 
accompanied  him — convinced  that  a  policy  of  loans  to  farmers  at  low 
rates  of  interest  could  be  safely  developed.  During  this  trip  the 
Premier  also  visited  Copenhagen,  Stockholm,  St.  Petersburg  and 
Moscow  as  well  as  Berlin.  The  Cabinet  was  reconstructed  on  Aug. 
19th  with  two  new  Ministers — George  Langley,  M.L.A.  for  Eedberry 
since  1905,  and  George  Alexander  Bell,  M.L.A.  for  Estevan  since  1905. 
The  former  was  a  strong  political  speaker,  a  one-time  English  Kadical 
and  a  prominent  member  of  the  Grain  Growers  Association ;  the  latter 
had  been  a  Homestead  Inspector  under  the  Laurier  Government  and 
had  won  in  general  matters  a  high  business  reputation.  There 
was  a  general  changing  of  Portfolios  and  Mr.  Calder,  who  had  during 
a  great  part  of  the  year  been  Acting-Premier,  gave  up  the  Department 
of  Education  and  Provincial  Treasurership  with  the  official  statement 
that  the  Highway  Commission  would  be  shortly  put  under  his  care. 
The  re-organized  Cabinet  was  as  follows : 

President  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  Education.  .Hon.  Walter  Scott. 

Minister  of  Railways  and  Telephones Hon.  J.  A.  Calder. 

Attorney-General  and  Provincial  Treasurer Hon.  W.  F.  A.  Turgeon. 

Minister  of  Agriculture    Hon.  W.   R.    Motherwell. 

Minister  of  Public  Works  Hon.  A,  P.  McNab. 

Provincial  Treasurer   Hon.  George  A.  Bell. 

Minister  of  Municipal  Affairs Hon.  George   Langley. 

Apart  from  the  General  Elections  the  central  event  of  the  year 
was  the  inauguration  of  the  splendid  new  Parliament  Buildings  at 
Regina  on  Oct.  12th  by  H.E.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught.  Mr.  Calder 
was  Acting-Premier  and  presented  the  Duke  with  an  Address  in  the 
gaily-decorated  rotunda  which  had  been  transformed  into  a  bower  of 
evergreens  and  roses  brightened,  in  varied  forms,  by  hidden  electric 
lights.  In  replying  His  Koyal  Highness  mentioned  his  visit  to  other 
parts  of  the  Province  and  added :  "  I  am  happy  to  be  able  to  tell  you 
all  the  satisfaction  I  feel  at  having  witnessed  the  evidences  of  your 
healthy  growth ;  at  having  seen  your  robust  young  Province  thrusting 
out  its  strong  arms  into  the  Northland  and  gathering  into  cultivation 
the  broad  acres  of  valuable  soil  which  lie  there  waiting  for  the  plough. 
In  declaring  this  Legislative  Building  open  and  dedicated  to  the  pur- 
poses of  the  Executive  Government  and  the  Legislature  of  the  Pro- 
vince I  do  so  with  the  prayer  that  the  decisions  arrived  at,  and  the 


532  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

administrative  work  carried  out  under  this  roof,  may  under  the  bless- 
ing of  Providence,  always  be  for  the  lasting  benefit  of  the  Province 
of  Saskatchewan."  Following  this  ceremony  came  the  presentation  of 
a  Pipe  of  Peace,  lately  the  property  of  a  Battleford  pioneer,  and  known 
to  have  filled  a  place  in  still  earlier  Indian  history.  The  formal  Recep- 
tion then  occurred.  The  building  itself  was  a  handsome  and  imposing 
structure  of  cut  stone — coming  from  quarries  near  Winnipeg — with 
some  granite  from  Stanstead,  P.Q.;  the  style  of  architecture  was 
English  renaissance  and  the  Architects  were  E.  &  W.  S.  Maxwell  of 
Montreal.  Up  to  Mch.  1,  1912,  the  Building  had  cost  the  Province 
$2,236,614  and  had  been  in  charge  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works — 
Hon.  Walter  Scott.  It  may  be  noted  here  that  the  total  Provincial 
payments  for  Public  Buildings  from  1905  to  the  date  specified  was 
$4,285,513  of  which  the  largest  amount,  outside  the  Parliament 
Buildings,  was  $807,874  for  the  University  of  Saskatchewan. 

At  the  close  of  1911  Mr.  Premier  Scott  had  done  what  was  pos- 
sible to  have  the  claims  of  his  Province  for  a  share  in  the  pending 
Boundary  adjustment  at  Ottawa  considered  and  had  asked  for  a 
Conference  in  that  connection — after  elaborating  certain  arguments 
for  Saskatchewan's  access  to  the  sea-board  via  Hudson's  Bay.  Mr.  Bor- 
den  replied  to  this  latter  request  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Calder  on  Jan.  9th : 
"I  find  after  consultation  with  my  colleagues  that  it  will  be  quite 
impossible  to  fix  any  date  for  a  Conference  before  the  end  of  the 
present  Session.  Owing  to  the  many  matters  which  have  pressed  upon 
our  attention  and  the  necessity  of  holding  a  Session  almost  imme- 
diately after  we  assumed  office,  we  have  been  obliged  to  defer,  by  reason 
of  absolute  necessity,  consideration  of  matters  which  are  of  the  high- 
est importance."  As  Acting-Premier  Mr.  Calder  responded  on  Jan. 
23  expressing  regret  that  the  matter  should  be  adjourned  until  after 
the  Manitoba  question  had  been  disposed  of — especially  in  view  of 
what  he  termed  Mr.  Borden's  policy  of  conveying  to  Saskatchewan  the 
natural  resources  within  the  Province.  The  Memorial,  which  pre- 
sented the  claims  of  the  Province  to  Mr.  Borden,  had  originally  been 
considered  at  an  Ottawa  Conference  on  Nov.  12,  1906,  and  had  not 
been  accepted  by  the  Laurier  Government — Sir  W.  Laurier  writing 
on  July  13,  1908,  that  "the  weight  of  argument  was  certainly  in 
favour  of  Manitoba  and  we  could  not  grant  the  prayer  of  Saskatche- 
wan. We  therefore  had  to  ignore  it."  The  summary  in  the  Memorial 
declared : 

(1)  That  those  portions  of  the  old  Districts  of  Saskatchewan  and 
Athabaska,  not  included  in  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan,  have  been  for 
the  past  20  years  and  should  continue  to  be,  united  with  the  area  forming 
that  Province; 

(2)  That  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan  and  the  Province  of  Manitoba 
are  both  entitled  to  have  their  boundaries  extended  to  Hudson's  Bay; 

(3)  That  granting  to  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan  those  portions  of 
the  old  Districts  of  Saskatchewan  and  Athabaska,  the  Nelson  River  forms 
a  natural  boundary,  and  the  only  reasonable  boundary  between  that  Pro- 
vince and  the  Province  of  Manitoba; 

(4)  That  the  territory  north  of  the  Nelson  River  is  tributary  to  the 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN    533 

Province  of  Saskatchewan  rather  than  to  the  Province  of  Manitoba  and 
the  interests  of  the  people  are  more  closely  allied  with  Saskatchewan; 

(5)  That  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan  has  a  much  greater  interest 
in  a  transportation  route  via  Fort  Churchill  and  Hudson's  Bay  tp  the 
European  markets  than  has  either  the  Province  of  Manitoba  or  the 
Province  of  Ontario. 

Mr.  Borden  pointed  out,  in  a  despatch  on  Mch.  7,  1912,  that  the 
Laurier  Government  had  practically  disposed  of  the  matter  and  Mr. 
Calder  responded  on  the  9th  urging  justice  to  Saskatchewan.  "  Owing 
to  increase  in  our  population  and  in  our  grain  production  our  people 
have  a  direct  interest  in  Hudson's  Bay  ports.  Before  long  it  is  likely 
that  several  Railways  will  be  built  to  the  Bay — one  or  more  of  which 
may  be  state-owned."  There  the  subject  rested  for  the  time.  On  Mch. 
12th,  after  an  arduous  Session  in  which  he  had  led  the  Legislature  in 
the  absence  of  Mr.  Scott,  a  banquet  was  tendered  by  the  Liberal  mem- 
bers to  Mr.  Calder — who  was  described  by  the  Regina  Leader  of  the 
following  day  as  "  one  of  the  biggest  men  in  Western  politics."  The 
Address  presented  said :  "  We  beg  leave  to  congratulate  you  on  the 
marked  success  with  which  you  have  performed  the  difficult  duties 
of  Leader  during  the  present  Session,  and  to  thank  you  on  behalf  of 
the  Party  of  which  we  are  representatives,  for  the  zeal  and  the  energy 
you  have  displayed  in  the  fulfillment  of  the  important  task  assigned 
to  you.  We  know  you  too  well  to  offer  any  lengthy  tribute  of  words 
on  this  occasion ;  let  it  suffice  to  say  that  we  are  prouder  of  you  than 
ever."  In  his  reply  the  Acting-Premier  declared  that  the  Government 
would  not  deviate  one  degree  from  its  charted  course  until  the  people 
of  Saskatchewan  had  been  placed  in  possession  of  the  markets,  lands, 
ports,  C.P.R.  taxes  and  railway  outlets  to  which  they  were  entitled. 

On  Mch.  18  the  Government  replied,  through  Mr.  Calder,  to  a 
Labour  Delegation  of  Feb.  6th  and  its  demand  for  legislation  on  16 
different  subjects.  The  important  points  were  (1)  the  request  for  an 
Act  to  compel  employers  advertising  for  help  to  state  when  a  strike 
or  lock-out  was  in  progress  and  which  was  answered  by  a  statement 
that  the  Government  could  not  control  newspapers  either  in  or  out  of 
the  Province;  (2)  the  acceptance  of  a  proposal  that  Railways  receiv- 
ing Provincial  aid  should  be  compelled  to  pay  a  fair  wage  and  observe 
prevailing  hours  of  labour  with  the  additional  promise  of  a  fair  wage 
schedule  in  all  Government  contracts;  (3)  the  promise  of  legislation 
enabling  a  qualified  voter  to  be  a  candidate  at  Municipal  elections  and 
extending  the  hours  of  polling  from  5  to  8  o'clock  in  the  evening; 
acceptance  of  a  series  of  requests  for  legislation  as  to  bringing  Chinese 
laundries  under  the  Factories  Act,  further  protection  of  children  in 
factories,  prohibition  of  female  labour  in  Oriental  restaurants  and 
laundries,  use  of  Union  label  on  Government  printing. 

An  elaborate  Telephone  construction  programme  was  announced 
on  Mch.  22nd  by  the  Department  in  charge  promising  1,200  to  1,500 
miles  of  new  lines  covering  all  sections  of  the  Province.  From 
Feb.  28,  1909,  up  to  Nov.  30,  1912,  the  rural  Telephone  construction 
record  of  the  Province  had  included  337  Companies  with  a  Capital 


534  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  $931,060,  8,024  subscribers  and  7,554  miles  of  line.  In  1909  under 
the  Bell  system  there  had  been  500  miles  of  Long  Distance  line  and  no 
rural  systems;  in  September,  1912,  there  were  2,000  miles  in  the  first 
instance  and  the  above  figures  in  the  second.  On  Mch.  28th  A.  F. 
Mantle,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture,  accompanied  by  T.  A.  Crerar, 
President  of  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers  Co.,  and  C.  A.  Dunning  of 
the  Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co.  left  for  Chicago  to  try 
and  find  additional  outlets  for  upward  of  5,000,000  bushels  of  damp 
and  wet  wheat  still  remaining  in  Saskatchewan  and  requiring  imme- 
diate shipment. 

To  the  press  Mr.  Mantle  explained  that  they  were  not  so  much 
concerned  about  the  20,000,000  bushels  of  grain  that  were  still 
unthreshed  in  Saskatchewan  or  the  30,000,000  bushels  of  sound  wheat 
which  were  threshed  and  still  awaiting  shipment  as  they  were  regard- 
ing this  injured  product.  From  Chicago  the  party  passed  on  to  Minne- 
apolis, St.  Paul  and  Milwaukee,  saw  representatives  of  all  sections  of 
the  grain  trade  in  those  cities,  and  also  discussed  the  situation  at 
Duluth  with  leading  traffic  and  operating  officials.  These  officials  all 
stated  that  the  car  situation  east  and  west,  south  of  the  boundary,  as 
well  as  north  of  it,  was  very  tight  at  the  time,  and  had  greatly  retarded 
all  rail  shipments  east  of  Duluth.  Arrangements  were  made,  finally, 
for  consignment  to  Minneapolis  subject  to  a  supply  of  cars  and  Fed- 
eral inspection  at  North  Portal.  The  latter  point  was  afterwards 
settled  by  Dominion  Government  intervention.  The  condition  itself 
was  frequently  used  during  the  year  to  prove  that  Reciprocity  and  a 
free  market  in  the  States  were  all-essential  to  Saskatchewan  progress 
in  general  and  the  farmers  in  particular. 

The  Saskatchewan  Government  initiated  several  plans  of 
importance  during  the  year.  In  May  the  'question  of  a  Commission 
for  the  purpose  of  arranging  and  supervising  the  piping  of  water 
from  the  South  Saskatchewan  River  to  Moose  Jaw,  Regina  and  a 
number  of  other  places  in  the  Province — as  well  as  the  development 
of  power — was  under  consideration.  The  project  involved  an  expendi- 
ture of  $10,000,000  or  $15,000,000.  The  water  of  the  South  Saskat- 
chewan came  from  the  mountains  and  was  said  to  be  perfect  for 
domestic  purposes,  clear  and  soft,  and  the  quantity  inexhaustible. 
It  was  estimated  that  300,000,000  gallons  of  water  a  day  and  30,000 
horse-power  would  be  available.  Dr.  M.  M.  Seymour,  Commissioner 
of  Public  Health  and  A.  J.  McPherson  and  T.  Aird  Murray  were  in 
Winnipeg  on  May  10,  representing  the  Saskatchewan  Government, 
in  conference  with  representatives  of  the  three  great  Railways.  Noth- 
ing definite  was  settled,  however,  during  the  year  except  a  policy  of 
investigation  and  inquiry. 

On  May  15th  the  appointment  was  announced  of  a  Commission  to 
investigate  and  report  upon  the  question  of  Agricultural  education  in 
Public  and  High  Schools;  Technical  education;  Consolidation  of 
schools;  the  training  and  supply  of  teachers.  The  personnel  of  the 
Commission  was  as  follows:  D.  P.  McColl,  B.A.,  Superintendent  of 
Education  for  Saskatchewan  (Chairman) ;  W.  J.  Rutherford,  B.S.A., 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN    535 

Dean  of  the  College  of  Agriculture;  T.  E.  Perrett,  B.A.,  Principal  of 
the  Normal  School,  Regina;  W.  A.  Mclntyre,  B.A.,  LL.D.,  Principal 
of  the  Normal  School,  Winnipeg;  Daniel  Mclntyre,  M.A.,  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools,  Winnipeg.  Important  developments  took  place  a 
little  later  in  Railway  matters.  The  Government  had  offered  to  aid 
the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  in  providing  proper  terminals  for  its  Rail- 
way system  in  Saskatoon,  Moose  Jaw,  Prince  Albert  and  Swift  Cur- 
rent as  well  as  in  completing  its  arrangements  in  Regina.  On  June 
20th  Mr.  Premier  Scott  wrote  E.  J.  Chamberlin,  General  Manager, 
and  asked  for  a  prompt  decision  in  the  matter.  "  The  solution  of  this 
question  is  of  such  importance  to  all  of  these  places  that  I  feel  that 
your  Company  should  not  hesitate  to  accept  our  offer  to  guarantee 
the  bonds  necessary  to  provide  adequate  terminals,  within  these  several 
communities,  for  the  proper  and  efficient  handling  of  both  freight  and 
passenger  traffic."  To  this  Mr.  Chamberlin  replied  on  the  27th  as 
follows : 

I  am  issuing  instructions  to  have  the  necessary  works  undertaken 
without  delay.  As  you  are  doubtless  aware  our  entrances  into  the  Cities 
of  Saskatoon  and  Moose  Jaw  are  the  most  difficult  to  solve.  However,  the 
matter  will  be  taken  in  hand  immediately,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
saying  that  at  an  early  date  arrangements  will  be  completed  whereby 
these  communities  will  be  provided  with  proper  facilities  conveniently 
placed  to  handle  freight  and  passenger  traffic.  I  may  also  add  that  as  soon 
as  a  decision  has  been  reached  regarding  terminal  facilities  for  the  other 
points  mentioned,  I  shall  take  early  action  to  complete  our  road  into 
Prince  Albert  City  and  carry  out  our  full  programme  in  Regina,  including 
the  erection  of  the  Hotel  agreed  upon  with  the  Civic  authorities. 

The  Federal  measure  aiding  Provincial  agriculture  gave  Saskat- 
chewan $34,000  and  on  Aug.  20th  Hon.  W.  R.  Motherwell,  Minister 
of  Agriculture,  announced  that  the  money  would  be  used  in  extend- 
ing the  work  of  Agricultural  education  through  the  agencies  already 
employed  by  the  Province  for  that  purpose.  Meantime  the  Board  of 
Highway  Commissioners  had  been  busy  in  constructing  several  hun- 
dred wooden  bridges,  twenty-three  steel  and  concrete  bridges,  varying 
in  length  of  span  from  40  to  250  feet,  and  many  concrete  culverts. 
This  programme  meant  the  expenditure  of  over  $300,000  on  per- 
manent bridges  alone  and  the  employment  of  thousands  of  men.  The 
largest  of  these  bridges  was  that  across  the  Battle  River  near  Battle- 
ford  of  which  the  span  of  superstructure  was  250  feet.  On  June  28th 
the  Government  appointed  R.  0.  Wynne-Roberts,  Consulting  Engin- 
eer of  Regina,  to  investigate  the  possibilties  of  the  Lignite  deposits  of 
the  Province.  On  Nov.  28th  his  Report  was  presented  to  the  Legis- 
lature in  200  pages  of  a  valuable  study  of  the  subject.  He  stated 
that: 

The  large  quantities  of  workable  Lignite  deposits  in  the  Province  of 
Saskatchewan  can  be  utilized  at  the  coal  centres  for  the  production  of 
power  and  its  distribution  in  all  parts  of  the  Province.  The  generation 
of  electrical  power  at  such  coal  centres  is  both  a  practicable  and  commer- 
cial possibility  and  its  distribution  at  a  low  rate  per  kilowatt  is  feasible 
if  the  larger  municipal  authorites  will  co-operate  by  taking  current  in 


536  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

bulk.  The  manufacture  of  Lignite  gas  at  a  gas-works  located  on  the  coal 
fields  is  also  a  practical  and  commercial  possibility.  The  quality  of  this 
gas  will  not  be  equal  to  coal  gas,  but  it  can  be  supplied  at  a  much  lower 
rate  per  1,000  cubic  feet,  if  the  larger  municipal  authorities  unite  in 
taking  the  same  in  bulk.  This  gas  will  be  useful  for  power  and  heating 
purposes  and  if  it  is  required  to  be  of  a  higher  illuminating  value  it  can 
easily  be  enriched  by  the  authorities  at  small  expense.  The  demand  for 
power  at  the  larger  centres  at  present  amounts  to  about  5,000  horse- 
power, but  it  is  advisable  to  make  provision  for  the  immediate  installation 
of  at  least  a  100,000  horse-power  plant  with  arrangements  for  extension 
each  year.  The  present  load  factor  at  Regina  is  about  30  per  cent,  and  at 
Moose  Jaw  about  17  per  cent,  inclusive  of  Street  Railway,  but  having 
regard  to  the  probable  effect  of  the  introduction  of  cheap  power,  it  is  very 
probable  that  the  load  factor  will  be  greater,  especially,  if  diversified  indus- 
tries are  established. 

He  recommended  further  investigation,  the  installation  of  an  experi- 
mental plant,  a  complete  analysis  of  the  Lignite,  a  study  of  the  many 
German  uses  of  Lignite,  a  continuance  of  testing  operations  at  power 
plants,  a  search  for  some  process  of  obtaining  satisfactory  briquettes 
from  raw  lignite  and  lignite  coke,  the  obtaining  of  Railway  preferen- 
tial rates  on  local  lignite.  The  Regina  Standard  (Dec.  18)  pictured 
the  possibilities  as  follows :  "  Down  to  the  south  of  Regina,  Mr.  Wynne- 
Roberts  has  created  in  his  vision,  a  great  Power  station,  utilizing  the 
Lignite  coal  which  lies  in  its  billions  of  tons  just  below  the  surface,  in 
generating  an  electric  current  which  will  transform  the  southern  part 
of  the  Province  from  a  purely  agricultural  country,  with  a  few  cities 
which  are  merely  distributing  centres,  into  a  great  industrial  as  well 
as  agricultural  field,  with  light  and  heat  cheaply  installed  in  all  homes, 
with  electric  railways  radiating  in  all  directions,  with  Cities  and  towns 
supplied  with  cheap  gas  and  electric  power  to  manufacture  what  they 
now  merely  distribute.  Such  is  his  vision  and  he  is  a  practical  man 
of  science !" 

The  Regina  cyclone  of  June  30th  was  not  only  the  first  important 
case  of  the  kind  in  Canadian  history  but  it  was  an  event  calling  for 
prompt  action  by  Governments  and  individuals  alike.  Of  the  dark- 
ness and  disaster,  the  dust  and  debris,  the  deaths  and  destruction  of 
buildings  and  property,  which  came  about  in  a  minute  of  time  much 
was  written ;  yet  within  a  few  months  it  was  almost  impossible  to  find 
visible  proofs  of  the  event.  The  first  estimates  of  loss  were  28  dead 
and  hundreds  injured,  the  destruction  of  500  homes  and  a  loss  of  Six 
millions.  These  figures  proved  to  be  greatly  exaggerated.  Some 
damage  was  done  to  farms  outside  and  near  the  City — a  loss  of  about 
$30,000  with  one  person  killed  and  10  injured.  Help  came  quicklv 
and  in  varied  forms.  On  July  8th  a  letter  was  received  by  Mayor  P. 
McAra  from  Hon.  Walter  Scott  stating  that  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment would  place  $500,000  at  the  disposal  of  the  City  to  be  loaned 
out  for  purposes  of  re-building.  The  Federal  Government  was  asked 
for  a  loan  of  $1,000,000  for  this  purpose  and  a  Delegation  went  to 
Ottawa  in  order  to  obtain  it  but  were  told  that  Parliamentary  sanc- 
tion must  first  be  granted.  On  the  above  date  Hon.  W.  T.  White 
telegraphed  that  the  Government  would  contribute  $30,000  to  the 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN    537 

Relief  Fund.     This  totalled  $214,000  by  July  27th  and  the  chief 
contributions  were  as  follows: 

Federal  Government   $30,000      Saskatchewan  Government $25,000 

Mayor  McAra    1,000      City  of  Lethbridge    1,000 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce. .  5,000      Portage    la    Prairie 1,000 

Bank  of  Montreal 5,000      Mackenzie  &  Mann  Ltd 5,000 

City   of   Fort   William 2,000      City  of  Vancouver     1,000 

Leader    Publishing   Co 2,000      National    Trust    Co 1,000 

City    of    Saskatoon 1,000      City  of  Prince    Albert    2,000 

Bank  of  Ottawa * 1,000      Regina  Hotelmen 2,343 

City    of    Weyburn 1,500      J.    I.    Case   Co 1,000 

Saskatchewan    Insurance    Co..  1,000      City  of  Calgary    5.000 

City  of  St.    John    1,000      Toronto  Board  of  Trade 1,000 

City  of  Brandon     2,000      City  of  Macleod    1,000 

City  of  Edmonton    5,000  Canadian  Manufacturers  Ass'n  18,000 

St.  John  Ambulance  Ass'n 2,000      City  of  Port    Arthur    2,000 

City  of  Montreal    3,000      City  of  Hamilton   1,000 

City  of  Toronto    5,000      Canadian    Pacific    Ry 5,000 

Calgary   Herald    2,000  Government  of  British  Colum- 

City  of  St.    Boniface    1,000          bia     5,000 

International   Harvester   Co...  1,000  Saskatchewan     Licensed     Vic- 
Trust  &   Loan   Co 1,000          tuallers    1,000 

P.    Lyall   &   Sons 1,000      Regina  Board  of  Trade 5,000 

Parry  &  Stunock 1,000      Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Ry 5,000 

Judge    Brown    1,000  Security     National     Insurance 

City  of  Winnipeg 5,000          Co 1,250 

Government  of  Manitoba    10,000      Government  of  Alberta   10,000 

Under  the  terms  of  a  1912  Act  the  Highway  Commission  was 
created  to  administer  a  Provincial  Fund  of  $5,000,000  granted  by  the 
Legislature,  with  $1,500,000  to  be  expended  in  the  current  year.  Since 
1905  when  the  Province  was  organized  the  Department  of  Public 
Works  had  spent  annually  on  the  improvement  and  maintenance  of 
roads  from  $200,000  to  $700,000.  A.  J.  McPherson  (Chairman), 
Charles  W.  Dill  and  H.  S.  Carpenter,  Deputy  Minister  of  Public 
Works,  were  appointed  Commissioners.  On  Oct.  31  a  Delegation  from 
the  Union  of  Saskatchewan  Municipalities  waited  on  the  Minister  of 
Municipal  Affairs  (Mr.  Langley)  and  asked  that  the  Civic  bonusing 
of  industries  be  forbidden;  that  the  purchaser  of  land  at  a  tax  sale 
be  compelled  to  have  his  purchase  confirmed  or  registered ;  that  Police 
Constables  be  allowed  to  arrest,  without  a  warrant,  persons  guilty  of 
a  breach  of  City  by-laws. 

The  Conservative  Opposition  in  Saskatchewan  saw  many  changes 
in  1912.  It  passed  through  a  fighting  Session  of  the  Legislature  and 
the  trials  of  a  General  Election  and  then  faced  a  change  of  leadership. 
It  was  understood  after  the  Elections  that  F.  W.  G.  Haultain,  K.C., 
who  had  led  the  Conservative  or  Provincial  Rights  Party  since  the 
organization  of  the  Province  in  1905,  would  accept  the  position  of 
Chief  Justice  of  Saskatchewan  which  the  Hon.  E.  L.  Wetmore  was 
about  to  vacate.  A  Conservative  Convention  for  the  Province  was 
therefore  called  to  meet  at  Prince  Albert  on  Oct.  23rd  in  order  to 
receive  his  resignation  and  elect  a  successor.  The  Delegates  num- 
bered 300  and  Dr.  W.  D.  Cowan,  President  of  the  Provincial  Conser- 
vative Association,  was  in  the  chair.  H.  W.  Laird  of  Regina,  the 
retiring  Secretary  and  chief  Party  organizer  in  the  late  campaign, 
was  given  a  vote  of  appreciation  and  a  gold  watch. 

Resolutions  were  passed  ( 1 )  approving  the  new  Federal  Home- 
stead regulations  of  Hon.  R.  Rogers;  (2)  condemning  the  administra- 


538 

tion  by  the  Local  Government  of  the  Election  Act  "  whereby  persons 
who  were  not  entitled  to  vote  were  placed  on  the  lists  and  others  who 
were  entitled  to  vote  were  omitted  therefrom,  and  many  were  allowed 
and  induced  to  vote  who  were  not  British  subjects";  (3)  denouncing 
the  action  of  the  Liberal  Members  of  the  Senate  in  blocking  the 
Tariff  Commission  and  Federal  Good  Eoads  policy  which  had  been 
endorsed  by  a  big  majority  of  the  electors;  (4)  expressing  confidence 
in  Mr.  E.  L.  Borden  "for  his  devotion  to  public  duty,  for  the  high 
ideals  of  public  service  which  he  has  brought  to  the  Premiership  and 
for  the  able  manner  in  which  he  has  directed  the  affairs  of  the  Fed- 
eral Government*';  (5)  endorsing  the  work  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment in  the  rapid  construction  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Eailway,  thus 
assuring  to  the  Western  people  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  shortest  out- 
let to  the  markets  of  the  world;  (6)  censuring  the  alleged  efforts  of 
the  Provincial  Government  to  bribe  and  corrupt  the  electors  with  open 
promises  and  pledges  of  the  people's  money  for  public  expenditure. 
Finally  the  Convention  placed  on  record  its  appreciation  of  "  the  long, 
faithful  and  efficient  services  rendered  by  Hon.  F.  W.  G.  Haultain, 
K.C.,  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  Northwest  Territories  and  this 
Province,"  -and  declared  that  this  service,  dating  from  the  institution 
of  Government  in  the  Northwest  Territories,  embraced  practically  the 
entire  history  of  the  West  and  had  won  approval  and  commenda- 
tion alike  from  friend  and  opponent.  A.  B.  Gillis,  M.L.A.,  James 
McKay,  M.P.,  Dr.  T.  A.  Patrick  and  Dr.  W.  Elliott  spoke  along  similar 
lines  and  Mr.  Haultain  was  given  a  farewell  ovation  to  which  he  briefly 
responded.  W.  B.  Willoughby,  M.L.A.,  of  Moose  Jaw,  a  new  member 
of  the  Legislature,  an  energetic  politician  and  a  good  speaker,  was 
elected  Leader  of  the  Opposition.  The  officers  of  the  Association  were 
chosen  as  follows: 

Hon.   President James  McKay.   K.C.,  M.P Prince   Albert. 

Hon.  Vice-President W.   B.   Willoughby,   M.L.A Moose  Jaw. 

President    J.   K.   Erratt Moose  Jaw. 

1st    VIce-Presldent James   Wilson    Saskatoon. 

2nd  VIce-Presldent J.  Foley    North  Battleford. 

Secretary   W.  U.   Munns Moose    Jaw. 

Treasurer   Dr.   Cullum    Regina. 

The  tributes  to  the  new  Chief  Justice  were  many  and  apparently 
sincere — perhaps  the  most  notable  coming  from  the  Saskatoon  Phcenix 
(Oct.  26)  one  of  the  ablest  Liberal  papers  in  the  Province:  "He  has 
been  associated  with  the  political  life  of  this  Western  country  from 
the  earliest  times  that  it  could  be  said  to  have  had  any  political  exist- 
ence and  his  connection  has  been  an  active  and  prominent  one  and  not 
merely  perfunctory  and  associative.  The  work  which  he  has  done  is 
substantial  and  valuable  and  more  so  because  it  was  done  at  a  time 
when  the  foundations  were  being  laid  and  the  start  being  given  to 
the  life  of  these  new  Provinces  which  were  evolved  out  of  the  old 
territories  and  possessions  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company."  Mr.  Haul- 
tain's  retirement  left  South  Qu'Appelle  vacant  and  on  Dec.  4th,  the 
Bye-election  took  place  after  a  vigorous  fight  between  Joseph  Glenn 
of  Indian  Head  (Cons.)  and  David  Railton  of  Sintaluta  (Lib.).  The 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICAL  EVENTS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN    539 

contest  was  fought  by  the  Government  on  its  administrative  record 
and  the  need  of  Reciprocity;  as  to  which  latter  subject  Mr.  Glenn 
said  in  an  Address  to  the  Electors :  "  I  do  not  consider  Reciprocity  an 
issue,  as  it  is  a  purely  Federal  matter,  but  I  may  at  once  say,  that  if 
means  could  be  found  for  a  more  profitable  disposal  of  the  products  of 
this  Province  without  injuring  or  impairing  the  commercial  prospects 
of  other  Provinces,  or  of  the  Dominion  as  a  whole,  then  I  shall  do  all 
I  can  to  procure  those  means."  Mr.  Haultain's  majority  had  been  47 ; 
Mr.  Glenn  held  his  seat  by  14. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  announcement  on  Aug.  8th  that 
the  Dominion  Government  would  erect  Armouries  costing  $200,000 
in  Regina;  the  vigorous  personal  rivalry  between  Dr.  W.  D.  Cowan 
and  H.  W.  Laird  of  Regina  at  the  Provincial  Conservative  Conven- 
tion which  was  explained,  from  his  point  of  view,  by  Dr.  Cowan  in 
a  sarcastic  letter  to  the  Regina  Standard  on  Oct.  26;  the  retirement 
of  S.  P.  Porter  in  January  from  his  post  of  Deputy  Minister  of  Rail- 
ways and  Telephones  and  of  Dr.  T.  E.  Perrett,  Principal  of  the  Regina 
Normal  School  in  December  to  accept  a  position  in  the  City  Schools; 
the  large  banquet  of  400  people  tendered  Hon.  G.  A.  Bell  at  Estevan 
(Aug.  28)  in  honour  of  his  entrance  to  the  Cabinet;  the  statement  by 
C.  B.  Keenleyside,  Temperance  organizer,  in  the  Christian  Guardian 
(Mch.  6)  that  "the  Local  Option  law  in  Saskatchewan  is  a  driveling 
farce  and  the  enforcement  of  the  liquor  laws,  thus  far,  a  caricature  " ; 
the  controversy  between  the  Regina  Leader  and  Province  as  to  the 
control  of  their  respective  papers  and  the  statement  of  the  Conserva- 
tive organ  (Dec.  17)  that  "  the  names  of  the  men  who  control  75 
per  cent,  of  the  stock  of  this  paper  are  A.  L.  Gordon,  J.  A.  Westman, 
H.  W.  Laird,  J.  F.  Anderson,  J.  F.  L.  Embury,  J.  F.  Bryant,  Dr. 
Cullum  and  J.  F.  Lunney  "  and  that  these  men  were  all  residents  of 
Regina,  while  another  15  per  cent,  of  the  stock  was  owned  in  Saskat- 
chewan and  the  remainder  in  other  parts  of  Canada;  the  tarring  and 
feathering  of  the  Editor  of  the  Kelliher  Echo  (perhaps  the  first  case 
in  Western  Canada)  in  November  as  the  result  of  a  local  feud;  the 
banquet  given  by  the  Saskatchewan  Bar  Association  on  Nov.  22nd  to 
the  Hon.  E.  L.  Wetmore,  retiring  Chief  Justice  of  the  Province.  The 
following  were  the  chief  Provincial  appointments  of  the  year  : 

Live-Stock   Commissioner J.  C.   Smith,  B.S.A Regina. 

Inspector  of  Schools W.  H.  Magee,  B.A.,  Ph.D.  North  Battleford. 

Superintendent   of   Insurance Edward  J.  Wright Regina. 

Principal  of  Normal   School R.  A,  Wilson,  Ph.D Regina. 

Assistant    Superintendent    of    Insur- 
ance   Wm.    M.    Omand Regina. 

Superintendent   of   Education Duncan   P.    McColl Regina. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Education Augustus  H.  Ball Regina. 


540  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  seven  weeks  term  of  the  last  Session  of  the  2nd 
The  i.a«t          Legislature  of  Saskatchewan  was  notable  for  two  rea- 

the*£i  °f  sons-  Jt  was  held  for  the  ?rst  time  in  the  sPlendid  new 
Saskatchewan  Parliament  Buildings  and  it  was  the  scene  of  the  stormy 
legislature  and  energetic  debates  which  usually  precede  a  General 
Election.  The  opening  ceremony  took  place  on  Jan. 
25th  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  by  His  Honour  George  W.  Brown 
which  first  referred  to  the  new  Chamber  in  which  they  met  and 
expressed  the  hope  that  this  Session  would  be  the  beginning  of  an 
epoch  in  the  history  of  the  Province  and  in  the  moral,  material  and 
social  welfare  of  its  people.  The  Lieut.-Governor  then  referred  to 
the  formal  dedication  which  was  to  come  later  at  the  hands  of  H.K.H. 
the  Governor-General,  mentioned  the  Coronation  and  the  coming  of 
the  Duke  of  Connaught  to  Canada;  dealt  with  the  gratifying  nature 
of  the  Census  figures  as  they  affected  Saskatchewan  and  hoped  in 
another  ten  years  to  rival  the  •  older  and  larger  Provinces  of  the 
Dominion;  regretted  the  abnormal  climatic  conditions  of  the  past 
year  but  stated  that  in  spite  of  this  the  aggregate  grain  crop  of  the 
Province  had  exceeded  that  of  any  previous  season.  "  In  fact,  it  has 
been  so  great  as  completely  to  overtax  all  the  facilities  provided  for 
taking  care  of  it  as  marketed.  The  conditions  prevailing  during  the 
past  few  months  so  clearly  indicate  the  inadequacy  of  the  existing 
terminal,  storage,  and  railway  facilities  that  it  is  earnestly  hoped  that 
every  endeavour  will  be  made  by  all  upon  whom  the  responsibility 
rests  to  prevent  a  repetition  of  this  season's  experiences." 

Reference  was  made  to  the  Government's  effort  to  obtain  from 
the  Federal  authorities  the  control  of  the  natural  resources  of  the 
Province  and  to  the  success,  during  its  first  year,  of  the  Saskatchewan 
Co-operative  Elevator  Co.  "  Five  Elevators  have  been  purchased 
outright  and  39  others  constructed  in  the  most  modern  and  efficient 
manner,  by  which  means  facilities  for  the  handling  and  storage  of 
1,210,000  bushels  of  grain  have  been  furnished ;  in  addition  to  all  the 
facilities  afforded  by  private  enterprise."  Arrangements  were  stated 
to  be  practically  complete,  in  conjunction  with  the  three  great  Rail- 
way Companies  operating  in  the  Province,  for  a  careful  examination 
into  the  question  of  the  feasibility  and  cost  of  diverting  the  water  of 
the  south  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan  River  and  its  disposition  over 
a  large  area  for  the  general  benefit  of  the  country.  Information  had 
been  collected  by  the  Government  to  place  before  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion in  connection  with  the  problem  of  freight  and  express  rates; 
efforts  had  been  made  and  would  be  continued  to  bring  experienced 
farm  labourers  and  domestic  servants  to  the  Province;  a  Measure 
would  be  introduced  providing  better  protection  for  the  farmers  from 
hailstorms,  and  another  increasing  Railway  facilities,  while  Bills  deal- 
ing with  other  requirements  were  promised. 

The  Hon.  W.  C.  Sutherland  was  Speaker,  the  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder, 
in  the  Premier's  absence,  acted  as  Leader  of  the  House ;  the  Address 
was  moved  by  J.  A.  Sheppard  of  Moose  Jaw  and  J.  F.  Bole  of  Regina 
and  passed  without  division  after  a  short  debate.  F.  W.  G.  Haultain, 


THE  LAST  SESSION  OF  THE  2ND  SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATURE    541 

the  Opposition  Leader,  in  replying  to  the  references  to  Car-shortage 
and  grain  blockade  said :  "  Years  ago  high  freight  grievances  were 
heard  of.  If  farmers  are  not  able  to  ship  their  wheat,  if  elevators  are 
inadequate  and  rates  high,  what  has  the  Government  done?  It  is 
hardly  right  to  wake  up  now  and  attempt  to  throw  the  responsibility 
on  somebody  else.  The  story  of  distress  to-day  is  a  story  of  neglect 
and  mal-administration  on  the  part  of  the  Government/'  Other  Pro- 
vinces, he  said,  had  obtained  control  of  rates.  As  to  roads  the  record 
was  said  to  be  one  of  decreased  expenditure  since  1906  except  in  the 
Election  year  of  1908.  In  the  matter  of  natural  resources  the  Opposi- 
tion stood  where  it  had  always  stood  and  wanted,  not  a  portion,  but  all 
the  public  domain.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Haultain  asked  the  Gov- 
ernment if  it  was  aware  that  from  the  sale  of  pre-emptions  and  pur- 
chase of  homesteads  in  Saskatchewan,  alone,  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment had  received  from  $15,000,000  to  $18,000,000. 

Mr.  Calder,  in  reply,  denied  Government  responsibility  for  the 
shipping  conditions.  There  had  been  a  tremendous  crop,  and  on  the 
other  hand,  the  three  Railway  companies  operating  in  Western  Canada 
had  fallen  down  in  several  particulars  and  particularly  in  respect  to 
terminal  facilities.  The  Scott  Government  was  not  responsible  for 
conditions  in  Manitoba,  at  Port  Arthur,  or  at  Fort  William.  In  so 
far  as  the  whole  of  the  West  was  concerned,  it  was  facing  one  of  the 
biggest  of  problems  and  it  was  incumbent  upon  all  parties  to  do  their 
best  to  solve  it.  As  to  the  Railways  the  fault  was  not  with  cars  or 
motive  power  but  with  the  Terminal  facilities.  In  the  matter  of 
branch  Railways  the  Government  had  originally  outlined  a  programme 
of  1,600  miles  of  railroad  extensions  and  of  these  1,600  miles,  about 
1,000  miles  now  had  the  rails  laid,  the  remainder  were  under  con- 
struction, and  new  arrangements  were  pending. 

Following  this  discussion  G.  A.  Bell  (Lib.)  presented  a  Resolution 
on  Feb.  2nd  asking  the  Government  to  obtain  "  full  information  as  to 
(a)  the  feasibility  and  cost  of  developing  and  transmitting  electrical 
power  generated  at  the  coal-fields  in  Saskatchewan  and  (6)  the  most 
economical  form  and  manner  in  which  lignite  coal  may  be  used  as  a 
fuel  for  domestic  purposes."  After  a  debate  the  motion  passed  with- 
out division.  On  the  6th  a  keen  and  angry  debate  was  precipitated 
by  a  Liberal  Resolution  moved  by  J.  D.  Stewart  and  seconded  by 
J.  W.  MacNeill  describing  the  Reciprocity  motion  of  Mch.  8,  1911, 
as  the  official  pronouncement  of  the  Assembly  upon  a  matter  of  "  para- 
mount importance  to  the  people  of  Saskatchewan  " ;  and  proposing  to 
censure  the  Opposition  members  of  the  Assembly  who  voted  for  the 
Resolution  and  then  opposed  Reciprocity  or  its  candidates  in  the 
Elections.  The  motion  concluded  as  follows: 

Whereas,  the  conditions  surrounding  the  marketing,  warehousing 
and  transporting  of  the  grain  crop  of  Saskatchewan  harvested  during  the 
year  1911  have  demonstrated  more  clearly  than  ever  the  disadvantages 
under  which  the  producers  of  Saskatchewan  are  labouring  and  it  is 
expedient  for  that  reason  that  this  Assembly  re-affirm  its  endorsation  of 
the  policy  embodied  in  the  aforesaid  Reciprocal  trade  arrangement; 
Therefore,  be  it  resolved,  that  this  House  regrets  the  action  taken  by 


542  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  said  several  Members  of  this  Assembly  during  the  recent  Dominion 
election  campaign  as  above  set  out;  And  that  this  House  re-affirm  its 
adherence  to  the  policy  embodied  in  the  aforesaid  proposed  Reciprocal 
trade  arrangement  between  Canada  and  the  United  States  and  is  of  the 
opinion  that  every  effort  should  continue  to  be  made  to  secure  to  the 
people  of  Saskatchewan  the  benefits  contained  in  the  trade  arrangements. 

The  debate  which  followed  covered  a  wide  field  with  the  grain 
shipment  troubles  as  the  central  theme,  denunciation  of  "big  inter- 
ests "  and  eastern  monopolies  as  the  salt  and  savour  of  debate  on  the 
Government  side.  Home  Rule  for  Ireland,  Cobden  and  the  Corn 
laws,  the  Cement  Merger,  Free  Trade  and  Protection  in  many  forms, 
were  discussed.  The  only  amendment  offered  was  by  two  Liberals 
which  proposed  to  delete  the  paragraphs  of  censure  regarding  certain 
Members  and  to  leave  the  Resolution  simply  a  re-affirmation  of  Reci- 
procity support.  This  was  accepted  on  the  8th  by  27  to  12 — the 
Opposition  voting  against  the  amendment  and,  incidentally,  Reci- 
procity. F.  C.  Tate  and  G.  B.  Johnston  of  the  Opposition  voted  with 
the  Government.  It  is  not  necessary  to  -review  the  speeches  here. 
Mr.  Tate,  H.  H.  Willway,  J.  E.  Bradshaw  and  D.  J.  Wylie  defended 
their  attitude  in  the  Elections  largely  upon  the  ground  that  the  orig- 
inal Resolution  had  been  too  hastily  and  slightly  considered. 

All  the  speeches  turned  more  or  less  upon  Mr.  Haultain's  own 
change  of  view — the  Liberals  making  capital  out  of  it  and  the  Oppo- 
sition declaring  the  current  Resolution  to  be  simply  an  unwise  and 
undignified  attack  on  their  side  of  the  House.  Mr.  Haultain  spoke 
on  the  7th.  What,  he  asked,  was  the  present  Resolution  ?  "  It  contained 
certain  recitals,  namely,  that  a  Resolution  had  been  passed  by  the 
House ;  that  certain  Members  who  supported  that  Resolution  in  March 
voted  and  worked  against  Reciprocity  in  September;  then  it  went  on 
to  deal  with  the  housing  and  transporting  of  grain.  But  what  had 
that  to  do  with  Reciprocity?  Would  Reciprocity  have  enlarged  our 
elevator  capacity  ?  Would  we  have  had  more  machinery  for  the  drying 
of  grain  ?  What  had  Reciprocity  to  do  with  the  warehousing  of  grain 
during  this  particular  season?"  The  Opposition  Leader  did  not  go 
very  largely  into  his  own  personal  views  but  declared  that  he  had 
nothing  to  apologize  for  and  that  he  re-asserted  the  right  to  change 
his  opinion.  If  the  Borden  Government  would  not  grant  Reciprocity 
it  was  at  least  willing  to  give  almost  everything  else  the  Western 
farmer  asked  for  and  at  this  point  he  denied  an  assertion  by  Mr. 
George  Langley,  who  had  preceded  him,  that  Mr.  Borden  had  broken 
a  promise  as  to  Terminal  Elevators  and  read  the  following  telegram 
just  received :  "  The  statement  you  bring  to  my  attention  is  utterly 
untrue.  The  Bill  now  before  Parliament  includes  powers  for  pur- 
chase, lease  or  appropriation  of  Terminal  Elevators.  An  appropria- 
tion will  be  placed  in  the  supplementary  estimates  for  this  purpose. 
R.  L.  Borden."  The  Hon.  W.  F.  A.  Turgeon  and  Mr.  Calder  followed 
for  the  Government  and  dealt  with  Reciprocity  as  a  sound  principle 
which  must  eventually  be  approved  by  the  country.  The  Acting- 
Premier  put  the  situation  as  follows : 


THE  LAST  SESSION  OP  THE  2ND  SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATUEE    543 

There  are  three  great  problems  before  the  West.  The  first  of  them  is 
the  transportation  problem  which  does  not  apply  to  this  Province  alone. 
Much  larger  terminals  are  required,  more  mileage  and  equipment  are 
desired.  Secondly,  there  is  the  freight  rates  question.  All  recognize  that 
the  Railways  are  charging  much  more  than  they  are  charging  in  other 
parts  of  Canada.  The  third  question  is  one  of  a  restricted  market.  The 
Opposition  may  talk  as  long  as  they  like,  but  they  can  not  convince  the 
farmers  that  they  are  not  suffering  by  being  kept  out  of  the  American 
market.  Of  the  three  problems,  the  most  important  is  that  of  finding 
another  market. 

A  Eesolution  was  unanimously  passed  on  Feb.  12  describing  the  suc- 
cess of  Mr.  Seager  Wheeler,  of  Rosthern,  in  winning  the  Shaughnessey 
Prize  of  $1,000  at  the  Land  Exhibition  in  New  York,  for  the  best 
milling  wheat  grown  on  the  continent,  and  congratulating  him  and 
the  Province  upon  his  victory ;  another,  on  the  13th,  authorized  a  Gov- 
ernment guarantee  of  repayment  of  moneys  borrowed  for  the  purchase 
and  distribution  of  seed  grain  in  the  Province  under  the  authority  of 
municipal  by-laws  and  this  was  afterwards  presented  and  passed  as  an 
Act;  a  motion  on  the  19th  asked  the  Dominion  Government  to  remove 
the  duty  on  steel  rails  and  not  to  re^impose  it  "  until  such  time  as 
the  Rail  Mills  of  Canada  are  capable  of  supplying  the  steel  required 
for  the  construction  of  Canadian  railways  "  and  later  in  the  Session 
the  Dominion  Government  was  congratulated  on  not  renewing  the 
Bounties;  another  Resolution  approved  the  Provincial  Government's 
action  in  having  the  people  represented  by  competent  Counsel  in  the 
current  inquiry  of  the  Railway  Commission  as  to  freight  rates  west 
of  Lake  Superior. 

All  these  Resolutions  were  debated  and  though  passed  without 
division  the  Opposition  had  criticisms  tto  offer  and  suggestions  to 
make.  So  with  a  Resolution  moved  by  H.  C.  Lisle  and  A.  S.  Smith 
(Liberals)  on  Feb.  23rd  which  reiterated  the  Resolution  of  Feb.  3, 
1911,  declaring  that  the  Dominion  Government  should  place  the  lands 
set  apart  for  Provincial  School  purposes  under  Provincial  control  and 
added :  "  The  Government  of  Saskatchewan  should  continue  to  urge 
upon  the  Federal  authorities  the  desirability  of  having  transferred  to 
the  Province  at  an  early  date  the  control  and  administration  of  the 
said  Endowment."  Another  Resolution,  moved  by  T.  H.  Garry  and 
H.  C.  Pierce,  following  this,  declared  it  the  duty  of  the  Canadian 
Parliament  to  place  Saskatchewan  "  on  the  same  basis  of  equality  as 
the  other  Provinces  of  Canada  with  regard  to  the  taxation  of  rail- 
ways and  that  for  this  purpose  early  action  should  be  taken  by  the 
Federal  Government  to  provide  for  the  removal  of  the  unjust  and 
unfair  exemption  from  taxation  which  was  granted  to  the  C.P.R.  by 
its  charter  and  which  ever  since  has  imposed  upon  our  people  a  special 
burden." 

The  usual  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  Resolution  *  was  proposed  on 
Mch.  6  by  Gerhard  Ens  and  H.  C.  Lisle  (Liberals)  in  the 
form  of  a  request  to  the  Federal  Government  to  "  complete  with- 
out delay  the  necessary  line  of  railway  to  a  port  on  the  Hudson's 
Bay  and  also  that  all  necessary  arrangements  be  made  to  provide  a 


544 

line  of  suitable  steamers  to  be  operated  from  the  said  port  of  Hudson's 
Bay  to  Great  Britain."  H.  H.  Willway  and  J.  E.  Bradshaw  for  the 
Opposition  moved  that,  in  addition,  it  be  resolved  that  "  the  said 
Railway  should  be  owned  and  controlled  through  an  independent  Com- 
mission as  a  Government  Railway."  This  was  met  by  J.  D.  Stewart 
and  J.  0.  Nolin  (Liberals)  proposing  that  "  the  Government  of 
Canada  should  in  the  interests  of  the  people  hold  and  own  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Railway  and  that  such  arrangement  should  be  made  for  its 
operation  directly  by  the  Government,  by  an  independent  Commis- 
sion, or  otherwise,  as  will  secure  to  the  people  of  Western  Canada  for 
all  time  to  come  absolute  control  by  the  Government  over  all  rates, 
tolls  and  other  tariffs  to  be  charged."  This  Amendment  to  the  Amend- 
ment was  accepted  by  18  to  10. 

Following-  this  on  Mch.  7th  came  a  Resolution  presented  by  the 
Opposition  (W.  Elliott  and  J.  E.  Bradshaw)  describing  the  importance 
and  expensive  character  of  Higher  Education  and  the  equipment  of 
a  University;  pointing  out  that  the  University  of  Saskatchewan  had 
neither  cash  nor  land  endowment;  repeating  a  Resolution  of  Dec.  18, 
1909,  which  urged  the  Dominion  Government  to  "  create  out  of  the 
public  domain  within  the  Province  a  suitable  land  endowment  for 
the  University  "  and  expressing  regret  at  the  inaction  of  the  Provin- 
cial Government  in  not  pressing  this  subject  at  Ottawa.  Messrs. 
Calder  and  Motherwell  of  the  Government  moved  an  amendment  to 
the  latter  part  of  the  motion  that  "  Whereas,  notwithstanding  the 
representations  made  by  the  Government  of  Saskatchewan  to  the 
Federal  authorities,  no  action  has  been  taken  by  the  Government  of 
Canada  to  provide  for  the  said  Endowment ;  and  whereas  the  Govern- 
ment of  Canada  has  recently  declared  its  intention  to  transfer  the 
public  domain  to  the  three  Prairie  Provinces;  Therefore,  in  the 
opinion  of  this  House  the  question  of  the  creation  of  a  University 
Endowment  should  rest  in  abeyance  until  such  time  as  the  public 
domain  is  transferred  to  the  Province."  The  Amendment  was 
approved  by  22  to  12.  A  Government  Resolution  proposed  by  Hon. 
W.  R.  Motherwell  and  George  Langley  was  carried  (22  to  12)  on 
Mch.  7th  as  an  amendment  to  an  Opposition  motion  declaring  that 
the  Government  should  take  steps  to  obtain  information  regarding 
the  feasibility  of  establishing  a  Provincial  system  of  internal  storage 
elevators.  After  recapitulating  certain  conditions  in  the  premises  it 
was  stated  that 

In  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  Government  of  Canada  should  insti- 
tute an  inquiry  to  determine  if  any  system  of  interior  storage  is  commer- 
cially feasible  and  such  as  will  tend  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  the 
present  unfortunate  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Province  due  to  the  lack 
of  outlets  and  such  additional  markets  as  would  tend  to  keep  pace  with 
our  exportable  surplus — Including  off-grade  grain. 

One  of  the  important  debates  of  the  Session  turned  on  a  Resolution 
presented  (Mch.  8)  by  George  Langley  and  J.  A.  Sheppard  (Lib- 
erals) expressing  regret  that  the  Dominion  Government  had  as  yet 
taken  no  action  on  the  declaration  of  Mch.  16th,  1911,  in  favour  of 


THE  LAST  SESSION  OF  THE  2ND  SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATURE    545 

the  transfer  of  control  and  ownership  of  Natural  resources  and  urging 
the  Provincial  Government  to  continue  pressing  this  matter  upon  the 
Ottawa  authorities.  This  brought  Mr.  Haultain  and  the  Opposition 
into  what  proved  a  vigorous  and  hard-hitting  debate.  Ever  since  1905 
they  had  resented,  criticized,  and  denounced  the  Government's 
arrangement  with  the  Dominion  by  which  certain  large  Subsidies  and 
grants  were  accepted  by  Saskatchewan  in  compensation  for  the  Fed- 
eral power  retaining  control  of  lands  and  natural  resources.  Condi- 
tions, however,  had  since  greatly  changed  and  the  revenues  of  1905 
did  not  appear  quite  as  large  in  1911  when  the  Scott  Government 
decided  to  try  and  obtain  control  of  Provincial  lands  and  resources. 
When,  therefore,  the  Government  proposed  in  1912  to  reiterate  its 
Eesolution  of  1911  and  to  mark  again  its  change  of  policy  the  Opposi- 
tion presented  an  Amendment  moved  by  A.  B.  Gillis  and  W.  Elliott 
as  follows: 

1.  In  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  Resolution  adopted  on  the  10th  of 
March,  1911,  does  not  adequately  set  forth  the  just  claims  of  Saskatchewan 
with  regard  to  the  lands,  minerals  and  timber  of  the  Province.     This 
House  is  further  of  the  opinion  that:    (a)   in  the  establishment  of  the 
Province  the  important  principle  of  absolute  equality  among  the  Provinces 
of  the  Dominion,  which  is  the  only  sure  guarantee  of  the  permanency  of 
the  Confederation  structure,  was  not  adhered  to  in  regard  to  the  lands, 
minerals,  timber  and  waters  of  the  Province;   (b)  the  people  of  this  Pro- 
vince held  and  hold  the  view  that  when  the  Province  was  established  it 
was  only  fair,  and  proper  that  the  land,  timber,  minerals  and  water  therein 
should  be  handed  over  to  the  people  dwelling  there  to  be  managed  and 
owned  by  them  in  the  same  way  as  in  most  of  the  other  Provinces  in  the 
Dominion;    (c)   the  people  of  the  Province  further  ask  for  and  expect 
that  compensation  for  the  lands,  minerals,  timber  and  waters  of  the  Pro- 
vince alienated  for  Federal  purposes  should  be  made  to  the  Province  by 
the  Dominion;   (d)  the  lands  and  other  public  resources  of  the  Province 
can  be  managed  more  efficiently,  economically  and  satisfactorily  by  the 
Province  than  by  Canada  and  there  was  and  is  no  good  reason  for  a 
departure  from  the  principle  of  the  Confederation  Act  in  the  case  of  the 
Province  of  Saskatchewan. 

2.  This  House  dissents  from  the  principle  of  a  money  grant  in  lieu 
of  lands,  contained  in  The  Saskatchewan  Act,  and  claims  that  the  com- 
pensation granted  by  that  Act  is  manifestly  unfair  and  inadequate. 

3.  This  House  is  of  the  opinion  that  a  policy  of  administering  the 
agricultural  land  of  the  Province  in  the  interest  of  settlement  and  coloni- 
zation by  a  homestead  and  pre-emption  system  should  be  followed  out  by 
the  Province  in  the  event  of  its  acquiring  control  of  Its  lands  and  that, 
therefore,  negotiations  should  at  once  be  commenced  by  the  Government 
of  Saskatchewan  with  a  view  to  obtaining  from  the  Dominion   (1)   the 
beneficial  interest  in  and  control  of  all  Crown  lands,  minerals,  timber 
and  waters  in  the  Province;   (2)  compensation  for  all  lands  alienated  by 
the   Dominion   for  purely  Federal  purposes   including   purchased   home- 
steads and  pre-emptions;    (3)   the  extension  of  the  northern  boundaries 
of  the  Province  in  the  same  manner  as  the  other  Provinces  are  dealt  with; 
(4)  a  right  of  way  to  Ports  Nelson  and  Churchill  on  Hudson's  Bay  similar 
to  that  proposed  to  be  granted  to  Ontario. 

An  Amendment  to  the  Amendment  was  moved  by  S.  S.  Simpson  and 
R.  M.  Mitchell  (Liberals)  which  referred  to  the  alleged  promises  of 
the  Borden  Government  to  restore  the  public  lands  and  resources  to 
the  Western  Provinces;  expressed  regret  that  the  Dominion  Govern- 
35 


546  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

ment  had  not  included  Saskatchewan  in  its  settlement  with  Manitoba 
and  requested  the  Provincial  Government  to  urge  upon  the  Dominion 
(1)  a  transfer  of  the  public  domain  to  the  Province,  (2)  full  com- 
pensation for  such  portions  as  had  been  alienated,  (3)  the  securing 
of  access  to  Hudson's  Bay.  This  was  accepted  by  20  to  12  and  then 
Mr.  Haultain  moved  that  negotiations  should  be  at  once  commenced 
for  (1)  "the  beneficial  interest  in  and  control  of  all  Crown  lands, 
minerals,  timber  and  waters  in  the  Province;  (2)  compensation  for 
all  lands  alienated  by  the  Dominion  for  purely  Federal  purposes 
including  purchased  homesteads  and  pre-emptions,  (3)  a  right  of  way 
to  Ports  Nelson  and  Churchill  on  Hudson's  Bay  similar  to  that  pro- 
posed to  be  granted  to  Ontario."  The  somewhat  complicated  pro- 
cedure and  debate  was  settled  on  Mch.  14  by  a  Government  motion 
that  the  Order  of  the  Day  for  the  adjourned  debate  be  discharged 
and  this  was  carried  after  discussion.  A  Government  Amendment  to 
the  original  motion  as  amended  by  Messrs.  Simpson  and  Mitchell  was 
then  moved  by  Messrs.  Calder  and  Turgeon  and  after  some  debate 
carried  without  division: 

That  In  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  Government  of  Saskatchewan 
should  proceed  with  negotiations  with  the  Government  of  Canada  as 
speedily  as  possible  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  about  a  settlement  of  all 
matters  pertaining  or  relating  to  the  question  of  the  ownership  and  con- 
trol of  the  public  domain  within  Saskatchewan  and  more  particularly  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  from  the  Federal  authorities  (1)  a  transfer  to 
the  Province  of  the  public  domain  within  its  limits  now  held  by  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada;  (2)  compensation  to  the  Province  for  all  lands  and  other 
natural  resources  disposed  of  by  the  Dominion  for  Federal  purposes; 
(3)  access  for  the  Province  for  railway  purposes  to  Ports  Nelson  and 
Churchill  on  Hudson's  Bay. 

Both  parties  had  thus  put  themselves  fully  on  record.  Another  Reso- 
lution on  Mch.  15  was  proposed  by  the  Opposition  which  declared 
that  the  Government's  expenditures  on  roads,  culverts  and  small 
bridges,  by  road  and  bridge  gangs,  were  not  in  the  best  interests  of  the 
Province  and  should  be  in  charge  of  the  Councils  of  Rural  Munici- 
palities and  Local  Improvement  Districts.  It  was  rejected  by  21  to 
12.  An  elaborate  Address  to  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General  was  moved 
by  Messrs.  Calder  and  Turgeon  declaring  (1)  that  "  one  of  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  Canadian  Confederation  is  that  all  the  Pro- 
vinces which  form  part  of  the  said  Confederation  should  be  in  a 
position  of  absolute  equality  in  respect  of  legislative  jurisdiction  and 
financial  and  other  assistance,  grants  and  concessions,  received  from 
the  Federal  Government;  and  that  it  has  been  found  necessary  in  the 
past  to  make  such  changes  and  readjustments  as  were  required  from 
time  to  time  to  bring  about,  preserve,  or  restore,  such  equality"; 
claiming  (2)  that  in  respect  to  the  important  power  of  taxation  under 
C.P.R.  exemption  by  Federal  law,  Saskatchewan  was  not  in  this  posi- 
tion of  equality;  alleging  (3)  that  the  principle  of  equality  had  been 
again  infringed  by  the  Boundaries  adjustment  between  Manitoba, 
Ontario  and  Quebec  which  made  it  still  more  imperative  that  imme- 
diate steps  should  be  taken  to  grant  to  Saskatchewan  the  ownership 
and  control  of  her  public  domain. 


THE  LAST  SESSION  OP  THE  2ND  SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATUBE    547 

Then  came  the  usual  Eeciprocity  clause  commencing  with  a 
declaration  that  the  production  of  grain  was  the  most  important 
industry  of  Saskatchewan,  that  its  rapid  increase  made  new  markets 
imperative  and  that  in  view  of  the  United  States  being  one  of  the 
best  and  most  available  of  markets,  "  the  Federal  authorities  should 
endeavour  by  means  of  a  reciprocal  pact  or  otherwise  to  bring  about 
a  removal  of  the  tariff  barrier  that  now  excludes  Saskatchewan  pro- 
ducts from  the  United  States  market."  Finally  it  was  urged  that 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  and  a  line  of  steamers  thence  to  Great 
Britain  were  essential  to  Provincial  progress.  His  Eoyal  Highness 
was  asked  "  to  cause  such  action  to  be  taken  "  as  would  bring  relief  in 
these  directions  to  the  people  of  Saskatchewan.  After  a  debate  in 
which  Mr.  Haultain's  claim  that  the  Address  was  not  in  order  had 
been  rejected  by  the  Speaker  and  the  latter's  ruling  sustained  by  20 
to  13  the  Opposition  Leader  moved  that  the  Section  relating  to  Reci- 
procity be  struck  out  and  a  clause  inserted  asking  for  compensation 
to  the  Province  for  all  lands,  etc.,  disposed  of  by  the  Dominion  for 
Federal  purposes.  A  Party  vote  of  21  to  11  disposed  of  this  and  the 
Address  then  passed. 

There  was  much  important  legislation  during  the  Session.  Under 
the  terms  of  the  Government's  Redistribution  measure  the  number 
of  Seats  was  increased  from  41  to  54.  The  new  ridings  were  chiefly 
created  out  of  the  large  constituencies  to  the  west  and  north — Maple 
Creek,  Moose  Jaw  County,  Lloydminster,  Battleford,  Kinistino  and 
Athabasca — while  in  the  older  settled  portions  of  the  Province  there 
were  comparatively  few  alterations.  The  new  Seats  were  called 
Biggar,  Cumberland,  Delisle,  Gull  Lake,  Kerrobert,  Kindersley, 
Morse,  Melfort,  Pinto  Creek,  Gull  Plain,  Rosthern,  Shellbrook, 
Tramping  Lake,  Thunder  Creek  and  Willow  Bunch.  The  old  Riding 
of  Duck  Lake  was  consolidated  with  Rosthern  and  Prince  Albert 
County  was  eliminated.  Regina  County  disappeared  and  became 
Lumsden.  The  inevitable  charges  of  gerrymandering  were  made  by 
the  Opposition  as  to  Hanley,  Weyburn  and  Pleasant  Hills  in  particu- 
lar. Mr.  Haultain's  criticism  (Mch.  13)  was  that  the  Bill  had  not 
been  framed  according  to  population  so  far  as  urban  constituencies 
were  concerned.  Population  and  area  were  not  the  principles  of  the 
Bill  as  claimed.  On  what  ground  should  one  man  in  the  country 
have  as  much  representation  as  five  men  in  a  city?  If  Regina  had 
30,000  people,  then  the  city  should  have  two  Members.  J.  F.  Bole, 
Liberal  Member  for  Regina,  endeavoured  by  amendment  to  obtain 
another  seat  for  that  City  but  was  unsuccessful.  J.  E.  Bradshaw 
(Cons.)  moved  (Mch.  14)  that  the  Cities  of  Regina,  Moose  Jaw  and 
Prince  Albert  be  given  representation  according  to  population  but  it 
was  voted  down  by  20  to  12  as  re-opening  the  question  of  Rural  vs. 
City  representation. 

A  measure  to  encourage  the  raising  of  pure-bred  horses  was  passed. 
Mr.  Motherwell  announced  in  this  connection  that  a  Professor  of 
Veterinary  Science  would  be  appointed  in  the  Agricultural  College. 
Hon.  Mr.  Turgeon  carried  a  Bill  providing  for  the  investigation  of 


548 

Fires  and  the  appointment  of  a  Fire  Commissioner  with  adequate 
powers  of  inquiry  and  of  report  to  the  Attorney-General;  the  right 
to  create  Fire  Districts  and  appoint  Deputies.  By  another  measure 
license  fees  for  motor  vehicles  were  placed  at  $10  for  the  license  and 
$3.00  for  annual  renewal;  $5.00  for  motor-cycles  and  $2.00  for 
renewal;  $25.00  for  a  Dealer's  annual  license  and  $5.00  for  a  chauf- 
feur with  $2.00  a  year  renewal.  A  Government  Bill  was  passed 
designed  to  protect  workmen  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  build- 
ings and  it  dealt  with  the  erection  of  scaffolds,  handling  of  materials 
and  appointment  of  Inspectors;  under  another  Act  it  was  made, 
illegal  to  employ  white  women  or  girls  in  places  of  business  or  amuse- 
ment kept  by  Orientals;  the  Attorney-General  put  through  legisla- 
tion increasing  Surrogate  Judges'  salaries  from  $500  to  $1,000.  Bills 
were  passed  granting  the  right  to  practice  Medicine  to  two  French 
graduates  of  Laval  University  named  Godin  and  Gravel  who  had  not 
qualified  through  the  Quebec  Medical  Association  and  could  not  meet 
the  examinations  of  the  Saskatchewan  Association  because  they  did 
not  understand  English.  The  demand  for  their  services  was  said  to 
be  very  great  in  the  French  district  where  they  lived. 

The  Government's  Good  Roads  Act  authorized  the  borrowing  of 
$5,000,000  at  a  40-year  term  with  interest  not  exceeding  4  per  cent, 
for  the  construction  and  improvement  of  Public  Highways.  A  Bill 
was  approved  creating  a  Board  of  Highway  Commissioners  made  up 
of  three  Members  with  the  following  duties:  To  lay  out,  plan  and 
determine  upon  a  system  of  public  highways  for  the  Province;  to 
determine  upon  the  most  feasible  and  economic  methods  for  construct- 
ing, improving  and  maintaining  them ;  to  furnish  municipalities  with 
information,  to  appoint  engineers  and  other  officials,  and  to  report 
annually  to  the  Minister  of  Public  Works.  A  new  Insurance  Act 
defined  conditions,  regulations  and  licenses;  authorized  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Superintendent  of  Insurance  with  full  powers  of  inquiry, 
license  and  supervision,  under  the  Minister;  empowered  examination 
of  Assets  and  cancellation  of  licenses  under  certain  conditions;  pro- 
vided a  License  fee  of  $5.00  for  record  and  $100.00  for  a  Provincial 
Company  and  $200.00  for  a  foreign  Company  doing  business  in  the 
Province. 

The  purchase,  sale  or  carrying  of  offensive  weapons  was  forbidden 
except  under  defined  conditions  and  the  City  and  Town  Acts  were 
amended  in  many  details.  The  School  Act  was  amended  to  authorize 
the  appointment  of  a  Superintendent  of  Education  under  the  Minister 
and  give  him  the  general  supervision  and  direction  of  High  Schools 
and  Collegiate  Institutes,  Public  and  Separate  Schools,  Training 
Schools  for  Teachers,  the  granting  of  Teachers'  Certificates,  Technical 
Schools,  Departmental  examinations,  Teachers'  Institutes,  Teachers' 
Reading  Courses,  School  Libraries  and  the  Inspectors  of  any  such 
Schools.  Auctioneers  were  put  under  licenses  ranging  from  $10  to 
$50 ;  hawkers  and  pedlars  were  required  to  take  out  a  license  of  $25 ; 
legislation  was  passed  providing  under  specific  conditions  for  the 
maintenance  of  illegitimate  children  by  the  Father  thereof.  The 


THE  LAST  SESSION  OF  THE  2ND  SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATURE    549 

Saskatoon  Electric  Railway  Co.  and  Transfer  Railway  Co.  were  incor- 
porated, a  Saskatoon  arrangement  with  the  C.P.R.  was  confirmed, 
by-laws  relating  to  the  City  and  its  proposed  Street  Railway  and 
undertakings  respecting  local  Parks  of  a  public  nature  were  legalized, 
the  Saskatoon  Y.M.C.A.  was  incorporated.  Moose  Jaw  was 
authorized  to  take  over  a  local  Hospital  and  the  Wascana  Country 
Club,  Regina,  the  Colonial  Club,  Moose  Jaw,  the  Prince  Albert  Club 
and  several  Roman  Catholic  Missions,  etc.,  were  incorporated  as  well 
as  the  Saskatchewan  Fire  Insurance  Co.  Ltd. 

The  Hail  Insurance  Bill  was  much  discussed.  Its  main  principles 
were  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  Grain  Growers  Association  and 
various  details  afterwards  threshed  out  in  the  Legislature.  As  even- 
tually passed  it  authorized  the  creation  of  a  Hail  Insurance  Commis- 
sion of  three  Members  as  soon  as  26  municipalities  had  signified  their 
intention  of  undertaking  the  indemnification  of  owners  of  crops,  grow- 
ing within  the  area  of  such  municipalities,  against  loss  occasioned  by 
hail.  Upon  the  passage  of  a  By-law  authorizing  the  Municipality  to 
engage  in  the  Hail  insurance  undertaking  the  ratepayers  became  liable 
to  be  assessed  in  a  sum  not  to  exceed  four  cents  per  acre  upon  all  lands 
within  the  municipality — exclusive  of  lands  within  hamlets  or  under 
grazing  lease  from  the  Dominion.  There  were  various  details  and 
the  administration  of  the  Act  was  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Commis- 
sion with  an  indemnity  payable  at  $15  per  acre.  By  the  end  of  the 
year  62  municipalities  had  voted  in  favour  of  taking  advantage  of  the 
Act,  and  16  against,  with  a  large  number  about  to  vote  on  the  subject. 
The  House  was  prorogued  on  Mch.  15th. 

Incidents  of  the  Session  included  the  motion  by  D.  J.  Wylie 
(Cons.)  on  Mch.  12  in  favour  of  abolishing  tolls  on  Ferries  and  Mr. 
Calder's  statement  that  the  Government  proposed  to  make  them  abso- 
lutely free;  the  statement,  in  answer  to  Opposition  inquiries,  that 
The  Leader  Publishing  Co.  of  Regina  (Liberal)  had  received  from 
Government  sources  in  1910-11  $69,386  and  in  1911-12  $90,379,  for 
printing,  with  some  small  amounts  for  advertising;  the  Resolution 
passed  by  the  Saskatchewan  Medical  Association  at  Moose  Jaw  on 
Sept.  5  (in  connection  with  the  admission  of  Godin  and  Gravel  to 
practice)  strongly  condemning  the  action  of  the  Legislature  in 
infringing  the  Medical  Practitioner  Act;  Mr.  Haultain's  criticisms 
upon  the  action  of  the  Lieut-Governor,  in  his  private  capacity,  appeal- 
ing to  the  Legislature  as  an  incorporator  of  the  Inter-Ocean  Trust 
Co. ;  a  Presentation  to  the  Opposition  Whip,  S.  J.  Donaldson,  by  the 
Conservative  Members  on  Mch.  15th;  the  statement  by  Mr.  Calder 
on  Feb.  1  that  the  business  rate  for  Telephones  in  Regina,  Moose  Jaw 
and  Saskatoon  was  $35.00  for  wall  and  $37  for  desk  and  for  resi- 
dence Phones  $25  and  $27,  respectively,  with  rates  in  small  Cities 
and  towns  running  $5.00  lower;  the  figures  given  in  the  Legislature 
as  to  Provincial  Telephone  progress  showing  a  total  capital  expendi- 
ture in  1908-11  of  $2,167,510  and  a  revenue  of  $625,605. 


550  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Grain  Growers  Association  of  Saskatchewan, 
Grower*;  the  ^e  that  of  Manitoba,  was  an  active  influence  in  Pro- 
zi«vator'  vineial  politics  during  the  year.  At  its  12th  annual  Con- 

int«re»t«;  vention  in  Regina  on  Feb.  14-16  there  were  between  700 
and  Direct  an(j  §00  Delegates  present;  J.  A.  Maharg  of  Moose  Jaw 
presided,  the  Convention  was  welcomed  by  Mayor 
McAra  and  H.  G.  Smith  of  the  Board  of  Trade  and  addresses  were 
delivered  by  W.  J.  Tregillus  of  the  Alberta  Association,  G.  F.  Chip- 
man  of  the  Grain  Growers  Guide,  John  Kennedy  of  Winnipeg,  and 
others.  President  Maharg  in  his  address  referred  to  Saskatchewan's 
100  million  bushels  of  wheat  as  the  largest  production  of  any  Province 
or  State  on  the  Continent  but  declared  it  no  longer  safe  to  place  all 
their  eggs  in  one  basket.  "  When  we  consider  the  tremendous  amount 
of  farm  products  that  have  to  be  imported  into  this  Western  country 
and  also  the  high  prices  paid  for  the  same  it  should  cause  us  to  con- 
sider if  it  would  not  be  more  profitable  to  farm  less  extensive  and 
more  intensive."  The  general  situation  as  to  grain  evoked  this  con- 
clusion :  "  The  southern  outlet  is  practically  closed ;  the  northern  out- 
let is  years  away  as  yet;  the  eastern  and  western  outlets  are  entirely 
inadequate.  It  appears  to  me  that  the  only  immediate  solution  is  by 
providing  some  system  of  internal  storage  where  the  settlers  can 
secure  weight  and  grade  for  their  grain  to  enable  them  to  finance  the 
same." 

The  Directors'  Report  was  read  by  A.  G.  Hawkes.  It  alleged  the 
non-party  character  of  the  organization  and  the  appointment  of  F.  W. 
Green,  its  Secretary,  to  represent  "  this  powerful,  loyal  and  truly 
representative  Association  at  the  Coronation."  Mr.  Green,  to  whose 
executive  skill  and  energy  the  Association  owed  much,  presented  in 
his  Report  a  review  of  its  varied  interests.  The  apparent  success  of 
the  Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co.  Ltd.  which  had  been 
incorporated  in  1911  and  which  was  controlled  by  the  Association  was 
described;  the  grain  blockade  dealt  with  and  the  situation  said  to  be 
almost  unavoidable,  with  lack  of  Railway  motive  power  as  a  factor  and 
the  rush  of  wheat  as  the  chief  difficulty;  the  wisdom  of  compelling 
the  Railways  to  carry  all  the  grain  at  the  moment  it  was  threshed  was 
discussed  and  Mr.  Green  inquired  if  such  action  would  be  wise,  sup- 
posing it  were  possible.  "  Would  it  demoralize  our  markets  or  increase 
the  cost  of  transportation  ?  If  we  could  have  compelled  them  to  have 
taken  out  all  the  grain  now  awaiting  shipment  two  months  ago,  I 
have  been  told  by  dealers  it  would  have  lowered  the  price  on  every 
bushel  grown  in  the  three  Western  Provinces."  He  was  inclined  to 
favour  Dominion  Government  ownership  and  operation  of  all  Ter- 
minal Elevators  and  the  extension  of  this  system  further  inland  under 
the  operation  of  a  Commission.  Mr.  Green  reported  a  total  paid-up 
membership  of  10,570.  Many  and  varied  were  the  Resolutions  pre- 
sented and  discussed.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  those  passed: 

1.  Stating  that  as  Saskatchewan  was  now  raising  100,000,000  bushels 
of  wheat  annually  the  time  had  come  for  fixing  its  standard  grades. 


THE  GRAIN  GROWERS  AND  DIRECT  LEGISLATION          551 

2.  Declaring  that  the  distribution   of  cars  should  be  placed   under 
control  of  the  Warehouse  Commissioner  instead  of  the  Grain  Commission. 

3.  Asking  the  Borden  Government  for  immediate  construction  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Railway. 

4.  Re-affirming  itself  in  favour  of  complete  Government  ownership 
and  operation  of  all  the  Canadian  terminal  elevators;  the  operation  to  be 
conducted  by  a  Commission  as  free  from  partisan  influence  as  possible; 

5.  Opposing  any  bonus  (such  as  Steel  bounties  or  higher  protection 
to  Steel  interests)  being  given  to  any  manufacturer  whatever. 

6.  Urging   the   Dominion   Government   to   take    immediate   steps   to 
equalize  the  freight  and  express  rates  so  that  the  basis  of  charges  should 
be  equal  in  East  and  West  alike. 

7.  Suggesting  that  the  credit  of  the  Province  should  be  used  to  secure 
farm  loans  at  the  lowest  possible  rate  of  interest. 

8.  Urging  the  appointment,  on  the  proposed  Tariff  Commission,  of  a 
representative  of  the  Association. 

9.  Urging  the  Dominion  Government  to  authorize  local  or  municipal 
bodies  to  supervise  the  distribution  of  seed  to  occupants  of  Dominion  lands 
and  asking  the  Provincial  Government  to  provide  that  all  seed   grain 
should  pass  inspection  by  a  Municipal  official. 

10.  Declaring  In  favour  of  the  initiative,  referendum,  and  right  to 
recall  and  urging  that  all  legitimate  means  be  used  to  have  the  plan 
placed  on  the  Provincial  and  Federal  statute  books. 

11.  Requesting  the  Canadian  Government  to  grant  Women  the  Suf- 
frage. 

12.  Favouring  the  Parcel  Post  system,  Reciprocal  Demurrage  and  the 
principle  of  Consolidated  Schools  wherever  practicable. 

13.  Re-affirming,  in  its  entirety,  the  platform  of  the  Association  as 
presented  at  Ottawa  on  Dec.  16,  1909. 

14.  Asking  the  Legislature  to  fix,  in  the  proposed  Hail  Insurance  Act, 
a  rate  of  insurance  sufficient  to  ensure  the  payment  of  all  claims  under 
the  Act  in  full. 

Eeciprocity  was  perhaps  the  foremost  subject  of  discussion  though 
the  proposed  Government  Hail  Insurance  Bill  came  in  for  much  and 
diverse  attention.  During  the  debate  on  the  suggested  establishment 
of  a  Sample  Market  at  Winnipeg — a  Resolution  held  over  until  such 
time  as  Government-ownership  or  control  of  Terminal  Elevators  could 
be  obtained — much  was  said  about  United  States  relations  and  the 
grain  blockade  and  Mr.  Langley  declared,  in  this  connection,  that 
a  Sample  Market  for  grain  required  also  a  market  for  sample 
grain !  The  following  Resolution  was  passed  unanimously :  "  Whereas 
the.present  Tariff  is  a  protective  tariff,  and  whereas  the  manufacturing 
industries  of  Canada  are  long  since  past  the  need  of  such  protection, 
and  whereas  such  protection  unduly  discriminates  against  the  agri- 
culturist :  Therefore  be  it  resolved  that  we,  the  Grain  Growers  of 
Saskatchewan,  re-affirm  the  position  of  the  Ottawa  Delegation  of 
1910  and  continue  the  struggle  for  immediate  reduction  of  the  Tariff 
with  free  trade  as  the  ultimate  aim  of  legislation." 

A  subject  discussed  freely  in  the  Convention  was  the  Federal 
Premier's  attitude  toward  Terminal  Elevators.  F.  W.  Green,  E.  J. 
Fream  and  R.  C.  Henders,  who  were  on  the  recent  Delegation  to 
Ottawa  in  this  connection,  seemed  doubtful  as  to  the  result  and  Mr. 
Green  put  the  matter  in  this  imaginary  form :  "  Laurier  told  you  he 
would  not  give  you  Government  Elevators ;  Borden  told  you  he  would 


552  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

but  you  (Grain  Growers)  did  not  heed  him."  During  the  Conven- 
tion there  was  a  difference  of  opinion  between  Mr.  Green  and  Mr. 
George  Langley;  each  was  heard  and  the  Convention  passed  a  Reso- 
lution of  confidence  in  both.  An  interesting  statement  was  made  by 
Mr.  Langley  in  connection  with  the  proposed  Government  loans  to 
farmers  when  he  said  that  $15,000,000  were  invested  in  Saskatchewan 
farm  mortgages.  J.  A.  Maharg  was  re-elected  President,  and  C.  A. 
Dunning  Vice-President,  with  the  following  Directors  at  large :  F.  W. 
Green,  Moose  Jaw;  Geo.  Langley,  Maymont;  E.  A.  Partridge,  Sinta- 
luta;  A.  G.  Hawkes,  Percival;  J.  Ames  Robinson,  Walpole;  J.  B. 
Musselman,  Cupar.  The  District  Directors  were  chosen  as  follows: 
A.  K.  Gould,  Manor;  Thos.  Alcock,  Belle  Plaine;  Frank  Burton, 
Herbert;  J.  F.  Reid,  Arcadia;  W.  H.  Lillwall,  Colonsay;  G.  H. 
McKeag.  Conquest;  C.  W.  Hawkin,  Valparaiso;  Andrew  Knox,  Prince 
Albert;  A.  J.  Greensell,  Denholme.  It  may  be  added  that  the  ardent 
advocacy  of  Reciprocity  by  this  Association  inclined  the  Conserva- 
tive press  of  the  Province  to  naturally  charge  them  with  partisanship 
— an  attitude  assumed  by  the  Regina  Province  in  most  clear-cut  lan- 
guage and  emphasized  by  the  influence  of  Mr.  Langley — who  a  little 
later  joined  the  Saskatchewan  Government — in  the  Convention. 

Meanwhile  the  Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co.  Ltd.  had 
been  looking  after  the  Elevator  interests  of  the  Province.  J.  A. 
Maharg  as  President,  F.  W.  Green,  Vice-President  and  C.  A.  Dun- 
ning, Sec-Treas.  had  been  the  Provisional  officers.  The  1st  general 
meeting  of  the  Company  was  on  July  6,  1911,  and,  as  Mr.  Green  had 
meanwhile  retired,  Geo.  Langley,  M.L.A.,  was  appointed  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  Organizing-Director  with  Mr.  Dunning  as  General  Mana- 
ger and  Mr.  Maharg  remaining  President.  Up  to  Dec.  31,  1911,  the 
Company  had  constructed,  or  nearly  so,  40  Elevators  and  purchased 
six.  It  had  a  credit  for  $500,000  with  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Com- 
merce and  had  expended  $358,371  under  the  Act  providing  for  Gov- 
ernment loans.  E.  S.  Estlin  was  appointed  Engineer  in  charge  of 
erection,  etc.  The  financial  statement  for  the  year  ending  July  31, 
1912,  showed  some  success  for  the  enterprise.  This  first  year's  profits 
were  $52,461  and  the  dividend  paid  6  per  cent. ;  the  subscribed  share 
capital  of  the  Company  was  $1,177,200  and  the  amount  paid  up 
$176,580  with  a  Revenue  fund  of  $24,399  and  a  Trading  Revenue  of 
$24,399;  the  Elevators  operated  to  date  numbered  46  and  the  grain 
handled  was  3,261,000  bushels;  the  grain  purchased  was  1,474,645 
bushels  and  the  total  binned  was  1,786,355  bushels;  the  capital  out- 
lay was  $1,115,000  and  the  Provincial  Government  loans  for  construc- 
tion and  interest  $393,694.  The  Directors,  in  their  Report,  stated 
that  8,962  farmers  held  shares  in  the  Company  and  that  by  the  end  of 
1912  140  Elevators  would  be  owned  and  operated. 

At  a  banquet  following  the  annual  meeting  on  Aug.  21st — at  which 
132  Delegates  were  present  each  representing  an  Elevator — Mr. 
George  Langley,  now  a  Member  of  the  Government,  was  most  cor- 
dially received  and  in  his  speech  warned  the  farmers  against  profes- 
sional politicians.  F.  W.  Green  spoke  of  the  co-operative  movement 


THE  GRAIN  GROWERS  AND  DIRECT  LEGISLATION          553 

as  a  bread-and-butter  business  and  characterized  the  Grain  Growers 
Association  as  being  "  God's  great  engine  of  Democracy."  During 
the  March  Session  the  Government  carried  a  Bill  ratifying  the  agree- 
ments made  with  the  Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co.  JLtd. 
and  authorizing  the  advance  of  money  to  the  Company  for  the  pur- 
pose of  acquiring  or  constructing  Elevators  up  to  85  per  cent,  of  the 
estimated  cost  of  each  Elevator — subject  to  a  mortgage  on  the  lands 
and  a  chattel  mortgage  on  the  Elevators  and  buildings.  As  to  Eleva- 
tors and  grain  storage  warehouses  in  Saskatchewan  there  were  in  1907 
516  with  a  capacity  of  14,621,500  bushels  and  in  1912  there  were 
1,252  with  a  capacity  of  36,503,000  bushels. 

Meanwhile,  another  movement  had  been  developing  amongst  the 
farmers  of  the  Province.  S.  J.  Farmer,  Secretary  of  the  Manitoba 
Direct  Legislation  League,  opened  a  campaign  in  June  for  his  policy 
of  the  Initiative,  Eeferendum,  and  Recall,*  and  addressed  meetings 
at  Eegina,  Grenfell,  Davidson,  Guernsey,  Dana,  Cory,  Juaniata, 
Gledhow,  etc.  Based  upon  the  principle  that  Party  government  had 
failed  and  power  passed  into  the  hands  of  privileged  classes ;  that  the 
people  must  come  into  control  of  public  affairs  through  the  initiation 
of  legislation,  reference  of  measures  to  popular  vote,  and  recall  of 
representatives  for  change  or  specific  instruction;  Mr.  Farmer's 
organization  in  Manitoba  had  issued  much  literature  similar  to  that 
used  in  various  American  States.  F.  J.  Dixon  and  R.  L.  Scott  had, 
meanwhile,  organized  at  Regina  on  May  9th  the  Saskatchewan  Direct 
Legislation  League.  Its  President  was  Wm.  Trant,  Regina ;  1st  Vice- 
President,  J.  K.  Mclnnis,  Regina,  and  2nd  Vice-President,  J.  E. 
Frith,  Moosomin;  Secretary  €.  A.  Brothers,  Moose  Jaw  and  Treas- 
urer W.  H.  Wardell,  Moose  Jaw.  The  Executive  included  C.  0.  Hol- 
etein,  "Wauchope;  F.  W.  Ferguson,  Sedley;  C.  A.  Dunning,  Regina; 
Dr.  G.  A.  Cowan,  Regina;  E.  J.  Campbell,  Carnduff;  J.  E.  Paynter, 
Tantallon ;  John  Evans,  Nutana ;  B.  J.  Bott,  Craik ;  and  L.  E.  Gieser, 
Moose  Jaw.  On  May  13  the  Regina  Liberal  organ,  The  Leader,  had 
a  page  editorial  supporting  and  describing  the  plan.  It  dealt  with  the 
alleged  need  of  some  system  under  which  the  masses — the  People — 
could  deal  with  the  Capitalists  and  Tariff  monopolists ;  by  which  party 
alignments  might  be  broken  and  the  supposed  failure  of  party 
government  be  met.  The  general  idea  of  Initiative  and  Referendum 
was  later  on  approved  in  the  Provincial  Elections  to  a  large  extent 
by  both  Parties;  the  Recall  was  a  matter  of  divided  opinion.  A 
statement  in  July  showed  that  15  Liberal  candidates  and  7  Con- 
servatives were  in  favour  of  the  proposal  without  qualification  and 
18  others  with  certain  conditions.  Mr.  Premier  Scott  wrote :  "  It 
has  been  decided  by  the  Government  that  it  will  be  advisable  to  enact 
a  law  for  Saskatchewan  to  bring  into  force  the  Initiative  and  Refer- 
endum as  proposed  by  your  League."  An  Act  was  presented  accord- 
ingly at  the  1st  meeting  of  the  new  Legislature  and  assented  to  on 
Jan.  11,  1913. 

•  NOTE. — See  Manitoba  Section,  pages  495-496. 


554 

The  Acting-Premier,  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder  who  had 
r.  caider'g  been  provincial  Treasurer  since  1905  delivered  his  last 
Budget  Speech — as  a  result  of  Government  re-organiza- 
tion — on  Mch  8,  1912.  "  Throughout  the  whole  period 
of  the  present  Government's  administration,"  said  Mr. 
Oalder  in  opening,  "  the  finances  of  the  Province  have  been  in  splendid 
shape.  Saskatchewan  has  known  no  period  of  financial  difficulty  and 
its  credit  has  always  been  good.  In  the  past  six  years  there  has  been 
only  one  year  in  which  a  deficit  was  declared  and  this  was  for  only 
$58,000.  In  each  of  the  other  five  years  there  has  been  a  consider- 
able surplus,  that  for  1911-12  amounting  to  $250,000."  As  to  details 
he  stated  that  in  1906-07,  the  first  year  of  the  Administration,  the 
Revenue  had  been  $1,055,000.  That  had  grown  to  $3,498,000  for  the 
year  closing  on  Feb.  29th,  1912,  and  he  estimated  for  1912-13  a  total 
of  $4,027,565.  In  brief,  in  less  than  six  years  the  Revenue  had  grown 
$428,000  more  than  a  100  per  cent  increase.  In  1906-7  Saskat- 
chewan had  received  from  the  Federal  Government  $1,186,650.  He 
estimated  that  next  year  it  would  receive  $1,708,188,  an  increase  of 
$521,538,  or  44  per  cent 

The  grants  received  by  the  Province  in  1906-07  were  made  up  of 
Ordinary  grants  $375,000  and  School  lands,  $62,525.  In  1912-13 
it  was  estimated  that  the  total  would  be  $722,500  of  which  $160,000 
was  from  School  lands.  The  increase  in  the  five  years  was  $284,975. 
The  Province  had  also  received  a  Federal  grant  of  $93,750  for  Public 
Buildings  totalling,  in  the  five  years,  $468,750.  The  local  Revenue 
in  1906-7  amounted  to  $348,358.  There  had  been  a  steady  advance 
until  in  1911-12  it  was  $1,577,616  and  in  the  next  year  it  would  be 
$2,119,376.  The  increase  between  1906-7  and  1911-12  was  $76,900 
from  Liquor  licenses;  $97,000  from  Court  fees,  fines,  etc.;  $308,000 
from  Land  Titles;  $115,000  from  Corporations  and  Railways,  which 
had  been  untaxed  in  1906-7;  a  total  of  $770,000  as  against  $168,000. 
"  With  a  population  of  250,000  our  total  revenues  during  the  firet 
year  of  Provincial  housekeeping  were  $1,535,000  or  $6.14  per  head. 
In  1912  with  500,000  population  the  corresponding  amount  is 
$4,027,000  or  an  average  of  $8.05  per  head." 

As  to  Expenditures  the  Government  were  said  to  have  been  liberal 
without  extravagance.  Upon  Education,  in  1906-7,  they  had  expended 
$300,120;  in  1911-12  the  amount  was  $542,880  and  for  1912-13  the 
estimate  was  $614,300.  On  Roads  and  Bridges  the  expenditure  in 
1906-7  was  $402,318;  in  1911-12  $478,000;  the  estimate  for  1912-13 
was  $625,000 ;  the  total  for  the  six  years  was  $3,656,000  and  it  liad  all 
come  from  current  resources  and  not  a  cent  from  capital.  A  year 
ago  the  Government  had  adopted  a  plan  of  making  grants  to  munici- 
palities for  this  purpose  and  in  1911  the  amount  thus  distributed  was 
$120,000  and  in  1912  would  be  $172,000.  This  represented  about 
$1,000  for  each  rural  municipality  and  he  considered  the  money  to 
be  well  spent.  As  to  Roads  the  Treasurer  thought  they  had  been 
working  on  a  wrong  basis. 


MR.  CALDEE'S  BUDGET  :  GOOD  EOADS  AND  RAILWAYS         555 

If  we  are  ever  going  to  secure  the  main  highways  that  the  Province 
requires  the  funds  for  construction  cannot  come  out  of  current  revenue. 
Recently,  municipalities  have  been  empowered  to  borrow  money  on  deben- 
tures for  road  construction  and  the  principle  is  a  sound  one.  The  time 
has  come  for  the  Government  to  depart  from  its  old  policy  and  the  Gov- 
ernment have  had  this  matter  under  consideration  for  some  years.  We 
have  made  up  our  minds  that  the  time  has  come  to  take  a  forward  step 
and  in  a  few  days  legislation  will  be  brought  down  to  provide  for  the 
borrowing  of  $5,000,000  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  necessary  road 
work — that  is  main  highway  construction  in  our  Province.  The  Govern- 
ment has  spent  $3,900,000  on  the  Telephone  system,  $6,000,000  on  Public 
institutions  and  has  pledged  bonds  for  the  construction  of  Railway  branch 
lines  to  the  extent  of  $30,000,000  but  not  one  of  these  things  is  so  important 
to  the  farmer  as  the  road  that  passes  his  door.  He  must  have  proper 
facilities  for  hauling  his  grain  to  the  shipping  point. 

This  was  the  sensational  point  in  the  speech.  Mr.  Calder  then 
passed  to  the  matter  of  Debt.  "  To-day  the  Province  of  Saskatchewan 
is  in  debt  to  the  extent  of  about  $8,500.000.  The  money  has  gone 
into  the  building  and  equipping  of  Government,  Legislative  and 
Departmental  Buildings,  Court  Houses,  Land  Title  Offices,  Gaols, 
Asylums  and  other  Public  institutions  all  of  which  were  very  neces- 
sary. The  only  way  to  provide  funds  for  these  purposes  was 'to  borrow 
money  with  the  payment  spread  over  a  period  of  years.  Of  this  Debt, 
about  $3,000,000  went  into  the  Telephone  system."  As  to  1912-13 
the  Revenue  was  estimated  at  $4,027,565  and  the  Expenditures  would 
include  $50,000  for  depreciation  in  Telephone  plant;  $400,000  addi- 
tional for  the  University  and  $200,000  for  two  new  Normal  Schools; 
$1,235,000  for  Court-houses,  Land  Titles  Offices,  Gaols,  Asylums, 
etc.  The  total  expenditure  of  the  Government  since  1905  had  been 
$27,000,000. 

Mr.  Haultain,  the  Opposition  Leader,  was  naturally  pessimistic 
in  his  criticism.  The  growth  of  Public  Debt  charges  was  said  to  be 
of  a  most  startling  character.  Up  to  1908-09  there  were  none,  but 
during  the  last  three  years  they  had  jumped  rapidly  from  nothing  to 
$463,000.  It  would  be  of  interest  to  note  that  these  charges  in  1911-12 
amounted  to  $18,492  more  than  was  spent  on  Civil  Government,  Leg- 
islation and  Education  combined;  that  they  were  equal  to  79  per  cent. 
of  the  vote  for  Education  or  60  per  cent,  of  the  vote  for  ordinary 
Public  Works.  It  was  of  further  interest  to  note  that  whereas  the 
Dominion  Subsidy  in  lieu  of  lands,  in  1905  was  equal  to  $1.50  per 
capita,  while  the  Debt  charges  were  nil;  now  the  Subsidy  in  lieu  of 
lands  was  but  $1.15  per  capita;  while  the  Debt  charges  were  94  cents 
per  capita.  The  announcement  that  another  $5,000,000  was  to  be 
added  to  the  Debt  of  $8,500,000  afforded  food  for  thought.  To-fey 
the  Dominion  Subsidies  were  being  paid  on  a  population  of  487,892 
which  meant  that  the  Debt  charges  of  $463,000  were  equal  to  94  cents 
per  capita.  If  it  cost  $463,050  annually  to  take  care  of  a  Debt  of 
$8,500,000  it  would  cost  the  Province  approximately  $700,000  a  year 
to  take  care  of  $13,500,000.  As  a  matter  of  fact  he  claimed  the  Public 
Debt  was  $8,500,000,  the  proposed  addition  was  $5,000,000  and  the 
Railway  bonds  guarantee  (indirect  liability)  was  $32,000,000  plus 
interest  liability  on  the  bonds. 


556  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

As  finally  stated,  in  complete  form,  the  Receipts  of  the  year  end- 
ing Feb.  29,  1912,  totalled  in  ordinary  and  capital  account  $11,595,- 
723  which  included  $1,551,160  from  the  Dominion,  $3,359,866  from 
Departmental  collections;  $6,604,423  as  proceeds  of  1910  Loan 
(balance),  Treasury  Bills  (sold)  $1,824,000  and  advances  by  Banks 
$399,423;  Trust  Funds  and  Open  Accounts  of  $1,525,187.  The  total 
Expenditures  were  $11,442,107  which  included  $429,572  on  Public 
Debt;  $365,011  on  Civil  Government  and  Legislation;  $590,763  on 
Justice;  $612,384  on  Public  Works  (Income)  and  $890,761  from 
Capital  Account;  $508,410  on  Education  and  $342,962  on  Agricul- 
ture and  Statistics;  $278,934  on  Telephones  (Income)  and  $1,306,328 
from  Capital  Account;  $101,275  on  Bureau  of  Public  Health, 
$426,942  on  University  of  Saskatchewan  and  $314,000  on  Elevators — 
the  two  latter  items  from  Capital  Account;  $3,771,666  as  repayment 
of  temporary  loans;  $1,421,825  on  Trust  Funds  and  Open  Account. 
There  were  some  other  small  amounts  in  the  Receipts  and  Expendi- 
tures and  the  Balance  in  hand  on  Mch.  1,  1911,  was  $303,523  and  on 
Feb.  29,  1912,  $367,139. 

During  the  March  Session  of  the  Legislature  the  Canadian  North- 
ern Saskatchewan  Railway  Co.  was  incorporated  with  headquarters 
at  Regina,  a  capital  stock  of  $5,000,000  and  a  schedule  of  stated 
Lines  which  it  might  "  lay  out,  construct  and  operate."  The  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Saskatchewan  Railway  Co.  was  also  incorporated  with 
a  capital  of  $1,000,000  and  a  specified  list  of  similar  lines  and  condi- 
tions. In  each  case  the  lines  were  to  be  of  standard  gauge  or  4  feet, 
8}£  inches.  An  Act  was  also  passed  as  a  Government  measure  author- 
izing the  guarantee  of  certain  additional  securities  of  the  Canadian 
Northern  Railway  Co.,  under  the  same  conditions  as  preceding  legis- 
lation, at  the  rate  of  $13,000  per  mile  upon  several  lines  of  railway 
which  were  specified  as  covering  a  total  of  170  miles  and  of  which  not 
less  than  55  miles  were  to  be  completed  by  Dec.  31,  1912,  and  the 
remainder  by  Dec.  31,  1914. 

Similar  powers  were  given  as  to  the  guarantee  of  bonds,  debentures, 
etc.,  of  the  Canadian  Northern  Saskatchewan  Railway  Co.  to  the 
extent  of  $13,000  per  mile  on  255  miles  of  line.  The  time  of  the 
bonds,  etc.,  was  to  be  30  years  and  the  interest  4  per  cent,  payable 
half-yearly  and  secured  by  first  mortgage  upon  the  lines  constructed. 
Under  the  terms  of  legislation  in  1908-9  an  Act  was  passed  authoriz- 
ing the  guarantee  of  certain  additional  securities  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Branch  Lines  Co.  at  $13,000  per  mile  for  90  miles,  under 
construction  provisions  as  in  the  case  of  the  C.N.S.  Railway. 
Authority  was  also  obtained  to  guarantee  bonds  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  Saskatchewan  Railway  Co.  to  the  extent  of  $13,000  per  mile 
for  335  miles  with  conditions  as  in  the  above  Acts.  By  or  under  this 
legislation  the  following  Lines  had  their  bonds  guaranteed  by  the 
Government  up  to  the  close  of  the  year : 

Canadian  Northern  Railway  Company: 

From  Craven,  northeasterly,  a  distance  of 40  miles. 

An  Extension  of  the  Maryfleld  Branch 60  miles. 

An  Extension  of  the  Jackfish  Branch    30  miles. 

An  Extension  of  the  Thunder  Hill  Branch 40  miles. 


MR.  CALDER'S  BUDGET:  GOOD  ROADS  AND  RAILWAYS         55? 

Canadian  Northern  Saskatchewan  Railway: 

A  Line  from,  at,  or  near,  Township  26,  Range  8 35  miles. 

A  Line  from  Rossburn  Branch  at  or  near  Township  26,  Range 

32,    through   Yorkton    45  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Shellbrook    45  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Lampman    45  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Township   13,    Range    5 35  miles. 

Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway: 

An  Extension  of  the  Biggar-Calgary  line  southwest  to  Alberta 

boundary    50  miles. 

Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Saskatchewan  Railway: 

A    Line    from    a    point    at    or    near    Saskatoon    running    to 

Battleford    95  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Watrous  through  or  near  Swift 

Current   75  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Township  9   or  10,  Range   13, 

through  or  near  Weyburn   50  miles. 

A  Line  from  a  point  at  or  near  Melville  running  to  a  point 

at  or  near  Watrous   75  miles. 

During  1911  the  C.P.R.  had  graded  in  Saskatchewan  280  miles  and 
laid  261  miles  of  track;  the  G.T.P.  had  graded  308  miles  and  laid 
104  miles  of  track;  the  C.N.R.  had  graded  125  miles  and  laid  299 
miles  of  track — a  total  grading  of  713  miles  and  track-laying  of  664 
miles.  At  the  close  of  1911  the  C.P.R.  had  414  miles  of  its  main 
line  and  1,616  miles  of  branches  in  operation;  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
415  miles  of  main  line  and  153  of  branches;  the  C.N.R.  400  miles 
of  main  line  and  449  of  branches.  The  Regina  Leader  estimated  the 
total  guarantee  provided  for  in  the  1912  Bills  at  850  miles  of  which 
125  miles  were  of  a  general  character.  Added  to  those  guaranteed 
under  preceding  legislation  the  total  was  2,505  miles  of  branch  lines. 

Mr.  Haultain's  criticisms  took  the  form  of  claiming  that  the  Rail- 
ways would  have  built  many  of  these  Branch  lines  without  a  guar- 
antee; that  in  some  cases  they  were  encouraged  to  make  extensions 
before  they  had  the  equipment;  that  the  credit  of  the  Province  was 
being  heavily  involved.  He  proposed  an  Amendment  to  a  part  of  the 
legislation  that  in  return  for  extension  of  term  and  further  guaran- 
tees the  Province  should,  in  respect  to  the  lines  aided,  have  the  power 
to  acquire  them;  the  power  also  to  locate  the  lines,  to  locate  and 
supervise  stations  and  to  control  rates.  The  Attorney-General  (Mr. 
Turgeon)  said  in  reply  that  the  lines  assisted  were  of  two  kinds — 
those  of  Federal  and  Provincial  incorporation.  The  former  were  not 
under  Provincial  control  and,  forming  part  of  through  systems,  it 
would  be  inadvisable  for  the  Province  to  attempt  to  acquire  them — 
though  if  the  'Companies  failed  to  live  up  to  their  agreements  the  Pro- 
vince had  the  right  to  take  over  the  lines.  The  Provincial  railways 
were  already  subject  to  all  the  stipulations  for  which  Mr.  Haultain's 
amendment  provided.  The  Amendment  was  voted  down. 

The  question  of  Good  Roads  in  a  Province  where  distances  are  so 
great  and  railways  impossible  at  every  pioneer  point  of  settlement  was 
naturally  an  important  one.  Bridges  were  a  vital  part  of  the  problem 
and,  as  A.  J.  McPherson,  Chairman  of  the  Highway  Commission, 
stated  at  this  time  Provincial  funds  were  used  in  1907  for  road 
improvements  to  the  extent  of  $881,000  with  Local  Improvement  Dis- 
trict funds  of  $575,000.  In  1912  there  was  available  from  Provin- 
cial current  revenue  for  roads  and  bridges,  by  aid  to  municipalities 
and  as  charges  to  Capital  Account,  a  total  of  $2,202,000  while  rural 


558  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Municipalities  provided  $1,500,000  more  and  cities  and  towns 
expended  large  sums  in  permanent  pavements,  etc.  Hence  the 
importance  of  the  Government's  proposed  legislation  for  the  spend- 
ing of  $5,000,000  upon  this  object— of  which  $1,300,000  was  included 
in  the  above  total.  Speaking  at  Regina  on  Feb.  10  R.  0.  Wynne- 
Roberts  dealt  with  the  subject  at  length.  He  estimated  that  the 
90,000  farmers  of  the  Province,  in  1911,  carried  15,000,000  bushels  of 
grain  or  2,000,000  loads  over  the  roads  of  Saskatchewan.  As  each 
load  cost  about  $1.60  for  haulage  this  involved  an  expenditure  of  over 
$3,200,000.  "  Now,  if  there  were  good  roads,  it  would  be  possible  to 
increase  the  load  per  team  to,  say,  6,000  pounds  which  would  reduce 
the  number  of  loads  to  be  hauled,  and  the  cost  would  be  about  $2,000,- 
000.  In  other  words  the  farmers  would  be  $1,200,000  in  pocket,  or 
they  could  invest  that  amount  in  payment  of  debentures  issued  for 
road  improvements.  This  amount,  capitalized  at  5  per  cent.,  would 
represent  a  possible  expenditure  of  $24,000,000  which  would  suffice 
to  improve  24,000  miles  of  roads." 

This  Province  had  its  share  of  the  Bi-lingual  ques- 
tion  and,  during  1912,  the  growth  of  German  and 
Drench  settlements  was  much  in  evidence — to  say  noth- 
ing  of  other  and  varied  nationalities.  A  Provincial 
Convention  of  French-speaking  Catholics  was  held  at 
Duck  Lake  on  Feb.  27-28  with  Mgr.  F.  Lacoste,  Vicar- 
General,  presiding,  and  an  address  by  Mgr.  0.  E.  Mathieu,  Bishop  of 
Regina.  Mgr.  Charlebois  of  Keewatin  also  spoke.  Le  Patriote,  the 
local  organ  edited  by  Rev.  F.  Auclair,  Secretary  of  the  organizing 
Committee,  welcomed  the  Delegates  with  the  statement  that  it  would 
be  a  crime  "to  prevent  French  children  from  being  educated  in  the 
Mother-tongue."  The  questions  discussed  during  the  Sessions  included 
the  future  of  the  French  language  in  the  West;  French  from  a  legal 
standpoint;  practical  means  of  securing  the  teaching  of  French  in 
the  Schools;  Bi-lingual  inspectors;  French  in  social  life;  primary 
rights  of  the  French  language  in  Saskatchewan ;  grouping  for  coloni- 
zation; grouping  through  mutual  and  national  societies. 

At  Regina  on  July  31  a  Convention  representing  the  German- 
Catholic  Association  of  Saskatchewan  was  held  with  the  Rev.  Father 
Suffa  presiding.  The  organization  had  2,000  members  with  25  new 
branches  formed  during  the  past  year.  One  of  the  addresses  was  by 
Dr.  Dwucet  of  Regina  who  declared  that  "the  English  language  is 
an  absolute  necessity  for  all,  but  nevertheless  we  want  our  children 
to  learn  to  talk  the  language  which  we  learned  at  our  Mother's  knees." 
The  Rev.  Father  Bour  said  that  he  was  "  very  pleased  to  admonish  the 
German  Catholics  to  be  satisfied  with  the  treatment  they  had  received 
at  the  hands  of  the  Scott  Government  in  the  matter  of  schools."  There 
was  one  place  where  the  school  taxpayer  could  secure  proper  treat- 
ment under  the  Saskatchewan  system  and  that  was  at  the  polls.  "  In 
this  Province  there  are  several  German-Canadian  colonies  and  the 
German-'Canadians  want  their  children  to  learn  their  Mother-tongue." 
A  Resolution  in  favour  of  Separate  Schools  was  passed  and  the  follow- 
ing also: 


EDUCATIONAL  AFFAIRS:  SASKATCHEWAN  UNIVERSITY        559 

Resolved;  that  we  esteem  and  love  our  noble  German  Mother-tongue, 
the  heritage  of  our  beloved  parents  and  forefathers,  and  that  we  consider 
it  our  duty  taput  it  into  practice  in  the  church,  in  the  school  and  in  our 
families  as  much  as  possible,  so  that  this  precious  heritage  will  be  handed 
down  intact  to  our  children,  and  the  generations  to  follow. 

Of  the  other  organizations  the  Saskatchewan  Educational  Asso- 
ciation met  at  Saskatoon  on  Apl.  9-10  with  Sheriff  Neilson  of  Prince 
Albert  in  the  chair.  Many  subjects  were  dealt  with  and  Dr.  F.  H. 
Ling  elected  President  for  1912-13.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year 
the  Education  Commission  appointed  by  the  Provincial  Government 
and  composed  of  D.  P.  McColl  (Chairman),  Superintendent  of  Edu- 
cation; D.  Mclntyre,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Winnipeg;  Dean 
W.  J.  Rutherf ord  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  Regina ;  T.  E.  Perrett, 
Principal  Normal  School,  Regina ;  W.  A.  Mclntyre,  Principal  Normal 
School,  Winnipeg;  held  a  number  of  Sessions.  They  were  at  Prince 
Albert,  Dec.  9-10;  Saskatoon,  Dec.  11-12;  Moose  Jaw,  Dec.  13-14; 
Regina,  Dec.  16-17.  The  matters  upon  which  evidence  was  taken 
included  (1)  Agricultural  education  in  Public  and  High  Schools; 
(2)  Technical  education;  (3)  consolidation  of  schools;  (4)  training 
and  supply  of  teachers;  (5)  course  of  study  and  text  hooks  for  Public 
and  High  Schools;  (6)  physical  education. 

A  statement  issued  in  March  as  to  the  Supplementary  Revenue 
Fund  distributed  to  Educational  institutions  showed  the  total  during 
1908  to  have  been  $147,307  of  which  $142,613  went  to  rural  schools ; 
in  1911  the  total  was  $325,664  of  which  $276,470  went  to  rural 
schools,  $19,194  to  High  Schools  and  $15,000  each  to  the  University 
and  College  of  Agriculture.  The  number  of  rural  schools  sharing  in 
the  Fund  was  1,218  in  1908  and  1,942  in  1911.  The  number  of 
School  Districts  erected  in  1911  was  275  and  in  1912  382  and  of 
these  one  in  1911  was  a  Separate  School  District  and  in  1912  three. 
The  total  enrollment  of  Pupils,  1911,  was  42,580  in  rural  schools 
and  27,987  in  town  schools;  the  number  of  Teachers  was  1,316  male 
and  2,175  female;  the  School  Districts  increased  during  1912  from 
2,476  to  2,855. 

Some  one  has  described  the  University  of  Saskatchewan  at  Sas- 
katoon as  "  the  most  significant  thing  in  Western  'Canada.  A  $5,000,- 
000  educational  plant  on  ground  that  ten  years  ago  was  bald  prairie ; 
an  investment  in  ideals  of  nearly  $150  for  every  man,  woman  and  child 
in  the  Province."  The  first  of  this  University's  graduates  received 
their  degrees  on  May  1st  including  7  B.A.  degrees  for  local  students, 
7  more  for  graduates  of  other  Universities  and  one  M.A. — Rev.  A.  G. 
Morice,  O.M.I.,  B.A.,  the  well-known  Western  Historical  writer.  The 
appointments  were  announced  during  the  year  of  S.  E.  Greenway 
as  Director  of  Extension  Work,  and  Louis  Brehant  as  Professor 
of  Greek.  There  were  in  July  also  several  elections  to  the 
University  Senate  including  J.  W.  Sifton,  Moose  Jaw;  A.  G.  Farrell, 
Moosomin ;  Dr.  G.  R.  Peterson  and  G.  E.  McCraney,  M.P.,  Saskatoon. 
Dr.  F.  H.  Ling  was  appointed  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Arts  and 
Sciences. 

Vy 


560  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  registration  of  1909-10  was  58  men  and  12  women;  in  1910-11 
it  was  88  and  20  respectively;  in  1911-12  the  figures  were  122  and  28. 
For  1912-13  the  total  registration  was  238  of  whom  177  were  in 
Arts  and  61  in  Agriculture.  David  Neil  Hossie  of  Moose  Jaw 
was  selected  as  Rhodes  Scholar  from  the  University  early  in  the 
year.  Although  the  first  sod  of  the  central  structure  was  only 
turned  in  1910  the  President  was  ahle  to  announce  on  June  30th, 
1912,  that  the  College,  the  University  Hall,  the  Agricultural  Engin- 
eering Laboratory,  Stock  Pavilion,  Power  House,  Barns,  Implement 
Sheds,  Boarding  House  for  men  on  the  Farm  and  other  buildings, 
with  the  College  of  Agriculture,  were  either  completed  or  would 
be  shortly.  Others  under  way  were  Colleges  of  Education,  Law,  Medi- 
cine, Dentistry  and  Engineering.  The  Receipts  of  the  year  were 
$432,412;  the  Expenditures  $452,074.  The  College  of  Agriculture 
had  for  some  time  been  in  operation  so  far  as  studies  and  courses  and 
farm  operations  were  concerned  and  was  formally  opened  on  Oct.  29. 

According  to  President  Murray's  annual  Report  the  members  of 
the  Faculty  of  Agriculture  devoted  their  time  to  work  carried  on 
throughout  the  Province.  Short  courses  intended  to  stimulate  effort 
in  rural  communities  were  held  by  the  Extension  Department  at  eight 
different  points  in  1911-12  and  at  each  of  these  there  was  a  full  staff 
of  instructors — in  Field  Husbandry,  Weeds  and  Insects,  and  Home 
Economics.  Short  courses  of  four  days'  duration  in  gas-traction 
engineering  were  held  at  seven  points.  All  the  short  courses  held  were 
patronized  well,  and  the  numbers  reached  directly  totalled  about  1,530. 
The  annual  Convention  of  the  Agricultural  Societies  held  at  the 
University  in  February,  together  with  the  Homemakers'  Convention, 
brought  together  200  representative  men  and  women  from  all  parts 
of  the  Province.  The  first  meeting  of  the  Advisory  Council  in  Agri- 
culture— connecting  the  Government,  the  Agricultural  Organizations 
and  the  University — was  held  on  Feb.  6th  with  the  following  Mem- 
bers: Angus  McKay,  Indian  Head  (Chairman),  F.  W.  Green,  Moose 
Jaw;  Edward  Grain,  Baring;  C.  W.  Andreason,  Humboldt;  John 
Dixon,  Maple  Creek;  and  Hon.  W.  R.  Motherwell,  President  Murray, 
Dean  W.  J.  Rutherford,  R.  Sinton,  J.  A.  Maharg  and  James  Smith 
ex  officio. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  presentation  of  a  Portrait  of 
Angus  McKay  (Feb.  6)  with  tributes  to  his  work  as  an  agriculturalist 
and  educationalist  to  the  College  of  Agriculture;  the  awarding  of 
a  contract  for  erection  of  the  Boy's  College,  etc.,  in  connection  with 
the  Saskatchewan  College,  Moose  Jaw,  on  Feb.  19;  the  retirement  of 
T.  E.  Perrett  from  the  Principalship  of  the  Provincial  Normal  School 
to  become  Superintendent  of  the  Regina  Public  Schools  and  appoint- 
ment of  R.  A.  Wilson,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  to  succeed  him ;  the  creation  of  the 
position  of  Superintendent  of  Education  and  appointment  of  D.  P. 
McColl,  M.A.,  to  undertake  the  work  with  A.  H.  Ball,  M.A.,  succeeding 
him  as  Deputy  Minister  of  Education ;  the  retirement  of  E.  B.  Hutch- 
erson  as  Superintendent  of  Regina  Public  Schools.  Regina  College 
(Methodist)  was  formally  opened  by  H.R.H.  the  Governor-General 


GENERAL  ELECTION:  LIBERAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  PLATFORMS    561 

on  Oct.  14  and  in  the  Address  presented  it  was  stated  that  the  insti- 
tution was  without  religious  test  and  that  the  building  thus  dedicated 
was  a  central  teaching  and  administrative  building — later  on  others 
would  be  erected.  The  systematic  study  of  Music  with  a  full  Con- 
servatory Course  was  one  feature;  manual  training,  agriculture  and 
engineering  were  also  taught.  The  building  cost  $375,000.  In  March, 
prior  to  this  the  Principal,  Dr.  W.  W.  Andrews,  resigned  and  on  Mch. 
14  the  annual  Report  presented  by  F.  N.  Darke,  Chairman  of  Direc- 
tors, showed  finances  and  attendance  alike  to  be  flourishing.  Rev. 
F.  W.  Bates  was  appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Physics  and  Agriculture  in 
July. 

The  Elections  of  1912  were,  from  the  Liberal  stand- 
point,  based  largely  upon  the  prosperity  and  progress 
which  had  attended  the  Scott  Government  in  its  admin- 
istration  of  affairs  and  upon  the  claim  that  where  these 
Platform*  things  were  lacking  the  fault  was  due  to  the  Dominion 
Government's  refusal  to  grant  Reciprocity.  In  the 
preliminary  part  of  the  contest  and  before  the  writs  were  actually 
issued  the  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder,  Acting-Premier,  led  his  Party  and  on 
May  23rd  at  Swift  Current  delivered  an  elaborate  speech  in  which 
the  lines  of  policy  were  clearly  defined.  The  strenuous  work  done  by 
Mr.  Premier  Scott  for  years,  the  consequent  break-down  a  year  before 
this  time  and  his  absence  on  a  mission  of  health  and  recuperation 
were  first  dealt  with  and  a  promise  made  that  he  would  return  to 
share  in  the  coming  fight.  Mr.  Calder  then  presented  the  chief  issue 
to  be  considered :  "  This  is  not  going  to  be  a  fight  between  Mr.  Scott 
and  Mr.  Haultain;  but  all  the  forces  of  the  Dominion  Government 
and  high  tariff  party  will  be  thrown  against  the  people  of  Saskatche- 
wan. We  know  it.  ...  You-  have  only  to  go  out  into  any  part  of 
the  Province — ask  the  man  on  the  street — and  ask  what  is  going  to 
be  the  chief  question  of  the  campaign,  and  you  will  receive  this 
answer:  Reciprocity  or  the  question  of  markets." 

He  then  expressed  fears  as  to  the  coming  Election  being  the  most 
corrupt  in  the  history  of  Western  Canada;  stated  that  both  Parties 
were  now  united  on  the  question  of  obtaining  control  of  Provincial 
lands;  reviewed  the  Government's  Railway  and  Elevator  policies  and 
Government  ownership  and  the  Telephone  record;  promised  large 
expenditures  on  Good  Roads  ($1,500,000  in  the  coming  year)  and 
stated  that  Mr.  Scott  thought  they  should  go  as  high  as  $10,000,000 ; 
advocated  "  cheap  money  "  with  a  preliminary  full  and  official  inquiry 
into  the  method  and  plan  to  be  adopted;  described  the  demand  for 
transfer  of  School  lands  from  the  Federal  to  Provincial  authorities 
as  involving  a  possible  sale  by  the  Province  of  3,000,000  acres  in  the 
next  ten  years  at  $10.00  an  acre  and  the  Provincial  revenues  as  increas- 
ing in  six  years  by  $2,292,557  or  149  per  cent,  and  the  population 
100  per  cent. 

To  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  on  May  6  Mr.  Calder  said :  "  The  issue 
in  the  Election  will  be  the  trade  question.    It  is  essential  to  the  future 
prosperity  of  the  grain  growers  of  the  Province  that  the  markets  of 
36 


562 

the  south  should  be  opened  to  them."  The  Acting-Premier  com- 
menced a  vigorous  campaign  in  June  and  wound  up  at  Wolseley  with 
Hon.  Frank  Oliver  on  July  4th.  Eeturning  to  Kegina  he  described 
the  Conservatives  as  using  all  kinds  of  corrupt  methods  to  win  the 
coming  Election  and  stated  that  50  special  constables  had  been 
appointed  and  300  more  would  be  sworn  in  at  once.  "These  men 
will  be  armed  with  the  full  authority  of  the  law  to  arrest  on  sight  any 
man  who  attempts  bribery,  corruption,  intimidation  or  any  other 
offence  committed  under  our  Election  law.  And  more  than  that,, 
every  man  caught  will  be  given  the  full  limit."  Meantime  the  Hon. 
Walter  Scott  had  wired  on  June  6th  from  Montreal  that  he  was  on 
his  way  home  to  do  his  part  On  the  15th,  Dissolution  of  the  Assembly 
was  announced  with  nominations  to  be  on  July  4th  and  polling  on 
July  llth.  The  old  Legislature  had  41  Members  of  whom  27  sup- 
ported the  Scott  Government ;  the  new  one  would  have  54  but  in 
Athabasca  and  Cumberland  elections  were  to  be  held  at  a  deferred 
date.  Mr.  Scott  opened  his  campaign  at  Regina  on  June  18th  and 
reviewed  the  Government's  record  as  to  Elevators,  Telephones,  Labour, 
Railways  and  Roads;  made  several  references  to  new  lines  of  policy 
and  stood  by  Reciprocity.  The  Premier's  Manifesto  to  the  Electors 
(June  15)  was  as  follows: 

In  my  judgment  the  time  has  arrived  when  you  should  be  given  an 
opportunity  to  go  to  the  polls  for  the  purpose  of  declaring  your  wishes 
respecting  the  many  important  questions  that  are  now  before  you  for 
decision.  For  this  reason  the  Legislature  has  been  dissolved  and  an 
Election  has  been  called  for  July  llth,  1912.  At  the  last  Session  of  the 
Assembly  owing  to  increased  population  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  pro- 
vide for  13  new  constituencies  with  a  view  to  giving  the  more  recently 
settled  portions  of  the  Province  more  adequate  representation  in  the 
Provincial  Legislature.  In  my  opinion  no  time  should  be  lost  in  permit- 
ting the  electors  of  these  new  constituencies  to  be  heard  through  duly 
elected  representatives  in  our  councils  at  the  Capital.  The  date  for  the 
Election  has  been  fixed  for  a  time  when  the  fullest  opportunity  is  afforded 
to  every  citizen  to  hear  the  questions  of  the  day  discussed.  As  Leader 
of  the  Liberal  party  and  as  the  head  of  the  Government  it  is  my  wish 
that  our  record  should  be  fully  reviewed  and  our  policy  for  the  future 
fully  discussed  and  that  the  Election  should  be  held  at  a  season  when 
every  citizen  may  cast  his  ballot. 

In  a  brief  Manifesto  such  as  this  must  necessarily  be,  it  will  be 
impossible  for  me  to  discuss  at  much  length  our  record  and  policies.  I 
^xmceive  it  to  be  my  duty,  however,  to  place  before  you  for  your  best 
consideration  and  judgment  a  summary  of  the  political  situation  in- 
Saskatchewan  as  it  appears  to  me. at  the  present  juncture.  My  Govern- 
ment has  been  in  office  for  nearly  seven  years.  During  that  period  we 
have  had  to  deal  with  a  large  number  of  exceedingly  important  problems, 
including  the  Elevator  Question,  the  creation  of  a  Provincial  system  of 
Telephones,  the  establishment  of  a  Provincial  University  and  an  Agri- 
cultural College,  the  passing  of  laws  in  the  interests  of  the  artisan  and 
workman,  the  Hail  Insurance  problem,  Railway  Extension,  protection  of 
the  Public  Health,  creation  of  Rural  Municipalities,  organization  of  High 
Schools  and  Collegiates,  and  the  erection  of  Public  institutions  and 
buildings,  including  our  Legislative  Buildings  at  Regina.  The  assertion 
has  been  made  that  the  Government  dare  not  appeal  to  the  electors  on 
its  record.  This  is  sheer  nonsense.  There  is  not  a  single  problem  with. 


GENERAL  ELECTitNs:  LIBERAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  PLATFORMS    563 

which  we  have  dealt  that  we  are  not  prepared  to  discuss  from  the 
public  platform.  If  there  is  one  thing  more  than  another  that  we  wish 
the  electors  to  consider  it  is  our  past  programme  of  safe  and  sane  legis- 
lation, our  splendid  financial  position  and  our  business-like  administra- 
tion of  public  affairs.  There  are  several  particular  items  of  policy — 
present  and  future — which  I  submit  to  you  for  endorsation.  These 
include: — 

1.  The  expenditure  of  $2,000,000  annually  for  a  period  of  years  for 
the  purpose  of  constructing  a  system  of  main  highways  throughout  the 
Province — one-fourth  of  this   sum   to   be  charged   to   revenue   and    the 
balance  to  capital;  the  expenditure  of  this  whole  sum  to  be  placed  under 
the  control  and  supervision  of  the  Highways  Commission,  working  in 
conjunction  with  the  Councils  of  Municipalities  and  Local  Improvement 
Districts,  both  as  regards  the  location  of  necessary  Improvements  and 
the  best  methods  to  be  adopted  to  secure  efficient  results.       , 

2.  The   immediate   undertaking  by   the   Government,  or   under   full 
governmental  control,  of  the  construction  of  a  system  of  branch  rail- 
ways so  as  to  give  the  people  of  all  parts  of  the  Province  the  most 
direct  communication,  to  the  markets  of  the  world  via  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Route,    The  carrying  out  of  this  policy  will  necessitate  the  building  of 
several  trunk  lines,  radiating  from   the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  south- 
ward, southwestward  and  westward  to  all  important  centres,  with  neces- 
sary feeders  or  branches  through  the  territory  lying  between  these  radiat- 
ing trunks. 

3.  An    aggressive    continuation    of    Branch    Railway    construction 
throughout  the  Province.    While  during  the  past  four  years  the  Govern- 
ment has  made  provision  for  2,505  miles  of  new  lines,  it  is  imperative 
that  the  work  of  general  railway  construction  should  be  rapidly  pushed 
forward   so   that  the  settlers   in   every  part  of   Saskatchewan   may  be 
properly  provided  with  transportation  facilities.     In  the  future,  as  in 
the  past,  every  effort  will  be  put  forth  to  continue  our  programme  of 
rapid  railway  development 

4.  An  immediate,  thorough  Inquiry  into  the  question    of    the    best 
method   to   be   adopted   by   the   Government  to   enable  the   farmers  of 
Saskatchewan  to  secure  necessary  loans  at  the  lowest  possible  rate  of 
interest. 

5.  In  view  of  the  recent  almost  complete  failure  on  the  part  of  the 
Dominion  Government,  and  the  Conservative  Party,  to  carry  out  their 
pledges  to  the  farmers  of  Western  Canada,  regarding  the  ownership  and 
operation  of  Terminal  Elevators,  nothing  is  to  be  expected  from  those 
sources  in  the  way  of  providing    large    storage  elevators  within   Sas- 
katchewan.    Consequently  my  Government  has  concluded  that  it  should 
Institute  an  investigation  looking  towards  the  solution  of  this  problem 
on  a  sound  economic  basis. 

6.  If,  as  a  result  of  the  investigation  now  being  conducted  by  my 
Government,  it  is  found  practicable,  the  adoption  of  a  policy  whereby 
the  Government  will  distribute  electrical  power  generated  at  the  Souris 
coal  fields,  to  all  urban  communities  within  such  area  as  can  be  served 
at  a  reasonable  cost;  and  upon  the  transfer  to  the  Province  of  its  water- 
ways, the  adoption  of  a  similar  policy  for  all  such  areas  as  can  be  served 
with  electrical  energy  generated  from  our  water  powers. 

7.  The  completion  of  the  necessary  arrangements,  now  well  under 
way,   whereby   a  thorough    and   exhaustive   study   may   be   made   by   a 
competent  staff  of  hydraulic  engineers,  regarding  the  feasibility  and  cost 
of  obtaining  from  the  South  branch  of  the  Saskatchewan  River,  a  supply 
of  water  for  those  areas  lying  southeast  of  the  Elbow  of  the  said  river 
that  are  in  need  of  an  increased  supply. 

8.  In  my  judgment  the  time  has  come  when  special  attention  should 
be  given  to  the  opening  up  and  development  of  the  northern  portion  of 


564  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

our  Province.     A  Branch  of  Government  will  be  created  to  control  and 
administer  the  necessary  funds  which  will  be  set  aside  for  this  purpose. 

9.  The  early  establishment  throughout  the  Province  of  a  series  of 
Demonstration  farms,  or  Experimental  stations — the  general  policy  to  be 
adopted  to  be  worked  out  by  the  Government  in  conjunction  with  the 
authorities  of  the  Agricultural  College. 

10.  The  Improvement  of  our  school  system  along  the  line  of  Agri- 
cultural education  in  both  our  Elementary  and  High  Schools,  including 
the  adoption  of  a  practical  system  of  school  gardens  and  experimental 
plots   connected   with   these   institutions.     Also   the   making   of   proper 
provision  for  the  establishment  of  Technical  schools  at  important  centres. 

11.  A  continuation  and  extension  of  the  policy  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  looking  towards  the  encouragement  of  all  feasible  lines 
of  Live  stock  breeding  and  raising,  with  the  object  in  view  of  placing  the 
agricultural  development  of  the  Province  in  these  respects,  on  a  satis- 
factory basis.     The  phases  of  this  policy  to  receive  continued  attention 
being:    The  development  of  dairying  through  Government  operation  of 
co-operatively  owned  creameries,  and  the  introduction  with  Government 
assistance  of  pure-bred  foundation  stock  of  dairy  breeds ;  the  steady  im- 
provement of  our  horses  through  the  efficient  administration  of  a  thor- 
oughly up-to-date  means  of  eliminating  worthless  sires;  the  placing  with 
Government  assistance,  of  a  larger  number  of  sheep  on  our  farms;  the 
distribution  of  good  sires  of  beef  breeds  of  cattle  through  assisted  sales, 
and  the  securing  of  more  equitable  treatment  of  Live  stock  shippers  from 
the  Railway  companies. 

12.  The  creation  of  from  eight  to  ten  new  Judicial  districts,  with 
centres  at  convenient  points,  so  as  to  lessen  the  cost  of  litigation  and 
to  enable  our  people  to  have  their  legal  and  land  titles  business  attended 
to  with  greater  dispatch. 

13.  The  appointment  of  a  permanent  Publicity  Commission  to  co- 
operate  with   Municipal    Councils,    Boards    of    Trade   and   the   Federal 
authorities,  with  a  view  to  having  all  parts  of  Saskatchewan  thoroughly 
and  systematically  advertised  where  deemed  advisable. 

14.  The   vigorous   prosecution   of  the   Western   Freight   Rates   Case 
now   before   the   Board   of  Railway   Commissioners,   in  order   that   the 
people   of  Saskatchewan,   in   common   with   all   the   people   of  Western 
Canada,  may  secure  a  proper  reduction  of  rates  on  all  those  lines  built 
under  Dominion  Charter,  such  as  the  main  lines  of  the  G.  T.  P.,  the 
C.  N.  R.,  and  the  C.  P.  R.,  with  all  its  branches.    Being  Federal  Railways, 
the  only  body  that  can  control  rates  on  these  lines  is  the  Board  of  Rail- 
way Commissioners. 

15.  The  adoption  of  the  principle  of  the  Initiative  and  Referendum 
and  the  enactment  of  such  a  law  as  will  enable  our  citizens  to  take  the 
fullest  advantage  of  this  democratic  method  of  initiating  and  controlling 
legislation  in  the  interests  of  the  people. 

16.  The  further  extension  of  the  principle  of  co-operation  in  every 
field  of  activity  that  will  enable  our  people,  working  in  conjunction  with 
the  Government,  to  find  a  practical  solution  of  any  of  the  large  problems 
that  affect  their  interests  and  prosperity.     This  principle  has  already 
been  adopted  in  the  case  of  dairies,  grain  elevators,  rural  telephones  and 
hail  insurance,  and  at  the  present  moment  there  is  every  indication  that 
the  solution  found  for  each  of  these  problems  will  prove  highly  successful. 

At  the  last  session  of  our  Legislature  the  Government  submitted  a 
Memorial  which  was  adopted  by  the  Assembly  and  addressed  to  the 
Government  of  Canada  touching  certain  questions  of  great  interest  and 
importance  to  Saskatchewan.  This  Memorial  may  well  be  designated 
the  Bill  of  Rights  of  our  people.  The  measures  of  relief  asked  for  from 
the  Parliament  of  Canada  are  as  follows: — (a)  The  removal  of  the 
exemption  from  taxation  now  enjoyed  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 


GENEBAL  ELECTIONS:  LIBERAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  PLATFORMS    565 

Company;     (b)   access  for    Saskatchewan  to  a  port  on   Hudson's  Bay; 

(c)  the  granting  to  the  Province  of  the  public  domain  within  its  limits; 

(d)  free  access  to  the  markets  of  the  United  States  for  the  grain  products 
of  Saskatchewan;    (e)  new  outlets  for  our  farm  products  and  more  par- 
ticularly a  speedy  completion  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  with  a  line 
of  steamers  from  the  Bay  to  Great  Britain.    None  of  the  matters  enumer- 
ated   are   subjects   of   political    controversy   excepting   the    demand    for 
access  to  the  United  States  market  for  our  grain  products.     Even  the 
question  of  the  public  domain  of  the  Province  is  now  removed  from  the 
sphere  of  party  politics.    The  Federal  Government,  which  at  present  owns 
and  controls  our  natural  resources,  has  announced  its  intention  of  trans- 
ferring to  Saskatchewan  its  public  domain.     Both  political  parties  have 
agreed  that  my  Government  should  press  for  an  early  settlement  of  this 
question. 

Mr.  Haultain  and  his  followers,  with  two  exceptions,  voted  against 
the  Memorial  referred  to  because  of  its  reference  to  the  United  States 
market  Nevertheless,  none  of  the  matters  mentioned  in  the  Memorial 
are  of  greater  importance  to  the  people  of  Saskatchwan.  Political  leaders 
may  say  what  they  like,  the  issue  exists;  it  is  made  by  the  people  them- 
selves. Conservatives  would  like  to  believe  it  dead,  but  it  is  alive  and 
must  ultimately  triumph.  The  issue  embraces  the  entire  field  of  wider 
markets,  freer  trade  and  lower  tariffs.  By  a  majority  of  nearly  20,000 
votes  our  people  declared  for  these  principles  last  September.  They  were 
in  earnest  then,  and  unless  I  misjudge  public  opinion  the  severe  lessons 
of  this  past  season  have  made  them  more  earnest  and  more  determined 
to  carry  on  the  struggle  for  their  rights.  It  would  be  idle  for  me  to 
state  that  these  issues  are  not  at  stake  in  this  contest.  The  Provincial 
Conservative  party  has  adopted  a  policy  and  formed  an  alliance  that 
make  the  situation  quite  clear.  They  no  longer  try  to  conceal  the  fact 
that  they  look  almost  solely  to  the  assistance  of  the  Federal  Government 
and  its  political  machine  to  bring  about  their  success.  The  battle  cry  of 
the  Conservative  party  has  become,  '  Saskatchewan  for  Borden  and 
Haultain.'  This  can  only  be  interpreted  as  meaning,  '  Saskatchewan  for 
limited  markets,  restricted  trade  and  higher  tariffs.' 

Our  people  have  a  splendid  opportunity  afforded  them  in  the  present 
contest  to  strike  a  decisive  blow  for  their  own  rights  and  interests.  Th« 
campaign  in  which  we  are  now  participating  is  the  second  engagement 
in  the  struggle  between  the  producers  of  Western  Canada  on  the  one 
hand  and  the  Big  Interests  and  Monopolies  of  Eastern  Canada  on  the 
other.  Mr.  Haultain  and  his  party  are  responsible  for  this.  They  have 
created  the  issue  by  their  betrayal  of  the  People's  cause  last  September 
and  the  utter  abjectness  of  their  present  attitude  towards  the  party  In 
power  at  Ottawa.  They  unblushingly  admit  by  their  declarations  and 
their  conduct  that  they  have  handed  over  the  control  of  their  present 
campaign  to  their  Ottawa  masters  and  have  thereby  bound  themselves 
for  all  time  to  come  to  be  mere  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  for 
the  selfish  interests  that  are  now  in  control  at  the  Dominion  Capital. 
Mr.  Haultain  has  told  us  that  his  main  reason  for  wishing  to  be  placed 
in  office  here  is  that  he  may  be  of  material  assistance  in  keeping  Mr. 
Borden  in  power.  In  other  words,  this  Province  is  to  be  a  mere  cog- 
wheel in  the  Federal  machine.  Never  was  a  more  cynical  declaration  of 
subserviency  made  by  any  Provincial  political  leader.  And  It  is  worthy 
of  note  that  this  attitude  is  now  taken  by  a  man  who  up  to  September 
21st,  1911,  persisted  in  posing  as  the  champion  of  Provincial  Riglits  and 
the  chief  exponent  of  the  theory  that  Provincial  issues  and  parties  should 
be  kept  separate  from  Federal  issues  and  parties.  . 

In  view  of  these  facts,  in  view  of  the  principles  which  are  dear  ta  the 
hearts  of  the  great  majority  of  our  people  and  which  are  diametrically 
opposed  to  those  for  which  the  present  Ottawa  Administration  stands, 


566  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  issue  is  forced  upon  us  and  cannot  be  shirked.  A  great  opportunity 
is  given  to  the  people  of  Saskatchewan  to  make  an  emphatic  assertion 
of  their  rights,  and  I  am  confident  they  will  avail  themselves  of  it.  In 
conclusion  I  wish  to  state  that  I  fully  appreciate  the  confidence  you  have 
placed  in  me  in  the  past.  For  seven  years  I  have  endeavoured  to  give  the 
best  that  is  in  me  to  the  advancement  of  our  Province  and  its  people. 
While  as  a  result  of  over-work  my  health  lately  compelled  a  temporary 
absence  from  the  Province,  I  am  now  again  in  your  midst  ready  and 
willing  to  take  up  the  burden.  And  should  you  decide  to  renew  your 
confidence  in  my  Administration  it  will  be  my  privilege  to  continue  to 
devote  my  best  energies  to  the  cause  of  good  government  for  Sas- 
katchewan. WALTER  SCOTT. 

The  Premier  made  several  speeches  during  the  campaign  and 
toward  its  close  (July  8)  he  issued  a  second  Manifesto  reviewing 
the  Opposition  arguments  and  declaring,  practically,  that  the 
Election  turned  upon  Reciprocity:  "Why  is  the  Ottawa  Government 
so  concerned  about  the  Provincial  affairs  of  Saskatchewan?  Is  it  not 
plain  that  their  concern  hinges  upon  the  question  of  wider  markets? 
In  this,  therefore,  we  have  the  whole  issue  in  the  present  contest." 
He  claimed  that  his  Government's  record  was  not  seriously  criticized 
and  that  the  fight  was  directed  against  it  solely  on  account  of  Domin- 
ion conditions.  "  If  you  want  wider  markets,  freer  trade  and  increased 
British  preference  vote  on  Thursday  for  the  Scott  Government  candi- 
dates. If  you  do  not  want  these  things  vote  for  the  Haultain  party's 
candidates  who  are  aided  and  directed  by  an  Ottawa  Government 
which  is,  in  turn,  aided  and  directed  by  the  Eastern  forces  who  oppose 
wider  markets,  freer  trade,  and  increased  preference."  Apart  from 
Mr.  Scott,  the  Liberal  press  made  Reciprocity  the  dominant  issue  and 
Mr.  Haultain  was  accused  continuously  of  alliance  with  Mr.  Borden. 
The  latter  was  described  in  black  type  from  day  to  day  as  being  kept 
in  power  by  the  Big  Interests  to  avert  Reciprocity.  The  Hon.  Robert 
Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  was  depicted  in  varied  forms  as 
attempting  to  force  Saskatchewan  into  line  with  the  financial  powers 
of  the  East  and  the  changes  were  rung  upon  his  Regina  banquet  speech 
in  many  ways.  He  was  also  accused  of  sending  Manitoba  emissaries 
or  workers  into  the  fight. 

Meantime,  what  was  Mr.  Haultain  doing?  He  had  grown  up 
with  the  country  and  had  presided  over  the  Territories  from  the 
earliest  days  of  self-government  till  1905;  he  was  supposed  to  know 
the  West  like  a  bot>k.  He  opened  his  campaign  at  Biggar  on  Apl.  15  in 
a  speech  which  was  circulated  throughout  the  Province  and  formed  the 
basis  of  Opposition  advocacy  and  action.  He  commenced  with  the  state- 
ment that  "  there  are  two  kinds  of  quacks,  one  who  supplies  nostrums 
which  cannot  do  the  good  that  is  claimed  for  them,  and  the  other  who 
tries  to  promise  you  medicines  which  might  be  good  but  which  are  not 
in  his  power  to  give.  I  have  no  intention  of  discussing  Reciprocity; 
to  give  you  Reciprocity  is  not  in  my  power,  nor  in  the  power  of  any- 
body else  in  the  Legislative  Assembly.  The  Lands  question  is  the 
greatest  one,  the  main  one  before  the  Electors  in  this  campaign,  as 
it  not  only  affects  you  and  the  Dominion  generally,  but  affects  the 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS:  LIBERAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  PLATFORMS    567 

Province  financially.  When  the  Autonomy  Bills  were  brought  down, 
and  indeed  for  years  prior  to  that,  a  number  of  us,  including  Mr. 
Scott,  demanded  that  the  Western  Provinces  be  placed  in  a  control 
of  lands,  timbers  and  minerals,  equal  to  that  of  the  Eastern  Pro- 
vinces. We  wanted  compensation  for  all  lands  taken  by  the  Dominion 
for  Dominion  purposes.  We  wanted  the  C.P.R.  exemption  removed. 
Mr.  Scott  also  held  that  Provincial  control  of  natural  resources  was  the 
keystone  of  the  arch  of  Confederation." 

Mr.  Haul  tain  then  declared  that  when  the  last  link  of  that  arch 
was  constructed,  Mr.  Scott  wilfully  assisted  in  keeping  out  the  key- 
stone. "  We  did  not  get  our  land  but  the  Federal  assumption  was 
that  we  had  25,000,000  acres  and  they  put  its  value  at  $1.50  per  acre 
and  immediately  turned  round  and  sold  land  to  you  at  $3.00  per  acre 
for  pre-emption  or  purchased  homesteads.  They  capitalized  the 
$37,060,000.  and  .allowed  us  1  per  cent,  per  annum  under  the 
Autonomy  terms,  until  we  reached  a  population  of  400,000  when  it 
was  to  be  increased  to  $562,500.  Since  1908,  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment has  sold  land,  approximately,  for  $18,000,000  and  is  getting 
to-day,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent,  on  land  payments  alone,  about 
$900,000  per  annum.  Could  we  not  have  done  .as  well  in  the  manage^ 
ment  of  our  own  land  as  the  Dominion  Government  or  the  Legislature 
of  any  other  Province  ?"  The  following  general  policy  was  proposed : 

1.  Provincial  ownership  and  control  of  the  public  domain  within  the 
Province,  including  lands,  minerals,  timber  and  water,  and  compensation 
by  the  Dominion  for  all  lands  and  other  natural  resources  within  the 
Province  alienated  by  the  Dominion  Government  for  Federal  purposes 
and  including  purchased  homesteads  and  pre-emptions. 

2.  Provincial  control  of  the  School  lands  and  the  School  Lands  Fund, 
and  the   providing  by   the   Province    (on   its   acquisition  of   the   public 
domain)  of  a  system  of  homesteads  and  pre-emptions  involving  a  modi- 
fication of  the  present  cultivation  and  residential  duties  with  the  setting 
apart   from  the   public  domain  of   an  ample   land   endowment   for   the 
Provincial  University. 

3.  A  right-of-way  to  Hudson's  Bay  ports  and  the  providing  by  the 
Province  of  railway  facilities  wherever  they  are  required,  including  lines 
of  railway  connecting  all  parts  of  the  Province  with  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Railway;   by  the  construction  of  Provincial  railways,  or  the  acquisition 
of  existing  lines  of  railway;   by  the  guarantee  of  bonds  or  otherwise; 
making  provision  in  every  case,  where  aid  by  guarantee  or  otherwise  is 
given  for  (a)  the  acquisition  of  the  Railway  by  the  Province,  if  at. any 
time  it  is  considered  necessary  in  the  public  interest;   (b)  the  control  by 
the  Provincial  authorities  of  the  location,  standard  of  construction,  equip- 
ment, freight,  express,  passenger  and  telegraph  rates  of  any  such  Railway. 

4.  To  make  a  full  and  immediate  inquiry  into  the  question  of  develop- 
ing cheap  power  from  the  North  and  South  Saskatchewan  Rivers,  and 
also  from  the  coal  areas  of  the  Province,  with  a  view  to  the  adoption  of 
a   Provincial   power  policy;    and   that   in   connection   with   this  work  a 
thorough  inquiry  be  conducted  into  the  feasibility  of  providing  a  supply 
of  water  for  irrigation  and  domestic  purposes  in  such  parts  of  the  Pro- 
vince as  the  same  may  be  required. 

5.  The  introduction  of  a  Good  Roads  policy  involving  the  expenditure 
of  the  $5,000,000  already  authorized  by  the  Legislature,  the  money  to  be 
expended  and  the  work  to  be  done — (1)  under  the  general  control  of  an 
independent  Commission   through   and   by   the   municipalities  and   local 


568  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

improvement  districts;  (2)  where  there  are  no  such  organizations  the 
same  to  be  done  by  the  Commission;  this  policy  to  be  continued  by  a 
further  annual  expenditure  of  $1,000,000  for  the  same  purposes  nntil 
otherwise  decided  by  the  Legislature. 

6.  The  expenditure  through  the  municipalities  and  local  improvement 
districts  of  all  money  voted  by  the  Legislature  for  roads,  smaller  bridges 
and  culverts,  and  which  is  chargeable  to  current  expenditure. 

7.  The  appointment  of  a  Freight  tariff  Expert  by  the  Provincial  De- 
partment of  Railways  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  and  reviewing  all 
freight  tariffs  and  having  particularly  to  do  with  the  fixing  of  rates  on 
coal  and  lumber,  with  a  view  to  protecting  the  interests  of  consumers 
against  excessive  charges  and  discrimination,  and  thus  tending  to  secure 
a  reduction  in  the  cost  of  living  in  Saskatchewan. 

8.  The   inclusion   of   rural   telephones   in   the   Provincial   Telephone 
system  and  the  placing  of  the  whole  system  under  the  control  of  an 
independent  Commission. 

Mr.  Haultain  addressed  a  series  of  meetings  and  was  greeted  in  varied 
forms  as  "  the  next  Premier  of  Saskatchewan."  The  pivotal  Conser- 
vative event  of  the  campaign  was,  however,  the  Banquet  given  to  the 
Hon.  Robert  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  in  the  Regina  Rink  on 
June  10  with  Hon.  Dr.  W.  J.  Roche,  Secretary  of  State,  and  Mr. 
Haultain,  as  the  other  chief  speakers.  The  cheers  of  the  1,200  guests, 
the  phraseology  of  the  speeches,  the  timing  of  the  event,  were  all 
calculated  to  unite  the  Party  in  a  great  effort  to  capture  the  Province, 
to  arouse  enthusiasm  and  to  start  the  campaign  in  vigour  and  hope- 
fulness. It  certainly  did  all  this ;  but  whether  the  skilful  Liberal  use 
of  Federal  intervention  and  coercion  contentions  balanced  the  influ- 
ence thus  provided  was  a  question  for  politicians  to  consider  after  the 
event.  The  audience  which  greeted  Mr.  Rogers  came  from  all  parts 
of  the  Province  and  the  Minister  made  certain,  promises:  (1)  to 
modify  Homestead  regulations  so  that  a  settler  could  build  the  kind 
of  home  he  desired  and  could  prove  his  homestead  with  half  the 
amount  of  cultivation  previously  exacted;  (2)  to  encourage  the  Cattle 
industry  by  issuing  homestead  rights  for  raising  cattle  as  well  as  for 
cultivating  a  certain  number  of  acres;  (3)  to  forward  in  every  pos- 
sible way  the  construction  of  Railways  and  especially  the  Hudson's 
Bay  line;  (4)  to  try  and  keep  navigation  open  at  Fort  William  and 
Port  Arthur  a  month  later  in  the  season;  (5)  the  immediate  con- 
struction of  a  large  Terminal  Elevator  at  Fort  William. 

Mr.  Roche  stated  that  the  Scott  Government  had  for  long  years 
opposed  Mr.  Haultain's  policy  of  acquiring  Provincial  lands  and 
resources  and  had  accepted  and  eulogized  the  Laurier  policy  of  allow- 
ances and  grants  in  lieu  of  lands.  If  Mr.  Scott  was  returned  to  power 
"  Mr.  Borden  would  not  be  right  in  forcing  the  resources  upon  an 
unwilling  people  as  represented  in  the  Provincial  Legislature."  If 
the  people  returned  Mr.  Haultain  they  would  give  Mr.  Borden  a  real 
expression  of  opinion  upon  which  to  act.  The  Provincial  Leader  took 
the  same  line.  There  was  a  settlement  to  be  made  at  Ottawa  and  what 
position  was  Mr.  Scott  in  to  make  successful  arrangements?  Mr. 
Haultain  followed  up  this  affair  with  a  series  of  meetings  and  was 
everywhere  well  received. 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS:  LIBERAL  AND  CONSERVATIVE  PLATFORMS    569 

An  incident  of  the  Election  was  the  charge  on  the  Liberal  side 
that  Mr.  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  had  sent  a  lot  of  Manitoba 
political  workers,  some  disguised  as  Dominion  Police,  to  control  the 
polls  and  dragoon  voters  with  money  and  coercion  combined ;  and  sev- 
eral men  were  arrested  and  locked  up  before  polling  day  by  Provincial 
constables.  On  the  other  hand  the  Conservative  press  teemed  with 
charges  of  a  similar  kind  against  Mr.  Calder's  350  special  constables 
who  were  denounced  in  bitter  language  and  whose  promised  guardian- 
ship of  the  polls  on  Election  day  threatened  to  cause  trouble  which, 
however,  did  not  develop.  It  was  the  first  Election  in  which  there 
had  been  an  official  printed  List  and  the  Conservatives  claimed  that 
large  numbers  of  their  supporters  had  been  purposely  left  off  and 
hundreds  of  alien  voters  added,  with  R.  E.  A.  Leach  of  Manitoba 
fame,  as  the  Liberal  organizer  in  charge.  As  to  Reciprocity  much 
use  was  made  by  Conservatives  of  President  Taft's  "  Adjunct "  letter 
and  The  Leader  was  accused  of  never  having  published  it ;  J.  M.  Scott, 
Liberal  candidate  in  Tramping  Lake,  was  accused  of  advocating 
Annexation ;  James  Smith  of  Yellow  Grass,  J.  E.  Frith  of  Moosomin, 
Rev.  A.  B.  Johnston  of  Nokomis,  were  alleged  by  The  Province  to  be 
in  favour  of  Secession;  supporters  of  the  Scott  Government  were 
charged  with  advertising  a  statement  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  be 
a  British  subject  in  order  to  vote;  the  Conservatives  were  charged 
with  telling  ignorant  homesteaders  that  if  they  voted  wrong  Mr. 
Rogers  would  take  away  their  homesteads.  The  following  was  the 
result  of  the  polling  on  July  llth: 

•Constituency.  Liberal  Conservative  Candidate         Major- 

Candidate.  Candidate.  Elected.  ity. 

Arm   River Geo.  A.   Scott..    ..P.    H.    Whitelock    .Geo.   A.   Scott..  63« 


Battleford    .  ...S.    S.    Simpson Robert    Ovens... 

Biggar     C.  H.  Cawthorpe.  .L.    MacDonald. . . 

Cannington    ...J.  D.  Stewart C.  B.  D.  Wood.. 

Canora J.    D.    Robertson . .  W.    McGregor . . . 

Estevan     G.   A-   Bell Henry    Yardley. 

Eagle    Creek... G.    H.    Harris J.    G.    Laycock.. 

Francis    W.  G.  Robinson ...  J.    W.    Mahan... 

Gull    Lake D.   C.    Lochead J.    B.    Swanston. 

Hanley    J.  W.  Macneill J.    R.    Hamilton. 

Humboldt W.  F.  A.  Turgeon.A.  D.  Macintosh 

Kerrobert    .G.    H.    Watson J.   M.  Hanbidge. 

Kindersley.    ...W.  R.  Motherwell.  J.  M.  Toombs. . . 


.S.    S.    Simpson 230 

.C.  H.  Cawthorpe...  202 

.J.  D.  Stewart 550 

.J.  D.  Robertson 315 

.G.   A.   Bell 621 

.G.    H.    Harris 189 

.W.  G.  Robinson 387 

.  D.   C.   Lochead 27 

.J.  W.  Macneill 4S\) 

.W.    F.    A.   Turgeon.  724 

.G.    H.    Watson 601 

.W.    R.    Motherwell.  89 


Kinlstino    E.    H.    Devline G.  H.  Giles E.  H.  Devline 476 

Last    Mountain.S.    J.    Latta T.   A.   Anderson. .  .S.   J.    Latta 656 

Lloydminster  ..J.  P.  Lyle O.  H.  Price J.  P.  Lyle 89 

Lumsden James   Russell. ..  .F.  C.  Tate F.  C.  Tate 141 

Maple   Creek. .  ,N.  L.   Robson D.  J.  Wylie D.  J.  Wylie 17?  / 

Melfort G.    B.    Johnston. .  .T.  C.  Spence G.    B.    Johnston. . . .  172 

Morse M.  L.  Leitch H.   M.  Klassen M.  L.  Leitch 328 

Moosomin A.    S.    Smith E.   L.   Elwood A.    S.    Smith 272 

Milestone    B.  Larson...-. T.   J.   Low B.  Larson. 189 

Moose  Jaw  City.E.  C.  Matthews. .  .W.  B.  Willoughby.W.   B.   Willoughby.  160 

Moose  Jaw  Co.J.  A.  Sheppard. . .  .F.  W.   Green J.    A.    Sheppard....  361 

N.    Battleford.. D.   M.    Finlayson.  .J.   A.  Foley D.   M.   Finlayson...  225 

N.    Qu'Appelle..J.  A.   McLaughlin. J.  A.  McDonald. .  .J.  A.   McDonald 45 

Pleasant    Hills. A.  B.  A.  Cunning- 
ham     H.  H.  Willway A.  B.  A.  Cunningham  312 

Pinto  Creek.... S.    R.    Moore A.   Marcotte S.    R.    Moore 108 

Pipestone    .R.    J.    Phin A.    B.    Gillis. . . . .  .R.  J.  Phin 24 

Prince  Albert.. Thos.    Robertson.  .J.  E.  Bradshaw ...  J.  E.  Bradshaw 321 

•  NOTB. — The  following  were  Independent  Candidates:  John  Gibson,  Arm 
River;  M.  Gabora,  Canora;  A.  H.  Longton,  Lloydminster;  H.  Peters,  Moose 
Jaw  City;  G.  A.  Lerew,  Vonda.  None  were  elected  and  only  small  votes  polled. 


570  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Liberal  conservative  Candidate          Major- 

Constituency.  Candidate.  Candidate.  Elected.  ity. 

Felly    J.    K.    Johnston. .  .E.  J.  Johnson J.  K.  Johnston 5 

Quill  Plains W.    H.    Paulson... A.    E.    Bence W.H.Paulson 341 

Redberry    Geo.    Langley R.  M.  Pitts. ..... .Geo.    Langley 494 

Regrina    City...J.   F.   Bole J.  F.  L.  Embury.  .J.   F.   Bole 302 

Rosetown C.   B.   Mark C.   W.   Ferry C.  B.   Mark 193 

Rosthern Gerhard    Ens Geo.    Braden Gerhard   Ens. :.....  128 

Saltcoats    Hon.  J.  A.  Calder.  James  Nixon Hon.  J.  A.  Calder..  882 

Saskatoon  City. Hon.  A.  P.  McNab.H.  E.  Munroe Hon.  A.   P.   McNab.  Ill 

Saskatoon   Co.  .W.    C.   Sutherland. W.    H.    Bulmer W.   C.   Sutherland..  422 

Shellbrook    ....Alex.    McOwan....S.  J.  Donaldson. .  .8.  J.  Donaldson....  135 

Souris    R.    Forsyth J.    J.    Heaslip R.    Forsyth 34 

S.    Qu'Appelle..D.    Railton F.  W.  G.  Haultain.F.  W.   G.   Haultain.  50 

Swift  Current. . Hon.   W.   Scott.      .F.  G.  Forster Hon.  W.  Scott 203 


Thunder  Creek. A.  Beaudreau.. 
Tramping  Lake.  Jas.  M.  Scott.. 
Touchwood  ...  .G.  M.  Atkinson 

Vonda    A.  F.  Totzke . . . 

Wadena H.   C.   Pierce . . . 

Weyburn R.  M.  Mitchell. 

Willow  Bunch. S.  C.  Wright.. 
Yorkton  Thos.  H.  Garry 


.A.   D.   Gallagher. .  .A.    Beaudreau 219 

.R.   J.   Speers Jas.   M.   Scott 239 

.Wm.    Brice G.   M.   Atkinson 610 

.F.    R.   Wright A.  F.  Totzke 722 

.J.    H.   Hearn H.  C.   Pierce 282 

.G.   M.   Bowman R.  M.  Mitchell 529 

.W.   W.   Davidson.. W.  W.  Davidson... 

.W.  D.  Dunlop Thos.  H.  Garry 253 


There  were  two  deferred  Elections.  In  Athabasca  J.  0.  Nolin  (Lib.) 
was  elected  on  Dec.  14  by  163  votes  to  40  for  G.  R.  Russell  (Cons.). 
In  Cumberland  the  election  took  place  on  Sept.  21st  but  there  were 
irregularities  in  practically  all  the  polls  and  the  Returning  Officer 
declared  the  election  null  and  void.  W.  C.  McKay,  the  Conservative 
candidate,  who  had  received  a  majority,  asked  the  Supreme  Court 
for  a  Mandamus  to  compel  the  declaration  of  either  himself  or  T.  J. 
Agnew  the  Liberal,  as  elected.  Other  incidents  in  the  final  issue  were 
the  close  call  of  Mr.  Haultain  who  was  opposed  by  a  Grain  Grower 
with  Reciprocity  as  his  platform;  the  defeat  of  Dr.  Elliott  in  Moose 
Mountain,  H.  H.  Willway  in  Pleasant  Hills,  A.  B.  Gillis  in  Pipe- 
stojae,  which  removed  three  prominent  Opposition  members  from  the 
House;  C.  E.  D.  Wood,  E.  L.  Elwood,  K.C.,  J.  F,  L.  Embury,  K.C., 
were  well-known  Conservatives  who  met  defeat;  the  Liberal  majori- 
ties were  as  a  rule  very  large — Messrs.  Calder  and  Turgeon  heading 
the  polls  in  this  respect.  G.  B.  Johnston,  the  Conservative  Member 
who  turned  Liberal  upon  Reciprocity  was  elected  in  another  constitu- 
ency;  S.  R.  Moore,  a  former  supporter  of  Mr.  Haultain  was  also  elected. 
Immediately  after  the  Election  the  Premier  left  for  the  South  to 
recuperate.  Mr.  Haultain  expressed  disappointment  at  the  result  aad 
said  that  for  the  first  time  since  1905  he  really  had  hoped  to  win. 
The  official  figures  of  the  popular  vote  showed,  approximately,  48,014 
Liberal,  34,659  Conservative  and  1,268  Independent  votes  polled. 

The  1st  Session  of  Saskatchewan's  third  Legisla- 
lBt  ture  was  opened  by  His  Honour,  George  W.  Brown,  on 

Nov-  14th  ^to  a  sPeech  from  the  Throne  in  which 
reference  was  made  to  the  great  and  general  prosperity 
prevailing ;  to  the  recent  visit  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Connaught  and  Princess  Patricia  and  the  opening  of  the  new  Legis- 
lative Buildings;  to  the  success  of  the  Province  at  the  Dry  Farming 
Congress  at  Lethbridge  where  Saskatchewan  had  carried  off  the 
Trophy  for  the  best  exhibit  made  by  any  State  or  Province  as  well  as 
a  number  of  individual  prizes  of  which  many  were  in  the  first  rank; 
to  the  completion  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  Building  and  the  value 


THE  IST  SESSION  OF  THE  NEW  LEGISLATURE  571 

of  the  work  done  by  its  staff;  to  the  success  of  the  Saskatchewan 
Co-operative  Elevator  Co. ;  to  the  Government's  "  concerted  and 
organized  effort"  to  better  the  main  roads  of  the  Province;  to  the 
serious  condition  of  the  Live-stock  industry  and  the  necessity  of  deal- 
ing with  it;  to  the  question  of  the  present  cost  of  loans  to  farmers 
and  the  Government's  proposed  inquiry  into  the  whole  subject:  to 
the  question  of  taking  some  action  towards  the  establishment  of 
internal  storage  elevators ;  to  several  important  measures  which  would 
be  presented  to  the  House.  The  need  for  action  in  respect  to  control 
of  Lands  and  resources  was  also  stated. 

The  Address  was  moved  by  S.  J.  Latta  of  Last  Mountain  and  E.  H. 
Devline  of  Kinistino  after  John  Albert  Sheppard,  Member  of  the 
House  since  1905,  had  been  elected  Speaker.  W.  B.  Willoughby  of 
Moose  Jaw,  a  new  Member  of  the  House,  replaced  Mr.  Haultain  as 
Leader  of  the  Opposition  with  its  six  members.  In  speaking  during 
the  ensuing  debate  Mr.  Willoughby  deprecated  the  method  of  Road 
expenditures;  disliked  the  unnecessary  multiplication  of  offices  in 
respect  to  the  new  Cabinet  appointments ;  supported  the  "  Cheap 
Money  "  idea  even  without  an  official  inquiry ;  suggested  ihat,  in  view 
of  the  Election  issue,  the  Government  must  surely  intend  to  introduce 
a  Bill  for  Reciprocity  in  natural  products !  During  the  next  few  days 
muqh  was  said  about  the  changes  in  the  Election  Act  at  the  last  Ses- 
sion and,  as  alleged,  in  the  oath  taken  by  voters.  The  Opposition 
contended  that  there  had  been  power  given  to  prepare  the  Lists  with- 
out question  or  oath,  that  thousands  of  names  were  thus  added,  And 
many  others  removed.  The  Liberal  speakers  claimed  that  no  change 
was  made  in  the  Oath.*  F.  C.  Tate  and  J.  E.  Bradshaw  moved  an 
Amendment  to  the  Address  regretting  that  no  reference  had  been 
made  by  His  Honour  to  many  of  the  important  pledges  made  by  the 
Premier  in  his  recent  Manifesto  to  the  Electors.  This  was  rejected 
and  the  Address  passed  on  Nov.  20th.  On  Nov.  25th  Mr.  Premier 
Scott  moved  a  long  Resolution  in  the  House  based  upon  the  report  of 
a  speech  by  Hon.  Robert  Rogers  at  Montreal  on  Sept.  2nd  in  which 
the  Minister  of  the  Interior  was  stated  to  have  said  that  in  the  Pro- 
vincial Elections  the  Government  appealed  to  the  alien  vote  and  had 
removed  the  clause  from  the  Oath  which  compelled  a  man  to  state  that 
he  was  a  British  subject 

Mr.  Scott  asked  for  the  fullest  investigation  of  these  statements 
by  the  Select  Standing  Committee  of  the  House.  The  Opposition 
proposed  a  Commission  of  Judges  but  this  was  defeated  and  then  upon 
Mr.  Calder's  suggestion  the  subject  was  referred  to  a  Select  Committee 
composed  of  J.  F.  Bole,  W.  H.  Magee,  and  J.  W.  Macneill  (Liberals) 

•  NOTB. — The  Election  Act  had  been  amended  by  the  addition  of  two 
clauses  in  connection  with  the  proposed  printed  Lists.  (1)  "  Each  Registrar 
shall  make  lists  of  the  persons  entitled  to  vote  in  the  Electoral  division  for 
which  he  is  such  Registrar  distinguishing:  between  and  making  a  separate 
list  of  those  entitled  to  vote  in  the  respective  polling  sub-divisions  thereof; 
(2)  In  respect  of  each  polling  sub-division  the  Registrar  shall  entertain  only 
such  applications  to  have  names  added  to  or  struck  off  the  List  as  are  made 
to  him  at  the  sittings  held  by  him  in  respect  of  the  said  polling  sub-division 
as  provided  in  the  said  Proclamation." 


572  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  F.  C.  Tate  and  J.  E.  Bradshaw  (Opposition).  This  was  approved 
and  an  early  Report  asked  for.  Mr.  Bole  was  afterwards  chosen  as 
Chairman.  The  subjects  of  inquiry  were  specifically  stated  a  few 
days  later  and  included  not  only  the  statement  in  Mr.  Rogers'  speech 
but  a  contra  allegation  that  the  Dominion  Government  "by  uncon- 
stitutional and  illegal  methods"  participated  in  the  Elections.  A 
telegram  was  sent  to  Mr.  Rogers  notifying  him  of  the  Committee's 
appointment  and  inviting  his  co-operation  and  attendance  at  the 
Inquiry.  The  Hon.  Dr.  Roche  was,  also,  asked  to  testify.  In  this 
connection  the  Regina  Province  on  Dec.  2nd  described  the  Select  Com- 
mittee Inquiry  as  a  farce  and  advised  the  Ottawa  Ministers  "  to  treat 
it  with  contempt."  The  Premier  and  Attorney-General  promptly 
characterized  the  article  in  the  House  as  deserving  of  censure.  It  was 
discussed  on  the  3rd  and  on  Dec.  5th  the  Premier  introduced  and. 
carried  by  30  to  2  a  long  Resolution  describing  the  editorial  as  a 
libel  upon  the  House,  and  the  Members  of  the  Select  Committee,  and 
an  infringement  of  the  most  important  privileges  of  the  House.  On 
the  6th  Mr.  Bradshaw  announced  his  retirement  from  the  Committee 
on  account  of  certain  comments  in  the  Regina  Leader  and  because 
he  did  not  think  a  fair  decision  could  be  reached.  Mr.  Tate  also 
retired  and  the  Opposition  declined  further  representation. 

The  other  Resolutions  of  the  Session  included  one  presented  by 
W.  C.  Sutherland  and  carried  unanimously  which  declared  "  that  the 
Parliament  of  Canada  should  appropriate  annually  for  a  period  of 
years  a  sufficient  sum  of  money  to  enable  each  of  the  Provinces  to 
improve  and  extend  its  educational  system  so  as  to  suitably  provide 
for  Technical  training  and  education;  that  the  moneys  appropriated 
by  Parliament  for  this  purpose  be  granted  to  the  several  Provinces  of 
Canada  on  the  basis  of  population ;  that  each  of  the  said  Provinces  be 
required  to  enter  into  an  undertaking  to  the  effect  that  any  grants 
thus  received  shall  be  expended  solely  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  is 
voted."  W.  G.  Robinson  moved  on  Dec.  5th  a  Resolution  urging  the 
Dominion  Government  to  grant  free  entry  into  Canada  of  lumber, 
gasoline  and  oils,  a  reduction  of  the  duty  on  cement  and  farm 
machinery,  and  an  immediate  increase  in  the  British  preference.  Mr. 
Willoughby,  for  the  Opposition,  moved  in  amendment  that  no  tariff 
changes  should  be  made  pending  the  submission  of  a  Report  by  the 
proposed  Tariff  Commission.  He  declared  himself  a  moderate  Pro- 
tectionist and  opposed  to  Reciprocity.  Mr.  Motherwell,  Minister  of 
Agriculture,  stated  that  the  farmers  of  Saskatchewan  had  this  year 
lost  $6,000,000  through  not  having  access  to  the  American  market  for 
their  flax,  wheat  and  oats,  while  the  duty  and  excess  price  of  imple- 
ments was  held  to  have  cost  the  farmers  another  $8,000,000.  The 
Amendment  was  defeated  by  25  to  3  and  the  Resolution  carried  by 
28  to  2. 

On  Dec.  11,  Hon  W.  F.  A.  Turgeon  delivered  a  strong  attack  upon 
the  Dominion  Highways  Act  at  Ottawa  and  proposed  a  Resolution 
declaring  it  to  be  "  an  attempt  to  usurp  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislatures  "  and  an  indirect  proof  that  the  present  Federal 


THE  IST  SESSION  OF  THE  NEW  LEGISLATURE  573 

Subsidies  were  not  considered  large  enough  by  even  the  Federal 
authorities.  After  a  vigorous  debate  it  carried  on  a  Party  vote.  A  Reso- 
lution was  moved  by  J.  E.  Bradshaw  on  Dec.  16  that  "  in  view  of  the 
marked  progress  being  made  on  the  Continent  of  America  by  the  move- 
ment in  favour  of  Equal  Franchise,  this  House  hereby  signifies  its 
approval  of  the  extension  of  the  franchise  to  women."  The  debate 
was  interesting  and  the  motion  was  supported  by  F.  C.  Tate,  D.  J. 
Wylie  and  Hon.  G.  Langley,  who,  however,  with  Hon.  Mr.  Motherwell, 
thought  women  should  show  a  desire  to  have  the  franchise  before  it 
was  dealt  with.  The  debate  was  adjourned  and  the  matter  did  not 
come  to  a  vote  during  this  Session.  The  House  adjourned  on  the  16th 
until  Jan.  3,  1913,  and  was  finally  prorogued  on  Jan.  11  after  passing 
72  measures.  During  the  Session  Mr.  Scott  kept  one  Election  pledge 
by  introducing  and  carrying  a  Direct  Legislation  measure  in  which 
the  two  chief  clauses  may  be  briefly  summarized  as  being  the  first  of 
the  kind  in  Canada : 

1.  Referendum.    No  Act  of  the  Legislature,  except  those  dealing  with 
the  granting  of  supply,  shall  come  into  force  for  90  days  after  the  close 
of  the  Session  in  which  such  Acts  are  passed,  unless  a  contrary  inten- 
tion is  expressly  declared.     When  it  is  intended  to  bring  any  Act  into 
operation  without  waiting  for  this  period,  a  two-thirds  majority  of  the 
members  is  required.    During  these  90  days  after  the  close  of  a  Session, 
a  petition  which  must  be  signed  by  a  number  of  electors,  not  less  than 
five  per  cent,  of  the  total  votes  cast  at  the  last  general  election,  may  be 
presented  to  the  Legislature.    The  Act  or  part  of  the  Act  to  which  excep- 
tion is  taken  must  then  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people. 

2.  Initiative.    When  it  is  desired  to  exercise  this  privilege  the  peti- 
tion must  be  signed  by  a  number  of  the  electors  not  less  than  eight  per 
cent,  of  the  total  number  of  votes  cast  at  the  last  general  election.    The 
petition,  accompanied  by  a  copy  of  the  proposed  Act,  may  be  presented 
to  the  Legislature  at  any  time  before  the  expiration  of  the  time  provided 
for  the  presenting  of  petitions  and  the  Act  be  passed  by  the  Legislature, 
without  any  amendment  which  would  substantially  alter  or  change  its 
meaning,  and  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  electors.     This  is  to  be  the 
procedure  in  every  case,  except  that  no  Act  touching  any  grant  or  charge 
upon  the  public  revenue,  and  also  no  Act  which  in  the  opinion  of  the 
Attorney-General  affects  matters  outside  Provincial  jurisdiction,  may  be 
proposed. 

Before  coming  into  effect,  however,  the  Act  itself  had  to  be  approved 
by  the  popular  vote.  Other  measures  included  one  putting  all  matters 
pertaining  to  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  Highways — road- 
building,  bridge  work,  surveys  and  ferries — under  control  of  the  High- 
way Commission ;  another  placing  all  heating  boilers  of  over  20  horse- 
power under  Government  inspection  and  authorizing  the  Minister  of 
Public  Works  to  order  the  investigation  of  explosions.  A  Surveys 
Act  placed  surveying  under  Provincial  law  and  empowered  the  Domin- 
ion authorities  to  make  re-surveys  in  the  Province;  the  School  Act 
was  amended  to  provide  in  large  School  Districts  for  the  conveyance 
of  children  to  and  fro  and  to  compel  the  minority  in  a  Separate  School 
District  to  support  their  school  and  the  ratepayers  of  the  majority 
faith  to  support  theirs;  the  School  Assessment  Act  provided  that  in 


574  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

village  and  town  districts  the  land  lying  outside  the  limit  of  the  town 
or  village  should  be  assessed  at  its  unimproved  value  with  improve- 
ments and -personal  property  exempt;  the  Rural  Municipalities  Act  was 
amended  to  permit  Councils  to  borrow  on  behalf  of  the  School  Boards 
a  sum  up  to  60  per  cent,  of  the  estimated  revenue  of  the  current  year. 
The  City  Act  amendments  left  the  "  one  man,  one  vote  "  matter 
optional  to  each  City,  provided  for  pensions,  when  approved,  in  the  case 
of  policemen  or  firemen,  forbade  bonuses  to  industries  further  than 
by  granting  a  site  and  exemption  from  taxation,  made  the  City  poll- 
tax  permissive  in  application,  provided  penalties  for  unpaid  municipal 
taxes  and  confiscation  of  property  after  a  certain  period  of  lapse.  A 
Local  Improvement  District  was  permitted  to  become  a  rural  munici- 
pality and  the  Assessment  Act  was  changed  to  tax  the  value  of 
the  land  instead  of  being  the  same  on  poor  and  fertile  lands;  the 
Hospital  limit  of  demand  upon  municipalities  was  increased  from 
$1.00  to  $1.50  per  patient.  The  Liquor  Act  amendments  were 
important  and  were  intended  to  limit  the  number  of  licenses  to  be 
issued  to  hotels  and  to  wholesale  establishments;  to  elevate  the 
standard  of  hotel  accommodation;  to  facilitate  the  enforcement  of 
efficiency  and  good  order  in  hotels  and  to  prevent  abuses  of  the  law 
by  hotel-keepers;  to  render  escape  from  liability  through  technical 
defences  more  difficult;  to  add  to  the  powers  of  license  inspectors  and 
officials  in  dealing  with  persons  selling  liquor  without  a  license;  to 
remove  doubts  upon  questions  of  right,  jurisdiction,  etc.,  by  more 
complete  definitions. 

A  new  Weeds  Act  was  passed,  the  Game,  and  Wolf-Bounty,  and 
Brands  Act,  were  amended;  the  Corporations  Act  was  changed  in  the 
taxes  to  be  paid  and  the  Rural  Telephone  Act  altered  considerably.  In 
the  latter  matter  subscribers  were  permitted  to  issue  debentures'  for 
construction  of  lines  to  be  repaid  by  levying  a  tax  on  all  lands  past 
which  the  line  ran  and  irrespective  of  whether  a  telephone  was 
installed  on  the  land  or  not.  Vacant  lands  were  taxed  for  their  share 
of  the  cost  while  lands  on  which  a  telephone  was  installed,  in  addition 
to  this,  were  to  pay  for  the  cost  of  constructing  the  branch  lead  from 
the  main  line  into  the  house.  These  taxes  were  to  be  collected  by  the 
municipality  in  the  same  manner  as  regular  municipal  taxes  but  were 
only  to  be  applied  for  the  repayment  of  debentures. 

The  Regina-Moose  Jaw  Interurban  Railway  Co. ;  the  Presbyterian 
Theological  College  of  Saskatoon;  the  North  Battleford  Club  and  the 
Commercial  Club  of  Regina;  the  Assiniboia  Trust  Co.,  British  West- 
ern Trust  Corporation,  Dominion  Trust  Co.,  the  Security  Mortgage 
Co.  of  Saskatoon,  the  Trust  &  Loan  Co.  of  Western  Canada,  the  West- 
ern Prudential  Trust  Co.,  and  the  Empire  Mortgage  Trust  Co. ;  were 
all  incorporated.  An  Agreement  between  the  G.T.P.  Branch  Lines 
Co.  and  Regina  respecting  right  of  way,  construction  of  a  station  and 
divisional  point,  the  grant  of  land  and  construction  of  an  Hotel  cost- 
ing $1,000,000,  was  made  effective;  the  Farmers  Co-operative  Supply 
Co.  Ltd.  with  $100,000  capital  was  incorporated. 


THE  RESOUBCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  SASKATCHEWAN       575 

It  has  been  stated  that  in  1900  one  per  cent,  of 
Saskatchewan's  arable  acreage  produced  18,000,000 
bushels  of  grain;  that  in  1910  15  per  cent,  of  this 
acreage  produced  212,000,000  bushels;  that  in  1921  the 
Province  might  very  well  produce  500,000,000  bushels ! 
The  crop  of  1911  was  a  great  problem  in  the  matter  of  transportation; 
that  of  1912  was  larger  in  bulk  but  the  difficulties  in  shipment  were 
much  less.  The  Provincial  Department  of  Agriculture  estimated 
the  yield  of  the  1912  grain  crop  at  a  total  of  228,466,154  bushels  or 
an  increase  of  15,755,801  over  that  of  1911.  Wheat  was  stated  at 
105,993,095  bushels  or  19-6  to  the  acre;  Oats  at  101,476,079  bushels 
or  41-8  to  the  acre;  Barley  at  7,870,123  bushels  or  29-4  to  the  acre; 
Flax  at  13,126,857  bushels  or  11  -8  to  the  acre.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  the  Department  valued  the  production  at  $128,343,160  as  com- 
pared with  $119,170,523  in  1911.  The  Federal  estimate  of  values 
was  $152,239,000.  The  harvesting  of  this  huge  crop  was  no  easy 
matter.  In  September  the  Government  estimated  that  10,000  more 
men  were  needed  although  15,000  had  already  come  to  help  in  the 
work.  The  shipping  of  it  was  another  problem  which,  owing  to  the 
great  exertions  of  the  Railways,  went  along  much  more  smoothly  than 
ever  before. 

The  Live-stock  of  Saskatchewan  in  1911  numbered  1,195,400 
horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  swine  compared  with  1,105,136  in  1908.  As 
to  this  industry  President  R.  Sinton  of  the  Winter  Fair  Board  said, 
on  Mch.  8,  that  it  "  has  always  been  closely  identified  with  the  general 
agricultural  development,  one  of  the  breeds  alone,  that  of  horses, 
being  called  on  to  supply  about  400,000  animals  valued  at  $80,000,000, 
to  furnish  motive  power  for  the  farms  and  accessories  to  agriculture." 
Land  values  had  steadily  bettered  and  the  latest  official  figures  indi- 
cated prices  of  improved  lands  in  crop  divisions  of  the  Province  as 
running  from  $12.65  up  to  $33.50  an  acre  and  of  unimproved  lands 
from  $9.55  up  to  $32.00  an  acre.  In  other  matters,  according  to 
Provincial  publications,  the  number  of  farms  in  1901  was  13,380 
and  in  1909  81,303.  The  number  of  grain  elevators  and  warehouses 
in  1901  was  111,  and  in  1910,  909.  The  capacity  of  grain  elevators 
in  1901  was  2,978,000  bushels  and  in  1910,  26,465,000  bushels.  The 
number  of  School  Districts  in  1901  was  453  and  in  1910  2,251.  There 
were  upwards  of  1,000  Post  Offices  in  the  Province;  the  newspapers 
numbered  over  one  hundred;  and  there  were  nearly  300  branches  of 
chartered  Banks. 

In  Minerals  the  value  of  production  in  1911  was  $636,706  and  in 
1912  $909,934;  the  actual  resources  in  coal  were  so  great  as  to  almost 
defy  estimate.  R.  0.  Wynne-Roberts,  the  Government  investigator 
into  the  coal-fields  of  the  Province,  accepted  in  his  Report  the  state- 
ment of  the  Commission  of  Conservation  stating  that  there  were  7,500 
square  miles  and  20,000,000,000  tons  of  lignite  in  Saskatchewan,  and 
proceeded :  "  There  appears  to  be  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Estevan 
several  lignite  deposits  down  to  a  depth  of  about  600  feet;  whether 
such  layers  extend  into  other  parts  of  the  Province  it  is  hard  to  say, 


576  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

but  it  is  probable  they  do.  The  production  of  lignite  in  Saskatchewan 
was  204,000  tons  in  1911  and  in  Germany  80,000,000  tons.  The  use 
of  lignite  in  this  Province  has  not  yet  become  extensive.  One  of  the 
principal  consumers  is  the  Robin  Hood  Mill  Company  where  a  new 
type  of  furnace  will  shortly  be  installed  to  consume  it.  Estevan  power 
steam  plant  is  run  on  lignite.  The  Rouleau  electric  plant  is  operated 
by  means  of  producer  gas  from  lignite.  Lignite  is  occasionally  con- 
sumed at  the  power  plants  in  Regina  and  Moose  Jaw.  The  efficient 
consumption  of  lignite  for  raising  steam  is  dependent  on  the  fur- 
naces and  boilers  being  especially  adapted  for  its  use."  Lumber  had 
for  long  been  an  important  industry  of  the  Province  and  in  1911  there 
were  15  mills  in  operation.  In  Manufacturing  progress  had  been  slow 
but  steady.  The  1910  Census  showed  173  factories  and  3,250 
employees  as  against  80  factories  and  1,444  employees  in  1905,  a 
Capital  of  $7,019,951  and  an  output  of  $6,332,132  in  1910  compared 
with  $3,973,075  and  $2,520,172  in  1905. 

The  investments  of  Insurance,  Loan  and  Trust  Companies  in  the 
Province  at  the  close  of  1911  totalled  $61,706,652  as  compared  with 
$42,707,541  in  1910;  the  number  of  cities,  towns  and  villages  on  Feb. 
29,  1912,  were  273  as  against  82  in  1905 ;  the  Federal  figures  of  Rail- 
way mileage  were  3,753  with  791  miles  under  construction  on  June  30, 
1912;  the  Homestead  entries  in  1910-11  were  25,227  and  in  1911-12 
20,484;  the  population  was. 492,432  in  the  1910  Census  as  against 
91,279  in  that  of  1900 — an  increase  in  the  decade  of  439  *48  per  cent. ; 
the  Clearing-house  figures  in  1912  for  Regina,  Saskatoon  and  Moose 
Jaw  were  $294,716,462  as  against  $176,455,973  in  1911.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  Provincial  Winter  Fair  Board  elected  in  1912  was  Robt. 
Sinton;  that  of  the  Saskatchewan  Sheep-breeders  Association,  W.  C. 
Sutherland,  M.L.A.;  that  of  the  Saskatchewan  Horse-breeders  Asso- 
ciation W.  H.  Bryce,  Arcola. 

Two  Incidents  of  the  Year 

Jan.  12. — The  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  Fisheries  Commission  report  to 
Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine,  that  the  Lake  Fisheries 
are  becoming  increasingly  valuable  with  the  increase  of  popu- 
lation; that  freezers  and  ready  means  of  transport  and  distribu- 
tion are  needed;  that  large  commercial  companies  have  already 
exploited  some  of  the  Lakes  and  have  fished  recklessly  and 
without  regulation,  so  that  effective  laws  are  urgent,  and 
enforcement  absolutely  necessary. 

Feb.  13. — A  Committee  of  the  Canadian  Senate  composed  of  Messrs.  W.  C. 
Edwards,  (Chairman)  Hewitt  Bostock,  F.  M.  Young,  J.  P.  B. 
Casgrain,  P.  Talbot,  J.  K.  Kerr,  F.  P.  Thompson  and  D.  Gilmour 
(Liberals),  and  George  Taylor,  G.  F.  Baird,  A.  C.  Bell,  R.  H. 
Pope  (Conservatives),  is  appointed  to  examine  into  the  incidence 
and  nature  of  taxation  in  the  several  Provinces  of  the  Dominion, 
into  the  loss  or  gain  sustained  by  the  failure  to  secure  access 
to  the  markets  of  the  United  States,  and  as  to  the  course  of 
Interprovincial  trade,  with  power  to  send  for  persons  and 
papers  and  to  examine  witnesses  under  oath  and  report  from 
time  to  time.  Evidence  was  submitted  on  Mch.  29 — chiefly  on 
Reciprocity  and  Western  Tariff  conditions — as  a  sort  of  Interim 
Report. 


IX.—PUBLIC   AFFAIRS   IN   ALBERTA. 

The  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton,  Premier  of  Alberta,  had  a 
somewhat  difficult  position  to  fill  during  this  year. 
There  were  changes  in  his  Government,  bye-elections 

Election*  and         .  .  '    . 

Political  °*  keen  anc*  rather  bitter  character,  controversies  as  to 

condition*  the  Alberta  and  Great  Waterways  Case — which  are 
treated  separately — and  a  pending  general  election 
which,  however,  did  not  come  off  in  1912.  To  the  press  in  Winnipeg 
(Feb.  20)  on  his  way  to  Ottawa  Mr.  Sifton  stated  that  the  Provincial 
Telephone  system  was  working  out  well  and  that  the  programme  for 
the  year  included  construction  of  over  3,000  miles  of  rural  lines ;  500 
miles  of  long  distance  lines  over  new  routes  and  about  700  miles  addi- 
tional circuits  on  existing  long  distance  routes;  also  a  number  of  new 
town  exchanges  as  well  as  extensive  additions  to  existing  exchanges. 
The  estimated  new  expenditure  was  $2,000,000.  It  may  be  added 
that  the  lines  had  already  been  extended  until  the  system  comprised 
at  this  time  about  4,000  miles  of  long  distance  line,  touching  270 
points,  4,800  miles  of  rural  line  supplying  5,000  subscribers,  120 
exchanges  carrying  12,000  subscribers,  and  representing  a  total  invest- 
ment of  about  $3,800,000. 

Mr.  Sifton  returned  from  the  East  on  Apl.  29  and  reported  a  great 
rush  of  settlers,  satisfactory  arrangements  for  Railway  building  and 
various  contracts  let.  He  stated  that  every  effort  had  been  made  to 
obtain  Federal  assent  to  Alberta's  control  of  its  natural  resources. 
On  May  4th  the  long-expected  changes  in  the  Cabinet  were  announced. 
The  Premier  had  for  some  time  been  holding  the  Portfolios  of  Public 
Works,  Telephones  and  Railways  as  well  as  the  Presidency  of  the 
Executive  Council  and  it  had  been  known  for  sometime  past  that  the 
difficulties  existing  between  him  and  Mr.  C.  W.  Cross  had  been 
removed.  It,  therefore,  created  little  surprise  when  Mr.  Cross  headed 
the  list  of  new  appointments  which  also  included  Malcolm  MacKenzie 
of  Macleod,  a  Member  of  the  House  since  1905;  Charles  Stewart,  a 
farmer  of  Killam,  and  J.  R.  Boyle,  K.C.,  a  Barrister  of  Edmonton. 
The  re-organized  Government  was  as  follows: 

Premier  and  Minister  of  Railways  and 

Telephones    Hon.  Arthur  Lewis  Sifton,  D.C.L.,  K.c. 

Attorney-General     Hon.  Charles  Wilson  Cross,  K.C. 

Minister  of  Public  Works Hon.  Charles  Richmond  Mitchell,  K.C. 

Provincial  Secretary     Hon.  Archibald  J.  McLean. 

Minister  of  Agriculture    » Hon.  Duncan  Marshall. 

Provincial  Treasurer   Hon.  Malcolm  MacKenzie,   M.A.,  K.C. 

Minister  of  Education     Hon.  John  Robert  Boyle,  K.c. 

Minister  of  Municipal  Affairs    Hon.  Charles  Stewart. 

The  Bye-elections  were  announced  for  May  27th  and  included  also  a 
writ  for  Cardston  where  J.  W.  Woolf,  who  for  the  past  year  had  been 
residing  in  Nevada,  U.S.,  resigned  his  seat.  The  ensuing  elections 
were  keenly  contested  especially  in  Edmonton  where  the  Conservatives 

577 
37 


578  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

nominated  A.  F.  Ewing,  their  candidate  in  1908  to  contest  the  Seat 
with  Mr.  Cross.  He  at  once  issued  an  Address  describing  the  Attor- 
ney-General as  for  years  the  "  ruling  force  "  in  the  Rutherford  Gov- 
ernment and  as  chiefly  responsible  for  the  A.  &  G.  W.  embroglio. 
"  The  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  was  called  to  form  a  Government  to  extricate 
the  Province  from  the  consequences  of  this  legislation,  and  without  a 
general  election  he  proceeded  to  cancel  the  Contract  and  to  appro- 
priate the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  bonds  of  the  Company  to  the 
general  revenue  of  the  Province.  Saving  the  lawsuit  which  is  follow- 
ing in  its  train,  the  Alberta  and  Great  Waterways  passed  into  history 
as  an  episode  which  made  the  Province  the  laughing-stock  of  the 
other  Provinces  of  Canada  and  seriously  impaired  the  credit,  and 
damaged  the  good  name,  of  this  Province  at  home  and  abroad."  Mr. 
Ewing  went  on  to  criticize  the  return  of  Mr.  Cross  to  the  Cabinet  and 
to  say  that  Edmonton  wanted  in  the  future  "  progress  and  not  poli- 
tics." Much  was  made,  also,  by  the  Conservatives  of  the  Calgary 
Albertan  (Lib.)  and  its  criticism  on  May  8th  of  the  new  appointment. 

As  Mr.  Cross  had  a  majority  of  1,600  in  1908  and  was  a  man  of 
great  ability  and  political  resourcefulness,  it  was  obvious  that  chances 
were  much  against  Mr.  Ewing.  The  Attorney-General  held  his  first 
meeting  on  May  8th  and  said  little  about  the  personal  element  except 
that  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  accept  the  position  and  would  work  to 
make  Edmonton  a  second  Winnipeg  within  a  few  years.  He  would 
endeavour  to  find  further  means  of  taxing  the  C.P.R. ;  expressed 
regret  at  the  recent  Privy  Council  decision  in  that  respect  and  thought 
these  appeals  should  be  abolished;  eulogized  the  Telephone  acquisition 
of  the  Rutherford  Government  and  presented  a  Railway  map  showing 
the  coming  construction  in  Alberta.  "  Had  Western  Canada  instead 
of  Eastern  Canada  been  the  most  thickly  populated  part  of  the 
Dominion  during  the  past  20  years,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying 
that  the  population  of  Canada  to-day  instead  of  being  7,000,000  would 
be  20,000,000.  I  join  the  Sifton  Administration  because  I  want  a 
City  at  Fort  McMurray,  and  on  Peace  River,  and  at  Athabasca  Land- 
ing, and  at  Vermilion  to  the  north,  and  I  want  to  see  these  four  cities 
in  the  next  few  years  with  a  population  each  of  10,000  or  15,000  and 
Edmonton  with  a  population  of  150,000." 

Mr.  Ewing  in  the  succeeding  campaign  made  much  of  the  A.  & 
G.  W.  affair;  in  fact  it  was  the  pivotal  basis  of  attack  combined  with 
the  claim  that  the  election  was  a  matter  of  Mr.  Cross  and  not  one  of 
party  or  politics  or  development.  As  to  the  latter  point  Edward 
Michener,  the  Opposition  Leader,  said  on  May  21st:  "The  Govern- 
ment has  not  measured  up  to  its  responsibilities.  In  all  parts  of 
the  country  the  crying  need  is  for  transportation,  both  by  the  con- 
struction of  railways  and  of  trunk  roads.  Our  policy  is  that  the 
Government  assume  iihe  credit  of  the  Province  and  build  lines  and  not 
wait  for  the  Railway  companies."  Mr.  Machener  spoke  in  other  con- 
stituencies and  on  May  23rd  told  the  Edmonton  Journal  that  it  would 
be  well  for  people  to  remember  that  the  opposition  in  the  Legislature 
to  the  A.  &  G.  W.  arrangements  was  from  3  Conservatives  and  14 


ADMINISTRATION:  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  POLITICAL  CONDITIONS    579 

Liberals — the  latter  led  by  Mr.  Boyle  who  was  one  of  the  new  Min- 
isters. During  the  fight  Mr.  Ewing  was  encouraged  by  the  help  of 
some  Liberals  and  by  the  declaration  of  the  Edmonton  Liberal  Asso- 
ciation that,  as  an  organization,  it  was  not  sharing  in  the  contest.  At 
its  close  he  expressed  grave  fear  of  illegal  votes  being  cast  by  outside 
voters,  brought  into  the  City  for  the  purpose,  and  wrote  open  letters 
to  the  Attorney-General  and  Mayor  demanding  protection  at  the  polls. 

Meantime,  one  of  the  Attorney-General's  meetings  had  been 
addressed  by  Mr.  Sifton  who,  however,  spent  two  or  three  weeks  cam- 
paigning in  the  outside  constituencies.  Mr.  Cross  made  several  able 
speeches  and  had  the  substantial  aid  of  A.  G.  MacKay,  K.C.,  the  for- 
mer Liberal  Leader  in  Ontario,  who  at  a  great  mass-meeting  on  May 
21st  dealt  with  Railway  construction  in  vigorous  terms  and  portrayed 
the  outfits  and  7,465  men  actually  working  on  the  Railway  lines  of 
the  Province.  On  May  27th  the  result  showed  a  clean  sweep  for  the 
Government  but  with  some  reduced  majorities.  In  Edmonton  Mr. 
Cross  was  elected  by  3,763  to  3,207  with  413  votes  for  the  Independent 
candidate  ( J.  R.  Knight) ;  in  Sedgwick  Hon.  C.  Stewart  was  returned 
by  2,018  against  958  for  H.  A.  Blair  (Cons.) ;  in  Claresholm,  Hon. 
M.  MacKenzie  had  651  to  Dr.  McMillan's  637 — a  narrow  escape  from 
defeat;  in  Cardston  Martin  Woolf  (Lib.)  was  elected  over  J.  F. 
Parrish  (Cons.)  by  a  majority  of  139.  In  Sturgeon  the  Hon.  J.  R. 
Boyle  was  successful  over  A.  Williamson  Taylor  (Cons.)  by  a  good 
majority.  Mr.  Ewing  issued  a  statement  declaring  that  the  Edmonton 
result  was  due  to  "  a  large  army  of  unqualified  voters,"  and  a  petition 
was  filed  protesting  the  Election  and  asking  for  the  disqualification 
of  the  victorious  candidate.  There  were  23  charges  of  varied  kinds 
of  political  corruption.  The  matter  dragged  on  throughout  the  year. 
Mr.  Cross  appealed  against  the  protest  but  Mr.  Justice  Scott  on  Oct. 
16  dismissed  the  appeal  and  the  case  went  over  into  the  new  year.  A 
protest  was  also  filed  against  Mr.  MacKenzie's  return  but  on  Nov  13th 
it  was  dismissed  with  costs  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

Meantime  the  Premier  had  attended  the  Dry  Farming  Congress 
at  Lethbridge  on  Oct.  21st  and  then  left  for  the  East  and  England  to 
arrange  certain  Provincial  financial  matters.  In  Ottawa  on  the  31st 
Mr.  Sifton  told  the  press  that  "  What  Alberta  most  desires  at  the 
present  time  is  more  railroads,  more  men,  free  access  to  the  handiest 
and  most  profitable  markets,  and  control  of  her  natural  resources." 
In  London  on  Dec.  3rd  he  spoke  at  a  Royal  Colonial  Institute  lun- 
cheon and  dealt  with  the  Railway  construction  of  the  Western  Pro- 
vinces as  costing  about  $400,000,000  with  $100,000,000  more  in 
various  Government  undertakings — nearly  all  of  which  had  come  from 
London.  To  The  Standard  of  Dec.  16  the  Alberta  Premier  described 
Alberta  as  the  "wonder  child"  of  Canada  occupying  a  greater  area 
than  any  country  in  Europe  except  Russia,  with  splendid  climate,  fer- 
tile soil  and  rich  mineral  resources.  During  this  visit  an  Alberta 
Loan  of  £1,000,000  10-year  4  per  cent,  bonds  was  placed  on  the 
market  and  was  underwritten  through  Lloyds  Bank  at  97.  It  was 
intended  to  carry  out  improvements  and  additions  to  the  Telephone 


580  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

service  and  other  public  utilities.  Seventy  per  cent,  of  the  Loan  was 
left  with  the  underwriters.  On  Dec.  7th  Mr.  Sifton  was  in  Paris  and 
spoke  at  a  British  Chamber  of  Commerce  banquet. 

In  various  branches  of  public  work  during  the  year  there  was  pro- 
gress. Mr.  McLean,  Provincial  Secretary,  stated  on  Aug.  8th  that 
the  experiment  of  giving  the  prisoners  farm  work  to  do  at  Lethbridge 
Gaol  had  proved  successful  and  that  in  connection  with  a  new  Prison 
to  be  established,  probably  at  Fort  Saskatchewan  where  the  Govern- 
ment owned  200  acres  of  land,  a  similar  system  would  be  followed. 
The  Automatic  Telephone  system  which  had  been  in  use  in  Alberta  for 
some  years  was  also  said  at  this  time  to  have  worked  satisfactorily. 
Mr.  Stewart,  Minister  of  Municipalities,  had  to  deal  with  much  organi- 
zation work  during  the  year.  He  visited  many  parts  of  the  Province 
in  connection  with  the  new  Rural  Municipalities  Act  and  stated  on 
July  29th  that  65  districts  had  appealed  for  permission  to  take  a  vote 
upon  the  question  of  organization.  The  Act  passed  in  the  last  Session 
of  the  Legislature  had  given  Local  Improvement  Districts  power  to 
apply  for  incorporation  as  Rural  Municipalities  with  wider  powers. 
By  September  108  petitions  had-  been  received  and  18  new  Munici- 
palities organized.  On  Sept.  11  it  was  stated  that  the  Alberta  Gov- 
ernment had  accepted  its  share  of  the  Federal  Subsidy  to  Agriculture 
amounting  to  $26,094.  Another  development  of  the  year  was  the 
Government  organization  of  several  rescue  stations  in  connection  with 
the  Coal  mines  and  preparations  for  more  in  1913.  The  idea  was  to 
organize  and  train  men  for  any  sort  of  emergency  and  have  them 
available  in  case  of  accident. 

Mr.  Marshall,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  at  Macleod  on  Mch.  1, 
dealt  with  the  necessity  for  mixed  farming,  the  success  of  the  move- 
ment in  Southern  Alberta  to  that  end,  the  desire  of  the  Government 
to  help  it.  "  We  know,"  he  said,  '"'  that  if  the  farmer  goes  into  mixed 
farming  he  will  be  depending  upon  his  market,  and  if  the  Govern- 
ment find  that  agricultural  interests  are  injured  by  middlemen  pay- 
ing prices  that  are  out  of  proportion  to  the  prices  they  obtain  from 
the  consumer,  the  Government  will  take  a  personal  interest  and  take 
steps  to  assure  the  farmer  proper  treatment.  We  hope,"  he  continued, 
"  before  the  summer  is  over  to  have  seven  Experimental  farms  in  opera- 
tion in  the  Province.  We  shall  soon  have  a  herd  of  dairy  cattle  on 
each  one  of  those  farms  which  will  be  operated  along  the  general  lines 
of  mixed  farming.  The  Department  will  also  build  three  Agricultural 
schools  during  the  present  Summer." 

In  September,  Mr.  Marshall  visited  the  Ontario  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Guelph  and  also  made  a  trip  to  Chicago.  Upon  his  return  he 
stated  that  49  additional  head  of  dairy  shorthorns,  besides  some 
brought  up  from  Ontario  in  the  summer,  had  been  purchased.  "  When 
these  cattle  arrive  in  Alberta,"  he  added,  "  we  will  have  in  this  Pro- 
vince the  best  herd  of  dairy  shorthorns  on  the  continent  of  America." 
He  went  on  to  say  that  Alberta  had  done  four  notable  things  this  year. 
"An  Alberta  farmer — Mr.  Holmes,  of  Magrath — won  the  sweep- 
stakes against  the  world,  for  the  best  bushel  of  wheat  at  the  Dry  Farm- 


ADMINISTRATION:  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  POLITICAL  CONDITIONS    581 

ing  Congress ;  Mr.  Downie  raised  and  fed  a  carload  of  steers  that  took 
first  place  in  the  old  beef-feeding  Province  of  Ontario^  a  dairy  cow, 
bred  and  raised  dn  Alberta,  belonging  to  C.  J.  Sharman,  Red  Deer, 
ranked  in  first  place  as  a  butter  producer  in  the  British  Empire ;  and 
George  Lane  has  topped  the  Chicago  market  for  grass-fed  steers  off 
the  Alberta  range."  On  Dec.  26th  it  was  announced  that  three  Pro- 
vincial Agricultural  Schools  would  be  ready  within  a  year  for  the 
reception  of  students — at  Olds,  Vermilion  and  Claresholm  respec- 
tively. 

The  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  for  1911  (dated  June 
1,  1912)  showed  the  construction  of  265  timber  bridges  in  the  Pro- 
vince, 11  steel  bridges,  and  72  bridges  repaired,  during  that  year, 
with  44  Ferries  under  operation.  The  Provincial  Secretary  (Mr. 
McLean)  visited  the  Peace  River  Country  in  October.  He  went  from 
Athabasca  Landing  to  Grouard  by  boat,  traversed  the  trails  north  to 
Peace  River  Crossing  and  visited  Dunvegan,  Grande  Prairie  City,  etc. 
An  incident  of  the  year  was  the  appointment  on  Feb.  17  of  a  Com- 
mission to  inquire  into  the  Mining  laws  of  Alberta  with  Wm.  Baden 
Powell  of  Calgary,  Walter  Floyd  McNeill,  Calgary,  and  J.  T.  Stirling, 
Government-Engineer,  of  Edmonton,  as  Members.  In  connection  with 
the  Sifton  Government's  legislation  imposing  the  Single  Tax  upon 
Land  values  in  incorporated  towns  and  future  rural  municipalities 
there  was  much  discussion  in  Opposition  papers  as  to  the  theory  and 
application  of  the  measure — the  Edmonton  Journal,  Calgary  Herald 
and  Lethbridge  News  publishing  a  series  of  critical  articles.  In  them, 
Claresholm,  Stettler,  Leduc,  Tofield,  Nanton,  Edson  and  Ponoka  were 
stated  in  varied  detail  to  suffer  from  the  new  law  and  were  alleged 
to  be  typical  towns  in  this  respect.  This  was  denied  and  the  experi- 
ence of  Edmonton,  Calgary  and  Macleod  quoted  on  the  other  hand. 

Meanwhile,  and  apart  from  the  Bye-elections,  the  Conservative 
Opposition  had  been  doing  its  best  to  impress  public  opinion.  A  Pro- 
vincial Convention  of  the  Party  was  held  at  Calgary  on  Mch.  6-7  with 
400  Delegates  in  attendance.  Wm.  Georgeson  presided  and  addresses 
were  given  by  Mr.  Michener,  Harold  W.  Riley,  A.  F.  Ewing,  T.  M. 
Tweedie,  J.  D.  Hyndman  and  W.  A.  Griesbach.  A  Resolution  moved 
by  Mr.  Griesbach  declared  that  "  so  soon,  as  a  Conservative  Govern- 
ment is  returned  to  power  the  books  and  affairs  of  this  Province  shall 
be  investigated  and  audited  by  capable  and  independent  auditors  " ; 
and  another  declared  that  "  the  Homestead  regulations  should  be 
altered  in  so  far  as  they  are  applicable  to  brush  and  timbered  country 
to  permit  of  the  granting  of  patents  to  homesteaders  on  15  acres  of 
cultivation,  instead  of  30  acres  as  at  present."  Confidence  was 
declared  in  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Leaders.  Mr.  Borden  was 
elected  Hon.  President  of  the  Alberta  Conservative  Association  and 
M.  S.  McCarthy,  Calgary,  Hon.  Vice-President ;  Wm.  Georgeson,  Cal- 
gary, was  elected  President,  J.  R.  Mclntosh,  Edmonton  and  R.  R. 
Davidson,  Lethbridge,  Vice-Presidents ;  with  J.  D.  Hyndman,  Edmon- 
ton, Lieut.-Col.  F.  C.  Jamieson,  Strathcona,  W.  C.  Craig,  Vermilion, 
John  Carswell,  Red  Deer,  J.  F.  McDonald,  Calgary,  R.  L.  Staunton, 


582  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Pincher  Creek,  and  Nelson  Spencer,  Medicine  Hat,  as  District  Vice- 
Presidents.  An  elaborate  platform  was  constructed  of  which  the 
planks  may  be  analysed  as  follows : 

1.  The    immediate    construction    of    Railways    where    there    are    no 
facilities  or  where  competition  is  imperative — with  Government  control 
of  Traffic  rates  as  a  condition  of  guarantees  as  well  as  supervision  of 
construction  and  retention  of  one-fourth  interest  in  town  sites. 

2.  The  Liquor  License  administration  to  be  detached  from  politics, 
a  Plebiscite  to  be  held  on  Prohibition,  and,  if  approved  by  a  60  per  cent, 
vote,  the  passage  of  an  Act  up  to  the  full  limit  of  Provincial  jurisdiction. 

3.  The  establishment  of  additional  Land  Offices. 

4.  Re-affirmation  of  the  Conservative  stand  in  favour  of  Provincial 
control  of  natural  resources  and  approval  of  Mr.  Borden's  attitude  in 
that  connection. 

5.  The  immediate  Provincial  construction  of  large  interior  storage 
elevators  at  convenient  points,   not  more  than  200  miles  apart,  to  be 
owned  and  operated  by  the  Provincial  Government. 

6.  The  declaration  that  Provincial  experimental  farms,  as  existent, 
conflicted   with   Dominion   Government   work,   were   unduly   costly   and 
should  be  replaced  by  an  Agricultural  College  with  such  farms  attached 
thereto. 

7.  Declarations  in  favour  of  Co-operative  Hail  Insurance  legislation; 
the  expenditure  of  larger  sums  of  money  on  trunk  roads  and  bridges;  a 
drainage  scheme  to  facilitate  road  building  and  farm  drainage;  the  estab- 
lishment of  co-operative  meat-packing  institutions;   legislation  granting 
loans  to  settlers  and  workers  at  a  low  rate  of  interest;  the  appointment 
of   a   Water-power   Commission   to   Investigate  conditions   of   supplying 
electrical  power  for  municipal  and  industrial  purposes. 

8.  Resolutions    recommending    the    management    of    the    Provincial 
Telephone  system  by  a  non-political  Commission;  the  appointment  of  an 
Education  Commission  to  prepare  a  comprehensive  Provincial  policy,  the 
appointment  of  a  Minister  of  Education  and  re-organization  of  the  entire 
existing   system ;    Labour    legislation    including    the    appointment   of    a 
Commission   to   investigate   Mining   conditions   and   the  creation   of  an 
adequate  Workmen's  Compensation  Act;    a  thorough   and  complete   re- 
formation of  the  Civil  Service  laws. 

9.  A  pledge  to  pass  into  law  the  principle  of  the  Initiative,  Referendum 
and  Recall. 

During  a  visit  to  Victoria  and  Vancouver  in  April  Mr.  Michener 
urged  the  construction  of  Elevators  at  the  Ooast  as  a  partial  solution 
of  "Western  shipment  difficulties  and  a  source,  under  new  Panama 
Canal  conditions,  of  great  advantage  to  the  Cities  concerned.  Speak- 
ing, with  G.  B.  Campbell,  at  Stoney  Plains  on  June  20th  Mr.  Mich- 
ener declared  that  70  per  cent,  pf  public  money  had  been  spent  in  the 
Cities  and  30  per  cent,  in  the  rural  parts  of  the  Province;  while  70 
per  cent,  of  the  population  lived  in  the  country  and  only  30  per  cent. 
in  the  Cities.  The  Provincial  appointments  of  the  year  included  Dr. 
Wm.  C.  Laidlaw  of  Huxley  as  Medical  Health  Officer  for  the  Pro- 
vince in  succession  to  Dr.  L.  E.  W.  Irving,  D.S.O.  ;  Malcolm  McKenzie, 
M.L.A.,  Hon.  C.  W.  Cross,  Hon.  C.  R.  Mitchell,  M.L.A.,  and  J.  R. 
Boyle,  M.L.A.,  as  King's  Counsel;  F.  D.  Byers  as  Police  Magistrate 
of  Edmonton  and  R.  B.  Chadwick  as  Provincial  Truant  Officer ;  Don- 
ald Baker  as  Clerk  of  the  Executive  Council;  Miss  Mary  Yeomans  as 
Provincial  Probation  Officer. 


ADMINISTRATION:  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  POLITICAL  CONDITIONS    583 

The  United  Fanners  Association  of  Alberta  took  very  much  the 
same  ground  on  public  questions  as  did  the  Grain  Growers  of  Mani- 
toba and  Saskatchewan.  The  annual  1912  meeting  was  held  at 
Edmonton  on  Jan.  16-17  with  James  Bower  in  the  chair  and  500 
Delegates  present.  Amongst  Resolutions  carried  was  the  following: 
"  That  this  Convention  is  in  favour  of  a  compulsory  land  tax  for  Hail 
Insurance ;  all  lands  to  be  taxed  at  an  equal  rate  and  the  details  to  be 
worked  out  by  an  expert  Committee  of  the  U.  F.  A.  in  conjunction 
with  the  Government " ;  another  declared  in  favour  of  Woman's  Suf- 
'frage  on  the  same  basis  as  men;  the  Initiative  and  Referendum  was 
unanimously  approved;  the  public  ownership  of  Elevators  along  some 
such  line  as  that  of  Saskatchewan  was  endorsed;  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment was  asked  to  provide  Terminal  Elevators  at  Vancouver.  The 
Provincial  Government  was  asked  to  acquire  and  operate  "  adequate 
coal  mines  of  sufficient  capacity  "  to  supply  the  people  of  Alberta ;  t6 
see  that  only  competent  men  were  allowed  to  act  as  Coal  Mine  Inspec- 
tors. The  Tariff  Resolution  declared  that  Canadian  Manufacturers 
added  the  tariff  tax  to  the  selling  price  of  the  product ;  that  they  did 
not  need  protection  anyway ;  and  that  "  the  United  Farmers  of 
Alberta  protest  against  the  tribute  levied  upon  them  by  manufac- 
turers of  farm  machinery  and  implements,  cottons,  woollens  and 
cement  and  advocate  that  their  members,  if  they  must  pay  a  tariff 
tax,  pay  it  into  the  public  treasury,  and  not  into  private  pockets." 

A  Resolution  in  favour  of  forming  an  independent  political  party 
was  voted  down.  The  membership  was  stated  to  be  12,000  and  the 
following  officers  were  elected:  President  W.  J.  Tregillus,  Calgary; 
Vice-Presidents,  A.  Cochran,  Stettler,  D.  W.  Warner,  Clover  Bar, 
M.  E.  Sly,  Strathmore  and  J.  Quinsey,  Barons;  Hon.  President,  Jas. 
Bower;  Sec.-Treas.,  E.  J.  Fream.  The  Directors  were  P.  S.  Austen, 
Rangusty;  G.  Bevington,  Spence  Grove;  J.  R.  Pointer,  Strome;  E. 
Carswell,  Penhold;  H.  Sorenson,  Strathmore;  G.  W.  Buchanan, 
Cowley ;  W.  S.  Henry,  Bow  Island.  On  Aug.  14  it  was  announced  that 
the  United  Farmers  of  Alberta  had  affiliated  with  the  Provincial 
Trades  and  Labour  Council  as  the  Alberta  Provincial  Federation  of 
Labour  with  J.  0.  Jones,  Hillcrest,  as  President,  W.  J.  Tregillus  as 
one  of  the  Vioe-Presidents  and  L.  T.  English  of  Lethbridge  as  Secre- 
tary-Treasurer. The  separate  identity  of  the  organizations  was  main- 
tained up  to  the  close  of  the  year. 

An  important  event  of  the  year  was  the  formal  opening  of  the  new 
Parliament  Buildings  at  Edmonton  by  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught 
on  Sept.  3rd.  Mr.  Premier  Sifton  presented  an  Address  to  His  Royal 
Highness  declaring  that  "  nowhere  in  the  British  realm  is  to  be  found 
a  people  more  sincerely  loyal  to  His  Majesty  the  King  than  those 
who  are  now  converting  the  lands  of  this  Province  from  an  expanse 
of  prairie,  forest  and  mountain  into  one  of  the  richest  storehouses  of 
the  Empire."  With  a  golden  key  presented  by  Hon.  C.  R.  Mitchell, 
the  Duke  had  already  opened  the  doors  and  now  responded  with  grace- 
ful words  of  appreciation:  "By  the  position  you  have  chosen  for 
your  Legislative  Building  and  by  the  graceful  structure  you  have 


584  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

erected,  you  have  shown  your  sentiment  of  the  dignity  of  the  duties 
which  have  to  be  performed  here."  The  structure  cost  about  $2,000,- 
000,  was  of  imposing  and  beautiful  architecture  and  stood  upon  an 
elevation  which  overlooked  the  ravine  lying  between  Edmonton  and 
Strathcona  with  a  splendid  view  of  the  two  united  Cities. 

The  3rd  Session  of  the  Second  Legislature  was 
nut  mi-ia  opened  on  Nov.  30th,  1911,  and  the  incidents  up  to  the 
th«  Aibcrta  en<*  °*  ^ia*  vear  are  dealt  with  in  THE  CANADIAN 
legislator*  ANNUAL  REVIEW  of  1911.  The  adjourned  House  was 
re-opened  on  Jan.  22  and  on  Feb.  15  a  Government 
Resolution  was  presented  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Campbell  declaring  that  "  all 
the  natural  resources  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Province  should 
at  the  earliest  possible  date  be  transferred  to  Provincial  control."  Mr. 
Michener,  Opposition  Leader,  moved  an  Amendment  stating  that 
Mr.  R.  L.  Borden,  Dominion  Prime  Minister,  had  since  1905  advo- 
cated this  very  policy  but  that  the  people  of  Alberta,  had  twice  declared 
at  the  polls  their  preference  for  the  cash  Subsidy  which  was  now  prov- 
ing insufficient  for  Provincial  needs.  "  Therefore,  be  it  resolved, 
that  it  is  now  desirable  that  the  Province  should  receive  its  natural 
resources  and  public  domain,  and  that  an  Election  should  be  held  at 
the  earliest  possible  date  to  ascertain  the  will  of  the  people  with  regard 
thereto."  The  Amendment  was  defeated  by  23  to  7  and  the  original 
motion  then  passed  unanimously. 

Of  the  legislation  passed  during  the  Session  much  was  important. 
The  Act  respecting  Towns  provided  for  all  matters  of  government  and 
boundaries,  polling  and  elections,  duties  of  Councils,  Assessment,  taxa- 
tion and  finance,  highways  and  local  improvements,  and  practically 
established  Single  Tax  in  40  towns  of  the  Province;  a  population  of 
7,000  was  required  in  future  before  incorporation.  The  Rural  Muni- 
cipalites  Act  provided  for  and  proposed  to  effect  a  general  organization 
of  Municipal  Government  throughout  the  Province  with  227  Munici- 
palities coming  under  its  operation  by  the  close  of  the  year  and  with  a 
mass  of  detail  as  to  laws  and  matters  of  local  administration.  As 
in  the  Towns  Act  land  was  liable  to  assessment  and  taxation  whether 
occupied  or  not.  The  Statute  Law  was  amended  in  a  number  of 
important  details — one  of  which  increased  the  Departments  of  the 
Government  from  four  to  eight;  the  Highways  and  Bridges  Act  was 
amended  and  the  Motor  Vehicles  Act  strengthened,  in  its  safe-guards 
for  the  public,  as  to  carrying  of  lights  and  number-plates,  licensing 
of  chauffeurs,  the  rate  of  speed  not  to  exceed  one  mile  in  four  minutes 
within  city,  town,  or  village  and  a  mile  in  six  minutes  when  turning 
a  corner,  and  the  registration  of  dealers. 

An  Act  respecting  Hail  Insurance  provided  that  a  Company  carry- 
ing on  such  business  must  deposit  $10,000  with  the  Provincial  Treas- 
urer and  prove  to  his  satisfaction  that  it  could  indemnify  policy- 
holders  from  time  to  time ;  amendments  to  the  Liquor  License  Ordin- 
ance authorized  the  appointment  of  Inspectors  by  Municipalities 
which  were  to  receive  one-half  of  the  fines  obtained  from  convictions, 
imposed  a  fee  of  $10.00  upon  petitions  for  license  and  specified  penal- 


THE  1911-12  SESSION  OF  THE  ALBERTA  LEGISLATURE      585 

ties  for  selling  without  a  license  which  ran  from  $50  to  $100  for  the 
first  offence  to  $100  and  $200,  or  imprisonment,  for  a  second  offence 
with  the  onus  of  proof,  as  to  nature  of  the  liquor  sold,  put  upon  the 
person  accused.  Other  measures  dealt  with  the  inspection  of  Boilere 
and  provided  certificates  for  Engineers  with  varied  details  looking 
to  public  protection;  created  Departments  of  Railways  and  Telephones 
and  Municipal  Affairs :  amended  the  Railway  Act  and  specified  detailed 
penalties  for  corrupt  practices  at,  and  the  trial  of,  controverted  Muni- 
cipal Elections;  authorized  the  Provincial  Treasurer  to  borrow  the 
sum  of  $5,000,000  "for  the  extension  of  the  Provincial  Telephone 
jsystem  and  the  establishment  and  construction  of  trunk  roads  with 
necessary  bridges  thereon  "  at  a  50-year  term  and  4  per  cent,  interest ; 
provided  for  the  early  closing  of  shops,  the  regulation  of  pool-rooms, 
the  control,  licensing  and  regulating  of  theatres,  entertainment  halls 
and  cinematographs  with  power  to  appoint  Censors  and  inspect  films; 
safe-guarded  the  means  of  egress  from  public  buildings;  amended 
the  Medical  Profession  Act  by  instructing  the  Council  to  accept  cer- 
tificates from  the  University  of  Alberta  and  regulated,  in  particular, 
admissions  to  the  practice  of  Osteopathy  and  Homeopathy;  amended 
in  certain  details  the  Dental  Profession  Act. 

The  Alberta  Metropolitan  Railway  Co.  of  Calgary,  the  Cochrane 
and  South  Western,  and  the  Magrath  Railway  Companies,  the  Edmon- 
ton Interurban  Railway  Co.,  the  South-East  Calgary  Electric  Railway 
Co.,  the  Maharg,  the  Bassano,  the  Medicine  Hat,  Electric  Railways  and 
the  Crow's  Nest  Pass  Street  Railway  Co.  of  Blairmore  were  incorpor- 
ated as  well  as  a  number  of  religious  bodies  including  the  Disciples  of 
Christ  Missionary  Society,  the  Alberta  Sunday  School  Association, 
the  Apostolic  Syndics  of  the  Franciscan  Friars,  La  Filles  de  la  Sagesse 
and  the  Ruthenian  Sisters  of  the  Immaculate  Conception — all  these 
being  given  elaborate  rights  to  own  property,  etc.,  with  the  fe'ar 
expressed  by  the  Toronto  Orange  Sentinel,  on  Mch.  21st,  that  in  the 
last  mentioned  case  "  the  institutionalism  of  Portugal  and  Spain  is 
being  revived!"  Special  Bills  dealt  with  important  matters  respect- 
ing the  towns  of  Camrose,  Macleod,  Wainwright,  Medicine  Hat, 
Tofield,  Blairmore  and  the  Cities  of  Calgary  and  Edmonton.  Elab- 
orate legislation  was  required  to  confirm  certain  agreements  between 
the  Canadian  Western  Natural  Gas,  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Co.,  the 
Cities  of  Calgary  and  Lethbridge  and  the  Towns  of  Bassano,  Gleichen, 
Strathcona,  Macleod,  Granum,  Claresholm,  Nanton  and  Okotoks. 
The  Edmonton  Military  Institute,  the  Alberta  Fidelity  Trust  Co., 
the  Empire  Club,  Edmonton,  the  Edmonton  Country  Club  and  the 
Colonial  Club,  Calgary,  were  also  incorporated. 

The  Budget  Speech  was  delivered  by  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  on  Jan. 
25th  and  described  the  Assets  of  the  Province  on  Jan.  1st,  1912,  as 
totalling  $7,733,579.  Included  in  this  total  was  $3,724,069  expended 
on  Provincial  buildings  and  $300,059  on  the  University  building  at 
Strathcona;  $1,128,546  on  permanent  bridges;  Roads  and  rights  of 
way,  Demonstration  farms,  Loans  to  Creameries  made  up  about 
$400,000 ;  Interest  paid  on  Railway  bonds,  at  credit  of  Province,  was 


586  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

$560,185.  The  Liabilities  were  stated  at  $7,293,333  in  Treasury  Bills 
leaving  a  Surplus  of  Assets  totalling  $440,246.  Telephones  were  not 
included  but  the  Premier  said  that  after  all  charges  had  been  paid  in 
1911  there  was  a  Surplus  of  $92,000  and  that  there  had  been  a  Sur- 
plus each  year  since  the  Telephones  were  taken  over  with  a  total  on 
Dec.  31st  of  $175,000.  The  estimated  Eevenue  for  1912  was  $6,283,- 
518  and  Expenditures,  outside  of  the  Telephones,  $5,736,798;  the 
estimated  Surplus  on  Dec.  31,  1912,  $546,720. 

Of  the  Expenditures  $419,100  were  to  be  devoted  to  Agriculture 
with  $123,000  from  Capital  account ;  $340,000  to  Interest  on  Public 
Debt;  $624,320  to  Education  and  $227,000  to  Hospitals  and  Public 
institutions;  $450,000  to  Public  Works  with  $2,367,058  more  from 
Capital  account;  $310,620  on  Civil  Government  and  Legislation; 
$460,110  on  Administration  of  Justice  and  $437,500  on  miscellaneous 
matters.  The  expected  Revenue  included  $1,260,722  from  Dominion 
Subsidy  and  $140,000  from  School  lands;  the  balance  brought  over 
from  1911  was  $1,640,983;  the  total  estimated  Revenue  from  all 
sources — including  Balance  in  hand  and  Telephones — was  placed  at 
$10,893,518  and  the  total  Expenditures,  including  Telephones,  at 
$10,368,798.  The  indemnity  to  Members  was  to  be  increased  from 
$1,000  to  $1,500  and  the  Leader  of  the  Opposition  was  to  receive 
$1,500  additional. 

Mr.  Michener's  criticism  turned  upon  the  absence  of  detail  as  to 
the  sources  of  Provincial  revenue;  the  need  for  more  Ministers  in 
direct  control  of  Departments ;  the  fear  that  the  Government  had  dis- 
couraged C.P.R.  construction  in  Alberta;  the  largeness  of  the  Public 
Debt  and  Interest  liability.  He  claimed  that  the  Debt  of  the  Pro- 
vince was  really  $15,000,000  without  a  Sinking  Fund.  In  reply  to 
questions  the  Premier  stated  that  two  issues  of  Treasury  Bills  had 
been  made,  one  for  £800,000  and  the  other  for  £1,500,000.  The  first 
iseue  had  been  retired  out  of  the  second.  T.  M.  Tweedie  (Cons.)  spoke 
at  length  and  worked  out  a  deficit  of  $454,128.  For  1911  (Dec.  31), 
according  to  the  Public  Accounts,  the  actual  total  Receipts  were 
$15,454,045  of  which  $12,651,719  were  "temporary  loans  effected 
pending  sale  of  debentures  "  and  $506,830  additional  was  from  Tele- 
phones. Dominion  Subsidies  totalled  $1,382,951,  Hail  Insurance 
Fees  $104,281,  Railway  taxes  $68,490,  Succession  duties  $30,871, 
Land  Titles  fees  $239,216.  Omitting  Telephones  and  the  Loans  the 
total  was  $2,803,326.  The  Expenditures,  omitting  Capital  account 
and  Telephones,  totalled  $3,408,127.  The  Legislature  adjourned  on 
Feb.  15th  after  passing  80  out  of  93  Bills. 

The  complicated  and  long-pending  case  of  the 
Aii>erta-ar*at  Alberta  and  Great  Waterways  Railway  came  to  a  head 
olii^'sfcauway  in  1912  when  tne  Dominion  Government  dealt  with  the 
»eveiopment  question  of  permitting  or  disallowing  the  Provincial 
legislation  in  this  connection — under  which  the  Alberta 
Government  by  special  Act  proposed  to  take  over  the  $7,400,000  which 
had  been  borrowed  on  Provincial  bonds  (guaranteed)  for  the  build- 
ing of  the  above  Railway  and  to  expend  the  money  as  it  saw  fit.  The 


ALBEETA-GREAT  WATERWAYS  CASE:  RAILWAY  DEVELOPMENT    587 

original  Company  objected  to  this — as  they  had  opposed  the  .repudia- 
tion of  the  Rutherford  Government  contract  with  them  by  the  Sifton 
Government — and  the  Royal  Bank,  in  which  most  of  the  money  had 
been  deposited,  also  objected  until  certain  sums  advanced  ($372,000) 
for  preliminary  construction  had  been  paid  to  them,  out  of  the  money, 
or  by  the  Government.  The  result  had  been  litigation  and,  obviously, 
complex  conditions. 

The  Dominion  Government  was  asked  by  those  concerned  to  dis- 
allow the  Act  as  being  confiscatory  and  injurious  to  public  credit  as 
employing  borrowed  money  for  purposes  different  to  those  for  which  it 
had  been  obtained  from  the  bond-holders.  Counsel  were  heard  by 
Mr.  Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice,  on  Jan.  4,  with  Eugene  Lafleur, 
K.C.,  representing  the  bond-holders,  Hector  Mclnnes,  K.C.,  for  the 
Royal  Bank,  and  A.  J.  Brown,  K.C.,  for  the  Railway  Company  and  its 
promoter.  An  elaborate  Memorandum  was  also  submitted  by  Mr. 
Sifton  on  behalf  of  Alberta  in  which  it  was  claimed  that  the  original 
Contract  was  not  in  the  public  interest,  that  the  Company  defaulted  in 
payment  of  interest  on  bonds  which  was  subsequently  paid  by  the 
Province,  and  that  the  Act  of  the  Legislature  was  wholly  within  its 
jurisdiction.  In  a  letter,  also  submitted,  the  Premier  promised  pay- 
ment of  "  every  dollar  lona  fide  expended  in  the  construction  of  the 
Railway  in  question,  including  preliminary  surveys  and  •  necessary 
supplies  therefor."  The  Minister  of  Justice  finally  decided  that  the 
Bill  should  not  be  disallowed  and  this  was  announced  on  Jan.  33rd. 
Mr.  Doherty's  recommendation  in  the  premises  stated  that  "  he  is  not 
convinced,  after  the  very  thorough  discussion  to  which  the  matter  was 
subjected,  that  it  was  prejudicial  to  the  credit  of  the  Dominion  or  not 
advisable  in  the  interests  of  the  Province  to  take  legislative  measures 
to  prevent  improvident  application  of  these  funds." 

Following  this  Mr.  Sifton  stated  in  the  Legislature  on  Feb.  7th 
that  the  claims  made  against  the  Government  by  the  Construction 
Company  and  the  Royal  Bank  totalled  $3,190,001.  In  this  the  Com- 
pany's claim  for  damages  figured  as  $2,500,000.  Meantime  an  appeal 
had  been  taken  by  the  Royal  Bank  from  the  Court  decision  of  Nov. 
6,  1911,  to  the  Provincial  Supreme  Court  en  bane,  and  was  heard  on 
Mch.  25  with  R.  B.  Bennett,  K.C.,  for  the  Royal  Bank,  C.  A.  Masten, 
K.C.,  for  the  Government,  and  Counsel  for  the  others  concerned.  The 
appeal  was  dismissed  on  Apl.  13th  and  the  case  then  went  to  the 
Privy  Council  where,  on  Dec.  10,  Sir  R.  B.  Finlay  represented  the 
Royal  Bank  and  claimed  that  this  legislation  was  a  case  of  raising 
revenue  by  confiscation  and  disputed,  absolutely,  the  validity  of  the 
Act  in  question.  On  the  12th,  after  hearing  other  Counsel,  the  Lord 
Chancellor  stated  that  the  question  was  so  difficult,  and  involved  such 
grave  constitutional  issues,  that  the  Judicial  Committee  must  take 
time  to  consider  it. 

A  great  deal  of  important  Railway  legislation  was  put  through  in 
1912.  The  Edmonton,  Dunvegan,  and  British  Columbia  Railway  Co. 
was  promised  a  guarantee  not  exceeding  $20,000  per  mile  for  350 
miles  from  Edmonton,  through  Dunvegan,  to  the  Western  boundary 


588  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

of  the  Province  running  south  of  Lower  Slave  Lake — the  Province  to 
hold  a  first  mortgage  on  the  Eailway  and  equipment,  50  miles  to  be 
constructed  before  money  was  advanced,  100  miles  to  be  built  by  31 
Dec.,  1912,  and  the  Line  completed  in  two  years  therefrom.  Guar- 
antees additional  to  those  of  preceding  legislation  were,  by  another 
Act,  authorized  to  the  Canadian  Northern  Railway  Co.  at  $13,000 
per  mile  for  175  miles  of  a  Saskatoon-Calgary  Line.  Under  condi- 
tions similar  to  those  of  the  Edmonton-Dunvegan  project  a  $20,000 
per  mile  guarantee  was  authorized  to  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Branch 
Lines  Co.  for  a  Railway  known  as  the  Alberta  Coal  Branch.  Similar 
guarantees  and  authorization  were  given  to  the  Canadian  Northern- 
Western  Railway  Co.  for  a  number  of  lines  running  as  follows : 

Guarantee  Mileage 

Location.  per  mile.  Guaranteed. 

From  Athabasca  Landing  to  or  near  Fort  McMurray.     $16,000  175 

Prom  above  Line  to  or  near  Lac  la  Biche 16,000  40 

From  Athabasca  Landing:  to  Peace  River  Landing-. .        15,000  100 

From  Onoway  (Canadian  Northern  Alberta  Rail- 
way) to  or  near  Pine  or  Peace  River  Passes...  20,000  260 

From  Edmonton  to  St.  Paul  de  M£tis  and  thence  to 

the  Eastern  boundary 13,000  100 

From  C.N.R.  at  Brudenheim  to  Vermilion,  Wain- 
wright,  and  Medicine  Hat,  thence  to  the  South- 
ern Boundary  13,000  200 

From  or  near  Calgary,  to  CN.R.,  running  toward 

the  Braxeau   River    13,000  100 

From  Camrose  to  Eastern  boundary 13,000  80 

From    Brazeau    Branch,    C.N.R.,    to    Cochrane    and 

thence  to  Strathcona 15,000  100 

From  Brazeau  Branch  to  connect  with  Saskatoon- 
Calgary  Line  13,000  130 

The  Act  incorporating  the  Canadian  Northern-Western  Railway  was 
amended  so  as  to  change  the  direction  and  length  of  certain  branch 
lines  with  a  proviso  added  that  200  miles  of  road  be  completed 
each  year  and  the  whole  completed  within  five  years.  The  bonds  in 
all  of  the  Acts  were  specified  at  30  years  bearing  4  per  cent,  interest. 
The  Athabasca  Valley  Railway  Co.  was  also  incorporated  (as  a  con- 
tracting Company)  to  construct  from  Edmonton  to  Fort  Assiniboia 
on  the  Athabasca  River.  In  the  Legislature  on  Jan.  24th  a  letter  was 
read  by  the  Premier,  written  to  him  on  Oct.  27,  1911,  by  George  Bury, 
General  Manager  of  the  C.P.R.,  dealing  with  these  rumoured  plans. 
In  it  Mr.  Bury  said :  "  I  trust  no  definite  arrangements  will  be  arrived 
at  until  we  have  been  given  the  opportunity  of  knowing  what  you  have 
in  contemplation,  so  that  lines  may  be  built  where  they  are  most 
needed  by  settlers,  and  also  to  avoid  unnecessary  duplication.  This 
Company  stands  prepared  to  build  without  any  Government  aid 
branch  lines  that  are  naturally  tributary  to  our  system." 

When  the  Premier  made  his  statement  in  the  House  on  Feb.  6 
as  to  this  legislation  he  announced  that  the  total  Railway  securities 
to  be  guaranteed  covered  1,813  miles  and  involved  a  guarantee  of 
$25,755,000.  This  included  1,305  miles  of  Canadian  Northern-West- 
ern, less  150  miles  revoted,  and  a  total  guarantee  of  $19,545,000;  a 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  guarantee  of  $1,160,000,  and  Edmonton-Dun- 
vegan of  $7,000,000.  The  Opposition  claimed  that  the  C.P.R.  was 
not  being  given  a  fair  chance  in  this  connection  and,  later  on  in  the 


EDUCATIONAL  CONDITIONS  IN  ALBERTA  589 

year,  stated  that  most  of  its  large  Western  expenditures  were  being 
made  in  Saskatchewan  as  a  result.  They  claimed  that  much  of 
previously  promised  Canadian  Northern  construction  had  not  been 
carried  out  and  Mr.  Michener,  on  Feb.  7th,  alleged  that,  in  1909, 
1,781  miles  had  been  guaranteed  with  a  Provincial  liability  of  $25,- 
343,000;  that  the  addition  of  the  new  total  to  this  plus  the  interest 
liability  on  the  bonds  for  30  years  would  run  the  indirect  liability  of 
the  Province  up  to  $129,801,600 !  The  Premier  in  his  reply  paid  no 
attention  to  these  conjectures  but  stated  that  3,074  miles  of  Railway 
were  now  under  Provincial  charter  and  guaranteed  to  a  total  of 
$44,098,000.  The  Opposition  also  contended  that  in  the  Edmonton- 
Dunvegan  legislation  there  was  no  clause  compelling  operation,  or 
governing  the  rates,  or  stating  whether  any  of  the  $1,000,000  capital 
was  paid  up. 

In  April  it  was  announced  that  the  contract  for  100  miles  of  this 
latter  line  had  been  let  while  the  Calgary  Herald,  at  this  time,  stated 
that  800  miles  of  new  track  and  grading  involving  $20,000,000  of 
expenditure  would  be  built  by  the  various  Railways  during  1912.  It 
was  announced  in  November  that  the  Alberta,  Peace  River  and  HudT 
son's  Bay  Railway  Co.,  chartered  in  1910  and  now  backed  by  Lord 
Farrer,  Rt.  Hon.  G.  G.  Wilson,  M.P.,  Lord  Vivian  and  a  number  of 
English  capitalists,  proposed  to  commence  construction  in  a  few  months 
from  Edmonton  into  the  Peace  River  region.  The  Provincial  Rail- 
way Department  in  its  Report  at  the  close  of  the  year  stated  that  up 
to  Oct.  31st,  698  miles  had  been  added  to  the  Railways  of  the  Pro- 
vince— the  total  mileage  being  2,798  as  against  2,100  on  Oct.  31, 1911. 
As  in  Saskatchewan  the  Bi-lingual  situation  in 
Alberta  was  of  interest.  A  discussion  took  place  in  the 
Legislature  on  Jan.  30  regarding  a  small  grant  for 
specially-arranged  Normal  School  classes  which  gave 
instructions  to  the  teachers  of  foreign-speaking  children.  A  Conven- 
tion of  French- Canadians  met  at  Edmonton  on  May  22nd  and  were 
addressed  by  Mgr.  Legal,  Bishop  of  St.  Albert,  and  M.  Etienne  Lamy 
of  Paris,  France.  P.  E.  Lessard,  M.L.A.,  presided  and  Delegates  were 
appointed  to  the  French  Language  Congress  at  Quebec.  The  general 
subject  was  not  much  discussed,  however,  in  Alberta,  and  as  in  Sas- 
katchewan, questions  of  race,  language  and  religion  were  largely  kept 
out  of  politics.  As  to  language  the  Alberta  School  Regulations  of 
1911  provided  that  "the  Board  of  any  District  may  employ  one  or 
more  competent  persons  to  instruct  the  pupils  attending  school  in 
any  language  other  than  English" — instruction  to  be  from  three  to 
four  o'clock.  In  his  annual  Report  for  1911  the  Hon.  C.  R.  Mitchell, 
then  Minister  of  Education,  stated  that  during  the  year  4,500  square 
miles  had  been  brought  under  the  Educational  system  with  a  total 
school  attendance  increasing  from  13,619  rural  pupils  and  10,635 
urban  pupils  in  1905  to  32,098  and  29,562,  respectively,  in  1911.  As 
to  teachers  there  was  the  usual  difficulty  but  average  salaries  for  1st 
Class  Certificated  teachers  had  grown  from  $741  for  males  and  $615 
for  females  in  1905  to  $1,028  and  $738  respectively  in  1911.  Under 


590  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

2nd  Class  Certificates  the  rate  had  risen  from  $620  and  $572  to  $747 
and  $697.    The  general  statistics  were  as  follows  for  1910  and  1911 : 

1910.  1911. 

Number  of  School  Districts    1,501  1,784 

Number  of  School  Districts  having  Schools  in  Opera- 
tion   1,195  1,392 

Number  of  Departments  in   operation    1,610  1,902 

Number  of  pupils  enrolled  for  year 55,307  61,660 

Average  attendance  of  pupils 29,611-45  32,556-76 

Total  grants  paid  to  School  Districts $317.411  $377,679 

School  debentures  authorized    $1,027,892  $1,524,707 

School    debentures    registered    $742,725  $1,501,560 

Amount  expended  on  school  buildings   $1,062,986  $1,504,852 

Amount  expended  on  Teachers'    salaries    $908,045  $1,144,583 

Paid  on  Debentures  and  notes — including  interest. .  $1,001,206  $1,717,576 

Mr.  Boyle,  the  new  Minister  of  Education,  stated  on  July  4th  that 
250  more  teachers  were  needed  and  6  new  schools  being  established 
each  week.  "  The  children  of  the  foreign-born  immigrant  receive  the 
same  education  as  those  of  British  birth  and  are  all  taught  to  speak 
English."  The  University  of  Alberta  made  marked  progress  during 
the  year.  The  staff  was  increased  from  18  to  24  and  the  student 
enrollment  grew  from  185  to  300  while  the  first  graduating  class 
of  the  institution  totalled  20.  The  appointments  of  the  year 
included  C.  A.  Robb,  in  charge  of  Mechanical  Engineering;  J.  A. 
Allan,  B.A.,  Ph.D.,  to  direct  the  Geological  course.  F.  J.  Lewis,  D.SC., 
became  Professor  of  Biology,  R.  W.  Doyle,  M.A.,  D.SC.,  of  Physics,  and 
Miss  M.  A.  Keeling  was  appointed  Dean  of  the  Women's  Residence. 
The  University  was  located  on  a  beautiful  site,  running  along  the  high 
bank  of  the  Saskatchewan  River,  with  a  Campus  of  258  acres.  Its 
President,  Dr.  H.  M.  Tory,  left  no  stone  unturned  to  make  it  a  great 
institution.  During  the  year  a  Department  of  Extension  was 
organized. 

Affiliated  with  it  were  Alberta  College  (Methodist)  and  Robert- 
son College  (Presbyterian).  The  former  established  a  Methodist 
Ladies  College  in  1912  with  a  building  costing  $100,000  and  proceeded 
with  the  construction  of  its  Technical  and  Preparatory  School  for 
500  students.  Dr.  J.  H.  Riddell,  the  Principal,  stated  on  May  7th  that 
the  College  had  103  men  in  residence  of  whom  72  were  theological 
students.  During  the  year  the  Music  Department  was  expanded  and 
greater  facilities  given  in  Art,  domestic  science  and  in  the  business 
course.  In  December  it  was  decided  to  form  two  Separate  Colleges, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  River.  Robertson  College,  the  other  affiliated 
institution,  had  as  its  Principal,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  W.  Dyde  who  was  elected 
Rector  of  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  during  the  year;  received 
subscriptions  totalling  $44,500  toward  the  construction  of  a  new 
building  on  the  University  grounds  and  to  which  J.  A.  McDougall, 
M.L.A.,  gave  $10,000 ;  saw  its  first  Session  close  on  April  20  with  ten 
students ;  appointed  Rev.  R.  A.  King,  M.A.,  D.D.,  as  Professor  of  Com- 
parative Religions  and  Rev.  L.  A.  Wood,  B.A.,  B.D.,  Ph.D.,  as  Professor 
of  Church  History. 

The  projected  University  of  Calgary  made  great  progress  with 
$500,000  subscribed  by  local  citizens,  $150,000  by  the  City,  $25.000 
given  by  Lord  Strathcona  and  $50,000  worth  of  land  received  from 


ALBERTA  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  1912          591 

W.  J.  Tregillus.  The  appointment  of  Rev.  Dr.  E.  E.  Brathwaite  as 
Dean  was  announced  with  three  Professors.  Though  the  Legislature 
refused  full  University  powers  during  its  1912  Session,  arrangements 
were  made  to  commence  building  in  October,  a  Syllabus  of  Courses 
for  1912-13  was  prepared  and  the  statement  issued  that  the  com- 
pleted institution  would  cost  $15,000,000.  The  Board  of  Governors 
appointed  included  T.  H.  Blow,  M.D.  (Chairman  and  chief  promoter), 
W.  J.  Tregillus,  J.  S.  Dennis,  R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P.,  James  Short,  K.C., 
Wm.  Georgeson  and  H.  W.  Riley,  M.L.A.  Other  incidents  of  the  year 
included  the  opening  on  Jan.  8th  of  the  new  Lutheran  College  at 
Camrose  with  57  students;  the  Report  in  June  of  Rev.  Dr.  G.  W. 
Kerby  of  Mount  Royal  College,  Calgary  (Methodist),  showing  187 
registered  students,  Land  contributions  and  buildings  valued  at 
$222,000  and  money  subscriptions  of  $225,000;  the  completion  at 
Red  Deer  of  a  College  for  Young  Women;  a  gift  of  land  worth 
$150,000,  near  Calgary,  by  Mrs.  A.  J.  Me  Arthur  to  found  a  Western 
Canada  Baptist  College;  the  election  of  P.  E.  Butchart,  Edmonton, 
as  President  of  the  Alberta  School  Trustees  Association  and  of  W.  D. 
Carpenter,  Edmonton,  as  President  of  the  Alberta  Teachers  Asso- 
ciation; the  appointment  of  J.  A.  McGregor,  B.A.,  as  Inspector  of 
Schools,  Edmonton. 

Next  to  Saskatchewan  the  population  increase  of 
Alberta  Alberta  in  ten  years  was  said  to  have  been  the  highest  in 

SdD^vrtop-  Astern  America— from  73,022  in  1900  to  374,663  in 
ment  in  1912  1910  or  413  '08  per  cent.  In  the  year  ending  Mch.  31, 
1912,  the  arrivals  at  Canadian  ocean  ports  destined  for 
Alberta  totalled  17,386  while  the  number  coming  from  the  United 
States  can  only  be  estimated  though  C.  S.  Hotchkiss,  Publicity  Com- 
missioner, put  the  total  for  the  year  from  all  sources  at  100,000.  Dur- 
ing 1912  the  farmers  took  an  increasing  interest  in  mixed  farming 
and,  aided  by  the  Government,  commenced  the  acquisition  of  herds 
of  utility  cattle  while  the  raising  of  hogs  and  sheep  on  the  big  grain 
farms  of  Southern  Alberta  became  an  important  adjunct  to  agricul- 
ture. Available  estimates  indicate  that  151,000  cattle  were  handled 
by  the  Railways  in  1912  of  which  65,000  were  used  for  local  consump- 
tion and  37,000  sent  to  British  Columbia.  As  a  whole,  however,  the 
industry  was  still  declining  and  the  export  to  Great  Britain  had  gone 
down  to  almost  nothing. 

The  settlers  had  pressed  in  upon  the  ranchers  and  farms  had 
replaced  the  wide  areas  of  grazing  land.  Irrigation  and  the  great 
work  of  the  C.P.R.  in  particular,  also  contributed  to  the  result.  In 
this  connection  George  Harcourt,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
said  at  Red  Deer  on  Apl.  6th  that  Alberta  was  "wheat  crazy." 
"Where  mixed  farming  obtains  the  farmers  meet  their  obligations 
better,  the  merchants  are  better  off,  and  the  country  more  successful 
in  every  way.  At  Macleod,  where  grain-growing  obtains  almost  wholly 
the  farmers  are  half  a  million  dollars  in  debt  to  the  merchants  and 
the  merchants  have  asked  the  Government  to  help  them  in  some  way 
by  encouraging  mixed  farming."  W.  F.  Stevens,  Provincial  Live- 


592  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

stock  Inspector,  urged  similar  views  constantly  during  the  year.  "  A 
wheat  harvest  is  either  a  feast  or  a  famine.  The  farmer  either  makes 
a  fortune  or  he  loses  one,"  said  a  Central  Alberta  Development  League 
publication.  In  their  rich  region  the  wise  farmer  did  not  worry  over 
car-shortage  or  elevator  congestion.  "  His  oats  and  barley,  if  not 
readily  marketable,  he  can  turn  into  milk,  beef  and  pork,  and  send 
to  market  in  condensed  form  or  on  foot;  and  this  he  usually  .does, 
realizing  for  such  portion  considerably  more  than  for  that  marketed 
as  grain."  The  Federal  figures  for  1911  showed  317,000  horses, 
1,090,300  cattle,  179,200  sheep  and  149,000  swine  in  the  Province— 
a  general  increase  over  1910.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  Mr. 
Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  sent  a  Commission  com- 
posed of  George  H.  Pope,  Winnipeg  (Chairman),  Clarence  F. 
Graham,  Winnipeg,  and  Walter  Huckvale,  Medicine  Hat,  to  investi- 
gate thoroughly  the  conditions  affecting  the  ranching  industry  of 
Western  Canada,  and  see  to  what  extent  it  would  be  advisable  to 
amend  the  regulations  governing  the  use  of  grazing  lands. 

Meanwhile  there  was  every  prospect  of  a  great  grain  crop  in 
Alberta.  The  official  estimate  in  August  was  64,416,960  bushels  from 
2,554,775  acres.  At  the  same  time  10,000  extra  harvest  hands  were 
demanded.  By  September  it  was  found  that  rain  had  somewhat 
damaged  parts  of  the  crop.  The  1912  Report  of  the  Minister  of 
Agriculture  (Mr.  Marshall)  estimated,  however,  that  when  all  the 
returns  were  in  they  would  show  approximately  2,525,708  acres  in 
crop  with  a  total  yield  of  all  kinds  of  grain  of  64,560,130  bushels  or 
an  increase  of  793,060  acres  and  13,652,599  bushels  over  1911.  The 
crop  area  in  1910  was  1,193,261  and  the  yield  22,027,184  bushels. 
The  value  of  the  1912  crop,  according  to  Federal  figures,  was  $58,- 
523,000.  To  assist  in  gathering  the  harvest  8,000  harvesters  were 
brought  into  the  Province  through  the  work  of  the  Department's  offi- 
cials at  Winnipeg.  The  high  price  paid  for  milk  and  cream,  while 
somewhat  detrimental  to  creameries,  gave  great  incentive  to  dairying. 
The  total  value  of  cream  and  butter  and  cheese  produced  in  the  Pro- 
vince during  the  year  was  estimated  at  $1,250,000.  A  rapidly-grow- 
ing interest  in  poultry  raising  was  reported  by  the  Poultry  Superin- 
tendent. The  markets,  generally  speaking,  were  good,  and  a  decided 
improvement  was  noted  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  dressed  poultry 
offered  for  sale.  The  Live  Stock  Commissioner's  Report  stated  that 
the  markets  showed  a  constantly  rising  price. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  a  production  of  $81,547  worth  of 
wool  in  Southern  Alberta;  the  establishment  by  A.  F.  McLaren  and 
others  from  Ontario  of  the  Lauren tia  Milk  (Homogenized)  Co.  with 
factories  at  Red  Deer  and  Olds  and  others  under  erection;  the  5th 
annual  Report  of  the  Southern  Alberta  Land  Co.,  Ltd.,  showing 
ownership  of  371,000  acres,  an  expenditure  of  $2,950,000  on  Irriga- 
tion, etc.,  with  large  profits  for  the  year;  the  creation  of  11  new 
villages,  5  towns  and  55  rural  municipalities  in  Alberta  during  1912; 
the  organization  at  Calgary  of  the  Western  Trade  Routes  Association, 
L.  P.  Strong  President,  to  deal  with  the  Panama  Canal  and  its 


ALBERTA  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  IN  1912          593 

importance  to  Canada.  The  Bank  Clearing-house  returns  for  Edmon- 
ton, Calgary,  Moose  Jaw  and  Lethbridge  totalled  $643,836,229  com- 
pared with  $408,811,748  in  1911 ;  the  industrial  product  of  Alberta 
(Census)  included  in  1905  120  establishments,  a  capital  of  $5,545,821, 
2,045  employees  and  a  product  of  $5,116,782  while  in  1910  the  respec- 
tive figures  were  290,  $29,518,346,  6,980  and  $18,788,826;  Federal 
figures  stated  the  Railway  mileage  to  be  1,896  with  400  miles  under 
construction  on  Mch.  31,  1912;  the  total  investment  by  Insurance, 
Trust,  and  Loan  Companies  in  the  Province  was  $33,518,667  or  an 
increase  of  $8,000,000  in  the  year,  while  731  new  Companies  were 
incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $91,351,583  and  a  total  since  1905-6  of 
$267,304,508. 

The  Peace  River  Country  came  in  for  much  discussion  summar- 
ized, perhaps,  in  the  statement  of  J.  K.  Cornwall,  M.L.A.,  in  Victoria 
(Dec.  14)  that  "  we  have  in  the  Peace  River  country  the  greatest 
asset  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  which  is  yet  left  to  us.  We  have  many 
million  acres  of  the  finest  agricultural  land  under  God's  Heaven.  We 
have  more  hours  of  sunshine  in  the  growing  season  than  any  other 
section  of  the  British  Empire  and  we  produce  the  best — the  very  best 
— wheat  in  the  Empire."  There  were  said  to  be  millions  of  tons  of 
asphalt,  salt  beds  75  feet  thick,  undoubted  supplies  of  oil  and  natural 
gas,  great  quantities  of  sand  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  the  best 
quality  of  plate  glass,  mineral  springs,  a  billion  feet  of  merchantable 
and  pulp-wood  timber,  a  plenitude  of  fur-bearing  animals  as  well  as 
vast  areas  of  the  best  agricultural  land.  During  the  year  settlers, 
visitors  and  railways  were  all  attracted  towards  the  great  North  as 
by  a  magnet.  Millions  of  horse-power  were  found  to  exist  in  the 
Rivers  and  Lakes  and  everything  went  to  prove  that  the  next  great 
progressive  centre  of  Canada  would  be  in  this  outpost  of  the  North. 

The  production  of  Alberta  Coal  Mines  in  1912,  according  to  the 
Provincial  Inspector  of  Mines,  was  as  follows :  Lignite  964,700  tons, 
Bituminous  649,745  tons,  Anthracite,  80,119  tons,  used  in  production 
of  Coke  61,591,  Coke  produced  35,984  tons,  Briquettes  produced 
48,200  tons.  These  products  were  principally  utilized  in  the  Pro- 
vinces of  Saskatchewan,  Manitoba  and  Alberta.  The  number  of  minea 
opened  during  the  year  1912  was  44,  the  majority  being  in  the  district 
of  Edmonton.  Large  increases  in  product  were  shown  in  the  older 
mines  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  Province,  at  Lethbridge  and  other 
points.  Federal  figures  showed  a  total  Mineral  product  in  Alberta 
valued  at  $12,110,960  as  compared  with  $6,662,673  in  1911— Clay 
products  standing  in  1911  for  $1,052,751  of  the  total.  At  Tofield 
good  lignite  coal  was  so  close  to  the  surface  that  it  was  quarried,  not 
mined,  and  this  town  was  said  to  have  a  coal  area  of  20,000  acres  in 
which  one  seam  would  produce  200,000,000  tons.  J.  G.  S.  Hudson  of 
the  Ottawa  Mines  Department  reported  in  September  that  the  Edmon- 
ton Mining  area  contained  a  better  quality  of  coal  than  was  stated  in 
Geological  Survey  publications.  Acccording  to  the  1909  official  reports 
this  region  contained  60,000,000,000  tons  of  coal.  During  1912  the 
Gainford  Collieries  Ltd.  was  a  new  industry  with  8,260  acres,  about 
38 


594 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 


50  miles  from  Edmonton,  which  prepared  to  do  extensive  development 
work.  In  the  Brazeau  country  four  important  collieries  (bituminous) 
were  working  huge  resources  and  in  the  High  Eiver  region  12,000 
acres  of  anthracite  formation  were  purchased  by  the  Dominion  Coal 
&  Iron  Co. 

In  other  Minerals  Medicine  Hat  held  first  place  for  its  immense 
natural  gas  resources  with  ten  wells  already  drilled  to  an  average 
depth  of  1,000  feet  and  a  capacity  of  3,000,000  cubic  feet  each  daily^ 
Some  of  these  wells  had  been  in  use  for  ten  years  with  the  same  pres- 
sure and  an  apparently  inexhaustible  supply.  This  gas  was  also  found 
ait  points  120  miles  to  the  south,  and  250  miles  to  the  northwest,  and 
at  various  points  between  with  practically  the  same  pressure  and 
analysis.  On  the  Athabasca  River,  700  miles  from  Medicine  Hat, 
the  same  gas  was  flowing  out  of  the  ground  from  natural  crevices  on 
the  surface,  and  in  many  places  it  had  been  burning  during  the 
memory  of  the  oldest  Aborigine  or  trapper  in  the  far  north.  Medi- 
cine Hat  was  therefore  justified  in  claiming  to  be  the  centre  of  the 
largest  gas-field  in  the  world.  During  1912  the  immense  oil  and 
asphalt  resources  of  the  North  were  considerably  explored  and  a  good 
deal  of  boring  for  oil  done.  Rev.  Father  Lefebvre,  of  the  Catholic 
Missions  between  Fort  McMurray  and  the  Arctic,  told  the  Winnipeg 
Free  Press  (Sept.  13)  that  "the  North  country,  on  the  rim  of  the 
Arctic  circle,  abounds  in  untold  mineral  wealth,  including  gold  and 
copper/' 


Provincial  Production  of  Butter  and  Cheese— Census  1910 


Butter. 


Province.  1900. 

Alberta   $82,630 

British    Columbia 105,690 

Manitoba    292,247 

New    Brunswick 68,689 

Nova  Scotia 68,686 

Ontario 1,627,935 

Prince   Edward    Island 118,402 

Quebec    4,916,756 

Saskatchewan    70,037 


1910. 

$533,422 

420,683 

611,972 

212,205 

88,481 

3,482,171 
166,478 

9,895,343 
381,809 


Cheese. 

1900.  1910. 

$3,970  $23,473 


124,025 

187,106 

58,321 

13,440,987 

449,400 

7,957,621 


81,403 

129,677 

29,977 

14,845,661 

354,378 

6,152.689 

3,396 


$7,240,972        $15,682,564        $22,221,430        $21,620,654 


Provincial   Live-Stock    Statistics,  1912 


Province.  Horses. 

Prince   Edward   Island 33,700 

Nova  Scotia    69,400 

New    Brunswick 66,800 

Quebec    369,500 

Ontario 784,800 

Manitoba    263,800 

Saskatchewan     397,300 

Alberta   , 351,500 

British    Columbia 

2,336,800 


Milch  Cows  and 

other  Cattle. 

Sheep. 

106,100 

104,500 

331,600 

343,200 

235,500 

179,300 

1,483,200 

519,800 

2,697,000 

888,700 

438,900 

32,300 

599,800 

111,800 

1,091,600 

181,000 

Swine. 

41,500 

67,600 

91,400 

656,900 

1,335,000 

132,100 

156,700 

175,200 


6,983,700 


2,360,600 


2,656,400 


X.— PUBLIC  AFFAIRS  IN  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

Sir  Richard  McBride  maintained  his  political  and 
Administration  persOnal  pre-eminence  in  this  Province  during  1912. 
to  th.°pS!ic  To  t}le  B-  C-  Federation  of  Labour  on  Jan.  21st  the 
province  Premier  gave  some  good  advice.  "  Never  forget  there 

is  such  a  thing  as  moderation."  The  Government  could 
not  always  see  eye-to-eye  with  the  Federation  but  it  had  gone  as  far  as 
it  believed  right.  "  I  am  not  leading  a  Labour  Government  nor  yet  a 
capitalist  administration;  I  am  standing  for  the  good  government  of 
the  people  of  British  Columbia  as  a  whole."  Later  on  a  Royal  Com- 
mission was  promised  and  duly  appointed.  The  Stockbreeders  Asso- 
ciation was  addressed  on  the  23rd  and  the  Dairymen  on  the  24th  and 
better  methods  of  farming  urged.  At  the  Farmers  Central  Institute 
Convention  on  the  25th  a  Resolution  in  favour  of  Telephone  owner- 
ship was  presented  to  the  Premier.  He  pointed  out  that  the  physical 
conformation  of  the  Province  rendered  it  extremely  difficult  to  have 
an  efficient  Provincial  system:  "While  this  is  the  case  you  all- 
know  that  the  Dominion  Government  has  undertaken  the  installation 
of  a  very  considerable  Telephone  system.  Thai  system  applies  to 
the  Kootenays,  the  Boundary  district,  the  Okanagan,  the  Coast  dis- 
trict, and  the  Islands.  I  think  the  proper  thing  to  do  is  to  insist  upon 
the  improvement  and  extension  of  that  system."  The  Association  had 
also  passed  a  long  Resolution  in  favour  of  some  system  of  Government 
financial  aid  to  the  scattered  farmers  of  the  Province.  To  the  B.  C. 
Fruit  Growers  Association  (Jan.  31)  Mr.  McBride  said  that  their 
Province  would  yet  become  the  Orchard  of  Empire  and  that  the  Gov- 
ernment would  leave  nothing  undone  to  stimulate  the  fruit  interest 
and  industry.  The  Province  must  be  kept,  however,  for  white  men, 
no  matter  how  badly  labour  might  be  needed. 

Meantime  the  Vancouver  Island  Development  League  passed  a 
number  of  Resolutions,  on  Jan.  12,  which  were  submitted  to  the 
Premier.  They  congratulated  Mr.  Taylor,  Minister  of  Public  Works, 
on  his  Road  construction  policy  and  proposed  a  number  of  additional 
roads;  approved  the  Government's  Railway  policy  and  urged  an  Island 
system  of  Government-owned  or  operated  Telephones.  To  the  B.  C. 
Local  Option  League  which  asked  the  Government  on  Feb.  13  for  a 
Municipal  plebiscite  law  permitting  the  restriction  of  license,  hours 
of  sale,  etc.,  Mr.  McBride  pointed  to  the  result  of  the  Provincial  plebis- 
cite at  the  last  Election  and  stated  that  the  Government  did  not  intend 
to  pass  a  Local  Option  law.  No  licenses  were  being  granted  along 
lines  of  Railway  construction  and  no  saloons  were  allowed  in  unorgan- 
ized districts.  Addressing  the  Imperial  Veterans  on  Feb.  29th  the 
Premier  said :  "  The  Government  is  sensible  of  its  obligation  to  pro- 
vide training  to  qualify  the  children  to  take  their  part  as  good  citizens 

595 


596  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

of  the  Empire.  Daily,  now,  the  Union  Jack  flies  from  every  school, 
and  flag  drills  and  such  exercises  as  tend  to  develop  an  Imperial  spirit, 
are  carried  out." 

Following  the  Elections,  Mr.  McBride  left  on  Apl.  14  for  a  hurried 
visit  to  England  leaving  Mr.  W.  J.  Bowser  as  Acting  Premier.  In 
London  he  made  arrangements  for  a  suitable  building  for  the  Agent- 
General  and  told  the  press  on  May  17  that:  "The  financial  position 
of  the  Province  is  very  sound.  We  are  carrying  a  tremendous  surplus. 
Our  guarantees  to  Railway  companies  are  not  at  all  large  compared 
with  those  of  other  Provinces,  which,  moreover,  have  not  control  of 
the  Crown  lands  within  their  boundaries  as  we  have;  and  we  get 
excellent  security.  There  is  more  railway  construction  going  on  in 
British  Columbia  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Empire  to-day;  the 
various  Companies'  plans  for  the  next  four  years  involve  an  expendi- 
ture of  about  $80,000,000."  On  May  24  he  was  at  Ottawa  where  Hon. 
Thomas  Taylor  met  him  and  they  held  a  long  Conference  with  Mr. 
Borden  as  to  British  Columbia  conditions  and  the  Better  terms  pro- 
posals. A  little  later  came  the  honour  of  K.C.M.G.  which  made  the 
popular,  democratic,  Imperialistic  Premier,  Sir  Richard  McBride — an 
honour  which  the  press  and  the  public  of  that  Province  and,  indeed  of 
Canada,  approved  without  stint. 

Addressing  the  Victoria  Board  of  Trade  on  July  12th,  Sir  Richard 
said  that  the  Government  had  at  this  time  $9,000,000  at  its  credit  in 
the  Banks ;  that  the  Railway  work  now  in  hand  or  shortly  to  be  started 
in  the  Province — including  $25,000,000  for  the  double-tracking  of 
the  C.P.R. — involved  an  expenditure  in  the  near  future  of  $100,000,- 
000 ;  that  the  Great  Northern  intended  to  begin  at  once  on  the  Van- 
couver, Victoria  and  Eastern  line  and  the  Canadian  Northern  would 
shortly  run  accommodation  trains  from  the  Coast  to  Kamloops;  that 
construction  would  begin  almost  at  once  on  the  Pacific  and  Great 
Eastern  from  Vancouver  to  Fort  George  and  on  the  C.P.R.  Kootenay- 
Central  from  Golden  through  the  Columbia  Valley.  In  July,  the 
Premier,  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser  and  W.  H.  Hayward,  M.L.A.,  spent  two 
weeks  in  the  Northern  country,  in  a  steamer  along  the  Coast  and  up 
the  Skeena  River,  at  Prince  Rupert  and  along  the  G.T.P.  to  Hazelton. 
On  Aug.  4  the  appointment  was  announced  of  H.  A.  Maclean,  K.C., 
Victoria,  W.  H.  Keary,  New  Westminster  and  A.  E.  Bull,  Vancouver, 
as  a  Commission  to  inquire  into  the  workings  of  Municipal  Govern- 
ment in  the  Province.  Sittings  followed  at  all  the  chief  points  and 
then  a  visit  to  the  Eastern  Provinces  and  the  United  States  to  con- 
sider conditions  there.  A  Deputation  from  Vancouver  on  July  10 
asked  the  Premier  and  Government  to  give  the  old  Court-House  site, 
worth  a  million  dollars,  to  that  City  but  were  not  accorded  much 
encouragement;  on  Aug.  30  a  North  Vancouver  Delegation  asked  the 
Government  to  waive  its  one-fourth  interest  in  the  Lynn  Valley  Sub- 
division and  thus  relieve  existing  complications;  early  in  September 
the  Premier  visited  Coquitlam  and  Chilliwack. 

During  the  Royal  visit  to  the  Province  Sir  Richard  had,  of  course, 
much  to  do  with  the  reception  tendered  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  THE  PACIFIC  PROVINCE    597 

Connaught  but,  probably,  no  single  event  was  of  more  personal  inter- 
est to  him  than  the  opening  of  the  splendid  new  Provincial  Library 
building  at  Victoria  on  Sept.  28th  where  he  was  able  to  tell  the  Duke 
that  they  had  in  this  far-off  Province  collected  an  excellent  Library, 
gathered  together  and  protected  in  the  Archives  an  invaluable  collec- 
tion of  historical  data,  and  provided  150  travelling  libraries  for  the 
people  in  isolated  districts.  During  this  visit  His  Royal  Highness 
invested  the  Provincial  Premier  with  the  insignia  of  St.  Michael  and 
St.  George.  On  Oct.  11  there  was  tendered  to  Sir  Richard  McBride, 
in  Victoria,  what  was  described  as  the  largest  banquet  in  the  City's 
history;  with  800  guests  and  most  enthusiastic  appreciation  of  the 
Premier's  services.  The  central  point  of  his  speech  was  the  fact  that 
at  that  moment  there  were  1,700  miles  of  standard  gauge  railway 
under  construction  in  the  Province.  The  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser,  G.  H. 
Barnard,  M.P.,  R.  P.  Green,  M.P.,  and  others  also  spoke. 

On  Oct.  16  the  Premier  and  R.  F.  Green,  M.P.,  with  afterwards, 
some  of  the  Ministers,  left  for  the  Interior  where  Fernie,  Cranbrook, 
Golden,  Field,  Vernon,  Revelstoke,  Nelson  and  Creston  were  visited. 
At  Revelstoke  on  Oct.  24th  the  Provincial  Conservative  Association 
met  and  was  addressed  by  the  Premier.  Resolutions  were  passed  at 
this  gathering  asking  the  Dominion  Government  for  a  Royal  Com- 
mission of  Inquiry  into  the  cost  of  living  and  for  higher  duties  on 
American  fruit;  congratulating  Mr.  Borden  upon  his  Imperial  nego- 
tiations and  Naval  policy;  requesting  an  extension  of  Telephone 
facilities.  The  Provincial  Government  was  urged  to  make  the  scope 
of  the  coming  Labour  Commission  a  wide  one  and  to  appoint  a  sep- 
arate Minister  of  Mines.  J.  A.  Lee,  Mayor  of  New  Westminster,  was 
elected  President.  At  the  banquet  addressed  on  this  occasion  Sir 
Richard  made  a  strong  appeal  for  Canadians  to  assume  full  Defence 
responsibilities  in  the  Empire.  Too  much  could  not  be  done  to  please 
British  Columbia.  Indeed,  through  all  his  speeches  of  this  year,  on 
every  possible  occasion,  the  Premier  spoke  strongly  on  this  topic  of 
Canada's  duty  to,  and  the  Province's  interest  in,  Empire  defence.  In 
a  local  direction  he  was,  in  this  speech,  explicit.  "  The  Government's 
policy  has  been  one  of  great  progress.  Where  in  1904  the  appropria- 
tion for  Public  roads  was  $400,000  last  year  it  was  $6,000,000.  The 
Government's  interests  in  Railway  and  other  townsites  represent  mil- 
lions saved  to  the  people.  We  deserve  credit  for  the  Prince  Rupert  town- 
site  deal  where  a  recent  sale  of  fractional  lots  netted  over  two  millions. 
There  is  also  a  large  Reserve  in  Point  Grey  to  draw  on  and  the  pur- 
chase of  the  Songhees  Reserve  at  Victoria  secured  railway  terminals 
and  harbour  facilities  for  the  capital."  The  long  and  much-discussed 
question  of  Better  terms  came  to  a  head  during  the  year.  On  Feb. 
12th  the  Premier  had  presented  to  the  Legislature  a  Report  of  recent 
negotiations  with  the  Ottawa  Government  which  included  a  telegram 
from  the  Dominion  Premier  as  follows: 

Replying  to  your  Memorandum  of  the  6th  Nov.  1911,  respecting  the 
claim  of  British  Columbia  for  exceptional  treatment  by  reason  of  per- 


598  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

manent  physical  conditions  and  otherwise  as  set  forth  in  your  Memor- 
andum of  9th  Oct.,  1910,  we  are  prepared  to  appoint  a  Commission  to 
investigate  the  merits  of  claims  made  by  your  Province  in  this  regard; 
one  Commissioner  to  be  named  by  this  Government,  one  by  your  Govern- 
ment, and  the  third  to  be  selected  by  agreement  of  the  two  Commis- 
sioners, or,  failing  such  agreement,  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies. 

Asiatic  immigration.  This  question  Is  to  be  taken  up  as  soon  as 
possible  in  connection  with  the  new  Treaty  with  Japan,  to  which  Canada 
has  not  yet  acceded.  The  Interests  of  Canada  In  respect  of  immigration 
will  be  safeguarded  and  your  Government  will  be  consulted  with  regard 
to  considerations  specially  affecting  British  Columbia.  Songhees  Reserve 
and  Drill  Hall  matters  have  already  been  settled  satisfactorily.  The 
question  of  Foreshores  Is  under  consideration  by  the  Department  of 
Justice.  (Signed)  R.  L.  BORDEN. 

Final  arrangements  were  made  in  a  visit  by  Sir  Richard  and  Mr. 
Bowser  to  Ottawa  on  Nov.  7th  and  it  was  announced  on  the  15th  that 
negotiations,  which  had  also  been  going  on  as  to  Fisheries  between 
Mr.  Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine,  and  Mr.  Bowser,  had  been  concluded 
and  that  future  licenses  to  white  fishermen  would  allow  them  to  fish 
independently  of  any  cannery  and  sell  their  catches  to  whom  they 
chose.  The  Minister  of  Militia  had  also  agreed,  Mr.  Bowser  stated, 
to  transfer  the  Dominion  claims  and  rights  in  the  Point  Grey  Reserve 
in  return  for  the  transfer  by  the  Provincial  Government  of  10  acres 
for  a  Drill-hall  and  certain  small  areas  of  Crown  lands.  During  this 
trip  the  Premier  conferred  also  with  the  Railway  authorities  at  Mont- 
real and  Toronto  and  was  able  to  announce  a  joint  (C.P.R.  and 
C.N.R.)  Passenger  Station  on  the  one-time  Songhees  Reserve;  indi- 
vidual freight  yards  and  terminals;  a  speedy  location  of  the  route 
of  the  C.  N.  Pacific  Railway  into  Victoria.  On  Dec.  6th  the  personnel 
of  two  important  Commissions  was  made  public.  The  Commission  of 
Inquiry  into  Agricultural  conditions,  facilities,  co-operation,  etc.,  was 
to  be  as  follows:  W.  H.  Hayward,  M.L.A.  (Chairman),  Alex.  Lucas, 
S.  S.  Shannon,  Cloverdale,  Wm.  Duncan  of  the  Comox  Valley,  J.  J. 
Campbell,  Nelson,  J.  Kidston,  Vernon,  Thos.  Kidd,  Steveston.  The 
Labour  Commission  of  Inquiry  was  as  follows :  H.  G.  Parson  (Chair- 
man), Golden,  A.  M.  Harper,  Vancouver,  J.  A.  McKelvie,  Vernon, 
John  Jardine,  Esquimalt,  and  R.  A.  Stoney,  New  Westminster.  The 
powers  of  this  latter  body  were  very  wide  and  included  Labour  con- 
ditions generally,  contracts,  hours  of  labour,  payment  of  wages, 
conditions  of  life,  protection  of  life,  operation  of  laws. 

Of  individual  Ministers,  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser,  K.C.,  Attorney- 
General,  was  conspicuous  during  the  year  in  many  matters.  Usually 
the  Acting-Premier  had  been  the  senior  Member  of  the  Cabinet  but 
during  this  year  Mr.  Bowser  was  selected  for  the  position.  He  also 
administered  various  Departments  from  time  to  time  and  in  this  gen- 
eral connection  The  Colonist  said  on  May  19th :  "  It  is  no  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  Mr.  Bowser  revels  in  work.  In  everything  he  does  he 
is  thorough  and  far-seeing  and  the  administration  of  his  own  Depart- 
ment might  well  serve  as  a  model  for  other  Legislatures."  He  was 
the  Premier's  right-hand  man  in  the  Elections  as  well  as  in  the  Legis- 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  THE  PACIFIC  PROVINCE    599 

lature  and  his  oratorical  qualities  were  in  constant  request.  Addressing 
the  Canadian  Club  at  Seattle  on  Apl.  29th  he  dwelt  upon  the  kindred 
ties  of  the  two  peoples — and  advised  his  hearers  to  so  conduct  them- 
selves as  to  show  that  their  British  traditions  were  not  forgotten.  As 
Commissioner  of  Fisheries,  Mr.  Bowser  on  June  6th  dealt  with  the 
recent  statement  of  J.  P.  Babcock  and  D.  N.  Mclntyre  as  to  Sockeye 
Salmon  conditions,  on  the  Fraser  and  in  Puget  Sonnd,  which  had 
been  submitted  to  the  Washington  State  authorities. 

After  pointing  out  that  the  Sockeye  fisheries  of  the  Fraser,  in  three 
out  of  four  years,  were  dwindling  rapidly,  and  that  inroads  were  even 
being  made  upon  the  years  of  the  big  run  they  drew  attention  to 
the  fact  that  this  was  caused  through  the  failure  of  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  salmon  to  reach  the  spawning  beds;  that  in  the  past,  while 
British  Columbia  and  the  Federal  authorities  had  imposed  a  weekly 
and  yearly  closed  time,  and  enforced  it  by  stringent  patrol  and  inspec- 
tion, the  laws  providing  such  a  close  season  south  of  the  Line  had  been 
practically  a  dead  letter;  that  no  matter  how  desirous  of  enforcing 
the  law  the  State  Commissioner  might  be,  he  had  not  the  means  at 
his  command  to  do  so.  To  the  Revelstoke  Convention  Mr.  Bowser 
stated  that  the  Government  had  surveyed  1,000,000  acres  along  the 
line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  in  the  Province  for  the  sole  use  of 
pre-emptors  and  that  next  year  surveys  would  also  be  carried  along 
the  line  of  the  Canadian  Northern.  At  the  end  of  that  year  the 
Government  would  be  prepared  to  offer  140  acres  each  to  30,000  bona 
fide  settlers  on  pre-emptions. 

The  Hon.  W.  R.  Ross,  Minister  of  Lands,  had  duties  of  importance 
and  prominence.  A  Delegation  of  Lumber  manufacturers  told  him  on 
Jan.  25th  that  certain  subsidized  railway  interests  of  Canada  pur- 
chased lumber  and  other  supplies  in  the  American  market ;  and  urged 
Government  ownership  of  Telephones.  In  April  and  May  the  Min- 
ister spent  six  weeks  visiting  Eastern  centres  and  the  United  States 
studying 'certain  matters  in  connection  with  his  Department.  On  his 
return  the  organization  of  a  Forest  Branch  was  completed  with  H.  R. 
MacMillan  as  Chief  Forester  and  varied  details  worked  out  for  the 
promotion  of  settlement  and  agriculture.  On  June  16th  he  left  Vic- 
toria for  a  trip  into  the  far  interior  and  north  of  the  Province — away 
from  railways  and  with  primitive  trails  as  often  the  only  dependence. 
He  was  accompanied  by  J.  A.  Fraser,  M.L.A.,  and  R.  E.  Benedict  of 
the  Forest  Branch.  At  Kelowna  on  Aug.  14-16  he  presided  at  the 
meetings  of  the  Western  Canada  Irrigation  Association  at  which  200 
Delegates  were  in  attendance  and  where  the  speakers  included  Hon. 
Price  Ellison,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  J.  S.  Dennis  of  the  C.P.R.  at 
Calgary,  R.  H.  Campbell,  Dominion  Chief  Forester,  R.  M.  Winslow 
of  Victoria,  F.  H.  Peters  of  Calgary  and  others.  Mr.  MacMillan 
stated  that  "  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the  Forest  Branch  is  to  make  a 
general  survey  of  the  Province.  The  work  has  been  already  started; 
ten  parties  are  now  in  the  field.  The  object  of  these  surveys  is  two- 
fold; First,  to  obtain  a  statement  of  the  quantity  of  timber  in  the 
Province,  and  a  map  showing  its  disposition;  second  to  make  a  land 


6*00  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

classification  showing  definitely  the  location,  character  and  area  of 
agricultural  land  anywhere  in  the  Province."  For  the  year  ending 
Dec.  31,  1912,  the  Minister's  Report  showed  a  revenue  of '$2,525,497; 
described  the  division  of  hie  Department  into  Surveys,  Forest  and 
Water  Branches;  mentioned  the  sale  of  517,234  acres  of  Crown  lands 
during  the  year  and  the  issue  of  3,655  pre-emption  records ;  the  sur- 
vey of  2,866,997  acres  making  an  aggregate  of  10,194,380  acres  of 
Provincial  surveyed  lands ;  the  fact  of  5,900,000  acres  being  held  under 
special  timber  licenses. 

A  trip  through  the  Cariboo  and  Chilcotin  country  followed  with 
W.  J.  Elliott,  of  the  C.P.R.  Natural  Resources  Department,  who  later 
submitted  a  valuable  report  as  to  conditions  in  these  "  dry  land  areas." 
In  his  Report  he  said :  "  I  was  astonished  not  only  at  the  vastness  of 
the  area,  but  with  regard  to  the  apparent  agricultural  possibilities 
that  I  found.  The  areas  along  the  streams,  where  irrigation  by  gravity 
is  possible  have,  of  course,  been  utilized  for  years,  but  there  are  thou- 
sands of  acres  above  the  ditch  and  stretching  up  over  the  rolling 
slopes  of  the  hills  that  present  a  wonderful  field  for  development.  I 
believe  I  am  safe  in  saying  that  the  proper  development  of  the  dry 
land  areas  of  British  'Columbia  will  open  up  a  phase  of  agriculture 
that  will  rival  the  best  developed  agricultural  branch  in  the  Province 
to-day."  On  Nov.  20  Mr.  Ross  stated  his  decision  regarding  the  South 
Hazelton  townsite — owned  by  the  Government  and  the  G.T.P.  Devel- 
opment Co.  In  view  of  events  since  the  sales  of  the  land  lots,  he  had 
now  decided  to  give  all  purchasers  the  right  to  withdraw  if  they 
desired.  On  Dec.  1st  a  Branch  devoted  to  compiling  Statistics  and 
information  was  organized  with  J.  Gordon  Smith  in  charge.  The 
Surveys  Branch  of  this  Department  had  40  parties  out  during  the 
year,  a  beginning  was  made  in  examining  the  semi-arid  regions  of 
Cariboo  and  Lillooet,  various  District  boundaries  were  defined  and 
lithographed  maps  prepared  for  public  use. 

Of  the  other  Ministers  the  Hon.  H.  E.  Young  had  charge  of  the 
growing  Educational  interests  of  the  Province  and  the  development 
of  the  new  Provincial  University.  In  the  interests  of  the  latter  he 
visited  various  Eastern  and  American  educational  institutions  in 
May;  in  July  he  attended  the  Imperial  University  Congress  in  Lon- 
don ;  at  the  close  of  the  year  he  was  arranging  details  for  the  teaching 
of  Domestic  Science  at  the  Normal  School.  Mr.  Young  submitted 
the  Report  of  the  Public  Hospital  for  Insane  showing  690  patients  in 
1911  of  whom  500  were  men ;  the  Provincial  Board  of  Health  Report 
showed  346  cases  of  small-pox  and  312  deaths  from  Tuberculosis:  the 
statistics  of  Births  as  5,841,  Marriages  4,509,  Deaths,  3,360.  The  Hon. 
Thomas  Taylor,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  continued  his  work  for 
Good  Roads  and  had  an  appropriation  of  $1,500.000  to  utilize  during 
the  year.  He  joined  the  Premier  in  presenting  details  to  the  Dominion 
Government  of  their  plans  as  to  Better  terms  and  dealt,  himself,  with 
highways  and  wharves,  harbours  and  the  protection  of  River  banks. 
In  this  connection,  it  may  be  added,  R.  E.  Gosnell  of  Victoria,  accom- 
panied the  Ministers  to  Ottawa  as  an  expert  in  all  matters  relating 


FRUIT-GROWING  ON  THE  PACIFIC  COAST;   A  STRAWBERRY  PATCH  NEAB 
BCRNABY,  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  THE  PACIFIC  PROVINCE    601 

to  the  Province  and  had  much  to  do  with  the  preparation  of  the  official 
case.  In  September  Mr.  Taylor  inspected  the  highways  of  the  Fraser 
Valley.  The  chief  Provincial  appointments  of  the  year  were  as  follows : 

Police  Magistrate James    H.    Simpson Nanaimo. 

Police  Magistrate J.  Manning  Scott,  B.A Kamloops. 

County  Court  Judge  for  East  Kootenay.Geo.    H.    Thompson Cranbrook. 

Deputy  Commissioner  of  Fisheries D.    N.    Mclntyre Victoria. 

Police  Magistrate Hugh  A.   Heggie Vernon. 

Consulting  Expert:  Department  of  Fish- 
eries   John  P.  Babcock Victoria. 

Secretary  and  Statistician:  Department 

of  Agriculture Albert  E.  Craddock Victoria. 

Royal  Commissioner  re  Vancouver  Gen- 
eral Hospital R.  W.  Harrington Vancouver. 

Police  Magistrate Charles    J.    Prior Victoria. 

Chief  Forester H.   R.  MacMillan,  B.S.A Victoria. 

Stipendiary  Magistrate,   Kootenay W.   H.  Bullock- Webster. .  .Nelson. 

Police  Magistrate S.  de  P.  Greene Duncan. 

Superintendent  of  Strathcona  Park R.    H.    Thomson Seattle. 

The  ever-present  Asiatic  immigration  question  caused  much  dis- 
cussion during  the  year  in  connection  with  the  Hindus  especially. 
Mr.  Burrell,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  put  the  broad  issue  in  Toronto 
on  Mch.  4  as  follows :  "  Oriental  immigration  is  not  only  a  great  ques- 
tion with  us  in  British  Columbia — it  will  be  the  dominant  question  of 
the  whole  Empire.  It  is  the  question  of  ultimate  dominance  between 
the  far  East  and  the  West,  of  the  final  supremacy  of  the  yellow  race 
or  the  white.  Remember  that  we  on  the  Pacific  Coast  are  keeping 
ward  for  you  in  Eastern  Canada."  The  local  reasons  against  admis- 
sion of  the  wives  of  the  Sikhs  were  many  and  the  sentimental  or 
Imperial  reasons  in  favour  very  strong.  The  particular  local  question 
of  the  year  turned  on  matters  of  alleged  but  denied  polygamy  and 
of  racial  and  religious  and  moral  feelings  and  labour  competition. 
Two  of  the  wives  came  and  were  refused  entrance  on  Jan.  22nd  at 
Vancouver.  Legal  proceedings,  agitation,  visits  of  Dr.  Sunder  Singh, 
Teja  Singh  and  other  Sikh  leaders  to  Ottawa  and  the  East  followed, 
with  many  addresses  to  public  bodies  by  Sunder  Singh.  The  Labour 
Council  of  Toronto  would  not  be  convinced  by  his  arguments;  the 
National  Council  of  Women  was  persuaded.  Narrowed  down  to  a 
question  of  bringing  in  wives  and  families  the  agitation  seemed  reason- 
able; broadened  out  it  might  mean  anything.  H.  H.  Stevens,  M.P., 
of  Vancouver  was  particularly  vigorous  in  opposing  admission. 
Deportation  of  the  two  women  was  ordered  in  April ;  then  came  fur- 
ther Court  proceedings ;  then  an  appeal  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for 
India;  finally,  on  May  24,  Mr.  Rogers,  Minister  of  the  Interior, 
announced  that,  as  an  act  of  grace  and  not  as  a  precedent  they  could 
remain  in  Canada. 

A  subject,  also,  of  much  discussion  during  the  year  was  the  violent 
effort  of  the  I.W.W.,  or  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World,  from  the 
other  side  of  the  Line,  to  get  a  footing  in  the  Province.  Anarchists 
with  an  extreme  Gospel  of  Discontent  as  their  mission  they  had  been 
already  stirring  up  trouble  in  the  Railway  camps  of  the  interior. 
During  February  150  or  so  were  refused  admission  at  the  frontier; 
on  Feb.  4th  a  demonstration  and  small  riot  occurred  in  Vancouver 
which  was  disposed  of  by  mounted  policemen  very  quickly;  a  strike 


602  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

of  4,000  men,  instigated  by,  and  chiefly  composed  of,  this  organiza- 
tion was  called  on  the  C.N.R.  between  Hope  and  Kamloops  on  Men. 
31  and  the  men  quit  work  without  even  stating  reasons;  various  inci- 
dents of  local  violence  followed,  efforts  were  made  to  get  the  G.T.P. 
men  out  also,  a  number  of  arrests  were  made — one  man,  a  negro, 
getting  six  months  with  hard  labour  at  Yale ;  at  Kamloops,  New  West- 
minster and  elsewhere  others  received  severe  sentences  and  the  matter 
was  treated  with  a  firm  hand  by  the  authorities.  It  was  well  over  by 
May.  On  July  25  a  strike  of  2,000  more  on  the  G.T.P.  near  Hazelton 
was  announced. 

Gradually,  however,  the  trouble  adjusted  itself,  the  leaders  were 
arrested  and  more  men  brought  in  to  replace  the  strikers.  They  were 
mostly  foreigners  and,  according  to  a  Report  to  Governor  Johnson 
of  California,  their  chief  doctrines  were  as  follows :  The  question  of 
right  or  wrong  is  not  to  be  considered ;  no  agreement  with  an  employer 
of  labour  is  to  be  considered  by  the  worker  as  sacred  or  inviolable; 
the  worker  is  to  produce  inferior  goods  and  kill  time  in  getting  tools 
mended  and  in  attending  to  repair  work,  all  by  a  silent  understand- 
ing; the  worker  is  to  look  forward  to  the  day  when  he  will  confiscate 
the  factories  and  drive  out  the  owners;  strikers  are  to  disobey  and  treat 
with  contempt  all  Judicial  injunctions.  Another  matter  of  importance 
was  the  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Taxation — Hon.  Price 
Ellison,  Minister  of  Finance,  Hon.  A.  E.  McPhillips,  President  of 
the  Council,  C.  H.  Lugrin  of  Victoria  and  W.  H.  Malkin  of  Van- 
couver. It  was  a  very  elaborate  and  somewhat  technical  document  in 
its  details  but  the  chief  recommendations  were  as  follows : 

1.  Abolition  of  the  poll-tax,  the  personal  property  tax  and  the  tax  on 
improvements. 

(2)  An  increase  in  the  Income  tax  exemption  from  $1,000  to  *$1,500 
with  an  additional  exemption  of  $200  for  every  child  under  the  age  of  18, 
and  a  special  additional  exemption  of  $1,500  for  any  income  derived  from 
agriculture. 

(3)  Increased  taxation  upon  certain  larger  incomes. 

(4)  Abolition  of  exemptions  from  incomes  in  excess  of  $11,500  and  a 
super-tax  upon  incomes  above  $50,000. 

(5)  Increased  taxation  upon  Banks  and  increased  Succession  Duties 
on  large  estates. 

(6)  Reduction  of  the  tax  on  coke  from  15  to  10  cents  a  ton. 

(7)  A  general  re-assessment  with  the  view  of  creating  an  equitable 
valuation  of  land  and  incomes,  so  that  it  may  be  found  possible  to  reduce 
the  general  rate  of  taxation. 

Provincial  Incidents  of  the  Year 

Aug.  29. — The  sale  of  Government  lots  in  the  Prince  Rupert  townsite 
closes  with  sales  of  $1,182,000.  Prince  Rupert  investors  take 
about  two-thirds  of  the  property. 

Oct.  2. — Mr.  Justice  Murphy  of  the  Provincial  Supreme  Court  in  the 
case  of  John  Deere  Plow  Co.  versus  Agnew  Bros,  declares  that 
the  B.  C.  Companies  Act  is  infra  vires  and  must  be  observed  by 
all  Companies  wishing  to  do  business  ih  the  Province  whether 
holding  Dominion  charters  or  not 


THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY;  KAILWAY  LEGISLATION       603 

Oct.  22. — Wm.  Blakemore,  recently  appointed  a  Provincial  Commissioner 
to  report  as  to  Doukhobor  Settlements  in  British  Columbia 
states  that  they  have  acquired  120,000  acres  in  Hudson's  Bay 
Co.  lands  and  have  5,000  settlers  thereon. 

Nov.  6. — In  Vancouver  a  Half-Million  League  is  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  increasing  the  City  population  to  that  figure  by  1917  with 
H.  H.  Stevens,  M.P.  as  President  and  L.  D.  Taylor,  F.  J.  Burd, 
R.  S.  Ford,  John  Nelson — four  newspaper  men — as  a  Com- 
mittee. 

The  i-egimia-  The  third  Session  of  the  12th  Parliament  of  British 

tiveAMemuy;  Columbia  was  opened  on  Jan.  llth  by  His  Honour, 
»»iiway  T.  W.  Paterson,  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which 

legislation  referred  to  the  Coronation  and  the  coming  of  the  Roval 
Governor-General;  described  the  past  year  as  one  of 
g^eat  prosperity  and  progress  and  mentioned  the  settlement  of  the 
Songhees  Reserve  question ;  stated  that  the  development  of  Strathcona 
Park  on  the  Island  had  been  vigorously  prosecuted;  mentioned  the 
Government's  negotiations  with  the  Ottawa  authorities  and  stated 
that  the  administration  of  water  in  the  Railway  Belt  had  been  handed 
over  to  the  Provincial  Government ;  referred  to  a  contract  having  been 
let  for  extensions  to  the  Parliament  Buildings,  to  the  preliminary 
work  on  University  construction  as  being  underway  and  to  the 
expected  opening  of  the  institution  in  the  Autumn  of  1913 ;  promised 
important  legislation  as  to  Railways,  Forests,  etc.  The  Address  was 
moved  by  H.  H.  Watson  of  Vancouver  and  Alex.  Lucas  of  Yale ;  W.  H. 
Hayward  was  elected  Deputy  Speaker  and  A.  H.  B.  Macgowan,  Deputy 
Chairman  of  Ways  and  Means. 

H.  C.  Brewster,  who  was  Liberal  leader,  and  the  only  Liberal 
in.  the  House,  followed  and  attacked  the  Revenue  tax  as  unjust  and 
unscientific  in  application;  condemned  the  Land  policy  as  one  of 
favouritism  and  landlordism;  regretted  the  absence  of  relief  for  the 
workmen  from  Oriental  competition  and  alleged  the  lack  of  help  to 
small  and  isolated  settlers.  The  Premier,  in  his  reply,  pointed  out 
that  the  physical  conformation  of  British  Columbia  made  any  hard 
and  fast  land  policy  impossible.  Existing  enactments  were  efficient 
and  excellent.  "Although  so  large  a  proportion  of  our  lands  are 
heavily  timbered,  and  despite  those  physical  disadvantages  under 
which  we  labour,  we  find  that  during  the  past  year  the  number  of 
pre-emptors  coming  into  British  Columbia,  apart  altogether  from 
those  with  savings  or  independent  resources  who  have  acquired  lands 
by  purchase,  has  increased  by  50  per  cent. ;  and  as  rapidly,  as  quickly 
as  we  can  secure  the  construction  of  railways  and  build  roads  to  give 
access  to  our  lands,  the  proportion  of  pre-emptors  will  constantly 
increase." 

Mr.  McBride  denounced  and  denied  the  reckless  charges  as  to  land 
administration;  stated  that  the  farmers  were  not  complaining  about 
the  taxation  system  which  had  brought  the  Province  prosperity,  credit 
and  redundant  revenues;  referred  to  the  importance  of  the  water 
arrangement  in  the  Railway  Belt  as  "meaning  the  life  of  the  lands 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  people  who  there  have  their  homes  and  their 


604 

interests.  The  productivity  of  these  lands  has  only  recently  begun 
to  obtain  full  recognition";  stated  that  besides  the  larger  matters 
under  consideration  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments  were 
working  together  in  other  directions :  "  There  are  many  matters  con- 
nected with  mining,  agriculture,  fisheries,  forestry,  railway  construc- 
tion, immigration  and  labour,  etc.,  in  regard  to  which  the  two  Govern- 
ments can  and  should  work  in  co-operation,  supplementing  each 
other's  efforts  without  impinging  upon  respective  rights,  or  mixing  up 
legislative  authority  in  any  way.  Towards  this  end,  I  may  say,  the 
two  Governments  are  now  working."  After  speeches  by  Parker  Wil- 
liams (Socialist)  and  John  Jardine  (Ind.)  the  Address  passed  on 
Jan.  18th  without  division. 

On  Jan.  19th  Mr.  Boss,  Minister  of  Lands,  introduced  an  important 
measure  embodying  very  largely  the  views  of  the  Forestry  Commis- 
sion of  a  couple  of  years  before.  His  amendments  to  the  Land  Act 
provided  for  the  creation  of  a  Forest  Board  with  a  Chief  Forester,  and 
other  officials,  having  wide  power  over  timber  matters.  The  Bill 
provided  for  the  adoption  of  a  plan  of  license  by  tender.  Tenders 
were  to  be  called,  and  the  tenderer  who  offered  the  highest  cash  bonus 
per  1,000  feet,  in  addition  to  royalties  on  timber  that  might  be  cut 
in  future,  would  receive  the  license;  or  else  the  Minister  might  decide 
to  accept  the  highest  lump  sum  for  the  whole  limit.  Handlogger's 
licenses  were  in  future  to  be  issued  only  at  the  discretion  of  the  Min- 
ister of  Lands  and  in  districts  where  they  were  not  likely  to  work 
injury  to  Crown  lands  or  other  property.  An  increase  in  royalties 
was  provided  for  on  a  graduating  scale  and  according  to  three  grades 
in  the  lumber  cut  from  timber.  Restrictions  for  the  prevention  of 
forest  fires  were  rigid  and  the  penalties  severe.  No  new  license  to 
cut  timber  on  Crown  lands  would  be  granted  in  future  except,  after 
competition,  with  provisions  for  the  cruising  and  classification  of  tim- 
ber lands  by  the  Department.  An  upset  price  was  to  be  set  upon  the 
timber  and  in  addition  to  whatever  sum  might  be  bid  for  the  license, 
the  licensee  was  to  pay  rental  and  royalty.  Special  provisions  were 
made  as  to  pulp  licenses. 

Forest  reserves  and  their  management  were  provided  for.  Timber 
leases  still  outstanding  were  made  renewable,  for  successive  periods 
of  21  years,  subject  to  rents  and  royalties  and  such  other  conditions 
as  might  be  in  force  at  the  time  of  the  renewal.  The  Act  provided  for 
the  use  or  manufacture  in  the  Province  of  all  lumber  cut  on  Crown 
lands  or  on  lands  that  had  been  Crown-granted  since  1906  or  which 
hereafter  should  be  Crown-granted.  There  was  also  provision  per- 
mitting the  export  of  the  smaller  description  of  timber  under  certain 
conditions.  The  provisions  for  the  prevention  of  damage  to  forests 
through  fire  were  very  complete  and  a  Forest  Protection  Fund  was 
to  be  created  to  which  all  holders  of  timber  lands,  by  whatever  title 
held,  were  required  to  contribute — the  Province  to  contribute  an  equal 
sum.  The  powers  of  the  Forest  Branch  were  very  wide  and  covered 
practically  everything  in  connection  with  the  control  and  protection 
and  granting  of  forest  lands  under  the  Act. 


THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY;  RAILWAY  LEGISLATION       605 

Other  legislation  included  a  measure  as  to  Pound  animals  and 
their  protection;  a  Bill  regulating  and  licensing  Employment  Agen- 
cies ;  an  Act  establishing  an  Industrial  Home  for  Girls  and  an  amend- 
ment to  the  Inheritance  Act  declaring  that  "nothing  in  this  Act 
contained  shall  be  held  to  impair  or  affect  the  right  of  a  widow  of  an 
intestate  to  her  dower  out  of  her  deceased  husband's  lands,  or  the 
right  of  a  husband  to  his  courtesy  out  of  the  deceased  wife's  lands  " ; 
a  measure  restricting  the  business  of  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Com- 
panies and  various  amendments  to  the  Land  Registry  Act;  another 
amending  the  Land  Act  in  a  number  of  details  and  conditions  of  pur- 
chase, or  Crown  grant  surveys  and  re-surveys.  Bills  were  passed 
admitting  women  to  the  study  and  practise  of  Law  upon  the  same 
conditions  as  men ;  amending  the  Medical  Act  so  as  to  admit  to  Pro- 
vincial registration  under  the  terms  of  the  Canadian  Medical  Act; 
amending  in  various  ways  the  Coal  and  Petroleum  Act  and  the 
Municipal  Act. 

The  Pool-rooms  Act  regulated  such  places  and  forbade  any  youth 
under  18  to  frequent  them  and  defined  the  kind  of  play  permitted 
therein;  the  Agreement  of  June  8,  1911,  between  the  City  of  Prince 
Rupert,  the  G.T.P.  Railway  Co.,  the  G.T.P.  Development  Co.  Ltd., 
and  the  Province,  which  arranged  the  difficulties  as  to  taxation  aris- 
ing out  of  the  Railway  Company  owning  three-quarters  of  the  Town- 
site  and  the  Province  one-quarter,  was  ratified  and  confirmed;  the 
School  Act  was  amended  to  permit  the  appointment  of  Municipal 
Inspectors  of  Schools,  to  give  School  Boards  powers  of  expropriation 
similar  to  those  of  Municipal  Councils,  to  have  the  estimates  of  any 
special  School  Board  expenditures  placed  before  the  Municipal  Coun- 
cil for  submission  in  a  By-law  to  the  electors,  to  compel  every  child 
from  7  .to  14,  inclusive,  to  attend  School  or  be  otherwise  educated  for 
six  months  in  each  year.  The  Revision  of  the  Statutes  by  Charles 
Wilson,  K.C.,  of  Vancouver  and  A.  P.  Luxton,  K.C.,  of  Victoria,  Com- 
missioners, which  had  been  underway  for  some  time  was  ratified  and 
approved ;  an  Act  was  passed  authorizing  the  formation  of  Companies 
with  limited  liability  for  the  purpose  of  constructing,  maintaining 
and  operating  a  Rural  Telephone  system;  the  British  Columbia  Uni- 
versity Act  was  amended  to  prohibit  any  other  University  granting 
degrees;  another  measure  validated  the  election  of  the  Vancouver 
Mayor  and  Council  under  certain  technical  conditions  which  had 
arisen;  the  Veterinary  Act  was  amended  as  was  the  Water  Act  in 
relation  to  water  levels,  power  rights,  diversion  of  water,  licenses  to 
use  water  for  various  purposes,  municipal  interests,  etc.  Ryerson 
College,  Vancouver,  with  various  rights  as  a  Methodist  institution 
of  learning,  was  incorporated ;  so  was  the  Vancouver  Grain  Exchange 
and  West  Vancouver  Municipality ;  Westminster  Hall  was  given  addi- 
tional powers  and,  like  Ryerson  College,  the  right  to  grant  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Meantime,  on  Jan.  24,  H.  C.  Brewster  (Lib.)  and  Parker  Wil- 
liams (Soc.)  had  moved  a  Resolution  declaring  that  Canada  and  Great 
Britain  were  agreed  that  all  the  partners  in  the  Empire  should  con- 


606  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tribute  to  Naval  defence;  that  the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal 
would  enormously  increase  the  Coast  shipping ;  that,  therefore,  imme- 
diate steps  should  be  taken  toward  "the  creation  of  a  Canadian  fleet 
unit  in  the  Pacific  and  the  establishment  of  a  Naval  base  on  this 
coast."  The  Premier  moved  an  amendment  declaring  that  such  a 
scheme  to  be  effective  "must  be  by  co-operation  with  the  Mother 
Country  and  other  parts  of  the  Empire"  and  that  the  Dominion 
Government  be  urged  to  consider  the  question  at  the  earliest  possible 
date,  After  a  debate  the  motion  and  amendment  were  withdrawn. 
Speaking  to  the  Forest  Bill  on  Feb.  6,  Mr.  McBride  claimed  that  the 
laws  were  better  and  better  administered  in  this  respect  than  to  the 
south  of  the  Line.  "  Compare  the  situation  here  with  that  on  Puget 
Sound,  where  the  Mills  are  either  shut  down  or  running  half-time 
only,  and  pay-rolls  are  cut  to  the  minimum,  while  the  operators  are 
glad  to  sell  their  output  at  a  low  margin,  even  at  cost,  and  in  many 
cases  below  cost,  for  immediate  money.  On  this  side  the  most  of  the 
Mills  are  continuously  at  work,  making  excellent  profits  and  distinctly 
prosperous." 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser's  amendments  to  the  Liquor  Act  were 
explained  on  Feb.  13th  as  intended  to  help  in  enforcing  certain  sec- 
tions— especially  those  concerned  with  what  were  called  "  blind  pigs." 
The  Bill  made  it  clear  that  wholesalers  could  not  do  business  in  unor- 
ganized territory  on  a  license  secured  in  a  neighbouring  city;  though 
the  Courts  had  held  that  under  the  former  Act  they  could  do  so. 
It  would  also  be  impossible  to  sell  to  minors  on  the  ground  that  they 
were  buying  for  older  people.  There  was  some  difficulty  with  illegal 
selling  where  railway  construction  was  going  on  but  the  Bill  provided 
that  transgressors  might  be  fined  for  a  first  offence  and  imprisoned 
for  a  second  or  any  subsequent  offence.  On  Mch.  14,  Mr.  McBride 
moved  a  Resolution  endorsing  the  work  of  the  Better  Terms  Delega- 
tion to  Ottawa  of  November,  1911 — Messrs.  R.  McBride,  W.  J.  Bowser 
and  "W.  R.  Ross — and  approving  the  Dominion  Government's  policy 
of  appointing  a  Commission  to  investigate  the  claims  of  the  Pro- 
vince while  urging  its  early  appointment.  After  debate  this  was 
passed  on  the  19th.  In  speaking  to  it  the  Premier  said  that,  after 
many  years  of  negotiation,  a  settlement  was  now  in  sight.  "  Perhaps, 
of  all  the  questions  that  have  been  discussed  over  an  extended  period 
of  time  by  this  Legislature  there  is  none  that  is  more  pregnant  in  pos- 
sibilities or  of  more  vital  importance  to  the  future  of  our  Province 
than  is  this.  I  find  it  impossible,  no  matter  how  optimistic  one  may 
be,  to  convey  to  this  House  any  idea  of  the  results  that  may  accrue  to 
British  Columbia  when  this  matter  shall  have  been  adjusted  in  strict 
fairness  to  us." 

A  motion '  dealing  with  Oriental  immigration  presented  by  the 
Premier  described  the  feeling  of  the  people,  mentioned  the  various 
Acts  passed  by  the  Legislature  and  disallowed  at  Ottawa,  stated  that 
a  Government  Delegation  had  recently  made  "further  and  urgent 
representation  "  to  the  Federal  authorities  and  expressed  satisfaction 
at  the  promise  of  Mr.  Borden  that  the  British  Columbia  Government 


THE  LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY;  RAILWAY  LEGISLATION       607 

would  be  consulted  in  connection  with  the  new  Japanese  Treaty.  Mr. 
Brewster  moved  an  amendment  regretting  the  absence  of  any  assur- 
ance from  the  Canadian  Premier  that  future  Provincial  legislation 
regulating  immigration  into  the  Province  would  not  be  disallowed 
or  that  the  Treaty  with  Japan  would  recognize,  in  this  respect,  the 
rights  of  Canada  and  the  Provinces  of  Canada.  The  latter  was  nega- 
tived and  the  original  motion  was  passed. 

The  central  event  of  the  Session  was,  however,  the  Railway  legisla- 
tion which  the  Premier  introduced  on  Feb.  20th.  There  were  six 
Bills  presented.  The  first  was  an  Act  to  ratify  an  agreement  between 
the  Government  and  Foley,  Welch  &  Stewart,  and  between  that  firm 
and  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway  Co.  for  the  construction  of  a 
railway  from  the  City  of  Vancouver  to  Fort  George.  The  agreement 
between  the  Government  and  the  Firm  provided  for  construction  and 
the  other  arranged  that  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  should  have  the  first 
option  of  purchase  and,  also,  have  running  rights  over  the  Line.  The 
Premier  in  introducing  this  Bill  said  that  the  Railway  would  be  of 
standard  gauge,  and  would  run  from  Vancouver  to  connect  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  at  Fort  George.  It  would  receive  from  the  Pro- 
vincial Government  a  subvention  equal  to  that  already  given  to  the 
Canadian  Northern  Pacific,  by  the  guarantee  of  its  bonds  for  $35,000 
per  mile  and  4  per  cent,  interest.  Provision  was  also  made  for  ade- 
quate traffic  connection  with  the  Cities  of  New  Westminster  and  Vic- 
toria. The  second  Bill  incorporated  the  Pacific  Great  Eastern  Rail- 
way Company  for  purposes  of  the  above  construction  and  with 
Timothy  Foley,  St.  Paul;  J.  W.  Stewart  and  Donald  McLeod,  Van- 
couver; Patrick  Welch,  Spokane;  D'Arcy  Tate,  Winnipeg,  and  Ver- 
non  M.  Smith,  Hazleton,  as  the  Incorporators. 

The  third  Bill  provided  for  the  extension  of  the  lines  of  the  Cana- 
dian Northern  Pacific  with  guarantees  as  above.  It  provided  that  the 
Company  must  build  150  miles  from  the  100-mile  poet  of  its  Barkley 
Sound  extension  and  proceeding  in  a  northern  and  easterly  direction, 
which  would  bring  the  system  so  far  as  Comox.  The  Company  was 
to  build  another  Line,  in  the  Interior,  from  Kamloops  to  Vernon  and 
thence  to  Lumby  with  a  similar  bond  guarantee  of  $35,000  per  mile. 
This  would  cover  a  distance  of  145  miles  which,  added  to  the  150 
miles  arranged  for  upon  Vancouver  Island,  would  make  295  more 
miles  that  this  Company  would  have  to  build  within  the  Province 
during  the  next  three  years.  Speaking  of  the  fourth  Bill,  which 
ratified  an  agreement  between  the  Government  and  the  Kettle  Valley 
Railway  Co.,  the  Premier  said  that  it  provided  for  a  subsidy  of 
$10,000  a  mile  to  that  Company  in  order  to  bring  their  system  over 
the  Coast  range  to  the  Pacific  and  thus  afford  the  shortest  connection 
between  the  Kootenay  and  Boundary  countries  and  the  cities  of  the 
Coast.  Under  the  Dominion  Act  which  governed  the  operation  of 
the  road  there  was  stated  to  be  ample  protection  for  other  Lines  to 
use  the  trackage  of  this  corporation.  The  Bill  provided  also  for  a 
subsidy  of  $200,000  towards  the  construction  of  a  combined  railway 
and  traffic  bridge  over  the  Fraser  River  near  Hope. 


608  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  fifth  Bill  confirmed  the  agreement  for  the  extension  of  the 
Esquimault  and  Nanaimo  Railway  on  Vancouver  Island  northward  to 
Comox.  There  was  a  provision  that  enabled  the  Company  to  lease 
all  its  lines  to  the  C.P.R.  and  the  C.P.R.  had  agreed  in  return  to 
pay  taxation  on  the  lands  of  the  E.  &  N.  which  would  add,  approxi- 
mately, $18,000  a  year  to  the  treasury  of  the  Province.  The  Com- 
pany now  undertook  to  construct  its  Line  to  a  point  at  or  near  the 
Village  of  Courtney  and  have  it  in  operation  by  Dec.  31,  1915.  The 
sixth  Bill,  the  Premier  explained,  provided  for  the  re-purchase  by  the 
Government  of  the  remaining  B.  C.  Southern  and  the  Columbia  and 
Western  lands  at  40  cents  an  acre.  The  Bill  at  the  same  time 
arranged  for  the  re-construction  of  the  Kaslo  and  Slocan  Railway, 
which  was  to  be  taken  over  by  the  C.P.R.  and  standardized.  It  pro- 
vided for  the  return  by  the  C.P.R.,  to'  the  Government,  of  $387,000 
which  had  been  paid  by  the  Province  on  account  of  the  Shuswap  and 
Okanagan  guarantee  and  there  was  also  a  provision  for  the  remission 
of  taxes  that  had  accumulated  on  the  Subsidy  lands  since  the  negotia- 
tions had  commenced. 

The  distances  involved  were  50  miles  for  the  Kettle  River  Line, 
145  for  the  C.N.P.  mainland  extensions,  450  for  the  Pacific  and  Great 
Eastern  and  150  for  the  C.N.P.  Island  extensions,  or  a  total  of  795 
miles  with  an  estimated  expenditure  of  the  Railways  totalling  $40,- 
000,000  and  an  addition  to  the  bonded  guarantee  liability  of  the 
Province  of  $25,000,000.  The  actual  Provincial  expenditure  was 
placed  at  $1,850,000.  Incidents  of  the  legislation  were  the  grant  of 
running  rights  over  the  Kettle  River  road  to  the  V.  V.  &  E.  or  Great 
Northern ;  the  fact  that  the  Pacific  and  Great  Eastern  would  have 
to  come  from  North  Vancouver  over  the  2nd  Narrows  Bridge,  when 
constructed,  into  Vancouver  and  absorb  the  Howe  Sound  Line.  The 
Premier  in  his  speech  stated  that  in  1904  there  were  in  the  Province 
650  miles  of  standard  line;  in  1912  the  mileage  constructed,  under- 
way, and  now  announced,  would  make  the  total  4,000.  From  Fort 
George,  in  due  time,  connection  would  come  with  the  great  Peace 
River  country  and  the  Government  would  be  in  a  position  to  speak 
as  to  this  when  the  Line  from  Vancouver  was  well  underway.  On  all 
these  Railways  the  Government  would  hold  a  first  mortgage  and  would 
see  that  none  but  white  labour  was  employed.  Government  control 
of  rates,  he  said,  was  also  assured. 

Mr.  Brewster  devoted  his  criticism  chiefly  to  the  Vancouver-Fort 
George  Line.  "  We  must  first  consider  the  burden  we  are  undertak- 
ing in  this  wholesale  bonusing  and  guaranteeing  of  bonds,  and  that 
the  machinery,  thus  created,  may  be  used  for  their  own  purposes  by 
those  creating  it.  This  Company  is  given  an  authorized  capitalization 
of  $55,555  per  mile,  reckoning  the  length  of  the  road  at  450  miles  and 
it  is  given  in  addition  borrowing  powers  of  $60,000  a  mile  or  a 
total  of  $115,555  per  mile.  The  Bill  also  provides  that  the  Province 
is  to  guarantee  the  bonds  for  40  years,  instead  of  30  years  as  in  the 
past.  All  this  capitalization  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  terminals  or 
equipment  of  the  Railway  and  these  might  easily  run  into  large 


EDUCATION  AND  THE  NEW  PROVINCIAL  UNIVERSITY        609 

figures."  He  did  not  think  the  control  of  rates  assured,  did  not  like 
the  exemption  of  terminals  from  taxation,  and  estimated  the  addi- 
tional Provincial  liabilities  involved  as  high  as  $70,000,000.  The 
Toronto  Globe  (Mch.  9)  reviewing  the  legislation  in  a  far  from 
friendly  spirit  estimated  the  total  guarantee  or  indirect  liability  of 
the  Province  at  $26,075,000  for  the  new  enterprises  and  $21,000,000 
for  the  original  ones.  The  Bills  passed  in  due  course  without  division 
and  the  House  was  prorogued  on  Feb.  27th. 

The  Budget  speech  of  Hon.  Price  Ellison,  Minister  of  Finance, 
on  Feb.  23rd  had,  meanwhile,  been  notable  for  its  accumulated  sur- 
plus of  $8,500,000  and  its  accumulated  evidences  of  Provincial  pros- 
perity. It  was  divided  into  two  parts — one  that  of  Finance  and  the 
other  development  of  resources.  The  former  may  be  summarized 
here.  The  Minister  had  to  deal  with  a  revenue  which  had  grown  in 
ten  years  from  2  to  10  millions.  The  Province,  he  stated,  had  a  cash 
balance  in  the  Bank  of  $8,526,647.  In  two  years  time  the  balance  in 
the  Public  Accounts  had  changed  from  the  debit  to  the  credit  side, 
the  change  representing  an  accumulation  of  savings  totalling  $4,792,- 
271.  The  net  Revenue  in  1902-3  (to  June  30)  was  $2,044,630;  the 
net  Expenditure  $3,393,182;  the  net  Revenue  in  1910-11  (to  31 
Mch.)  was  $10,492,892  and  net  Expenditure  $8,194,802. 

The  Liabilities  of  the  Province  on  Mch.  31, 1911,  totalled  $12,053,- 
227;  the  Assets,  which  included  Sinking  Funds  of  $2,018,520  and 
Cash  balances  in  Banks  of  $8,526,646,  totalled  $13,550,921;  or  an 
excess  of  Assets  over  Liabilities  of  $1,497,694.  This  unique  position 
showed  some  change  in  1912.  The  minutely  detailed  Estimates  of 
Revenue  for  the  year  ending  Mch.  31,  1913,  totalled,  on  all  accounts, 
$10,387,830.  The  chief  items  of  Revenue,  as  expected,  were  Dominion 
of  Canada  Subsidies  $713,780;  Land  sales  and  revenue  $2,400,000; 
Timber  leases,  licenses,  royalties  $2,425,000 ;  Mining  receipts  $185,000 
and  Liquor  licenses  $75,000 ;  Succession  duties  $200,000,  and  Registry 
fees  $500,000;  Income,  revenue  tax,  property,  personal,  and  land 
taxes  $1,520,000;  Coal  royalty  $250,000;  Interest  due  $320,000; 
Chinese  Restriction  Act  $500,000;  Shuswap  Railway  re-payment 
$387,000.  The  chief  payments  were  on  Public  Debt  $532,669;  on 
Civil  Government  and  legislation  $972,272;  on  maintenance  of  Pub- 
lic Institutions  $406,700;  on  Hospitals  and  Charities  $426,200; 
Administration  of  Justice  $355,848 ;  Education  $972,872  and  Trans- 
portation $85,000;  Public  Works  $8,236,360,  including  $3,009,500  on 
Works  and  buildings,  $5,027,000  on  Roads,  streets,  bridges  and 
wharves;  Miscellaneous  $4,237,079. 
_  The  University  of  British  Columbia  which  had  been 

Education  .  .     .         ,  , .  ,  . .          . 

and  th*  w«w  m  a  S^A^&  °*  creation  and  organization  for  some  years, 
Provincial  showed,  during  1912,  very  clear  lines  of  growth.  A 
TTniTeraity  splendid  site  of  217  acres  at  Point  Grey,  near  Vancou- 
ver, valued  at  $2,500,000,  had  been  already  selected  and 
during  this  year,  by  arrangement  between  the  Provincial  Premier  and 
Col.  Hughes,  Minister  of  Militia,  the  Dominion  waived  its  claim 
upon  these  lands  and  the  University  was  given  a  free  title  deed.  The 

39 


610. 


institution  was  also  endowed  by  the  Province  with  2,000,000  acres 
of  land  worth,  at  the  lowest  valuation,  $5.00  an  acre  and  the  area  for 
construction  purposes  was  cleared  early  in  1912.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  Sharpe  &  Thomson  of  Vancouver  were  successful  in  their  design 
and  plans  for  the  new  building  and  won  the  prize  of  $4,000  as  well. 
Other  winners  of  smaller  amounts  were  D.  S.  Bow,  Vancouver; 
P.  T.  Turner,  Montreal;  and  Symons  and  Rae,  Toronto. 

It  was  estimated  that  the  various  structures  in  the  original  design 
would  call  for  an  expenditure  of  $1,500,000  upwards  and  that  the 
construction  and  establishment  of  the  University  as  a  whole  would 
necessarily  extend  over  a  considerable  period  of  years  and  involve  a 
possible  ultimate  expenditure  of  $10,000,000  or  more.  Meantime, 
$500,000  had  been  appropriated  during  the  past  Session  to  commence 
operations.  The  'Committee  selecting  the  architectural  design  out  of 
16  presented  was  composed  of  Hon.  H.  E.  Young,  Hon.  F.  L.  Carter- 
Cotton,  W.  Douglas  Carow  of  London,  England,  A.  Arthur  Cox, 
Vancouver,  and  S.  Maclure,  Victoria.  Meanwhile,  in  May,  the  Hon. 
Dr.  Young,  Dr.  Alex.  Robinson,  Superintendent  of  Education,  and 
S.  D.  Scott  of  the  News  Advertiser  were  in  the  East  seeking  light  upon 
the  appointment  of  a  President  and,  on  Aug.  21,  the  election  of  the 
Senate  and  Chancellor  took  place  at  the  hands  of  300  Members  of 
Convocation.  For  the  Senate  54  candidates  were  in  the  field  and  the 
following  were  elected : 


Dr.  R.  E.  McKechnie. .  .Vancouver. 
Judge  F.  W.  Howay ....  New    West- 
minster. 

N.    Wolverton Nelson. 

J.    S.    Gordon Victoria. 

Mrs.  J.  W.  DeB.  Parrls. Vancouver. 

F.   C.  Wade,   K.C Vancouver. 

W.   P.   Argue Vancouver. 

Dr.  W.  D.  Brydone-Jack. Vancouver. 


J.    M.   Turnbull Trail. 

E.   W.   Sawyer Summerland. 

Mrs.   M.  R.  Watt Victoria. 

C.    D.   Rand Vancouver. 

Hon.    Gordon    Hunter. .  .Victoria. 

J.   M.  Pearson Vancouver. 

E.  P.  Davis,  K.C Vancouver. 

Rt.  Rev.  A.  U.  DePencier.New    West- 
minster. 


For  Chancellor  the  candidates  were  Hon.  F.  L.  Carter-Cotton,  M.L.A., 
and  Sir  Charles  Hibbert  Tupper.  The  former  was  elected  by  376  to 
242  ballots.  The  Act  under  which  the  University  was  being  consti- 
tuted provided  for  the  affiliation  of  Theological  Colleges;  the  limita- 
tion of  their  degree-conferring  power  to  graduates  in  Divinity  (con- 
ditioned on  the  previous  attaining  of  a  B.A.  degree) ;  and  the 
allotment  to  the  Colleges  of  lands  on  the  University  campus  where 
they  could  erect  buildings.  During  1912  arrangements  were  under- 
way for  the  construction  of  Methodist,  Presbyterian  and  Anglican 
Colleges  along  these  lines.  The  institutions  included  Ryerson  College 
(Methodist),  Latimer  Hall  (Anglican)  and  Westminster  Hall  (Pres- 
byterian), and  a  basis  of  co-operation  was  come  to  in  several  important 
matters.  During  the  year  Rev.  Dr.  S.  D.  Chown,  General  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Methodist  Church,  was  appointed  Principal  of  Ryer- 
son; Latimer  had  its  first  graduating  class  and  efforts  were  made  to 
raise  $100,000  to  build  at  Point  Grey  while  Ryerson  aimed  at  $300,- 
000;  Westminster  Hall  had  its  5th  graduating  class.  Meantime,  a 
projected  Anglican  Theological  College,  with  Latimer  and  St.  Mark's 
Halls  affiliated,  held  a  first  meeting  of  its  Board  of  Governors  and 


PROVINCIAL  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  IN  1912  611 

elected  the  Bishop  of  Caledonia  President  of  the  College  for  which 
$44,000  in  cash  was  available.  At  the  newly-established  St.  Mark's 
Hall,  the  Rev.  C.  A.  Seager  was  appointed  Principal  and  there  were 
ten  students  in  attendance.  Okanagan  College,  Summerland,  reported 
to  the  Baptist  Church  authorities  an  enrollment  of  120  students. 

As  to  Education  in  general  an  interesting  incident  was  the  com- 
pletion during  1912  of  the  first  year's  publication  of  the  School  Maga- 
zine of  British  Columbia  under  the  editorship  of  Clive  Phillipps- 
Wolley,  a  most  capable  exponent  of  literature  and  patriotism.  To 
Mr.  McBride  on  Dec.  21,  1911,  Earl  Grey  had  written  saying  that  a 
similar  publication  in  New  Zealand  had  done  much  to  promote  loyalty 
in  thought  and  efficiency  in  education.  A.  N.  C.  King,  B.A.,  of  Vic- 
toria, was  selected  as  Rhodes  Scholar  *  from  the  Province  for  1912  by 
a  representative  Committee.  On  Oct.  1  the  Minister  of  Education 
stated  that  Technical  Schools  in  the  Province  were  essential  and  the 
matter  would  be  taken  up  seriously  in  the  near  future.  "  Such  Tech- 
nical education  as  the  Government  has  in  mind  should  I  think  be  kept 
separate  from  the  University  which  will  devote  itself  more  to  the 
higher  branches  of  Engineering.  While  I  was  in  England  I  devoted 
some  attention  to  studying  the  plan  they  have  adopted  there  and  it 
seemed  to  me  to  be  suited  to  our  needs.  The  German  plan  would 
not  suit  us  at  all  because  it  has  an  element  of  compulsion  which  would 
be  impracticable  in  this  country.  The  Polytechnic  in  London  is  also 
doing  what  struck  me  as  the  right  kind  of  work  and  its  management 
is  assisted  by  representatives  of  the  Trades  and  Labour  Council  who 
go  every  week  or  so  to  see  what  is  being  done  and  offer  advice." 
At  the  Convention  of  School  Trustees  in  Kamloops  on  Sept.  24th 
President  Flumerfelt  of  Victoria  spoke  of  conditions  and  problems 
throughout  the  Province.  He  suggested  a  Normal  School  for  the 
Interior,  Technical  education,  attention  to  beautifying  School 
grounds,  the  bringing  of  the  1,200  Trustees  of  the  Province  into 
closer  touch  with  the  Teachers.  For  the  year  1911-12  McGill  Univer- 
sity College  of  British  Columbia  reported  at  its  Vancouver  and  Vic- 
toria branches  202  students  in  attendance.  The  general  statistics  of 
the  Province  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1912,  were  as  follows  : 

Number  of  School    Districts    .......................  328 

Number  of  Pupils    enrolled    ........................  50,170 

Average  attendance  of  pupils  .......................  37,567-88 

Number  of  Male    teachers    ...........  .  .............  351 

Number   of   Female   teachers  ........................  1,002 

Amount  expended  by  Provincial   Government  ........  $1,151,714 

Total  cost  of  Education  ............................  $3,882,488 


Provincial  Dissolution  of  the  Legislature,  in  which  there 

General  were  39  Conservatives,  1  Liberal,  and  2  Socialists,  was 

Elections  announced  on  Feb.  28th,  immediately  after  proroga- 

of  i9ia  tion,  with  Nominations  for  Mch.  12  and  polling  on  the 

28th.  The  Premier  announced  that  the  extensive  nature 
of  his  Government's  Railway  guarantees  and  policy  made  it  desirable 
to  place  the  issue  before  the  people.  Arrangements  were  at  once  made 

*  NOTE.  —  Omitted  at  its  proper  place  was  the  selection  of  Herbert  Smith, 
Kingston,  as  Rhodes  Scholar  from  Queen's. 


612 

for  Mr.  McBride,  accompanied  by  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser,  to  campaign 
in  the  interior  of  the  Mainland  and  his  stated  itinerary  included 
Kamloops  on  Mch.  6th,  Revelstoke  on  the  7th,  Field  and  Golden  on 
the  8th,  Nelson  on  the  9th,  Kaslo  the  llth,  Fernie  the  12th,  Cran- 
brook  the  13,th,  and  Trail  and  Rossland  on  the  15th;  thence  working 
back  to  the  Coast  through  the  Similkameen  and  the  Okanagan. 

Speaking  to  the  Victoria  Conservative  Association  on  Feb.  28th 
the  Premier  was  warmly  optimistic  as  to  the  future  of  the  Capital  and 
of  the  Island,  in  rails,  terminals  and  shipping  facilities.  The  recently- 
arranged  200  miles  of  new  Railway  on  Vancouver  Island  would 
involve  $7,000,000  of  expenditure  and  at  no  distant  date  there  would 
be  on  the  Island  1,000  miles  of  standard  gauge  lines — at  present  the 
actual  mileage  was  170,  the  mileage  provided  for  325,  and  the  mileage 
immediately  contemplated  320.  At  Field  during  his  Interior  trip 
the  Premier  announced  that  the  poll-tax  would  be  repealed  in  the  next 
Session;  at  Rossland  he  dealt  with  Socialists  who  were  "men  with 
strenuous  voices,  shouting  about  wage  slavery  and  the  labour  market, 
and  similar  rubbish.  This  narrow-minded  class  should  not  exist  in 
British  Columbia,  where  the  man  with  pick  and  shovel  to-day  may 
own  a  saw-mill  or  mine  to-morrow.  There  is  no  room  in  British 
Columbia  for  these  narrow  doctrines."  The  Premier  was  at  New 
Westminster  on  Mch.  20th,  addressed  a  Vancouver  mass-meeting  on 
the  21st,  and  was  at  Nanaimo  on  the  22nd,  Ladysmith  on  the  25th, 
Sydney  on  the  26th,  with  a  final  meeting  in  Victoria  on  the  27th. 
The  issues  of  the  campaign  were,  of  course,  rather  one-sided  though 
the  Liberals  made  a  gallant  endeavour  to  retrieve  the  situation.  The 
Premier  did  not  issue  a  Manifesto  but  The  Colonist  of  Mch.  28,  the 
Vancouver  Province,  and  other  papers,  gave  columns  of  reasons  why 
his  Government  should  be  sustained.  As  a  matter  of  record  they 
may  be  summarized  here: 

1.  Because  the  McBride  Government  proposes  to  open  up  the  whole 
of   Vancouver   Island    so   that   within   five    years   Victoria   will   be   the 
terminal  point  and  headquarters  of  1,000  miles  of  Island  railway. 

2.  Because   it  has   arranged   to  connect  Vancouver  Island   and  the 
Mainland  by  an  all-rail  line  across  the  Seymour  Narrows. 

3.  Because  it  is  providing  a  modern  fast  car-ferry  system,  operated 
by  the  C.N.P.,  connecting  Victoria  with  the  Company's  main  lines;   and 
another  with  the  projected  Vancouver-Fort  George  Railway. 

4.  Because  it  proposes  to  give  the  people  in  the  Kettle  River  District 
a  long-looked-for  route  from  the  Coast  to  the  Kootenays. 

5.  Because  by  bringing  the  Canadian  Northern  system  to  Vancouver 
Island  Mr.  McBride  has  stirred  the  Canadian  Pacific  to  action  and  in- 
augurated a  rivalry  between  these  two  transcontinental  railways  as  to 
which  should  the  more  rapidly  develop  the  great  resources  of  Vancouver 
Island  and  the  Mainland  as  well. 

6.  Because  by  interesting  the  Canadian  Northern  in  the  development 
of  the  Province  he  also  interested  the  group  of  capitalists  associated  with 
that  Company  whereby  millions  of  dollars  have  already  been  expended  in 
British  Columbia  in  industrial  enterprises  and  millions  more  will  be  spent. 

7:  Because  the  Government  set  apart  Strathcona  Park  as  a  pleasure 
ground  and  obtained  Legislative  sanction  for  the  expenditure  of  $100,000 


PROVINCIAL  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1912  613 

this  year  in  opening  it  by  roads,  thereby  adding  vastly  to  the  importance 
of  Victoria  as  a  tourist  centre. 

8.  Because  in  the  next  few  years  there  will  be  an  expenditure  of 
$150,000,000  on  different  Railway  projects  throughout  the  Province. 

9.  Because  a  great  Provincial  University  is  under  way,  a  Normal 
School  costing  $500,000  to  be  erected  at  Victoria,  with,  also,  extensions 
to  the  Parliament  Buildings  costing  $3,000,000. 

10.  Because    past    and    present    arrangements    with    the    Canadian 
Northern  had  brought  another  Transcontinental  Line  to  the  Pacific  and 
will  create  a  great  development  in  both  Mainland  and  Island. 

11.  Because  new  Public  Buildings  are  being  erected  and  great  high- 
way projects  carried  out  in  every  direction. 

12.  Because  the  Songhees  River  question,  the  Railway  taxation  mat- 
ter, and  question  of  Fisheries  control  were  settled  and  the  vital  Better 
Terms  agitation  on  the  verge  of  settlement. 

13.  Because  in  nine  years  the  financial  position  had  been  changed  from 
$12,500,000  of  Public  Debt  and  a  million  dollar  overdraft  to  one  in  which 
the  cash  Assets  are  sufficient  to  pay  off  tb*e  entire  Public  Debt  and  leave 
a  Cash  Surplus  on  hand. 

14.  Because  in  addition  to  extensive  public  works  and  the  survey  of 
millions  of  acres  of  land,  the  Province  by  1915  will  have  increased  its 
railway  mileage  by  about  5,000  miles  since  1903. 

15.  Because  the  Educational  system  has  been  extended  to  complete 
popular  control  with  provision  for  Night  Schools,  free  text  books,  manual 
training,  and  domestic  science,  and  higher  education. 

16.  Because  a  very  extensive  programme  of  advertising,  information 
and  illustrative  work  has  been  carried  on  through  the  Agent-General's 
office  in  London,  the  Provincial  Bureau  of  Information  and  the  Depart- 
ment of   Agficulture,   in   order   to   attract   immigration   and   settlement 
with  75,000  to  125,000  persons  per  annum  now  arriving. 

Meantime  the  Liberals  had  done  their  best.  On  Feb.  28th  and 
Mch.  1  a  Convention  was  held  in  Vancouver  with  John  Oliver,  the 
defeated  Legislative  leader  of  1909,  in  the  Chair  and  confidence 
expressed  in  Sir  W.  Laurier  and  H.  C.  Brewster  as  the  Provincial 
leader.  A  series  of  Resolutions  were  passed  upon  which  it  was  pro- 
posed to  fight  the  coming  contest  and  were  prepared  as  a  Party  plat- 
form by  F.  C.  Wade,  K.C.,  Chairman  of  Committee.  A  Provincial 
Association  was  formed  with  Mr.  Brewster  as  President,  Dr.  W.  T. 
Kirgin  of  Prince  Rupert  and  F.  J.  Deane,  Cranbrook,  as  Vice-Presi- 
dents. The  following  summary  gives  a  general  idea  of  the  enormous 
mass  of  detailed  ideas,  criticisms,  proposals  and  policies  which  finally 
went  into  the  Platform : 

1.  Free  homesteads  to  bona  fide  settlers;  advances  to  settlers  on  easy 
terms  to  assist  clearing;  surveys  to  be  accelerated;  removal  of  reserves; 
no  public  lands  for  the  speculator. 

2.  Public  competition  in  timber  lands;    hand-logging  licenses  to  be 
granted  where  conditions  demand. 

3.  Coal  lands  not  to  be  alienated,  but  leased  under  conditions  to  be 
fixed   by  statute;    Government   operation   with   a  view   to   reduction   of 
existing   prices;    Royal   Commission   to   inquire   into   alleged   exorbitant 
rates. 


614  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

4.  Immediate  construction  of  Railway  to  Peace  River;  co-operation  with 
Federal  Government  to  connect  Vancouver  Island  with  mainland;  no 
land  subventions  beyond  what  is  necessary  to  secure  construction;  pre- 
vention of  over-capitalization;  all  franchises  to  be  open  to  public  com- 
petition; freight  and  other  rates  and  telegraph  tolls  to  be  under  juris- 
diction of  the  Dominion  Railway  Commission. 

6.  With  a  view,  to  meeting  the  demands  for  the  transportation  ol 
grain  from  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta,  the  immediate  construction  of 
Government  Elevators. 

6.  That  a  Line  owned  and  controlled  by  the  Government  should  be 
constructed  to  give  direct  connection  by  the  best  route  as  to  grades  and 
distances  between  the  Similkameen  and  other  Interior  districts  and  the 
Coast.    The  people  to  control  the  railways,  not  the  railways  the  people. 

7.  The  appointment  of  an  Advisory  Board  in  Educational  matters; 
Technical  Schools  and  an  increase  in  agricultural  and  manual  training; 
text-books  to  be  issued  by  the  Government  free  of  cost. 

8.  Abolition  of  poll  tax  and  personal  and  property  tax,  and  raising 
of  exemption  of  incomes  to  •  $2,000.     School  taxes  not  to  be  collected 
separately,  but  as  a  part  of  the  general  taxation. 

9.  A  Provincial  Department  of  Labour  to  be  created  and  free  Govern- 
ment labour  bureaus  to  be  established;  prohibition  of  child  labour,  and 
a  comprehensive  system  of  industrial  insurance;  expansion  of  the  scope 
of  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  to  cover  all  hazardous  employment. 
Minimum  wage  established  by  law  on  Government  work  with  an  eight- 
hour  day  and  six-day  week. 

10.  A  white  British  Columbia  with  continually  increasing  restrictive 
measures  and  the  total  exclusion  of  Orientals. 

11.  A  declaration  that  the  liquor  traffic  of  British  Columbia  is  at 
present  under  the  absolute  control  of  the  Provincial  Government  and  is 
used  as  a  political  machine.    To  insist  on  the  complete  removal  of  liquor 
question  from  party  politics.    A  Local  Option  law  for  the  protection  of 
the  public;  careful  inspection  of  all  liquors  offered  for  sale. 

12.  The  immediate  restoration  of  the  Fisheries  to  white  fishermen, 
and  protection  from  foreign  poachers.    Police  and  License  Commissioners 
to  be  elected  by  popular  vote;  adoption  of  the  Torrens  system  of  titles. 
Civil  Service  Commission  for  both  inside  and  outside  services. 

13.  Adherence  to  the  principle  of  public  ownership  of  public  utilities, 
and  the  limitation  of  terms  of  franchises  to  corporations;  renewing  the 
same  if  in  the  public  interest,  or  purchasing  on  equitable  terms. 

14.  Government   ownership   of   telephones;     Franchise   to   women;     a 
Canadian  Navy. 

An  active  Liberal  figure  in  the  ensuing  contest  was  Ralph  Smith, 
formerly  Liberal-Labour  M.P.  for  Nanaimo,  who  now  ran  in  Van- 
couver. Of  the  other  prominent  Liberals  in  the  field  John  Oliver  in 
Delta,  M.  B.  Jackson  in  Esquimalt,  L.  D.  Taylor  in  Rossland,  Max- 
well Smith  and  J.  N.  Ellis  in  Vancouver,  J.  P.  McConnell  in  Yale 
and  Mr.  Brewster  in  Victoria,  did  their  best  in  an  up-hill  fight.  In 
an  Address  signed  by  himself  and  R.  T.  Elliott,  K.C.,  the  other  Liberal 
candidate  in  Victoria,  Mr.  Brewster  declared  strongly  for  Woman's 
Suffrage;  for  total  Prohibition  with  Local  Option  as  a  preliminary; 
and  for  the  revision  of  the  Land  laws. 

Incidents  of  the  contest  included  the  candidacy  of  three  Conserva- 
tives in  Esquimalt  with  The  Colonist  supporting  John  Jardine  the 


PROVINCIAL  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OP  1912  615 

late  Member  and  a  one-time  Liberal  who  had  changed  his  opinions; 
and  the  Premier  appearing  on  the  platform  of  R.  H.  Pooley  who 
afterwards  won  by  a  large  majority;  the  promise  by  Mr.  Bowser  at 
Vancouver  on  Mch.  21st  that  a  Provincial  Auditor  would  be  appointed 
so  soon  as  legislation  could  be  enacted  and  his  declaration  that  every 
rainbow  in  the  sky  had  been  chased  by  the  Liberals  and  captured  for 
their  platform;  an  interview  given  by  Sir  Charles  Hibbert  Tupper 
(Cons.)  to  the  Vancouver  Sun  on  Mch.  10th  in  which  he  criticized 
the  McBride  Government  as  indulging  "  a  reckless  spirit  of  specula- 
tion," described  the  Railway  aid  policy  as  "  raids  upon  the  Provincial 
treasury  and  resources  of  British  Columbia  "  and  dealt  in  vigorous 
terms  of  criticism  with  Mr.  Bowser,  Attorney-General ;  the  fact  of 
18  Socialists  being  in  the  field  against  the  Government  and  two  Inde- 
pendents; the  election  by  acclamation  on  Mch.  14th  of  Hon.  H.  E. 
Young,  Hon.  Thomas  Taylor,  F.  L.  Carter^Cotton,  J.  G.  C.  Wood, 
S.  A.  Oawley,  T.  D.  Caven,  Ernest  Miller,  Neil  F.  MacKay  and  L.  W. 
Shatford — all  Conservatives.  The  final  results  on  Mch.  28th  were 
notable  for  the  return  of  the  Government  with  almost  a  clean  sweep. 
No  Liberals  were  elected  and  only  two  Socialists  while  individual 
Conservative  candidates  had  large  majorities.  In  the  following  table 
all  the  Conservatives  were  elected  except  in  Nanaimo  where  John 
Place  (Soc.)  obtained  a  small  majority  and  in  Newcastle  where  Parker 
Williams  (Soc.)  managed  to  hold  his  seat: 

Constituency.  Conservative  Liberal  and  Socialist  Member 

Candidates.  Candidates.  Elected. 

Alberni    J.   G.   C.   Wood (Acclamation.) 

Atlin    Hon.  H.  E.  Young (Acclamation.) 

Cariboo   J.   E.   Fraser J.  E.  Fraser. 

M.    Callanan    J.   Holt    (L.) M.  Callanan. 

Chilliwack S.   A.    Cawley (Acclamation.) 

Columbia    H.   G.   Parson 

H.  E.  Foster H.  G.  Parson. 

Comox   M.    Manson    W.  W.  Lefeaux  (S.) . .  M.  Manson. 

Cowichan    W.  H.  Hay  ward Alex.  Herd  (L.) W.  H.  Hay  ward. 

Cranbrook    T.   D.   Caven (Acclamation.) 

Delta    F.J.Mackenzie J.    Oliver    (L.) F.J.Mackenzie. 

Dowdney W.  J.  Manson • 

A.  McNeice   W.  J.  Manson. 

Esquimalt    ....  John    Jardine    

R.  H.  Pooley G.    Oliver    (S.) 

H.    D.    Helmcken M.  B.  Jackson  (L.)...R.  H.  Pooley. 

Fernie   Hon.  W.  R.  Ross W.  Davidson  (S.) Hon.  W.  R.  Ross. 

Grand  Forks. . .  Ernest  Miller   (Acclamation.) 

Greenwood J.  R.  Jackson G.  Heatherton  (S.)  . . .  J.  R.  Jackson. 

Kamloops J.   P.    Shaw R.  F.  Leighton  (L.)  . .  J.  P.  Shaw. 

Kaslo N.  F.  Mackay (Acclamation.) 

Lillooet A.  McDonald S.    Henderson    (L.) . . .  A.  McDonald. 

Nanaimo A.  E.  Planta John  Place  (S.) John  Place   (S  ) 

Nelson W.  R.  Maclean H.  Wright  (I.) 

A.  Harrod  (S.) W.  R.  Maclean. 

Newcastle Dr.  R.  B.  DIer P.  Williams  (S.)..    . .  Parker  Williams 

..T.  Gifford. 

. .  Hon.  Price  Ellison. 


N.  Westminster. T.  Gifford Geo.  Kennedy  (L.) 

Okanagan    Hon.   Price  Ellison... G.  T.   Stirling   (S.) 

Revelstoke    ....  Hon.   Thos.   Taylor 

Richmond F.   L.   Carter-Cotton 

Rossland     L.   A.   Campbell L.  D.  Taylor  (L.)  . 

G.  B.  Casey  (S.) . . 
Saanich Hon.  D.  M.   Eberts. . .  Wm.   Noble    (L.) . . 


.(Acclamation.) 
. .  (Acclamation.) 

. .  L.   A.   Campbell. 
. .  Hon.  D.  M.  Eberts. 


Similkameen    . .  L.   W.   Shatford (Acclamation.) 

Skeena Wm.    Manson    A.  M.  Manson  (L.) . . . 

Dr.  W.   B.   Clayton...  Aid.  Montgomery  (S.).Wm.    Manson. 

Slocan    W.  Hunter A.  Shllland   (S.) W.   Hunter. 

The  Islands. . . .  Hon.  A.  E.  McPhillips Hon..    A.    E    Mc- 

Percy  Winch Phillips. 


616  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Constituency.  Conservative  Liberal  and  Socialist  Member 

Candidates.  Candidates.  Elected. 

Vancouver    ....  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser. .  Ralph  Smith  (L.) ....  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser. 

H.    H.    Watson W.  S.  Cameron  (L.) . .  H.  H.  Watson. 

A.  H.  B.  Macgowan.  C.  W.  Enright  (L.) . . .  A.  H.  B.  Macgowan. 

C.  E.  Tisdall Maxwell  Smith  (L.)..C.  E.  Tisdall. 

G.  A.   McGuire J.  N.  Ellis  (L.) G.  A.  McGuire. 

W.    Bennett    (S.) 

J.   Reid    (S.) 

W.  A.  Pritchard  (S.). 

J.  P.  Lord  (S.) 

J.   McDonald    (S.) 

WS.  Greer  (I.) 
toria    Hon.  R.  McBride H.  C.  Brewster  (L.)..Hon.  R.  McBride. 

H.   B.   Thomson R.  T.  Elliott   (L.) H.  B.  Thomson. 

H.  F.  W.  Behnsen. . .  V.  R.  Midgley  (S.) . . .  H.  P.  W.  Behnsen. 

Fred  Davey B.  J.  Perry  (I.) Fred  Davey. 

Yale Alex.  Lucas J.  P.  McConnell  (L.)  .  Alex.  Lucas. 

Tmir J.  H.  Schofleld R.  P.  Pettipiece   (S.) .  J.  H.  Schofleld. 

BeBonrccB  and  The  latest  Provincial  estimates  of  the  area  of 
Development  British  Columbia  gave  it  as  395,560  square  miles 
of  British  or  253,010,000  acres.  Physically  this  area  was  divided 
Columbia  roughly  into  three,  each  with  its  special  charac- 
teristics— (1)  the  islands  adjacent  to  the  Coast; 
(2)'  the  great  interior  plateau,  flanked  by  mountains  on  the  east  and 
west,  and  forming  the  southern  half  of  the  Mainland;  (3)  the  north- 
ern half  of  the  Mainland,  separated  from  the  plateau  by  various  cross 
mountain-chains  from  whence  sprang  the  headwaters  of  the  Peace 
River.  Of  Provincial  lines  'of  development  Mining  has  long  been  the 
best  known.  In  a  paper  read  on  Nov.  29,  1912,  0.  S.  Verrill,  M.E., 
compared  the  resources  of  Colorado  and  British  Columbia  and  declared 
that  under  similar  development  conditions  the  Provincial  production 
would  be  $100,000,000  a  year  exclusive  of  coal,  which  should  total 
$50,000,000  additional.  Inaccessibility  had  been  the  obstacle  in  the 
path  of  progress.  "  Lack  of  railroads,  waggon  roads,  trails  and  trans- 
portation facilities,  with  the  extremely  heavy  growth  of  vegetation, 
deep  snow  in  the  higher  altitudes  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  and 
long  distances  between  supply  points,  have  been  responsible  for  this 
inaccessibility.  But  with  the  completion  of  the  railroads  that  are  now 
under  construction  there  will  be  very  large  areas  available  for  prospect- 
ing which  have  heretofore  been  impracticable." 

In  March  it  was  announced  that  Sir  Donald  D.  Mann  had  pur- 
chased 45  square  miles  of  coal  lands,  for  which  he  paid  nearly 
$2,000,000,  in  the  Ground  Hog  Mountain  coal  basin,  where  rich  finds 
of  smokeless  anthracite  coal  had  lately  been  announced.  Comprising 
over  92,000  acres,  this  property  was  the  controlling  neck  of  a  large 
surrounding  field  in  which  Sir  Donald  was  already  interested  through 
his  Portland  Canal  investments  where  he  had  a  railway  in  operation 
from  Stewart  for  a  distance  of  14  miles.  These  new  fields  were  about 
ninety  miles  northeast  from  Stewart  and  the  coal  area  was  said  to 
cover  about  2,000  square  miles  of  the  territory  embraced  by  the  water- 
shed of  the  Skeena,  Stikine  and  Naas  Rivers.  During  1911  the 
Ground  Hog  fields  were  investigated  by  G.  S.  Malloch  of  the  Dominion 
Geological  Survey  Department  who  stated  that  the  coal  was  anthra- 
cite in  character  and  averaged  about  eighty  per  cent,  fixed  carbon. 

In  a  paper  before  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute  at  Vancouver 
(Feb.  16)  E.  W.  Parker  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  estimated 


RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA       617 

Canada's  Coal  supplies  at  100,000,000,000  tons.  R.  H.  Hedley,  Chair- 
man of  the  Western  Branch  of  the  Canadian  Mining  Institute,  stated 
(Feb.  16)  that  one  of  the  Northern  coal  fields  of  British  Columbia — 
little  spoken  of  and  overshadowed  by  recent  developments  in  the 
anthracite  field  at  the  head-waters  of  Skeena  River — was  tbe  Copper 
River  coal-field  which  also  was  in  Skeena  District.  It  had  been 
reported  on  by  Edward  Dinan  of  Seattle,  who  paid  high  tribute  to  the 
character  and  occurrence  of  the  coal,  called  attention  to  the  large 
area  of  undisturbed  coal-bearing  formation  and  argued  a  vast  tonnage. 
Mr.  Rees  Treharne,  of  Cardiff,  who  reported  for  an  English  Company 
stated  that  12,000,000  tons  were  available,  from  openings  on  Coal 
Creek,  of  seams  already  proven.  At  Rossland  (July  30)  informa- 
tion, originally  prepared  in  1903  by  Bernard  MacDonald,  was  reviewed 
and  presented  again  by  E.  Jacobs,  a  well-known  Mining  authority. 
The  facts  stated  were  that  within  three  great  mountain  areas  of  the 
same  structural  and  mineralized  nature  the  following  product  had 
been  obtained  up  to  the  end  of  1902: 

Miles  of  Rocky  Average  Production  Total  Value 

Country.                 Mountains.                    per  Mile.  of  Production. 

Mexico    1,700                            $3,142,857  $5,600,000,000 

United   States 1,300                            3,461,538  4,500,000,000 

Canada    1,600                                103,750  166,000,000 

Hence  the  obvious  probability  that  British  Columbia  had  an  enormous 
potential  development  ahead  of  it.  During  the  year  a  steadily 
improved  outlook  for  metalliferous  mining  was  reported  and  in  about 
two  weeks — June  29  to  July  15 — dividends  totalling  $278,000  were 
paid  by  five  Mining  concerns  of  the  Interior.  On  Sept.  18,  the 
Canadian  Mining  Institute  held  a  meeting  at  Victoria  and  were 
addressed  by  Sir  R.  McBride  whom  they  asked  to  appoint  a  Minister 
of  Mines  while  a  similar  Resolution  was  passed  by  the  Associated 
Boards  of  Trade  of  Eastern  British  Columbia  at  Nelson  on  the  24th. 
Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  Mining  strike  at  Cumber- 
land on  Vancouver  Island  and  the  despatch  by  the  Attorney-General 
of  100  picked  Constables  to  guard  the  town  during  November;  the 
statement  that  great  mica  deposits  had  been  found  at  Mica  Mountain 
with  beds  yielding  sheets  up  to  ten  feet  square.  The  total  production 
of  British  Columbia,  up  to  and  including  1911,  was  $397,696,722  of 
which  gold  accounted  for  $137,175,683,  and  a  production  during  the 
past  four  years  as  follows : 

1909  Value.  1910  Value.  1911  Value.  1912  Value. 

Estimated. 

Gold     (Placer) $477,000               $540,000  $426,000               $500,000 

Gold    lode 4,924,090  5,533,380  4,725,513  4,960,800 

Silver    1,239,270  1,245,016  958,293  1,676,200 

Lead    1,709,259  1,386,350  1.069,521  1,520,000 

Copper    5,918,522  4,871,512  4,571,644  8,338,500 

Zinc     400,000                  192,473  129,092                  501.500 

Coal     7,022.666  9,800,161  7,675,717  9.275,000 

Coke    1,552,218  1,308,174  396.030  1,584,000 

Miscellaneous     1,200,000  1,500,000  3,547,262  4,250,000 


$24,443.025          $26,377,066          $23,499,072          $32.606,000 


In  Agriculture  and  Fruit  growing,  poultry-raising,  mixed  farming, 
and  dairying,  marked  progress  was  made  in  1912  with  plenty  of  room 
for  expansion  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  1910-11  the  Provincial 


618  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

product,  in  this  general  connection,  was  $20,800,000  and  the  total 
importation  of  live-stock,  dairy  products,  meats,  fruits  and  vegetables, 
grain,  etc.,  was  $14,700,000.  The  former  total  included  Milk  $3,295,- 
000;  Fruit  and  Vegetables  $5,084,000;  Hay  $4,913,000;  Grain 
$2,160,000.  The  agricultural  and  fruit-growing  Valleys  of  the  Pro- 
vince were  many  and  fertile  with  a  splendid  climate  and  constantly 
growing  transportation  facilities.  Roughly  estimated  the  fertile  area 
of  the  best  known  regions,  the  Okanagan  Valley,  the  North  and  South 
Thompson  Valleys;  the  Nicola,  Similkameen  and  Kettle  River  Val- 
leys; the  Peace  River,  Lillooet  and  Cariboo  Districts,  the  East  and 
West  Kootenay  Districts,  was  a  million  acres  with  an  average  product 
of  25  bushels  of  wheat,  39  of  oats  and  33  of  barley.  In  reality  there 
were  many  millions  more  than  that — the  late  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson  credit- 
ing the  portion  of  the  Peace  River  Valley  in  British  Columbia  with 
10,000,000  acres,  alone,  of  wheat  lands. 

During  1912  Irrigation  was  becoming  more  and  more  a  factor  in 
this  connection  and  A.  C.  Flumerfelt,  before  a  Victoria  gathering 
(Jan.  30),  pointed  out  the  results  in  promoting  production  in 
Kelowna,  Penticton,  Grand  Forks,  Naramata,  Peachland,  Summer- 
land,  Kaledon  and  Vernon.  "  Before  the  discovery  that  some  of  our 
worthless-looking  lands  were  among  the  finest  in  the  world  for  the 
production  of  fruit,  and  before  the  opening-up  of  Central  British 
Columbia,  we  used  to  imagine  that  the  extreme  limit  of  acreage  suit- 
able for  agriculture  was  10,000,000  acres.  Since  then  over  3i/£  mil- 
lion acres  have  been  surveyed,  and  increasing  knowledge  enables  us 
to  estimate  the  area  of  valuable  land  at  25,000,000  acres."  In  the 
Peace  River  region,  James  Rutherford  of  Victoria,  after  traversing 
large  areas  of  it,  said  to  the  press  (Feb.  14)  that  "  along  the  Halfway 
River  the  Valley  is  from  three  to  four  miles  wide,  and  embraces  a 
succession  of  level  flats  for  nearly  a  hundred  miles,  including  expan- 
sive tracts  of  excellent  black  loam,  which  is  the  finest  land  I  have  seen 
in  British  Columbia.  This  is,  too,  one  of  the  most  charming  and 
picturesque  Valleys  in  the  whole  Dominion/' 

The  Prince  Rupert  Valleys  were  described  by  W.  E.  Scott,  Deputy 
Minister  of  Agriculture  (May  17,  1912),  as  having  a  great  future 
before  them.  "  It  is  primarily  a  country  for  small  fruits.  Hay  and 
grain  crops  will  ripen  well  and  should  yield  heavily.  The  country 
is  also  particularly  well  adapted  to  dairying,  especially  the  lower  Naas 
Valley.  When  these  Valleys  are  opened  up  by  railway  connection  they 
will  forge  rapidly  to  the  front,  and  prove  some  of  the  most  productive 
regions  in  the  whole  Province,  providing  homes  for  thousands  of 
settlers."  Transportation  difficulties  were  great  and  obvious.  In  the 
Okanagan,  for  instance,  fruit  men  estimated  in  July  that  they  would 
need  1,500  cars  to  ship  the  fresh  fruit  in  the  course  of  a  month.  F.  W. 
Peters,  of  the  C.P.R.,  stated  in  October  that  the  product  of  this  region 
had  been  80  per  cent,  over  1911  and  that  they  had  shipped  750  tons 
of  peaches  out  of  Summerland  alone.  The  Vancouver  Board  of  Trade 
(in  part)  paid  a  visit  to  the  Valley  at  this  time  and  found  people  too 
busy  picking  and  packing  fruit  to  think  of  anything  else. 

As  to  Vancouver  Island  the  soil  was  excellent,  the  cultivated  areas 
settled  with  prosperous  farmers,  the  Comox  and  Courtenay  Valleys 


famous  for  their  fertility,  the  climate  favourable  and  a  wide  area  ready 
for  settlement  and  clearing  with  many  Railways  under  construction. 
Speaking  of  the  Province  as  a  whole  Col.  D.  McCrae,  the  Dominion 
Sheep  Commissioner  stated  in  Toronto  (Aug.  31)  that  "the  outlook 
for  sheep  raising  in  British  Columbia  is  exceedingly  bright.  Many 
times  as  many  sheep  as  are  now  raised  there  should  be  produced.  It 
is  estimated  that  at  the  present  time  there  are  30,000  sheep  in  the 
Province,  and  one  firm  of  packers  alone  uses  100,000  carcases  a  year." 
To  the  Victoria  press  on  his  return  from  the  North  Hon.  W.  E.  Ross 
(Oct.  14)  said:  "I  am  convinced  that  we  have  in  this  Province  a 
large  area  of  agricultural  lands  which  have  hitherto  been  considered 
of  little  or  no  value  from  an  agricultural  point  of  view.  My  informa- 
tion is  that  without  infringing  in  any  way  on  the  timber  lands  of  the 
Province  there  are  thousands  of  acres  of  vacant  Crown  lands  cleared, 
or  partially  cleared  by  nature,  lying  along  the  Cariboo  road,  extending 
easterly  to  the  Clearwater  and  Thompson  Rivers,  including  Horse-fly 
Lake  and  Canim  Lake  districts  and  extending  westerly  to  the  Eraser 
River  into  what  is  known  as  the  Chilcotin  district." 

Lumbering  in  British  Columbia  has  always  been  a  basic  industry 
and  of  late  years  has  steadily  developed.  In  1904  the  output  was 
325,271,500  feet,  in  1908  710,364,500  feet,  in  1911  1,100,000,000  feet. 
Speaking  of  this  great  resource  A.  C.  Flumerfelt  before  the  Vancouver 
Canadian  Club  (Feb.  8)  estimated  that  there  were  200  billion  feet 
of  timber  in  the  65,000,000  acres  of  British  Columbia's  commercial 
forest.  R.  E.  Benedict  of  the  new  Forests  Branch  estimated  at  the 
close  of  the  year  that  the  forests  of  the  Province  were  capable  of 
yielding  $90,000,000  a  year  for  all  time  to  come.  "Bringing  the 
estimlate  down  to  the  very  lowest,  the  area  of  timber-producing  lands 
in  the  Province  is  65,000,000  acres,  and  every  acre  should  produce  one 
hundred  board  feet  per  annum.  This  would  make  our  yearly  timber 
crop  6,500,000,000  feet  worth  about  $5,500,000  to  the  Government  and 
about  fifteen  times  that  amount  to  the  community  before  reaching  its 
final  state  of  manufacture."  As  to  Pulp-wood  the  estimated  acreage 
(Pulp  and  Paper  Magazine)  was  40  millions  with  resources  of  450 
million  cords.  In  this  connection  Mr.  Price  Ellison  in  his  Budget 
Speech  stated  that : 

We  have  in  this  Province  a  combination  of  the  three  factors  which 
together  insure  the  prosperity  of  the  pulp  and  paper  trade — factors  with- 
out which  the  industry  can  nowhere  be  successfully  maintained.  These 
three  factors  are  (1)  cheap  water  power;  (2)  cheap  timber;  (3)  cheap 
transportation  in  close  juxtaposition.  Washington,  Oregon  and  California 
have  the  last  two  but  they  lack  that  most  essential  factor — cheap  water 
power. 

British  Columbia  Fisheries  had  a  successful  year.  In  1911-12 
the  total  produce  was  $13,677,125  or  an  increase  of  $4,513,890  over 
1910-11.  Sir  George  Doughty,  M.P.,  of  England,  organized  early  in 
the  year  the  British  Columbia  Fish  Co.  Ltd.  with  a  paid-up  capital 
of  $1,125,000  and  the  establishment  of  a  salmon  cannery,  fertilizer 
and  oil  plants  at  Skidigat  Inlet,  Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  Other 


620  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

developments  of  the  industry  were  projected,  and  in  August  Sir  George 
said :  "  We  have  the  licenses  for  500  square  miles  of  herring  fishing, 
and  the  salmon  licenses  for  the  two  principal  inlets  on  the  Island. 
We  have  now  in  operation  a  salmon-packing  plant  with  a  capacity 
of  20,000  cases  per  season,  and  we  are  establishing  a  herring  plant 
with  a  capacity  of  20,000  tons  a  year.  We  intend  to  start  two  entirely 
new  industries.  One  will  be  the  manufacture  of  what  is  called  Marvis, 
which  is  to  fish  what  Bovril  is  to  beef,  and  the  other  is  the  manu- 
facture of  fish  food  for  cattle  and  sheep."  In  May  A.  D.  McEae, 
President  of  the  Canadian  Northern  Pacific  Fisheries,  Ltd.,  stated  that 
their  profits  for  13  months,  to  Dec.  31,  1911,  were  $478,073  with 
Assets  of  $5,038,052.  The  total  Provincial  Salmon  pack  in  1911  was 
946,965  cases  valued  at  about  $5,000,000. 

In  other  lines  there  was  similar  development.  The  Census  returns 
showed  an  Industrial  total  output  of  $19,447,778  in  1900,  $38,288,378 
in  1905,  and  $65,204,235  in  1910— the  latter  year's  figures  including 
651  establishments,  $123,027,521  capital  invested,  33,312  employees 
and  $17,240,670  wages  paid.  The  output  in  Vancouver  had  increased 
from  $1,895,216  in  1900  to  $4,990,152  in  1905  and  $15,070,105  in 
1910,  or  by  695  per  cent,  in  the  decade.  As  to  population  the  figures 
in  1900  were  178,657  and  in  1910  392,480  with  an  estimated  500,000 
in  1912.  The  total  immigrants  by  sea  ports,  giving  British  Columbia 
as  their  destination  in  1911-12,  were  31,261.  The  Clearing-house 
figures  of  Vancouver  were  $543,484,354  in  1911  and  $644,118,877  in 
1912  and  in  Victoria  had  $134,929,816  and  $183,544,238  respectively. 
The  Federal  figures  in  Railways  showed  a  total  mileage  (Mch.  31, 
1912)  of  1,854  with  1,299  miles  under  construction. 

The  total  value  of  the  product  of  Manufactures,  Mining,  Timber, 
Agriculture  and  Fisheries  was  estimated  at  $134,000,000  in  1912. 
Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  holding  of  -the  6th  annual  Conven- 
tion of  the  Western  Canada  Irrigation  Association  at  Kelowna  on 
Aug.  13-16  with  Hon.  W.  R.  Rose  in  the  chair,  addresses  by  Hon. 
Price  Ellison,  Mayor  J.  W.  Jones,  J.  S.  Dennis  and  R.  H.  Campbell, 
the  reading  of  a  number  of  valuable  papers  and  the  election  of  Hon. 
Duncan  Marshall  of  Edmonton  as  President;  the  holding  at  Victoria 
of  the  13th  annual  Convention  of  the  Canadian  Forestry  Association 
with  John  Hendry  in  the  chair  and  addresses  by  Sir  R.  McBride, 
Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell  of  Winnipeg,  James  White  and  R.  H.  Campbell, 
Ottawa,  J.  B.  Knapp,  Washington,  H.  R.  MacMillan,  Hon.  W.  R. 
Ross,  Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow,  Hon.  Jules  Allard  and  G.  C.  Piche,  Quebec, 
Aubrey  White  of  Toronto,  Hon.  J.  K.  Flemming,  Fredericton,  and 
many  others;  the  statement  by  A.  D.  Davidson  of  the  Canadian 
Northern  (Feb.  14)  that  "various  coal,  fishing,  whaling  and  lumber 
companies  with  which  I  am  connected,  have  had  a  busy  twelve-month 
and  will  extend  their  operations  as  fast  as  possible.  The  saw-mill 
plant  at  Fraser  Mills  is  running  night  and  day  and  has  booked  larger 
orders  than  were  ever  secured  in  the  past.  The  Whaling  Company 
had  a  very  good  season  and  will  shortly  establish  another  station  at 
an  important  point,  while  the  Wallace  Fisheries,  Ltd.,  is  steadily 
acquiring  or  building  new  Canneries  and  cold  storage  plants." 


XL— INTER-PROVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL 
AFFAIRS 

Jan.  4. — The  1st  annual  Convention  of  the  Associated  Boards  of  Trade 
of  Southern  Saskatchewan  is  held  at  Regina  with  Richard 
Loney  in  the  chair.  Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  asking  the 
Saskatchewan  Government  to  obtain  a  special  grain  rate  to 
Duluth  and  Minneapolis;  (2)  approving  a  Canadian  National 
Highway  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  and  urging  co-operation  and 
subsidies  on  the  part  of  all  Governments  concerned;  (3)  urging 
the  Railway  Commission  to  refund  to  the  proper  persons  all  the 
"  excessive  and  unjust  freight  rates  collected  under  the  existent 
rate  scale  when  the  reduced  rates  become  effective  on  Apl.  1, 
1912;  (4)  asking  the  Provincial  Government  to  appoint  an 
expert  official  to  look  after  Railway,  Telegraph  and  Express 
tariffs;  (5)  requesting  the  Dominion  Government  to  thor- 
oughly investigate  the  natural  resources  of  Saskatchewan;  (6) 
urging  the  Dominion  Government  to  continue  negotiations  with 
the  United  States  with  the  object  of  creating  a  Joint  Commis- 
sion vested  with  the  necessary  powers  to  regulate  and  control 
railway  freight  rates  in  international  traffic;  (7)  requesting 
the  immediate  construction  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway.  R. 
Loney,  of  Moose  Jaw,  is  elected  President,  and  A.  T.  Hunter, 
Regina,  and  J.  Gaye,  Lemberg,  Vice-Presidents. 

Jan.  17-18. — The  14th  annual  Convention  of  the  Associated  Boards  of 
Trade  of  Eastern  British  Columbia  is  held  at  Rossland,  with 
F.  A.  Starkey  in  the  chair.  Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  favour- 
ing the  reclamation  of  waste  lands  in  the  Creston  Valley;  (2) 
asking  the  Dominion  Government  to  place  a  duty  of  not  less 
than  two  cents  per  pound  on  all  spelter  coming  into  Canada — 
remitting  such  duty  where  it  is  shown  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
Government  that  such  spelter  is  the  product  of  Canadian  ores 
smelted  in  bond  in  the  United  States;  (3)  urging  the  early 
construction  of  railways  from  Nelson  to  Ainsworth,  Slocan  City, 
and  Ymir,  etc.;  (4)  urging  the  Dominion  Government  to 
appoint  a  Commission  to  inquire  into  the  high  cost  of  living; 
(5)  asking  Federal  aid,  by  Tariff  or  bounty,  to  the  silver,  lead 
and  zinc  industries,  and  an  import  duty  on  rough  lumber  and 
fresh  fruit;  (5)  supporting  the  plan  of  a  Canadian  National 
Highway  and  the  Provincial  completion  of  the  trunk  road  to 
the  Alberta  boundary;  (6)  asking  the  Provincial  Government 
for  facilities  in  the  formation  and  operation  of  Rural  Telephone 
lines  with  a  measure  of  Government  assistance;  (7)  suggesting 
that  gold  and  silver  should  be  purchased  in  Canada  for  coinage 
at  the  Canadian  Mint.  F.  A.  Starkey  is  re-elected  President, 
H.  Giegerich,  Vice-President,  and  A.  B.  Mackenzie,  Sec.-Treas. 

Jan.  29. — Mr.  Roche,  Secretary  of  State,  in  the  Commons  gives  the  fol- 
lowing as  the  total  Dominion  Expenditure  in  the  various  Pro- 
vinces during  the  past  ten  years: 


Nova    Scotia  

Public 
Buildings. 
.    $1,547,440   17 

Wharfs,  Piers, 
Breakwaters,  etc 
$3,054,150   68 

Total. 
$4  601  590   85 

New  Brunswick... 
Quebec  

897,555   93 
.      5,185,207   90 

2,381.247   43 
10,461,565   19 

3,278,803   36 
15  646  773  09 

Ontario      

.    16,021,273   21 

5,910,460   88 

21  931  734  09 

British    Columbia.. 

.      1.958,090  07 

1,080.405   12 

3,038.485   19 

(25,609,567   28 
621 

$22,887,829   30 

$48,497.386   58 

622  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Feb.  1-2. — The  2nd  annual  Convention  of  the  Ontario  Associated  Boards 
of  Trade  is  held  in  Toronto,  with  W.  J.  Gage  in  the  chair,  and 
50  municipalities  represented.  Resolutions  are  passed  urging 
the  prevention  of  the  practice  of  bonusing  industries;  a  wide 
prosecution  of  the  Good  Roads  policy;  extension  of  the  Hydro- 
electric system  throughout  New  Ontario  and  the  appointment 
of  a  permanent  Commission  to  look  after  the  settlement,  organ- 
ization and  general  well-being  of  that  region;  extension  of  the 
Government  Railway  to  Toronto,  Hudson's  Bay  and  Georgian 
Bay;  establishment  of  a  Prison  Farm  in  New  Ontario;  care 
of  the  levels  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  improvement  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  water  route  with  the  enlargement  of  the  Welland 
Canal  and  the  making  of  the  French  River  navigable;  appoint- 
ment of  a  Commission  to  regulate  Canadian  marine  shipping 
rates;  better  control  by  Government  of  new  townships,  clear- 
ing, building,  town  planning,  etc.,  in  New  Ontario.  Dr.  H.  T. 
Reason,  London,  is  elected  President;  Col.  W.  N.  Ponton,  Belle- 
ville, A.  J.  Young,  North  Bay,  and  R.  Home  Smith,  Toronto, 
Vice-Presidents;  F.  G.  Morley,  Toronto,  Sec.-Treas. 

Feb.  17. — The  Canadian  Council  of  Agriculture,  representing  the  Grain 
Growers'  Association  of  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan,  the  Domin- 
ion Grange  and  the  United  Farmers  of  Alberta,  elect  the  follow- 
ing officers:  President,  R.  C.  Henders,  Manitoba;  Vice-Presi- 
dents, J.  A.  Maharg,  Saskatchewan,  and  E.  C.  Drury,  Ontario; 
Secretary,  E.  J.  Fream,  Calgary,  Alta. 

Feb.  21. — In  the  Regina  Leader  there  appears  a  long  letter  from  A.  B. 
Johnston,  of  Nokomis,  urging  the  separation  of  the  Western 
Provinces  from  Canada  and  their  establishment  as  a  Crown 
Colony  of  Great  Britain,  so  that  "  we  can  make  our  own  trade 
agreements  with  other  nations  through  our  Ambassador  at 
London." 

Mch.  4. — A  much-discussed  newspaper  statement  of  views  attributed  to 
W.  J.  Tregillus,  President  of  the  United  Farmers  of  Alberta, 
in  favour  of  Western  Secession  from  Canada,  is  explained  by 
him  as  follows:  "The  Secession  question  was  not  discussed  at 
any  regular  meeting  of  the  Delegates.  It  arose  informally 
among  them  as  the  result  of  a  letter  which  appeared  several 
times  in  a  Regina  paper.  The  writer  of  this  letter,  a  farmer 
at  Nokomis,  asked  the  question:  '  Should  the  Prairie  Provinces 
become  a  British  Crown  Colony?'  I  can  say  without  exaggera- 
tion that  the  proposal,  while  it  was  not  discussed  at  the  meeting, 
made  a  profound  impression  among  many  of  the  farmers  pre- 
sent. They  seemed  to  take  hold  of  the  idea  expressed  by  the 
writer  of  that  letter  as  affording  a  possible  relief  from  the  con- 
ditions under  which  they  are  now  labouring." 

Mch.  6-7. — The  7th  annual  Convention  of  the  Association  of  Rural  Muni- 
cipalities meets  in  Regina  with  James  Smith,  of  Yellow  Grass, 
in  the  Chair.  Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  urging  a  grant  to  the 
Municipal  Boards  of  sums  to  be  spent  on  improvement  of  public 
highways  and  to  be  used  at  their  discretion;  (2)  declaring  in 
favour  of  consolidated  rural  schools  and  asking  for  legislation 
whereby  the  Educational  work  in  a  rural  municipality  can  be 
centralized  and  governed  by  an  Education  Board  or  standing 
committee  of  the  Council;  (3)  asking  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment to  give  the  municipal  councils  power  to  accord  such  re- 
bate on  the  taxes  of  the  actual  settler  and  cultivator  of  the  land 
as  the  condition  of  affairs  within  that  particular  municipality 
may  merit;  (4)  declaring  that  the  Provincial  Government 
should  enter  into  negotiations  with  the  Dominion  Government 
to  secure  a  grant  replacing  the  revenue  lost  to  the  Province 


INTER-PROVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS  623 

by  C.P.R.  lands  not  being  taxable.  George  Thompson,  Indian 
Head,  is  elected  President. 

Men.  7. — J.  N.  Bayne,  Deputy  Minister  of  Municipal  Affairs,  Saskatche- 
wan, states  that  on  Sept.  1,  1905,  882  Townships  were  enjoying 
local  organization,  while  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  2,528  Townships  were 
enjoying  these  privileges.  On  Dec.  1,  1909,  there  were  two 
rural  municipalities,  and  on  Dec.  31,  1911,  there  were  172 
rural  municipalities. 

Mch.  19. — At  a  meeting  in  Sherbrooke,  Que.,  the  Eastern  Townships 
Associated  Board  of  Trade  is  organized  in  order  to  promote  the 
commercial,  financial,  farming,  industrial,  mining  and  correlated 
interests  of  the  Eastern  Townships.  E.  W.  Farwell,  Sherbrooke, 
is  elected  President,  and  C.  R.  Bradford,  Secretary. 

Mch.  20. — James  Smith,  of  Yellow  Grass,  a  prominent  farmer  of  Saskatche- 
wan, writes  to  the  Farmer's  Sun,  Toronto,  that  "  a  feeling  of 
bitterness  is  springing  up  against  the  Eastern  manufacturer 
and  many  now  refuse  to  purchase  any  but  foreign  goods.  It 
will  be  easy  to  intensify  this  feeling  to  such  a  degree  that  the 
West  will  be  lost  as  a  market  for  goods  manufactured  in  the 
East.  Conditions  are  such  that  should  a  strong  leader  arise 
it  might  even  now  be  too  late  to  prevent  a  separation  between 
the  East  and  the  West." 

Mch.  31. — The  following  is  the  value  of  the  Fisheries  product  of  the 
various  Provinces  for  year  ending  at  this  date: 


Value. 

British  Columbia $13,677,125 

Nova    Scotia. 9,367,650 

New    Brunswick 4,886,157 

Ontario    2,205,436 

Quebec   ..., 1,868,136 


Value. 
Prince  Edward  Island.  $1,196,396 

Manitoba   1,113,486 

Saskatchewan    139,436 

Yukon 111.825 

Alberta    102,325 


$34,667,872 


Apl.  25. — The  City  Commission  form  of  Government  comes  into  operation 
in  St.  John  with  J.  H.  Frink,  Mayor,  and  the  election  of  four 
Commissioners — H.  R.  McLellan,  H.  B.  Schofield,  R.  W.  Wig- 
more  and  M.  E.  Agar. 

June  30. — Federal  official  statistics  give  the  following  as  the  total  Pro- 
vincial guarantees  upon  Railway  bonds  to  date: 

i 

1911.  1912. 

Manitoba    $20,899,660  $20,899,660 

Alberta    25,743,000  45,489,000 

Saskatchewan    11,999,000  32,500,000 

Ontario    7,860,000  7,860,000 

Nova    Scotia 5,022,000  5,022,000 

British    Columbia. 23,196,832  38,946,832 

New    Brunswick 700,000  1,893,000 

Quebec     476,000  476,000 


Total    $95,896,492  $153,085,492 

July  17. — Berlin,  Ont,  celebrates  its  accession  to  the  ranks  of  Canadian 
Cities. 

Aug.  2. — All  the  Provinces  of  Canada  having  accepted  by  concurrent 
legislation  the  terms  of  the  Canadian  Medical  Act,  medical 
reciprocity  throughout  Canada  goes  into  effect  and  henceforth 
any  physician  holding  a  certificate  of  the  Dominion  Medical 
Council  may  practise  in  any  Province. 

Aug.  13. — The  Northern  Saskatchewan  Board  of  Trade  Association  is 
organized  at  Prince  Albert  to  deal  with  problems  of  trans- 
portation, colonization,  labour,  etc.  Sydney  Smart,  of  Melfort, 
is  elected  President,  G.  R.  Neilson,  Shelbrook,  Vice-President; 
and  Walter  E.  Gunn,  of  Prince  Albert,  Hon.  Secretary. 


624  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Aug.  21. — The  Union  of  Nova  Scotia  Municipalities  meets  at  Antigonish 
with  A.  S.  MacMillan  in  the  chair.  Various  papers  are  read 
and  Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  asking  the  Provincial  Legisla- 
ture to  allow  Municipalities  to  sell  lands  on  which  taxes  remain 
unpaid  for  two  successive  years;  (2)  urging  the  appointment 
of  a  Provincial  Commission  on  Assessment;  (3)  requesting  an 
amendment  to  the  Game  Act  making  the  close  season  from 
Jan.  1  to  Oct.  1;  (4)  suggesting  the  Provincial  appointment 
of  a  Municipal  Auditor  and  the  adoption  of  a  uniform  system 
of  municipal  accounting;  (5)  favouring  the  organization  of 
industrial  farms  in  each  municipality.  Mayor  A.  D.  Gunn, 
of  Sydney,  is  elected  President  and  Arthur  Roberts,  Bridgeport, 
Hon.  Secretary. 

Aug.  21-22.— The  18th  meeting  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  Board  of  Trade  is 
opened  at  Truro,  N.S.,  with  Dr.  Dunbar  in  the  chair.  Resolu- 
tions are  passed  (1)  asking  the  Dominion  Government  to 
relieve  the  municipalities  of  financial  liability  in  the  use  of 
Militia  to  enforce  Civil  authority;  (2)  urging  the  Dominion 
Railway  Commission  to  compel  the  Railways  to  charge  in 
future  the  same  passenger  rates  from  the  West  to  the  East 
as  from  the  East  to  the  West.  Matthew  Lodge,  Moncton,  is 
elected  President  and  Thos.  Williams,  Secretary. 

Aug.  27-29. — The  Union  of  Canadian  Municipalities  meets  at  Windsor,  Ont., 
with  J.  W.  McCready  in  the  chair.  Resolutions  are  passed 

(1)  opposing  the  C.  P.  R.  application  to  increase  its  capital; 

(2)  asking  that  the  Canadian  Government,  instead  of  hearing 
appeals  from  the  Dominion  Railway  Commission,  should  order 
new  hearings  by  the  Commission;   (3)  declaring  that  Railway 
Commission  decisions  concerning  Provincial  corporations  should 
be  made  more  effective;  (4)  requesting  Dominion  legislation  to 
place  beyond  doubt  "  the  subjection  of  all  Power  Companies 
to  Municipal  control  of  streets  and  to  the  provisions  of  the 
Railway  Act";    (5)   urging  some  check  upon  the  unnecessary 
waste  of  natural  gas;   (6)  requesting  an  amended  form  of  Post 
Office   Money    Order   and   that    Municipalities   be    relieved    of 
expense  in  connection  with  movements  of  Militia  in  aid  of  the 
Civil  power;  (7)  asking  Provinces  to  grant  Cities  full  autonomy 
and   to   form   Municipal   Departments   in   their   Governments; 
(8)  approving  Town  Planning  and  urging  better  regulations 
as  to  Civic  beauty  and  health;   (9)  approving  the  proposal  that 
Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments  should  contribute  to- 
ward  municipal   expenses  when   Government   property   exists 
in  a  City  free  of  taxation;  (10)  asking  Provincial  Governments 
to  permit  municipalities  to  issue  Debentures  for  purchase  of 
open  spaces  for  parks  and  play-grounds.     Officers  are  elected 
as  follows: 

President Charles  Hopewell Ottawa. 

1st     Vice- President L.  A.  Lavallee,  K.C Montreal. 

2nd    Vice-President R.    D.    Waugh Winnipeg. 

3rd    Vice-President J.  L.  Beckwith Victoria. 

Hon.    Sec.-Treas W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C Montreal. 

Sept.  11-12. — The  8th  annual  Convention  of  the  Union  of  Alberta  Munici- 
palities meets  at  Innisfail,  with  Mayor  J.  W.  Mitchell,  of 
Calgary,  in  the  chajr.  Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  favouring 
the  optional  imposition  of  a  poll-tax  by  municipalities;  (2) 
asking  the  Provincial  Government  to  establish  places  of  deten- 
tion for  persons  mentally  afflicted,  but  not  dangerously  insane, 
and  for  a  Reformatory  Home  for  unfortunate  women  and  girls; 

(3)  opposing  all   forms  of   municipal   bonus   to   industrial  or 
other  concerns;    (4)    denouncing  the  C.  P.  R.  stock  increase 


INTER-PEOVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS  625 

of  $60,000,000  unless  accompanied  by  ample  Government  control 
of  freight  and  passenger  rates;  (5)  declaring  it  advisable  that 
towns  and  villages  be  given  the  privilege  of  augmenting  their 
revenues  by  collecting  business  taxes,  and  issuing  licenses,  and 
that  the  adoption  of  the  Single  Tax  system  be  made  optional. 
Mayor  Layton,  of  Camrose,  is  elected  President  and  G.  J. 
Kinnaird,  Edmonton,  Sec.-Treas. 

Sept.  18-19. — The  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  of  Western  Canada  hold 
their  Ninth  Annual  Convention  at  Moose  Jaw,  with  twenty -six 
Delegates  present  and  Wm.  Georgeson,  of  Calgary,  in  the  chair. 
Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  favouring  an  International  Joint 
Railway  Commission  to  regulate  Railway  rates  in  and  out  of 
Canada  to  the  United  States;  (U)  urging  the  Dominion  and 
Provincial  Governments  to  establish  interior  Storage  Elevators 
at  convenient  points  and  short  distances  apart;  (3)  approving 
the  action  of  the  Provincial  Governments  in  obtaining  last 
year  a  reduced  rate  for  grain  and  urging  a  renewal  of  the 
arrangement  in  1913;  (4)  urging  upon  the  Dominion  and 
Provincial  Governments  the  necessity  of  developing  Western 
grain  routes  and  of  providing  proper  facilities  for  the  handling 
of  grain  at  Western  terminal  points;  (5)  deprecating  the 
circulation  of  unclean  bank  notes,  asking  for  an  extension  of 
Dominion  immigration  policy,  for  a  more  simple  Provincial 
Chattel  Mortgage  Act,  and  for  a  Provincial  Employment 
Bureau;  urging  the  Western  Governments  to  legislate  for  the 
encouragement  of  Industrial  education. 

Nearly  every  Delegate  has  a  Resolution  on  the  Sub-division 
matter  and  the  following  is  finally  passed :  "  This  Association 
places  on  record  its  sharpest  condemnation  of  all  attempts 
to  mislead  the  people  of  Eastern  Canada  and  the  Old  Country 
by  parties  having  worthless  Sub-divisions  to  exploit;  and  warns 
intending  purchasers  to  investigate  fully  all  such  propositions 
before  investing;  and  we  also  memoralize  the  different  Pro- 
vincial Governments  to  give  consideration  to  this  problem  with 
a  view  to  taking  such  steps  as  may  be  within  their  power  to 
remedy  this  evil."  M.  Isbister,  of  Saskatoon,  is  elected  Presi- 
dent; R.  Loney,  Moose  Jaw,  E.  D.  Martin,  Winnipeg,  A.  A. 
Wilson,  Fort  William,  and  E.  A.  Dagg,  Calgary,  Vice-Presidents. 

Sept.  26. — The  Commissioner  of  the  Regina  Board  of  Trade  (L.  T.  Mc- 
Donald) takes  the  unusual  course  of  issuing  an  official  Mem- 
orandum in  which  he  condemns  two  much-advertised  Sub- 
divisions of  Regina — Belgravia  and  Mayfair — as  being  "some 
miles  outside  the  City." 

Oct.  2. — Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  opens  at  Montreal  what  is  said  to  be  the 
largest  concrete  Elevator  in  the  world,  with  a  capacity  of 
2,500,000  bushels. 

Oct.  19-26.— The  7th  International  Dry  Farming  Congress  meets  at  Leth- 
bridge  and  is  opened  by  Lieut.-Governor  G.  H.  V.  Bulyea,  of 
Alberta.  Delegates  (2,594)  from  all  parts  of  Canada  and  the 
United  States  are  present  with  visiting  Delegates  from  Brazil, 
Chili,  Persia,  Turkey,  Russia,  Mexico  and  other  countries  and 
exhibits  are  shown  from  various  Provinces,  States  and 
Countries.  At  the  opening  President  John  A.  Widstoe  is  in 
the  chair;  a  message  of  welcome  is  read  from  H.R.H.  the 
Duke  of  Connaught  and  addresses  are  given  by  Hon.  Martin 
Burrell,  Dominion  Minister  of  Agriculture,  and  many  others. 
The  winner  of  the  Championship  Prize  (a  $2,500  farm  engine) 
for  the  best  wheat  grown  under  Dry-farming  conditions  is 
announced  to  be  H.  Holmes,  of  Raymond,  Alta.,  who  secures 
the  award  amid  much  competition.  In  other  directions  the 
success  of  Canadians  is  notable — A.  Perry,  Cardston,  Alta., 


626  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

•winning  the  Award  for  the  best  Individual  farmer's  exhibit, 
while  Cardston  also  carries  honours  for  the  best  District 
exhibit  of  grasses  and  forage  crops.  The  best  exhibit  of  sheaf 
grain  goes  to  Pincher  Creek,  with  Indian  Head  second.  The 
splendid  trophy  awarded  to  the  State  or  Province  having  the 
finest  representative  exhibit  at  the  Exposition  is  won  by  Sas- 
katchewan. To  Manitoba  goes  victory  in  the  grain-growing 
class.  British  Columbia  is  awarded  the  Trophy  for  the  best 
exhibit  of  Fruit  at  the  Congress,  and  the  first  prize  for  early 
potatoes,  the  first  and  second  prizes  for  late  potatoes, 
together  with  the  sweepstake  prize  for  the  best  potatoes  on  ex- 
hibit, are  awarded  to  this  Province.  Hon.  W.  R.  Motherwell, 
Minister  of  Agriculture,  Saskatchewan,  is  elected  International 
President  for  1913,  with  Oklahoma  as  the  place  of  meeting. 

Oct.  22-23. — The  Union  of  British  Columbia  Municipalities  meets  at  Revel- 
stoke,  with  A.  E.  Planta  in  the  chair,  and  addresses  by  F.  S. 
Spence,  Toronto,  Hon.  Dr.  R6aume,  Ontario  Minister  of  Public 
Works,  J.  N.  Bayne,  Regina,  John  Perrie,  Edmonton,  L.  A. 
Cannon,  K.C.,  Quebec.  Resolutions  are  passed  in  favour  of  a 
Provincial  Telephone  Commission;  of  Municipal  power  to  pur- 
chase, own,  construct,  maintain  and  operate  a  Telephone  system 
within  the  corporate  limits ;  of  some  provision  to  prevent  School 
Boards  throughout  the  Province  from  expending  more  money 
than  is  provided  in  the  Estimates,  subject  to  an  agreement 
between  the  Council  and  the  Board.  Another  motion  urges 
the  Government  to  draft  a  Model  Act  enabling  any  municipality, 
on  a  sufficient  vote  of  the  people,  to  adopt  the  best  features 
of  what  is  known  as  the  Commission  form  of  government;  and 
declares  that  no  lands  should  be  exempted  from  taxation. 
Mayor  J.  A.  Lee,  of  New  Westminster,  is  elected  President  and 
H.  Bose,  of  Surrey,  Sec.-Treas. 

Oct  23-24. — The  Union  of  New  Brunswick  Municipalities  meets  at  St. 
Stephen,  with  M.  G.  Siddall  in  the  chair  and  many  useful 
papers  presented.  Resolutions  are  passed  declaring  (1)  that 
through  trunk  roads  should  be  established  between  Nova  Scotia, 
Quebec  and  the  State  of  Maine,  and  that  these  roads  be  built 
and  maintained  at  the  expense  of  the  Province  with  such  aid 
as  may  be  obtained  from  the  Government  of  Canada;  (2)  that 
the  Highway  Act  should  be  amended  by  making  provision  for 
a  system  of  patrol  of  roads;  (3)  that  the  Province  should 
employ  an  official  skilled  in  road  construction  who  could  devote 
his  time  exclusively  to  the  Highways.  W.  E.  Farrell,  Frederic- 
ton,  is  elected  President,  and  J.  W.  McCready,  Hon.  Sec.-Treas. 
i 

Nov.  8. — After  a  preliminary  meeting  at  Winnipeg,  on  July  18,  the 
Western  Canada  Civic  and  Industrial  League  is  organized  at 
Regina,  with  Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh,  Winnipeg,  as  President; 
Mayor  J.  W.  Mitchell,  Calgary,  and  Mayor  P.  McAra,  Regina, 
as  Vice-Presidents,  and  C.  F.  Roland,  Winnipeg,  as  Sec.-Treas. 
The  chief  Resolution  passed  is  as  follows:  "  That  the  practice 
of  granting  money  or  land  or  bonuses  of  any  nature  to,  or  the 
guarantee  of  bonds  of,  corporations,  firms,  or  individuals,  in 
consideration  of  their  establishing  and  operating  factories, 
businesses,  or  industries,  in  Western  Canada  is  not  in  the  best 
interests  of  Western  Canada  and  should  be  discouraged.  Further, 
that  action  be  taken  by  the  League  and  by  the  various  Cities 
comprising  it,  to  make  representations  to  the  several  Western 
Provincial  Governments  to  the  end  that  uniform  legislation  be 
enacted  reducing  the  evil  to  a  minimum  and,  if  possible,  abol- 
ishing it." 


INTER-PROVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS  627 

Nov.  16. — The  1st  Town  Planning  Convention  of  Alberta  is  held  at 
Edmonton,  and  Mayor  Armstrong  is  elected  President,  with 
G.  W.  Lemon,  Calgary,  as  Sec.-Treas.  Resolutions  are  passed 
(1)  endorsing  the  principles  of  G.  P.  Smith's  proposed  Townsite 
and  Sub-division  Act  in  the  Alberta  Legislature;  (2)  recom- 
mending the  advisability  of  reserving  a  strip  of  land  on  each 
side  of  all  rivers,  and  along  the  shores  of  all  lakes,  of  sufficient 
width  to  fully  protect  utilization  of  such  rivers  and  lakes;  (3) 
asking  the  Provincial  Government  to  pass  an  Act  respecting 
Town  Planning  modelled  after  the  English  Act  as  adopted  in 
New  Brunswick,  with  such  modifications  as  may  be  suggested 
by  the  Executive;  (3)  approving  the  building  of  workmen's 
houses  as  a  municipal  venture  and  experiment. 

Nov.  26. — The  4th  Annual  Convention  of  the  Alberta  Local  Improvement 
Districts  Association  is  held  at  Edmonton,  and  deals  largely 
with  the  new  Municipal  Act.  Resolutions  are  passed  (1) 
declaring  that  the  Government  should  enact  such  legislation  as 
will  compel  Insurance  Companies  doing  business  in  the  Province 
to  issue  policies  covering  the  entire  growing  and  harvesting 
period;  (2)  asking  the  Government  to  amend  the  Local  Im- 
provement Act  so  that  the  minimum  taxation  on  any  lot  or 
fraction  of  a  section  containing  not  less  than  one  acre,  be  not 
less  than  $3.00,  and  on  any  lot,  or  any  sub-division,  or  plan  in 
any  sub-division,  or  plan  in  any  part  of  a  section  containing 
less  than  one  acre,  be  not  less  than  $2.00.  Herbert  Greenfield, 
Edison,  is  elected  President  and  James  McNichol,  Blackfalds, 
Sec.-Treas. 

Nov.  26-27. — The  Union  of  Manitoba  Municipalities  meets  in  Winnipeg 
with  R.  Forke  in  the  chair.  .Resolutions  are  passed  (1)  de- 
manding legislation  to  compel  Railways  to  destroy  gophers 
burrowing  on  their  right  of  way;  (2)  asking  for  the  right  of 
commutation  in  Statutory  labour  taxes;  (3  condemning  the 
policy  of  bonuses  to  industries  in  any  town  or  city;  (4)  asking 
that  the  Provincial  Government  throw  open  all  swamp  lands 
to  homesteaders  and  that  plans  of  sub-divisions  be  submitted 
for  approval  to  the  Municipal  Council  in  the  town  where  the 
land  is  situated,  within  30  days  after  registration  in  the  Land 
Title  Offices;  (5)  requesting  that  a  wire  fence  be  erected  along 
the  International  boundary  line  to  check  the  growth  of  the 
Russian  thistle;  (6)  supporting  the  Good  Roads  movement  and 
asking  for  a  Provincial  Commission  to  inquire  into  Drainage^ 
matters  (7)  urging  the  Medical  Inspection  of  schools  and  de- 
claring that  the  equalization  of  assessments  in  union  school 
districts  and  all  adjustments  of  expenses  in  such  districts 
should  be  determined  each  year  by  the  Mayors,  Reeves,  and 
Inspectors  of  the  municipality  concerned.  R.  G.  Willis  is 
elected  President  and  John  Cardale,  Sec.-Treas. 

Nov.  29. — The  outstanding  Funded  Debt  of  the  Canadian  Provinces  is 
stated  by  F.  Williams-Taylor,  in  London,  as  £14,635,000  plus 
Treasury  Bills  of  £2,065,000  and  guarantees  of  £7,167,000,  or  a 
total  of  $104,000,000. 

Nov.  29. — The  Quebec  Board  of  Trade  passes  a  Resolution  in  favour  of 
the  British  project  for  a  Railway  across  the  Island  of  New- 
foundland from  Green  Bay  to  Bay  of  Islands,  and  for  a  con- 
necting line  of  large  train  ferry  steamers  to  carry  fresh  fish 
in  refrigerator  cars,  and  other  traffic,  across  the  Gulf  of  St~ 
Lawrence  to  Gasp6  and  other  ports  in  Canada. 

Dec.  1. — The  Canadian  Bank  Clearings  in  the  Cities  of  Canada  during 
1912  were  as  follows: 


628 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Clearing  House.  Clearings. 

Brandon $32,297,075 

Brantford    31,337,116 

Calgary    275,491,303 

Edmonton   220,727,617 

Fort    William 40,503,087 

Halifax    100,467,672 

Hamilton  167,712,729 

London 33,485,947 

Lethbridge    84,526,961 

Montreal    2,845,470,000 


Clearing  House.  Clearings. 

Moose  Jaw 63,090,348 

Ottawa     244,123,451 

Quebec    158,759,585 

Regina   115,727,647 

St.    John 88.969,218 

Saskatoon   115,898,467 

Toronto    2,160,229,476 

Vancouver    644,118,877 

Victoria    183,544,238 

Winnipeg 1,537,817,524 


Total     $9,144,298,338 


Dec.  4. — The  Maritime  Provincial  Premiers  meet  at  Amherst,  N.S.,  and 
discuss  in  Conference  (1)  the  representation  from  the  Maritime 
Provinces  in  connection  with  re-distribution;  the  Highways  and 
Agricultural  grants  of  the  Federal  Government;  the  alleged 
injustice  of  the  Federal  authorities  in  dealing  with  the  Land 
assets  of  the  Dominion  without  giving  a  return  consideration 
to  all  the  original  Provinces  of  the  Dominion. 

Dec.  18. — Toronto's  first  Civic  Street  Railway  car  is  inaugurated  by 
Mayor  H.  C.  Hocken. 

Dec.  31. — The  institutional  investments — Trust,  Loan,  Life,  Fire  and 
Accident  Insurance  Companies — in  the  Prairie  Provinces  is 
stated  as  follows: 


End  of  1910. 

Manitoba    $86,220,044 

Saskatchewan.      49,164,039 
Alberta    24,711,594 


$160,095,677 


End  of  1911. 

$103,111,097 
68,112,067 
34,112,195 

$205,335,359 


Tear's 
approx. 
Inc.  p.c. 

20 

40 

40 

100 


Estimate 
for  End 
of  1912. 
$115,000,000 
90,000,000 
45,000,000 

$250,000,000 


Dec.  31. — The  following  table  gives  details,  from  the  Census  statistics 
of  1910  regarding  population,  industries  and  rate  of  progress 
in  the  chief  Canadian  cities  and  towns  since  1900 : 

Value  of  Increase 

City.                            Population,  Industrial  per  cent. 
1910.            '   Product,  1910.          in  Product 

Montreal    470,480  $166,296,972  145-18 

Toronto 376,539  154,306,948  243-18 

Ottawa    .                                    87,062  20,924,331  137-18 

Hamilton    81,969  55,125,946  292-51 

*                London    46,300  16,273,999  97'84 

Brantford     23,132  16,866,229  270-62 

Kingston    18,874  3,860,142  23-98 

Peterborough    18,360  10,633,119  309-75 

Windsor    and    Walker- 

ville     21,131  12,113,279  1,171-03 

Port    William 16,499  534,097                     

Berlin  and  Waterloo..        19,555  12,078,783  332-07 

Guelph    15,175  7,392,336  148"57 

St     Thomas 14,054  3,573,820  49'36 

Stratford    12,946  5,133,840  244-22 

Owen    Sound 12,558  2,852,267  80-23 

St.    Catharines 12,484  6,024,217  146-42 

Port    Arthur 11,220  973,668  147-10 

Sault    Ste.    Marie    and 

Steelton    14,920  7,842,384  194-56 

Chatham,    N.B 10,770  5,023,560  137-39 

Gait                           10,299  5,252,600  100-38 

Vancouver    .            100,401  15,070,105  695-16 

Quebec                                         78,810  17,149,385  158-71 

Halifax                                       46,619  12,140,409  68-66 

Calgary  "            43,704  7,751,011  2,893-83 

St    John 42,511  10,081,667  23-97 

Victoria    .              31,660  4,244,034  6-67 

Maisonneuve    18,684  20,813,774  469-68 

Sydney 17J23  9,395,017  2,698-26 

Sherbrooke    16,405  3934,510  92-57 

Lachine    10,699  6,295,716  363-49 


INTER-PROVINCIAL  AND  MUNICIPAL  AFFAIRS 


629 


Dec.    31. — The  Building  permits  Issued  in  the  chief  centres  of  Canada 
during  1912  were  as  follows: 


City. 

Brandon  

Calgary    

Edmonton 
Fort   William., 

Halifax    

Hamilton  

Lethbridge    . . . 

London    

Maisonneuve  . 
Medicine  Hat. 
Montreal  


Moose 


1912. 

$1,166.214 

20,394,220 

14,446,819 

4,211,285 

597,775 

5,491,800 

1,358,250 

1,136,108 

2,685,828 

2,836,239 

19,641,955 

Jaw 


City.  1912. 

New   Westminster $1,634,528 

Ottawa     3,621,850 

Port   Arthur 2,494,179 

Prince    Albert 2,006,925 

Regina     8,047,309 

Saskatoon    7,640,530 

South  Vancouver 2,600,000 

Toronto   27,401,761 

Vancouver 19,428,432 

Victoria   8,208,155 

Winnipeg 20,475,350 

$5,275,797 


Dec.   31.— The  Census  Statistics  of  population  (1910  and  1900)  in  Canadian 
Provinces  were  as  follows: 


Provinces. 


Alberta   

British    Columbia. 

Manitoba    

New    Brunswick.  . 

Nova    Scotia 

Ontario    

P.  B.  Island 

Quebec    

Saskatchewan 

Yukon   

N.-W.  Territories. 


1910. 

374,663 

392,480 

455,614 

351,889 

492,338 

2,523,274 

93,728 

2,002,712 

492,432 

8,512 

17,196 


Total  7.204,838 


1900. 

73,022 

178,657 

255,211 

331,120 

459,574 

2,182,947 

103,259 

1,648,898 

91,279 

27,219 

20,129 


5,371,315    1,833,523 


Increase 

Increase  or 

or 

Decrease, 

Decrease. 

p.c. 

301,641 

413-08 

213,823 

119-68 

200,403 

78-52 

20,769 

6-27 

32,764 

7-13 

340,327 

15-58 

9,531 

9-23 

353,814 

21-46 

401,153 

439-48 

18,707 

68-73  L 

2,933 

15-79 

34-13 


Dec.   31. — The  Mineral  production  of  Canadian  Provinces  for  the  calendar 
year — a  total  increase  of  $29,000,000 — was  as  follows: 


Nova    Scotia $18,843,324 


New    Brunswick 


806,584 


Quebec   11,675,682 

Ontario    51,023,134 


Manitoba 


2,314,922 


Saskatchewan 


$909,934 


Alberta    12,110,960 

British  Columbia 29,655,323 

(North     West.  Terri- 


\   tories 


5,887,626 


Total    M-7T. . . . .  / $133,127.489 


Dec.  31. — During  the  year  the  2nd  annual  Convention  of  the  Associated 
Boards  of  Trade  of  Southern  Alberta  met  at  Macleod  and 
elected  B.  N.  Barker,  Cardston,  President,  with  C.  A.  Gigot, 
High  River,  and  A.  H.  Allan,  Macleod,  as  Vice-Presidents ;  the 
Federated  Boards  of  Trade  of  Quebec  Province  met  at  Quebec 
and  elected  J.  G.  A.  Dubuc,  Chicoutimi,  as  President;  the 
Northern  Ontario  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  met  and  elected 
Taylor  Pipe,  President;  the  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  of 
Eastern  Ontario  met  at  Ottawa  (Mch.  14),  urged  Georgian  Bay 
Canal  construction  upon  the  Government,  and  elected  Geo.  S. 
May,  Ottawa,  President. 

Dec,   31. — Some  Municipal  appointments  during  the  year  were  as  follows: 


Corporation  Counsel Toronto George  R.  Geary,  K.C. 

City    Commissioner Edmonton. . .  .A.  J.  McLean. 

Manager  of  Exhibition Regina P.  M.  Bredt. 

Chief  City  Attorney Montreal Charles  Laurendeau,  K.C. 

Commissioner  of  Works. . .  .Toronto R.  C.  Harris. 

City  Engineer Victoria Charles  H.  Rust. 

City  Solicitor Victoria T.  R.  Robertson,  K.C. 

President,  Exhibition  Asso- 
ciation   Toronto John  G.  Kent. 


630 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Feb.     2. — George  Black,  of  Vancouver,  for  years  the  Conservative  Leader 
in  the  Yukon  Council,  is  appointed  Commissioner. 

Apl.   29. — The  new  Yukon  Council  is  elected  on  Apl.  29th,  with  a  Conserva- 
tive majority,  as  follows: 


White  Horse...  Patrick  Martin. 
White  Horse...  W.  L.  Phelps. 

Klondyke B.  A.   Hogan. 

Klondyke A.  N.  McK.  Martin. 

North  Dawson.C.  W.  C.  Tabor. 


North  Dawson.A.  J.  Seguin. 
South  Dawson.A.  J.  Gillis. 
South  Dawson. Isaac  Lusk. 

Bonanza G.  N.  Williams. 

Bonanza. D.  C.  Robertson. 


Dec.     3. — John  Black  of  Dawson  is  appointed  Legal  Adviser  to  the  Yukon 
Council. 

Dec.   31. — The  Field  Crops  of  the  various  Canadian  Provinces   (Federal 
statistics)  were  as  follows  in  1912: 


Nova    Scotia $14,098,200 

New    Brunswick 16,300,300 

Quebec    65,476,000 

Ontario    204,549,000 


Manitoba   $15,736,700 

Saskatchewan    152,239,000 

Alberta    58,523,000 

British  Columbia.  7,223,300 


Dec.   31. — The  Census  statistics  of  Provincial  Industrial  output  in  1910 
were  as  follows: 


Establish- 
Provinces.  ments. 

Alberta    290 

British    Columbia..       651 

Manitoba    439 

New    Brunswick...    1,158 

Nova  Scotia 1,480 

Ontario     8,001 

P.  E.  Island 442 

Quebec    6,584 

Saskatchewan    ....       173 


Value  of 
Products. 

$18,788,826 
65,204,235 
53,673,609 
35,422,302 
52,706,184 

579,810,225 
3,136,470 

350,901,656 
6,332,132 

Total     .  ..19,218     $1,247,583,609     515,203     $241,008,416     $1,165,975,639 


Salaries 

Capital.    Employees,  and  Wages. 
$4, 365,661 
17,240,670 
10,912,866 
8,314,212 
10,628,955 
117,645,784 
531,017 
69,432,967 
1,936,284 


$29,518,346 

123,027,521 

47,941,540 

36,125,012 

79,596,341 

595,394,608 

2,013,365 

326,946,925 

7,019,951 


6,980 

33,312 

17,325 

24,755 

28,795 

238,817 

3,762 

158,207 

3,250 


Dec.  31. — According  to  the  Pulp  and  Paper  Magazine,  the  following  is  a 
reasonable  estimate  of  the  Pulp  resources  of  Canadian  Pro- 
vinces: 


Province.  Acres. 

Nova   Scotia    5,000,000 

New  Brunswick   20,000,000 

Quebec     60,000,000 

Ontario    40,000,000 

British    Columbia 40,000.000 

Dominion    Lands 100,000,000 


Total    265,000,000 


Cords. 
24,000,000 
100,000,000 
600,000,000 
400,000,000 
450,000,000 
450,000,000 

2,024,000,000 


XII.-TRANSPORTATION  INTERESTS  AND 
INCIDENTS 

General  Railway,  Canal  and  Shipping  Events 

Jan.  1.— It  is  estimated  tEat  $60,000,000  will  be  spent  during  the  year 
on  Railway  construction  in  the  Western  Provinces,  that  60,000 
men  will  be  required,  with  3,000  miles  of  railway  under  con- 
struction. 

Jan.  11. — The  Great  Waterways  Union  of  Canada  is  organized  at  Berlin, 
Ont.,  for  the  purpose  of  developing  the  inland  waterways  of 
Canada  and  securing  navigation  for  Ocean  vessels  on  the 
Great  Lakes  via  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Welland  Canal  route. 
D.  B.  Detweiler,  of  Berlin,  is  elected  President  and  George 
Pattinson,  Secretary. 

Feb.  6.— Vice-President  G.  J.  Bury  of  the  C.P.R.  makes  this  statement 
as  to  the  alleged  Car  shortage  of  1911-12  and  the  grain  blockade 
of  that  period:  "  Up  to  Feb.  2,  1912,  94,577  cars  of  grain  of  the 
1911  crop  had  passed  inspection.  On  Feb.  2,  1911,  61,105  cars 
of  the  1910  crop  had  passed  inspection.  That  is  to  say  in  carry- 
ing the  1911  crop,  the  Railways  handled,  from  the  harvesting 
up  to  Feb.  2nd,  54  per  cent,  more  cars  than  were  handled  up 
to  the  same  date  last  year." 

Feb.  13. — The  Board  of  Railway  Commissioners  meet  at  Ottawa  to  com- 
mence consideration  of  the  question  of  freight  rates  affecting 
the  Provinces  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  as  well 
as  Ontario  west  of  Port  Arthur.  According  to  an  Order  issued 
by  the  Board  if  it  is  found  that  the  tolls  charged  by  the  Rail- 
ways are  excessive  the  Companies  will  be  ordered  to  reduce  them 
as  the  Board  may  determine. 

Mch.  11. — The  Railway  Commission  rescinds  an  Order  lowering  rates  on 
the  Yukon  and  White  Pass  Line  and  Chairman  J.  P.  Mabee 
states  that  "  while  the  people  should  be  protected  from  extor- 
tionate charges  it  is  of  equal  importance  that  the  capital 
invested  in  Transportation  Companies  should  be  permitted  to 
earn  fair  and  reasonable  dividends.  Railway  construction  in 
Canada  depends  entirely  upon  outside  capital;  thousands  of 
millions  must  be  borrowed  within  the  next  generation  or  two. 
We  have  in  Canada  less  than  30,000  miles  of  railway  as  against 
more  than  230,000  miles  in  the  United  States.  Within  50  years 
Canada  will  require  greater  railway  mileage  than  now  exists 
in  the  United  States." 

Mch.  31. — The  8th  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  Trans- 
continental Railway  shows  an  expenditure  during  the  fiscal 
year  of  $21,110,993,  and  a  total  to  date  of  $116,517,691;  a 
grading  to  date  of  1,609  miles  with  1,702  miles  of  main  line  and 
sidings  completed. 

Mch.  31. — For  this  fiscal  year  the  gross  earnings  of  the  Intercolonial 
(Government)  Railway  are  $10,593,785,  the  working  expenses 
$10,591,035,  the  Expenditure  on  Capital  Account,  $1,710,448; 
the  total  cost  of  the  road  and  equipment  to  date  is  $94,745,819 
and  the  length  of  line  in  operation  1,455  miles. 

Mch.  31. — The  Canal  expenditure  of  the  Dominion  Government  for  the 
year  is  $4,081,406;  the  total  amount  since  Confederation  to 


632 

r 

date — including  $20,000,000  spent  by  Imperial  and  Colonial  Gov- 
ernments prior  to  1868 — is  $134,455,080;  the  Revenue  (1912)  is 
$264,114. 

Mch.  31.— The  Expenditures  to  date  on  the  915  miles  of  the  Prairie 
Section,  National  Transcontinental  Railway,  are  reported  to 
the  Government  as  $34,507,334,  and  on  the  Mountain  Section,  as 
$33,689,315. 

Apl.  1. — Railways  operating  in  Western  Canada,  in  accordance  with  an 
Order  of  the  Railway  Commission,  come  under  the  new  freight 
tariff  affecting  all  points  from  Fort  William  and  Port  Arthur 
west  of  Winnipeg  and  made  up  on  the  same  basis  as  the  existing 
rate  to  Winnipeg.  This  meant  that  all  the  cities  were  placed 
on  the  same  basis  as  Winnipeg. 

Apl.  18. — On  this  and  many  other  dates  in  elaborate  articles  and  editorials 
the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  puts  the  case  as  follows  against  the 
Railways  in  the  matter  of  rates:  (1)  That  Railway  rates  in  the 
West  are  from  20  to  180  per  cent,  higher  than  in  the  East; 
(2)  that  the  cost  of  operation  is  not  greater  in  the  West  than 
in  the  East;  (3)  that  the  density  of  traffic  is  not  less  but 
greater  in  the  West  than  in  the  East;  (4)  that  there  is  no 
difference  in  the  receiving,  loading,  and  billing  out  of  freight 
East  and  West,  or  in  the  practice  and  system,  or  the  equipment 
and  the  service  rendered,  for  like  quantities  of  freight  over 
like  distance. 

May  10. — The  Toronto  Globe  editorially  defines  its  view  of  Railway  rate 
reduction  as  follows:  "  Over  and  over  again  The  Globe  has 
pointed  out  that  rate  reductions  in  the  West  must  be  uniform 
in  their  application  to  the  C.P.R.,  the  G.T.P.,  and  the  C.N.R. 
and  that  the  possible  maximum  reduction  is  that  which  can 
be  borne,  not  by  the  C.P.R.,  the  road  best  able  to  pay,  but 
by  the  financially  weakest  road." 

June  30. — Official  statistics  to  date  show  the  capital  liability  of  Canadian 
Express  Companies  as  totalling  $4,705,200;  the  cost  of  real 
property  and  equipment  as  $2,668,523;  the  operating  mileage 
as  30,445  and  the  net  revenue  less  taxes,  $1,121,065;  the  operat- 
ing expenses  as  $4,880,120  and  the  total  of  Money  Orders,  etc., 
issued  to  be  $56,995,122. 

June  30. — Official  Telephone  statistics  show  683  organizations  of  all  kinds 
in  Canada  with  a  capital  liability  of  $46,276,851  and  a  cost 
of  real  property  stated  at  $56,887,799;  earnings  of  $12,273,626 
and  operating  expenses  of  $9,094,688;  a  wire  mileage  of  889,572 
in  which  252,610  is  rural;  a  total  of  370,884  telephones  in  use 
and  12,783  employees  drawing  $2,659,641  in  the  year. 

June  30. — Telegraph  statistics  show  for  the  year  a  Capital  Stock,  variously 
held,  of  $160,342,873,  a  Funded  Debt  of  $42,237,491,  the  cost 
of  real  property  and  equipment  as  $184,149,677;  a  revenue 
from  operation  of  $5,359,186  and  operating  expenses  of 
$3,527,821. 

June  30. — Official  statistics  for  the  fiscal  year  show  26,727  miles  of  Rail- 
way in  Canada  with  a  total  of  8,825  under  survey  or  construc- 
tion; an  addition  of  $21,251,664  to  the  Stock  liability  of  Railway 
Companies  and  $38,996,661  in  Funded  Debt;  a  total  liability 
on  stocks  and  funded  debt  of  $1,588,937,526  at  date.  During 
the  year  $5,892,818  of  cash  aid  is  given  Railways,  making  the 
total  to  date  $154,075,235  granted  by  the  Dominion;  $35,945,515 
by  the  Provinces,  and  $18,051,323  by  Municipalities.  The  Land 
Grants  from  all  sources  to  date  total  56,052,055  acres.  The 
number  of  passengers  carried  in  the  fiscal  year  was  41,124,181; 
the  tons  of  freight  89,444,331. 


GENERAL  RAILWAY,  CANAL  AND  SHIPPING  EVENTS         633 

July  1. — It  is  stated  that  Canadian  Railways  have  7,197  miles  of  track 
in  the  United  States,  including  the  G.T.R.  with  1,636  miles,  the 
C.N.R.  170,  and  the  C.P.R.  5,391;  and  that  American  Railways 
in  Canada  have  a  mileage  of  1,485. 

Oct.  7-10. — The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  Railway  side  of  the  Western 
Rates  case  before  the  Railway  Commission:  (1)  That  while 
local  rates  on  American  lines  in  the  West  up  to  a  distance  of 
200  miles  are  lower,  owing  to  the  larger  population,  and  greater 
density  of  traffic,  less  is  charged  by  the  C.P.R.  in  Canada  for 
f  the  longer  hauls;  (2)  that  the  rates  on  the  Sault  line  (C.P.R.) 

are  higher  than  rates  on  Canadian  lines  in  the  West  for 
approximately  similar  distances;  (3)  that  through  rates  from 
Montreal  are  necessarily  Influenced  by  through  rates  in  the 
United  States  from  the  Atlantic  sea-board;  (4)  that  rates  both 
in  the  East  and  West  are  influenced  by  corresponding  rates 
across  the  border;  (5)  that  the  difference  in  the  rates  charged 
East  and  West  in  both  Canada  and  the  United  States  is  due 
in  a  large  measure  to  the  fact  that  in  both  countries  Eastern 
rates  are  regulated  by  water  competition. 

Oct.  14. — T.  W.  Welby  arrives  at  Vancouver  from  an  all-the-way  motor- 
oar  trip  across  the  Continent  from  Halifax  which  he  had  started 
on  August  27th. 

Nov.  7. — A  despatch  from  London  makes  this  interesting  point  on  the 
Railway  rates  question:  "The  class  of  investor  who  invested 
his  money  when  Canadian  Railways  were  not  a  sure  thing 
in  the  belief  that  Railways  could  charge  rates  that  would  be 
remunerative,  now  realizes  with  something  of  a  shock  the  real 
condition.  It  is  pointed  out  that  in  every  case,  even  in  British 
Railways,  there  are  some  inequalities  in  rates  arising  from 
reasons  with  which  every  railway  is  familiar.  This  should 
not,  however,  operate  to  reduce  rates  generally,  thereby  minim- 
izing the  Shareholders'  dividends.  The  case  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  is  instanced." 

Nov.  13. — The  Toronto  Harbour  Commissioners — L.  H.  Clarke,  R.  S.  Gour- 
lay,  T.  L.  Church,  R.  Home  Smith,  F.  S.  Spence,  A.  C.  Lewis 
(Secretary),  and  E.  L.  Cousins  (Engineer),  submit  a  Report 
and  elaborate  plans  involving  the  expenditure  of  $19,000,000 
upon  the  Harbour  in  8  years.  Of  this  sum  $5,000,000  is  to 
come  from  the  Dominion,  $11,000,000  from  the  Commission 
and  $2,000,000  from  the  City,  and  the  project  includes  12  miles 
of  parks,  driveways  and  waterways. 

Dec.  2. — The  Railway  Commissioners  issue  an  Order  granting  the  appli- 
cation of  the  C.P.R.,  the  G.T.R.,  the  C.N.R.,  and  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad  to  increase  their  demurrage  charges  on  freight 
cars  from  $1  per  day  to  $2  and  $3.  The  increased  rates  will 
be  allowed  only  from  Dec.  15  to  Mar.  31,  1913.  The  reason 
given  is  that  evidence  was  submitted  to  the  Board  by  the 
applicants  showing  an  unreasonable  detention  by  shippers  of 
a  large  number  of  cars  at  many  of  the  principal  traffic  centres 
of  the  country. 

Dec.  31. — The  aggregate  Freight  moving  through  Canadian  Canals  in  1912 
is  officially  stated  at  47,587,245  tons,  or  an  increase  in  the  year 
of  9,500,000  tons.  Of  this  39,668,665  tons  passed  through  the 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  the  Canadian  Western  wheat  passing  down 
the  Sault  Canal  totalled  83,743,034  bushels  or  an  increase  of 
nearly  20  millions  in  the  year  and  of  32  millions  over  1910. 

Dec.  31. — The  Shipping  figures  of  the  year  show  an  increase.  The  total 
number  of  Canadian  ships  on  the  Register  books  is  8,380, 
measuring  836,278  tons,  or  an  increase  of  292  vessels  and  65,832 
tons  over  1911.  The  number  of  steamers  is  3,667  with  a  gross 


634 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


tonnage  of  641,225.  Assuming  the  average  value  to  be  $30 
per  ton,  the  value  of  the  net  registered  tonnage  of  Canada  was 
$25,088,340.  The  number  of  new  vessels  built  and  registered 
during  the  year  was  420,  the  tonnage  34,886  and  the  value 
$1,569,870. 

Dec.   31. — It  is  stated  that  Canadian  Railways  in  1912  gave  orders  for 
cars  and  locomotives  as  follows: 

C.P.R 30,051   cars   and   473   locomotives. 

G.T.R 7,650   cars   and   140   locomotives. 

C.N.R 6,222   cars   and   114   locomotives. 

Dec.   31. — According  to  computations  by  the  Toronto  Monetary  Times  the 
Railway  issues  of  the  year  were  as  follows: 


Company. 

C.P.R.  4%  Consolidated  Deben- 
tures   

G.T.R.  4%  Perpetual  Consoli- 
dated Debentures  

G.T.R.  Equipment  Trust  Notes. 

C.N.R.  4%  Perpetual  Consoli- 
dated Debentures  

C.N.R.  5%  Income  Charge  Con- 
vertible Debentures  

C.N.R.  equipment  Trust  Notes, 
Series  "D  1" 

C.N.P.  Ry.  4%  Debenture  Stock 
(Guaranteed  by  British  Col- 
umbia)   

St  John  &  Quebec  Ry.  4%  Stock 
(Guaranteed  by  New  Bruns- 
wick)   

Edmonton,  Dunvegran  &  B.  C. 
Ry.  4%  Debenture  Stock 
(Guaranteed  by  Alberta)... 

A.C.T.  Ltd.  5%  Bonds  (Guaran- 
teed by  Lake  Superior  Cor- 
poration   


United 
Amount.          States. 

$10,962,320        

Great 
Britain. 

$10,962,320 

12,500,000 

12,500,009 

7,300,000     $6,440,000 
6,960,000        

860,000 
6,960,000 

10,000,000        

10,000,000 

7,000,000        6  850,000 

5,000,000        

6,000,000 

4,250,000        

4,250,000 

3,500,000        

3,500,000 

2,500,000        

2,500,000 

69,972,320     $13,290,000 

$56,532,320 

The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  1912. 

June  30. — The  31st  Annual  Report  of  the  Company  for  the  year  ending  at 
this  date  shows  the  following  balance  sheet: 


Assets. 

Railway  and  Equip- 
ment   $382,829,051  33 

Ocean,  Lake  and 

River  Steamships.  21,338,974  12 

Acquired   Securities..      80,525,353  32 

Properties  held  in 

trust  for  Company  6,378,358  03 

Deferred  Payments 
on  Land  and 
Townsite  Sales.  . .  41,468,821 

Advances  to  Lines 

under  Construction  16,654,401 

Advances  and  In- 
vestments    12,360,997 

Material  and  Sup- 
plies on  hand 13,017,431 

Current    Assets 9,828,601 

Temporarily  Invested 
in  Government 
Securities  10,088,734 


Cash  in  Hand. 


33,628,819 


$628,119,545   64 


Liabilities. 

Capital    Stock $180,000,00000 

Payments  on  Sub- 
scription to  New 
Issue  Capital  Stock 
($18,000,000.00).  16,806,621  00 

Four  %  Preference 

Stock  66,695,097  03 

Four  %  Consolidated 

Debenture  Stock. .  153,823,706  86 

Mortgage    Bonds 38,648,633   33 

Current    Liabilities..      23,545,335  29 

Interest  on  Funded 
Debt  and  Rental 
of  Leased  Lines.  .  1,391,702  35 

Equipment,  Replace- 
ments, Special 
Appropriations  for 
improvements  and 
Reserve  Fund 16,784,175  85 

Lands  and  Townsites 

(Sales)  57,538,30759 

Surplus 72,885,966   34 

$628,119,545   64 


THE  CANADIAN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY  IN  1912.  635 

June  30. — The  Company's  4  per  cent,  yearly  dividend  on  Preference  Stock 
and  its  quarterly  dividends  on  Ordinary  Stock  at  7  per  cent, 
totalled  $15,192,234,  with  3  per  cent,  additional  paid  out  of 
Special  Income;  the  year's  business  was  as  follows: 

Gross    earnings    .    $123,319,54123 

Working    expenses    80,021,298  40 

Net  Earnings    $43,298,242  83 

Net  Earnings  of  Steamships  in  excess  of  monthly 

reports    1,104,448  79 


$44,402,691   62 
Deduct    fixed    charges 10,524,937  49 


Total    Profits    $33,877,75413 

June  30. — Details  of  the  Company's  business  for  this  fiscal  year  include 
the  possession  of  6,660,581  acres  of  land  in  the  three  Prairie 
/  Provinces  and  4,395,948  acres  in  British  Columbia;  Fixed 
charges  for  the  year  of  $10,524,937  and  a  balance  on  account 
of  lands  totalling  $57,538,307 ;.  an  expenditure  during  the  year 
of  $14,967,264  on  Improvements;  an  equipment  in  hand  of  1,820 
Locomotives,  2,210  Passenger  and  1st  Class  cars,  61,446  freight 
and  cattle  cars;  the  possession  of  19  steamers  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific,  24  on  Pacific  coast  service  and  27  on  various  inland 
waters;  the  carrying  of  13,751,516  passengers  and  25,940,238 
tons  of  freight;  the  possession  of  a  10,983  mileage  in  traffic 
returns,  319  miles  of  other  lines  worked,  1,246  miles  under 
construction  and  4,396  miles  in  two  United  States  lines — a 
total  of  16,944  miles. 

Sept.  26. — Sir  Thomas  Skinner,  Bart.,  and  a  C.P.R.  Director  in  London  is 
elected,  with  Thomas  Reynolds  and  F.  Williams-Taylor  to  the 
Board  of  the  Allan  Line.  Sir  T.  G.  Shaughnessy  denies  the 
ensuing  rumor  that  the  Company  has  acquired  the  Allan  Line. 

Oct.  2. — Sir  Thomas  Shaughnessy  in  his  annual  Address  to  the  Share- 
holders at  Montreal  says:  "Your  Directors  recommend  that 
you  make  use  of  the  authority  conferred  upon  you  by  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Canada  to  issue  ordinary  shares  of  Capital  Stock  in 
lieu  of  Consolidated  Debenture  Stock,  for  the  purposes  for  which 
you  are  authorized  to  issue  the  latter,  and  to  that  end  that  you 
increase  your  ordinary  share  capital  from  $200,000,000  to  $260,- 
000,000  to  be  offered  to  the  Shareholders  at  the  price  of  $175, 
for  each  share  of  $100,  being  at  a  premium  of  75%,  at  a  time 
and  on  terms  of  payment  to  be  fixed  by  your  Directors.  The 
proceeds  of  this  issue  to  the  amount  of  $60,000,000  will  be  used 
to  meet  expenditures  for  which  the  proceeds  of  Consolidated 
Debenture  Stock  would  otherwise  have  been  utilized,  including 
the  satisfaction  and  cancellation  of  all  of  the  Company's  out- 
standing 5%  First  Mortgage  Bonds,  amounting  to  $33,766,000 
on  or  before  July  1,  1915,  and  the  balance  will  be  devoted  to 
-  such  additions  and  improvements  to  the  Company's  property, 
properly  chargeable  to  capital  account,  as  are  in  the  opinion  of 
your  Directors  necessary  from  time  to  time.  By  this  means  the 
Company  will  be  getting  money  on  its  ordinary  share  capital 
at  a  low  rate  of  interest,  taking  the  present  dividend  rate  as  a 
basis,  its  bond  and  debenture  debt  will  be  $60,000,000  less,  its 
fixed  charges  will  be  $2,400,000  per  annum  less  than  they  other- 
wise would  have  been  and  its  available  funds  for  the  purposes 
of  the  undertaking  will  be  increased  by  $45,000,000."  The  auth- 
orization is  duly  given  and  various  extensions  and  construc- 
tive work,  with  the  Lease  or  acquisition  of  the  Kingston  and 
Pembroke,  the  Alberta  Central,  the  St.  Mary's  Western,  the 


636 

Quebec  Central,  the  Shuswap  and  Okanagan,  the  New  Brunswick 
Coal  and  Railway,  the  Georgian  Bay  and  Seabord,  the  Campbell- 
ford,  Lake  Ontario  and  Western,  the  Kettle  Valley  and  the  Do- 
minion Atlantic  Railways,  are  duly  approved. 

Oct.  2.— The  four  retiring  Directors— Sir  Sandford  Fleming,  Sir  W. 
Whyte,  A.  R.  Creelman,  K.C.,  and  W.  D.  Matthews  are  re-elected 
and  the  Executive  Committee  is  as  follows:  Richard  B.  Angus; 
David  McNicoll;  Sir  Edmund  B.  Osier,  M.P.;  Sir  Thomas  G. 
Shaughnessy,  K.C.V.O.;  Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal;  Sir 
William  C.  Van  Home,  K.C.M.G. 

Oct.  19. — The  Financial  Times  of  Montreal  publishes  a  statement  of  what 
the  C.P.R.  has  done  for  the  West  in  ten  years  which  shows  5,974 
miles  under  construction  during  1903-12  at  a  cost  of  $36,781,932. 

Nov.  28 — It  is  announced  by  the  C.P.R.  that  $48,000,000  worth  of  rolling 
stock  had  been  ordered  during  the  year  1912 — this  new  equip- 
ment including  467  locomotives,  26,653  box  cars,  and  hundreds  of 
other  cars. 

Dec.  4. — In  the  House  of  Commons,  the  Minister  of  Finance  (Mr.  White) 
reads  a  letter  from  Sir  T.  G.  Shaughnessy  to  the  Premier 
dated  Aug.  13  which  advises  Mr.  Borden  of  the  Company's  in- 
tention to  increase  the  authorized  Capital  Stock  by  $75,000,000 
and  asking,  as  provided  in  Statute  55-6  Victoria,  for  the  approval 
of  the  Governor-in-Council.  The  following  reasons  are  given: 
"Notwithstanding  the  vastness  of  the  Company's  expenditures 
for  increased  facilities  of  every  description,  and  for  cars  and 
locomotives,  it  has  been  found  nearly  Impossible  to  keep  abreast 
with  the  transportation  requirements  of  the  country.  Terminal 
yards,  sidings,  track  facilities  and  buildings  that  were  completed 
three  or  four  years  ago,  and  that  were  then  thought  to  be  suffi- 
cient for  a  number  of  years  to  come,  now  prove  to  be  entirely  in- 
adequate, and  with  the  outlook  for  a  continued  increase  in  immi- 
gration, and  the  corresponding  enlargement  of  the  country's 
production  and  trade,  it  is  evident  that  to  avoid  very  serious 
congestion,  the  outlay  for  increased  facilities  at  almost  every 
important  point  on  the  System,  for  the  extension  of  the  double- 
track  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  for  equipment,  must  be  continued 
without  cessation."  No  action  was  taken  in  the  matter. 

Dec.  31. — Incidents  of  the  year  include  the  official  announcement  of  an 
arrangement  with  the  Austrian  Government  whereby  C.P.R. 
observation  cars,  owned  and  operated  entirely  by  the  Company, 
will  be  attached  to  the  express  trains  of  the  State-owned 
railways  running  through  the  Austrian  Alps;  the  rapid  con- 
struction of  the  Ogden  Shops  near  Calgary  for  the  repair  of 
C.P.R.  Western  lines;  the  placing  of  Wireless  apparatus  upon 
the  Great  Lake  steamers  of  the  Company;  the  announcement 
of  a  far-reaching  scheme  of  Sir  Thomas  Shaughnessy's  by  which 
the  C.P.R.  will  loan  to  selected  colonists  a  sum  of  $2,000  each 
for  a  period  of  ten  years  at  6  per  cent,  per  annum  for  use  in  the 
development  of  farms,  the  applicants  to  be  married  men  actually 
engaged  in  farming  on  a  rented  farm;  an  arrangement  with  the 
Trans-Siberian  Railway  Company,  whereby  the  C.P.R.  will  be 
able  to  issue  "round  the  world  tickets,  an  agreement  with  the 
City  of  Vancouver  as  to  station,  overhead  bridges,  viaduct  and 
subway;  the  announcement  by  the  President  of  the  proposed 
double-tracking  of  the  main  line  between  Vancouver  and  Winni- 
peg at  a  cost  of  60  or  70  millions;  the  completion  of  the  Sta- 
tion at  Montreal  on  a  scale  making  it  the  largest  in  the  British 
Empire;  the  launching  of  a  number  of  new  Steamships — the 
Emperor  of  Russia,  the  Princess  Sophia,  the  Princess  Patricia. 

Dec.  31. — The  following  are  the  chief  appointments  on  the  C.P.R.  during 
1912: 


THE  GRAND  TEUNK  RAILWAY 


637 


Position.  Headquarters.  Name. 

General  Assistant   to   President Montreal    ..F.    L.   Wanklyn. 

General  Manager  'of  Eastern  Lines ....  Montreal ...  A.  D.  McTler. 

General  Manager  of  Western  Lines. .  .Winnipeg. .  .Grant  Hall. 

Superintendent  of  Traffic Montreal . .  .John  Fletcher. 

Assistant  to  President  and  in  charge 

of  Natural  Resources  Department. Mon treal ..  .J.  S.  Dennis. 

General  Superintendent  Manitoba  Divi- 
sion   Winnipeg. . .  D.  C.  Coleman. 

General  Superintendent  Vancouver 

Division Vancouver. . F.  W.  Peters. 


The  Grand  Trunk  Railway 

Apl.  15. — Charles  Melville  Hays,  President  of  the  Grand  Trunk  and  G.T.P., 
is  drowned  in  the  Titanic  disaster  amid  wide  expressions  of  re- 
gret at  the  death  of  a  great  Railway  man — one  who  "turned 
the  Grand  Trunk  into  a  new  Railway"  and,  it  was  said,  added 
in  17  years  £20,000,000  to  the  value  of  the  property. 

May  24. — It  is  announced  that  E.  J.  Chamberlin  will  be  the  new  President 
of  the  G.T.R.  and  a  Director  of  the  Company. 

June  2. — The  Chateau  Laurier,  the  splendid  new  $2,000,000  Hotel  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  is  quietly  opened  at  Ottawa — Sir  W.  Laurier  be- 
ing the  first  to  sign  the  register. 

July  6. — It  is  announced  that  the  Grand  Trunk  Terminal  Warehouses  Co., 
Ltd.,  has  been  organized  with  a  capitalization  of  $10,000,000  30- 
year  gold  bonds,  and  $6,500,000  common  stock,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  series  of  terminal  warehouses  along  the  lines 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railroads. 

Sept.  23. — It  is  announced  by  the  Grand  Trunk  that  arrangements  are 
under  way  for  an  extensive  boat  service  between  Providence, 
New  York  and  Boston  in  connection  with  its  new  lime  from 
Palmer,  Mass,  to  Providence.  This  line  was  to  run  as  a  branch 
of  the  Central  Vermont,  a  subsidiary  of  the  Grand  Trunk. 

Dec.  31. — The  official  statistics  of  the  Company  for  the  calendar  year  1912, 
are  as  follows: 

To  June  30. 
Particulars.  (6  months.) 

Gross   Receipts £3,834,328 

Working   Expenses £2,793,285 

Net   Traffic    Receipts £1,041,042 

Net    Revenue    Receipts £1,152,065 

Net  Revenue  Charges £761,960 

Surplus     £390,104 

Half-yearly   Dividends £388,406 

Receipts  from  Passengers £1,035,756 

Number  of  Passengers  Carried.     5,530,072 

Receipts   from   Freight £2,496,200 

Tons  of  Freight  Carried 9,388,829 

Cost    of    Maintenance    of    Way 

and    Structure £347,450 

Maintenance  of  Equipment £605,637 

Conducting    Transportation £1,568,289 

General  Expenses  and  Taxes..       £271,909 

Train    Mileage 10.253,406 

Charged  to  Capital  Account...       £998,582 

Gross    Receipts £222,441 

Working   Expenses £208,671 

Gross    Receipts — Grand    Trunk 

Western    £661,834 

Working   Expenses £547.993 

Gross  Receipts — Detroit,  Grand 

Haven   and    Milwaukee £214,957 

Working   Expenses £206,723 

Dec.  31. — Throughout  the  year  there  was  much  public  and  press  discussion 
in  the  United  States  as  to  a  Charter  sought  and  obtained  by 


To  Dec.  31. 

(6  months.) 

Total. 

£4,612,758 

£8,447,086 

£3,334,682 

£6,127,967 

£1,278,076 

£2,319,118 

£1,383,047 

£2,535,112 

£807,717 

£1,569,677 

£575,330 

£965,434 

£571,083 

£959,489 

£1,321,133 

£2,356,889 

7,101,162 

12,631,234 

£2,910,604 

£5,406,804 

11,958,736 

21,347,565 

£604,843 

£952,293 

£752,853 

£1,358,490 

£1,648,873 

£3,217,162 

£328,113 

£600,022 

11,128.367 

21,381,773 

£1,687,948 

£2,686,530 

£262,385 

£484,826 

£252,827 

£461,498 

£779,045 

£1,440,879 

£589,665 

£1,137,658 

£279,116 

£494,073 

£255,011 

£461,734 

638  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  G.T.R.,  through  a  subsidiary  line,  to  build  into  Boston,  Mass., 
In  connection  with  proposed  terminals  and  the  obvious  compe- 
tition of  the  future,  the  Railway  came  into  conflict  with  the 
N.Y.,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Line  of  which  C,  S.  Mellen  was 
President.  Negotiations  followed  with  rumoured  settlement 
along  the  line  of  trackage  rights  to  the  Grand  Trunk  over  the 
New  Haven  Road  and,  meanwhile,  cessation  in  the  building  of 
competitive  lines.  Politicians  and  papers  took  alarm,  the  mat- 
ter was  submitted  to  Washington  as  a  crushing  of  competition 
and  at  New  York,  on  Dec.  23rd,  C.  S.  Mellen,  E.  J.  Camberlin 
and  A.  W.  Smithers  were  indicted  by  the  Federal  Grand  Jury 
for  violating  the  Anti-Trust  law  in  an  agreement  which,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Chamberlin  had  refused  to  sign. 
Dec.  31. — Appointments  of  the  year,  aside  from  those  already  mentioned, 
were:  Assistant  to  Vice-President  (Montreal)  A.  E.  Rosevear, 
and  General  Superintendent  of  Terminals  (Montreal)  W.  H. 
Farrell. 

Transcontinental  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railways 

Jan.  29. — It  is  announced  that  F.  P.  Gutelius  and  G.  Lynch-Staunton,  K.C., 
will,  as  special  Commissioners,  have  wide  powers  of  investiga- 
tion into  the  cost  and  construction  of  the  Transcontinental 
Railway  running  from  Moncton  to  Winnipeg  under  Government 
control. 

Feb.  14. — Mr.  Cochrane,  Minister  of  Railways,  estimates  in  the  Commons 
that  the  Transcontinental  or  Eastern  Division  will,  by  Jan.  1, 
1924,  have  cost  $258,050,000  or  $143,015  a  mile — including  inter- 
est and  betterments. 

Apl.  18. — It  is  stated  by  A.  W.  Smithers,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors, that  by  an  agreement  under  which  the  Company  obtains 
running  rights  over  the  Line  built  by  the  Ontario  Govern- 
ment from  North  Bay,  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  to  Coch- 
rane, on  the  National  Transcontinental  Railway,  they  will  have 
a  connection  established  between  the  G.T.P.  in  the  West  and 
the  whole  of  the  Grank  Trunk  system  in  the  East,  directly  the 
Dominion  Government  completes  the  link  between  Cochrane  and 
Lake  Superior  Junction. 

June  20. — At  Montreal,  E.  J.  Chamberlin,  General  Manager  of  the  G.T.P., 
states  that  unless  labour  difficulties  prevent  it,  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific  rails  will  be  laid  from  Fort  William  to  Prince  Rupert  by 
the  end  of  next  year.  One  year  later  a  friendly  Company  will 
have  completed  the  Vancouver  branch  from  Fort  George  down 
the  Fraser  to  British  Columbia's  present  chief  sea-port,  while 
J.  D.  McArthur,  at  the  head  of  another  friendly  Company,  will 
have  reached  the  Peace  River  country  about  350  miles  from 
Edmonton. 

'  June  30. — The  annual  Report  of  the  G.T.R.  Company  states  that  the  line  of 
the  G.T.P.  has  been  laid  to  Tete  Jaune  Cach§,  60  miles  west 
of  the  summit  in  the  Yellowhead  Pass,  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  1,100  miles  west  of  Winnipeg.  From 
Prince  Rupert,  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  the  line  has  been  laid  east- 
ward as  far  as  South  Hazelton,  a  distance  of  180  miles. 

July  29.— An  Order-in-Council,  requiring  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  within 
30  days  from  Aug.  1  to  lease  the  stretch  of  the  Transcontinental 
from  Lake  Superior  Junction  to  Transcona,  a  short  dis- 
tance east  of  Winnipeg,  is  stated  to  have  been  passed.  Some 
discussion  follows  and  on  Aug.  1  Hon.  R.  Rogers  says  to  the 
press:  "If  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  are  not  going  to  take  it 


TRANSCONTINENTAL  AND  G.  T.  P.  KAILWAYS 


639 


over  the  Government  will.  It  is  absolutely  necessary  in  order 
to  move  the  crop  this  year."  On  Aug.  7th  Mr.  Chamberlin 
states  that  the  question  involves,  also,  the  possible  taking  over 
of  the  Transcontinental  Railway  Shops  at  Transcona — a  most 
important  matter.  He  explains  that  to  the  old  Commission  and 
the  new  one  the  Company  had  made  this  proposition  that  it 
would  take  over  any  section  of  the  Transcontinental  which  the 
Commission  desired  to  have  placed  in  operation,  the  Govern- 
ment taking  the  earnings  and  paying  expenses — any  profit  or 
loss  which  might  occur  as  a  result  of  operation  to  go  to  capital 
account. 

Sept.  16. — A.  W.  Smithers,  Chairman  of  the  G.T.R.,  states  at  Montreal  that 
the  great  difficulty  on  both  the  Line  running  westward  and  that 
coming  from  the  Pacific  eastward  is  the  lack  of  labour.  "Al- 
together we  could  find  work  for  from  four  to  five  thousand  more 
men,  but  we  cannot  get  them.  We  have  the  equipment,  and  if 
we  could  get  the  men  I  am  confident  that  the  Line  would  have 
been  opened  to  the  Pacific  Coast  next  year." 

Sept.  19. — At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  G.T.P.  shareholders  in  Montreal 
the  following  Directors  are  elected — the  last  two  being  added  to 
the  Board,  with  Mr.  Hone  representing  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment: 


Alfred  W.  Smithers. 

Sir  Henry  Mather  Jackson,  Bart. 

E.  J.  Chamberlin. 

Wm.  Wainwright. 

M.  M.  Reynolds. 

E.  H.  Fitzhugh. 

W.  H.  Biggar. 

E.  B.   Greenshields. 


Hon.  R.  Dandurand. 

Wm.  M.  Macpherson. 

Hon.  Geo.  A.  Cox. 

E.  R.  Wood. 

J.  R.  Booth. 

Julius  Hone. 

Sir  Felix  Schuster,  Bart. 

Sir  Wm.  H.  White,  K.C.B. 


Dec.  20. — The  annual  Report  of  the  Chief  Engineer  of  the  Grand  Trunk 
Pacific,  issued  in  Winnipeg  by  D.  B.  Kelliher,  covers  the  work 
for  12  months  to  date  and  states  that  construction  has  been 
undertaken  on  568  miles  of  main  line  and  on  688  miles  of  branch 
lines,  making  a  total  of  1,256  miles  of  line  on  which  clearing, 
grading,  and  track-laying  have  been  done.  Track  has  been  laid 
on  128  miles  of  main  line  and  on  331  miles  of  branch  lines, 
making  a  total  of  459  miles  of  railway  completed  exclusive  of 
second  tracks  and  sidings. 

Dec.  24. — The  first  train  over  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  and  Transconti- 
nental Railway  leaves  Lake  Superior  Junction  near  Winnipeg 
for  Port  Colborne,  Ont,  carrying  wheat  consigned  to  Port  Col- 
borne  Mills. 

Dec.  31. — The  G.T.R.  annual  Report  states  that  the  G.T.P.  rails  have  been 
laid  to  a  point  1,124  miles  west  of  Winnipeg;  and  from  Prince 
Rupert,  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  eastward  195  miles — leaving  427 
miles  now  under  construction  on  which  a  considerable  amount 
of  grading  has  been  done.  The  Directors  hope  that  the  whole 
of  the  Main  Line  will  be  completed  in  the  course  of  the  autumn 
of  next  year. 

Dec.  31. — The  chief  appointments  of  the  year  are  those  of  E.  J.  Chamber- 
lin as  President,  with  the  following  changes  in  designation  and 
duties: 

Vice-President     Wm.  Wainwright. 

Vice-President   and    General    Manager    of    Lines 

West   of  Fort  William Morley  Donaldson. 

Vice-President     in     Charge     of     Financial     and 

Accounting    Departments M.  M.  Reynolds. 

Vice-President  in  charge  of  Traffic J.  E.  Dalrymple. 


640 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 


Jan.   29. 
Feb.     6. 


The  Canadian  Northern  Railway 

-Steel  is  laid  into  Athabasca  Landing,  on  the  Canadian  Northern 
line,  and  the  opening  up  of  the  last  great  West  is  commenced. 
The  Railway  runs  96  miles  from  Edmonton. 

i. — Sir  Donald  Mann  addressing  the  New  Westminster  Board  of 
Trade  states  that  "since  the  Government  of  British  Columbia 
brought  down  their  Railway  policy  with  respect  to  the  Canadian 
Northern  Railway,  our  firm  and  our  associates  have  invested 
upwards  of  $30,000,000  in  lumbering,  milling  and  fishing  in- 
dustries in  British  Columbia,  or  a  total  of  $10,000,000  more 
than  the  Government  guarantee  amounts  to.  These  industries 
give  employment  to  6,000  men,  and  had  a  gross  turnover  last 
year  of  $10,000,000.  We  are  also  employing  an  additional  5,000 
or  6,000  men  in  the  construction  of  the  Railway." 

June  25. — To  the  Montreal  press,  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie  says:  "All  the  fin- 
ancing has  been  done  for  the  completion  of  the  Canadian  North- 
ern railway  from  Montreal  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  proceeds 
of  the  $35,000,000  guaranteed  by  the  Government  to  build  the 
section  from  Montreal  to  Port  Arthur  are  in  the  Bank  and  7,000 
men  are  at  work  hurrying  forward  this  stretch  to  completion. 
A  splendid  hotel  will  be  built  in  the  City  of  Montreal  on  a  site 
which  the  Company  considers  the  best  in  the  City." 

June  30. — In  the  fiscal  year  the  Company  carries  1,681,760  passengers, 
earning  $3,349,317,  and  5,970,449  tons  of  freight  earning  $15,- 
337,533;  it  had  an  Equipment  of  430  Locomotives,  484  Pas- 
senger and  Express  cars,  18,676  freight  cars;  the  total  miles  of 
Railway  owned  and  operated  was  4,316. 

June  30. — The  result  of  the  Company's  operations  for  the  fiscal  year  are 
as  follows: 

Gross  Earnings — from  Passenger  Traffic $3,434,140  81 

From  Freight  Traffic 15,567,998  17 

From  Express,  Mail,  Telegraph,  Dining  and  Sleeping 

Cars,  Elevators,  etc 1,857,954  65 

$20,860,093   63 
Working  expenses  (including  Taxes,  etc.) 14,979,048  52 


Net   Earnings . 
Deduct  Fixed  Charges 


5,881,045  11 

4,630,844  12 

Surplus   $1,250,200  99 

From  this  Deduct  Interest  (Special) 674,804  11 


Net  Surplus  for  the  Tear $575,396  88 

June  30. — The  condensed  Balance  Sheet  of  the  C.N.R. — exclusive  of  816,- 
755  acres  of  land  owned  in  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan — is 
as  follows: 

Assets. 
To  Cost   of  Railway 

and  Equipment.. 
Acquired  Securities. 
Advances  to  other 

Companies    . 
Advances     to     Lines 

under  construction 
Materials  and  due 

from  Agents 

Cash    and    Deferred 

Payments 

Cash    Account 


ts. 

.$191,993,360  92 
8,294,006   87 
r 
3,817,001   80 

i        6,935,410  80 
1 
3,448,529  29 
i 
.      11,952,292  62 
6,443,247  70 

Liabilities. 

By    Capital    Stock..    $70,00*0,000   00 
Bonds      and      Stock 
guaranteed          by 
Government     ....      54,390,491   20 
Four     %     Perpetual 
Consolidated      De- 
benture   Stock...      39,464,716   63 
Five        %        Income 
Charge  Convertible 
Debenture    Stock.      15,000,000  00 
Land    Grant   Bonds.        6,040,306   70 
Oar-Trust         Obliga- 
tions         15  177  882   73 

Current  Liabilities.  .        6.453,943  01 
Coupons,       Dividend 
Warrants           and 
Accrued    Interest.        2,149,659  49 
Equipment    Replace- 
ment   Fund  345  560   63 

Land     and     Railway 
Account    22  861  379   61 

$231,883,940  00 


$231,883,»40  00 


THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  641 

July  25. — Sir  Donald  Mann  states  to  the  Montreal  City  Council  that  the 
Canadian  Northern  considers  its  terminal  plans,  as  submitted, 
to  be  a  complete  unit  consisting  of  a  double  track,  a  tunnel  three 
miles  long  through  Mount  Royal,  with  a  viaduct  extending  about 
1,600  yards  from  the  tunnel's  city  portal  to  the  water  front. 

Oct.  23.— Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie,  President  of  the  C.N.R.  states  that  586 
miles  of  newly-constructed  tracks  were  added  during  the  year 
ending  June  30;  that  the  average  operated  mileage  was  3,888; 
that  the  statistics  covering  grain,  including  the  figures  repre- 
senting flour  shipments,  showed  a  total  movement  of  over  60,- 
000,000  bushels,  or  about  32  per  cent,  of  the  total  inspected  crop 
of  Western  Canada;  that  there  was  an  increase  of  120  per  cent, 
in  the  total  bulk  of  commercial  coal  carried,  or  804,803  tons 
compared  with  370,161  tons  in  1911;  that  Land  Sales  were  55,111 
acres  for  $836,084  or  an  average  of  $45.17  per  acre;  that  great 
progress  had  been  made  in  the  construction  of  the  Transconti- 
nental line  of  the  System  which,  it  was  hoped  would  be  com- 
pleted by  the  end  of  1913. 

Dec.  31. — Incidents  of  the  year  include  the  grant  by  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion of  the  Company's  request  for  a  cut-off  line  through  River 
Park,  Winnipeg;  the  issue  in  London  of  £2,057,612  of  5%  con- 
vertible Debentures  and  £1,438,356  of  4%  perpetual  consolidated 
Debentures;  the  statement  by  A.  D.  Davidson  (Sept.  11)  that 
Vancouver  will  be  the  C.N.R.'s  chief  shipping  point  on  the  Pacific 
and  negotiations  looking  to  a  $4,000,000  Terminus  and  $4,000,000 
tunnel  at  Vancouver  in  connection  with  the  acquisition  of  False 
Creek;  the  acquisition  of  water  frontage  at  New  Westminster 
worth  $2,000,000  and  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long;  the  purchase 
near  Toronto  (Leaside)  of  1,000  acres  for  yards,  shops,  sidings 
and  station;  the  alleged  sale  of  $3,000,000  worth  of  land  at 
Port  Mann  in  the  month  following  Apl.  1st  and  the  sale  of 
$1,000,000  worth  of  lots  at  Mount  Royal;  the  arrangements  with 
Alberta  for  the  construction  of  1,255  miles  of  new  lines  with 
a  guarantee  of  $17,595,000;  the  opening  on  Apl.  1st  of  a  new 
Hotel  at  Brandon. 

Dec.  31. — The  chief  appointments  of  the  year  were  as  follows:  General 
Passenger  Agent  (Toronto)  R.  L.  Fairbairn;  Assistant  General 
Passenger  Agent  (Montreal)  Jas.  Morrison;  European  Traffic 
Manager  (London)  Wm.  Phillips;  Division  Freight  Agent  (To- 
ronto) F.  A.  Young. 


XIII.— FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS 

Feb.  1. — Senator  George  A.  Cox,  President  of  the  Canada  Life  Assur- 
ance Co. — who  also  heads  the  List,  this  year,  as  a  Director  of 
28  Canadian  Companies — is  banqueted  at  Toronto  in  honour 
of  his  50-years'  connection  with  the  Canada  Life.  Sir  John 
Gibson,  Lieut.-Governor,  presides,  and  the  speakers  include  Sir 
Edmund  Walker,  Senator  Jaffray,  J.  H.  Plummer  and  others. 

Mch.  1. — The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  takes  over  the  business  of 
the  Eastern  Townships  Bank,  Sherbrooke,  with  its  99  branches 
and  sub-agencies.  The  shareholders  of  the  latter  Bank  receive 
in  exchange  for  their  stock,  60,000  shares  of  new  stock  in  the 
Commerce,  having  a  par  value  of  $3,000,000,  and  the  paid-up 
capital  stock  of  the  latter  institution  is  thus  increased  to  $15,- 
000,000.  Its  authorized  capital  stock  is,  later  on,  enlarged  to 
$25,000,000.  The  new  Directors  added  to  the  Commerce  Board 
are  William  Farwell,  Sherbrooke;  Gardner  Stevens,  Waterloo, 
Que.;  G.  G.  Foster,  K.C.,  Montreal;  A.  C.  Flumerfelt,  Victoria. 

Mch.  31. — For  the  year  and  nine  months  ending  at  date,  the  Dominion 
Steel  Corporation,  Ltd.,  showed  net  earnings  of  $3,690,149  and 
a  Surplus  of  $784,945;  the  Assets  were,  chiefly,  $65,885,428  as 
the  cost  of  properties — the  Dominion  Coal  and  the  Dominion 
Iron  and  Steel  Companies;  the  Liabilities  included  a  funded 
and  mortgage  Debt  of  subsidiary  Companies,  totalling  $23,595,- 
577,  and  a  Capital  Stock  of  $45,656,800.  J.  H.  Plummer  is  re- 
elected  President  with  Sir  W.  C.  Van  Home  as  Vice-President. 

May  22. — Mr.  D.  R.  Wilkie — who  was  later  on  elected  President  of 
the  Canadian  Bankers  Association  to  succeed  Sir  Edward 
Clouston — delivers  an  important  address  as  President  of  the 
Imperial  Bank  of  Canada.  In  it  he  deals  with  the  proposal  to 
have  the  Banks  inspected  under  authority  of  the  Bankers  Asso- 
ciation: "Thorough  inspection  would  not  be  carried  out  any 
better  by  the  Association  than  by  the  Government;  its  value 
and  importance  might  be  exaggerated  on  the  one  hand,  and  on 
the  other  it  would  be  unreasonable  to  hold  the  Association  as 
a  whole  responsible  for  the  reputed  solvency  and  worthiness 
of  its  members.  Moreover,  no  Bank  under  present  conditions 
of  competition  and  with  the  readiness  of  some  to  retire  from 
business  and  of  others  to  add  to  their  size  and  importance,  with 
mergers  and  amalgamations  following  one  on  the  heels  of  an- 
other, should  be  called  on  to  place  its  affairs  under  the  review 
of  officials  appointed  by  rival  institutions.  Would  you  not 
rather  than  be  at  the  mercy  of  Inspectors  selected  by  your 
competitors,  prefer  to  have  the  report  of  Auditors  and  Inspec- 
tors, men  of  repute  selected  by  yourselves  and  responsible  to 
you,  and  whose  appointment  and  re-appointment  would  be  sub- 
ject to  your  pleasure?" 

June  30. — It  is  stated  in  connection  with  the  formation  of  the  Brazilian 
Traction  Light  &  Power  Co.,  to  take  over  Sao  Paulo  a/nd  other 
concerns,  with  headquarters  in  Toronto,  that  securities  issued 
by  corporations  operating  under  Canadian  charters  in  Mexico 
and  South  America  amounted,  in  1911,  to  $26,820,000  as  com- 
pared with  $5,900,000  in  1910,  and  that  of  this  sum  $26,500,000, 
or  98*30  per  cent,  was  sold  in  Great  Britain. 

June  30. — The  annual  Report  of  The  Lake  Superior  Corporation,  Sault 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS  643 

Ste.  Marie,  shows  a  Capital  Stock  of  $40,000,000,  Bonds  of 
$8,800,000  and  Contingent  liabilities  in  guaranteed  bonds  of 
Subsidiary  Companies  $26,080,000  with  Investments  and  Securi- 
ties totalling  $48,627,347.  The  Surplus  on  the  year's  business 
is  stated  at  $1,579,377,  and  the  production  of  Pig-iron  as  258,979 
tons,  and  of  Steel  rails  241,729  tons. 

July  3. — The  Shareholders  of  the  Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  in  a  special 
meeting,  approve  of  the  acquisition  by  that  institution  of  the 
Traders  Bank  of  Canada  under  an  agreement  by  which  the 
Royal  takes  over  all  the  Assets  and  assumes  all  the  Liabilities 
of  the  Traders  and  gives  to  each  shareholder  of  the  latter  Bank 
three  shares  of  Royal  for  four  of  Traders  stock  at^a  value  of 
$180  per  share  of  Traders  and  $240  per  share  of  Royal.*  On 
May  3  let  the  chief  figures  of  the  two  institutions  were  as  fol- 
lows: 

Combined 
Royal.  Traders.  Total. 

Paid   Up   Capital 17,661,060         $4,454,500         $12,115,560 

Reserve   8,607,166  2,540,000  11,147,166 

Circulation     7,056,830  3,758,932  10,815,762 

Total    Deposits 89,813,766          41,364,704          131,178.470 

Canadian    Current   Loans..      52,077,436         36,847,496  88,924,932 

Total    Assets 116,411,781         53,728,234         170,140,015 

It  is  stated  in  the  press  that  D.  K.  RIdout  and  A.  B.  Dyment, 
of  Toronto,  conducted  the  negotiations.  The  Capital  Stock  of 
the  Royal  is  afterwards  increased  to  $25,000,000,  and  the  union 
is  sanctioned  by  the  Government  on  Aug.  25. 

Oct.  22. — Mr.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour,  makes  public  the  Report  of 
the  Board  of  Inquiry  into  the  charges  that  the  United  Shoe 
Company  of  Canada  (Quebec)  constituted  an  illegal  combina- 
tion in  restraint  of  trade.  Judge  Laurendean  and  J.  C.  Walsh 
declare  that  it  is  a  combine,  and  by  the  operation  of  the  clauses 
of  the  leases,  which  restrict  the  use  of  the  leased  machines, 
"  competition  in  the  manufacture,  production,  purchase,  sale 
and  supply  of  shoe  machinery  in  Canada  has  been  and  is  unduly 
restricted  and  prevented."  W.  J.  White,  K.C.,  objects  to  these 
conclusions  and  presents  a  Minority  Report. 

Oct.  22. — It  is  stated  that  Swift's  great  Packing-house  of  Chicago  is 
rapidly  obtaining  control  of  the  meat  industry  in  Canada,  As 
the  Swift  Canadian  Co.,  Ltd.,  they  are  said  (Regina  Province) 
to  have  a  firm  footing  in  Montreal,  in  British  Columbia,  and  in 
Alberta,  and  to  have  recently  acquired  a  number  of  stores  in 
Winnipeg  under  different  names. 

Dec.  11. — The  Shareholders  of  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  approve  the 
acquisition  of  the  Bank  of  New  Brunswick — a  local  institution 
of  great  prosperity  up  to  a  year  or  so  ago  when  national  con- 
ditions involved  either  expansion  or  retrogression.  As  Dr.  W. 
W.  White,  Vice-President,  put  it  at  his  Board's  special  meeting: 
"  the  day  of  small  Banks  had  gone  by."  The  interests  involved 
(Sept.  30)  were  as  follows: 

Bank  of  Nova     Bank  of  New        Combined 


Paid   Up   Capital  

Scotia. 
$4,410,530 
8,074,742 

48,323,578 
53,817,784 
9,617,236 
66,982,002 

Brunswick. 
$1.000.000 
1,790,000 

8,424,247 
9,760,085 
1,421,821 
12,676,121 

Total 
$5.410,530 
9,864,742 

56,747.825 
63,577.869 
11,039,057 
79,658,123 

Reserve    Funds  

Deposits     payable     on     de- 
mand,   after    notice,    and 
elsewhere  than  in  Canada. 
Total    Liabilities  - 

Call  and  Short  Loans. 
Total    Assets  

•  NOTE. — Full  details  are  given  in  the  Supplement. 


644  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Shareholders  of  the  smaller  Bank  received  shares  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  at  par  and  $100,000  in  Cash  or  $10  per  share. 

Dec.  31. — An  important  merger,  or  series  of  mergers  was  in  this  year 
completed  by  the  Richelieu  and  Ontario  Navigation  Co.  through 
the  acquisition  on  July  19  of  the  Inland  Lines,  Ltd.  and  sub- 
sidiary concerns.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Richelieu  Com- 
pany on  Feb.  18,  Sir  R.  Forget  was  re-elected  President,  and 
D.  O.  Lesperance,  M.P.,  added  to  the  Board;  the  Capitalization 
was  then  $10,000,000,  and  the  re-organized  Company  made  up 
of  the  R.  A  O.,  of  Canada;  R.  &  O.  of  United  States;  Niagara 
Navigation  Co.  &  Niagara  River  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.;  Hamilton 
Steamboat  Co.;  Turbine  Steamboat  Co.;  Thousand  Island 
Steamboat  Co.;  St.  Lawrence  River  Steamboat  Co.;  Inland 
Lines  Ltd.,  and  Northern  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.  The  net  profits 
of  the  Company  for  1911  were  $448,240,  and  in  1912  $976,512. 
A  change  in  control  took  place  later  in  the  year  by  the  Furness- 
Withy  interests  acquiring  one-sixth  of  the  stock.  Sir  R.  Forget 
retired  from  the  Presidency  and  was  succeeded  by  James  Car- 
ruthers  with  Lord  Furness  as  Hon.  President. 

Dec.  31. — The  Canadian  Mining  Exploration  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  a  Capital 
Stock  of  $2,500,000  paid  up  by  a  group  of  millionaires  in  Canada 
and  the  United  States,  issues  its  first  Report  for  a  period  of  8 
months.  The  President,  Ambrose  Monell,  states  that  400  pro- 
perties have  been  submitted  for  development  of  which  the 
majority  were  unattractive.  The  Canadian  Board  of  Directors 
is  re-elected  as  follows:  D.  Coulson,  D.  Fasken,  H.  S.  Holt, 
D.  Lome  McOibbon,  Sir  William  Mackenzie,  P.  J.  Mclntosh, 
Wallace  Nesbitt,  Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  Sir  Edmund  Walker.  Mr. 
Monell  remains  President,  Mr.  McOibbon  and  C.  L.  Denison,  of 
New  York,  Vice-presidents. 

Dec.  31. — Bradstreet's  reports  the  Business  failures  of  Canada  in  1912  as 
numbering  1,300,  with  Assets  of  $5,593,024  and  Liabilities  of 
$12,261,682. 

Dec.  31. — The  Woollen  industry  urges  its  continued  objection,  during 
this  year,  to  the  Preferential  tariff  under  which  importations  of 
Woollen  goods  have  increased  from  $18,785,440  in  1908  to 
$22,646,977  in  1912.  According  to  the  Census  figures  (1910),  it 
has  986  establishments  in  Canada  with  a  capital  of  $33,651,625 
and  a  production  of  $61,302,793. 

Dec.  31. — It  is  announced  by  Chairman  E.  H.  Gary,  of  the  United  States 
Steel  Company,  with  its  production,  in  1912,  of  iron  and  steel 
manufactures  totalling  12,506,619  tons,  and  its  Net  Earnings 
of  $108,174,673,  in  that  year,  that  "  we  have  decided  to  establish 
a  manufacturing  plant  at  the  site  which  we  secured  some  years 
ago  in  Canada  just  opposite  Detroit.  In  the  comparatively 
near  future  we  shall  commence  the  construction  of  some  blast 
furnaces  and  mills.  We  shall  probably  build  a  wire-mill,  rail- 
mill,  structural  mill,  bar-mill,  and  perhaps  some  other  mills. 
I  suppose  the  first  cost  will  be  in  the  neighbourhood  of  $20,000,- 
000."  It  is  pointed  out  that  Canadian  imports  of  iron  and  steel 
products  from  the  United  States,  included,  in  1912,  $71,885,128 
dutiable,  and  $8,093,006  free — a  total  increase  of  $35,000,000 
in  four  years. 

Dec.  31. — The  important  new  Companies  of  the  year  include  the  St.  Law- 
rence Sugar  Refineries,  Ltd.  with  A.  Baumgarten  as  President, 
and  a  capitalization  of  $4,250,000  in  stock  and  bonds;  the  Cana- 
dian Steel  Package  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  Sir  W.  C.  Van  Home  as 
President,  and  a  capital  of  $5,000,000;  the  Atlantic  Sugar  Re- 
fineries, Ltd.,  with  D.  Lome  McOibbon,  President,  and  stock 
and  bonds  of  $11,500,000  authorized;  the  Pacific  Coast  Collier- 
ies, Ltd.,  with  James  Carruthers,  Montreal,  President,  and 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS  645 

$8,500,000  of  stock  and  bonds;  the  Asbestos  Corporation  of 
Canada,  Ltd.  (a  re-organization)  with  W.  G.  Ross,  President, 
and  a  capital  of  $7,000,000;  the  National  Steel  Car  Co.,  Ltd., 
Montreal,  with  Sir  John  Gibson  as  President,  and  $6,000,000  of 
capital;  the  P.  Lyall  &  Sons  Construction  Co.,  Ltd.,  Montreal, 
with  a  capital  of  $4,300,000  and  contracts  of  $5,000,000  in  hand. 
A  number  of  Trust  Companies  were  organized,  including  the 
Equitable,  Winnipeg,  with  Hon.  C.  H.  Campbell,  President;  the 
Scottish  and  Dominion  (Edinburgh)  with  Hon.  W.  S.  Fielding, 
Chairman;  the  Executors  and  Administrators,  Moose  Jaw,  with 
J.  Wright  Sifton,  President;  the  Fidelity,  Winnipeg,  with  C.  M. 
Simpson  in  charge  of  management.  The  Great  Northern  Life 
Assurance  Co.,  Winnipeg,  with  W.  J.  Bell,  Saskatoon,  as  Presi- 
dent, and  the  Alberta-Saskatchewan  Life  Insurance  Co.,  Edmon- 
ton, with  B.  J.  Saunders,  President,  were  organized. 
Dec.  31. — The  Fire  Insurance  Statistics  of  1912  were  as  follows: 

Net  Cash  Gross  Amount  Net  Amount  Net  Amount 

Received  for  of  Policies  New  at  Risk  at  Paid  for 

Premiums.  and  Renewed.  Date.  Losses. 

Canadian  Companies. ..    $5,063,409  $653,582,426  $640,808,340  $2,684,977 

British    Companies 12,092,125  1,148,396,318  1,430,072,127  6,319,064 

American      and      other 

Companies    6,038,984  572,282,988  609,273,561  3,068,756 


$23,194,518       $2,374,261,732      $2,680,154,028      $12,072,797 

Dec.  31. — The  number  of  Companies  chartered  by  the  Dominion  in  1911-12 
were  658,  with  $447,626,000  of  new  capital  authorized;  and 
$42,939,000  of  additional  capital  authorized  for  existing  Com- 
panies. 

Dec.  31. — Mergers  of  the  year  included  (1)  a  consolidation  of  the  Metal 
Shingle  Co.,  Preston,  and  A.  B.  Ormsby,  Ltd.,  Toronto,  (com- 
bined capital  $1,500,000)  with  the  U.  S.  Steel  Products  Co.,  Long 
Island,  N.Y. — $8,000,000  capital;  the  acquisition  by  the  Canadian 
General  Electric  Co.,  of  the  Allis-Chalmers-Bullock  Co.,  Rock- 
field,  Que.;  the  absorption  of  the  Winnipeg  Fire  Insurance  Co., 
by  the  Nova  Scotia  Fire  Insurance  Co.;  the  acquisition  by  the 
International  Milling  Co.,  of  Minnesota,  which  owned  important 
mills  in  Moose  Jaw,  Sask.,  in  Minnesota,  and  in  Iowa,  of  the 
plant  of  the  Calgary  Milling  Co.,  which  included  a  mill  at 
Calgary,  with  elevators  and  a  distributing  warehouse  in  Van- 
couver; the  purchase  of  the  Ontario  Pulp  and  Paper  Co.,  by  the 
Spanish  River  concern;  the  amalgamation  of  the  Macdonald 
Tobacco  Co.,  of  Montreal,  and  the  Tuckett  Tobacco  Co., 
of  Hamilton — said  to  have  a  combined  output  larger 
than  the  United  States  Tobacco  interests  in  Canada;  the 
consolidation  of  six  of  the  affiliated  Companies  of  the  Lake 
Superior  Corporation  into  the  Algoma  Steel  Corporation  with 
an  authorized  capital  of  $30,000,000,  and  an  immediate  under- 
written bond  issue  of  $13,500,000;  the  absorption  of  the  General 
Securities  Co.,  Ltd.,  by  the  Canadian  Financiers  Ltd.,  both  of 
Vancouver;  the  acquisition  by  the  Montreal  Power-Shawinigan 
interests  of  the  Cedar  Rapids  Power  and  Manufacturing  Co.; 
the  formation  of  the  Union  Natural  Gas  Co.,  of  Canada, 
with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000  in  control  of  the  Natural 
Gas  wells  in  Western  Ontario  hitherto  owned  by  five  different 
Companies;  the  amalgamation  of  the  Smart  Bag  Co.,  Ltd.,  and 
Woods,  Ltd.,  as  Smart-Woods,  Ltd.,  and  the  acquisition  of  mills 
at  Welland  and  Renfrew.  It  is  said  that  the  Mergers  of  1909- 
10-11  in  Canada  involved  $384,097,490  of  Capital. 

Dec.  31. — The  official  statistics  of  77  Building,  Trust  and  Loan  Com- 
panies in  the  Dominion,  for  the  calendar  year,  show  a  paid-up 


646  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

capital  stock  of  $41,552,849,  Reserve  Fund  of  $28,264,105,  and 
total  Liabilities  to  Stockholders  of  $95,168,490;  Deposits  of 
$33,742,512,  Debentures  and  Debenture  Stock  of  $99,756,031,  and 
Liabilities  as  Trustees  (Trust  Companies)  of  $158,545,882— a 
total  Liability  to  shareholders  and  public  of  $389,701,983.  The 
Assets  include  Current  Loans  secured  on  real  estate  of  $222,- 
365,634,  with  a  total  property  owned  of  $141,537,728. 
Dec.  31.— The  Bank  Statistics  of  Canada  at  this  date  are  as  follows: 

Total  Assets $1,526,081,158 

Specie  and  Dominion  Notes  held 128,364,817 

Call  and  Short  Loans  in  Canada 70,655,661 

Call  and  Short  Loans   elsewhere 105,952,101 

Railway  and  other  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks...  68,840,249 

Current  Loans  in   Canada 881,331,981 

Current  Loans  elsewhere  than  in  Canada 40,990,126 

Bank    Premises 37,023,299 

Deposits  with  Dominion  Government  for  Security  of 

Note    Circulation 6,410,103 

Notes  and  Cheques  of  other  Banks 81,684,415 

Balances  due  from  other  Banks 9,217,009 

Dominion,  Provincial  and  Municipal  Securities  held.  8,872,832 

Total    Liabilities 1,292,451,137 

Capital   Authorized 196,866,666 

Capital   Subscribed 124,950,716 

Capital  Paid  Up 114,881,914 

Amount  of  Reserve  Fund 106,840,007 

Notes    in    Circulation 110,048,357 

Deposits  by  the  public  on  demand  in  Canada 379,777,219 

Deposits  by  the  public  payable  after  notice  in  Canada  632,641,340 

Deposits  elsewhere  than  in  Canada 87,050,132 

Dec.  31. — The  acquisition  of  the  Assets  and  business  of  La  Banque  Inter- 
nationale du  Canada  by  the  Home  Bank  of  Canada  was  a  mat- 
ter of  some  public  discussion  during  the  year  and  was  settled 
early  in  1913.  As  founder  and  President  of  the  former  institu- 
tion, Sir  R.  Forget  had  difficulties  with  his  French  shareholders 
which  culminated  in  the  enforced  retirement  of  the  Parisian 
Directors  on  Sept.  3rd;  the  throwing  of  the  institution  and  its 
affairs  into  the  Courts;  negotiations  with  the  Home  Bank  based 
upon  the  latter's  proposed  acquisition  of  the  French  stock; 
withdrawal  of  the  Home  Bank  from  negotiations  on  Dec.  6th; 
the  succeeding  announcement  that  Sir  H.  M.  Pellatt — a  financial 
associate  of  Colonel  Mason,  of  the  Home  Bank — and  others  in 
Toronto  had  acquired  52,875  shares  of  the  Internationale  at 
$286,000;  the  resumption  of  Home  Bank  negotiations  at  the 
close  of  the  year.  The  affairs  of  the  two  institutions  were  as 
follows  on  Sept.  30,  1912: 

Home  Banque  Combined 

Bank.  Internationale.  Total. 

Authorized   Capital $2,000,000  $10,000,000  $12,000,000 

Subscribed    Capital 1,370,000  10,000,000  11,370,000 

Paid  up  Capital 1,290,000  1,359,843  2,649,843 

Reserve   450,000  450,000 

Deposits    8.785,211  2,587,774  11,372,985 

Loans     9,020,438  1,517,988  10,538,426 

Total    Assets 11,863,553  5,152,614  16,916,167 

Total    Liabilities 10,032,374  3,799,740  13,832,114 

Dec.   31. — Life  Insurance  statistics  for  1912  were  as  follows: 

Claims  Paid, 

Amount  of  including 

Premiums         Policies,  New  Net  Amount  Matured 

for  Year.         and  Taken  Up.  in  Force.  Endowments. 

Canadian  Companies..    $23,542,189       $141,267,596  $706,661,117  $7,548,812 

British  Companies 1,768,046              7,319,952  54,489,612  1,334,658 

American   Companies.      10,401,389           70,617,555  309,114,827  3,866.840 

$35.711,624       $219,205.103        $1,070,265,556        $12,750,310 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS 


647 


Bank  Branches  Opened  or  Closed  in  1912 


BANK  OF  HAMILTON. 
Branch  Opened". 

Port  Arthur    Ont. 

Branches  Closed. 

Leslie    Sask. 

Creelman    Sask. 

Bradwell Sask. 

Starbuck     Man. 

Margaret    Man. 

Parkland    Alta. 

THE  DOMINION  BANK. 
Branches  Opened. 

Toronto   (Dupont  St.) Ont. 

Toronto    (Roncesvalles)    ...Ont. 

Toronto    (Dufferin  St.)    Ont. 

Toronto    (Earlscourt)    Ont. 

Ottawa  (By  Ward  Market). Ont. 

Calgary  (Riverside)    Alta. 

Swift   Current    Alta. 

Edmonton   (1st  Street) Alta. 

North   Vancouver    B.C. 

Moose  Jaw  (South  Hill) Sask. 

Port   Arthur    Ont. 

Branches  Closed. 

Malton    (Sub-branch)    Ont. 

New    Dundee    Ont. 

Wawota    Sask. 

THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Alma   Ont. 

Ardath    Sask. 

Aylesbury    Sask. 

Belize    B.  Honduras. 

Blalrmore     Alta. 

Brantf  ord     Ont. 

Callander    Ont. 

Cardston   Alta. 

Conquest    Sask. 

Delisle  Sask. 

Edmonton  (Namayo  Ave.)..Alta. 

Grouard    Alta. 

Havana    (Monte    St.) West  Indies. 

Havana   (Muralla  St.)  ..  .West  Indies. 

Lambeth     Ont. 

L'Epiphanie     Que. 

Milden     Sask. 

Montreal    (Papineau    Ave.).Que. 
Montreal    (Snowdon   June.). Que. 
Montreal  (Van  Home  Ave.).Que. 
New   Westminster    (Sapper- 
ton)    B.C. 

North  Battleford Sask. 

Neuvltas     Cuba, 

Princeton   Ont. 

Rawdon     N.S. 

San  Pedro  de  Macoris Dominica 

Santo   Domingo    Dominica 

Schumacher   Ont. 

Spencerville    ,  •  •  Ont. 

Sussex     N.B. 

Taber Alta. 

Vancouver  (Broadway  East). B.C. 

Vancouver    (Kitsilano)    B.C. 

Victoria    (Douglas    St.) B.C. 

Victoria    (Fort    St.) B.C. 

Weyburn     Sask. 


Branches  Closed. 

Cobalt   Ont. 

Jacquet   River    N.B. 

Port   Morien N.S. 

Rosedale  Ont. 

Stellarton   N.S. 

THE  HOME  BANK  OF  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Komoka    Ont. 

Cresswell    (Sub-branch)    ...Ont. 
Manilla    (Sub-branch)    Ont. 

THE  MOLSONS  BANK. 
Branches  Opened. 

Montreal  (Park  &  Bernard). Que. 

Ville  St.  Pierre Que. 

Belleville   Ont 

Branch  Closed. 
Dashwood    Ont. 

THE  BANK  OF  BRITISH  NORTH 
AMERICA. 

Branches  Opened. 

Boucherville    (Sub-branch).. Que. 

Lillooet   B.C. 

Rosemount    (Sub-branch)  . . .  Que. 

Branch  Closed. 
St.  Martins   N.B. 

THE  METROPOLITAN  BANK. 

Branches  Opened. 

Hamilton    Ont. 

Toronto     (Agnes     &     Eliza- 
beth)     Ont. 

Toronto  (Danforth  &  Pape).Ont 

THE  BANK  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Bell  Island    Nfld. 

Calgary   (West  End) Alta. 

Dalhousie   N.B. 

Fort  William   Ont 

Gagetown   N.B. 

Halifax    (North    End) N.S. 

Ingersoll Ont. 

Kamsack    Sask. 

Lethbridge     Alta. 

Merritton    Ont. 

Moose   Jaw    Sask. 

Saskatoon    (West    Side) Sask. 

Toronto      (St.      Patrick      & 

Spadina)   Ont. 

Ville  St.   Pierre Que. 

Wes  tmount    Que. 

Branches  Closed. 

Parrsboro     N.S. 

Springhill     N.S. 

Ingersoll    Ont 


648 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 


THE   BANK   OF   MONTREAL. 
Branches  Opened. 

Thetford  Mines    Que. 

Princeton    B.C. 

St.  Lawrence  (Sub-branch)  .Que. 

North  Vancouver B.C. 

Calgary,  Ogden  Shops  (Sub- 
branch)     Alta. 

Sapperton  (Sub-branch)  ...B.C. 
Maisonneuve  ( Sub-branch ) .  Que. 
Plum  Coulee  (Sub-branch)  .Man. 

Granby    Que. 

Magog Que. 

Invermere    (Sub-branch).. .  .B.C. 

Calgary    (East   End) Alta. 

Swift   Current    Sask. 

Windsor    Ont. 

Lachine   (Sub-branch) Que. 

Red  Deer   Alta. 

Branches  Closed. 

Marysville     . ' N.B. 

Rosenf eld  Man. 

Oakville    Man. 

THE  BANK  OP  OTTAWA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Ottawa   (Hintonburg)    Ont. 

Toronto    (Danforth    Ave.)..Ont. 

Regina  (Scarth  St.) Sask. 

Vancouver    (Robson    St.)... B.C. 

Riceville     Ont. 

St.  Isidore   Ont. 

Ottawa   (Westboro)    Ont. 

Englehart     Ont. 

Branches  Closed. 

Toronto  (College  Ave.) Ont. 

Timmins    Ont. 


UNION  BANK  OF  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Aylmer    Que. 

Papineauville    Que. 

Hepworth     Ont. 

Orton     Ont. 

Toronto   (Bloor  &  Clinton)  .Ont. 

Fournier     Onf. 

Hagersville    Ont. 

Millbrook     Ont. 

Hamilton    (East  End) Ont. 

New  Dundee  Ont. 

Guelph    Ont. 

Peterborough    (South  End). Ont. 

Thornton    Ont. 

Berwick      Ont. 

Jarvis    Ont. 

Toronto  (Terauley  &  Ger- 
rard)  Ont. 

Guelph  (St.  Patrick's  Ward). Ont. 

Toronto  (Gerrard  &  Green- 
wood)   Ont. 

Winnipeg    (Corydon  Ave.).. Man. 

Winnipeg    (Portage   Ave.).. Man. 

Roland    Man. 

McCreary   Man. 

Nesbitt    Man. 

Winnipeg  (Portage  &  Arling- 
ton)   Man. 

Somerset    Man. 

The  Pas    "Man. 

Winnipeg  (Sargent  &  Arling- 
ton)   Man. 


Viceroy     Sask. 

Assiniboia    Sask. 

Wawota    Sask. 

Macrorie     Sask. 

Estevan    Sask. 

Melf  ort     Sask. 

Piapot   Sask. 

Prince  Albert   Sask. 

Verigin   Sask. 

Loverna    Sask. 

Morse    Sask. 

Sceptre   Sask. 

Kelfield    Sask. 

Bow  Island   Alta. 

Vancouver       (Granville       & 

Robson)    B.C. 

Bellevue    Alta. 

Hillcrest   B.C. 

Swalwell     Alta. 

Consort Alta. 

Hanna    Alta. 

Winnifred    Alta. 

Cereal    Alta. 

Standard     Alta. 

laillooet   B.C. 

Vancouver  Heights B.C. 

New    Hazelton    B.C. 

Vancouver    (Fairview)    ....B.C. 

Telkwa    B.C. 

Newport    B.C. 

New  Westminster   B.C. 

Branches  Closed. 

Ayr    Ont. 

Cobalt   Ont. 


THE  NORTHERN  CROWN  BANK. 
Branches  Opened. 

Vancouver   (Powell   St.) B.C. 

Victoria   (Oak  Bay) B.C. 

La   Riviere    Man. 

Fiske     Sask. 

Holdfast Sask. 

Marengo    Sask. 

Rockhaven   Sask. 

Rush   Lake    Sask. 

Swift  Current Sask. 

Tate     Sask. 

Waldeck   Sask. 

Yorkton    Sask. 

Branches  Closed. 

Aylmer   Que. 

Papineauville    Que. 

Central   Park    B.C. 

IMPERIAL  BANK  OF  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Aurora    Ont. 

Sparta   Ont 

Thorold Ont. 

Invermere    B.C. 

Millet    Alta. 

Toronto  (Queen  &  Kingston 

Rd.)    ..Ont. 

St.  Catharines  (East  End).. Ont. 
Montreal    (Maissonneuve) .  .Que. 

THE  BANK  OF  VANCOUVER. 

Branch  Opened. 
Fort    Fraser    B.C. 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIES 


649 


Branch  Closed. 
Chilliwack    B.C. 

THE  QUEBEC  BANK. 
Branches  Opened. 

Rock  Island    Que. 

Craven    Sask. 

Denzll    Sask. 

Markinch    Sask. 

Neville    Sask. 

Pennant    Sask. 

Rosetown   Sask. 

Sovereign     Sask. 

Swift   Current    Sask. 

Young    Sask. 

Bassano    Alta. 

Clive    Alta. 

Medicine  Hat   Alta. 

Huntingdon   B.C. 

Branch  Closed. 
Alix    Alta. 

BANQUE   INTERNATIONALE  DU   CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Three   Rivers    Que. 

Montreal     (Bonaventure) . .  .Que. 

Montreal    (Bonsecours) Que. 

Montreal   (Mount  Royal)  ..  .Que. 

Quebec    Que. 

Cartierville    Que. 

Murray  Bay    Que. 

Branches  Closed. 

Three  Rivers    Que. 

Montreal   (Bonsecours)    ....Que. 

BANQUE  D'HOCHELAGA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Montreal   (Villeray)    Que. 

Montreal    (St.    Viateur) Que. 

Montreal    (Longue    Pointe).Que. 

Fournier     Ont. 

Longueuil  Que. 

Mont    Laurier     Que. 

Branch  Closed. 
Winnipeg    (Higgins   Ave.)..Man. 

STERLING  BANK  OP  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Bridgeburg    Ont. 

Toronto  (Yonge  &  Carlton)  .Ont. 

Kelwood    .• Man. 

Piapot   Sask. 

Regina    Sask. 

Branches  Closed. 

Haliburton   Ont. 

Kearney    Ont. 

Sparta   Ont. 

LA  BANQUE  PROVINCIALS  DU  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Montreal    (Blvd.  Gouin) Que. 

Montreal  (St.  Catherine  St.). Que. 

Drummondville    Que. 

St.  Andrfe  Avellin Que. 

St.  Barnabe  Nord Que. 

St.    Malachie    Que. 

Ste.   Ursule    Que. 

Laurentides   Que. 


LA  BANQUE  NATIONALS. 
Branches  Opened. 

Armagh    Que. 

Cap  de  la  Madeleine Que. 

ContrecoBur    Que. 

Hull  Que. 

Iberville   Que. 

LaBaie,   Yamaska    Que. 

L'Ange-Gardien,     Rouville.  .Que. 

Maskinongg   Que. 

Montebello     Que. 

Napierville    Que. 

New   Port    Que. 

Notre-Dame-du-Lac    Que. 

Percfe   Que. 

Pointe   Gatineau    Que. 

Saint-Sauveur,    Quebec Que. 

St.    Feiicien    Que. 

Sayabec    Que. 

St.  Agapit   Que. 

St.-Alban    Que. 

St.  Antoine  de  Verchfires. .  .Que. 

St.  Augustin   Que. 

St.   Cuthbert   Que. 

St.   Dominique    Que. 

St.   Esprit    Que. 

St.  Francois,  Montmagny. .  .Que. 

St.    Grfegoire    Que. 

St.    H616ne,    Kam    Que. 

St.  Jean,  Isle  d'Orleans. . .  .Que. 
Ste.  Julie-de-Verch$res  ....Que. 

St.   Paulin    Que. 

Ste.    Victorie    Que. 

Branches  Closed. 

La    Tuque    Que. 

St.    Cyrille   de   Wendover. .  .Que. 

STANDARD  BANK  OP  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Shannonville    Ont. 

Arthur Ont. 

Prussia    Sask. 

Vancouver    B.C. 

West  Toronto  (Dundas  St.). Ont. 
Toronto  (Bloor  &  Ossing- 

ton)    Ont. 

Toronto  (Broadview)    Ont. 

Branch  Closed. 
Midale   Sask. 

WETBURN  SECURITY  BANK. 

Branch  Opened. 
Assiniboia    Sask. 

MERCHANTS'  BANK  OP  CANADA. 
Branches  Opened. 

Delburne    Alta. 

Walsh   Alta. 

Hughenden     Alta. 

Hanna   Alta. 

Redcliff   Alta. 

Edmonton    (Alberta  Ave.)..AJta. 

Brantf  ord     Ont. 

Guelph    Ont. 

Walkervllle   Ont. 

Montreal  (Centre  St.)...  .Que. 
Addison  (Sub-branch)  ..  .Ont. 
Frankville  (Sub-branch)  .Ont. 
Desboro  (Sub-branch)  ...  .Ont. 
Newbury  (Sub-branch)  ..  .Ont. 
Newington  (Sub-branch)  .Ont. 
Austin  Man. 


650 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Big   Valley Alta. 

Rumsey    Alta. 

Ryley    Alta. 

Donalda    Alta. 

Battlef ord    Sask. 

CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE. 
Branches  Opened. 

Vancouver   (Powell  St.) B.C. 

Rock  Creek    B.C. 

North   Vancouver    B.C. 

Victoria  (Oak  Bay  Ave.)...B.C. 

Athabasca   Landing    Alta. 

Hanna    Alta. 

Tilley    Alta. 

Vulcan    Alta. 

Youngstown    Alta. 

Blaine   Lake    Sask. 

Laird  Sask. 

Lewvan     Sask. 

Brockville    Ont. 

Cornwall     Ont. 

Ingersoll     Ont. 

Niagara  Falls Ont. 

Port  Col  borne Ont. 

Port   Stanley    Ont. 

Sault  Ste.  Marie  (West  End). Ont. 

Smith's    Falls     Ont. 

St.    Thomas    Ont. 

Sudbury    Ont. 

Tillsonburg     Ont 

Toronto  (Danforth  &  Broad- 
view)      Ont. 

Toronto    (Earlscourt)    Ont 

Fraserville     Que. 

Montreal    (Maisonneuve)  . .  .Que. 

Montreal   (Prince  Arthur  & 
Park)     Que. 


Nicolet    Que. 

Three   Rivers Que. 

Fredericton    N.B. 

St.   John's    J Nfld. 

Branches  Closed. 

Bounty    Sask. 

Stewart   B.C. 

Midway   (Sub-branch)    B.C. 

St.   Constant    (Sub-branch)  .Que. 

Sub-Agencies   (.equipped  as  Branches). 

Keremeos    B.C. 

Earl  Angus  Que. 

Howick    Que. 

St.   Chrysostome    Que. 

Ste.  Elizabeth Que. 

Weeden   Que. 

BANK  OF  TORONTO. 
Branches  Opened. 

Cobalt Ont 

Norwood   .' Ont. 

Sarnia    (Devine    St.) Ont. 

Stratford    Ont. 

Winnipeg   (Logan  Ave.) . . .  .Man. 

Oyen    Alta, 

Veteran     Alta. 

Youngstown    Alta. 

Assiniboia    Sask. 

Gravelbourg     Sask. 

La   Fleche    Sask. 

Lemberg    Sask. 

Mortlach   Sask. 

Odessa   Sask. 

Springside    Sask. 


The  Chief  Bank    Appointments  of  1912 


Bank  of  Montreal Montreal.. 

Bank  of  Montreal Montreal.. 

Bank  of  Montreal Montreal. . 

Bank   of  Montreal Victoria  . . 

Bank  of  British  North 

America    Montreal. . 

Montreal. . 

Montreal.. 

"  "  Montreal. . 


.Vice-President H.   V.   Meredith. 

.  Director D.  Forbes  Angus. 

.  Director H.  R.  Drummond. 

.  Local  Manager J.  S.  C.  Fraser. 


Bank  of  Toronto 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada . 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada . 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada . 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada . 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Bank  of  British  North 
America  

Montreal  City  and  Dis- 
trict Savings  Bank.. 


Toronto. . . 
Montreal. . 
Montreal. . 
Montreal. . 
Montreal. . 
Montreal. . 


,  General  Manager. . . . 

.  Chief  Inspector 

,  Supt.  of  Branches  . . . 
,  Supt.      of      Eastern 

Branches 

.  Local  Manager 

.  Director 

.  Director 

.Director 

.  2nd  Vice-President. . 
.  Director 


H.  B.  Mackenzie. 
O.  R.  Rowley. 
Jas.  Anderson. 

H.  A.  Harvey. 

J.  Stewart  Skeaff. 

W.  J.  Sheppard. 

C.  S.  Wilcox. 

A.  E.  Dyment. 

E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.c. 

A.  J.  Brown,  K.C. 


Montreal. . .  Local  Manager A.  P.  Hazen. 


.Montreal.. 
Montreal. . 
Union  Bank  of  Canada .  Winnipeg . 

Metropolitan   Bank Toronto. . . 

La    Banque    D'Hoche- 
laga 


Dominion   Bank. . . 
Dominion   Bank... 

Molsons  Bank 

Molsons  Bank 

Merchants      Bank 
Canada    


of 


.  Director F.  W.  Molson. 

.  Vice-President H.  M.  Molson. 

.  Supt.     of    Branches 

(East) A.  S.  Jarvis. 

.Vice-President W.  D.  Ross. 

Montreal..  .President J.  A.  Vailancourt. 

Montreal..  .Vice-President Hon.  F.  L.  Beique. 

Montreal. . .  Director A.  A.  Larocque. 

London Local  Manager J.  Haydn  Horsey. 

Montreal. . .  Local  Manager M.  S.  Bogert. 

Montreal.. . Director W.  M.  Birks. 

Montreal. . .  Director W.  A.  Black. 

.  Montreal. . .  Director Farquhar  Robertson. 

Montreal. . .  Director G.  L.  Cains. 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  AFFAIRS 


651 


Merchants      Bank      of 

Canada    Montreal. . 

Montreal. . . 
Montreal. . , 
Montreal. . . 

Union  Bank  of  Canada .  Winnipeg . 

Bank  of  Montreal Montreal.. 

Bank   of   Hamilton. ..  .Hamilton. 

Dominion    Bank Toronto. . . 

Dominion    Bank Toronto. . . 

Molsons  Bank Montreal. . 

Molsons  Bank Montreal. . 

Molsons  Bank Montreal. . 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia . .  Toronto. . . 

Bank   of   Ottawa Ottawa 

Bank  of  Vancouver. .  .Vancouver 

Quebec    Bank Quebec  . . . 

Quebec    Bank Quebec 

Quebec    Bank Quebec 

Quebec    Bank Quebec 

La  Banque  Nationale. .Montreal. . 
La  Banque  Nationale. .Montreal. . 
Standard  Bank  of  Can- 
ada    Toronto. . . , 

Montreal. . , 
"  "  Montreal.. . 


Director. A.  B.  Evans. 

Director A.  J.  Dawes. 

Director F.  Howard  Wilson 

Vice-President K.    W.  Blackwell. 

,  Director F.  W.  Heubach. 

Director C.  B.  Gordon. 

Asst.  Gen.-Manager  .  J.  P.  Bell. 

Director H.  W.  Hutchinson. 

Director E.  W.  Hamber. 

Supt.  of  Branches. . .  W.  H.  Draper. 

Inspector E.  W.  Waud. 

Inspector  ofWestern 

Branches T.  Beresf ord  Phepoe. 

Director Robt.  E.  Harris,  K.C. 

Director Russell  Blackburn. 

Director George  Barbey. 

Supt.  of  Branches. .  .R.  C.  Patton. 
Inspector,     Eastern 

Branches R.  L.  Y.  Jones. 

Inspector,    Western 

Branches Allan  McDougall. 

Director Peter  Laing. 

Director Nap.  Drouin. 

Chief  Inspector Jos.  S.  Blaie. 

Vice-President Wellington  Francis,  K.C. 

Director G.  P.  Scholfleld. 

Director T.  H.  Wood. 


Chief  Industrial  and  Financial  Appointments 


Montreal  Cottons  Ltd. Montreal. , 
Montreal  Cottons  Ltd. Montreal. , 
Sun  Life  Assurance  Co.Montreal. 
North  American  Life 

Assurance  Co Toronto.. , 

North    American    Life 

Assurance  Co Toronto. . . 

Canada     Life     Assur- 
ance Co Toronto. . , 

Montreal. 
Toronto. . , 
Toronto. . . 
Toronto. . . 
Toronto. . . 

Imperial    Life    Insur- 
ance Co Toronto. . . 

Imperial    Life    Insur- 
ance Co Toronto. . . 

Confederation          Life 

Assurance    Co Toronto. . . 

Toronto. . . 

"  "  Toronto.., 

Trusts  &  Guarantee  Co.Toronto. . . 
Trusts  &  Guarantee  Co.Toronto. . , 
Canadian  Locomotive 

Works  Co Kingston  . 

Canadian  General 

Electric    Co Toronto. . , 

Toronto. . . 
Toronto.. . 
Toronto. . . 
Mexican  Northern 

Power  Co Montreal. . 

'<  Montreal. . 

Toronto  General  Trusts 

Corporation   Toronto. . . 

Massey-Harris  Co.  Ltd.Toronto. . . 
Massey- Harris  Co.  Ltd.Toronto. . . 
Massey-Harris  Co.  Ltd.Toronto. . . 
B.     C.     Lumber      Cor- 
poration, Ltd Montreal. . 

Canada          Permanent 

Mortgage  Corporation.Toronto. . . 
Montreal   Tramways. . .  Montreal. . 


.Vice-President C.  B.  Gordon. 

.  Director F.  W.  Molson. 

.  Director G.  E.  Drummond. 

.  President Edward  Gurney. 

.  Vice-President L.  Goldman. 

.Vice-President Sir  John  M.  Gibson. 

.  Local  Manager Col.  E.  W.  Wilson. 

.  Director Robt.  Stuart. 

.  Director H.  A.  Richardson. 

.  Secretary C.  R.  Acres. 

.  Actuary W.  A.  P.  Wood. 

.  President H.  C.  Cox. 

.  Vice-President G.  A.  Morrow. 

.  President J.  K.  Macdonald. 

.Director Lieut.-Col.  A.  E.  Good- 

erham. 

.  Vice-President Sir  Edmund  Osier. 

.  President Jas.   J.  Warren. 

.  Director W.  D.  Bell. 

.President /Emilius  Jarvis. 

.  Hon.  President W.  R.  Brock. 

.  Vice-President W.  D.  Matthews. 

.  President Fred.  Nicholls. 

.Director F.  Gordon  Osier. 

,  President D.  E.  Thomson,  K.C. 

.Vice-President A.  E.  Ames. 

.  Director R.  W.  Leonard. 

.Vice-President Thos.  Findley. 

.  Director Sir  Edmund  Walker. 

.  Director E.  R.  Wood. 

.  President G.  F.  Johnston. 

.Director. John  Massey. 

.  General-Manager J.  E.  Hutchison. 


652  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Guardian  Accident  and 

Guarantee  Co Montreal. . .  Director P.  L.  Wanklyn. 

Dominion  Trust  Co. ..  .Toronto. ..  .General  Manager. ..  .E.  P.  Miller. 
Credit  Foncier  Franco- 

Canadien    Montreal. . .  Director Tancrede  Bienvenu. 

Royal  Trust  Company .  Montreal. . .  Director C.  B.  Gordon. 

Royal  Trust  Company .  Montreal. . .  Manager A.  E.  Holt. 

Lake      Superior      Cor-  Sault.    Ste. 

poration    Marie Director. W.  E.  Stavert. 

National  Trust  Co ....  Montreal. . .  Director H.  J.  Puller. 

National  Trust  Co. ...  Montreal. . .  Manager Percival  Molson. 

National  Trust  Co. ..  .Toronto. ...  Estates  Manager. ..  .G.  H.  D.  Lee. 

Dominion  Coal  Co Sydney  . . .  .General  Manager.. .  .D.  H.  McDougall. 

Dominion       Securities 

Corporation    Toronto. . . .  President E.  R,  Wood. 

Dominion        Securities 

Corporation    Toronto. . . .  1st  Vice-President. . .  G.  A.  Morrow. 

Dominion  Bond  Co. ..  .Toronto. ..  .General  Manager. ...  Stanley  Mann. 
Manufacturers'        Life 

Insurance    Co Toronto. ..  .Manager  for  Quebec. R.  G.  McCuish. 

London    Guarantee    & 

Accident    Co Montreal. . .  General  Manager H.  C.  Thistleton. 

Algoma  Steel  Corpora-  Sault    Ste. 

tion    Marie General  Manager. . . .  Samuel  Hale. 

XIV.-CANADIAN  DEVELOPMENT  AND 
RESOURCES 

Feb.  14. — At  the  3rd  annual  Conference  of  the  Fruit  Growers  of  Canada 
held  in  Ottawa,  it  is  stated  by  W.  W.  Moore,  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  that  the  total  capital  value  of  the  fruit-growing 
industry  in  British  Columbia,  Ontario,  Quebec  and  the  Mari- 
time Provinces  is,  in  round  numbers,  $127,000,000. 

Mch.  18. — The  Report  of  this  date  to  the  Dominion  Government,  by  Arthur 
Hawkes,  Special  Commissioner,  contains  the  following  recom- 
mendations : 

1.  That  immigration  must  be  secured  and  directed  for 
the  immediate  production  of  commodities  from  Canadian 
natural   resources,  as  distinct  from,  and   more  necessary 
than,  its  employment  for  the  expenditure  of  capital  brought 
in  from  outside. 

2.  That  plans  for  placing  and  employing  new  population 
in  each  Province  should  be  made  and  primarily  carried  out 
on  Provincial  bases,  in  sympathetic  conjunction  with  the 
Dominion;    without  regard  to   the   likelihood  of  political 
accidents. 

3.  That  the  Dominion  should  re-adapt  its  machinery  for 
obtaining  immigrants  with  a  view  to  securing  the  utmost 
degree  of  permanence  in  the  stream  of  immigration  and 
the  most  equal  distribution  of  it,  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  of  each  Province. 

Mch.  21.— In  his  farewell  address  as  Speaker  of  the  U.S.  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, Mr.  Beauchamp  Clark — known  to  the  Canadian  pub- 
lic as  Champ  Clark — says:  "On  one  day  in  my  County,  one  of 
the  richest  Counties  under  the  sun,  43  families  loaded  up  and 
chartered  on  entire  freight  train,  and  pulled  out  for  Alberta. 
There  was  not  a  man  amongst  them  who  was  not  fairly  well- 
to-do.  Another  man  in  my  district  sold  his  farm  for  about 
$40,000;  moved  to  Canada  and  purchased  10,000  acres  of  land 
in  the  West.  He  gave  to  each  of  his  eight  children  1,000  acres, 
keeping  2,000  for  himself." 

Mch.  31. — The  Exports  of  Canada,  according  to  nature  of  product,  have 
been  as  follows  in  the  fiscal  year  1911-12— the  largest  in  Cana- 
dian history: 


CANADIAN  DEVELOPMENT  AND  RESOURCES 


653 


Division  To  United  To  United 

or  Classes.  Kingdom.  States. 

The    Mine |5,555,599  133,259.580 

The   Fisheries 5.132,047  5,378,664 

The   Forest 10,950,840  25,483.532 

Animal  Produce...  36,923,024  9,864,524 
Agricultural      Pro- 
ducts      81,784,731  11,685.611 

Manufactures    6,852,710  16,312,751 

Miscellaneous    41,462  56,560 


To  Other 
Countries. 

Proportion  of 
Total  to 
U.  K.      U.  S.       O.  C. 

$2,509,337 
6,193,967 
4,458,302 
1,423,106 

13-45 
30-72 
26'-78 
76'-59 

80-48 
32-20 
62-32 
20-46 

6-07 
37-08 
10-90 
2'-  9  5 

13,673,033 
12,670,823 
13,654 

76-33 
19'-12 
37'-13 

10:91 
45-52 
60-65 

12:76 
35-36 
12-22 

Total    $147,240,413     $102,041,222     $40,942,222     50:73     35'16     14-11 

Mch.  31. — The  Statistical  record  of  Canada  in  this  fiscal  year  compared 
with  1911  was,  along  certain  lines,  as  follows: 

1912.  1911- 

Area    (square   miles) 3,729,665  3,729,665 

Population    .  7,423,000  7,158,000 

Bank  Assets $1,490,443,071  $1,302.131,886 

Total   Revenue $136,108,217  $117,780,410 

Money   Orders $84.065.891  $70,614,862 

Letters    sent..  566,140,000  504,233,000 

Post  cards  sent 54,727,000  49,313,000 

Gross   Railway  Earnings $219,403,763  $188,733,494 

Railway  operating  expenses $150,726,540  $131,034,78 

Total  Vessels  arrived  and  departed.  256,417  259,158 

Total    Imports $559,320.544  $472.247,540 

Total   Exports $315,317,250  $297,196,365 

Total    Trade $874,637,794  $769,443.905 

Mch.  31. — During  the  year  only  one  country  exceeded  Canada  in  the  per- 
centage of  its  trade  growth — the  Argentine  Republic,  which  had 
an  increase  of  145*50  per  cent  as  against  Canada's  106-33. 
Canadian  commerce  in  1911-12,  with  the  chief  countries  con- 
cerned, was  as  follows: 


Country.                              Exports  to.  Imports  from. 

United    Kingdom $151,853,413  $116.907,022 

United    States 120,534,634  356,354,478 

3,814,914  11,090,005 

3,732,222  3,686,419 

4,284,313  1,841,887 

6,900,940  8,490,878 

4,825,030  10,533,310 

3,947,015  94.006 

2,123,705  11,744.664 

902,375  3,112,982 


Germany   

Belgium 

Newfoundland     . . 

West    Indies 

South  America. . . 

Australia 

France     

China  and  Japan. 


Apl.  15. — The  quantity  of  Pulp-wood  manufactured  In  Canada  in  1911 
shows  an  increase  of  73,801  cords  (or  12-3  per  cent.)  over  1910. 
In  1911,  672,288  cords  were  manufactured,  as  compared  with 
598,487  cords  in  the  previous  year.  The  value  of  the  wood  also 
increased,  the  1911  product  bringing  to  its  vendors  14,338,024 
as  compared  with  $3,585,154  for  1910. 

May  29. — A  Report  dealing  with  the  Coal  resources  of  Canada,  issued  by 
the  Dominion  Department  of  Mines,  states  that  in  Western  and 
Northern  regions,  which  have  been  but  little  explored,  there 
may  be  vast  deposits  of  which  nothing  whatever  is  known  at 
present.  The  officials,  however,  estimate  that  of  bituminous 
coal  there  is  in  Canada  73,500,000,000  tons,  of  anthracite  461,000,- 
000  tons,  and  sub-bituminous  coal  and  lignite  109,990,000,000 
tons.  The  Coal  deposits  are  said  to  be  distributed  as  follows: 
the  Maritime  Provinces  3,500,000,000  tons,  all  bituminous; 
the  Central  Plains  and  the  eastern  Rocky  mountains,  30,000,- 


654 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 


000,000  tons  of  bituminous,  400,000,000  tons  of  anthracite  and 
100,000,000,000  tons  of  sub-bituminous  and  lignite;  the  Pacific 
Coast  and  the  Western  mountains  40,000,000,000  tons  of  bitu- 
minous, 61,000,000  tons  of  anthracite,  500,000,000  tons  of  lignite; 
the  Arctic-Mackenzie  basin  490,000,000  tons  of  lignite. 

June  5. — To  discuss  the  American  exodus  to  Canada  the  Governors  of 
the  Border  States  meet  at  Seattle  in  Conference  with  the  North- 
west Development  League  and  with  Railway  leaders  of  the 
American  West,  such  as  L.  W.  Hill,  of  the  Great  Northern,  and 
Howard  Elliott,  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  The  Conference  is 
opened  by  Governor  Hay,  of  Washington,  and  a  strong  effort 
is  made  to  have  the  seven  states  of  Minnesota,  North  and  South 
Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Washington  and  Oregon  contribute 
$50,000  annually  to  make,  with  additional  contributions  from 
the  Railroads,  a  total  fund  of  $500,000  with  which  to  advertise 
the  United  States  West  amongst  its  own  people  and  in  opposi- 
tion to  Canada.  Thomas  Penwell,  of  Helena,  Mont.,  is  re- 
elected  President  of  the  League. 

July  1. — The  Department  of  the  Interior  issues  statistics  of  Immigration 
into  Canada  showing  the  arrivals  at  inland  and  ocean  ports 
for  the  15  years,  ending  Mch.  31,  1912,  as  861,541,  from  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland;  733,067  from  the  United  States;  646,153 
from  other  countries;  a  total  of  2,240,761. 

Aug.  15. — The  value  of  Industrial  Products  in  Canada  at  the  1900  Census 
was  $481,053,375;  at  that  of  1905,  $718,352,603;  at  that  of  1910 
it  is  officially  and  in  detail  reported  as  follows: 


Groups  of 

Industries. 


Establish- 
ments. 


Value  of 

Products. 

$245,669,321 

135,902,441 

113,640,610 

184,630,376 

62,850,412 
46,458,053 

28,936,782 
27,798,833 
25,781,860 

73,241,796 
25,329,323 
69,712,114 
6,575,417 

104,618,560 
14,829,741 

Totals 19,218     $1,247,583,609     471,126     $197,228,701     $1,165,975,639 

Oct  11. — It  is  estimated  from  the  United  States  Census  returns  that 
there  are  3,889,169  British  subjects  residing  in  the  United 
States,  of  whom  1,221,000  are  from  Canada  and  Newfoundland, 
and  1,378,428  from  Ireland. 

Nov.  2. — The  Wall  Street  Journal,  N.  Y.,  publishes  the  following  estimate 
of  Wealth  taken  into  Canada  by  United  States  emigrants: 


Food  products 6,985 

Textiles   1,444 

Iron  and  steel  pro- 
ducts    824 

Timber  and  lumber 
and  re-manufac- 
tures    4,999 

Leather  and  its  fin- 
ished products. . 

Paper  and  printing 

Liquors  and  bever- 
ages   

Chemicals  and 
allied  products.. 

Clay,  glass  and 
stone  products . . 

Metals  and  metal 
products  other 
than  steel 

Tobacco  and  its 
manufactures 

Vehicles  for  land 
transportation  . . 

Vessels  for  water 
transportation  . . 

Miscellaneous  In- 
dustries    1,011 

Hand    trades 423 


399 
773 

260 
178 
771 

341 
173 
465 
172 


•          Employees   Wages 
Capital,   on  Wages.    Paid. 

$133,044,523 
108,787,407 

52,730 
72,672 

$14,492,568 
26,703,826 

123,561,319 

48,558 

25,792,388 

269,889,715 

110,049 

39,379,739 

48,788,803 
62,677,612 

22,742 
22,894 

9,644,403 
10,866,721 

43.237,757 

4,688 

2,649,284 

26,926,124 

5,274 

2,393,971 

45,859,507 

17,699 

7,745,345 

67,133,540 

17,502 

9,776,371 

21,659,935 

8,763 

3,325,011 

49,397,096 

35.778 

19,543,003 

10,351,765 

4,414 

2,332,240 

235,148,103 
11,120,403 

38,537 
8,826 

18,486,046 
4,097,785 

CANADIAN  DEVELOPMENT  AND  EESOUKCES 


655 


Calendar  Emigrants 

Year.  (number). 

1912 150,000 

1911 131,114 

1910 124,602 

1909 90,996 

1908 57,124 

1907 56,687 

1906 63,782 


Wealth 
(per  capita). 
$1,300 
1,539 
1,061 
811 
1,152 
885 
809 


Total  Value  of 
Effects  and  Cash. 
$200,000,000 
201,784,446 
132,202,722 
73,797,758 
65,806,848 
50,167,995 
51,599,638 


Total 674,305  $1,150  $775,359,447 

Dec.  31. — The  Field  crops  of  Canada  in  1912  were  as  follows: 

Area.  Total  Yield.  Total 

Crop.  (Acres.)                     (Bush.)                        Value. 

Fall   Wheat 781,000  16,396,000  $13,735,000 

Spring    Wheat 8,977,400  182,840,000  109,878,000 

All    Wheat 9,758,400  199,236,000  123,522,000 

Oats    9,216,900  361,733,000  116,996,000 

Barley    1,415,200  44,014,000                    20,405,000 

Mixed    grains 522,100  17,952,000                    10,690,000 

Flax     1,677,800  21,681,500                     19,626,000 

Corn   for   husking..  292,850  16,569,800                    10,325,400 

Potatoes    472,400  81,343,000                     32,173.000 

Turnips,    etc 217,400  87,505,000                    20,713,000 

(tons) 

Hay  and  Clover 7,633,600  11,189,000  124,009,000 

Fodder    Corn 278,740                       2,858,900                     13,557,500 

Miscellaneous    964,030  18,115,400                    19,934,200 

Dec.  31. — The  Milling  capacity  of  Canada  in  1912,  west  of  the  Great 
Lakes  is  stated  at  139  mills  and  46,580  barrels  daily;  East  of 
the  Lakes  it  is  placed  at  495  mills  and  64,628  barrels— a  total 
of  111,208  barrels  daily  compared  with  99,008  in  1911. 

Dec.  31. — The  Mineral  production  of  Canada — preliminary  official  Re- 
port— was  as  follows  in  the  calendar  year  1912: 


Mineral. 
Copper                . 

Value. 
....   $12,709,311 

Mineral. 
Asbestor  and  asbestic 
Coal    

Value. 
$2,979,384 
36,349,299 
1,320,883 
2,311,126 
345,T>50 
459,582 
9,083,216 
9,343,321 
1,717,771 
4,675,851 

3,364,017 

Gold      

12,559,443 

Pig    iron  

14,550,999 

Gypsum  

1  597,554 

Natural  gas  

Nickel         

13,452,463 

Silver    

19,425,656 

Salt  

Other     metallic 
ducts  

pro- 
.  .    .  .           982,676 

Cement  

Less  Pig  iron  ere 
to   imported   o 

Total    metal 

$75,278,102 
dited 
res..      14,100,113 

Stone    

Miscellaneous       non- 
metallic  

Total  non-metallic 
Grand   Total.  .  . 

lie...    $61,177,989 

$71,949,500 
$133,127.489 

Dec.    31. — The  Census  statistics  (1910  and  1900)  stated  the  following  as 
the  origins  of  the  chief  part  of  Canada's  population: 


English    
Irish    

1911. 
1,823,150 
1,050,384 

1901. 
1,260,899 
988,721 

Chinese  
Dutch  

Scotch    
Welsh,    etc  .  . 
French    
German 
Austro-Hun.  . 

997,880 
25,571 
2,054,890 
393,320 
129,103 

800,154 
13,415 
1,649,371 
310,501 
18,178 

Finnish  .... 
Indian  
Italian  
Jewish  
Scandinavian 

1911. 
27,774 
54,986 
15,497 

105,492 
45,411 
75,681 

107,535 


1901. 

17,376 

33,845 

2,502 

127,941 

10,834 

16,131 

31,042 


XV.-CANADIAN  LITERATURE  AND 
JOURNALISM. 

The  most  discussed  literary  incident  of  the  year  was  the  law-suit 
instituted  by  G.  G.  S.  Lindsey,  K.C.,  a  grandson  of  William  Lyoii 
Mackenzie,  in  order  to  enforce  the  return  of  certain  documents, 
extracts,  etc.,  obtained  from  the  Plaintiff's  library  and  to  pre- 
vent the  publication  of  these  in  a  Life  of  Mackenzie  written  by  Dr. 
W.  D.  Le  Sueur,  President  of  the  Koyal  Society  of  Canada.  Mr. 
Lindsey's  contention  was  that  the  volume,  to  be  based  upon  a  study  of 
these  documents,  was  to  be  written  as  a  sympathetic  treatment  of  the 
politician's  career — which  the  book  was  alleged  not  to  be.  Incidentally 
the  case  involved  consideration  of  the  editorial  work  on  the  Makers  of 
Canada  Series  in  which  the  book  was  to  have  been  published ;  the  rejec- 
tion of  a  volume  upon  the  same  subject  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Hughes  upon  Mr. 
Le  Sueur's  advice  and  because  of  alleged  Liberal  partisanship;  the 
reading  of  various  letters  dealing  with  these  books  and  the  writers  in 
a  most  private  and  personal  way. 

Originally,  Mr.  Le  Sueur  had  been  paid  for  his  manuscript  and 
when  the  Morang  Company  refused  to  publish  it,  he  sent  a  cheque  in 
refund  of  the  amount,  but  was  still  refused  possession  of  the  manu- 
script. He  had  then  sued  the  Company  and  had  won  in  1911,  so  far  as 
possession  of  the  manuscript  was  concerned.  The  1912  case  was 
heard  by  Judge  Britton  in  November  and  Mr.  Lindsey,  as  Plaintiff, 
demanded  (1)  the  return  of  extracts  and  copies  compiled  from  his 
Library,  (2)  an  injunction  restraining  the  author  from  publishing 
any  book  containing  such  extracts  and  (3)  damages  for  wrongful  con- 
version of  material.  The  discussion  before  the  Court  was  very  largely 
partisan.  Was  Mackenzie  simply  an  agitator  and  rebel  or  was  he  a 
Maker  of  Canada  and  the  chief  instrument  in  obtaining  Eesponsible 
Government  ?  Was  he  a  Statesman  and  the  Tories  of  his  time  simply 
selfish  Office-holders  or  were  the  latter  Statesmen  and  Mackenzie  an 
irresponsible  demagogue?  Nothing  new  could  be  brought  out  by  the 
defence  because  of  its  inability  to  use  the  documents  in  question  yet 
much  of  the  evidence  was  historically  interesting.  Amongst  the  letters 
read  was  one  written  by  Dr.  Le  Sueur  asking  why  such  obvious 
"  Makers  of  Canada  "  and  constructive  statesmen  as  Bishop  Strachan 
and  Sir  John  Beverley  Eobinson  should  be  left  out  of  the  Series! 
Judgment  was  reserved  on  Nov.  15th  and  finally  delivered  (Jan.  9, 
1913)  as  follows: 

The  Plaintiff  Is  entitled  to  an  order  requiring  the  Defendant  to  deliver 
up  to  the  Plaintiff  all  of  the  extracts  from  and  copies  of  any  documents 
in  the  William  Lyon  Mackenzie  collection  mentioned  in  the  statement  of 
claim;  an  order  restraining  the  Defendant,  his  servants  and  agents,  from 
publishing  or  causing  to  be  published  any  book  which  contains  any  of 
said  extracts  or  copies,  or  that  contains  information  avowedly  obtained 
from  the  Mackenzie  collection.  The  Plaintiff  has  not  sustained  any  sub- 


CANADIAN  LITERATURE  AND  JOURNALISM  657 

stantlal  pecuniary  damages,  but  a  legal  Injury  will  be  done  if  the  collec- 
tion without  the  consent  is  interfered  with,  and  he  is  entitled  at  least 
to  nominal  damages,  say  $5.  The  judgment  will  be  with  costs,  payable  by 
the  Defendant  to  the  Plaintiff. 

Following  the  trial  Mr.  Le  Sueur  summarized  certain  points  in 
his  own  favour  and  as  a  basis  for  appeal.  (1)  He  never  promised  or 
represented  that  the  work  would  be  in  sympathy  with  the  character, 
etc.,  of  Mackenzie — he  proposed  to  deal  with  the  subject  historically. 
(2)  He  explained  his  criticism  of  Hughes'  Life  of  Mackenzie  in  that 
objection  was  "not  made  to  Mackenzie  being  praised,  but  to  the  very 
flat,  conventional,  ready-made  fashion  in  which  the  praising  was  done — 
which  was  said  to  be  quite  a  different  thing.  The  Defendant  criticized, 
not  as  hostile  to  Mackenzie,  but  as  a  man  familiar,  more  or  less,  with 
the  better  models  and  standards  of  historical  writing.  (3)  These 
comments  were  not  considered  partisan  by  Mr.  Morang,  who  at  once 
asked  him  to  write  the  book  and  who,  presumably,  made  Mr.  Lindsey 
familiar,  afterwards,  with  his  expressed  views.  (4)  Neither  the 
Plaintiff  nor  his  Father — the  late  Charles  Lindsey — ever  expressed 
to  the  Defendant  verbally  or  otherwise  any  wish  as  to  the  way  he  should 
write  the  book  and,  if  they  were  so  anxious  to  guard  Mackenzie's 
reputation,  why  did  they  not  have  a  contract  or  definite  understand- 
ing. Whatever  the  merits  of  these  arguments  or  those  on  the  other 
side  it  would  seem  obvious  that  this  judgment — if  not  appealed — sup- 
pressed a  book  of  much  public  interest. 

The  principal  event  of  the  year  in  a  publishing  sense  was  the  pre- 
paration, in  its  final  stages,  of  a  work  in  22  Volumes  entitled  Canada 
and  Its  Provinces:  A  History.  The  General  Editors  were  Dr.  Adam 
Shortt  and  Dr.  Arthur  G.  Doughty'  and  with  them  were  associated 
about  a  hundred  prominent  or  authoritative  writers  upon  a  wide 
variety  of  specific  subjects  allotted  to  them  for  treatment.  To  carry 
through  this  undertaking  the  Publishers'  Association  of  Canada,  Ltd., 
had  been  incorporated  in  1911  and  fully  organized  in  1912  with 
Robert  Glasgow,  a  man  of  experience  and  ability,  as  President 
of  the  Company.  The  subscribed  capital  was  $250,000,  and  the 
announced  and  general  object  was  "to  open  up  a  profitable  market 
for  the  literary  output  of  Canadian  writers  and  investigators  and 
thus  to  stimulate  an  important  department  of  labour  which  it  is 
desirable  to  encourage  in  Canada."  During  the  year  several  important 
publications  were  undertaken  but  the  chief  one  was  Canada  and  Its 
Provinces.  Each  Section  of  this  Work  was  allotted  to  an  Editor  and 
at  the  close  of  1912  four  Volumes  were  being  printed  by  T.  &  A. 
Constable  of  Edinburgh,  and  published  in  a  style  of  binding  and 
mechanical  form  typical  of  high-class  British  workmanship.  The 
Sections  and  Editors  were  as  follows : 

Section.  Subject.  Editor. 

I.     New  France,   1534-1760 Thomas  Chapais,  Litt.o.,  F.R.S.C. 

II.     British   Dominion,    1760-1840 F.  P.  Walton.  LL.D. 

III.  United  Canada,   1840-1867 William  L.  Grant,  M.A. 

IV.  The    Dominion :    Political    Devel- 

opment    George  M.  Wrong,  M.A.,  F.R.S.C. 

40 


658  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Section.                          Subject  Editor. 
V.  .  The  Dominion :  Industrial  Devel- 
opment     James  Bonar,  LL.D. 

VI.     The     Dominion:     Missions,     Arts 

and  Letters Arthur  G.  Doughty,  C.M.O.,  Litt.D.,  LL.D. 

VII.     The  Atlantic  Provinces Andrew  MacPhail,  F.R.S.C. 

VIII.     The  Province  of  Quebec A.  D.  DeCelles,  C.M.Q.,  LL.D. 

IX.     The   Province  of  Ontario A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun,  LL.D. 

X.     The  Prairie  Provinces D.  M.  Duncan,  M.A. 

XI.     The   Pacific   Province W.  H.  P.  Clement,  K.C. 

XII.     General  Index,  Tables  and  Bibli- 
ography     Arthur  G.  Doughty,  C.M.Q.,  Litt.D.,  LL.D. 

The  year  was  notable  for  active  work  in  and  amongst  the  Cana- 
dian Archives.  Under  direction  of  Dr.  A.  G.  Doughty,  much  histori- 
cal material  throughout  Canada  was  studied  and  collected ;  a  gift  from 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Mastin  of  Stratford-on-Avon  enriched  the  Archives  with 
a  collection  of  autograph  books  and  various  personal  articles  and 
mementoes  of  Queen  Victoria  and  the  Royal  Family ;  the  Manuscripts 
Commission  was  re-organized,  under  direction  of  Hon.  W.  J.  Roche, 
with  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  Toronto,  Hon.  Thomas  Chapais,  Quebec, 
R,  E.  Gosnell,  Victoria,  Archdeacon  W.  0.  Raymond,  St.  John,  Arch- 
deacon .W.  J.  Armitage,  Halifax,  and  Professors  Wing,  W.  L.  Grant, 
Adam  Shortt,  C.  W.  Colby,  and  Chester  Martin  as  members.  The 
Royal  Society  of  Canada  met  at  Ottawa  on  May  15-16  and,  after 
hearing  various  papers,  elected  Dr.  W.  D.  Le  Sueur  President,  Dr. 
F.  D.  Adams,  Vice-President,  Duncan  C.  Scott,  Honorary- Secretary,, 
and  Lawrence  M.  Lambe,  Honorary-Treasurer. 

Several  Canadian  authors  were  honoured  with  Memorials  during 
the  year.  A  monument  to  Alexander  Muir  of  "  Maple  Leaf  "  fame 
was  unveiled  in  Toronto  on  May  19th;  another  to  Francois  Xavier 
Garneau  was  unveiled  on  the  Parliament  Buildings  grounds  at  Quebec 
by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  on  Sept.  19th;  a  similar  ceremony  was 
performed  at  Havre,  France,  on  Nov.  3rd  for  a  statue  of  Octave 
Cremazie,  the  French-Canadian  poet.  The  Ontario  Historical  Society 
met  at  Napanee  on  June  5-6,  listened  to  many  papers  and  elected 
John  Dearness,  London,  as  President,  Sir  Edmund  Walker  and  C.  M. 
Warner,  Vice-Presidents  and  C.  W.  James,  Treasurer.  In  British 
Columbia,  E.  0.  S.  Scholefield,  the  energetic  Provincial  Librarian, 
took  a  long  trip  into  the  Interior  and  collected  much  material  bear- 
ing upon  the  early  life  of  the  Province  while  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  the 
only  surviving  Father  of  Confederation,  contributed  to  the  Vancouver 
Province  of  Sept.  21  and  other  dates  important  and  interesting 
reminiscences  of  the  earlier  public  life  of  Canada.  The  chief  Cana- 
dian books  *  of  the  year  may  be  briefly  reviewed  herewith. 

Reminiscences:   By  THE  RT.  HON.  SIB  RICHARD  CARTWRIGHT,  G.C.M.G.,  p.c. 

Toronto,  Wm.  Briggs.     Pp.  405. 

Probably  the  Book  of  the  Year  in  Canada;  certainly  the  literary  and 
political  sensation  of  the  year.  Written  in  the  clear,  concise,  cultured, 
caustic  English  for  which  the  Author  was  noted  in  his  public  speeches; 
bitter  toward  his  old-time  opponents  with  a  bitterness  which  was  char- 
acteristic of  the  man  in  public  life  as  it  apparently  was  of  the  writer  in 

*  NOTE. — A  List  of  Canadian  Publications  of  the  Year  in  addition  to  these 
is  given,  as  usual,  in  the  first  part  of  this  volume. 


CANADIAN  LITERATURE  AND  JOURNALISM  659 

his  study;  redolent  of  the  passions  and  prejudices,  the  fights  and  fury, 
the  partisan  arguments  of  other  days;  the  volume  is  always  interesting, 
the  contention  always  vehement,  the  lance  always  full-tilted  against  the 
enemy.  Issue  was  taken  with  many  of  the  statements  made — notably  as 
to  one  about  Sir  John  Macdonald;  while  Sir  Joseph  Pope,  in  a  pamphlet 
published  later,  proved  the  inaccuracy  of  other  stories.  It  is,  however, 
a  book  which  no  student  of  Canadian  affairs  can  afford  to  neglect;  it  is 
always  interesting  and  instinctive  with  personal  virility. 

Flint  and  Feathers:    By  E.   PAULINE  JOHNSON    (TEKAHIONWAKE).     The 
Musson  Book  Co.,  Ltd.,  Toronto  and  London.     Pp.  156. 

A  volume  of  poetry  which  rises  at  times  to  a  high  level  and  never 
sinks  to  a  low  one.  Written  by  the  daughter  of  a  long  line  of  Iroquois 
chieftains,  dedicated  to  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  as  Head  Chief 
of  the  Six  Nations,  inspired  by  love  for  the  Canadian  soil  and  the  spirit 
of  the  Canadian  peoples  who  have  passed  from  power  as  well  as  for  those 
who  have  come  into  the  seats  of  the  mighty,  it  is,  all  in  all,  a  striking  and 
varied  product  of  poetic  capacity.  That  Miss  Johnson  should  have  died 
a  few  months  after  the  Issue  of  this  volume  lends  to  its  pages  an  addi- 
tional and  mournful  interest.  Let  these  lines  on  the  Mounted  Police  speak 
for  the  book: 

These  are  the  fearless  fighters  whose  life  in  the  open  lies, 

Who  never  fail  on  the  Prairie  trail  'neath  the  Territorial  skies; 

These  are  the  men  who  battle  the  blizzards,  the  suns,  the  rains, 

These  are  the  famed,  that  the  North  has  named,  the  "  Riders  of  the 

Plains"; 

And  theirs  is  the  might  and  the  meaning  and  the  strength  of  the  bull- 
dog's Jaw, 
While  they  keep  the  peace  of  the  people  and  the  honour  of  British  law. 

Open  Trails:  By  "JANET  CANUCK"  (EMILY  FERGUSON  MURPHY).    Cassell 
&  Co.,  Ltd.,  Toronto.    Pp.  292. 

A  book  replete  with  personal  life-interest;  dealing  with  Western 
people  and  characters,  incidents  and  diversions,  work  and  conditions; 
touching  upon  railway  building,  home  building,  nation  building;  bringing 
the  reader  into  touch  with  the  immigrant,  the  farmer,  the  woman  of 
the  West,  the  labourer.  Written  by  one  who  is  well-known  throughout 
Western  Canada  as  Mrs.  Murphy,  President  of  the  Women's  Canadian 
Club,  Edmonton,  and  as  the  gentlest  of  suffragists,  the  kindest  of  poli- 
ticians, the  most  eloquent  of  women  speakers,  the  volume  is  full  of  quaint 
conceits,  pleasant  facts,  interesting  incident. 

Rhymes  of  a  Rolling  Stone:  By  ROBERT  W.  SERVICE.    Toronto,  Wm.  Briggs, 
Pp.  195. 

Mr.  Service  has  won  an  assured  and  prosperous  place  in  the  poetic 
literature  of  Canada.  As  in  his  preceding  volumes  these  poems  revel 
and  riot  in  nature;  the  writer  seems  to  tell  the  full  truth  when  he  says 
"  there's  sunshine  in  the  'heart  of  me,  my  blood  sings  in  the  breeze."  The 
life  of  the  North,  the  boundless  rim  of  the  prairie,  the  lilt  of  the  wander- 
ing wave;  at  times  the  rugged,  seared  life  of  the  worker  in  the  world's 
wilds  or  the  wanderlust  of  the  man  who  takes  the  trail  on  trust;  are 
characteristic  of  this  striking  verse. 

Still  red  blood  calls,  still  rings  the  gallant  fray; 

Adventure  beacons  through  the  summer  gloaming; 
Oh,  long  and  long  and  long  will  be  the  day 

Ere  I  come  homing. 


660  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Pickanock:  By  BEBTAL  HEENEY.    Toronto,  Bell  &  Cockburn.    Pp.  288. 

A  Tale  of  settlement  days  along  the  banks  of  the  Gatineau,  north  of 
what  afterwards  became  the  Capital  of  Canada.  It  is  a  simple,  unpre- 
tentious story  of  struggle,  and  sometimes  drudgery,  amid  conditions,  how- 
ever, which  permitted  the  sights  and  sounds,  the  hopes  and  fears,  of  life 
within  a  circle  of  nature  to  find  full  expression.  The  ways  of  the  pioneer, 
the  life  of  the  people,  are  depicted  and  embodied  in  these  quiet  pages. 

The  Story  of  Tecumseh:    By  NORMAN  S.  GUED.     Toronto,  Wm.  Briggs. 
Pp.  184. 

An  excellent  volume  for  children  and  not  without  real  interest  for 
their  elders.  The  second  of  the  "  Canadian  Heroes  Series "  published 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Ontario  Library  Association.  Mr.  Gurd  has 
here  depicted  the  life  and  valiant  qualities  of  one  who  belonged  to  a  race 
whose  cause  is  as  silent  on  the  pages  of  history  as  it  is  dead  in  the  mak- 
ing of  modern  nations.  It  is  only  now  that  the  racial  enemies  who  have 
written  the  history  of  the  Indians  are  beginning  to  understand  something 
of  the  stoical  greatness,  the  physical  endurance  and  rugged  honour,  the 
high  development  of  manhood,  in  the  wonderful  race  of  whom  Tecumseh 
and  Theyendanegea  were  the  notable  Canadian  representatives.  The 
volume  is  strikingly  illustrated. 

Down  the  Mackenzie  and  Up  the  Yukon:   By  ELIHU  STEWART.     Toronto, 
Bell  &  Cockburn.    Pp.  270. 

There  are  few  men  better  able  to  deal  with  the  natural  resources, 
dormant  riches  and  wilderness  regions  of  Canada  than  Mr.  Stewart.  For 
many  years  a  close  and  authoritative  student  of  Canadian  Forestry  con- 
ditions it  was  to  be  expected  that  a  description  from  his  pen  of  personal 
experiences  and  work  in  the  sub-Arctic  regions  of  the  Dominion  would 
be  valuable  and  interesting.  It  was  virgin  soil  he  traversed,  it  was  a 
country  voiced  by  Service  in  his  words:  "We  saw  ablaze,  in  the  deathless 
days,  the  splendid  sunsets  burn."  Stories  or  incidents  of  Indians,  half- 
breeds,  Esquimaux,  straggling  and  struggling  settlers,  traders  and  mis- 
sionaries, Hudson's  Bay  forts,  rapids  and  rivers  and  lakes  innumerable, 
pass  before  the  eyes  of  the  reader.  With  it  all  is  a  careful  study  of  soil, 
minerals,  timber,  fish  and  fowl. 

The    Rhodes    Scholarships:     By   GEORGE   R.   PARKIN,  C.M.G..   D.C.L.,   LL.D. 

Toronto,  The  Copp  Clark  Co.,  Ltd.    Pp.  250. 

For  Dr.  Parkin  to  write  the  history  of  the  great  Trust  of  which  he 
has  been  given  control  and  administration  was  natural  and  appropriate. 
The  work  has  been  done  well  and  thoroughly  and  constitutes  a  record  of 
great  importance  to  all  concerned  in  the  hopes  and  fears,  the  elements  of 
unity  and  disintegration,  the  personalities  and  people,  the  plans  and 
ideals  of  Empire.  The  volume  deals  with  the  life  and  character  of 
Rhodes;  analyses  his  famous  Will  and  describes  the  history  and  char- 
acter of  Oxford;  deals  with  the  conditions  of  the  Scholarships,  the  work 
done,  the  failures  met,  and  the  successes  realized;  treats  of  the  social 
and  Imperial  aspects  of  Oxford  life.  The  point  of  gravest  fear  as  to  final 
success  appears  to  be  in  regard  to  the  American  student  whose  assimila- 
tion into  the  life  of  the  University  has  not  so  far  been  effective. 

Sunshine  Sketches  of  a  Little  Town:    By  STEPHEN  LEACOCK.     Toronto, 

Bell  &  Cockburn.     Pp.  264. 

Not  since  Haliburton,  via  Sam  Slick,  started  a  new  school  of  humour 
and  immortalized  Nova  Scotia  in  the  literature  of  this  Continent  has  any- 
thing quite  so  racy  of  the  soil  and  so  distinctly  humorous  been  produced 
in  Canada.  Prof.  Leacock — who  in  his  humbler  moments  lectures  on 
Philosophy  or  Political  Economy  to  the  youth  of  McGill — has  an  inimit- 
able Preface  to  the  volume  in  which  he  portrays  the  chief  incidents  of  his 


CANADIAN  LITERATURE  AND  JOURNALISM  661 

own  life.  He  describes  the  meaning  of  his  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 
as  follows:  "  It  is  that  the  recipient  of  instruction  is  examined  for  the  last 
time  in  his  life  and  is  pronounced  completely  full.  After  this  no  new 
ideas  can  be  imparted  to  him."  Of  the  Ontario  town  of  Mariposa,  of  the 
characters  in  the  book  such  as  Mr.  Smith,  proprietor  of  Smith's  Hotel, 
Rev.  Mr.  Drone,  Jeff  Thorp  the  barber,  Judge  Pepperleigh  and  his  daugh- 
ter Zena,  Peter  Pupkin,  the  Bank  teller,  it  can  only  be  said  that  the  town 
and  its  people  are  typical,  humorous,  and  cleverly  described.  It  is  a 
book  with  real  people  in  the  pages,  real  laughter  in  the  life,  real  char- 
acter in  the  witticisms. 

Souvenirs  Politiques:  By  HON.  CHARLES  LANGELIEB,  K.C.,  Quebec.  Mont- 
real, Dussault  &  Proulx.  Two  Volumes,  pp.  359  and  272. 
These  two  unpretending  volumes  contain  political  narratives,  theories 
and  portraits  covering  the  years  1878-1896.  To  the  politician  and  his- 
torian they  will  be  invaluable.  The  talented  author  deals  with  such 
diverse  subjects  as  the  controversy  over  the  bestowal  of  the  Red  Hat 
upon  Cardinal  Taschereau  and  the  building  of  the  great  Bridge  at 
Quebec.  He  describes  the  entrance  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  upon  public 
life,  champions  the  services  and  defends  the  character  of  the  Hon.  Honors 
Mercier  and  chronicles  the  events  which  lead  to  the  Confederation  of  the 
Canadian  Provinces.  His  sketch  of  the  rise  and  success  of  the  Liberal 
Party  in  Quebec  is  written  with  the  authority  of  one  who  speaks  from 
personal  experience  and  knowledge. 

Le  Marquis  de  Montcalm  (1712-1759):  By  HON.  THOMAS  CHAPAIS.  Quebec, 

J.  P.  Garneau.    Pp.  686. 

Whilst  rendering  first  honours  to  the  many  writers  who  have  at 
various  times  put  forth  the  life  story  of  the  great  French  Commander, 
M.  Chapais  here  marshals  the  facts  already  well  known  in  a  novel  and 
remarkably  able  manner.  He  compares  the  exploits  of  Vaudreuil  with 
those  of  his  hero  and  strikes  a  balance  between  the  career  of  these  two 
eminent  representatives  of  the  French  Crown  in  Canada.  Montcalm  he 
describes  as  the  soldier  whom  Providence  raised  to  conduct  the  obsequies 
of  La  Nouvelle  France  with  triumphant  glories  which  will  shed  their 
splendour  over  the  pages  of  history  until  the  end  of  time. 

Public  Men  and  Public  Life  in  Canada:  By  HON.  JAMES  YOUNG.    Toronto, 

Wm.  Briggs.    In  two  Volumes,  pp.  365  and  479. 

Written  by  a  public  man  who  had  his  own  niche  in  the  life  of  Can- 
ada, who  observed  things  closely  and  cannilly,  who  did  not  always  see 
eye  to  eye  with  his  own  Party  although  by  habit  of  mind  and  tempera- 
ment he  was  a  natural  Radical,  these  volumes  are  a  valuable  contribu- 
tion to  Canadian  historical  literature.  Though  Mr.  Young  opposed  the 
Liberal  party  on  the  Commercial  Union  question,  his  point  of  view  is 
essentially  a  Liberal  one  and  makes  itself  felt  throughout  his  pages. 
This,  however,  lends  interest  to  the  narrative  and  to  the  many  personal 
touches,  entirely  void  of  bitterness,  which  he  gives  from  time  to  time. 
Letters  from  public  men  not  hitherto  published  are  frequently  found  and 
are  fitted  in  to  serve  an  appropriate  context.  A  quotation  from  a  long 
letter  written  by  Mr.  Mackenzie,  whilst  Prime  Minister  in  1876,  illus- 
trates the  strength  of  that  Statesman's  objection  to  higher  tariffs:  "  Pro- 
tection is  a  monster  when  you  qome  to  look  at  it.  It  is  the  essence  of 
injustice.  It  is  the  acme  of  human  selfishness.  It  is  one  of  the  relics 
of  barbarism." 

In  Northern  Skies:  By  MRS.  J.  W.  F.  HARRISON  (SEBANUS).  Privately  Pub- 
lished.    Dunbar  Road,  Toronto. 
A  series  of  ten  poems  in  pamphlet  form  dealing  with  various  phases 

of  life  and  nature.     Softly  written  and  embodying  a  certain  subtlety  of 


662  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

spirit  and  style,  this  poetry  will  appeal  to  cultured  rather  than  to  popular 
tastes.     Take  the  following: 

Had  I  not  met  her,  Song  had  passed  me  by, 
Had  I  not  loved  her,  Fame  had  been  more  sure. 

So  this  life  goes,  we  laugh,  and  then  we  sigh, 
While  we  believe  'tis  blessed  to  endure. 

The  House  of  Windows:  By  ISABEL  ECCLESTONE  MACKAY.  Toronto,  Cassell 

&  Co.,  Ltd.    Pp.  338. 

This  appears  to  be  a  first  Novel  by  a  Canadian  who  had  already  writ- 
ten some  excellent  verse  and  magazine  stories.  It  is  a  really  good  story, 
well  told  and  well  written,  and  dealing  with  the  life  and  adventures  of  a 
girl  infant  abandoned  by  a  kidnapper  in  a  Departmental  Store.  The  child 
is  adopted  by  one  of  the  ribbon-counter  girls  and  brought  up  by  her  with 
a  blind  sister  who  has  some  small  means  of  her  own.  The  plot  is,  there- 
fore original  from  the  beginning;  the  treatment  is  artistic  and  most 
attractive. 

The  Canadian  Almanac:   Edited  by  ARNOLD  W.  THOMAS.     Toronto,  Copp 

Clark  Co.,  Ltd. 

A  symposium  of  facts  about  Canada  for  reference  purposes  which  no 
one  interested  in  business,  commerce  or  public  affairs  can  afford  to  be 
without.  It  includes  Lists  of  Governments,  Parliaments,  Banks,  Militia, 
Clergy,  Legal  profession,  Educational  institutions,  etc. 

New  Rivers  of  the  North:   By  HULBERT  FOOTNER.     Toronto,  The  Musson 

Book  Co.,  Ltd.    Pp.  281. 

Written  by  a  one-time  Hamilton  man  who  calls  himself  an  Amateur 
Explorer.  This  is  an  interesting  and  descriptive  record  of  travels  along 
the  Peace  and  Hay  Rivers  and  by  the  head-waters  of  the  Fraser.  It  brings 
into  the  limelight  of  the  library  the  scenery  and  nature  of  the  famous 
Peace  River  country  with  all  its  superb  setting  of  plain  and  mountain, 
lake  and  river  and  forest;  its  northern  sunshine,  fertile  soil  and  unknown 
wealth  of  minerals.  The  Illustrations  a,re  chosen  to  indicate  the  com- 
plexities of  climate  and  scenery — summer  and  winter  and  autumn — the 
beauty  of  Alexandra  Falls  on  the  Hay  River,  picturesque  sights  in  the 
Rockies,  the  life  of  pioneer  settlers,  the  work  of  lumbermen,  the  sports 
of  fishing  and  hunting  and  the  fascination  of  exploration.  It  is  worth 
reading. 

Egerton  Ryerson  and  Education  in  Upper  Canada:  By  J.  HAROLD  PUTMAN, 

B.A.,  D.paed.     Toronto,  Wm.  Briggs,     Pp.  270. 

Mr.  Putman  is  Inspector  of  Public  Schools  at  Ottawa  and  appears  to 
have  assimilated  and  condensed  in  these  pages  a  great  deal  of  useful 
information  as  to  Ontario  legislation  respecting  schools  and  education 
generally.  Not  the  least  interesting  thing  in  the  book  is  Ryerson's  defini- 
tion of  the  Education  he  sought  to  establish  in  the  Province:  "I  mean, 
not  the  mere  acquisition  of  certain  arts  or  of  certain  branches  of 
knowledge,  but  that  instruction  and  discipline  which  qualify  and  dispose 
the  subjects  of  it  for  their  appropriate  duties  and  employments  of  life 
as  Christians,  as  persons  of  business,  and  also  as  members  of  the  civil 
community  in  which  they  live."  The  history  of  various  movements  along 
educational  and  political  lines  is  traced  and  the  form  of  Legislative  enact- 
ments analyzed.  How  far  Dr.  Ryerson's  ideals  are  now  really  embodied 
and  preserved  in  the  system  which  he  founded  would  be  an  interesting 
study  but  into  this  Mr.  Putman  does  not  go. 

The  Public  Library:  Its  Place  in  our  Educational  System:  By  E.  A.  HARDT, 

B.A.    Toronto,  Wm.  Briggs.    Pp.  223. 

This  is  a  decidedly  useful  book  written  upon  the  assumption  that 
Public  Libraries  are  and  should  be  a  part  of  the  Educational  system  of 


CANADIAN  LITERATURE  AND  JOURNALISM  663 

the  Province.  It  includes  an  historical  sketch  of  ancient  Libraries  and 
modern  ones,  European  and  British  and  American  Libraries.  It  touches 
on  the  subject  from  the  days  of  the  far-famed  Alexandra  creation  of  the 
Pharaohs,  the  literary  activities  of  Greece  and  Rome,  up  to  the  days  of 
Carnegie  and  the  modern  period  of  popular  fiction.  The  purposes,  general 
activities  and  scope,  special  spheres  and  essentials,  of  a  Library  are  all 
dealt  with.  Its  relation  to  Technical  Art,  Domestic,  Political,  Medical, 
Legal,  Commercial  and  Agricultural  education  are  also  indicated. 

The  Life  of  Lord  Selkirk:  By  GEORGE  BKYCE,  M.A.,  D.D.,  LL.D.    Toronto,  The 
Musson  Book  Co.,  Ltd.     Pp.  95. 

This  little  book  records  some  of  the  life-long  studies  of  Dr.  Bryce  into 
the  history  of  the  region  he  knows  so  well  and  the  life  of  the  man  who 
founded  Winnipeg  and  Manitoba.  In  dealing  with  the  Earl's  birthplace 
— St.  Mary's  Isle,  in  Solway  Firth — memories  are  revived  of  the  "  grace  " 
said  by  Robert  Burns  on  one  occasion  when  a  guest  at  the  seat  of  the 
Selkirks: 

"  Some  hae  meat  and  canna  eat, 

An'  some  wad  eat  that  want  it; 
But  we  hae  meat  an'  we  can  eat, 
And  sae  the  Lord  be  thanklt." 

It  is  an  interesting  sketch  of  a  Nobleman  who  holds  a  high  place  in 
Canadian  history. 

The  Woman  Hater:  By  J.  A.  H.  CAMERON.    Toronto,  The  Musson  Book  Co., 

Ltd.    Pp.  297. 

A  story  of  rural  life  in  Cape  Breton,  N.S.,  written  in  colloquial  style, 
teeming  with  the  phrases,  slang,  and  curious  backwoods  talk  of  the  char- 
acters. The  book  Is  inscribed  to  the  late  sturdy  Lieut-Governor  of  the 
Province,  Duncan  Cameron  Fraser;  the  hero  is  an  old  retired  salt,  full  of 
quaint  ideas  and  expressions.  His  opinions  upon  every  subject  under  the 
sun  are  not  without  interest.  The  book  can  hardly,  however,  be  styled  a 
Novel — even  the  word  "  Story  "  is  slightly  far-fetched. 

Rory  of  Willow  Beach:    By  VALANCE  PATRIARCHE.     Toronto,   Cassell  & 

Co.    Pp.  196. 

A  simple  story  with  simple  characters  and  descriptive  of  Wfe  in  a 
town  of  New  or  Northern  Ontario.  Morna  Moore,  the  heroine,  says 
some  clever  things.  In  one  case  she  is  describing  the  veil  she  is 
going  to  buy  for  a  poor  widow  fin  the  neighbourhood  and  in  answer 
to  a  question  as  to  how  long  it  will  be,  says:  "  It  is  a  matter  of  etiquette. 
Mrs.  Stacey's  weeper  was  a  yard  and  a  half  and  he  died  of  indigestion." 
In  another  place,  a  maiden  lady  of  uncertain  years  tells  a  clerical  visitor 
that  she  has  been  more  or  less  connected  with  the  ministry  for  some 
years:  "For  various  reasons  I  have  been  obliged  to  refuse  seventeen 
curates."  The  book  is,  however,  rather  disconnected  in  style  and  plot. 

Pioneers  of  the  Cross  in  Canada:  By  DEAN  HARRIS.    Toronto,  McClelland 

&  Goodchild,  Ltd.    Pp.  240. 

The  Very  Rev.  W.  R.  Harris,  a  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastic  of  Toronto 
and  St.  Catharines,  has  in  late  years  studied  much,  travelled  much  and 
written  much.  This  narrative  of  the  lives  of  Franciscan  and  Jesuit  Mis- 
sionaries in  early  Canada  is  the  embodiment  of  what  the  author  truly 
styles  "  a  Christian  epic  of  tragic  fascination."  The  book  is  written  with 
an  eloquent  appreciation  of  the  piety  of  the  Jesuit  martyrs;  a  degree  of 
justice  to  their  religious  faith  and  sacrifice  to  which,  perhaps,  Parkman, 
in  his  greater  work  upon  the  subject  does  not  attain.  It  is  a  Work  to  be 
read  and  understood.  Not  of  least  interest  are  the  striking  portraits 
of  Father  Ragenau,  head  of  the  Huron  Missions,  and  of  the  Martyrs  to 
the  Iroquois — Fathers  Br6bSuf,  Jogues  and  Lalemant. 


664  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Man  at  Lone  Lake:  By  VIBNA  SHEABD.    Toronto,  Cassell  &  Co.,  Ltd. 

A  story  of  Western  Canada  by  Mrs.  Sheard,  the  authoress  of  two  or 
three  other  Canadian  novels.  This  is  a  prettily  written  narrative  bring- 
ing in  the  lonely  life  of  the  settler,  the  characteristics  of  a  travelling  Eng- 
lishman, the  incidents  of  a  simple  love-story,  the  life  of  the  trapper  on 
the  great  plains.  Mrs.  Sheard  appears  to  have  the  faculty  of  quiet,  unpre- 
tentious but  interesting  story-telling. 

Journalism  in  Canada  is  largely  represented  in  its  Press  organiza- 
tions of  which  the  chief  is  the  Canadian  Press  Association.  It  met 
at  Ottawa  on  June  5-6  with  C.  W.  Young,  Cornwall,  President,  in  the 
chair.  A  notable  address  was  given  by  the  newly-elected  President, 
John  R.  Bone  of  the  Toronto  Star,  at  a  concluding  banquet  attended 
by  the  Prime  Minister.  In  the  course  of  his  speech  Mr.  Bone  said: 
"The  newspaper  is  not  always  to  blame  for  inaccuracy.  It  may 
be  the  victim,  rather  than  the  sinner;  of  deliberate  untruthfulness,  I 
think  Canadian  newspapers  are  comparatively  free.  Inaccuracy  is 
almost  as  dangerous  as  deliberate  faking  in  undermining  public  con- 
fidence ;  but  if  sensationalism  is  merely  a  prompt  display  of  the  news, 
and  of  such  features  of  it  as  are  particularly  interesting,  I  want  to  be 
regarded  as  an  exponent  of  sensationalism."  The  other  officers 
chosen  included  Hal  B.  Donly,  Simcoe,  and  W.  M.  Obierne,  Stratford, 
as  Vice-Presidents ;  J.  H.  Cranston,  Toronto,  as  Honorary-Treasurer 
and  John  M.  Imrie,  Permanent  Secretary. 

The  Maritime  Press  Association  met  at  New  Glasgow  on  Sept.  4-6 
with  President  F.  E.  Cox  in  the  chair.  Various  papers  were  read 
and  J.  T.  Hawke  of  the  Moncton  Transcript  was  elected  President; 
J.  A.  Fraser,  New  Glasgow,  Vice-President  for  Nova  Scotia,  J.  P. 
Melaney,  Woodstock,  for  New  Brunswick,  R.  L.  Cotton  for  Prince 
Edward  Island  and  D.  F.  McLean  of  Port  Hood,  Secretary-Treasurer. 
The  Alberta  and  British  Columbia  Press  Association  met  at  Nelson, 
B.C.,  on  July  26  and  elected  the  following  officers;  President,  M.  R. 
Jennings,  Edmonton ;  Vice-Presidents,  George  Gordon,  Ponoka,  W.  G. 
Foster,  Nelson,  S.  R.  Hodson,  Okotoks;  Secretary,  C.  F.  Hayes, 
Edmonton.  It  was  the  largest  'Convention  in  the  history  of  the  Asso- 
ciation. A  new  organization  was  the  Ontario  Lake  Shore  Press 
Association  which  met  at  Bowmanville  on  Feb.  2nd  and  elected  W.  J. 
Watson  of  Oshawa  President ;  S.  Farmer  of  Port  Perry  and  I.  Wilson 
of  Cobourg,  Vice-Presidents ;  A.  S.  McLeese,  Oshawa,  Secretary. 

The  Canadian  Women's  Press  Club  was  increasingly  active  in  1912. 
Organized  in  1904  it  possessed  a  membership  of  200  with  Miss 
Marjory  MacMurchy,  Toronto,  as  President,  since  1909.  Of  the 
Toronto  branch  Miss  Dyas  was  President;  of  the  Edmonton  Club 
Mrs.  Arthur  Murphy  was  elected  President  on  Oct.  20  when  a  move- 
ment was  started  to  have  a  National  Convention  of  these  Associa- 
tions in  that  City  during  1913;  of  the  Port  Arthur  and  Fort  William 
Club  Mrs.  Sherk  was  President;  of  the  Winnipeg  Club  Mrs.  Shar- 
man  and  of  the  Vancouver  Club  Miss  Isabel  Maclean.  Amongst  the 
new  journals  of  the  year  was  the  Prince  Albert  Times  as  a  daily 
evening  paper;  the  merging  of  the  Gait  Reformer  into  and  with  the 
Gait  Reporter;  the  publication  on  Nov.  14  of  the  Brandon  Daily 


RELATIONS  WITH  FOBEIGN  COUNTRIES  665 

News;  the  establishment  in  Vancouver  of  the  Morning  Sun  with  J.  P. 
McConnell  as  Managing-Editor;  the  issue  in  Toronto  of  The  Cana- 
dian-Countryman appealing,  as  a  high-class  weekly  publication,  to 
town  and  country,  edited  by  A.  L.  McCredie,  B.S.A.,  B.A.,  and  with 
Directors  who  included  Sir  Edmund  Walker  and  Z.  A.  Lash,  K.C.,  of 
Toronto,  Nelson  Monteith,  B.S.A.,  ex-Minister  of  Agriculture,  Strat- 
ford, Thomas  Delworth  of  "Weston,  Walter  James,  Rosser,  Man.,  W.  J. 
Glass,  MacLeod,  Alta.,  and  A.  G-.  Hopkins,  Brolton,  Sask. — all 
farmers  except  the  first  two;  the  Montreal  Financial  Times,  of  which 
the  first  issue  was  dated  June  21,  and  which  was  soon  established  as 
an  excellent  journal  of  financial  affairs. 

Men.  16. — The  acquisition  is  announced  of  the  Nanaimo  Herald  by  J.  S.  H. 
Matson,  owner  of  the  Victoria  Colonist  and  Vancouver  News- 
Advertiser. 

June  11.— The  Toronto  Globe  at  its  annual  meeting  re-elects  Hon.  R.  Jaf- 
"fray,  President,  and  the  following  Directors — Sir  George  Ross, 
A.  F.  Rutter,  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  G.  Tower  Fergusson. 

Dec.  31. — Special  numbers  of  elaborate  character  and  considerable  value 
were  issued  during  the  year  by  the  Morning  Herald  of  Fort 
William,  the  Winnipeg  Saturday  Post — a  Selkirk  Number;  the 
Toronto  Globe;  the  New  Westminster  British  Columbian,  Cen- 
tennial Edition;  the  Montreal  Herald,  Centennial  Edition;  the 
British  Columbia  Saturday  Sunset,  Development  Extra;  the 
Halifax  Herald  and  Halifax  Chronicle. 


XVI.-RELATIONS  WITH  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES 


Apl.  15. — The  loss  of  the  White  Star  Liner  The  Titanic  is  an  international 
event  which  brings  a  shock  of  horror  to  many  peoples.  With  a 
registered  tonnage  of  45,000,  a  displacement  of  66,000  tons,  a 
cost  of  $10,000,000  and  carrying  2,300,  it  strikes  an  iceberg  and 
goes  to  the  bottom  with  the  great  majority  of  those  on  board 
and  with  12  men  said  to  personally  represent  $150,000,000.  In- 
cidents of  the  tragedy  are  many  and  varied — the  band  playing 
"  Nearer,  My  God,  to  Thee  "  as  the  vessel  sank;  Captain  Smith's 
last  appeal  to  his  crew  and  the  men  on  board  to  "be  British"; 
the  part  taken  by  Bruce  Ismay,  President  of  the  Company  who 
was  one  of  the  survivors  and  by  Major  Arthur  G.  Peuchen  of 
Toronto  whose  press  interviews  and  statements  attracted  wide 
attention;  the  terrible  falsehoods  published  in  the  press~6f~the 
United  States  and  in  some  cases  of  Canada  regarding  the  dis- 
aster; the  loss  of  Charles  M.  Hays,  Thornton  Davidson,  Quigley 
Baxter  and  Hudson  Allison  (with  his  wife  and  daughter)  H. 
Markland  Molson  and  Vivian  Payne,  of  Montreal,  with  Mark 
Fortune,  Thompson  Beattie  and  Hugo  Ross  of  Winnipeg,  Geo. 
Wright  of  Halifax  and  T.  McCaffrey  of  Vancouver;  the  heroism 
of  the  Canadian  Wireless  operator,  H.  S.  Cottam,  in  standing  by 
his  post;  the  holding  of  Memorial  Services  throughout  Canada 


666 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 


and  the  following  contributions  by  Canadians  to  the  Lord  Mayor 
of  London's  Relief  Fund  or  to  that  of  Ottawa: 


Lord    Strathcona $5,000 

Lord    Mount   Stephen 5,000 

James  Ross 5,000 

The  Canadian  Agency. . . .  2,625 
British  Columbia  Govern- 
ment      500 

Edmonton   Citizens 1,025 

Bank  of  Montreal,  London  1,300 

Massey-Harris    Co 1,500 

Grand  Trunk  Railway 2,500 


Allan    Line $2,500 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  2,500 
Montreal  Stock  Exchange  5,000 

J.  W.  McConnell 1,000 

Bank  of  Montreal 2,000 

H.R.H.      Duke      of      Con- 
naught    500 

Toronto  Special  Fund...  6,000 
Canadian  Northern  Ry. . .  1,000 
Dominion  Government...  10,000 


May  4. — The  visit  of  a  number  of  distinguished  Frenchmen — Baron 
d'Estournelles,  General  Lebon,  Comte  de  Rochambeau,  Antoine 
Girard,  Prof.  Vidal  de  Lablache,  M.  Gabriel  Hanotaux,  one-time 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Gabriel  Louis  Jaray,  Fernand  Cor- 
mon,  French  Academy  of  Arts,  Louis  Barthou,  ex-Minister  of 
Public  Works,  Ren6  Bazin,  Louis  Bleriot,  the  Aviator,  Btienne 
Lamy,  Le  Due  de  Choisel — is  marked  by  a  banquet  at  Montreal 
with  Senator  Dandurand  in  the  chair  and  'addresses  of  welcome 
from  Hon.  F.  D.  Monk  and  Principal  Peterson.  Many  other 
functions  follow. 

June  4. — At  Ottawa  a  large  and  influential  Canadian  organization  is 
formed  to  join  with  the  kindred  Association  in  Great  Britain 
for  the  purpose  of  co-operating  with  the  National  Committee 
in  the  United  States,  or  any  other  body  formed  for  a  similar 
purpose,  to  commemorate  the  Centenary  of  the  signing  of  the 
Treaty  of  Peace  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
in  1814.  Sir  Edmund  Walker  is  chosen  President  and  C.  F. 
Hamilton,  Ottawa,  Secretary.  Addresses  are  given  by  Hon.  W. 
T.  White  and  Hon.  G.  H.  Perley  of  the  Government.  > 

Nov.  11. — The  Report  of  the  International  St.  John  River  Commission — 
M.  G.  Teed,  K.C,  and  John  Keefe  for  Canada,  and  G.  A.  Murchie 
and  P.  C.  Keegan  for  the  United  States — is  made  public  and 
deals  with  conditions  which  have  for  years  led  to  friction 
in  log-driving  and  water  storage  between  the  Canadian  and 
United  States  lumbermen.  Many  detailed  suggestions  are  made 
for  the  future  conservation  of  the  waters  of  the  River,  for  chan- 
nel improvements,  development  of  water  power,  and  an  elabor- 
ate system  of  water  storage. 

Dec.  8. — It  is  announced  that  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  have 
agreed  upon  the  composition  of  a  Tribunal  for  the  arbitration 
of  pecuniary  claims  (about  $4,000,000)  as  provided  in  the  special 
arrangement  recently  ratified  by  the  two  Governments — Sir 
Charles  Fitzpatrick,  Chief  Justice  of  Canada,  to  represent  Great 
Britain,  Chandler  P.  Anderson,  of  the  Department  of  State,  to 
represent  the  United  States.  These  two  will  select  a  third 
member,  to  act  as  a  sort  of  umpire  and  to  be  a  subject  of 
neither  Great  Britain  nor  the  United  States. 

Dec.  14. — It  is  announced  that  the  Holland-Canada  Mortgage  Co.  will  es- 
tablish a  Canadian  Office  at  Winnipeg  with  J.  G.  Coster  as 
General  Manager  and  that  within  two  years  Dutch  loaning  Com- 
panies have  invested  $10,500,000  in  the  Western  Provinces. 

Mch.  28. — The  Canadian  Senate  Committee  on  Taxation  and  Trade  Rela- 
tions hears  F.  W.  Green,  Hon.  Duncan  Marshall,  J.  A.  Maharg, 
R.  McKenzie,  and  E.  C.  Drury,  in  a  vivid  presentation  of  alleged 
Western  wrongs  and  agricultural  ills  which  have  been  endured 
owing  to  the  defeat  of  Reciprocity. 


RELATIONS  WITH  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  66? 

Apl.  26. — At  a  campaign  meeting  in  Boston,  President  Taft  makes  public  a 
letter  dated  from  Washington,  Jan.  10,  1911,  and  addressed  to 
Mr.  Roosevelt,  with  a  reply  dated  from  New  York,  on  Jan.  12. 
In  the  first  epistle  Mr.  Taft  writes  of  the  Reciprocity  compact 
which  was  then  being  negotiated  at  Washington,  as  follows: 
"  It  (Reciprocity)  might  at  first  have  a  tendency  to  reduce 
the  cost  of  food  products  somewhat;  it  would  certainly  make 
the  reservoir  much  greater  and  prevent  fluctuations.  Mean- 
time the  amount  of  Canadian  products  we  would  take  would 
produce  a  current  of  business  between  Western  Canada  and  the 
United  States  that  would  make  Canada  only  an  adjunct  of 
the  United  States.  It  would  transfer  all  their  important  busi- 
ness to  Chicago  and  New  York,  with  their  Bank  credits  and 
everything  else,  and  it  would  increase  greatly  the  demand  of 
Canada  for  our  manufactures.  I  see  this  is  an  argument 
against  Reciprocity  made  in  Canada,  and  I  think  it  is  a  good 
one."  Mr.  Roosevelt's  reply  was  brief:  "  It  seems  to  me  that 
what  you  propose  to  do  with  Canada  is  admirable  from  every 
standpoint.  I  firmly  believe  in  Free  trade  with  Canada  for 
both  economic  and  political  reasons.  As  you  say,  labour  cost 
is  substantially  the  same  in  the  two  countries,  so  that  you  are 
amply  justified  by  the  platform.  Whether  Canada  will  accept 
such  Reciprocity  I  do  not  know,  but  it  is  greatly  to  your  credit 
to  make  the  effort." 

Apl.  26. — Theodore  Roosevelt  speaking  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  says:  "I 
warn  Mr.  Taft  that  in  discussing  negotiations  with  a  foreign 
Power  it  is  well  not  to  publish  such  expressions  as  that  in  his 
letter  about  making  Canada  an  adjunct  of  the  United  States. 
I  told  him  that  I  would  support  his  Reciprocity  proposition.  I 
did  loyally  support  it  in  several  different  speeches.  I  took  the 
agreement  on  the  faith  of  Mr!  Taft's  representation.  Later, 
when  I  came  to  look  up  the  matter,  however,  I  became  con- 
vinced that  the  Reciprocity  agreement  as  passed  by  Mr.  Taft 
was  unwise  and  undesirable,  because  it  improperly  sacrificed 
the  interests  of  our  farmers  and  fishermen  and  because  it 
involved  indefensible  action  on  Paper. 

June  7. — The  Anti-Reciprocity  League  of  Canada,  which  took  such  active 
part  in  the  1911  campaign,  is  re-organized  at  Montreal  with 
Charles  Chaput  as  President.  In  a  Resolution  the  Taft-Roosevelt 
correspondence  is  reviewed  and  it  concludes  as  follows:  "In 
view  of  the  fact  that  the  idea  of  Reciprocity  is  apparently  cher- 
ished by  some  political  leaders,  we,  the  Anti-Reciprocity  League, 
make  official  announcement  that,  as  in  the  past,  unbiassed  by 
and  distinct  from  all  party  politics,  the  League  will  continue 
to  exert  itself  wherever  and  whenever  necessary  ill  defence  of 
Canadian  nationality,  of  the  fiscal  independence  of  the  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  and  in  the  solemn  and  sacred  cause  of  the 
maintenance  of  British  connection." 

July  26. — The  United  States  Senate  adopts  an  amendment  to  the  Excise 
Tax  Bill  by  37  to  26,  which  provides  for  the  repeal  of  the 
Canadian  Reciprocity  Act  of  1911.  The  House  of  Representa- 
tives refuses  (July  30)  to  accept  the  amendment  by  127  to  107. 
and  the  Act  or  offer  therefore  remains  on  the  American  Statute 
books. 

Sept.  27. — Woodrow  Wilson,  Democratic  candidate  for  the  United  States 
Presidency,  says  at  New  Haven,  Conn. :  "  I  was  very  much 
interested  in  some  of  the  reasons  given  by  our  friends  across 
the  Canadian  border  for  being  very  shy  about  the  Reciprocity 
arrangements.  They  said:  'We  are  not  sure  where  these 


668  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

arrangements  will  lead,  and  we  don't  care  to  associate  too 
closely  with  the  economic  conditions  of  the  United  States  until 
those  conditions  are  as  modern  as  ours.'  When  I  resented  this 
and  asked  for  particulars  I  had  to  retire  from  the  debate  be- 
cause I  found  that  they  had  adjusted  their  economic  develop- 
ment to  conditions  which  we  had  not  yet  found  a  way  to  meet 
in  the  United  States." 

July  12. — In  connection  with  the  prolonged  discussion  which  had  been 
proceeding  in  the  United  States  Congress  and  press,  in  Great 
Britain  and  Canada,  regarding  the  American  proposal  to  exempt 
from  tolls,  or  refund  such  tolls  to,  United  States  ships  passing 
through  the  Panama  Canal,  the  Secretary  of  State  (P.  C.  Knox) 
submits  to  Congress  a  British  protest  against  this  policy  as  an 
infraction  of  the  Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty  which  had  replaced,  in 
1901,  the  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty  dealing  with  the  Isthmus  and 
the  Canal  project.  The  clauses  at  issue  in  these  two  Treaties 
were  as  follows: 

1.  Clayton-Bulwer  Treaty,  Apl.  19,  1850— It  is  always 
understood  by  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  that  the 
parties  constructing  or  owning  the  same  (the  Canal)  shall 
impose  no  other  charges  or  conditions  of  traffic  thereupon 
than  the  aforesaid  Governments  shall  approve  of  as  just 
and  equitable — being  open  to  citizens  and  subjects  of  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  on  equal  terms,  it  shall 
also  be  open  on  like  terms  to  the  citizens  an'd  subjects  of 
every  other  state  which  is  willing  to  grant  thereto  such 
protection  as  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  engage 
to  afford. 

2.  Hay-Pauncefote   Treaty,   Nov.    18,    1901 — The  Canal 
shall  be  free  and  open  to  the  vessels  of  commerce  and  of 
war  of  all  nations  observing  these  rules,  on  terms  of  entire 
equality,  so  that  there  shall  be  no  discrimination  against 
any  such  nation  or  its  citizens  or  subjects  in  respect  of  the 
conditions  or  charges  of  traffic  or  otherwise.    Such  condi- 
tions of  and  charges  of  traffic  shall  be  just  and  equitable. 
It  is  agreed  that  the  Canal  may  be  constructed  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Government  of  the  United   States  either 
directly  at  its  own  cost,  or  by  gift  or  loan  of  money  to 
individuals  or  corporations,  or  through  subscription  to  or 
purchase  of  stock  or  shares,  and  that  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  present  Treaty,  the  said  Government  shall 
have  and  enjoy  all  the  rights  incident  to  such  construction 
as  well  as  the  exclusive  right  of  providing  for  the  regula- 
tion and  management  of  the  Canal. 

Aug.  9. — The  Panama  Canal  Bill  providing  free  passage  to  American 
ships,  prohibiting  railway-owned  vessels  under  certain  condi- 
tions from  using  the  Waterway  and  authorizing  the  establish- 
ment of  a  one-man  administration  when  the  Canal  is  completed 
passes  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  47  to  15. 

Aug.  12. — Many  United  States  papers — the  New  York  Herald,  Times,  and 
World,  notably — protest  against  the  repudiation  of  the  Hay- 
Pauncefote  Treaty,  and  the  New  York  World  says :  "  To  break 
this  Treaty  at  the  call  of  private  greed  must  eventually  mean 
turning  our  backs  upon  the  noble  record  of  the  United  States 
as  a  leader  in  the  cause  of  International  arbitration  and  the 
peace  of  the  peoples.  The  World  has  gladly  praised  President 


RELATIONS  WITH  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES  669 

Taft's  services  to  this  cause.  Has  not  Washington  report 
slandered  him  in  assuming  that  he  will  sign  a  Bill  so  infamous 
that  it  is  incapable  even  of  plausible  defence  in  the  Peace 
Court  of  the  nations?" 

Aug.  19. — President  Tafit  sends  a  special  message  to  Congress  suggesting  the 
passage  of  a  Resolution  declaring  that  nothing  contained  in  the 
Act  shall  be  deemed  to  repeal  any  provision  of  the  Hay-Paunce- 
fote  Treaty  or  to  affect  the  Judicial  construction  thereof,  or  in 
any  wise  to  impair  any  rights  or  privileges  which  have  been  or 
may  be  acquired  by  any  foreign  nation  under  the  Treaties  of 
the  United  States  relative  to  tolls  or  other  charges  for  the 
passage  of  vessels  through  the  Panama  Canal;  and  leaving  a 
specific  question,  if  raised,  to  be  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States. 

Aug.  25. — The  President  signs  the  Panama  Canal  Bill  and  issues  an  elab- 
orate message  defending  its  terms,  criticizing  the  British  protest 
and  stating  that  the  Bill  does  not  positively  do  more  than  to 
discriminate  in  favour  of  United  States  coastwise  trade  and 
that  the  British  protest  seems  to  recognize  a  distinction  be- 
tween such  exemption  and  the  exemption  of  American  vessels 
engaged  in  foreign  trade. 

Nov.  13. — President  Taft  issues  a  Proclamation  prescribing  the  tolls  to 
be  paid  by  vessels  using  the  Panama  Canal: 

1.  On  merchant  vessels  carrying  passengers  or  cargo, 
$1.20  per  net  vessel  ton — each   100  cubic   feet — of  actual 
earning  capacity. 

2.  On  vessels  in  ballast,  without  passengers  or  cargo, 
40  per  cent,  less  than  the  rate  of  tolls  for  vessels  with  pas- 
sengers or  cargo. 

3.  Upon  Naval  vessels  other  than  transports,  colliers, 
hospital  ships  and  supply  ships,  50  cents  per  displacement 
ton. 

4.  Upon  Army  and  Navy  transports,  colliers,  hospital 
ships  and  supply  ships,  $1.20  per  net  ton,  the  vessels  to  be 
measured  by  the  same  rules  as  are  employed  in  determining 
the  net  tonnage  of  merchant  vessels. 

Dec.  9. — A  Despatch  from  Sir  Edward  Grey  to  Mr.  Bryce  is  made  public 
suggesting  that  the  question  of  Panama  Tolls  and  the  Hay- 
Pauncefote  Treaty  be  left  to  Arbitration. 

Dec.  31. — Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  formation  of  American  Clubs 
in  Toronto  and  Montreal;  the  completion  of  the  distribution  of 
the  late  Dr.  Goldwin  Smith's  estate  by  which  $675,000  went  to 
Cornell  University,  New  York;  the  announced  retirement  of 
Rt.  Hon.  James  Bryce,  O.M.,  as  British  Ambassador  at  Wash- 
ington, and  the  appointment  of  Sir  Cecil  A  Spring-Rice,  the 
British  Minister  at  Stockholm;  the  formation  of  the  Franco- 
Canadian  Trust  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  $2,000,000  capital  of  which 
$1,600,000  has  been  subscribed  and  with  F.  Carter-Cotton,  Van- 
couver, as  President;  the  collection  of  $12,000  in  Canada  for 
the  National  Relief  Fund  in  aid  of  Chinese  famine  sufferers; 
the  passing  visit  of  eminent  foreign  Engineers  attending  the 
International  Congress  of  Navigation  at  Washington;  the  visit 
of  a  Russian  Commissioner  (M.  Kryshtofovich)  to  promote 
closer  trade  relations  between  Canada  and  Russia;  the  appoint- 
ment of  Hon.  R.  Dandurand  as  Grand  Commander  of  the 
French  Legion  of  Honour;  the  appointment  of  C.  J.  J.  Bonin,  as 
French  Consul-General  in  Canada,  M.  Goor,  as  Consul-General 
of  Belguim,  and  Henri  Martin  as  Consul-General  for  Switzer- 
land. 


XVII.-MISCELLANEOUS  EVENTS  AND  INCIDENTS 

Jan.  24. —  The  Dominion  Grange  meets  at  Toronto  in  its  37th  annual 
gathering;  deplores  the  defeat  of  Reciprocity  and  the  high  cost 
of  living;  urges  the  elimination  of  Protection  from  the  Tariff 
and  adoption  of  Government  ownership  of  Telephone  trunk 
lines;  denounces  military  expenditures  and  industrial  Boun- 
ties; asks  for  a  Referendum  on  the  Navy  and  endorses  "the 
principle  and  practice  of  Direct  Legislation  through  the  Initi- 
ative and  Referendum  as  offering  relief  from  political  corrup- 
tion and  the  baneful  dominance  of  the  power  of  Money." 
Henry  Glendenning  is  elected  Master. 

Feb.  27. — At  Buffalo  on  this  date,  and  afterwards  at  New  York,  Boston, 
Cleveland  and  Chicago,  Dr.  A.  S.  Vogt,  of  Toronto,  and  his 
Mendelssohn  Choir  experience  enthusiastic  receptions  and  win 
the  highest  possible  appreciation  as  a  great  Musical  organiza- 
tion. The  Saskatchewan  Musical  Festival  at  Regina,  Western 
Canada's  5th  Musical  Festival  at  Winnipeg,  and  a  Toronto 
Musical  Festival  are  succeeding  incidents  of  the  year  in  another 
connection. 

Mch.  31. — In  this  fiscal  year  the  Excise  duties  were  $19,306,069  compared 
with  $16,919,553  in  1910-11;  the  details  show  $8,667,666  received 
from  Spirits,  $1,716,547  from  Malt,  $8,130,776  from  Tobacco. 

Mch.  31. — In  this  fiscal  year  the  average  daily  population  of  the  Peniten- 
tiaries of  Canada  was  1,853,  of  which  959  were  of  Canadian 
birth,  208  English,  and  225  United  States. 

Apl.  20. — The  Toronto  GZo&e  states  of  well-known  "  American  "  actors 
that  the  following  were  born  in  Canada:  Margaret  Anglin, 
Viola  Allen,  Clara  Morris,  Mabel  Barrison,  Julia  Arthur,  Roselle 
Knott,  May  Irwin,  Marie  Dressier,  Christie  McDonald,  Donald 
Brian,  Charles  Meakins,  William  Courtleigh,  Edgar  Selwyn, 
McKee  Rankin,  Rose  Stahl,  Eva  Tanguay. 

May  1. — An  active  campaign  is  inaugurated  in  Montreal  to  raise  $250,000 
for  that  Diocese  in  order  to  increase  the  stipends  of  the  Clergy. 
R.  Wilson-Smith  is  Chairman  of  the  Committee,  and  within  two 
weeks  $100,000  is  raised. 

May  12. — At  a  great  Convention  in  Toronto,  attended  by  136  members  of 
the  National  Brotherhood  of  Great  Britain,  the  Brotherhood 
Federation  of  Canada  is  formed.  It  has  affiliated  with  it  the 
Anglican  Brotherhood  of  St.  Andrew  and  Phillip,  the  Methodist 
Young  Men's  Association,  the  Baptist  Young  Men's  Association 
and  the  Congregational  Brotherhood,  including  70,000  mem- 
bers; its  aims  are  to  promote  a  closer  relation  between  the 
churches  and  the  men  and  to  reach  the  great  masses  of  people 
who  are  not  in  touch  with  religion.  It  is  declared  to  be  inter- 
denominational, and  invites  any  society  or  organization  to 
affiliate  with  it  which  can  respect  its  ideals  and  lend  assistance 
in  the  work.  The  chief  officers  elected  include  Rev.  Dr. 
Andrew  T.  Taylor,  Toronto,  as  Hon.  President;  T.  B.  Macaulay 
of  Montreal,  as  President;  Thomas  Howell,  Toronto,  Sec- 
retary. 

670 


MISCELLANEOUS  EVENTS  AND  INCIDENTS  671 

May  30. — Representatives  of  the  Y.M.C.A.  interests  of  Canada — in  affilia- 
tion with  the  United  States  organization — and  holding  property 
valued  at  $2,500,000  meet  at  Winnipeg,  with  Edward  Brown  as 
Chairman,  and  decide  to  form  a  National  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association  of  Canada.  George  H.  Wood,  of  Toronto,  is  elected 
Chairman  of  the  Council,  composed  of  36  representative  men 
from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  W.  M.  Birks,  of  Montreal,  Vice- 
Chairman;  Edward  Brown,  Winnipeg,  is  chosen  as  President  of 
the  National  Association.  On  Nov.  21st  C.  M.  Copeland,  Toronto, 
is  appointed  National  Secretary  for  Ontario  and  Quebec;  H. 
Ballantyne,  Calgary,  for  the  Western  Provinces;  F.  G.  Marshall, 
New  Glasgow  for  the  Maritime  Provinces. 

Oct.  8.— The  first  Child  Welfare  Exhibition  held  in  Canada  is  formally 
opened  in  the  Drill  Hall,  Montreal,  by  Sir  Francois  Langelier, 
Lieut.-Governor,  before  a  great  concourse  of  people.  The  object 
is  to  indicate  the  many  ways  in  which  a  child's  life  can  be 
brightened  and  elevated. 

Dec.  22. — The  Most  Rev.  Neil  McNeil  is  consecrated  as  Roman  Catholic 
Bishop  of  Toronto,  and  in  his  address  says :  "  Within  the  past 
two  years  the  appointments  of  the  Bishops  and  clergy  would 
indicate  that  something  new  is  intended.  A  Priest  has  been 
transferred  from  Quebec  to  Saskatchewan;  another  from  Prince 
Edward  Island  to  Nova  Scotia;  still  another  from  New  Bruns- 
wick to  the  Coast,  and  an  Archbishop  from  British  Columbia 
to  Ontario.  It  may  be  accidental;  nobody  has  told  me  it  means 
anything;  but  I  think  it  is  a  call  to  us  all  to  enlarge  our  hearts 
and  to  widen  our  -horizon." 

Dec.  31. — During  the  year  the  Rt.  Rev.  Edward  Le  Blanc  was  conse- 
crated Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  St.  John;  Rt.  Rev.  James  D. 
Morrison,  D.D.,  Ph.D.,  as  Bishop  of  Antigonish;  Rt.  Rev.  Patrick 
T.  Ryan  as  Auxiliary  Bishop  of  Pembroke;  Rt.  Rev.  George 
Gauthier  as  Auxiliary  Bishop  of  Montreal;  Rt.  Rev.  Timothy 
Casey,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  St.  John,  to  be  Archbishop  of  Vancouver, 
B.C.;  the  Rt.  Rev.  Niceta  Budka  of  the  University  of  Lemberg 
to  be  the  1st  Bishop  of  the  Ruthenian  Rite  in  Canada. 

Dec.  31. — The  Church  Union  question  went  through  various  phases  in  the 
year.  The  Special  Committee  of  the  Methodist  Church  (June 
17)  adopted  a  Report  expressing  the  readiness  of  the  Church 
to  proceed  toward  the  union  of  the  three  negotiating  churches 
on  the  basis  already  arranged;  the  Congregational  Union 
(Montreal,  June  7),  found  82  per  cent,  of  its  people  in  favour 
of  Union  and  decided  to  co-operate  in  every  way  co  further  the 
project.  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly  (Edmonton, 
July  6),  suggested  co-operation  between  the  three  negotiating 
Churches  in  several  departments  of  work,  pending  the  accom- 
plishment of  Organic  Union,  which  it  expected  to  see,  but  was 
not  yet  prepared  to  fully  adopt. 

Dec.  31. — The  Church  of  England  in  Canada  selected  two  Bishops  during 
the  year:  Archdeacon  J.  R.  Lucas  of  Fort  Thompson,  for  the 
Diocese  of  Mackenzie  River,  and  Archdeacon  E.  F.  Robins  for 
the  Diocese  of  Athabasca. 

Dec.  31. — Of  the  retirements  from  the  Bench  in  1912,  the  most  notable 
were  those  of  Hon.  E.  L.  Wetmore  as  Chief  Justice  of  the  Sas- 
katchewan Supreme  Court,  and  Sir  Melbourne  Tait,  after  25 
years  as  Chief  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court,  Quebec.  The  fol- 
lowing were  the  appointments  of  the  year: 


672 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Chief    Justice.     Court    of 

Appeal   Ontario 

Chief    Justice,     Court    of 

Common  Pleas Ontario 

Judge  of  Court  of  Appeal. Ontario 

Judge  of  the  High  Court 

of    Justice Ontario 

Judge  of  the  High  Court 

of   Justice Ontario 

Puisne     Judge,      Superior 

Court    Quebec , 

Chief      Justice,      Superior 

Court    Quebec 

Puisne      Judge      of      the 

Supreme  Court Nova  Scotia. 

Puisne     Judge,      Supreme 

Court    Alberta 

Judge    of    the    Court    of 

Appeal   Manitoba  . . . 

Puisne      Judge      of      the 

Superior   Court Quebec 

Puisne      Judge      In       the 

Supreme  Court Quebec 

Puisne    Judge,    Court    of 

King's   Bench Manitoba  . . . 

Puisne     Judge,     Court    of 

King's   Bench Manitoba  . . , 

Local  Judge  in  Admiralty.  Nova  Scotia. 
Puisne      Judge      of      the 

Superior   Court Quebec 

Assistant     Judge     of     the 

Exchequer       Court       of 

Canada Ottawa 


Sir  Wm.  Ralph  Meredith. 

Hon.  Rich.  Martin  Meredith. 
Frank  Egerton  Hodgins,  K.c. 

James  Leitch,  K.C. 
Haughton  T.  S.  Lennox. 
Campbell  Lane,  K.C. 
Hon.  Chas.  Peers  Davidson. 
James  Johnston  Ritchie. 
Wm.  Leigh  Walsh,  K.C. 
Alexander  Haggart,  K.C. 
Toussaint  Hector  Chauvin. 
Isidore  Noel  Belleau,  K.C. 
Alex.  Casimir  Gait,  K.c. 

John   Philpot  Curran,   K.c. 
Hon.  Arthur  Drysdale. 

Louis  Edmond  Panneton,  K.C. 
Louis  Arthur  Audette,   K.c. 


Dec.    31. — The  chief  Art  Associations  of  Canada  with  their  Presidents  in 
1912,  were  as  follows: 


Royal  Canadian  Academy  of  Arts. 
Society    of    Art.     Literature    and 

Science   

St.   John  Art  Club 

Art,      Historical      and      Scientific 

Association    

Western  Art  Association 

Ontario  College  of  Art 

The  Canadian  Art  Club 

Ontario  Society  of  Artists 

Woman's  Art  Association  of  Can- 
ada    


Montreal  . .  Wm.  Brymner. 


Regina . . . 
St.  John  . . 

Vancouver 
Winnipeg. 
Toronto. . . 
Toronto. . . 
Toronto. . . 


Wm.  Trant. 

W.  Shives  Foster. 

F.  W.  Howay. 
Mrs.  Allan  C.  Ewart. 
Geo.  A.   Reid,  R.C.A. 
Homer  Watson. 
E.  Wyly  Grier. 


Toronto. . .  .  Mrs.  J.  S.  Dignam. 


Dec.   31. — The  following  were  the  chief  Religious  statistics  in  the  new 
Census  (1910): 


Province. 

Alberta    

British   Columbia 

Manitoba    

New    Brunswick 

Nova    Scotia 

Ontario    

Prince  Edward  Island.. 

Quebec     

Saskatchewan   

Yukon    

Northwest    Territories. . 


Roman 
Catholic. 
62,193 
58,397 
73,994 
144,889 
144,991 
484,997 
41,994 
1,724,683 
90,092 
1,849 
4,962 

2,833,041        1,079,892       1,115,324        1,043,017       382,666 


Presby- 

Methodist. 

terian. 

61,844 

66,351 

52,132 

82,125 

65,897 

103,621 

34,558 

39,207 

57,606 

109,560 

671,727 

524,603 

12,209 

27,509 

42,444 

64,125 

78,325 

96,564 

405 

1,603 

2,745 

66 

Church  of 

Bap- 

England. 

tists. 

55,628 

19,491 

100,952 

17,228 

86,578 

13,992 

42,864 

82,106 

75,315 

83,854 

489,704 

132.809 

4,939 

5,372 

102,684 

9,255 

75,342 

18,371 

2,199 

171 

6,812 

17 

CANADIAN  OBITUARY  IN  1912 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Agur,  Robert  Henry President  Western  Fruit- 
Growers  Summerland,  B.C.July  17. 

Akhurst,   Edward    Manufacturer   and    Mayor.  .Coatlcook,    P.Q..July20. 

Alexander,  M.D.,  Plnlow. Physician,  Anglican  Clergy- 
man, Roman  Catholic 
Priest  and  Scholar Montreal  Mch.  28. 

Adam,   Graeme  Mercer.  .Distinguished          Canadian 

Litterateur    New    York    Oct.    30. 

Alteon,   Hudson  J Montreal  Financier At  Sea   Apl.  15. 

Andras,     John     William 

Guy     Professor    In    Trinity    Uni- 
versity     Toronto    Feb.    1. 

Andrews,     Alfred     Aug- 
usta   Valentine    Business  man  and  ex-Presi- 
dent Canadian  Industrial 
Exhibition   Winnipeg    Aug.    2. 

Bagg,  Robert  Stanley. .  .One-time  President  Mont- 
real Conservative  Club.  .Kennebunkport, 

Me July  22. 

Barnes,  LL.D.,  Rev.  Wil- 
liam   Sullivan    Prominent    Unitarian    Min- 
ister     Montreal    Apl.     3. 

Barr,   Robert    Eminent        Novelist        and 

Journalist    Surrey,    Eng Oct.    22. 

Barrison,   Mabel    Canadian   Actress — wife    of 

Joseph  Howard   Toronto   Nov.    1. 

Bartlett,     Lleut.-Colonel 

Noble  Alexander 21st  Essex  Fusiliers Windsor Dec.  26. 

Beatty,  William  Henry. President  of  the  Bank  of 
Toronto,  Canada  Perman- 
ent Corporation  and  Con- 
federation Life  Associa- 
tion   Toronto  . .  * Nov.  20. 

Beatty,    John    David Transportation  Interests  of 

Great    Lakes    Sarnla July  14. 

B6dard,  ex-M.L.A.,  Joseph.Ex-Mayor      of      Richmond, 

P.Q.    > Richmond    May    4. 

Beemer,   Horace  Jansen. Contractor  and  Financier. .  .London July  23. 

Bell,   Frederick    Postmaster  and  Pioneer Qu'Appelle    Oct.   19. 

Bell,  ex-M.P.,  Hon.  Adam 

Carr     Senator  of  Canada Montreal   Oct.   30. 

Bell,    William    Founder  of  Bell  Piano  and 

Organ  Co Guelph Sept  26. 

Berthiaume,  Helena 

(Gadbois)    Wife    of    Hon.    F.    Berthl- 

aume,  La  Presse    Montreal   Oct.   17. 

Best,  Thomas  FredericfcMayor  of  Niagara Niagara Mch.  30. 

Blackie,  John  Lang. ..  .President,  Consumers  Gas 
Company,  North  America 
Life  and  Canada  Land  & 
Investment  Co Toronto  Feb.  19. 

Blake,     P.C.,    K.C..    LI*D., 

Hon.  Edward   Second  Premier  of  Ontario, 

Leader  of  Liberal  Party 
at  Ottawa,  Member  of 
Canadian  Government, 
Chancellor  of  Toronto 
University,  Member,  suc- 
cessively, Ontario,  Cana- 
dian and  British  Parlia- 
ments   Toronto  Mch.  1. 

Blewett,        B.A.,        Ph.D., 

George    John    Professor  of  Theology  and 

German  at  Victoria  Uni- 
versity   .Georgian  Bay Aug.  16. 

Borthwlck,  D.D.,  Rev.  John 

Douglas    Rector     for     25     years,     St. 

Mary's,    Hochelaga     Montreal    Jan.  14. 

41 


674  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Bouchette,    F.R.S.C.,    LL.B., 

Robert   Erroll    Canadian   Author    Ottawa  Aug.  13. 

Bovey,  F.R.S.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 

Henry  Taylor  Professor  of  Civil  Engin- 
eering, McGill,  1887-1909. Eastbourne  Feb.  2. 

Brabant,       Very       Rev. 

Augustus  Joseph  ...  .Pioneer  Missionary  in  Brit- 
ish Columbia  Victoria  July  4. 

Brooke,      K.C.,      Charles 

James   Well-known  Barrister Ottawa  Nov.  12. 

Brousseau,       Lieut.-Col. 

julien    Registrar     of     La     Prairie 

County    Laprairie Mch.  14. 

Brownlee,   James    Superintendent    of    Kenora 

Division,    C.P.R Kenora   Feb.  26. 

Bull,    B.A.,    K.C.,    Thomas 

Henry   Clerk  of  the  Peace,  County 

of    York,    1872-1902 Toronto    Sept.   6. 

Buhner,  Henry   Prominent     Montreal     Citi- 
zen    . . Montreal   Oct.     1. 

Burpee,  Henrietta  (Rob- 
ertson)     Widow  of  Hon.   Isaac  Bur- 
pee    St.   John    Oct.     6. 

Cameron,  Agnes  Deans.  .Educationalist,         Explorer 

and    Author    Victoria,   B.C. ..  .May  14. 

Cameron,      M.D.,      James 

Chalmers    Eminent  Physician Montreal  Mch.  16. 

Cartwright,  G.C.M.Q.,  P.C., 
Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Richard 

John One-time  Minister  of  Fin- 
ance and  of  Trade  and 
Commerce;  Liberal  Lead- 
er in  the  Senate Kingston  Sept.  24. 

Chapman,   Rev.   Thomas 

Shaw  Pioneer  Minister  in  East- 
ern Quebec  Sherbrooke  Feb.  28. 

Carlile,     James     Braith- 

waite  Founder  and  one-time  Man- 
ager of  Manufacturers 

Life  Insurance  Co Toronto    Nov.  16. 

Case,  George  Allen Prominent   Broker Toronto    Nov.  17. 

Clark,  M.A.,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  F.R.S.C.,  Rev  Wil- 
liam Robinson  Educationalist,  Author, 

Scholar,      and      eloquent 

.  Lecturer Toronto    Nov.  12. 

Clark,  M.D.,  Daniel Superintendent  for  30  years 

of    Toronto    Asylum    for 

Insane    Toronto   June    4. 

Clemesha,      M.D.,      John 

Wordsworth    President,  Midland  Loan  & 

Savings     Co.     and     Port 

Hope    Gas    Company Port   Hope    Apl.  20. 

Clouston,  Bart.,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Seaborne  Vice- President,  Bank  of 

Montreal;  President, 
Canadian  Bankers  Asso- 
ciation   Montreal  Nov.  23. 

Cockburn,  M.A.,  ex-M.p., 
George  Ralph  Rich- 
ardson   President  of  the  Ontario 

Bank   London Jan.  17. 

Constantine,  Charles   ...Superintendent,  Royal 

North-West  Mounted 

Police    Long  Beach,  Cal .  May    7. 

Corning,    B.A.,    K.C.,    ex- 

M.L.A.,  Thomas  Edgar.  Barrister  and  Politician ...  Yarmouth   Aug.    9. 

Cornish,  LL.D.,  Rev.  Geo. 

Henry  Methodist  Minister,  Statis- 
tician and  Author Toronto  Aug.  25. 

Coughlin,  M.L.A.,  Tim- 
othy   Middlesex  Politician  "and 

Live  Stock  Expert London Aug.  13. 

Cox,  Edward  Strachan.  .Banker,  Broker  and  Alder- 
man    Toronto    Sept.   4. 

Crawford,  M.A..  D.D., 
Very  Rev.  Edward 
Patrick  Dean  of  Halifax Halifax Dec.  17. 


CANADIAN  OBITUARY  IN  1912  675 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Crerar,   M.A.,   K.C.,   Peter 

Duncan    Manufacturer,      Sportsman, 

Politician,  Barrister Hamilton  June  10. 

Curry,    M.A.,    D.C.L.,    K.C., 

Lemuel  Alien Prominent  Barrister    St.  John Dec.  22. 

Cuffe,   John   Evors Journalist  and  Collector  of 

Customs   St.  Catharines. .  .May  17. 

Davidson,    Thornton    ...Montreal   Financier    At  Sea   Apl.  15. 

Davis,   John    Mayor    of    Windsor,     1897- 

1901   Windsor Oct.   14. 

Desjardins,  P.C.,  CX-M.P., 

Hon.  Alphonse   Ex-Mayor  of  Montreal  and 

Minister  of  Militia  (189 6). Montreal    June    4. 

Dexter,   David    President,       Federal       Life 

Assurance   Co Hamilton   Apl.     2. 

Del  worth,   Joseph    President,    Ontario    Poultry 

Association Toronto    Sept.  23. 

Donahue,     K.C.,     Dennis 

Joseph    County  Judge  of  Renfrew.  iGuelph   Sept.  12. 

Dunford,  Augustus  Deci- 

mus Superintendent  of  Branches, 

Molsons  Bank    Montreal   June    5. 

Dwight,  •  Harvey     Pren- 
tice     President,      Great      North- 
western Telegraph  Co... Toronto    July    4. 

Ellis,    Edward    James. .  .Ex- Warden   of   Peel Caledon    June  28. 

Ethier,       K.C.,       Joseph 

Landre    For  30  years  City  Solicitor  ' 

of   Montreal    Montreal   June  28. 

Fairchild,  George  Moore.Canadian  Litterateur Quebec   Sept.  18. 

Fisher,       George       Star- 
board   Prominent  Citizen St.  John Mch.  30. 

Fletcher,  D.D.,  Rev.  Don- 
ald   Hugh    Ex-Moderator,  Presbyterian 

Church   in   Canada Hamilton  Feb.  25. 

Foley,    Michael    Sylves- 
ter     Founder  and  Editor  of   The 

Journal   of  Commerce  ...  .Montreal   June  17. 

Fuller,    Samuel    Ex-Postmaster  Stratford  Oct.     1. 

Fulton,  Edward Nova  Scotia  Publicist Bass    River    ....Nov.    4. 

Glen,    Francis    Wayland.M.P.     for     South     Ontario, 

1878-1887    New  York May    5. 

Goodspeed,      D.D.,      Rev. 

Calvin  14  years  Professor  of  The- 
ology, McMaster  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto Paradise,  N.S.  ..July  6. 

Gordon,   Rev.   Donald. ..  .Presbyterian       Pastor       in 

Glengarry  for   20   years.  .Winnipeg  Feb.  11. 

Gray,  John  Warrener. .  .Eminent  Pioneer  Artist  and 
a  Founder  of  the  Mont- 
real Art  Association Montreal  Feb.  25. 

Gregor,  B.A.,  Ph.D.,  Leigh 

Richmond    Professor      of      Languages, 

McGill     Tucson,   Arizona. Jan.     1. 

Griffith,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Rev. 

Thomas  Prominent  Methodist  Min- 
ister   Toronto  Apl.  6. 

Guay,    Eugene    8  years  Mayor  of  St.  Henri .  Montreal    June    2. 

Hale,  Frederick  Harding.Member   of   Parliament   for 

Carleton,  N.B.,   1887-1904. Vancouver June  16. 

Hanna,   K.C.,   John  Wat- 
son   Mayor  of  Windsor Windsor   Feb.  14. 

Hannon,  D.D.,  Rev.  James.Eminent  Methodist  Minis- 
ter   St.  Mary's Mch.  23. 

Harrison,   Jeremiah    ...  .Prominent  Business  man  of 

St.  John   Fredericton Oct.    15. 

Harrison,   Wm.   Lomas.  .Pioneer  of  Manitoba Neepawa    May    4. 

Hart,     M.A.,     D.D.,     Rev. 

Thomas     37       years      Professor       of 

Classics,  Manitoba  College. Winnipeg Aug.  17. 

Hays,  Charles  Melville.  .President.  Grand  Trunk  and 

G.T.P.  Railways At  Sea   Apl.  15. 

Heneker,       M.A.,       D.C.L., 

LL.D.,  Richard  William.One-time  President,  East- 
ern Townships  Bank Bournmouth Aug.  18. 

Hickson,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  K.C., 

James  Claud Well-known  Barrister   Montreal    Feb.     2. 


676  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Hodgins,        M.A.,        LL.D., 

i.s.o.,  John  George.... Ex  Deputy-Minister  of 
Education  and  Historio- 
grapher of  Ontario Toronto  Dec.  23. 

Holmes,    D.D.,    Rt.    Rev. 

George    Lord  Bishop  of  Athabasca. London   Feb.     3. 

Howell,    Harry    Spencer. Canadian  Litterateur Gait Aug.    6. 

Hudson,    CX-M.L.A.,    Wm. 

Parker  Manufacturer  and  Politi- 
cian   belleville  Nov.  21. 

Hunter,    James    Well-known  Business  man. St.   John    July  30. 

Inch,    M.A.,   LL.D..    James 

Robert    Ex-Chief  Superintendent  of 

Education,    N.B Amherst    Oct.    14. 

Johnson,  William    Prominent    Citizen    Belleville  Oct.      5. 

Jack,  Mrs.  Annie  L Writer  on  Horticulture,  etc.Chateauguay    ...Feb.  15. 

Jones,       M.A.,       William 

Evans    Eminent   Journalist    Vancouver   Dec.  17. 

Tones,  C.B.,  Chilion Architect    and    Designer   of 

Parliament          Buildings, 

Ottawa    Bermuda    Apl.     2. 

Keating,  Edward  Henry. City    Engineer    of    Toronto, 

1892-1898    Toronto   June  17. 

Keefer,    George   Alexan- 
der   Eminent  Civil  Engineer. . .  .Victoria   May  17. 

Kennedy,  BX-M.L.A.,  Wil- 
liam James   Journalist  and  Politician. .  .Vlrden    Dec.  22. 

Kidil.  M.P.,  Edward 8  years  Member  for  Carle- 
ton,  Ont North  Gower  . . .  Sept.  16. 

Kingsmill,       M.A.,       K.C., 

Nicol    Eminent  Toronto  Barrister. Toronto    July  22. 

Laurie,       C.B.,       ex-M.P.,  Served   in    2nd   Rlel    Rebel- 
D.C.L.,  Lieut.-Gen.  John      lion;     Member     of    Cana- 

Wimburn    dian      Parliament,      1887- 

1891,  and  of  British  Com- 
mons, 1895-1906   London   May  19. 

Laurence.    Hon.    Freder- 
ick Andrew   Judge   of    Nova   Scotia   Su- 
preme   Court    Truro    .Feb.  13. 

Le     Moine.     Knt.,    LL.D., 
r.R.s.c.,        Sir       James 

Macpherson   Author  and  Historian Quebec    Feb.     6. 

Leonard,    Charles    Wes- 

ton  Prominent  Merchant    London  Nov.  23. 

Ltwtanc,  O.M.I.,  Rev.  Jean 

Marie  Pioneer  Priest,  Administra- 
tor of  St.  Boniface  Calgary  May  6. 

Llngham,  Frederick  Rid- 
ley    Lumberman.    Cattle    dealer, 

Financier   Belleville Mch.  31. 

Lortie,  D.D.,  Rev.  Stanis- 
laus A.    Professor       of       Theology, 

University    of   Laval Quebec   Aug.  19. 

Lount,  Samuel   Registrar,   Simcoe  County.  .Barrie  Apl.     4. 

Lyall,   Peter    Eminent  Contractor Montreal    Nov.  14. 

Mabee,  Hon.  James  Pitt. Chairman.  Dominion  Board 
of  Railway  Commission- 
ers   Toronto  May  6. 

Major,  Edward  James. .  .Business  man  and  ex-Chair- 
man. St.  James  Club Montreal  May  1. 

Mara,   Henry  Stephens.  .Prominent   Broker Toronto    Nov.  19. 

Miller,     K.C.,     P.O.,     Hon.  Senator  of  Canada  since  1867. 
Miller,  William  White... For  32  years  Postmaster  of 

Portage  la  Prairie    Portage    Nov.  12. 

Misener,  M.A.,  B.D.,  Ph.D., 

Austin  Perley  Professor  of  Oriental  Lit- 
erature, Victoria  Univer- 
sity   Toronto .Jan.  24. 

Mohun,    Edward    British     Columbia     Pioneer 

and  Engineer   Victoria   ...Oct.   23. 

Molson,      Hugh      Mark- 
land    Montreal  Financier At  Sea   Apl.  15. 

Morris,  Massey   Lately     Manager,     Toronto 

Branch     Canadian     Bank 

of  Commerce    Toronto    July  27. 

Morton,  John    Vancouver  Pioneer Vancouver     Apl.   19. 


CANADIAN  OBITUARY  IN  1912  677 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Moss,     Knt.,     Hon.     Sir 

Charles   Chief  Justice  of  Ontario. .  .Toronto   Oct.    11. 

Mulock,     Sarah     (Crow- 

ther),   Lady    Wife  of  Sir  Wm.  Mulock. .  .Toronto   Oct.    28. 

Munroe,  George  Fraser.  .Manitoba   Pioneer Winnipeg    June    6. 

Macdonald,  K.C.,  ex-M.P., 

Hon.    James    Chief      Justice      of      Nova 

Scotia,  1881-1904   Halifax    Oct.     3. 

Macdonald,  Hon.  An- 
drew Archibald  "A  Father  of  Confedera- 
tion," ex-Lieu  tenant-Gov- 
ernor of  Prince  Edward 
Island,  Senator  of  Can- 
ada since  1891 Ottawa Men.  21. 

MacDonald,  D.D.,  Rt.  Rev. 

James  Charles   R.   C.   Bishop  of  Charlotte- 
town    Charlottetown    .  .Dec.     2. 

MacDonaM,      D.D.,      Most 

Rev.  Ronald   Archbishop  of  Gortyna  and 

lately  Bishop  of  Harbour 

Grace,  Nf Id Montreal    Sept.  17. 

Macdonald,    Miss    Annie 

Sandfleld    Canadian   writer    S.  Lancaster Apl.  24. 

Macdonell,  CX-M.L.A.,  ex- 

M.P.,    John   Alexander. Western  Engineer  and  Poli- 
tician      Kingston Oct.   27. 

MacMorine,      D.D.,      Ven. 

John    Kerr    Archdeacon   of  Kingston. .  .Augusta,  Ga.    ...Nov.  24. 

MacMurchy,    M.A.,    LL.D., 

Archibald  . . . .' Educationalist  and  Littera- 
teur     Toronto    Apl.  27. 

McDonald,  Henry   Mayor  of  Glace  Bay,  N.S. .  .Sydney    Dec.    3. 

McDougall,  Fulton   A  Royal  Bank  Manager  for 

many  years Boston    Apl.     5. 

McGillicuddy,  Daniel  ...Journalist    and    Politician.  .Toronto    Dec.  12. 

McGillivray,     B.A.,     M.D., 

Alice    Hamilton Oct.    29. 

McKay,      CX-M.P.,      Hon. 

Thomas    Senator  of  Canada Truro   Jan.  13. 

McKay,  ex-M.p.,  Alexan- 
der     Inspector  of  Customs Hamilton   Apl.  21. 

McLaren,  Wm.  Duncan.  .Leading   Manufacturer    Montreal    Sept.  29. 

McLaurin,  D.D.,  Rev.  John.40    years    a    Missionary    in 

India   Toronto   Mch.  28. 

McLellan,  John   Ex-Superintendent   of    Ter- 
minals for  C.P.R Winnipeg Oct.     8. 

Mclnerney,    M.D.,    James 

Peterson     New  Brunswick  Legislature.St.    John    Aug.    8. 

Neilson,  Matthew   Eminent  Civil  Engineer Westmount   Jan.  22. 

Nordheimer,    Mrs.    Sam- 
uel       (Edith       Louise 

Boulton)     President    for    11    years    of 

the          Imperial          Order 

Daughters  of  the  Empire. Toronto    Nov.  14. 

Nordheimer,    Samuel    ...Manufacturer,         Capitalist 

and  German  Consul Toronto    June  29. 

Oborne,  James   Senior      General      Superin- 
tendent  of   C.P.R Vancouver May    1. 

Ogilvie,  F.R.G.S.,  William. Commissioner  of  the  Yukon, 

1898-1901    Winnipeg Nov.  13. 

O'Brien,    John   Michael.  .One-time  Editor  of  Vancou- 
ver  World    St.  John Feb.  11. 

O'Hanly,  C.E.,  John  Law- 
rence Power   Eminent   Engineer    Ottawa  Mch.  22. 

O'Sullivan,    Henry    Provincial   Geologist    Quebec   Mch.  27. 

Paterson,      B.A.,      Ernest 

Riddell    1st    Rhodes    Scholar    from 

University   of   Toronto. .  .Toronto   July  21. 

Pearson,  K.C.,  Hon.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin    President  Nova  Scotia  Bar- 
risters   Society,    Member 
Nova   Scotia   Government 

and  Legislature Halifax    Jan.  31. 

Pickard,  Charles   Mayor  of  Sackville  in  1908- 

09-10    Sackville    Dec.  23. 

Pinhey,      A.R.C.A.,      John 

Charles     Montreal  Artist Montreal    Sept.   7. 


678 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Pooley,     ex-M.L.A.,     Hon. 

Charles  Edward  One-time  Member  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  Government 
and  Speaker  of  its  Legis- 
lature  Victoria Mch.  28. 

Porter,   William    Ex- Ward  en  of  Peel  County .  Woodbridge Apl.  11. 

Prendergast,  Marie 

Joseph  Alfred    General-Manager  La  Banque 

D'Hochelaga  since   1887.  .Montreal    May  27. 

Pritchard,  Hugh   Manitoba  Pioneer   Middlechurch  ...Nov.    8. 

Ramsay,  William  Miller.40  years  Canadian  Manager 
of  the  Standard  Life 
Assurance  Co Montreal  Nov.  13. 

Read,    John    Well-known    business    man 

and   official    Stratford  Feb.  20. 

Rennie,  Simpson  Well-known  Ontario  Agri- 
culturist   Toronto  Oct.  21. 

Rlddell,  Wm.  Henry Assistant   Manager   Mutual 

Life  Assurance  Co Waterloo   May    9. 

Robertson,          BX-M.L.A., 

George    Deputy       Receiver-General, 

One-time  Mayor  of  St. 
John,  and  1st  President 
Maritime  Boards  of  Trade.St.  John  Oct.  18. 

Robertson,       M.D.,       ex- 
M.L.A.,    D-vid    Registrar,    County   of   Hal- 
ton  Nelson    Aug.    8. 

Robertson.          Margaret 

Bruce  (Eberts)    Widow  of  Hon.  Alex.  Rocke 

Robertson    Victoria   Jan.     8. 

Robinson,    ex-M.P.,    Wil- 

Ham   Ex-Mayor       of       Kingston, 

Member  of  Legislature 
and  of  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment   Kingston July  21. 

Rochon,  T616sphore   Ex-Inspector    of    Bilingual 

Schools,  Eastern  Ontario. Ottawa June  20. 

Rolland,      M.UC.,      Hon. 

Jean  Damien    President         La        Banque 

d'Hochelaga,  ex-Presi- 
dent Canadian  Manufac- 
turers Association  Montreal  Nov.  16. 

Ross,  Charles  Hammond.Ex-Mayor  and  Police  Mag- 
istrate   Barrie  Feb.  14. 

Ross,  ex-M.P.,  Hon.  Wil- 
liam                Senator  of  Canada  and  one- 
time Minister  of  Militia. Ottawa Mch.  17. 

Ross,  William   Famous  Oarsman   Halifax    June  26. 

Rutherford,  Thomas    ..  .Pioneer  Lumber  Merchant.  .Winnipeg June  22. 

St.  Anaclet,  Rev.  Mother 

(Miss   Cromler)    Superior-General      of      the 

Congregation      of      Notre 

Dame Montreal    Nov.  19. 

Savage,  Alonzo  C Ex-Mayor  of  Granby,  P.Q..Granby July  10. 

Scott,    Henry    Castle. ..  .Prominent  Montreal  Citizen.Montreal    Feb.  28. 

Shanly,        C.B.,        James 

Moore    Eminent  Railway  Engineer  .Montreal    Nov.  28. 

Shepherd,  Robert  Ward. 35    years   Manager,   Ottawa 

River  Navigation  Co Montreal    Nov.    8. 

Sif  ton,     ex-M.L.A.,     Hon. 

John  Wright  Western  Pioneer,  Contrac- 
tor, Politician  Winnipeg Sept.  19. 

Singleton,  John  Htury.. Prominent     Dairyman     and 

Farmer   Smith's  Falls  . .  .July    3. 

Smith,  Cecil  Brunswick. Eminent  Civil  and  Railway 

Engineer    Toronto   June  29. 

Smith  Robert  Alexander.Broker  and  Financier Toronto   July  17. 

Smith,  R.  Barry New  Brunswick  Barrister.  .Moncton July  16. 

Snelgrove,      M.A.,      Ph.D., 

Major  Henry  John. .  .Ex-President  Canadian  Fra- 
ternal Association Toronto  Dec.  22. 

Sparling,  M.A.,  D.D.,  Rev. 

Joseph    Walter    Principal  of  Wesley  College. Winnipeg June  16. 

Soence    George    Past   Grand   Chief  Templar 

I.O.G.T Toronto    Feb.  22. 

Stark,    John    Ex-President  Toronto  Stock 

Exchange    Toronto    June  29. 


CANADIAN  OBITUARY  IN  1912  679 

Name.  Particulars.  Place  of  Death.       Date. 

Stephenson,  Major 

James   Ex-General    Superintendent 

Grand   Trunk  Railway. .  .Cleveden,  Eng...June    5. 
Stewart,  D.D.,  Rev.  Wm. 

Boyd   Eminent  Baptist  Minister.  .Toronto   Mch.    5. 

Stinson,  Fred   Pioneer  Western  Ranchman.Montreal    Jan.  15. 

Tache,       I.8.O.,      Eugene 

Etienne Deputy   Minister  of   Crown 

Lands    Quebec   Mch.  13. 

Tamblyn,    B.A.,    William 

Ware Prominent  Educationalist..  .Toronto    Nov.  18. 

Taylor,      F.R.S.C.,      F.E.S., 
F.Z.S.,  George  William. Curator   Biological   Station, 

Pacific   Coast    Victoria   Aug.  22. 

Taylor,  James  Haddon.  .Prominent  Journalist Victoria    Nov.  29. 

Tees,  William  Merchant,  Sportsman,  Phil- 
anthropist   Montreal  Mch.  12. 

Thomas,        K.C.,        John 

Parker    Prominent     Barrister     and 

Citizen    Belleville  May    5. 

Thompson,         Frederick 

William    Financier     and    Vice-Presi- 
dent Ogilvie  Flour  Mills. London    Mch.    7. 

Troop,  Howard  Douglas. Shipowner,  etc St.    John    Apl.     1. 

Tupper,  Frances  Amelia 

(Morse),    Lady    Wife      of      Rt.      Hon.      Sir 

Charles  Tupper   Bexley       Heath, 

Kent   May  11. 

Turgeon,        B.J.,        Rev. 

Adrien    Ex-Rector     of     St.     Mary's 

College    Charlottetown    . .  Sept.   8. 

Vince,    Lieut.-Col.    Don- 
ald  McLeod    Barrister   and   Militia   Offl- 

cer   Woodstock,    N.B.Nov.  25. 

Walmsley,  Thomas Prominent  Insurance  man.  .Toronto   Mch.  28. 

White,  C.M.Q.,  Lieut.-Col. 

William    Deputy  Postmaster-General 

for    many    years Ottawa Apl.     2. 

White,       Hon.       George 

William    One-time    Member    of    New 

Brunswick  Assembly, 

Legislative    Council    and 

Executive     Centreville    Mch.  20. 

White,  Hon.  Alonzo  J...Nova  Scotia  Politician. 
Registrar  of  Deeds,  Hali- 
fax   Halifax  Aug.  29. 

Whitehead,    Colonel   Ed- 
ward Ashworth   Ex-Commandant       Victoria 

RiSes     Montreal    Sept.   7. 

Wilson,  Ph.D.,  Rev.  Rob- 
ert    Methodist      Minister      and 

writer   St.   John   June  24. 

Wilson,      M.D.,      ex-M.p., 

Hon.  John  Henry Senator  of  Canada St.   Thomas    ....July    3. 

Wilson-Smith,  Richard.  .Ex-Mayor     and     prominent 

financier  of  Montreal ....  Montreal   Sept.  12. 

Worthington,     M.D.,     ex- 
M.p.,     Colonel    Arthur 

Norreys    Fought  in  2nd  Riel  Rebel- 
lion   and    South    African 

War  Sherbrooke    Feb.    7. 

Wyld,  Frederick   Eminent  Toronto  Merchant 

and   Financier    Toronto   Aug.  26. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


List  of  Names  too  long  to  Index 


PAGK 

Actors,  Canadian 670 

Alberta  Appointments    582 

Agricultural    Associations    Presidents 

of 380 

Bank  Appointments    650-1 

British  Columbia  Appointments   ....      601 
British    Columbia     Elections,    Candi- 
dates in ; 615-6 

British-  Columbia   University,    Senate 

of 610 

British  Visitors  to  Canada  in  1912.  .  163-4 
Brotherhood  Federation  of  Canada, 

Officers  of 670 

Canada  and  Its  Provinces,  Editors  of  657-8 
Canadian  Clubs,  Association  of,  Offi- 
cers  of    . 301 

Canadian  Clubs,  Officers  of 303 

Canadian   Clubs,    Speakers  and   Sub- 
jects    295-298 

Canadian  Countryman,  Directors  of  665 
Canadian  Manufacturers  Association, 

Officers  of 263 

Canadian  Northern  Railway  Appoint- 
ments        641 

Canadian    Pacific    Railway    Appoint- 
ments        637 

Canadian   Press  Association,   Officers 

of 664 

Chambers     of     Commerce     Congress, 

Delegates  to 130-131 

Conciliation   and  Arbitration   Boards     272 

Dominion  Appointments    198-9 

Education       Department,       Advisory 

Council,   Ontario    323 

Empire  Universities,   Congress  of    .  .      133 
French  Language  Congress,  Commit- 
tee of  428 

French  Visitors  to  Canada  in  1912.      666 

Governments,   Empire    168 

Grand  Trunk  Railway  Appointments  638 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Appointments.  639 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  Directors  of.  .  639 
Harbour  Commissioners  Appointed.  .  207 


PAGE 

Imperial  Appointments 113,  165-6 

Imperial  Obituary 673-697 

Industrial    and    Financial    Appoint- 
ments    651-2 

Legal  Appointments 672 

Manitoba  Appointments 494 

Manuscripts  Commission,  Members  of  658 
Maritime  Press  Association,  Officers 

of 664 

Militia  Appointments    287-8-9-290 

Municipal  Appointments 629 

New  Brunswick  Elections,  Candidates 

in 459 

New  Ontario  Mines,  Presidents  of  . .      388 

Nova  Scotia  Appointments 473 

Ontario  Appointments 327 

Ontario    Lake    Shore    Press    Associa- 
tion, Officers  of 664 

Orange     Order,     Appointments     and 

Elections  in    271 

Prince     Edward     Island     Elections, 

Candidates  in   483-4 

Quebec  Appointments    394 

Quebec  Elections,  Candidates  in  .  .414-5-6 
Regina  Cyclone  Fund,  Contributors 

to 537 

Roman  Catholic  Appointments   671 

Royal  Society  of  Canada,  Officers  of.      658 

Saskatchewan  Appointments 539 

Saskatchewan    Elections,    Candidates 

in 569-570 

South  Africa  Cabinet,  Members  of  . .  165 
Titanic  Relief  Fund,  Contributors  to  666 
Union  Theological  Colleges,  Committee 

of 435 

United  Farmers'  Association,  Officers 

of 583 

Universities,   Honorary  Degrees  con- 
ferred by    367 

Women's  Canadian  Clubs,  Officers  of  303 
Women's  Canadian  Clubs,  Speakers 

and  Subjects 298-9 

Women's  Organizations,  Presidents  of  311-2 


Aberdeen,  Earl  of,  155. 
Aberdeen,  Lady.  305,  311. 
Abraham,    C.   A.,    523. 
Achin,  H.,  65. 
Adair,  D.  H.,  180,  266. 
Adam,   Miss   C.,   99. 
Adami,  Dr.  J.  G.,  199. 
Agar,  M.  E.,  623. 
Agnew,   T.   J.,    570. 
Ahlefeld,  H.  Von.,  29. 
Alcock,  Thos.,   552. 
Aikins,    J.    A.    M.,    76,    93, 

208,    219,    222,    230,    250, 

288,   520. 

Aitken,   Sir  Max,   32,  58. 
Ali,    Rt.    Hon.    Syed    Amir, 

123. 

Allan,  Andrew,   169. 
Allan,  A.  H.,  629. 
Allan,   Sir  H.  M.,   115. 
Allan,  J.  A.,  590. 


Allard,  Hon.  Jules,  393,  394, 

398,  404,  620. 
Allard,  Victor,  266. 
Allen,  Hon.  James,   18,   164. 
Allen,  Capt.  J.  S.,   150. 
Allison,    Hudson,    666. 
Alward,   M.   F.,    266. 
Amery,  M.P.,  L.  S.,  144. 
Ames,  A.  E.,  108,  360. 
Ames,    H.    B.,    76,    77,    118, 

220,    230,    252. 
Amyot,    Hon.    G.   E.,    438. 
Anderson,   C.   P.,    666. 
Anderson,   J.   F.,   539. 
Anderson,   J.   Q.,    342. 
Anderson,   Dr.,   487. 
Andreason,  C.  W.,  560. 
Andrews,   K.C.,   A.  J.,   503. 
Andrews,  Dr.  W.  W.,   561. 
Anglin,  Hon.  F.  A.,  243,  244. 
Anglin,   M.A.,  R.  W.,   323. 

680 


Angus,  R.  B.,  99,  635. 

Anison,    R.  J.,   526. 

Annandale,  J.  K.,  159. 

Archambault,  Bishop,  437. 

Archibald,  Judge,  241. 

Argue,  Jas.,  498. 

Argyll,  Duke  of,  51,  53,  136. 

Arkell,    T.    R.,    206. 

Armitage,   W.  J.,   472. 

Armour,   E.   N.,   45. 

Armstrong,  Sir  Arthur,  33. 

Armstrong  (Mayor,  Prince 
Albert),  100. 

Armstrong  (Mayor,  St.  An- 
drews), 97. 

Armstrong,  Hon.  E.  H.,  469. 

Armstrong,  Hon.  H.,  250, 
499,  505,  507. 

Armstrong,  J.  E.,  210,  213. 

Armstrong,  Hon.  J.  N.,  472. 

Armstrong,  J.   S.,   300. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


681 


Armstrong:,  S.  H.,  338. 
Arnold!,  K.C.,  P.,  244. 
Arsenault,   A.   E.,   484. 
Ashbourne,  Lord,  123. 
Ashdown,   J.   H.,   495-6. 
ABhe,  F.  W.,  156. 
Askwith,  Sir  George,  62,  277. 
Asquith,  Rt.  Hon.  H.  H.,  20, 

22,    23,    43,    52,    53,    54, 

58,     83,     130,     142,     144, 

470. 

Asquith,  Miss,  305. 
Asselin,  Olivar,  187. 
Astor,  W.  W.,  59. 
Atkinson,  J.  £.,   44,  45,   64, 

280,  360,  361. 
Atkinson     Lord,     123,     125, 

126,   244. 
Atkinson,    Col.    T.    B.,    329, 

330. 

Atwater,  K.C.,  A.  W.,  125. 
Auchinleck,     i.s.o.,     W.    D., 

115. 

Auclair,  Abbe  E.,  267. 
Auclair,   Rev.   P.,   558. 
Avebury,  Lord,  122. 
Aylesworth,    Sir   Allen,    144, 

190,  239,  243,  362. 

Babcock,  J.  P.,  599. 

Baden-Powell,  Sir  R.  S.  S., 
292. 

Bailey,  B.S.A.,  C.  P.,   320. 

Baird,   J.   B.,    497. 

Baird,  J.  R.,  249. 

Baird,   R.    H.    H.,   461. 

Baker,  M.P.,  J.  Allen,  33, 
168. 

Baker,  G.  H.,  247. 

Baker,  c.v.O.,  W.  R.,  89,  99. 

Baldwinson,    B.   L.,   250. 

Balfour,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  J.,  23, 
29,  53,  59,  78,  96,  134, 
142,  144,  156,  305. 

Balfour,   Lady  Frances  304. 

Ball,   A.   H.,   560. 

Ballantyne,  H.,  671. 

Bambrick,   Rev.   R.   D.,   473. 

Bancroft,   F.  W.,   276. 

Barbour,   Rev.  Jas.,   300. 

Barker,   E.  N.,   629. 

Barker,  Capt.  R.  K.,  291. 

Barker,    S.,    128,    220. 

Barlow,  Sir  Thos.,  121. 

Barnard,  M.P.,  G.  H.,  58, 
130,  131,  133,  597. 

Barnstead,  A.  S.,  479. 

Barratt,  Miss  Rachael,  57. 

Barrett,  Dr.  J.  W.,  119,  134. 

Barrette,  J.  A.,  65. 

Barron,  .aidge,   194. 

Barry,  R.  L.,  507,  509. 

Barton,  O.O.M.O.,  Sir  Ed- 
mund, 123. 

Bartram,    W.   B.,   148. 

Basserman,  Ernest,  29. 

Bates,   Rev.  F.  W.,   561. 

Bath  and  Wells,  Bishop  of, 
133. 

Bathurst,  Earl,  293. 

Baumgarten,  A.,  644. 

Baxter,  K.C.,  Lieut.-Col.  J. 
B.  M.,  445,  448. 

Baxter,  Quigley,  666. 

Bayley,  K.C.,  Edward,  243. 

Bayne,  J.  N.,  623,  626. 

Beal,  N.  R.,  357. 

Beardmore,  Wm.  &  Co.,  158. 

Beaubien,  C.  P.,  412. 

Beauchamp,  Earl,  133,  135, 
305, 


Beauchamp,    Countess,    135. 
Beaupre,  J.  A.,  527. 
Bedford,   S.  A.,   520. 
Beer,    G.    Frank,    44,    261, 

360. 

Beckwith,  J.   L.,   103,   624. 
Bldard,  A.,  250. 
BSland,    Hon.    H.    S.,    218, 

227,  247. 

Belcher,  H.  M.,  149. 
Belcourt,    K.C.,   Hon.   N.   A., 

371,  425,  427. 
Beck,  Hon.  Adam,  288,  323, 

355,  356,  357,  358,  359. 
Beck,  Hon.  N.  D.,   144. 
Begin,  Mgr.,   425. 
B6ique,  Mde.  P.  L.,  166,  436. 
Belanger,   Rev.  Father,   399, 

414. 

Bell,  A.  H.,  172. 
Bell,  C.  N.,  45,  509. 
Bell,  D.  G.,  266. 
Bell,  Edward,  108. 
Bell,   Hon.  G.  A.,   531,   539, 

541. 

Bell,  Hon.  G.  A.,  164. 
Bell,   Dr.   Robt.,   407. 
Bell,  W.  J.,  645. 
Bellemare,  A.,  223. 
Benard,  A.,  414. 
Benedict,    R.  E.,   599,   619. 
Bennett,    K.C.,    R.    B.,    129, 

157,   302,  587,   591. 
Bennett,  W.  H.,  247. 
Benson,  Sir  Fred.,  168. 
Benson,  S.,  494,  525. 
Bent,  Lemuel,  266. 
Bentley,  A.  P.,  450. 
Bentley,  Dr.  B.,  317. 
Beresford,    Lord    Chas.,    22, 

25,  34,  81,  156. 
Bernard,    L.    P.,    398,    399, 

416. 

Bernhardt,  General  Von,  30. 
Bernier,  Joseph  E.,  86,  250, 

414,  501,  527,  530. 
Berry  (Mayor,  St.  Boniface), 

94. 

Bertie,    Sir   Francis,    54. 
Bertilland,    M.   Henri,   268. 
Bewell,  W.  H.,  518,  526. 
Beyers,    General    C.    P.,    19, 

151. 

Biberstein  Count  Von,  30. 
Bickerdike,  M.P.,  Robt.,  437. 
Binnie-Clark,    Miss    G.,    308. 
Birch,  R.  W.,  268. 
Birge,  Cyrus  A.,  45. 
Birks,  Wm.,  436,  671. 
Birks  &  Sons,  99. 
Birmingham      Small      Arms, 

Ltd.,  158. 

Birrell,  Rt.  Hon.  A.,  305. 
Bisaillon,    P.    J.,    252. 
Bishop,   Wm.   H.,    399. 
Bishop,  W.  L.,  472. 
Black;  W.  J.,  519,  520,  523. 
Blain,  Hugh,  282. 
Blain,  Richard,  220,  240. 
Blair,  H.  A.,  579. 
Blake,  Edward,  336. 
Blake,  Hon.  S.  H.,  240,  851. 
Blakemore,  W.,  148,  603. 
Blanchet,  P.  X.,  241. 
Bland,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  G.,  525. 
Blondin,    P.   E.,   252. 
Blow,  T.  H.,  591. 
Blue,  Archibald,   176. 
Blumenthal,    Aid.,    283. 
Blumenthal,    Gustave  A.,312. 
Blumrford,   A.  B.,   159. 


Blundell,  Spruce  &  Co.,  158. 

Blount,   A.   E.,    50. 

Bober,  H.  Lothar,  473. 

Bole,  J.  P.,  540,  547,  571, 
572. 

Bond,  Rev.  Geo.  J.,  462. 

Bond,   Mrs.  J.  H.   R.,   311. 

Bone,  J.   R.,   664. 

Bonin,  C.  E.,  425,  437, 
438. 

Boomer,  Mrs.,  311. 

Boos^,  J.   R.,   95,    148. 

Borden,  Sir  Frederick,  47, 
255. 

Borden,  Lady,  255. 

Borden,  Rt.  Hon.  R.  L.,  22, 
23,  33,  39,  40-44,  47,  49- 
69,  72-76,  78-84,  86,  89, 
98,  108,  115,  116,  121, 
122,  221,  222,  224,  225, 
227,  230,  231,  232,  239- 
241,  247,  249,  253,  257, 
263,  267,  290,  306,  307, 
405-407,  413,  470,  483, 
484,  511,  513,  514,  515, 
528,  532,  533,  538,  542, 
566,  568,  581,  584,  596, 

606,  636. 

Borden,   Mrs.  R.  L.,  50,  54, 

57,  58,  59,   172,  303. 
Borron,  E.  B.,  881. 
Bose,  H.,  626. 
Bostock,  Hon.  H.,  219,  220. 
Botha,    Rt.   Hon.   Louis,    18, 

19,  165. 

Bott,  B.  J.,  553. 
Boucherville,   Hon.  C.  E.  B. 

de,  414. 

Boudreault,  C.  S.  O.,  372. 
Bour,  Rev.  Father,  558. 
Bourassa,  Henri,  42,  43,  47,  t 

84,  86,  221,  224,  227,  245, 

252,    254,   255,    271,    272, 

397,   398,   412,    422,    427, 

432. 

Boville,   T.   C.,    166. 
Bow,  D.  S.,  610. 
Bowder,    A.,    460. 
Bowell,   Sir  MacKenzie,   165. 
Bowring,  Hon.  E.,  141. 
Bowser,    Hon.    W.    J.,    304, 

596-599,    606,    612,    615. 
Boyd,   John,   38,    159,    266. 
Boyd,  Chancellor,   125. 
Boyd,  K.C.,  L.  H.,   414. 
Boyer,  Hon.  A.,  400. 
Boyer,  Gustave,  249. 
Boyle,  Hon.  J.  R.,  577,  579, 

590. 

Boys,  W.  A.,  245. 
Bradbury,   G.   H.,   219,   222, 

250. 

Bradford,    C.   R.,    623. 
Bradley   Dr.  A.   C.,    135. 
Bradshaw,   J.   E.,    542,    544, 

547,   571,   572,   573. 
Bragg,  Henry,  168. 
Brassey,  Lord.  51,  81. 
Braithwaite,  Rev.  Dr.  E.  E., 

591. 

Breadner,  R.  W.,   118. 
Brehant,    Louis,    559. 
Bremner,  Wm.,  98. 
Brewster,    H.    C.,    603,    605, 

607,  608,   613,   614. 
Brewster,  W.   S.,   337. 
Bridgeman,  Sir  P.,  26. 
Brierley,    J.    S.,    40. 
Bright,   John,    186. 
Bristol,   J.   R.   K.,   206. 
Brickwell,  H.  E.,   509. 


682 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Brodeur,    Hon.    L.    P.,    243, 

254. 
Broke,   Lord  Willoughby  de, 

151,  156. 

Brooke,  Commander,  167. 
Brothers,    C.   A.,    553. 
Brown,      Judge       (Regina), 

292. 

Brown,  K.C.,  A.  J.,   587. 
Brown,   Christie  &  Co.,   108. 
Brown,    Edward,    251,    365, 

671. 

Brown,   G.  McLaren,   112. 
Brown,    Lieut.-Governor,    G. 

W.,   106,   294,   540,   570. 
Brown,  Vere,  44. 
Brown  &  Vallance,   493. 
Browne,  J.   Stark,  468. 
Bruce,  P.  C.,  45. 
Bruce,    Lieut.-Col.   J.,    293. 
Bruce,  Mrs.  John,  147. 
Bruce,  J.  T.,  276. 
Bruchesi,     Archbishop,     241, 

243,  267,  425,  429,  432. 
Bruneau,  Mr.  Justice,  241. 
Bryant,  J.  F.,  539. 
Bryce,   Bt.  Hon.  J.  A.,   669. 
Bryce,   Dr.   Geo.,    659. 
Bryce,  W.  H.,  576. 
Brymner,  William,   672. 
Buchanan,  D.  W.,  249. 
Buchanan,  W.  A.,  208. 
Buchanan,  W.  W.,  493. 
Buckley-Rivers,  Capt.  T.  H., 

99. 

Bull,  A.  E.,  596. 
Bull,   Sir  Wm.,   157,   167. 
Bullock,  T.  H.,  300. 
Bullock,  Mrs.  T.  H.,  311. 
Bulman,    W.    J.,    148,    149, 

521. 

Bulyea,  Hon.  G.  H.  V.,  625. 
Bunting,  B.S.A.,  T.  G.,  434. 
Bunting,  W.  H.,  378. 
Burchill,  J.  P.,  458. 
Burd,  F.  J.,  603. 
Burke,  Very  Rev.  W.  R.  87. 
Burland,    Lieut.-Col.    J.    H., 

294. 

Burnham,  J.  H.,  208. 
Burns,  Mrs.  Hamilton,  147. 
Burpee,   L.  J.,   207. 
Burrell,     Hon.     Martin,     64, 

104,    105,    165,    184,    185, 

186,    206,    215,    216,    601, 

625. 

Burrows,  A.  G.,  322. 
Burton,  Frank,  552. 
Burton,  Hon.  H.,  165. 
Burwash,   Rev.  Dr.  N.,  288. 
Bury,  Geo.,  588. 
Bury,  G.  J.,  631. 
Bustead,    Lieut.-Col.    E.    B., 

293. 

Bustin,  S.  B.,  463. 
Butchart,  P.  E.,  591. 
Bute,  Dowager    Marchioness 

of,  135. 

Butler,  Thos.  W.,  447. 
Butts,   R.  H.,   474. 
Burton,  Sydney,  52,  133. 


Cahan,  K.C.,  C.  H.,  38,  227, 

271,  304. 
Calder,  Hon.  J.  A.,  249,  250, 

531-533,      540-542,      544, 

546,    549,    554,    555,    561, 

569,  570,  571. 
Calvin,   H.   A.,    365. 
Cameron,  Hon.  Donald,  141. 


Cameron,    Hon.    D.    C.,    45, 

84,  497,  521. 
Cameron,   E.  J.,   115. 
Cameron,  J.  A.  H.,  660. 
Cammel,  Laird  &  Co.,  158. 
Campbell,    Hon.    C.    H.,    45, 

250,    492,    493,    495,    498, 

499,    503,    504,    508,    511, 

517,   620,  645. 
Campbell,    Mrs.    C.    H.,    93, 

146,  147,  308. 
Campbell,   Dr.  E.  J.,   553. 
Campbell,    G.   B.,    582. 
Campbell,    G.    S.,    473. 
Campbell,   Lady  Ileene,    156. 
Campbell,    K.C.,     Isaac,      45, 

503. 

Campbell,  J.  J.,  598. 
Campbell,    Sir  J.   L.,    167. 
Campbell,  N.  A.,  266. 
Campbell,  N.  W.,   364. 
Campbell,    R.   H.,    199,   487, 

599,   620. 

Campbell,  Dr.  W.  A.,  584. 
Cannon,  K.C.,  L.  A.,  626. 
Canterbury,  Archbishop  of, 

111. 

Capp,   Rev.  E.  H.,  288. 
Cardale,   John,    627. 
Cardin,   P.   J.  A.,    245,   246. 
Carnegie,  Andrew,  98,  365. 
Carney,   Rev.  F.  L.,  300. 
Caron,   Hector,   392. 
Caron,  Hon.  J.  E.,  391,  392, 

398,    403,    416.    417,    418. 
Carow,   W.    Douglas,    610. 
Carpenter,  H.  S.,  537. 
Carpenter,   W.  D.,   591. 
Carrick,   Earl  of,   122. 
Carrington,  Lord,  305. 
Carroll,  A.   H.,   498. 
Carroll,   Bishop,    308. 
Carroll,   Hon.  H.,  436. 
Carruthers,  Jas.,   139,   644. 
Carson,   Sir  Edward,  142. 
Carswell,   John  581. 
Carter,  A.  N.,  462. 
Carter,  S.  J.,  436. 
Carter,  W.  H.,   521. 
Carter,   Dr.  W.   S.,   88,   299. 
Carter-Cotton,    Hon.    F.    L., 

610,    615,    669. 
Cartier,  Sir  G.  E.,  266,  267, 

389. 

Cartwright,  Burr  E.,  385. 
Cartwright,  Sir  R.  J.,  169, 

219,  233,  660. 
Carvell,  F.  B.,  204,  205,  218, 

222,   230,   286,   457. 
Casgrain,  Hon.  J.  P.  B.,  147. 
Casgrain,     K.C.,     T.     Chase, 

182,  207. 

Cashim,  Hon.  M.  P.,  120. 
Cassels,  Mr.  Justice,  196, 

197. 

Cassels,   Hamilton,   365. 
Castlereagh,  Lord,  155. 
Cautley,  Mrs.  R.  W.,  100. 
Caven,  T.  D.,  615. 
Cavendish,   Lord,    156. 
Cavendish,   Lady,   156. 
Cawley,   S.  A.,   615. 
Cecil,   Lord  Robert,    304. 
Chambers,  Capt.  E.  J.,  150. 
Chambers,   E.  T.   D.,   392. 
Chamberlain,      Austen,      60, 

139,  149,  305. 
Chamberlain,  Joseph,  58,  59, 

79. 
Chamberlin,  E.  J.,  288,  535, 

637,  639. 


Champ,    H.    H.,    45. 
Champagne,  Napoleon,  329. 
Chanler,   Dr.  W.  K.,    115. 
Chapais,    Hon.    Thos.,     196, 

393,  425,  663. 
Chaplin,  Henry,  56. 
Chaplin,  Miss,  147. 
Chappie,   Dr.  W.  A.,   157. 
Charbonneau,    Justice,     241, 

242. 
Charlebois,  Bishop,  220,  526, 

527,  558. 

Charlton,  M.L.A.,  W.  A.,  381. 
Charters,   Samuel,   330. 
Chase,   W.    H.,    473. 
Chauvin,   H.  N.,   266. 
Chelmsford,    Lord,    109. 
Cherrier,    Rev.    A.    A.,    518, 

529. 
Chesley,    D.C.L.,   K.C.,    S.    A., 

472 

Chevre,  Paul,  393. 
Cheverie,  Mark,  487. 
Cheylesmore  Lord,  59. 
Cheylesmore,  Lady,  59. 
Chilton,  Alex.,  269. 
Chiniquy,  Rev.  Chas.,  245. 
Chipman,   Rev.  A.,   473. 
Chipman,  G.  F.,  550. 
Chipman,    Dr.    W.    W.,    92, 

434. 

Chisholm,  A.  W.,  218,  226. 
Chisholm,    B.A.,   K.C.,    C.    P., 

472. 
Choquette,    Hon.    P.    A.,    48, 

220,  426,  428. 
Chown,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  D.,  610. 
Chubb,  Wm.,  391. 
Church,  T.  L.,  313,  633. 
Churchill,  Rt.  Hon.  Winston, 

19-22,  24,  25,  35,  36,  39, 

40,    51,    52,    53,    54,    56, 

68,    80,    142,    144. 
Clanwilliam,  Lord,  155. 
Clark,  Champ,  652. 
Clark,   J.   M.,   150,    109. 
Clark,    Col.   Hugh,    240. 
Clark,    Dr.   Michael,    76,    78, 

240,  249. 

Clark,   Sir  Mortimer,   45. 
Clark,  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.,  365. 
Clarke,    A.    H.,    210,    240. 
Clarke,    L.    H.,    633. 
Clarke,     S.,    235. 
Clarke,   W.   G.,   472. 
Clarkson,  R.  P.,  473. 
Clarendon,  Earl  of,  155. 
Clearwater,  F.  W.,  266. 
Cleland,    Dr.    F.    A.,    299. 
Clements,    H.    S.,    211. 
Clemesha  &  Portnall,  493. 
Clinkskill,    James,    100. 
Clinton,    Dr.   Geo.,    318. 
Clinton,    Lord,    156. 
Cloran,  Hon.  H.  J.,  48. 
Clouatre,    Emma,    241. 
Clouston,    Sir    Edward,    98, 

99,   642. 

Coats,  R.  H.,  205,  280. 
Cochrane,   Hon.  Frank,    165, 

179,    180,    208,    216,    2l7, 

231,    232,    233,    266,    288, 

322,   451,   484,    638. 
Cochrane,  Geo.,  266. 
Cochrane,  Hon.  W.  E.,   156. 
Cockshutt,  M.P.,  W.  F.,   130, 

131,  132,  139. 
Coddington,   Sir  Wm.,   156. 
Coderre,     K.C.,    Louis,     182, 

245,  252,  253. 
Cody,   Dr.   H.  J.,   288. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


683 


Coffey,   Hon.  Thos.,   220. 
Colbeck,  Prof.  P.  C.,  136. 
Colcock,  N.  B.,  320. 
Cold  well,    Hon.    G.    R.,    250. 

516,    517,    518,    520,    528- 

530. 

Cole,  Arthur  A.,  386. 
Cole,    Lieut.-Col.   F.   Minden, 

166. 

Coleman.  Prof.  A.  P.,  147. 
Coleman,  H.  G.,   523. 
Coleman,     Prof.     Leslie     C., 

559,   590. 

Cobner,   C.M.a,  J.   G.,   130. 
Colquhoun,    Dr.    A.    H.    U., 

107,   322,   323,   364. 
Congleton,  Lord,  155. 
Connaught,       H.B.H.       The 

Duke  of,   64,  88-107,   109. 

115,    116,    121,    122,    147, 

151,    159,    167,    173,    218, 

270,    291,    292,    294,    301, 

302,    473,    479,    531,    540, 

570,  597,  625. 
Connaught,       H.B.H.       The 

'Duchess    <of,    '$5,    '88-92, 

94-107,       109,       146-148, 

194,  303,  310,  570,  597. 
Connaught,     H.B.H.     Prince 

Arthur  of,    133,   135. 
Connaught,  H.B.H.  Princess 

Patricia  of,  65,  88-97,  99- 

107,    109,    147,   294,    303, 

346,  570. 

Connell,   K.C.,  A.  B.,  452. 
Connolly,  B.  G.,  246. 
Cook,  B.  E.,  205. 
Cooke,  M.P.,  Sir  C.  Kinloch, 

156. 

Cooper,  J.  A.,  44,  45. 
Copeland,    C.    M.,    671. 
Copp,  A.  B.,   443,  445,  448, 

450,   452,  457,   459. 
Copp,  Dr.  C.  J.,  166. 
Corkery,  Jas.,   164. 
Corkhill,  E.  T.,  322. 
Cornwall,  J.  K.,  593. 
Coste,   Louis,   181. 
Coster,   J.   G.,   666. 
Costigan,  Hon.  J.,   144. 
Cottam,   H.   S.,   666. 
Cotton,    Major     General    W. 

H.,    288,    289,    291. 
Coulson,  D..  644. 
Courtice,   Mrs.,   310. 
Cousineau,  P.,  397,  399. 
Cousins,  E.  L.,  633. 
Cousins,  G.  V.,  241. 
Cowan,  Dr.  G.  A.,  553. 
Cowan,     Dr.    W.     D.,     188, 

537,   539. 

Cox,  A.  Arthur,  610. 
Cox,  Hon.  Geo.  A.,  45,  642. 
Crabbe,  Mrs.  J.  J.,  108. 
Craig,  Ernest,  138. 
Craig,  Hon.  Jas,  147. 
Craig,  W.  C.,  581. 
Crain,  Edward,  560. 
Cramer,  D.  Van,  102. 
Crawford    Lieut.-Col.    J.    M., 

293. 
Crawford,    Hon.    Thos.,    45, 

328. 

Crean,  Miss,  311. 
Creelman,   A.  B.,   635. 
Cremazie,  Octave,   658. 
Crerar,  Mrs.  P.  D.,  146. 
Crerar,  T.  A.,  525,  526,  534. 
Crewe,  Marquess  of,  52. 
Crichton,    Bev.    Dr.    W.    B., 

351. 


Crocket,    K.C.,    M.P.,    0.    S., 

220,  465. 
Croft,    M.P.,    H.    Page,    63, 

141,    147,    151. 
Cromer,    Lord,    305. 
Cross,  Hon.  A.  G.,  436. 
Cross,  Hon.  C.  W.,  577-580. 
Cross,  W.  H.,  149. 
Crothers,   Hon.   T.   W.,    194, 

195,    222,    252,    274,   276, 

643. 

Crowe,  G.  B.,  507. 
Crummy,     Eev.     Dr.     Eber, 

365. 

Cullen,  Maurice,  98. 
Cullum,  Dr.,  538,  539. 
Cumberland,  T.   D.,   506. 
Cumming,  Dr.,  469,  471. 
Cummings,   Mrs.  W.,   310. 
Currie,     Lieut.-Col.    A.    W., 

294. 
Currie,    Major    J.    A.,    210, 

219,    220,    360. 
Curry,   Nathaniel,   262,   263, 

473. 
Curzon,  Earl,  134,  305. 

Dafoe,  J.  W.,  41,  45,   496. 
Dagg,  E.  A.,  625. 
Daggett,  J.  B.,  452. 
Dalton,  Hon.  Chas.,  488. 
Dandurand,    Hon.    B.,    666, 

669. 

Dane,    Frederick,    270,    324. 
Dargavel,  J.  B.,  342. 
Darke,  F.  N.,  561. 
D'Auteuil  Pierre,  399,  416. 
Dauth,  Bev.  Canon,  98,  288. 
Dauth,  M.  Gaspard,  435. 
Davidson,    A.    D.,    620,    641. 
Davidson,   Hon.   C.  P.,   288, 

293,   435. 

Davidson,  B.  B.,  581. 
Davidson,  Thos.,  159. 
Davidson,    Thornton,    666. 
Davidson-Houston,     W.     B., 

115. 

Davies,  Sir  L.  H.,  243. 
Davies,  W.,  108. 
Davies,   Sir  W.  H.,  95,  156. 
Davis,  Miss  Dorothy,  308. 
Davis,    Hon.   E.    J.,    280. 
Davis,  Hon.  T.  O.,  220. 
Davy,  Capt.  B.  N.,  291. 
Day,  Bev.  C.  H.,  473. 
Dawson,  Dr.  G.  M.,  618. 
Dawson,  Miles  M.,   374. 
Dawson,  Sir  Trevor,  178. 
Dawson,   Sir  Wm.,   94. 
Deacon,  T.  B.,  521. 
Deane,    F.    J.,    613. 
Dearness,   J.,   364,   658. 
D6carie,    Hon.    J.    L.,    252, 

390,    393,   405,    409,    414, 

433. 
D'Egville,  Howard,  52,   150, 

151. 
Delage,   Hon.  O.  C.  F.,   817, 

395. 

Denis,  Theo.  C.,  441. 
Denison,   A.   B.,    108. 
Denison,  C.  L.,  644. 
Denison,  Col.  G.  T.,  45,  107, 

145,  150,  293,  437. 
Dennis,  J.  S.,  591,  599,  620. 
Depatie,  Mr.,  241. 
Derby,  Earl  of,  56,  122. 
Derick,    M.A.,    Miss    C.    M., 

434. 
Desborough,    Lord,    53,    56, 

122.   130,    133,   155. 


Desborough,   Lady,   133. 
Detlor,    W.    S.,    108. 
Detweiler,   D.  B.,   631. 
Deveber,  Hon.  L.  G.,  220. 
Devlin,  Hon.  C.  B.,  392,  393 

396,   410,   416,  419,   424. 
Devlin,  E.  B.,  144,  247. 
j  Devline,  E.  H.,  571. 
Dickson,  K.C.,  J.  Howe,  300. 
Dickson-Otty,   G.   O.,    452. 
Dignam,  Mrs.  ,T.  S.,  310,  672. 
Dill,  Chas.  W.,  537. 
Dixon,  F.  J.,  496,   525,  553. 
Dixon,  John,  560. 
I  Dobie,  J.  S.,  198. 
I  Doble,  A.  B.,  300. 
Domville,    Senator,   65. 
Donaldson,  Sir  James  135. 
Donaldson,   S.  J.,   549. 
Donegall,  Marchioness  of,  58. 
Donnelly,  J.  J.,  247. 
Donovan,   A.   E.,    337. 
Doherty,   Hon.   C.  J.,   50-56, 

59,  60,  145,  190,  216,  217, 

226,  240,  252,  414,  587. 
Doherty,    Miss,    50,    54,    58, 

59. 

Dougall,  J.  B.,  436. 
Doughty,    c.M.o.,   Dr.   A.   G., 

174,  196,  207,  657,  658. 
Doughty,    M.P.,    Sir    George, 

32,    156,    619. 
Douglas,    Howard,    266. 
Douglas,  Dr.  Jas.,   147,  365. 
Douglas,  J.  C.,  475. 
Douglas,  J.  T.,  303. 
Douglas,  Malcolm,  360. 
Downie,  Mr.,  581. 
Dowson,  Frederick,  159. 
Doyle,   C.   E.  W.,   590. 
Doyle,  L.,  458. 
Doyon,    Leopold,    245,    252, 

253. 

Draper,  P.  M.,  276. 
Drayton,  K.C.,  H.  L.,  207. 
Drouin,  Mayor     (Montreal), 

62,  159,  438. 

Drummond,  A.  T.,  283,  365. 
Drummond,  Bev.  D.  B.,  365. 
Drummond,  Geo.  E.,  63,  133. 
Drummond,  G.  M.,  300. 
Drummond,  H.,  169. 
Drummond,    Lady,    99,    166, 

307. 

Drury,  Maj.-Gen.  C.  W.,  289. 
Drury,  E.  C.,  248,  622,  667. 
Dryden,  W.  A.,  206. 
Dube,    W.    A.,    266. 
Dubuc,   Sir  Joseph,  45,  166, 

426. 

Dubuc,  J.  G.  A.,   629. 
Ducharme,   G.  N.    180,   204, 

205. 

Duchemin,  H.  P.,  266. 
Duff,  Hon.  James,  187,  309, 

310,   311,   327,   334. 
Duff,  Hon.  L.  P.,  243. 
Dulles,   J.  F.,    118. 
Dunbar,  Dr.,  624. 
Duncan,  M.A.,  D.  M.,  521. 
Duncan,  Wm.,  598. 
Dundonald,  Lord,  178. 
Dunedin,  Lord,  126. 
Dunlop,   D.  A.,   108. 
Dunlop,   E.  A.,   330. 
Dunn,   J.  H.,   472. 
Dunning,    C.    A.,    534,    552, 

553. 

Dunmore,  Lord,  156. 
Durant,  F.  C.,  448. 
Durham,   Miss,   311. 


684 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Duval,   Rev.   Dr.,   528. 
Du  Vernet,  Bishop,   103. 
Dwucet,  Dr.  558. 
Dyas,  Miss,  311,  664. 
Dyde,   Rev.   Dr.   8.  W.,  590. 
Dyment,  A.  E.,  643. 

Eagle,  D.  M.,  371. 
Eakins,  A.  W.,  472. 
Earle,  Ellis  P.,  385. 
Easson,   C.   H.,   448. 
Edge,    Rt.    Hon.    Sir    John, 

123. 

Edison,  Thos.,  172. 
Edward    VII.,    H.  M.  King, 

95,   108. 

Edwards,  Sir  Sevan,  51. 
Edwards,  C.  H.,  371. 
Edwards,    J.    W.,    76,    216, 

240. 

Edwards,   Hon.  W.  C.,   220. 
Eilber,   Henry,   330. 
Elliott,  J.  C.,  329,  330,  336, 

345. 

Elliott,   R.  T.,   614. 
Elliott,  W.  544,  545. 
Elliott,  Dr.  W.,   538,  570. 
Elliott,    W.   J.,    600. 
Ellis,  Frank  B.,  461. 
Ellis,  M.L.A.,  J.  A.,  63,  313, 

315,   330. 

Ellis,  Dr.  J.  P.,  474. 
Ellis,   J.   N.,    614. 
Ellis,   Hon.  J.   V.,   220. 
Ellis,  Prof.  W.  S.,  136. 
Ellison,     Hon.     Price,     599, 

602,    609,    619. 
Elwood,  E.  L.,  570,  620. 
Embury,  J-  F.  L.,  539,  570. 
Emmerson,  Hon.  H.  R.,  208, 

218,    226,   457. 
Englehart,   J.    L.,    322,    324, 

330,   387. 

Erne,   Earl  of,   270. 
Erratt,  J.  K.,   538. 
Enroll,  Earl  of,  156. 
Esher,  Lord,  82. 
Estlin,  E.  S.,  552. 
Ethier,  J.  A.  C.,  227,   246. 
Evans,  A.  Kelly,  325. 
Evans,  John,  553. 
Evans,  W.  Sanford,  93,  247, 

250,   523. 

Ewart,  Mrs.  A.  0.,  672. 
Ewart,  K.C.,  J.  S.,  168. 
Ewing,  A.  F.,  578,  579,  581. 
Ewing,  Dr.  J.  C.  R.,  134. 
Ewing,  R.  L.  H.,  300. 

Faber,  M.P.,  Capt.,  59. 
Fairbairn,  R.  D.,  45,  281. 
Fairweather,  R.  H.,  108. 
Falconer,  President,  365. 
Fallieres,  President,  54. 
Fallon,  Bishop,  366,  427. 
Farmer,    S.   J.,    495,    553. 
Farrell,  A.  G.,   559. 
Farrell,  W.  E.,   626. 
Farrer,  Lord,  157,  589. 
Farthing,   Bishop,    245,   267. 
Farwell,  E.  W.,   623,   642. 
Fasken,    D.,    644. 
Faulkner    Hon.    G.    E.,    302, 

475,  479. 

Fawcett,   Mrs.   Henry,   305. 
Fells,  Joseph,  147,  313. 
Ferguson,  Alex.,  330. 
Ferguson,  F.  W.,  553. 
Ferguson,  G.  H.,  247. 
Ferguson,  J.  B.,  246. 
Ferguson,   W.   R.,   330,   342. 


Pergusson,  G.  Tower,  665. 
Fernow,  Dr.  B.  E.,  199,  200, 

380,  620. 

Ferris,  Senator  T.  H.,  359. 
Fessenden,  Mrs.  C.,  109,  308. 
Fetherstonhaugh,  K.O.,  F.  B., 

90,  147. 
Fetherstonhaugh,  Mrs.  F.  B., 

147. 

Field,  F.  W.,   165,   342. 
Fielding,    Hon.   W.    S.,    144, 

645. 

Fife,  Duke  of,  88,   113. 
Findlay  (Mayor,  Vancouver), 

102. 
Finlay,    Sir    Robt.,    56,    125, 

128,   587. 
Finnic,   Dr.  J.  T.,   430,  432, 

433. 

Firstbrook,  J.  &  W.  A.,  108. 
Firth,  Sir  Algernon,  133. 
Fisher,    Admiral    Lord,     34, 

55,  82. 

Fisher,  Rt.  Hon.  A.,  18. 
Fisher,  Hon.  F.  M.  B.,  164. 
Fisher,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  W., 

293. 

Fisher,  James,  45. 
Fisher,  M.P.,  Hon.  S.  A.,  47, 

85,    206,    256,   258,   433. 
Fitzpatrick,      O.C.M.O.,       Sir 

Chas.,  123,  124,  126,  169, 

243,    244,    666. 
Fixter,  John,  467. 
Flavelle,  J.  W.,  44,  45,  365. 
Fleming,    Sir    Sandford,    96, 

95.   635. 

Fleming,    J.    W.,    106,    523. 
Flemming,    Hon.    J.    K.,    97, 

443-453,       456-451,       453, 

456,  460,  462,   620. 
Fletcher,   R.,   520. 
Flewelling,  S.  H.,  458. 
Flumerfelt,   President,    611. 
Flumerfelt,  A.  0.,   618,  619, 

642. 

Flynn,  K.C.,  Hon.  E.  J.,  414. 
Foley,-  J.,  538. 
Foley,  Timothy,  607. 
Footney,  Hulbert,  69. 
Ford,   R.   S.,   603. 
Forget,    Sir    Rodolphe,    166, 

246,  644,   646. 
Forke,    R.,    627. 
Forman,  J.  0.,  313. 
Forrester,  D.,  495. 
Fortune,  Mark,  666. 
Foster,   Hon.   G.  E.,   50,   52, 

60,  61,  63,  64,  76,  77, 
110,  114-119,  121,  141, 
158,  159,  174-176,  197, 
208,  213-216,  235,  237, 

247,  257,    282,    293,    459, 
462. 

Foster,   K.C.,  G.  G.,   642. 
Foster,  W.  R.,  672. 
Fournier,  L.  H.,  249. 
Fowler,    F.  O.,    45,    251. 
Fowler,   G.  W.,   219,   447. 
Foy,    Hon.   J.   J.,    165,    326, 

330,  333,  336,  373. 
Fraser,  A.  C.,  249. 
Fraser,    K.O.,    A.    W.,    130, 

131. 

Fraser,    Dr.    G.    E.,    302. 
Fraser,   M.L.A.,  J.  A.,    599. 
Fraser,  Hon.  Wm.,  164. 
Fream,  E.  J.,  526,  551,  622. 
Freeland,   Dr.  A.,  373. 
Freemantle,  Sir  Edmund,  81. 
French,    Sir   John,   52. 


Frink,   J.   H.,    97,   464,    623. 
Fripp,  K.C.,  A.  E.,  330. 
Frith,   J.   E.,    553,    569. 
Furness,    Lord,    122,    644. 

Gaboury,    Dr.    T.     G.,     414, 

416. 

Gaboury,  V.  H.,   371. 
Gaby,  B.A..SC.,  F.  A.,  359. 
Gage,  W.  J.,  45,  108,   622. 
Gagne,  H.  J.,  266. 
Galland,   Mr.,   425. 
Gallery,  Dan.,  437. 
Gait,   A.   C.,    129. 
Gamey,  R.  R.,  329,  345,  346. 
Gandier,     Rev.     Dr.     Alfred, 

351,   366. 

Ganong,  J.  E.,  448. 
Gardner,    Prof.   Ernest,    136. 
Garland    (Mayor,   Portage  la 

Prairie),  107. 
Garland  W.   F.,   245. 
Garneau,  F.  X.,  438,   658. 
Garneau,  Sir  Geo.,  437. 
Garneau,    Leon,   254. 
Garnett,  Thos.,  141. 
Garratt,    E.    A.,    517,    521. 
Garrow,   Dr.  A.  E.,   92. 
Garry,    T.    H.    543. 
Garstin,   Sir  Wm.,  155,   160. 
Gary,   E.   H.,   644. 
Gault,  C.  E.,  400,  402,  414, 

416,   424. 

Gauthier,  L.  J.,  249. 
Gauthier,  Mgr.,  425. 
Gaye,  J.,  621. 

Geary,  G.  R.,  145,  355,  359. 
Gelly,    Emile,    266. 
Genest,  S.  M.,  373. 
Geoffrion,    K.C.,    Aim*,     125, 

243,    244,    249. 
Geoffrion,  L.  P.,  416. 
George  V.,  King,  21,  58,  89, 

96,  97,  107,  108,  112,  133, 

163,    178,    291,    294,    317, 

426. 

George,    Mrs.   James,    147. 
George,    W.    K.,    139,    291, 

292 
Georgeson,    Wm.,    581,    591, 

625. 

German,  W.  M.,  76,  218. 
Giard,   A.  W.,   400,   416. 
Gibbons,  G.  S.,   360. 
Gibbs,  F.  E.,  204. 
Gibbs,   Col.   Geo.,    156. 
Gibson,     Sir    John    M.,     89, 

166,    293,    327,   366,    642, 

644. 
Gibson,     Joseph,     121,     314, 

349,   350. 

Gibson,  T.  W.,  322,  384. 
Gibson,   Hon.  Wm.,   220. 
Gieser,  L.  E.,  553. 
Gigot,  0.  A.,  629. 
Gilbert,   A.,   416. 
Gilehrist,  Jas.,  447,   452. 
Gillis,     M.L.A.,    A.    B.,     538,. 

545,   570. 

Gilmour,  Dr.  J.  T.  147. 
Gilroy,   S.  A.,   92. 
Girouard,   Sir  E.  P.,    168. 
Giroux,   N.,   437. 
Gisborne,   F.  A.  W.   312. 
Glasgow,    Robt.,    657. 
Glendenning,    Henry,    670. 
Glenn,  Joseph,   538,   539. 
Godfrey,  Dr.  Forbes,  332. 
Godfrey,   Henry,   206. 
Goggin,   D.C.L.,    D.   J.,    323.. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


685 


Golden,  J.  J.,  520. 
Gompers,    President    (Ameri- 
can Fed.  of  Labour),  278. 
Gooderham,    Col.    A.   E.,    99, 

290,    293,    365. 
Gooderham,  Mrs.  A.  E.,  146, 

147. 

Gooderham,  G.  H.,  335. 
Gooderham,  W.  G.,  108. 
Goodeve,  A.  8.,  230. 
Gorden,   Mrs.   C.  B.,   307. 
Gordon,    Asa,    310. 
Gordon,   A.    H.,    270. 
Gordon,  A.  L.,  539. 
Gordon,  Crawford,   148. 
Gordon,  Rev.  Dr.  D.  M.,  366. 
Gordon,  Senator  Geo.,  322. 
Gordon,  H.  Bruce,  508,  509. 
Gordon,  R.  K.,  462. 
Gordon-Lennox,      Lady      E., 

156. 

Gorell,    Lord,    123. 
Gorst,  Mrs.  Harold,  305. 
Gosnell,  R.  E.,  36,  196,   600. 
Gosselin,   Rev.  Abb6,   438. 
Gosselin,  M.  Amfidee  E.,  435. 
Goucher,  Rev.  W.  C.,  473. 
Gouin,   Sir   Lomer,   96,   181, 

254,    367,    389,   390,    396- 

401,    405,    406,    408-412, 

416-418,    426,    429,    431, 

435,  438. 
Gouin,    Lady,    390. 
Gould,  A.  K.,  552. 
Gould,  A.  R.,  450. 
Gourlay,  R.  S.,  45,  360,  633. 
Graaf,  Sir  David  de  Villiers, 

18,   141,   155. 
Graham     (Mayor,     London), 

91,    178. 

Graham    (Mayor,    Fort    Wil- 
liam),   100. 

Graham,   C.  F.,   207,   592. 
Graham,  Hon.  G.  P.,  76,  77, 

209,    218,    234,     245-247, 

254,    256,    257,    258,    265, 

304,   664. 

Graham,   R.  M.,   266. 
Grant,   Garnet  P.,   108. 
Grant,  Rev.  H.  R.,  470. 
Grant,   Prof.  W.  L.,  147,  196. 
Grasett,     Lieut. -Col.     H.    J 

293. 

Gray,  A.  W.,  103. 
Gray,  Mrs.  Edwin,  305. 
Green,  F.  W.,  526,  550,  551, 

552,  560,  667. 
Green,  M.P.,  R.  F.,  245,  246, 

597. 
Green,  S.  H.,  249,  493,  498, 

501. 

Greenfield,  Herbert,   627. 
Greensell,   A.   J.,    552. 
Greenshields,      Mr.     Justice, 

245. 

Greenway,  Hon.  T.,  517. 
Greenway,  S.  E.,  559. 
Greenwood,  W.  H.,  376,  377. 
Gregory,   J.   Fraser,   467. 
Geigerich,    H.,    621. 
Grenfell,  A.  M.,  41,  156,  160. 
Grenfell,    Dr.    W.    T.,    120, 

303,    408. 
Greville-Harston,     Lieut.-Col. 

C.,   178,  290. 
Grey,    Earl,    81,    109,    110, 

155,    291,    611. 
Grey.    Sir    Edward,    20,    52, 

110,    305,    669. 
Grier,  K.C.,  A.  Monro,  147. 


Grier,  E.  Wyly,   672. 
Griesbach,  W.  A.,  581. 
Griffith,   F.  W.,   115. 
Griffith,  J.  L.,  152. 
Griffith,  Sir  Samuel  W.,  123. 
Griffiths,  J.  Norton,  58,  116, 

464. 

Griffiths,  Mrs.  J.  Norton,  58. 
Grigg,  Albert,  342. 
Grigg,     Richard,     138,    174, 

176,  206. 
Grimmer,    Hon.    W.    C.    H., 

447. 

Guerin,   J.   J.   E.,   58,    166. 
Guilbault,  J.  P.  O.,  223. 
Guinness,  Hon.  R.,  156. 
G  alien,  Dr.  Stowe,  311. 
Gundy,  W.  P.,   108. 
Gunn,  A.  D.,  95,  j624. 
Gunn,  W.  E^  623. 
Guptill,   Scott  D.,   445. 
Gurd,   Norman  S.,   661. 
Gutelieus,    D.    P.,    179,    207, 

638. 
Guthrie,  Hugh,  76,  78,  219, 

222,   226,    229,    230,   254, 

274. 
Gwynne,    Lieut.-Col.    R.    J., 

291. 

Hackett,  W.,  50. 
Hadden,  David,  269. 
Hadrill,  Geo.,  108. 
Hagan,  Dr.  Von,  467. 
Haggard,  Sir  H.  Rider,  135. 
Haggart,  x.c.,  Alex.,  503. 
Haldane,    Lord,    20,    52,   96, 

123,    124,    126,    127,    135, 

150,    244,    295. 
Hale,  Mrs.  Forbes  Robertson, 

307,  311. 

Haliburton,  Thos.  C.,  97. 
Hall,  M.A.,  Rev.  Alfred,  122. 
Halsbury,  Earl  of,  123,  244. 
Ham,  George,  159,  460. 
Hamilton,  M.P.,  Lord  Claude, 

56. 
Hamilton,    Lieut.-Col.    C.    A. 

S.,   293. 

Hamilton,    C.   F.    148,    666. 
Hamilton,    Lord     Geo.,    267, 

305. 
Hamilton,    General   Sir   Ian, 

22. 

Hamilton  Mrs.   L.  A.,   307. 
Hamilton-Benn,  I.,  156. 
Hamilton-Gordon,  Sir  Arthur, 

113. 

i  Hammam,  Dr.  H.,  31. 
i  Hanna,  D.  B.,  44,  45. 
Hanna,  Hon.  W.  J.,  91,  308, 

314,     316-318,     330-332, 

335,    343,    350,    351,    353, 

355. 

Hanotauz,  M.  Gabriel,  55. 
Harcourt,    Rt.    Hon.    Lewis, 

52,    58,    59,    66,    82,    83, 

96,    135,    140,    167,    293, 

305. 
Hardie,    M.P..    J.    Keir,    33, 

163,  274,  277. 
Harding,    R.    H.,    206. 
Hardy,  A.  C.,  108. 
Hardy,   Mrs.  A.  C.,   108. 
Hardy,  Hon.  A.  S.,   381. 
Hardy,    E.    A.,    659. 
Harmsworth,   Sir  H.,   156. 
Harper,  A.  M.,  598. 
Harris,    Dean,    660. 
Harrison,    Chandler,    19. 
Harrison,   J.  G.,  448. 


Harrison,  Mrs.  J.  W.  F.,  663. 
Harrison,  Rev.  Wm.,  462. 
Hart,  Rev.  Thos.,  518. 
Hartney,  John,  371. 
Harty,  Hon.  Wm.,  365. 
Harvey,  C.K.,  C.  T.,  381. 
Harvey,  J.   G.,   501. 
Harvey,   Mrs.   M.  T.,   311. 
Haslam,   J.   H.,   164,   249. 
Hatheway,  W.   F.,   448. 
Haultain,  F.  W.  G.,  537-539, 

540-542,      555-557,      559, 

561,    565,    566-568,    570, 

571. 

Hawkes,    Arthur,    275,    652. 
Hawkes,    A.    G.,    550,   552. 
Hawkm,  C.  W.,  552. 
Hawthorne,   Julian,   385. 
Hawthornthwaite.    M.L.A.,    J. 

H.,  277. 

Hay,    Governor,    654. 
Hay,   Wm.,   447. 
Hayden,   R.   M.,  526. 
Hays,  C.  M.,  194,  216,  637, 

665,    666. 
Hayward,  M.L.A.,  W.  H.,  596, 

598,    603. 
Hazen,    Hon.    J.    D.,    49-56, 

59-61,     76,     85,     190-194, 

212,   215,   219,   247,    263, 

443,    456,   475,    598,    625. 
Hazen,    Mrs.   J.    D.,    50,    54, 

58,    59. 

Hazen,   Misses,   97. 
Hearst,    Hon.    W.    H.,    147, 

302,    321-323,    330,    332, 

333,    339    342,    381. 
Heaton,  B.A.,  Ernest,  147. 
Hfibert,  Eugene,  241. 
Hfibert,  C.M.G.,  Phillipe,  108. 
Hedges,    Job,    192. 
Hedley,  R.  H.,  617. 
Heeney,   Bertal,    658. 
Heidmann,   G.,   50. 
Hellmuth,    K.C.,    J.    F.,    241, 

243,    244. 
Henders,    R.    C.,    499,    525, 

551,   622. 

Henderson,  Sir  Reginald,  17. 
Henderson,  Mrs.  R.  W.,  308. 
Henderson,   S.   R.,   524. 
Hendry,  John,  620. 
Heneage,   Rev.  T.   R.,   292. 
Hendrie,     Hon.    J.     S.,     45, 

355,  356,  437. 
Hendry,   John,    148. 
Henson,  Canon  Hensley,  32. 
Herdman,   Hon.   A.   L.,    164. 
Herridge,    Rev.    Dr.    W.    T., 

365. 

Herries,   Hon.   W.   H.,   164. 
Herrmann,   Dr.  A.  F.,  473. 
Hertzog,  General,   165. 
Hewitt,   Arthur,   280. 
Hill,  Mrs.  E.  L.,  100. 
Hill,  A.R.C.A.,  Geo.  W.,   267. 
Hill,   H.   P.,    62,    63,    266. 
Hill,   L.  W.,    654. 
Hill-Wood,  S.,  156. 
Hills,   M.P.,  J.  W.,   156. 
Hincks,  Rev.  Dr.,   143,  239. 
Hindlip.   Lord,    155. 
Hirst,   F.  W.,   113. 
Hoare,   M.P.,  J.  G.,    156. 
Hobhouse,   C.  E.,   305. 
Hobson,  Robt.,  44. 
Hoc-ken,  H.  C.,  45,  143,  313, 

628. 
Hodeetts.    Dr.    C.    A.,    166, 

199.    200. 
Hodgins,   K.C.,  F.  E.,  375. 


686 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Hodgins,    Col.    W.    E.,    178, 

287. 

Hogg,  K.C.,  W.  D.,  207. 
Holtnan,   Major,    167. 
Holmes,    580,    625. 
Holson,  Bobt.,  45. 
Holstein,  C.  O.,  553. 
Holt,    H.    S.(    99,    644. 
Hone,  Julius,   639. 
Hood,  W.  J.,   492. 
Hopewell,     Chas,     62,     313, 

624. 
Hopkins,   J.   Castell,   45,   47, 

87,    165. 

Hopkins,   J.   R.  Innes   148. 
Hopkinson,  Sir  Alfred,  134. 
Hopwood,    Sir  Francis,   19. 
Horan,  H.  J.,  507. 
Horn,    E.    S.,    523. 
Horning,   Dr.   L.   E.,   85. 
Horton-Smith,  L.  G.  H.,  151. 
Hossie,   D.   N.,   560. 
Hotchkiss,    C.    S.,    283,    591. 
Howay,  F.  W.,   672. 
Howden,    Hon.    J.    H.,    492, 

500,   503. 
Hoyle,    Hon.     W.     H.,    147, 

328. 

Hubbard,  W.  W.  451,  467. 
Huber      (ex-Mayor,    Berlin), 

338. 

Huckvale,   W.,   592. 
Hudson,   J.   G.   S.,   593. 
Huestis,  Mrs.  A.  M.  811. 
Hugenard,  Father,  106. 
Hughes,  Col.  John,  270,  288. 
Hughes,  Dr.  J.  L.,  108,  136, 

145,    288,   351,    364,    656, 

657. 

Hughes,  Miss  Nanno  C.,  146. 
Hughes,  Col.  S.,  47,  61,  103, 

176,    177,    178,    216,   217, 

237,    284,    285,    287,    290, 

293,   497,   609. 
Hunt,   T.   A.,    503. 
Hunter,  Sir  Chas.,  156. 
Hunter,  Dr.  A.  J.,  271. 
Hunter,  Capt.  A.  T.,  294. 
Hunter,    A.    T.,    621. 
Hunter,    Gordon,    37. 
Hurlbatt,  Miss,  307. 
Huson,  Hon.  C.  J.,  283. 
Hutcherson,   E.  B.,   560. 
Hutchison,    Dr.   J.    N..    495 

496. 

Hutton,    Sir  E.   T.   H.,    166. 
Hutton,   Principal,   364. 
Hyde,    Lord,    155. 
Hyndman,    J.    D.,    581. 
Hythe,   Lord,   28,   156. 
Hythe,    Lady,    156. 

Idington,  Hon.  J.,  243,  244 
Illsley,  Percival,   166. 
Inchape,    Lord,    140,    141. 
Ingall,   B.A.,  E.   E.,   371. 
Ingram,   A.   B.,    326. 
Ireland,    Win.,    266. 
Irving,  Col.  J.  D.,  294. 
laacs,    Sir  Bufus,    55. 
Fsbister,   M.,   625. 
Ismay,  Bruce.   665. 
Ivens,   R.,    148. 

Jackson,  G.  N.,  508. 
Jackson,  Sir  John.  Ltd.,  181. 
Jackson,  M.  B.,    614. 
Jackson,   "Willis  K.,   383. 
Jacobs,  E.,  617. 
Jacobs,  Mrs.  F.  S.,  311. 


Jacobs,  K.C.,  S.  W.,  433. 
Jacques,   B.A.,  H.   St.,    371. 
Jaffray,     Hon.     R.,    44,    45, 

268,    360,    361,    642,    665. 
James,    C.M.G.,   LL.D.,   C.    C., 

185,    320,    334,    336. 
James,    C.   \V.,    658. 
Jameson,    C.,    220. 
Jamieson,    David    328,    330, 

345. 

Jamieson,  F.  C.,  581. 
Jardine,  John,  598,  604. 
Jarvis,    Aemilius,    108. 
Jennings,  J.  T.,  460. 
Jersey,  Countess  of,  305. 
Jette,  Sir  Louis,  303. 
Johnson,    C.   J.,    292. 
Johnson,    Governor    (Califor- 
nia),  602. 

Johnson,  Hon.  James,  493. 
Johnson,  J.  W.,  329,  330. 
Johnson,  Pauline,   103,   303, 

660. 

Johnson,  Rev.  Dr.  R.,  288. 
Johnson,  Ven.  Archdeacon, 

245. 
Johnson,  T.  H.,  493,  501, 

504,  508. 

Johnston,  Rev.  A.  B.,  569. 
Johnston,  A.  B.,  622. 
Johnston,  Sir  Charles,  156. 
Johnston,   Lady,   156. 
Johnston,  Rev.  C.  O.,  238. 
Johnston,  K.C.,  E.  F.  B.,  146. 
Johnston,  Mrs.  E.  F.  B.,  147. 
Johnston,   G.  B.,   542,   570. 
Johnstone,   Rev.   R.   C.,   518. 
Joicey,  Lord,   155,   158. 
Jones,  Dr.  C.  C.,  462. 
Jones,  H.  V.  Franklin,   156. 
Jones,   J.  W.,   620. 
Jordan,  B.A.,  A.  A.,  371. 
Jordan,  Sir  John,  167. 
Jordon,  D.  S.,  192. 
Julius,  Bishop,   109. 

Kaine,  Hon.  J.  C.,  417. 
Kearns,  Wm.,   208. 
Keary,  W.  H.,   596. 
Keefe,  John,   666. 
Keegan,  P.  C.,  666. 
Keeling,    Miss   M.   A.,    590. 
Keenleyside,  C.  B.,   539. 
Kelliher,   D.  B.,   639. 
Kelly,   Andrew,   524. 
Kelly    (Mayor,    N.    Sydney), 

95. 

Kelly,    Hall,  398. 
Kelly,  Mr.  Justice,  365. 
Kelso,  J.  J.,  316. 
Kemp,    Hon.    A.   E.,    50,    54, 

64,   121. 
Kennedy,     John,     495,     496, 

526. 

Kennedy  T.  L.,  341. 
Kenner,    A.    E.,   266. 
Kent,   J.   G.,   97. 
Kerby,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  W.,  591. 
Kerr,  Hon.  J.  K.,  219. 
Kerr,   L.  V.,  148. 
Kerr,  Phillip  H.,   32. 
Kickham,    J.,   482. 
Kidd,  Edward,   240. 
Kidd,    Thos.,   598. 
Kidston,    J.,   598. 
Kierstead,  J.  W.,  458. 
Kilbourn,    J.    M.,   360. 
Killum,   I.   N.,   458. 
Kimball,  G.  W.,   459. 
King,  B.A.,  A.  N.  C.,  611. 
King,   Francis,    193. 


King,  Hon.  G.  G.,   457. 
King,  Rev.  R.  A.,  590. 
King,  Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie, 

41,     84,     247,     256,     258, 

265,   277,    311,    362. 
King-Hall,   Admiral,   18. 
Kingsmill,  Admiral  C.  E.,  50, 

87. 

Kingsmill,    Mrs.  59. 
Kinnaird,    G.    J.,   625. 
Kirchoffer,  Hon.  J.  N.,   107, 

220. 

Kirgin,  Dr.  W.  T.,  613. 
Kirkpatrick,  Prof.  A.  K.,  485. 
Kitchener,    F.M.,    Lord,    17, 

22,   55,  82,  290. 
Kittson,  H.  N.,   326. 
Knapp,  J.  B.,  620. 
Knight,  J.  R.,  579. 
Knowles,  E.  T.  C.,  266,  452. 
Knowles,  W.  E.  249. 
Knowlton,  F.  J.  G.,  459. 
Knox,    Andrew,    552. 
Knox,  P.  C.,  668. 
Kryshtofovich,   M.,   669. 
Kylie,  Prof.  E.  J.,  299,  301. 
Kyte,  G.  W.,  230. 

La  Billois,   C.   H.,  448,  459! 
Labouchere,   Henry,   113. 
Lachapelle,  Dr.  E.  P.,  400. 
Lackner,   Dr.  H.   G.,   338. 
Lacoste,   Sir  Alex.,   115. 
Lacoste,  Mgr.,  558. 
Lafleur,    Eugene,    243,    244, 

587. 
Lafontaine,    Geo.,    399,    400, 

416. 

Lafontaine,   Justice,   437. 
Lafortune,   D.   A.,    76. 
Laidlaw,  J.  B.,  280. 
Laidlaw,  K.C.,  W.,  375. 
Laird,  Alex.,  365. 
Laird,  H.  W.,  537,  539. 
Laird,  John,  473. 
Lake,  R.  S.,  204,   205. 
Lamarche,    P.    A.,    65,    223, 

224,   225. 
Lamy,  M.  Etienne,  424,  426, 

589. 

Lancaster,  E.  A.,   217,   220. 
Lanctot,   Hon.  Charles,   397, 

398,   409. 

Landry,    Senator,    62. 
Landry,  Hon.  D.  V.,   452. 
Landry,  Col.  J.  P.,  178,  287. 
Landry,  Hon.   P.  A.,  425. 
Lane,   C.   W.,   266. 
Lane,  Sir  Ronald,   155,  160. 
Lang,  Andrew,   113. 
Langevin,      Archbishop,     94, 

425,   529. 
Langley,     Hon.     Geo.,     249, 

526,    531,    537,    542,    544, 

551,   552,   573. 
Langelier,   K.c.,  Hon.  Chas., 

662. 
Langelier,    Sir  Frangois,   96. 

159,    166,    671,    393,    395, 

416,  425,  437. 
Langlois,  G.,  414,  418,  430- 

433. 

Langman,  Sir  John,  156. 
Lansdowne,    Lord,    81,    140, 

305. 

Lapointe,    Ernest,    218,    227. 
Lariviere,   Mr.,   437. 
Larkin,   P.   C.,   168. 
Larochelle,   M.  G.,   208. 
Lash,  Z.  A.,  45. 
Latta,    S.   J.,    571. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


687 


Laughton,  J.  H.,   364. 

Laurendeau,  Judge,  241, 
642. 

Laurier,  Sir  Wilfrid,  40,  41, 
43,  44,  47,  49,  57,  64,  68, 
74-76,  80,  84,  86,  116, 
144,  150,  161,  169,  209, 
211,  219,  222,  224,  226- 
228,  230,  231,  232,  234, 
235,  240,  245,  247,  252, 
254-258,  263,  265,  267, 
268,  338,  344,  345,  362, 
405,  425  438,  470,  613, 
514,  532,  613,  637. 

Laurier,    Lady,   255. 

LavalSe,  K.C.,  L.  A.,  62,  400, 
624. 

Lavergne,  M.L.A.,  Armand, 
43,  87,  177,  187,  221, 
227,  253,  271,  398,  399, 
400,  412,  413,  416,  418. 

Law,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Bonar,  56, 
58,  138-140,  142,  305. 

Lawley,  Sir  Arthur,  32,  109, 
155,  160,  161. 

Lawrence,  Geoffrey,   125. 

Lawrence,  Hon.  G.,  250,  492, 
523. 

Lawrence,   Sir  Joseph,  56. 

Layton  (Mayor,  Camrose), 
625. 

Leach,  B.  E.  A.,  268,  569. 

Leacock,  Stephen,  662. 

Leathes,   C.  B.   Stanley,  134. 

Le  Blanc,   O.  J.,  459. 

Lecompte,  Father  E.,  238. 

Lecompte,   Joseph,    494. 

Lecocq,   Rev.   Father,  438. 

Lee,  Arthur  H.,  81. 

Lee,  J.  A.,  104,  597,  626. 

Lefebvre,   Rev.    Father,    594. 

Legal,  Mgr.,   589. 

Leger,  C.  M.,  458,  459. 

Leggat,   John,   45. 

Leyen,  Earl  of,  156. 

Leicester,  Earl  of,  156. 

Leitch,  Mr.  Justice,  363. 

Leitch,  K.C.,  James,   326. 

Lemieux,  M.P.,  Hon.  R.,  44, 
49,  84,  165,  186,  208, 
213,  216,  218,  225,  227, 
247,.  255,  256,  362,  409. 

Lemon,  G.  W.,  627. 

Leonard,   R.  W.,   179,   365. 

Leopold,  Rev.  Father,  442. 

Lesperance,  M.P.,  D.  O.,  171, 
644. 

Lessard,  Major-General  F. 
L.,  287,  289. 

Lessard,  M.L.A.,  P.  E.,  425, 
589. 

Le  Sueur,  Dr.  W.  D.,  656, 
657. 

Letorneau,   Mr.   245,   252. 

Leven,   Earl  of  156. 

Lewis,  A.  C.,  633. 

Lewis,   Prof.   F.  J.,   590. 

Liehnowsky,  Prince,   29,   30. 

Lincolnshire,  Marquess  of, 
55. 

Lindsay  W.  J.,  526. 

Lighthall,  K.C.,  W.  D.,  45, 
46,  400,  435,  624. 

Lillwall,    W.    H.,    552. 

Lindsey,    Chas.,    657. 

Lindsey,  K.C.,  G.  G.  S.,  656. 

Linp,  Dr.  T.  H..  559. 

Lipton,   Sir  Thos.,   107,   156. 

Lisle,   H.    C.,    543. 

Lister,    Lord,    113. 

Lloyd,  M.A.,  Francis  E.,  434. 


Lloyd  George,  51,  52,  59,  61, 

305. 

Locke,  Judge  C.,  507. 
Locke,  Geo.  H.,  45. 
Lodge,  Matthew,  624. 
Loggie,  Lieut.-CoL  G.  G.,  463. 
Logie,  Col.  W.  A.,  287,  365. 
Londonderry,    Lord,    56,    59, 

144. 

Londonderry,  Lady,  59. 
Loney,  R.  621,  625. 
Long,     Lady     Doreen,     156, 

160. 

Long,  D.S.O.,  Capt.  W.,  99. 
Long,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H., 

33,  81,  145,  147,  160,  161, 

305. 

Longstaff,    Capt.  F.   V.   292. 
Lonsdale,    Sir   John,    56. 
Lord   Mayor   of   London,   51, 

54,  61,  135. 
Loreburn,   Lord,   244. 
Lorimer,   Wm.,   141. 
Lorimier,  Judge  De,  241. 
Lougheed,    Hon.    J.    A.,    48, 

Ipl,    197,  232,   234. 
Louis,  Prince  of  Battenberg, 

26,    56. 

Love,  H.  H.,  108. 
Low,  Dr.  A.  P.,  407. 
Low,  T.  A.,   246,   247. 
Lowe         (Mayor,         Sydney 

Mines),   95. 
Lowther,    Lieut.-Col.    H.    C., 

99. 

Lowther,    J.   W.,    150. 
Lucar,     Archdeacon    J.     R., 

671. 

Lucas,  Alex.,  598,  603. 
Lucas,  Hon.  I.  B.,  136,  326, 

330,    334,    335,    347-349. 
Lugard,  Sir  F.  D.,  134. 
Lugrin,   C.   H.,   602. 
Lumby,   J.   R.,   364. 
Lunney,   J.  F.,   539. 
Luxton,  K.C.,  A.  P.,  605. 
Lyle,   A.  M.,   497. 
Lyman,  Geo.   301. 
Lynch-Staunton,      G.,      179, 

207,   638. 

Lyon,   Stewart,   313. 
Lyons,  R.  F.,  493,  506. 
Lyster,   N.    C.,    266. 
Lyttelton,     Rt.    Hon.  Alfred, 

51,   52,  81,   305. 
Lyttleton,    Sir  Neville,   156. 

Mabee,  J.  P.,  207,  631. 
Machin,  H.  A.  C.,  335. 
Machray,  Archbishop,  45. 
Machray,    Archbishop,    519. 
Macoun,  J.  M.,  166. 
Mageau,  Zotique,  329. 
Magee,  Knox,  521. 
Magee,  W.  H.,  571. 
Magill,   Robt.,  204. 
Magrath,  C.  A.,  207. 
Mahaffy,    A.    H.,    330. 
Mahan,   A.   T.,   34. 
Maharg,    J.    A.,     526.    550, 

552,    560,    622,    667. 
Major    M.,    Archer-Shee,    95, 

110,   147. 
Malcolm,  G.  J.  H.,  249,  497, 

498,   505. 

Malkin,  W.  H.,  602. 
Malloch,   G.   S.,  616. 
Maloney,  M.  J.,  245,   247. 
!  Maloney,  Dr.  P.  J.,   318. 
!  Mann,    Sir    Donald,    47,    99, 

108,    288,    616,    640,    641. 


Manning,  R.  A.  C.,  250,  492. 
Marcil,  Hon.  Chas.,  227. 
Marconi,  Mr.,  112. 
Marechal,    K.C.,    L.    T.,    63, 

170,    182,    252,    413,    414, 

437. 

Margeson,  J.  W.,   474. 
Markham,  Miss  V.,  305,  306. 
Marlborough,   Duke  of,    122. 
Marois,  Father,  177. 
Marois,   Felix,   393. 
Marquette,    E.,    392. 
Marsh,    W.   A.,    159. 
Marshall,  Hon.  Duncan,  577, 

580,    592,    620,    667. 
Marshall,  F.  G.,   671. 
Marshall,  Mrs.  Ord,  136,  150. 
Marshall,    Thos.,    330,    345. 
Marsil,  T.,  253. 
Martell,  Rev,  G.  R.,  473. 
Martin,  Prof.  C.,   196. 
Martin,  E.  D.,  251,  496,  625. 
Martin,    Justice     (Victoria), 

120. 

Martin,  K.C.,  Joseph,  168. 
Martin,   M.,  437. 
Martin,    W.    M.,    230,    247, 

249. 
Mary,    H.M.    Queen,    58,    89, 

108,   133. 

Mason,  M.P.,  D.  M.,  156. 
Mason,    Colonel    James,    45, 

293,  646. 
Mason,      D.S.O.,      Major      J. 

Cooper,   151. 
Mason,   Robt.,  157. 
Masten,  K.C.,  C.  A.,  587. 
Mastin,   Mrs.  E.   M.,   658. 
Massey,  Chester  D.,  45,  108. 
Massey,  Denton,  108. 
Massey,    Mrs.    Lillian  Treble, 

108. 
Massey,  Hon.  W.  F.  18,  81, 

164. 

Mather   D.   L.,   501. 
Mather  &  Platt,   158. 
Matheson,     Archbishop,    93, 

519. 
Matheson,   Hon.  A.   J.,    325, 

326,    330,    333,    347,    376, 

482,  484-487. 
Matheson,  P.   E.,   135. 
Mathieu,  Bishop  O.  E.,  427, 

530,   558. 

Matson,   J.   S.   H.,   665. 
Matthews,  Miss  I.  E.,  311. 
Matthews,  W.  D.,  635. 
Maunsell,    Lieut.-Col.    G.    S., 

178,   294. 
Maxwell,    Hon.    Robt.,    300, 

451. 
Maxwell,    E.    &    N.    S.,    493, 

532. 

May,   Geo.   S.   629. 
Mayberry,  M.p.  T.  R.,  330. 
Meath,  Earl  of,  109. 
Meighen,   Arthur,    212,    222, 

230,    250. 
Mellen,  C.  S.,   638. 
Mercer,     Lieut.-Col.     M.     S., 

147,   289. 
Merchant,    Dr.   F.   W.,    271, 

367-369. 

Mercier,  Hon.  Honorfi  393. 
Mercier,    H.,    409,   410,   412, 

417. 

Mercure,  G.  G.,   276. 
Meredith,   H.  V.,  99,   266. 
Meredith,  Sir  Wm.,  361,  374, 

375. 
Merrill,  Miss  Anne,  150. 


688 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Merrill,  0.  W.,  387. 
Merrill,  Miss  Helen,  149. 
Merritt,  Miss  Catharine  Wel- 

land,    146. 

Merritt,  Lieut.-Col.  W  Hamil- 
ton,   88,    150,   288,    294 
Mersey,   Lord,    123 
Meunnier,    Dame    Marie    A., 

241 
Mewburn,    Lieut.-Col.    S.    C., 

45. 

Michand    Alexandre,    400. 
Michand,  Felix,  452. 
Michell,  Sir  Lewis,  178. 
Michener,  Edward,  578,  581, 

582,    584,    586,    589. 
Middlebro,    W    S.,    76,    220, 

230. 

Middleton,  Lord,  56,  156. 
Might,    J.   W.,    358. 
Mignault,    K.C.,    P.    B.,    243, 

244,    434. 

Mikel,  K.C.,  W.  C.,  325,  375. 
Miller,  Ernest,  615. 
Miller,  Dr.  W.  G.,  322,  346, 

347. 

Miller,    Mr.   W.    R.,   307. 
Mill*.  C.  H.,  338. 
Mills,   Hon.  C.  T.,    156. 
Mills,    Sir  Jas.,    119. 
Milner,   Lord,   86,   107,    162, 

295,   302. 

Minehan,  Rev.  L.,  45,  351. 
Miner,  G.  H.,   149. 
Minto,    Lord,    56. 
Minto,    Lady,    98. 
Mitchell,    K.C.,    Hon.    C.    R., 

577,  583,  589. 
Mitchell,    J.    W.,    101,    624, 

626. 

Mitchell,    R   M.,    545,    546 
Mitchell,  K.C.,  Victor  E.,  38 
Moffat,   John,   276. 
Moffat,   Wm.,    526. 
MoJloy,   Wm.,   498,   499. 
Molson,   H.   Markland.   666. 
Molteno,  Sir  J.  T.,  150. 
Mondou,  A.  A.,  65,  '85,  223 

226,  227. 

Monell,  Ambrose,  387,  644. 
Monet,  Mr.  Justice  D.,  432. 
Monk,  Hon.  F.  D.,  42,  47, 

63,      180-182,     217,     221 

224,    225,    253,    258,    413. 

666 
Montagu   of   Beaulieu,    Lord. 

156. 
Montague,    Hon.   W.   H.   45 

250. 

Montgomery,   Bishop,  134. 
Montrose,  Duchess  of,  305. 
Moore,  Sir  John,  96. 
Moore,  Sir  Newton  J.,  134. 
Moore,   Rev.  Dr.  T.  A.,  351. 
Moore,   S.  R.,  570. 
Moore,   W.  E.,   652. 
Moorehouse,  L.  A.,  520. 
Morden,    Dr.   G.   W.,   520. 
Morden,    Dr.   W.   C.,   492. 
Morel,    Henry,    330. 
Morgan,  B.  H.,  95. 
Morgan,  E.  A.  D.,  245. 
Morgan,  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.,  366. 
Morice,  Rev.  A.  G.,  559. 
Morine,  Hon.  A.  B.  204,  205. 
Morley,  Rt.  Hon.  Arnold,  141. 
Morley,   Lord,   305. 
Morley,  F.   G.,   64,   622. 
Morris.  Sir  E.  P.,   121,  150 

191. 


Morrison,      Alex.,      245-247, 

251,  520. 

Morrison     (Mayor,    Summer- 
side.   P.E.I.),   94. 
Morrison,    Donald,   524. 
Morrison,    Lieut.-Col.    E.   W. 

B.,   178. 

Morrison,    Rev.    Dr.,   473. 
Morrison,  J.,  526. 
Morrison,  Sir  Theodore,  135. 
Morrison-Bell,     M.P.,     Major, 

156,   160. 
Morrissy,  Hon.  J.,  443,  449, 

451,  452,  458. 
Morrow,  Jas.,  250. 
Mortimer,   Corporal  G.,   293, 
Mosher,  M.A.,  D.  D.,  364. 
Moss,  Sir  Chas..  365. 
Motherwell,  Hon.  W.  R.,  531, 

535,    544,    547,    560,    572, 

573,    626. 
Mott,  Ed.,  508. 
Mousir,   E.   P.,   115. 
Mousseau,  J.  <>..  417. 
Muir,  Alex.,  658. 
Muir,  A.  E.,  501. 
Muir,  R.  R.,  501. 
Muldrew,   Mrs.,    311. 
Mulholland,  R.,  108. 
Mullin,  Dr.  B.  M.,  452. 
Mullin,  Daniel,   193. 
Mulock,   Sir  Wm.,    121. 
Mulock,  K.c.,  W.  R.,  501. 
Munn,  H.  A.,   300. 
Munns,  W.  W.,   538. 
Murchie,  G.  S.,  666. 
Murphy,   Mrs.  A.,   303,   308, 

311,   664,   661. 
Murphy,  Mr.  Justice,  602. 
Murphy,      Hon.     Chas.,     47, 

205,    227,    247,    256,    258, 

360,   361. 

Murphy,  Denis,  324. 
Murphy,  T;  J.,  366. 
Murray,  Sir  Geo.,  169,  173, 

201,    203,   205. 
Murray,    Hon.    G.    H.,    144, 

254,   468,    469,   470. 
Murray,   Hon.  J.  A.,  451. 
Murray,  J.  P.,  45. 
Murray,  B.A.,  R.  W.,  323. 
Murray,    T.    Aird,    534. 
Musgrave,  A.   H.,   330,   370. 
Musselman,  J.  B.,   552. 
Mytton,    H.    F.,    157. 
Macallum,  A.  B.,   166. 
Macara,   Sir  C.  W.,   139. 
Macaulay,  T.  B.,   114,   115. 
Macdiarmid,  F.  G.,  352. 
MacDonald,    Bernard,    617. 
Macdonald,  Maj.-Gen.,  D.  A., 

289. 

MacDonald,  Rev.  D.  J.,  473. 
Macdonald,  E.  M.,  208,  211, 

218,    227    238,    240,    247, 

485. 
Macdonald,    Hon.    Hugh    J., 

45,  93,    294. 
Macdonald,    Dr.    J.    A.,    44, 

46,  365. 

Macdonald,  Hon.  J.  A.,  482. 
Macdonald,  J.  K.,  365. 
Macdonald,   T.   W.  F.,   482. 
Macdonald,  Col.  W.  C.,  289. 
Macdonald,    Sir   W.    C.,    99, 

434. 

Macdonell,  E.  H.,  450. 
Macdonell,  J.   A.,   288. 
Macdonnell.   H.    A.,    320. 
MacDougall,    G.    W.,    434. 
Macgillivray,   D.,   96,   302. 


MacGillivray,    Rev.    Dr.    M., 

365. 

Macgowan  A.  H.  B.,  603. 
Macfarlane,  Rev.  J.  A.,  433. 
Macintosh,  J.  C.,  473. 
MacKay,    K.C.,    A.    G.,    101, 

329,    344,    345,    349,    363, 

579. 

MacKay,    A.    H.,    470-472. 
MacKay,    Isabel    Ecclestone, 

663. 
MacKay,     Sir    James     Lyle, 

141. 

MacKay,  Neil  F.,   615. 
Mackay  &  Co.,  359. 
Mackenzie,  A.  B.,  621. 
MacKenzie,  A.  Stanley,  473. 
Mackenzie,  Miss,  310. 
Mackenzie,  Major-Gen.  C.  J., 

289. 
MacKenzie,     Hon.    Malcolm, 

577    579. 
Mackenzie,  Prof.  M.  A.  280, 

283. 
Mackenzie,    Hon.    P.    S.    G., 

390,    391,    403,    410,    416, 

417,  420-423,  430,  443. 
Mackenzie,  Hon.  Thps.,  18. 
Mackenzie,  Sir  William,  44, 

45,  86,  90,  108,  111,  161, 

165,   288,    291,    448,    640, 

641,    644. 

Mackenzie,   Lady,   147. 
Mackenzie,     William     Lyon, 

656. 

MacLachlan,  D.  P.,  448. 
Maclean,    A.    K.,    216,    218, 

230,   236,   237. 
Maclean,  Miss  I.,  664. 
Maclean,    Sir  Fitzroy,    112. 
Maclean,   K.C.,  H,   A.,   596. 
MacLean,  Dr.  John,  206. 
MacLean,   James   A.,    520. 
Maclean,    M.P.,    W.    F.,    36, 

47,  48,  65,  112,  209,  210, 

219,    227,    228,    240,    376, 

526. 

MacLellan,  W.  E.,  472. 
MacLennan,   Donald,   474. 
Maclennan,  D.  B.,  365. 
Macleod  J.  R.,  470. 
Maclure,    S.,   610. 
Macmaster,   Donald,    58,    63, 

168. 

MacMillan,  A.  S.,  624. 
MacMillan,  H.  R.,  599,  620. 
MacMillan,  Dr.  J.  W.,  288. 
MacMillan,   N.   T.,    149. 
MacMurchy,  Miss  Helen,  316. 
MacMurchy,     Miss    Marjory, 

664. 
Macnaughten,      Lord,      123, 

125,    126,   244. 
MacNamara,  Dr.,  81. 
MacNaughton,    Mrs.    W.    G., 

311. 

MacNeill,  J.  W.,   541,   571. 
Macnutt,  Thos.,   230,   249. 
Macpherson,    F.   F.,    364. 
Macqueen,-  Col.    S.  W.,   147. 
MacTavish,  Judge,   365. 
McAra,    P.,    106,    536,    550, 

626. 

McArthur,  Mrs.  A.  J.   591. 
McArthur,  D.  D.,  526. 
McArthur,  J.  D.,  45,  638. 
McBrady,  Rev.  Father,   365. 
McBride,    Sir    Richard,    37, 

103,    159,    166,    290,   595- 

598,    603.    611,    612,    616, 

617,   620. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


689 


McCaffrey,    T.,    666. 
McCandless,  A.  G.,  130,  131, 

138. 

McCarthy  M.    S.,   581. 
McCaskill   Rev.   J.   J.,    300. 
McClenahan,  Dr.  D.  A.,  317. 
McClung,     Mrs.     Nellie     L., 

308,   311. 

McCoig,  A.  B.,  227. 
McOon,  D.  P.,  534,  559,  560. 
McColl,   Roderick,  469. 
McConneD,    Dr.   B.   J..    493, 

517. 

McConnell,  J.  P.,   614,   665. 
McCorkill,   Mr.  Justice,  245. 
McCormick,    R.   J.,   329. 
McConnell,  J.  W.t    108. 
McCrae,    Col.    D.,    160,    206, 

619. 

McCrae,    Chas.,    328. 
McCrae,    C.   M.,   206. 
McCraney,  G.   E.,  247,  559. 
McCready,  J.  W.,  624,  626. 
McCredie,  A.   L.,   665. 
McCuaig,    D.   W.,    510,    525. 
McCullough,    C.    R.,    45,    88, 

294,    299,   300,   301. 
McCullough,    Dr.   J.   W.    S.. 

318. 
McCullough,  Rev.  Dr.  Thos.. 

94. 

McCurdy,  M.P.,  P.  B.,  473. 
McDonald       (Mayor,      Glace 

Bay),  95. 

McDonald,  Rev.  A.  J.,  470. 
McDonald,  Hon.  Chas.,  150. 
McDonald,  J.  A.,  266. 
McDonald,  J.  F.,   581. 
McDonald,  L.  T.,  625. 
McDonald,  W.,  325. 
McDougald,    Mrs.  A.  W.,  811. 
McDongald,   John,    166. 
MeDougall,  J.  A.,  590. 
McEwan,  Horace,  487. 
McFarlane,   J.  B.,    169. 
McGarry,  T.  W.,  246. 
McGibbon,   J.   Lome,  644. 
McGrath,    P.   T.,    120. 
McGregor,   J.  A.,   591. 
McGregor,  Hon.  J.  D.,  473, 

524. 

McGregor,  P.  C,,  365. 
Mclnnes,  i.e.,  Hector,  587. 
Mclnnes,  J.  K.,  553. 
Mclntosh,    Norman,   487. 
Mclntosh,  J.  R.,  561. 
Mclntosh,   P.  J.,   644. 
Mclntyre,   0.  H.,  460. 
Melntyre,  D.  N.,  599. 
Miclntyre,  K.O.,  D.  M.,  826, 

365. 

Mclntyre,   Daniel,   585,  559. 
Mclntyre,   David,   518. 
Mclntyre,  LL.D.,  W.  A.,  864 

535,   559. 

McKay,   Angus,   560. 
McKay,  Dr.  A.  H.,  136.  288. 
McKay,   E.  A.,  300. 
McKay,  Jamee,   538. 
McKay,   W.  C.,   570. 
McKeag,  6.   H..  552. 
McKeMe,  J.   A.,   598. 
MrKenna,  J.  A.  J.,  207. 
McKenty,    Dr.    3.    E.,    527, 

53O. 

McKenzie,    D.   D.,  222,  238. 
McKenzie,  R.,   667. 
McKenzie,  Hon.  T.,   164. 
McKenzie,  R.,  248,  499,  525, 

626. 
McKenzie,  W.  B.,  484. 


McLagan,    D.,    159. 
McLaren,  A.  F.,  592. 
McLaren,    Lient.-Col.    J.    J-, 

360,   365. 

McLean,    A.   A.,    218,    483. 
McLean,    Hon.    A.    J.,    577, 

580,  581. 
McLean,    M.P.,    CoL    H.    H., 

294. 
McLean,     Hon.    John,     482, 

484. 

McLean,    W.    A.    324. 
McLellan,   H.   R.,  623. 
McLennan,  E.  W.,  509. 
McLennan,  J.  8.,  472. 
McLeod,    Donald,   607. 
McLeod,  D.  B.,  493. 
McLeod,    Hon.    H.    P.    448, 

449. 

McMeans,  L.,  493,  498. 
McMicken,  Magistrate,  252. 
McMillan,    Dr.,   579. 
McMillan,     Sir    D.    H.,    45, 

148. 

McMillan,   J.    G.,   324. 
McMurray,  E.  J.,  262. 
McMartry,  John,   266. 
McNab,  Hon.  A.  P.,  531. 
McNally,    Dr.   T.   J.,    81T. 
McNaught,   W.  K.,   45,   835, 

355,  356. 

McNeil,  Rev.  Neil,  671. 
McNeil,  8.  B.,  277. 
McNeill,  M  G.,  527. 
McNeill,  W.  F.,  581. 
McNeish,     (Mayor,    N.    Van- 

•couver),  103. 
McNichol,  James,   627. 
McNicholl,    David,    365,    288. 
McPhail,  J.  Alex.,  482. 
McPherson,  A.  J.,  534,  537, 

557. 
McPhereoo,  C.  D.,  249,  501, 

508,  510. 

McPherson,  W.  D.,  335. 
McPhilipg,  Hon.  A.  E.,   144, 

602. 

McQueen,  Dr.  Jae.,  329,  332. 
McRae,   A.   D.,  620. 
McRae,  C.   M.,  467. 
McWIllianis,  Alfred.  462. 

Nairne,  J.   G.,    156. 

Napoleon,    27. 

Nantel,    Hon.    W.    B.,    196, 

227,   252,  253,  413. 
Nanton,  A.  M.,  45,  161. 
Neely,   Dr.   D.  B.,  247, 
Neely,  <?eo.  W.,   338. 
Neeve,  Douglas,  523. 
Neilson,   M.P.,  P.,  33. 
Neilson,  G.  R..   623. 
Neilsoa,   G.  T.,  156. 
Neilson    (Sheriff,    Prince   Al- 
bert),   559. 
Neteon,  John,  6O3. 
Npsbitt.   Mr.,   159. 
Nesbitt,  E.  W.,  230. 
Nesbitt,    Hon.    Wallace,    45, 

90,    125,    128,    143,    243, 

244,    357.   644. 
Nesbitt,  Dr.  W.  Seattle,  375, 

376. 

,  CL  K~,  520. 
K.C.,  E.  L.,  125, 

190,   211,   239,  347. 
Newton       (Mayor,       Prince 

Rupert).   103. 
fey,  F.  J.,  135,  186. 
Nicholson,  P.  J.,  473. 
Nickle,  K.O.,  W.  F.,  64,  365. 


Noble,  T.  J.,  269,  270. 

Nolin.  J.  O.,  544,  570. 

Nord'heimer,  Mr».,  147,  166. 

Norfolk,  Duke  of,  58,  306. 

Norfolk,  Duchesc  of,  58. 

Norris,  T.  C.,  249,  493,  49«, 
497,  500,  501,  504,  506, 
508,  514,  515,  529. 

Northcliffe,  Lord,    111,   15«. 

Northrup,  W.  B.,  240. 

North/way,  John,    108. 

Nunnick,   as.A.,  F.  C.,  4«7. 

Nursey,  W.  R.,  323,  364. 

O'Blenes,   Amoe,   88,   300. 
O'Connell,  C.  A.,  384. 
O'Connor,  J.  E..  527, 
O'Connor,  Hon.  R.   E.,   113, 

119. 

O'Connor,  T.   P.,   80. 
O'Gradj,    Lieut.-Col.   J.    W. 

de  Oourcy,  292. 
O'Hagan,  Dr.  Thos.,   147. 
O'Hara,  F.   C.  T.,   166. 
O'Leary,  Richard,   206. 
Oliver,  Hon.  Frank,  68,  76, 
79,    175,    188,    212,    222, 
226,   227,    230,   249,    51£, 
561. 

Oliver,  John,  613,  614. 
Oliver,  Joseph,  2801. 
Onslow,  Earl  of,  51. 
Orman,  Rev.  Geo.,  269. 
Orok,  Dr.  R.  D.,  506. 
Osborne,  Prof.  W.  F.,  45. 
Osier,   Sir    E.     B.,    45,    99, 
108,    166,    294,   365,   276, 
635,   644. 

Osten,  E.  R.  Von  der,  31. 
Otter.    O.B.,    W.    D.,    Major- 
General,     216,     285,     286, 
288,  289. 

Ouimet,  Hon.  J.  A.,  266. 
Owen,  Sir  Isambard,  134. 
Owen*,  Sir  Cha».  J.,  141. 
Paasche,  Herman,  31. 
Palles,  Baron,  244. 
Palmer,  W.  Leonard,  460. 
P<ankhurat,  Mrs,,   304,  30«. 
Pankhnrst,  Mi«s  Sylvia,  306. 
Palmer,    W.    Leonard,    158, 

159. 

Paquet,  Eugene,  220,  223. 
Pardee,    M.P.,    F.    P.,    247, 

258. 

Parent,  Jacques,  520. 
Parent,  Hon.  S.  N.,  399. 
Pariseanlt,  C.  A.,  252. 
Park,  John,  266. 
Park,  Roderick  J.,  355. 
Parker,  E.  W.,  616. 
Parker,  Sir  Gilbert,  52,  10<8, 

122,  186,  141,  435. 
Parkes,  M.P.,  Mr.,  133. 
Parkin.  "Dr.  G.  R.,  95,  109, 

121,   135,  147,   662. 
Parkhill,  W.  J.,  270. 
Parnaelee,  Dr.  G.  W.,  483. 
Parrish,  J.  F.,  579. 
Parson,  H.  G..  598. 
Parsons,  A.  L.,  322. 
Partington,  Mr.,  472. 
Partridge,  E.  A.,  552. 
Patenaude,  "E.  L.,  398,  399. 
Paterson,      Judge      (Winni- 
peg), 268. 

Patersoo,  F.  C.,  506,  507. 
Paterson,   Hon.   T.   W.,   100, 
603. 


690 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Patriarche,  Valance,  660. 
Patrick,  Dr.  T.  A.,  538. 
Pattinson,  Geo.,  330,  631. 
Payment,  L.  E.  O.,  371. 
Payne,  Vivian,  666. 
Paynter,  J.  E.,  553. 
Pearce,  Hon.  G.  P.,  119. 
Pearson,   G.  N.,   458. 
Pease,    Rt.    Hon.   J.   A.,   81, 

136. 
Pellatt,   Sir  Henry,   91,   98, 

10i7,   108,    112,   139,   160, 

166,     167,    287-290v    294, 

385,  473,  480',   646. 
Pellatt,  Lady,  160, 
Pelletier,  Sir  Alphnnse,  395. 
Pelletier,  Hon.  L.  P.,  49-56, 

58-60,  63,  64,  76,  85,  87, 

110,   171,    186,   187,  210, 

216,    217,   224,   240\   247, 

252,    253,   413,   440,   441, 

442. 

Pelletier,  Hon.  Dr.,  392. 
Pelletier,  Mde.,  50    58,  59. 
Pelly,  Miss  E.,  99. 
Pennington,  D.  H.,  416. 
Pentland,  Lord,  306. 
Penwell,  Thos.,  654. 
Pepper,  Ohas.  G.,  276. 
Perks,  Sir  Robt.,  15«. 
Perley,    Hon.    G.    H.,    165, 

197,  666. 

Perrault,  J.  N.,  430. 
Perrett,  Dr.  T.  E.,  585,  589, 

659,  560. 

Perrie,  John,  626. 
Perron,    K.O.,     J.     L.,     416, 

417. 

Perry,  A.,   625. 
Peters,  F.  H.,  599. 
Peters,   F.  W.,  494,   618. 
Peterson,  Dr.  G.  R.,  559. 
Peterson,  C.M.O.,  Dr.  W.,  47, 

134,    135,    166,    435,   437, 

438,   666. 
Peuchen,   Major  A.  G.,   1018, 

665. 

Phillips,  Harry,  307. 
Phillips,  Lionel,  166. 
Phillipps-Wolley,  Capt.  Cliye, 

36,   86,    151. 

Philp,  M.L.A.,  Hon.  R.,  134. 
PichS,  G.  C.,  62O. 
Pierce,  H.  €.,  543. 
Pipe,  Taylor,  6.29. 
Place,  John,  615. 
Planta,  A.  E.,  626. 
Plante,  M.  H.  A.,  400,  410. 
Pltunmer,    J.    H.,    156,    184, 

260,  642. 

Plymouth,   Earl   of,    122. 
Poe.  Sir  E.,  22. 
Poincare,  M.,  55. 
Poirier,  Hon.  Paschal,  426. 
Pollock,  Sir  F.,  150. 
Pomare,   Hon.  W.   N.,   164. 
Ponceville,  Abbe  Tellier  de, 

426. 
Ponton,    Lieut.-Col.    W.    N.. 

133,   622. 

Pooley,  R.  H.,  615. 
Pope,  G.  H.,  592. 
Pope,    Sir  Joseph,    50,    166, 

167,    174,   20-7. 
Pope,      His     Holiness     The, 

426 

Pope,  R.  H.,  467. 
Porter,  E.  Gns,  240. 
Porter,   G.   H.,   2O7. 
Porter,  H.  A.,  30<X 


Porter,   S.  P.,  249,  539. 
Porter,  W.  H.,   115. 
Powell,  Rev.  F.  W.,  473. 
Powell,  H.  A.,  207. 
Powell,  Dr  T.  W.,  135. 
Powell,  Wm.  Baden,  581. 
Power,     Hon.     L.    G.,    219. 

220,  233. 

Power,  M.P.,  Wm.,  442. 
Pratt,  A.  0.,  829. 
Prefontaine,  A.,  250,  414. 
Preston,  R.  F.,  330. 
Preston,  T.  H.,  12O. 
Pi-Croat,  Jean,  396-399,  404, 

405,  413,  416,  422. 
Price,  H.  M.,  148. 
Primrose,  Jas.,  94. 
Prince,  E.  E.,  192,  206. 
Prince,  R.  J.  A.,  251,  252. 
Prittie,  R.  W.,  1O8. 
Prittie,  Mr*.  R.  W.,  1O8. 
Proudfoot,     W.,     336,     851, 

853. 

Prows*,  D.  W.,  1«6. 
Pmd'homme,  L.  A.,  530. 
Pryce-Jones,  Col.,  156. 
Pugsley,    Hon.    W.,    49,    65, 

114,   210,   217,   219,   222, 

226,   238,    4O6,   457,   460, 

464,  485,  513. 
Purdom,  T.  H.,  360. 
Putman,     J.     Harold,     659, 

364. 

Putnam,  G.  A.,   311. 
Pyne,  Hon.  Dr.  R.  A.,   815, 

321-323.    334,    368,    864, 

871,  372. 


Racine,  Damase,  330. 
Rae,  Wm.,  101. 
Railton.  David,  538. 
Rainville,  J.  H.,   64,  252. 
Raleigh,  8ir  Thos.,  185. 
Ralston,  J.  L.,  474. 
Ramsay,  Sir  W.,  95. 
Ramsden,  J.  G.,  197. 
Rankin,   M.L.A.,   A.  M.,   270, 
Rath,    General   Von,    30. 
Rathbun,    Lieut.-Ool.   E.  W., 

1294. 

Rathenau,   Dr.  Walter,   29. 
Ravenhill,  Miss  Alice,  811. 
Rawl«,  H.  C.,  148. 
Ray    (Mayor,    Pt.    Arthur), 

99. 

Rayleigh,  Lord,  135. 
Raymond,  W.  O.,  196. 
Reason,  Dr.  H.  T.,  622. 
Reaume,    Hon.    J.    O.,     321 

323-325,    334,    341,    371, 

373,  425,  426,  626. 
Redmond,    J.    E.,    56,    142, 

144. 

Redmond,  W.  H.  K.,  190. 
Reese,    E.   B..    501-503. 
Reford,  R.  W.,  169. 
Regan,  J.  W.,  470. 
Reid,  Oapt.  G.  A.,  294,  672, 
Reid,  Sir  George  H.,  18,  56, 

62,   81,   95,  96,   119,   121 

147. 

Reid,  Lady,  58. 
Reid,  G.  M.,  360. 
Reid,  Harvey  T.,  473. 
Reid,   Hon.  J.  D.,   115,   117 

179,    196,    209,    21O,   246 

247,  464. 
Reid,  J.  F.,  552. 
R«id,  J.  M.,  115,  116. 


Reid,    Sir   R.   G.,   204,    205, 

422. 

Reid,  Whitel&w,  58,  88. 
Reid,    Mrs.     Whitel&w,     58, 

88. 

Reitz,  Hon.  F.  W.,  150. 
Rennie,  G.  S.,  45. 
Revol,  A.  F.,  438. 
Rhodes,  A.  de  Witt,  209. 
Rhodes,  Hon.  R.  H.,  164. 
Rice,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  John,  473. 

Richards,  John,  483. 

Richardson,  R.  L.,  45,  245, 
247-249,  251,  496. 

Richardson,  Bishop,  460. 

Riddell,  Dr.  J.  H.,  5901 

Riddell,  Hon.  W.  R.,  90, 
147. 

Ridout,  D.  K.,   643. 

Rigg,  R.   A.,  496. 

Riley,  H.  W.,  581,  591. 

Ritch,  W.  T.,  206,  466. 

Richey,   H.   M.,    148. 

Ritchie-England,  Mrs.,  311. 

Rivet,  K.C.,  L.  A.,  487. 

Roadhouae,  W.  Bert,  320. 

Robb,  O.  A.,  590. 

Robb,  D.  S.,  249. 

Robbins,  P.  A.,   886. 

Roberts,  Arthur,  624. 

Robert,  E.  A.,  255,  414, 
416. 

Robert,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  255. 

Roberts,  Lord,  24,  25,  59, 
81,  151,  156,  291. 

Robert*,  H.  A.,   135. 

Roberts,  J.  H.,  414,  436. 

Robertson,  J.  P.,  493. 

Robertson,  Dr.  J.  W.,  199. 

Robertson,  Major  W.,  178. 

Robidonx,  Mr.  Justice*,  437. 

Robins,  Archdeacon  E.  F., 
671. 

Robins,  F.  B.,  108. 

Robinson,  Dr.  Alex.,  610. 

Robinson,  Hon.  0.  W.,  449, 
452. 

Robinson  (Mayor,  Monc- 
ton),  94,  452. 

Robinson,  H.  E.,  247. 

Robinson,  James,  552. 

Robinson,  Sir  John  B.,  656. 

Robinson,  Sir  Thos.  B.,  134. 

Robinson,  W.  A.,  141. 

Robinson,  W.  G.,  572. 

Roblin,  Sir  R.  P.,  45,  166, 
225,  249,  250,  251,  299, 
490-491,  496-498,  501, 
503,  504,  509,  511,  514, 
515,  518,  523,  528. 

Robson,  Hon.  H.  A.,  494, 
506. 

Robson,  Lord,  123,  125. 

Roche,  Hon.  W.  J.,  6'3,  167, 
182,  188,  196,  199,  250, 
251,  514,  568,  572,  621. 

Roddick,  MM.,   3O7. 

Rogers,  Hon.  Benjamin, 
199,  486,  487. 

Rogers,  Hon.  Robt.,  50,  63, 
92,  93,  192,  187-189, 
199,  20'7,  210,  212,  217, 
223,  2501-252,  491,  514, 
515,  537,  566,  568,  569, 
571,  572,  592,  601,  638. 

Rogers,  W.  R.,   322. 

Roland,  C.  F.,  149,  523, 
626. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.   667. 

Rose,  Lieut. -Col.,   92. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


691 


Rosebery  and  Midlothian, 
Earl  of,  134,  185. 

Ross,  A.  E.,  330. 

Ross,  M.L.A.,  D.  A.,   517. 

Ross,  Sir  Geo.  W.,  65,  107, 
109,  147,  218-220,  351, 
362,  373,  665. 

Roes,  Hugo,  666. 

Ross,  James,  95,  139. 

Ro«s,  W.  G.,  645. 

ROBS,  Hon.  W.  R.,  599,  60O, 
604,  606,  619,  620. 

Rothschild,  Lord,   58. 

Rothwell,  Mrs.  Wm.,  311. 

Round,  H.  B.,  148. 

Routhier,  Sir  Adolphe,  267, 
803.  425,  426. 

Rowell,  K.C.,  N.  W.,  36,  41, 
44,  64,  84,  1O7,  147,  254, 
257,  313,  314,  32-8-331, 
335,  336,  338-341,  344- 
846,  349-357,  360-362, 
37O,  665. 

Roxburgh,  c.M.a,  T.  L., 
115,  116. 

Roy,  Mgr.  P.  E.,  425,  430. 

Roy,  P.  M.  L.,  395,  40.6. 

Royee,  S.  W.,  138. 

Ranciman,    Walter,    25. 

Rundle,  W.  E.,  44,  45. 

Russell,  Gt.  R.,  570. 

Russell,  T.  A.,  365. 

Rutherford,  Dr.  J.  G.,  186. 

Rutherford,  B.S.A.,  W.  J., 
534,  559,  560'. 

Ruttan,  Lieut.-Col.  H,  N., 
294. 

Rnttan,  Dr.  R.  F.,  434. 

Rutter,  A.  F.,  665. 

Ryan,  Dr.  Ed.,  318. 

Ryan,  Peter,  376. 

Ryckman,  J.  W.,  523. 

Ryerson,  Lieut.  -Col.  G.  Ster- 
ling, 149,  293. 

Ryrie,  Jas.,  360. 

Sale,  Julian,  313. 
Salisbury,  Marquess  of,  59. 
Salisbury,    Marchioness     of, 

59. 

Salton.  Rev.  Dr.,  292. 
Samuel,  Sir  Herbert,  58,  81, 

110,  156,  305. 
Samuel,  Mrs.,  58. 
Sanderson,  O.C.B.,  Lord, 

121. 

Sargant,   E.   B.,    135. 
Sarvadkikary,     Hon.     Deva- 

prasad,  135. 
Saults.  Geo.,  523. 
Saunders,  B.  J.,  645. 
Saunders,  Mrs.  B.  J.,  150. 
Sauvageau,   Mr.,   437. 
Sauve.   Arthur,   399,  404. 
Saville,  Lord,   156. 
Scallion,  J.  W.,  248,  525. 
Scammell,  E.  T.,  151,  152. 
Schaffuer,  F.  L.,  250. 
Schofleld,  H.  B.,   623. 
Schofleld,  M.L.A.,  H.  C.,  274. 
Scholefield,  E.  O.  S.,  658. 
Sclanders,  Malcolm,   137. 
Scott,  Mr.  Justice,  579. 
Scott,  C.  S.,   148. 
Scott,  Jas.,  494. 
Scott,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  H.,  269, 

270. 

Scott,  J.  M.,  569. 
Scott,  N.  G.,  417.  432. 
Scott,  Sir  Richard,  372,  873. 


Scott,  R.  L.,  495,  553. 
Scott,  S.  D.,  610. 
Scott,  Hon.  Walter,  96,  531- 
633,    535,    536,    553,    561, 
562,  566-568,  571,  573. 
Scott,   W.   E.,   618. 
Scythes,  C.   C.,   523. 
Seager,  Rev.  C.  A.,  610. 
Seely,  Colonel,   52. 
Seely,  P.  J.,  ISO1. 
Seguin,   N.,   437. 
Selborne,    Earl    of,    51,    56, 

60,   122. 

Selborne,  Countess  of,   304. 
Service,  Robert  W.,  661. 
Seton-Karr,  Sir  Henry,  156. 
Sevigny,     Albert,     48,     223. 

252. 

Sexsmith.  J.  A.,  220. 
Sexton,  F.  H.,  472. 
Seymour,  Dr.  M.  M.,  534. 
Shanahan,  E.  A.,  436. 
Shannon,    S.   D.,   598. 
Sharman,  C.  J.,  581. 
Sharman,  Mrs.,  664. 
Sharp  &  Brown,   493. 
Sharpe,  W.  H.,  250. 
Sharps  &  Thomson,  610. 
Shatford,  L.  W.,  615. 
Shaughnes-sy,       Sir       Thos., 
108,    115,    144,    154,    159, 
288,  635,  636. 
Shaw,   Lord,    123-125,    244. 
Shaw,  Lieut. -Col.  G.  A.,  293. 
Shaw      (Mayor,      Nanaimo), 

103. 

Shaw,  W.  H.,  360. 
Sheard,  Verna,  664. 
Shearer,  Rev.  Dr.  J.  G.,  351. 
Shepherd,  F.  H.,  212,  220. 
Shepley,  Geo.  F.,  211. 
Sheppard,   J.    A.,   540,    544, 

671. 

Sherk,   Mrs.,   664. 
Sherrard,  J.  H.,  169. 
Sherwood,    Col.   A.    P.,   292, 

294. 
Shillingtoa,    Lieut. -Col.    A. 

T.,  294. 

Shillington,  R.  T..  329. 
Short,  K.C.,  James,   591. 
Shortt,  Dr.   Adam,   206-208, 

365. 

Shortt.   Mrs.   Adam,   311. 
Shurtleff,  K.O.,  W.  L.,  266. 
Siddall,  M.  G.,  626. 
Sifton,     Hon.     A.     L.,     104, 
112,    577-579,    583,    585, 
587. 
Sifton,    Hon.    Clifford,    199, 

288. 

Sifton,  J.  W.,  559,  645. 
Sifton,  W.  B.,  251,  252. 
Simmons,  J.  V.,  319. 
Simons,   F.  W.,   493. 
Simpson,   C.  M.,  645. 
Simpson,  Frank,  526. 
Simpson,  Jas.,  313. 
Simpson,   S.   S.,  545,   546. 
Sinclair,    J.    H.,    218,    219, 

238,  247. 
Singh,     Dr.     Sunder,      112, 

601. 

Sinton,  R.,  50,  575,  576. 
Sissons,  Prof.  C.  B.,  516. 
Skinner,  Sir  Thos.,  112, 

155,   635. 

Slater,   Harry,  43-2. 
Smart,  Col.  C.  A.,  416,  431, 
432. 


Smart,  Sydney,  623. 
Stoartt,  Sir  Thos.,  19,  165. 
Smith,  A.  S.,   548. 
Smith,  Captain,   665. 
Smith,  C.  O.,   523. 
Smith,  Mrs.  E.  A.,  300. 
Smith,  F.  D.  L.,  261. 
Smith,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  F.  E., 

24,   81,   140,   270,   305. 
Smith,  Dr.  Goldwin,  669. 
Smith,  G.  P.,   627. 
Smith,  H.   G.,   550. 
Smith,     James,     560,     569, 

623. 

Smith,  J.  Gordon,  60O. 
Smith,  J.   T,   274. 
Smith,  J.  Willard,  463. 
Smith,  Lyman  C.,  266. 
-Smith.  L.  H.  S.,  467. 
Smith,   Maxwell,   614. 
Smith,  K.C.,  R.  C.,  243,  244. 
Smith,  R.  H.,  299,  622,  633. 
Smith,  Vernon  M.,  6O7. 
Smith,  W.,  247. 
Smith,     M.D.,     Rev.    W.    E., 

147. 

Smiithells,  Prof.  A.,  134. 
Smithers,    A.    W.,    59,    638, 

639. 

Snowden.  Mrs.  P.,  305. 
Soloan,  Dr.,  471. 
Solomon,    Sir    Richard,    18, 

61,   141. 

Somers,  Lord,  155. 
Somers,  G.  T.,  68,  139. 
Sothman,  P.  W.,  359. 
Southern,  W.  J.,  45. 
Southam,  W.  M.,  316. 
Speeehly,  Dr.  H.  M.,  524. 
Spence,  Rev.  B.  H.,  350t 
Spence,  D.,  380. 
Spence,  F.  S.,  45,  350,  626, 

633. 

Spencer,  Miss  M.  G.,  135. 
Spencer,  Nelson,  581. 
Spicer,  Sir  Albert,  133. 
Spring-Rice,    Sir    Cecil    A., 

669. 
1  Stafford,  Marquess  of,  156. 

Stafford,  Miss,   311. 
!  Stagni,   Mgr.,   425. 
Stanhope,  Earl  of,  156,  160; 
Stanmore,  Lord,  118. 
Stansfield,  Dr.  Alfred,  441. 
Stanton,  Cameron,  50. 
Stapells,  R.  A.,   147. 
Staples,    M.P.,    W.    D.,    204, 

247. 
Starke,     Lieut. -Col.    G.     R., 

293 

Starkey,  F.  A.,  621. 
Starkey,  Prof.  T.  A.,  193. 
Starr,  Rev.  J.  E.,  147. 
Starratt,  Pro/.  F.  A.,  478. 
Staunton,  R.  L.,  581. 
Stavert,  Mrs.  Leslie,  311. 
Steel,  Mrs.  F.  A.,  305. 
Steel,  G.,,250,  493. 
Steibel,  F.  B.,  133. 
Steindler,  D.  M.,  385. 
Stephens,  Major  G.  W.,  98, 

193. 

Stephen,  Lord  Mount,  98. 
Stephen,  Lady  Mount,  166. 
Sterling,  Lieut.-Col.  G.,  293. 
Stevens,  Gardn«r,  642. 
Stevens,  M.P.,  H.  H.,  76,  77, 

112,  601.   603. 
Stevens,  W.  F.,  591. 
Stewart,  Elihu,  661. 


692 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Stewart,    Hon.    Chsa.,    577, 

579,  580. 

Stewart,  J.  D.,  541,  544. 
Stewart,  J.  IX,  458. 
Stewart,  J.  W.,  607. 
Stewart,  M.  Burton,  464. 
Stimaon,    Lieut.-Col.    Q.    A., 

293. 

Stirling,  J.  T.,  581. 
Stitt,  Win,,  460. 
Stokes,  Leonard,  493. 
Stoney,    R.    A.,    598. 
Strachan,   Bishop,    656. 
Strang,  Rev.  Peter,  521. 
Strathcona,  Lord,  51-53,  55, 

59,    89,     106,     106,     111, 

120-123,     135,    293,    294, 

325,    366,    367,   473,    635. 
Strathcona,   Lady,   59. 
Stratton,  A.  H.,  266. 
Stratton,  Ira,  249,  524. 
Street,  Rev.  T.  W.,  462. 
Streseman,  Dr.  Gustave,  31. 
Strong,  L.  P.,  592. 
Stuart,  G.  W.,   95. 
Stuart-Anderson,      Prof.     T. 

P.,    134. 

Studholme,  Allan,  329,  335. 
St.  Valier,  Mgr.  de,  406. 
Sullivan,  D.  A.,   492. 
Smllivan,  J.  J.,  250--252. 
Sulman,  O.   W.,   330, 
Summerby,  W.  J.,  371. 
Summers,   Alex.,   149. 
Sutherland,    Duke    of,    155, 

157,  161. 

Sutherland.  Hugh,  45. 
Sutherland,  R.  W.,  338. 
Sutherland,   Wm.,   338,   354. 
Sutherland,     Hon.     W.     C., 

540,   572. 
Sutherland,    M.L.A.,    W.    C., 

576. 

Sweatman,  Archbishop,  97. 
Sweeny,  Bishop,  45,  90.  98, 

107,  147. 
Swim,  F.  D.,  458. 
Sylvain,  Canon,  436. 
Sylvestre,    K.o.,    Jos.,     404, 

405. 

Symons  &  Rae,  610. 
Synge,  J.  M.,  157. 

Taft,     President,     88,     172. 

191,   254,   667,  669. 
Tait,    Sir    Melbourne,    435, 

671. 
Tait,    Sir    Thos.,    451,    463, 

467. 

Talbot,  H.  B.,  99. 
Talbot,  Mrs.  H.  E.,  99. 
Tanner,    K.O.,     C.    E.,    470, 

474,   475. 

Tansey,  D.,  431,  432. 
Taschereau,    K.C.,    Hon.    L. 

A.,    393,    397,    398,    40il, 

4012,   409,   416,    419,    422, 

424,   437. 

Tate,  D'Arcy,  607. 
T*te,  F.  C.,  542,  571-573. 
Taylor,  A.  Williamson,  579. 
Taylor,  Lady,  811. 
Taylor,  E.  E.,  20i7. 
Taylor,  E.  L.,  250,  519. 
Taylor,  L.  D.,  608,  614. 
Taylor,     Hon.     Thos.,     595, 

600,  601,  615. 
Taylor,  T.  W.,  493. 
Taylor,     Bev.     Dr.     W.     E., 

147. 


Teed,  K.C.,  M.  G.,  207,  666. 

Tellier,  J.  M.,  393,  395,  397, 
398,  402-404,  406,  412- 
414,  416,  417,  420,  421, 

424,  431. 

Tellier,   Judge,   241. 
Tessier,   Hon.   Auguate,   417, 

436. 

Tessier,  Hon.  Jules,  220. 
Thomas,  Mrs.  A.  V.,  492. 
Thomas,  A.  W.,  663. 
Thomas,   Rev.  B.   H.,  270. 
Thompson,  Alfred,  23O. 
Thompson,  A.  B.,  3SO-. 
Thompson,  Li«nt.-Col.  A.  T., 

294. 

Thompson,  Oeo.,  623. 
Thompson,  Jas.,  329. 
Thompson,  K.C.,  John,  875. 
Thompson,  T.  Kennard,  304. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  W.  H.,  93. 
Thomson,  P.  W.,  448. 
Thomson,  Wm.,  108. 
Thomson,  W.  Percy,  461. 
Thorne,  M.P.,  Wm.,  275. 
Thome,  W.  H.,  453. 
Thornton,  C.  J.,  247. 
Tilley,  Lady,  166,  811. 
Tilley,   K.c.,   L.    D.   P.,    459. 

463. 

Timmins,  N.  A.,  386. 
Tinsley,  E.,   324. 
Tompkin*,  Rev.  M.  N.,  473. 
Torrance,  Dr.  Fred,  186. 
Torrance,  James,  320. 
Torrington,  Mrs.  F.  H.,  309, 

810. 

Tory,  President,  H.  M.,  590. 
Tory,   J.  C.,   475. 
Tourigny,  Paul,  417. 
Townshend,  Sir  Ohas.,  ISO. 
Trant,  Wm.,   553,   672. 
Travers,  W.  R.,  375-377. 
Tregillus,   W.   J.,   550,    591, 

622. 

Treharne,  Rees,  617. 
Tremaudan,  A.  H.   de,   524. 
Tremblay,  Mr.,   241. 
Trethawya,  W.  G.,  10S. 
Troubridge,  Sir  E.  C.,  20. 
Trueonan,  W.  H.,  252. 
Tuckett,  Geo.  E.,  45. 
Tudor,  Hon.  F.  G.,  118. 
Tullibardine,  Marchioness,  of, 

805. 

Tulk,  J.  J.,  270. 
Tupper,  Sir  Charles,  87,  102, 

169,    266,    291,    3O2,    610, 

615,  658. 

Tupper,  Sir  C.  Hibbert,  610. 
Tupper,  W.  J.,  250. 
Turgeon,  Hon.  A.,  308,  437. 
Turgeon.     Hon.     W.    F.     A., 

425,  531,   542,    546,   547, 
570v   572. 

Turgeon,  0.,  226. 
Turriff,   J.   G.,   209,   212. 
Turley,  Senator  H.,   ISO. 
Turner,  Hon.  J.  H.,  112. 
Turner,  P.  T.,  610. 
Turney,  A.  G.,  452. 
Tweeddale,  J.  F.,  447,  459. 
Tweadie,  L.  J.,  451. 
Tweedie,  T.  M.,  581,  586. 
Tyrrell,    Mrs.    J.    W.,    329, 
546. 

Underwood      (Mayor,     New 

Glasgow),   94. 
Upham,  G.  W.,  459. 


Van  Home,  Sir  Wm.,  97, 
400',  465,  635,  642,  644. 

Vaugban,   Father,    306. 

Vanx,   Major  Francis,    166. 

Vettiot,   P.   J.,   460. 

Verandrye,  La,  494. 

Veregin,  Peter,   187. 

Vernon,   Lord,   156. 

Verrill,  M.E.,  C.  8.,  616. 

Verville,  A.,  218,  286 

Tickers,  J.  N.,  159. 

Villeneuve,  E.  W.,  121,  266. 

Villiers,  o.c.M.a.,  Lord  de, 
123. 

Vincent,  Sir  Edgar,  141. 

Vivian,  Lord,  157,  589. 

Vogt,  Dr.  A.  &.,  670. 

Vroom,  C.  N.,  467. 

W«de,  K.C.,  F.  C.,  Ill,  613. 
Waddie,  H.  J.,  45. 
Waimwright,   W.,    169,   288. 
Walcott,  H.  B.,  115. 
Walker,     Sir    Edmund,     44, 

45,    147,    157,    173,    196, 

304,   365,   642,   644,    658, 

666. 

Walker.  W.  H.,  395. 
Walkinsha-w,  D.  H.,  251, 

252 

Wallace,  T.  G.,  240. 
Wallace,  W.  B.,  473. 
Walsh,  J.  C.,  40,  84,  400, 

643. 

Walsh,  M.  J.,  399,  416. 
Walsh,  Rer.  Canon  W..  270. 
Walton,  Dean  F.  P.,   308. 
Warburton,  A.  B.,  487. 
Ward,  Sir  Edward,   178. 
Ward,  Mrs.  Humphrey,  305. 
Ward,    Sir    Joseph    G.,    18, 

141,   164. 

Wardell,  W.  H.,  553. 
Ware,  Robt.,  238. 
Warne,  W.  A.,  2O6. 
Warner,  C.  M.,   658. 
Warren,   Wm.,    150. 
Watson,  Dr.  B.  P.,  365. 
Watson,  G.  A.,   50i9. 
Watson,  Harrison,  489. 
Watson,  Homer,  672. 
Watson,  H.  H..  60S. 
Watson,  Hon.  R.,  249. 
Walters,   J.  C.,   274,   276. 
Watts,  Sir  Phillip,  59. 
Watts,  Lady,  59. 
Waugh,  R.  J).,   45,   92,   50'3, 

523,  6(24.  626. 
Way,  Sir  Samuel  J.,   123. 
Wayman,  Matthew,  338. 
Weardale,  Lord,   54. 
Weber,  Horst,  31. 
Webster,  John,  247. 
Weekes,  C.  Hamilton,   138. 
W«genast,  F.  W.,  375. 
Welby,  T.  W.,  633. 
Weldon,  T.  E.,   375. 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  293. 
Welch,   Patrick,    607. 
Wernher,  Sir  J.  C.,  167. 
Westman,  J.  A.,   539. 
"Westervelt,  A.  P.,  206. 
Westminster,    Duke    of,    38, 

139. 
Wetmore,    Hon.    E.    L.,    537, 

539,   671. 

Wheeler,  .Seager,  543. 
Whellans,  H.  C.,  279. 
Whidden,  Dr.  H.  P.,  520. 
White,  Aubrey,  620. 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


693 


White,  Fred,  220. 

White,   Qeo.,  269. 

White,  Sir  Geo.  S.,  113. 

White,  M.P.,  G.  V.,  246. 

White,  Misa  H.  M.,  135. 

White,  James,  193,  199, 
62  a 

White,  J.   E.,  20(X 

White,  R.  0.,  371. 

White,  K.O.,  W.  J.,  643. 

White,  Hon.  W.  T.,  36,  37, 
63,  64,  115,  192,  188, 
194,  208-211,  216,  217, 
219,  222,  228-231,  235, 
340,  252,  253,  259,  263, 
286,  237,  240,  252,  253, 
259,  263,  450,  464,  485, 
«66. 

White,  Dr.  W.  W.,  643. 

White-head,  Lieut. -Col.  H. 
A.,  293. 

White«id«,  T.  R-.  335. 

Whitman,  A.  H..  482. 

Whitney,  Sir  Jam&s  P.,  64, 
99,  107,  112,  3O8,  313- 
816,  819,  327,  829,  830, 
336-338.  340,  342,  844, 
345,  849,  350,  852,  854, 
356,  360,  37O,  878,  873. 

WhiUon.  J.  H.,  819,  341, 
343,  361,  381,  382. 

Whittaker,  Bir  Thot.,   157. 

Whitton,  F.  H.,  45. 

Whyte,  Sir  Win..  45,  161, 
523,  635. 

Wickett,  S.  Morley,  45. 

Wiekham,  W.  H.,  227. 

Widstoe,  John  A.,  625. 

Wigmore,  R.  W.,  623. 

Wilcox,  C.   S.,   45. 

Wilcox.  0.  J..  76,  77,  210. 

Wilhelmina,  H.  M.,  Queen, 
26. 

Wilkio,  D.  R.,  166,  288, 
642. 

Wilkie,  Rev.  Dr.,  112. 

Wilkinson,  J.  W.,  273. 

William  II,  German  Em- 
peror, 29,  81. 

Williams,  D.  E.,  508. 


Williams,   Parker,  604,   605, 

515. 
Williams,     Sir     Ralph,     96, 

407. 

Williams,  Tho«.,  624. 
Williams-Taylor,       Sir      P., 

152.  153,  156.  627,  635. 
Williams-Taylor,  Lady,  0«. 
Willis,  R.  G.,  627. 
Willisoa,    J.    8.,    36,     10i7, 

143,  3012,  365,  366. 
Willoughby,  Jas.,  270. 
Willoughby,   K.&.A.,   W.   B., 

538,  571,  572. 
Wills,  Sir  Frank,  95,  96. 
Willson,  C.  H.,  10«. 
Willway,    H.    H.,    542,    644, 

570, 

Wilmot,  A.  B.,  461. 
Wilson,  A.  A.,  625. 
Wilson,  K.C.,  Ohas.,  605. 
Wilgon,    Lteut.-Ool.    E.    W., 

293 

WiUon,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.,  496. 
Wilson,  Rt.  Hon.  G.  G.,  157, 

589. 

Wilson,  James,  538. 
Wilson,  John  B.,  451. 
Wilson,  La-wrene*  A.,  487. 
Wilson,  R.  A.,  560-. 
Wilson,  Capt.  R.  S.,  292. 
Wilson,  S.  Y.,  206. 
Wilson,  Thos.,   149. 
Wilson,  Woodrow,  6«7. 
Wilson,  Dr.  W.  H.,  311. 
Wilson-Smith,  R.,   670. 
Wilton,  J.  W.,  49<J. 
Winkler,   V.,    493. 
Winslow,  R.  M.,  599. 
Winter,  fiir  Jas.,  205. 
Winterton,    Earl,    154,    160. 
Wise,  Frank,  149. 
Wise,  H.  A.,  266. 
Wodehonse,  Dr.  R.  E.,  318. 
Wolfe,    General,    111. 
Wood,  C.   E.   D.,   570. 
Wood,  E.  R.,  108,  155. 
Wood,  G.  H.,  67O. 
Wood,  Hon.  Josiah,  97,  451, 

462. 
Wood,  J.  G.  0.,  615. 


Wood,  J.  S.,  24,  81. 
Wood,  Rey.  L.  A.,  59O. 
Wood,  Lieut-iCoI.  W.,  438. 
Woodcutter,     Rer.     Father, 

245. 

Woodruff,  Dr.  T.  A.,  304. 
Woods,  J.  S.,  525. 
Wood»woTth,     Rev.     J.     8., 

517. 

Woolf,  J.  W.,  577,  579. 
Worthington,  Dr.  E.  8.,  92, 

99. 

Wrench,  Evelyn,   148. 
Wright,  Dr.  Adam,  8 If. 
Wright,  Sit  Almroth,  304. 
Wright,  A.  W.,  147. 
Wright,  D.  J.,   517. 
Wright,  George,  6*6. 
Wright,  Pater,  526. 
Wright,    prof.    R.    BanMsy, 

965. 

Wyatt,  H.  F.,  151. 
Wyatt,  J.  B.,  486. 
Wylie,    Miss    Barbara,    806, 

307. 
Wylie,  D.  J.,  806,  542,  549, 

573. 
Wyndham,    Rt.    Hon.,    Geo., 

305. 
Wynne-Roberts,  E.  0.,  385, 

636,  558,  575. 

Yates,  G.  W.,  17». 
Yeigh,  Frank,  147. 
Yerburgh,    R.,    81. 
Yoakum,  B.  F.,  288. 
Young.  Prof.  A.  H.,  136. 
Young,  A.  J.,  622. 
Young,  C.  W.,  664. 
Young,  Hon.  P.  M.,  220. 
Young,    Hon.    H.    E.,     186, 

293,  600,  610,   615. 
Young,  Hon.  James,  643. 
Young,  J.  M.,  531. 

Zavitz,  Prof.  E.  J.,  322. 
Zeal,  Sir  Wm.  Austin,  187. 
Zetland,   Marquess   of,    59. 
Zetland,  Marchioness  of,  59. 
Zidler,   Gustave,   426. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


Acadia   University,    134 
Actors,  Canadian,  670. 
Admiralty,   Canada  and  the, 
17-22,    23,   26,    34-36,    52, 
54,   67,   68,   69,  72,  77. 
Agricultural         Commission, 

598. 

Agriculture,  Canadian,  877-8, 

438-9,  465-7,  479-80,  488, 

521-2,     550,     575,     591-2, 

618-9,   653,   655. 

Agriculture,  Canadian  Coun 

cil  of,   622. 
Agriculture,    Department   of, 

184-6. 
Agriculture,    Dominion    Aid 

to,  215. 
Agriculture  in  the  Provinces, 

819,    320,    834,   892,   467, 

478,  580,  581. 
Albert  Medal,  121. 
Alberta  Affairs,   577-94. 
Alberta   College,    590. 
Alberta,    University   of,   184, 
,    585,   590. 
Alberta  and  G.  W.  Case,  190, 

577,  578,  586,  587. 
Alberta     and     Peace     River 

Railway,  589. 
Alberta,     Peace    River    and 

Eastern  Railway,  157. 
Algonquin     National     Park, 

332. 

"All  Red  Line,"  54. 
Allan  Line,  685. 
American    Associated    Press, 

172. 
Americans,     Western,      101, 

105. 

Anti-Reciprocity  League,  667. 
Appointments,  C.P.R.,  687. 
Appointments,   Federal,    198- 

9. 
Appointments,  Imperial,  113, 

165-6. 
Appointments,        Provincial, 

327,  394,  451-2,  473,  494, 

539,    560,    582,    591,    601. 
Archives,      Dominion,      174, 

196,  658. 
Art  Associations  of  Canada, 

672. 
Asiatic     Immigration,      601, 

606. 
Assessment     Law,     Ontario, 

313-4,  315-6,  330. 
Asylums,       Hospitals,       etc., 

Provincial,    316-7-8,    393. 
Athabasca     Valley     Railway 

Co.,  588. 

Australia    and    Empire    De- 
fence, 17,  18,  77,  81,  82, 

119. 
Australia,      Relations     with, 

118-19. 

Authors,   Memorials  to,    658. 
Automobiles    in    Prince    Ed- 
ward Island,   486-7. 


Autonomy,  Canadian,  40 
72-4,  78-9,  84,  86. 

Bank  Act,   219-20. 

Bank  Appointments  of  1912 
650-1. 

Bank,  New  Branches  of,  647 
50. 

Bank,  Statutes  of  1912,  646. 

Better  Terms  for  British 
Columbia,  597-8,  600-1, 
606. 

Bi-lingualism,  Ontario,  271, 
367-73. 

Si-lingual  Conditions,  Pro- 
vincial, 424-9,  526-30, 
558-9,  589. 

Bisley  Team,   292-3. 

Boards  of  Trade,  Meetings 
of,  621-6. 

Book  Reviewed,  Canadian, 
658-64. 

Borden  Administration,  The, 
169-199. 

Borden  and  the  Naval  Ques- 
tion, Mr.,  49-74,  79,  80, 
88. 

Boundary  Question,  Quebec 
and,  405-8. 

Boys'  Brigade,  292. 

Boy  Scouts,  Canadian,  92, 
95,  105-6,  176-7,  284-5, 
291-2. 

Brandon  College,  520. 

Brazilian  Traction,  Light  & 
Power  Co.,  642. 

Britain,  Statistics  of,  118, 
137-8. 

British  Association  of  Jour- 
nalists 168. 

British  Census,  165. 

British  Investments  in  Can- 
ada, 152-8. 

British  Subjects  in  United 
States,  654. 

British  Columbia  Affairs, 
595-620. 

B.C.,  Better  Terms  for,  597- 
8,  600-1,  606,  618. 

B.C.  Commission  on  Taxa- 
tion, 602. 

B.C.  Companies  Act,  Legal 
Decision  as  to,  602. 

B.C.  Elections,    610,   611-6. 

B.C.  Labour  Federation,  273, 
274. 

B.C.  Legislation,   603-9. 

B.C.,  Railway  Policy  of, 
596,  607-9,  612. 

British  Columbia,  University 
of,  134,  609-10. 

British  Empire  League,  150, 
168. 

British  Empire  Statistics, 
165. 

British  Obituary,   113. 

British  Visitors  in  Canada, 
158-64. 

694 


Brotherhood     Federation     of 

Canada,    670. 
Brock  Centenary,  293. 
Budget,   Dominion,   235-8. 
Building    Permits    of    1912, 

629. 
Bye-Elections,    Alberta,    577- 

579. 
Bye-Elections,          Dominion, 

245-54. 

Bye-Elections,  Manitoba,  506. 
Bye-Elections,         Provincial, 

338. 

Cables,  Empire,  60,  110,  131, 
186-7,  213. 

Cabinet  Re-organization,  Al- 
berta, 577. 

Cabinet,  Re-organization,  Re- 
gina,  531. 

Cadet  Corps,  Canadian,  90,. 
92,  97,  98,  176,  177,  284- 
5,  290-1. 

Calgary,  University  of,  123, 
590-1. 

Canada  Iron  Corporation, 
482. 

Canada  and  Itt  Province!, 
657-8. 

Canada  Life  Banquet,  642. 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,. 
642. 

Canadian  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, London,  112. 

Canadian  Clubs,  Association 
of,  88,  294,  299,  300. 

Canadian  Clubs,  Duke  of 
Connaught  and,  88,  93-4, 
96,  102,  107,  294-5,  301. 

Canadian  Club,  Speeches, 
etc.,  at,  295-6-7-8. 

Canadian  Clubs  in  United 
States,  303-4. 

Canadian  Defence  League, 
150. 

Canadian  Institute  of  Jour- 
nalists, 168. 

Canadian  Manufacturers  As- 
sociation, 117-8,  130,  159, 
261-3,    315,    374-5. 
Canadian  Mining  Exploration 
Co.,   644. 

Canadian  Northern  Railway, 
153,  500,  556,  557,  588-9, 
596,  598-9,  602,  612-3, 
632-3-4,  640-1. 

Canadian  Northern  Alberta 
Railway,  217. 

Canadian  Northern  Pacific- 
Railway,  217,  607-8,  613, 
634. 

Canadian  Northern  Saskatch- 
ewan, 556,  557. 

anadian  Northern  Western 
Railway,  588. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 
153,  195.  234,  445-6,  465,. 
557-8,  588,  591,  596,  598, 


INDEX  OP  APFAIES. 


695 


607-8,  612,  618,  624,  631- 
2-3-4-5,  687. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 
Increase  of  Stock,  636. 

Canadian  Press  Association, 
664. 

Canadian  Women's  Press 
Club,  664. 

Canals,  Canadian,  631-2, 
638. 

Canteens,  Militia,  287. 

Carlton  Club,  Mr.  Borden 
and  the,  56. 

Car-Shortage,  Western,  208- 
9,  212-13,  534,  540-2, 
550. 

Cartier  Memorial,   266-7. 

Cement  Duties,  183. 

Census  of  1910,  Canadian, 
654-5,  672. 

Census — Municipal  Indus- 
tries, 630. 

Census — Population,  629. 

Census — Provincial  Indus- 
tries 630. 

Chateau  Laurier,  687. 

Chicago  Canal  Question,  193, 
194. 

Children,  Neglected,  477. 

China,  Canadian  Mission- 
aries in,  167. 

Cigarettes,  Mr.  Borden  and, 
170. 

Civil  Service  Commission, 
201-4. 

Civil  Service,  Ontario,  336-7. 

Claims,  Tribunal,  United 
States  and  British,  660. 

Clayton-Bulwer   Treaty,    668. 

Clearing-house  Statistics, 
628. 

Coal  Mines,  Provincial  ac- 
quisition of,  583. 

Coal  Resources,  Canadian, 
653-4. 

Coat  of  Arms,  Dominion, 
197. 

Cobalt,  Development  of,  380, 
383-5. 

Colonization  in  Quebec,  396- 
8,  413. 

Commissions,  Dominion,  199- 
208. 

Commissions,  Saskatchewan, 
534-5. 

Communication,  Means  of, 
211,  213. 

Companies  of  1912,  New, 
644-5. 

Compensation  of  Workmen, 
361,  374-5,  389,  398,  446. 
470. 

Compulsory  Education  in 
Provinces,  334,  418,  430- 
1,  496-7,  516-7 

Confederation,  50th  Anni- 
versary of,  300. 

Congress,  Empire  Chambers 
of  Commerce,  130-3. 

Congress  of  Empire  Uni- 
versities, 133-5. 

Connaught  in  Canada,  Duke 
of,  88-107. 

Conservation  Commission, 
186,  199-200. 

Conservative  Convention,  Al- 
berta, 581-2. 

Conservative  Convention, 
Saskatchewan,  537-9. 


Conservative  Party  and  the 
Navy,  88-9,  61-4,  72-3, 
77. 

Conservative  Policy,  British, 
138-40,  142-5. 

Conservative  Policy  in  Pro- 
vinces, 329,  335,  336-7- 
8-9,  347,  352-3,  355-60, 
370-1-2,  395,  397-400, 
412-4,  421-2,  443-51,  453- 
7,  474-5,  483-7,  490-4-5, 
497-516,  537-9,  541-2, 
544-7,  555,  557,  566-8, 
571-2,  578,  581-2,  586, 
589,  603,  605-6,  608-9, 
611-2. 

Consolidated  Schools,  516-7, 
551. 

Constitution  and  Judicial 
Committee,  125. 

Consular  System,  Canada  and 
the,  110-11,  265. 

Contribution,  Canadian  Na- 
val, 34-5-6-7-8-9,  42,  43, 
46,  49,  50,  53,  65,  67,1 
73-4,  78-9,  87,  219,  253. 

Corporations,  Taxation  of,  ! 
419,  477,  505. 

Court  House,  Vancouver, 
596. 

Customs   Department,    196-7. ! 

Dalhousie,  University  of,  96, 

134,  472. 
Daughters  of  the  Empire,  93, 

102,    145,    146,   291,    299. 
Daylight   Saving   Bill,    132. 
Defence  Conference  1909,  17. 
Defence,  Imperial,  87-8,  131.  | 
Delegations       to      Dominion 

Government,  169-71. 
Departmental       Commission,  j 

205-6. 
Departments    and    Ministers, 

Ontario,      316-26,      492-3, 

521. 
Departments  of  Government, 

Ottawa,  174-99. 
Departments    and    Ministers, 

Provincial,    390-4,    451-2,  | 

469-70,    580-1,    598-601.    i 
Direct  Legislation,  276,  495- 

6,  551,  553,  573. 
Disallowance,  Dominion  j 

Power  of,  190. 

Dismissals,  Dominion  Gov-  j 
ernment,  210,  265-6. 

Dominion  Alliance,  314. 

Dominion  Appointments,  198, 
199. 

Dominion  Coal  Co.,  482. 

Dominion  Grange,  670. 

Dominion  Note  Issue,   184. 

Dominion  Steel  Corporation, 
643. 

Doukhobors  in  British  Co- 
lumbia, 603. 

Dry-dock,   Quebec,   171. 

East  Middlesex  Bye- elections, 

354-5. 
Edmonton,     Dungevan     and  j 

B.C.      Railway,      587-8-9, 

634. 
Education,    Provincial,    822- 

4,   334,   888-73,  418,  429- 

36,   461-2,   471-2-3-4,   496- 

7,  516-20.    526-30,    534-5,, 
558-61,   589-91,  600,   605,1 
609-11. 


Educational  Commission, 
Saskatchewan,  584,  559. 

Eight-hour  Day,  275-6. 

Elections,  British  Columbia, 
611-6. 

Elections,  New  Brunswick, 
452-60. 

Elections,  Prince  Edward  Is- 
land, 482-7. 

Elections,  Quebec  Provincial, 
408-16. 

Elections,  Saskatchewan, 
561-70. 

Electoral  Representation, 
Quebec,  400-1. 

Electric  Power,  Ontario,  355- 
60. 

Elevator  Capacity,  Manitoba, 
524. 

Elevators,  Interior  Storage, 
582. 

Elevator  System,  Manitoba- 
Government,  509-10. 

Elevator,  Montreal,  625. 

Elevators,  Saskatchewan 
Government  and  the,  540, 
552-3. 

Elk  Lake  Telegram,   328-9. 

Emergency,  Naval,  35,  37, 
45-6-7,  50,  61-2,  64,  66-7, 
73-8,  84,  86,  253,  256. 

Empire  Books  of  the  Year, 
168. 

Empire  Club,  90,  147-8. 

Empire  Day,   108-9. 

Empire,  Defence  of  the,  87- 
8,  131. 

Empire,  League  of  the,  150. 

Empire  Organizations,  145- 
52. 

Empire  Parliamentary  Asso- 
ciation, 52,  150. 

Empire  Universities,  Con- 
gress of,  138-5. 

Esquimau  and  Nanaimo  Rail- 
way, 608. 

Exports,   Canadian,  652-3. 

Express   Statistics,   632. 

External  Affairs,  Depart- 
ment of,  174. 

Factory  Legislation,  Provin- 
cial, 402. 

Failures,  Business,   644 

Farm  Settlement  Board,  446, 
447. 

Farmers    Bank    Case,    375-7. 

Fenian  Raid  Pensions,  217. 

Field  Crops,  Canadian,  630, 
655. 

Finance   Department,    182-4. 

Finances  and  Budgets,  Pro- 
vincial, 325,  347-9,  390-1, 
396,  408,  413,  420-4, 
449-50,  468-9,  486,  499, 
500,  523,  554-6,  585-6, 
609,  620. 

Financial  Appointments  of 
1912,  650-2. 

Financial'  Conditions,  Pro- 
vincial, 576,  593. 

Fire  Insurance  of  1912,  645. 

Fisheries,  Interests  of,  191. 

Fisheries,  Protection,  212. 

Fisheries,  Provincial,  825, 
482,  599,  619-20,  623. 

Flag,  Colonial  Secretary  and 
the,  167. 

Flemming  Government,  443- 
60. 


696 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIBS. 


Foreign  Appointments  in 
Canada,  669. 

Forest  Branch,  British  Co- 
lumbia, 599-600,  604-5. 

Forestry  Association,  Cana- 
dian, 620. 

Fort-Osborne,  Barracks,  217. 

Fox  Ranching,  488-9. 

France  and  British  Naval 
Defence,  54-5. 

France,  Canadian  Ministers 
in,  54-5. 

France,  Trade  with,  216. 

Freight  Rates,  212. 

French  Canada  and  the 
Nary,  42-4,  84-5,  86-7. 

French  Canadians,  France 
and,  55. 

French  Canadians  in  the 
West,  526-7,  558. 

French  Language  Congress, 
371,  424-9. 

French  Visitors  in  Canada, 
666. 

Fruit  Industry,  378,  439, 
652. 

Garneau  Monument,  438. 
Georgian  Bay  Canal  Project, 

170,  181,  397. 
German-Catholic       Congress, 

558-9. 

German  Clubs,  31-2. 
German  Visitors  in  Canada, 

31-3. 
Germany   and     the     British 

Navy,   26-33,   69-72. 
Germany,  Cost  of  Living  in, 

283 
Gibson-Minto  Railway,  445-6, 

451. 

Globe,  The,  267-8. 
Globe,    The,    and    the    Naval 

Question,   39,  40,  73,  84. 
Globe,  Ne  Temere  Case  and 

The,    241,    244. 
Gouin  Government,  389-424. 
Government     Changes,      Do- 
minion,   182. 
Government   House,    Quebec, 

298-9. 
Government     Inspection     of 

Banks,      Mr.    Wilkle      on, 

642. 
Grain  Act,  Mr.  Foster's,  214, 

215. 

Grain  Commission.  204,  492. 
Grain    Growers    Association, 

Manitoba,  248. 
Grain    Growers    Grain    Co., 

Ltd.,   510,   526. 
Grain  Growers'  Guide,  260-1, 

264. 
Grain       Growers,     Western, 

493-6,   524-6,   550-2. 
Grand     River     Improvement 

League,   315. 
Grand  Trunk  Branch  Lines 

Co.,  556,   5«8. 
Grand  Trunk  Railway,   153, 

195-6,  210-11,  216-7,  284, 

275,    384,    380,    889,    682 

3-4,    637-9. 

Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Rail- 
way, 153,  181,  187,  557, 

574,   596,   599-602,   607-8, 

638-9. 
Grand     Trunk     Pacific     and 

Judicial  Committee,  124. 


Grand  Trunk  Facile  Sas- 
katchewan, 556-7. 

Great  Britain,  Mr.  Borden's 
Visit  to,  49-64,  84. 

Great  Britain  and  Empire 
Defence,  19-26,  32-3,  53-4. 

Great  Northern  Railway, 
596,  608. 

Great  Waterways  Union, 
631. 

Hail  Insurance  Acts,  549, 
551,  584. 

Hali/ax  Docks,  etc..  180, 
481. 

Halifax  Memorial  Tower,  95- 
6,  301-2. 

Harbour  Commissioners,  Ap- 
pointment of,  207. 

Hay-Pauncefote  Treaty,  668. 

Health  Department,  Federal, 
174. 

Hfbert  Caae,   Quebec,  241-2. 

Highways  Act,  Dominion, 
572-8. 

Highways  Aid  Bill,  281-8. 

Highway  Commission,  Sas- 
katchewan, 535,  537,  548. 

Hindus  and  the  Empire,  113. 

Hochelaga  Bye-election,  252, 
253. 

Holland-Canada  Mortgage 
Co.,  666. 

Hollinger  Mine.  385-6. 

Home  Bank  of  Canada,  646. 

Home  Rale  for  Ireland,  Can- 
ada and,  141-5,  160-1. 

Homestead  Regulations  and 
Entries,  189. 

Hudson's  Bay  Exploration, 
192. 

Hudson's  Bay  Railway,  180- 
1,  218,  490,  532-3,  538, 
543-4,  545-7,  551,  565, 
587. 

Hydro-Electric  Power,  On- 
tario, 338,'  855-60. 

Immigrants,  Wealth  of,  654, 
655. 

Immigration  into  Canada, 
188,  210,  652,  654. 

Immigration,  Provincial, 

879,  468,  470,  460-1, 
522,  601,  606,  613'. 

Immigration  Report,  Mr. 
Hawkes',  652. 

Imperial  Conference  of 
Teachers,  135-6. 

Imperial  Co-operation  League 
151. 

Imperial  Defence,  87-8,  181. 

Imperial  Defence  Committee, 
52,  54,  55,  57,  68,  73,  80, 
82-4. 

Imperial  Exhibition  at  Lon- 
don, Projected,  122. 

Imperial   Federation,    164. 

Imperial  Fund  (£1,000), 
139. 

Imperial  Home  Re-union  As- 
sociation, 148-9. 

Imperial  Maritime  League, 
60,  151. 

Imperial  South  African  Vet- 
erans, 150. 

Independence,  Canadian, 
168. 

India  and  Empire  Defence, 
19. 


India,  Royal  Visit  to,  89, 
107-8,  120. 

Indian  Commission,  SOT. 

Industrial  Appointments, 
651-2. 

Industrial  Disputes  Act,  272- 
3,  276. 

Industrial  Production,  654. 

Industrial  Workers  of  the 
World,  277,  601-2. 

Initiative  and  Referendum, 
495-6,  551,  558,  564,  573, 
583. 

Inland  Revenue,  Department 
of,  196. 

Insurance  Affairs,  Provin- 
cial, 833. 

Intercolonial  Railway,  208, 
210,  631. 

Interior,  Department  of  the, 
187-9. 

International  Dry-Farming 
Congress,  625-0. 

International  Joint  Commis- 
sion, 207-8. 

International  Live-Stock  Ex- 
position, Chicago,  524. 

International  St.  John  River 
Commission,  666. 

International  Unionism,  274- 
5,  276,  278. 

Internationale  du  Canada, 
La  Banque,  646. 

Iron  and  Steel,  Fiscal  Inter- 
ests, 259-60,  275. 

Iron  and  Steel  Memorial, 
184. 

Irrigation  Association,  West- 
ern Canada,  620. 

Investments  in  Canada,  Brit- 
ish, 152-8. 

James  Bay  Railway,  395-6, 
389,  419. 

Jesuits  Oath,  Alleged,  238. 
239. 

Journalism,  Canadian,  664-5. 

Judges,  Retirements  and  Ap- 
pointments of,  671-2. 

Judicial  Committee,   578. 

Judicial  Committee  Decisions, 
Canada  and,  123-9. 

Judicial  Committee,  Marriage 
Laws  and,  242-4. 

Justice,  Department  of,  190. 

Kaslo    and    Slocan  Railway, 

608. 
Kettle  Valley   Railway,    607, 

608. 

King's  College,  96,  134,  135. 
Knighthoods,  166,  490,  596. 
Knox  College,  366. 

Label,  Uniform  Empire,  132. 

Labour  Boards  of  Concilia- 
tion, 132. 

Labour  Conditions,  Canadian 
194-5,  265. 

Labour  Conditions.  Provin- 
cial, 171,  814,  325,  333, 
389,  444,  361-2,  374-5, 
393. 

Labour  Commission,  B.C., 
595,  597-8. 

Labour,  Department  of,  194- 
196. 

Labour  Organizations,  272- 
278. 

Labour  and  Woman's  Suff- 
rage, 312. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS. 


697 


Lanctot    Case      in     Quebec, 

397-8. 

Lands    and    Resources,    Con- 
trol of  Western,  543,  545- 

«,    566-7,    568,    576,    584. 
Lanrier  Tour,  The,  254-8. 
Laval    University,    Montreal, 

92,  98,   134,   191. 
Laval     University,      Quebec, 

291,  425,  435. 
Law  Reform,  Ontario,  336. 
Legislation,   Alberta,   584-9. 
Legislation,    Dominion,    213- 

19,    220-35. 
Legislation,    Manitoba,     497 

506,    508-9,    514-16. 
Legislation,  New  Brunswick, 

445-9. 
Legislation,      Nova      Scotia, 

473-9. 

Legislation,    Ontario,    327-38. 
Legislation,    Prince    Edward 

Island,   486-7. 
Legislation,  Quebec,  395-405, 

416-20. 
Legislation,       Saskatchewan, 

540-9,  570-4. 
Le      Sueur     Case — Life     of 

Mackenzie,   656-7. 
Liberal  Party  and  the  Navy, 

39-42,     46-7,     73-9,     84-5, 

252,    254-8. 
Liberal  Policy  In  Provinces, 

328,  335-6-7,  339-42,  349- 

55,    360-3,    370-1,    395-6, 

400-4,       408-12,       417-20, 

445-6,     450,     452,     457-8, 

468-9,  474-9,  496-8,  500-1, 

504-5,    508,    514-5,    540-7, 


Manitoba    Affairs,    490-530. 

Manitoba  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, 490,  518-9,  520. 

Manitoba  Boundary  Exten- 
sion, 329,  343-6,  491, 
511-16. 

Manitoba  Boundaries  in  Par- 
liament, 220-7. 

Manitoba  Government  Eleva- 
tors, 509-10,  526. 

Manitoba  Government  Tele- 
phone System,  490-1, 
497-9,  506-9. 

Manitoba  Grain  Growers  As- 
sociation, 312,  493-6,  524- 
526. 

Manitoba  Power  Co.,  Incor- 
poration of,  501-4. 

Manitoba  Separate  School 
Legislation,  528-9. 

Manitoba,  University  of,  134, 
302,  518,  520. 

Manufactures,  Canadian, 
175-6. 

Manufactures,  Provincial, 
402,  439,  468,  480-1,  489, 
522,  620. 

Manufacturers  in  Canada, 
British,  158-9. 

Marine  and  Fisheries  Depart- 
ment, 190-2. 

Maritime  Press  Association, 
664. 

Maritime  Provinces,  Repre- 
sentation of,  264. 

Marriage  Laws,  Quebec, 
337,  405. 

Mathieson  Government,  482- 
489. 


9,  613-4. 
Liberalism,    Sir   W.    Laurier 

and,   254-8. 
License  Commission,  Quebec, 

436-7. 
Life     Insurance,     Canadian. 

646. 

Lignite   Coal  Fields,    Saskat- 
chewan,  534,   541,   576. 
Liquor  License  Policy,   Que- 
bec, 407,   421. 

Literature,  Canadian,  656-64. 
Living,    Cost   of,    278-84. 
Lloyds,   British,   192,   338. 
Lloyds,      A    Canadian,    187, 

192. 
Loan  "  Sharks  "  Legislation, 

333. 

Local  Option.  349,  595. 
London,  Declaration  of,  131- 

132. 
Lumber,  Canadian,  379,  440, 

465,   481,   575,   619. 
Lumber    Conditions,    Provin- 
cial, 347,  393-4. 
Lumber,    Duties    on,    196-7r 
209,  258. 


Malay  States.  Federated,  19. 
Manhood  Suffrage  in  Quebec} 

401. 
Manifesto  to  Electors   (A.  B. 

Copp),  457-8. 
Manifesto  to  Electors   (J.  K. 

Flemming),  453-6. 
Manifesto  to  Electors  (Sir  L. 

Gouin),    410-11. 
Manifesto  to  Electors    (Hon. 

W.   Scott),   562-6. 


Memorial,   Non-Party,   44-5. 

Mendelssohn  Choir,  670. 

Merchant  Report,  The,  367 
373. 

Mercier  Monument,  393. 

Mergers,  Canadian,  644-5. 

Metropolitan  Parks  Commis- 
sion, 400. 

Militarism,  41,  43,  78,  79, 
85,  90,  106,  487. 

Militia  Appointments,  287-90. 

Militia  and  Defence  Depart 
ment,  176-8. 

Militia    Organizations,    294. 

Militia  Record,  284-94. 

Militia  Reports,   285-6. 

Milling  Capacity,  Canadian, 
655. 

Million  for  Manitoba  League 
523. 

Minerals  Canadian,  379,  383 
.8,  440-1,  465-6,  481-2 

/  523.  575,  593,  616-7,  653 

*     4,   655. 

Mineral  Production,  Cana 
;  dian,  829,  655. 

fining    Conditions,    Provln 


I    cial,  322,  332-8. 
'Mining    Laws      Commission 
581. 


Mixed  Farming,    213. 
Montreal      Civic      Elections 

437. 
Montreal    Harbour    Commls 

sion,    169,   193. 
Montreal,  Legislation  regard 

ing,    404,    411,    413,    414 

418-9. 


Morin-Chiniquy  Case,  245. 

Motor  Legislation,   584,   478. 

Mount  Allison,  University  of, 
122,  134,  462. 

Mount   Royal   College,    591. 

Moving  Picture  Films,  334 
5,  437,  505. 

Municipal  Associations,  Meet- 
ings of,  524-5,  622,  627. 

Municipal  Government,  Al- 
berta, 580,  584. 

Murray  Government,  468-TO, 
473-9. 

Macdonald  Bye-election,  247- 
51,  252. 

McGill  University,  134-5, 
308,  302,  425,  434,  435, 
441,  611. 

National     Battlefields     Park 

Commission,    437. 
National  Council  of  Women, 
89-91,  95,   100,   102,   104, 
299,    300,    309-11,    601. 
National        Transcontinental 
Railway,    209,    212,    255, 
681-2. 

Nationalists,    Quebec,      42-4, 
85-7,    253,    272-8,    397-8, 
412,    418,   427. 
Natural  Gas  Litigation,  126- 

127. 
Naturalization,  Imperial  190, 

211. 

Naval    Affairs    in    Bye-elec- 
tions,  250,  252-3. 
Naval      Defence,      Canadian 
Opinion    of,    33-6,    36-48, 
84-5. 

Naval   and  Military  Emigra- 
tion League,  151-2. 
Naval    Policy,    British    Em- 
pire,  87-8,   82-8. 
Naval    Question,    Provincial, 
Opinion      of,      451,    470, 
474. 
Naval   Service   Act  of   1910, 

48,    77,    85,    75. 
Navy,    The    British,     19-26, 

82-3. 
Navy,    British    Visitors    and 

the,   32-3,   160-8. 
Navy    Idea,    The    Canadian, 
34,    87,   44,    48,    67-8,   74, 
86-7,  219,  256,  258. 
Navy,    The    German,    26-38, 

69-72. 
Navy,  Independent  View  of, 

46-7,  73-4,  85. 
Navy  League,  61,  86,  150-1. 
Navy,   Lord  Milner  and  the, 

162. 
Navy,     Provinces     and    the, 

595-6-7,    605-6. 
Nelson    Shields    Distribution, 

122. 
Ne    Temere    Decree,      Privy 

Council  and,    127-8. 
Ne    Temere,    Marriage    Law 
Discussions    and.     238-45. 
New  Brunswick  Affairs,  443- 

468. 
New    Brunswick    Coal    and 

Railway  Co.,  451. 
New  Brunswick,  Royal  Visit 

to,  97. 
New  Brunswick  Shales  Ltd., 

448,   467. 

New   Brunswick,    University 
of,  134,  162,  462. 


698 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS. 


Newfoundland,  196. 
Newfoundland,        Relations 

with,   120. 
New    Ontario,    314-5,    321-2, 

338-43,   360-3,   380-8. 
New    Ontario    Mines,    Presi- 
dents of,  388. 
New  Ontario,  Mr.  Rowell  In, 

360. 
New  Ontario,  Sir  W.  Laurler 

in,  255-6. 
Newspapers      and      Defence, 

British,    80-1. 
Newspapers    of    1912,    New, 

664-5. 

New  York  Opinion  of  Niag- 
ara  Power,   359. 
New  Zealand,  Cost  of  Living 

in,  283. 
New  Zealand     and     Empire 

Defence,  17-8,  22,  77,  81- 

82. 
New      Zealand,    Government 

of,  164,  166. 
Niagara    Power    conditions, 

317. 
Non-Party  Naval  Movement, 

44-48. 

Nova  Scotia  Affairs,  468-82. 
Nova   Scotia,   Bank  of,    643- 

644. 
Nova  Scotia,   Royal  Visit  to, 

94-7. 
Nova    Scotia    Steel    &    Coal 

Co.,   482. 

Old  Age  Pensions,  208. 
Ontario  Affairs,  318-88. 
Ontario  Agricultural  College, 

319. 
Ontario  Boundary  Extension, 

829,  343-6,  349. 
Ontario    Municipal    Electric 

Association,  355,  357. 
Ontario  Railway   and  Muni- 
cipal Board,   326. 
Orangeism   in   Canada,    268- 

271 
Orangeism    and   the   Ne   Te- 

mere,  240-1,  245,  269-270. 
Ottawa,    University   of,    134, 

313,  366. 

Overseas  Club,  148. 
Oyster  Industry,  215,  489. 

Pacific,  Great  Eastern  Rail- 
way, 607-8. 

Panama  Canal,  Canada  and 
the,  491-2. 

Panama  Canal,  U.  S.  Policy 
and  the,  668-9. 

Parliament  Buildings,  New, 
490,  493,  531-2,  583-4. 

Parliament,  Debates  in,  208- 
241. 

Parliament  and  the  Navy, 
48-9,  64-79. 

Patricia,  New  District  of, 
329,  343-46. 

Peace  Centenary  Committee, 
Canadian,  666 

Peace  River  Country,  581, 
593. 

Population,  Canadian,   655. 

Porcupine,  Development  of, 
385-8. 

Port  Arthur  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam Union,  99,  100. 

Ports,  Regulations  Regard- 
ing, 197. 


Postmaster-General's  Depart- 
ment, 186-7. 

Post  Office  and  Globe  Dis- 
pute, 267-8. 

Preferential  Trade,  181,  133, 
137-140,  251. 

Prince  Edward  Island  Af- 
fairs, 482. 

Prince  Edward  Island,  Royal 
Visit  to,  94. 

Prison  Farms,  91,  318,  580. 

Prohibition  and  Temperance 
Legislation,  314,  316,  349- 
355,  401,  407,  421,  423, 

436,  437,    447,   458,    462, 
463,    470,    487,    493,    498, 
504,    539,    574,    584,    585, 
606. 

Protestant  Committee  of 
Public  Instruction,  433. 

Provinces,  Aid  to  Agricul- 
ture in,  184,  185,  215. 

Provinces,  Debt  of,  627. 

Provinces,  Dominion  Expen- 
ditures on,  621. 

Provinces,  Fisheries  of,  623. 

Provinces,  Mineral  Product 
of,  629. 

Provinces,  Population  of, 
629. 

Provinces,  Pulp-wood  in, 
630. 

Provinces,  Railway  Bonds 
of,  623. 

Provinces,  Resources  and 
Development  of,  377,  880. 

Provincial  Organizations, 
Resolutions  of,  621,  622, 
624-627. 

Provincial  Workmen's  Asso- 
ciation, 277. 

Public  Health  in  Canada, 
317,  331,  332. 

Public  Service  Commission, 
245. 

Publishers  Association  of 
Canada,  657,  658. 

Pulp-wood,  Canadian,  379, 
630,  653. 

Pulp-wood,  Exportation  of, 
389. 

Pulp-wood,  Provincial  Regu- 
lation of,  389,  390,  465. 

Public  Works  Department, 
180-182. 

Queen's       University,       134, 

313,  365-367,  590. 
Quebec  Affairs,  389-442. 
Quebec,    Marriage    Cases    in, 

241,  242,  245. 

Radicalism      and      Religion, 

437,  438. 

Railway    Bonds,    Provincial, 

623. 

Railways    and    Canals    De- 
partment,   179,    180. 
Railway     Commission,      631- 

633. 
Railways,     Provincial,     396, 

402,  403,  579,  587-9,  596, 

607-609,   612. 
Railway       Policy,       Western 

Provinces,   535. 
Railway    Statistics,    632-3. 
Ready-made      Farms,       New 

Brunswick,    444-447,    460, 

476. 


Reciprocity  Act,  U.  S.  At- 
tempted Repeal  of,  667. 

Reciprocity,  Quebec  and, 
409,  416. 

Reciprocity  with  United 
States,  101,  172,  188,  213, 
219,  247-250,  254,  255, 
258,  261,  262,  496,  498, 
504,  505,  539,  541-2-3, 
547,  551,  561-2,  565-6, 
569,  570-572,  667,  668. 

Red  River  Settlers,  505 

Redistribution  of  Seats,  Sas- 
katchewan, 547. 

Reese  Syndicate,  Winnipeg, 
501-504. 

Regina  Board  of  Trade,  Sub- 
divisions and,  625. 

Regina  College,   560,   561. 

Regina  Cyclone,  536,  537. 

Regina  Province,  539. 

Religions,  Census  Statistics 
of,  672. 

Representation,  Imperial,  35, 
37,  38,  40,  49,  52,  53,  61, 
63,  65,  66,  68,  79,  80, 
111,  164. 

Resolutions,  Provincial  Pub- 
lic, 621,  622,  624-627 

Resources  and  Development, 
Canadian,  652-655. 

Resources  and  Development, 
Provincial,  438-442,  463- 
467,  479-482,  488,  489, 
521-524,  575,  576,  591- 
594,  616-620. 

Richelieu  and  Ontario  Navi- 
gation Co.,  644. 

Roads,  Provincial,  324,  338- 
342,  391,  392,  401-404, 
417,  418,  451,  535,  548, 
557,  558,  563,  567,  561, 
585. 

Robertson   College,    590. 

Roblin  Government,  490- 
519. 

Rogers,  Mr.,  and  the  Saskat- 
chewan Elections,  568, 
569,  571,  572. 

Roman  Catholic  Bishops  Ap- 
pointed, 671 

Royal  Academy  of  Music,  94, 
102,  103. 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  643. 

Royal  Colonial  Institute,  51, 
61,  95,  109,  147,  148, 
152,  165. 

Royal  Commission  on  Trade, 
61,  140,  141. 

Royal  Governor- General,  A, 
88-107. 

Royal  Grenadiers  of  Toronto, 
293. 

Royal  Honours,  166. 

Royal  North-West  Mounted 
Police,  174. 

Royal  Ontario  Museum,  334. 

Royal  Visit  to  British  Colum- 
bia, 596,  597. 

Saskatchewan    Affairs,     532- 

576. 
Saskatchewan        "  Bill        of 

Rights,"     546,     547,     564- 

566. 
Saskatchewan       College       of 

Agriculture,   560. 
Saskatchewan       Co-operative 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS. 


699 


Elevator    Co.,    Ltd.,    540, 

550,  552-553. 

Saskatchewan    Grain    Grow- 
ers, 550-553. 

Saskatchewan  and  the  Mani- 
toba Boundary,    532,    533. 
Saskatchewan,        Municipali- 
ties in,  623. 
Saskatchewan       River      and 

Electric   Power,   534,   540, 

563,  567. 
Saskatchewan,  University  of, 

105,- 134,  523,  559,  560. 
Scott   Government,,    531-549, 

554-557,   562-574. 
Secession    Western    talk    of, 

489,  569,  622,  623. 
Securities,      Canadian,      152- 

155. 

Senate,   Discussions  in,  218. 
Senate   Rejection  of  Govern- 
ment legislation,   228-235. 
Senate,  T.  &  N.  O.  and  the, 

837,  338. 
Separate    Schools,    Keewatin, 

220,     221,     223-226,    227, 

270. 
Separate      School      Question, 

Western,      526-530,      588, 

589,   573. 
Shares  in  Manitoba,  Sale  of, 

506. 
Shaughnessy        Prize        for 

Wheat,  543. 

Sheep    Commission,    206. 
Shell-Fish   Commission,   206. 
Shipping,      Canadian,      638, 

634. 
Sikhs    of    British    Columbia, 

112. 
Single    Tax    Question,     313, 

494,  581,  584 
Socialism,  277. 
South     Africa     and    Empire 

Defence,    18,    19,    77,    81, 

165 
South     Africa,      Government 

Of,  165,  166. 
South  Renfrew  Bye-election, 

246,  247. 
Speaker's    Rulings,    Ontario, 

336. 

State,  Department  of,  196. 
Statutes,    Canadian    General. 

653. 
Statutes,     British    Columbia, 

Revision  of,  605. 
Steam  Trawling,  475. 
Strathcona  Park,  V.  I.,  618. 
Strathcona,    Work    of    Lord, 

120-123. 
St.    John,    Development    of, 

463,  464. 
St.    John   Knights   of   Grace, 

166. 
St.     John     Valley     Railway, 

443,  445. 
St.  John  &  Quebec  Railway, 

447,  450,   634. 
Ste.  Marie  de  Monnoir  Case, 

432,  433. 
Suffragettes,       Mr.       Borden 

and,   57. 
Swift       Packing       Interests, 

643. 

Taft  "  Adjunct  "  Letter,  The, 

667. 
Tariff  Commission  Bill,   228 

231. 


Tariff  Conditions,  258-264, 
281. 

Tariff,  Provinces  and  the, 
583. 

Tariff,  The  West  and  the,! 
543 

Taxation,  B.  C.  Royal  Com- 
mission on,  602. 

Taxation  and  Trade  Rela- 
tions, Senate  Committee 
on,  667 

Technical  Education,  Mani- 
toba Commission  on,  520, 
521. 

Technical  Education,  Pro- 
vinces and,  448,  572. 

Telegraph   Statistics,   632. 

Telephones,  Provincial,  326, 
490,  491,  497-499,  506- 
509,  533,  534,  549,  568, 
574,  577,  595,  598,  599. 

Telephone  Statistics,  632. 

Temiscamingue  Country, 

395,  396. 

Terminal  Elevators,  188,  542, 
550-552,  583. 

Theological  Colleges,  Union 
of,  435,  436. 

Throne,  Provincial  Speeches 
from  the,  218,  327,  328, 
395,  416,  417,  444,  445, 
473,  474,  497,  498,  540, 
570,  571. 

Timiskaming  and  Northern 
Ontario  Bill,  233-235. 

T.  &  N.  O.  Railway,  324, 
334,  361,  387. 

Titanic  Disaster,   665,   666. 

Toronto  Board  of  Trade  Re- 
port, 280,  281. 

Toronto  Civic  Street  Rail- 
way, 628. 

Toronto  Harbour  Commis- 
sion, 633. 

Toronto  Hydro-Electric  Com- 
mission, 359. 

Toronto  and  Niagara  Power 
Case,  128. 

Toronto,  Royal  Visit  to,  89, 
90,  97,  98. 

Toronto,  University  of,  134, 
191,  200,  298,  309,  333, 
334,  364,  365,  367. 

Town  Planning,  93  477,  478, 
627. 

Trade,  Canadian,  653. 

Trade  and  Commerce  Depart- 
ment, 174,  175,  205. 

Trades  and  Labour  Congress, 
274-276. 

Transportation  Interests  (see 
also  Railways),  631-635. 

Trinity  College,  323. 

Trust  &  Loan  Companies, 
644,  645. 

Trustee  Investments,  British, 
825,  423. 

Tuberculosis,  Prevention  of, 
90,  91,  108,  351,  476. 

Ungava,  Annexation  of,  405- 

408. 

Ungava,  Territory  of,  442. 
Union  Jack,  596. 
United       Empire       Loyalists 

Association,  149,  150,  173. 
United   Farmers   Association, 

Alberta,  583. 
United     Shoe     Co.,     Inquiry 

into,   643. 


United  States,  Canadian  rela- 
tions with,  172,  191,  192. 

United  States,  Cost  of  Living 
in,  283,  284. 

United  States  Steel  Co.,  644. 

Universities,  Degrees  con- 
ferred by,  367. 

Utilities  Board,  Public 
(N.S.),  477. 

Utilities  Commission,  Public 
(Man.),  490,  497,  500, 
501,  506. 

Vancouver          Half  -  Million 

League,   603. 

Vancouver    Island    Develop- 
ment League,  595. 
Victoria      Harbour      Works, 

181. 
Victoria      Rifles,      Montreal, 

293. 
Victoria      University,      134, 

313,  365. 
Victorian    Order    of    Nursea, 

98,  99,  102,  309,  310. 
Visitors   in   Canada,   British, 

32,   33. 
Visitors  in  Canada,  German, 

81,  32. 

Water-Powers,         Canadian, 

524. 

Welland  Canal  Project,  170. 
West  Indies  Committee,  61. 
West  Indies,  Relations  with, 

114-118. 

Western  Canada  Church  Mis- 
sion Fund,  109,  111. 
Western    Canada    Civic    and 

Industrial  League,  626. 
Western    Canada    Irrigation 

Association,   599. 
Western  Provinces,   Duke  of 

Connaught    and,    91,    92, 

99-107. 

Western  Rates,  638. 
Western      University,       134, 

313,  366. 

Whitney  Government  in  On- 
tario, 313-377. 
Winnipeg    and    the    Judicial 

Committee,   124 
Winnipeg  Royal  Visit  to,  91, 

92. 
Winnipeg     Street     Railway!, 

501-504. 
Wireless     Telegraphy,      171, 

172,  192,  219. 
Wolfe  Memorial  Fund,  111. 
Woman's  Suffrage,  171,  274, 

304-309,    312,    328,    335, 

551,    57X    583. 
Women  in  Canada — Census, 

305. 
Women's     Canadian     Clubs, 

301-303. 

Women,    International    Con- 
gress of,'  311. 
Women,  National  Council  of, 

89,  91,  95,  100,  102,  104, 

299,  300,  309-311,  601. 
Women's  Organizations,  309- 

312. 
Women's  Relief  Act   (Man.), 

505,   506. 
Woollen  Industry,  644. 

Y.M.C.A.  National  Associa- 
tion, 670,  671. 


Special  Supplement 

Containing  Important  Public   Addresses  of  the  year 

and  Historical   Data   Regarding  Canadian 

Interests   and    Institutions 


THE  NEW  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING  AT  WINNIPEG,  1912. 


ANNUAL    REVIEW    OF    NATIONAL 
CONDITIONS 


By 
SIR  EDMUND  WALKER,  C.V.O.,  D.C.L.,  L.L.D., 

and  Officials  of 

The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce* 


The  area  of  Canada  in  which  the  Bank  is  directly 
Tn»  Dominion  interested  has  become  so  large  that  we  have  decided  to 
in  General,  by  present  the  information  collected  regarding  its  indus- 
^^  position  in  a  new  form.  We  shall  hereafter  include 
of  in  the  statement  made  to  our  shareholders  reports  from 
those  senior  officers  of  the  Bank  who  have  charge  under 
the  General  Manager  of  the  various  geographical  divi- 
sions of  the  Bank  and  who  are  better  qualified  than  we  are  to  set  forth 
the  facts  regarding  such  districts. 

The  year  has  been  one  marked,  even  in  comparison  with  recent 
years  of  large  expansion,  by  a  continued  increase  in  immigration,  in 
building  operations  of  all  kinds,  especially  in  connection  with  rail- 
roads, in  foreign  and  domestic  trade,  in  bank  deposits,  indeed,  in 
almost  everything  connected  with  the  prosperity  of  a  country.  Our 
object  in  stating  what  is  so  well  known  is  that  we  may  consider  the 
causes  of  our  rapid  growth  and  whether  in  the  methods  of  our  expan- 
sion there  is  anything  which  needs  to  be  checked.  Our  financial 
requirements  are  mainly  determined  by  the  volume  of  immigration. 
It  is  'because  of  this  that  we  must  build  so  largely,  and  this  also  is  the 
main  cause  of  the  excess  of  our  imports  over  our  exports.  The  immi- 
gration for  the  calendar  year,  December  being  estimated,  was  394,784, 
an  increase  over  the  record  year  of  1911  of  13  per  cent.  The  immi- 
grants came  to  us  from  forty-one  countries  and  were  divided  as  fol- 
lows: British,  144,830;  American,  140,456;  from  other  countries, 
109,498.  In  order  to  transport  them  to  their  inland  destination  800 
passenger  trains  of  ten  cars  each,  averaging  50  persons  to  each  car, 

•  NOTB. — Annual  statements  and  addresses,  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce. 
Toronto,  January  9,  1913.  See  also  Historical  Sketch,  Supplement,  1910  volume. 


4  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW     . 

would  be  required.  In  the  last  two  years  we  have  added  nearly  10 
new  people  to  each  100  people  already  in  Canada  taken  as  a  whole, 
but  as  over  half  of  these  immigrants  have  gone  to  the  Western  pro- 
vinces, the  proportion  of  newcomers  to  these  provinces  in  the  same 
period  has  been  about  20  to  each  100.  The  population  of  Saskatche- 
wan has  increased  fivefold  in  ten  years.  Clearly  this  is  proportion- 
ately the  largest  immigration  problem  ever  handled  by  any  country. 
In  order  to  house,  settle,  and  arrange  transportation  for  these  people, 
we  must  borrow  very  largely,  and  as  long  as  such  streams  of  new- 
comers continue  we  are  likely  to  be  borrowers  on  a  large  scale,  at  least 
for  many  decades  to  come.  In  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports 
and  in  the  volume  of  our  securities  sold  abroad  in  order  to  settle  that 
difference,  one  can  clearly  see  the  strain  put  upon  Canada  by  this 
enormous  accession  of  new  people.  The  total  of  our  foreign  trade 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March,  1912,  was  $874,538,000.  Our 
imports  were  $559,220,000,  and  our  exports  $315,317,000,  the  balance 
against  us  being  $243,903,000,  and  the  figures  for  the  half  year  end- 
ing September,  1912,  show  imports  on  an  even  larger  scale. 

The  imports  of  iron  and  steel  in  various  forms  from  raw  material  to 
highly  complicated  manufactures  amount  to  $95,000,000.  Almost 
all  these  articles  are  already  being  made  in  Canada  but  not  in  sufficient 
quantities,  or  not  of  high  enough  quality,  to  satisfy  our  requirements. 
It  is  to  the  last  degree  desirable  that  such  articles  should  be  made  at 
home,  and  to  the  extent  of  say  $50,000,000  or  $60,000,000  they  clearly 
should  be.  With  the  exception  of  motor  cars  and  parts  to  the  extent. 
of  $7,387,000,  and  a  few  other  items,  the  whole  of  this  amount  may  be 
safely  attributed  to  the  erection  of  new  structures  or  the  opening  up 
of  new  farm  lands.  It  is  this  large  difference  between  our  exports 
and  our  imports  which  causes  us  to  send  so  many  securities  to  the 
London  market,  and  if  it  were  true  that  we  are  offering  too  many 
securities  it  would  mean  that  we  are  importing  too  many  goods  or 
exporting  too  little,  or  both.  Doubtless  some  Canadian  securities  are 
offered  which  should  not  have  been  created,  and  dou'btless  our  imports 
are  unwisely  increased  to  some  extent  by  the  extravagance  of  an 
unusually  prosperous  people,  but  the  main  cause  each  year  is  the 
same.  We  need  more  than  ever  new  mileage  of  railways,  vast  quanti- 
ties of  new  rolling  stock,  warehouse  and  port  facilities,  municipal 
expenditures  in  hundreds  of  new  towns  and  an  enlarged  scale  of 
improvements  in  all  the  older  municipalities,  the  building  of  ordinary 
roads,  bridges,  etc.,  in  many  new  areas  of  settlement,  the  creation  of 
plants  for  new  industries  and  the  general  increase  of  existing  plants 
throughout  all  Canada,  the  erection  of  private  dwellings  in  greater 
numbers  and  of  more  permanent  construction  than  in  the  past,  and 
many  other  forms  of  betterment  which  need  not  be  detailed.  But 
while  our  needs  are  mainly  measured  by  our  immigration,  we  are  apt 
to  forget  that  it  is  the  investor  in  our  securities  who  has  the  power- 
to  determine  finally  the  pace  of  our  expansion.  For  every  dollar  we 
wish  to  fix  in  permanent  improvements  somebody  should  have  saved 
a  dollar,  and  at  this  extravagant  moment  the  borrowers  throughout 


ANNUAL"  ADDRESSES:  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE        5 

the  world  exceed  those  whose  savings  take  the  form  of  loanable  capital. 
It  is  for  us  therefore  to  consider  not  so  much  our  needs  as  the  opinion 
of  the  investor  regarding  our  securities,  and  the  condition  of  the 
world's  money  market.  If  we  do  this  we  must  conclude  to  restrict 
our  building  operations  as  much  as  possible  for  the  moment,  and  we 
must  expect  to  pay  a  higher  rate  of  interest  for  our  requirements. 
Men  with  business  experience  before  entering  upon  building  opera- 
tions, large  or  small,  assure  themselves  that  the  needed  money  is  avail- 
able. It  is  only  our  municipalities  and  reckless  promoters  who  incur 
large  obligations  before  they  are  sure  of  the  necessary  investor  in  the 
securities  they  propose  to  offer.  Many  of  our  towns  and  cities  which 
have  refused  to  consult  the  Banks  find  themselves  embarrassed  as  a 
result,  and  improvements  which  may  be  wise  and  much  needed  must 
be  absorbed  in  the  near  future,  but  at  lower  prices  than  heretofore  in 
order  to  meet  the  investors'  expectations  of  a  higher  return.  Our 
municipalities,  however,  should  seriously  consider  whether  during 
periods  of  such  rapid  expansion  the  tax  rate  should  not  be  largely 
increased.  In  the  days  of  western  expansion  in  the  United  States 
25  and  30  mills  on  a  fairly  high  valuation  of  property  were  not  uncom- 
mon rates.  Again,  should  we  not  pay  for  local  improvements  in  a 
far  shorter  time  than  we  do?  The  western  cities  of  the  United  States 
make  their  local  improvements  by  the  issue  of  short  term  securities, 
the  average  life  of  which  is  usually  not  more  than  five  years.  Such 
securities  often  carry  six  per  cent,  interest  and  do  not  appeal  to  the 
same  class  of  investor  as  do  long-term  municipal  debentures.  We  can 
easily  see  the  bad  effect  on  the  credit  of  our  municipalities  of  adding 
the  heavy  cost  of  local  improvements,  spread  over  long  terms,  to  the 
ordinary  general  debt.  'Such  a  system  as  that  followed  in  the  United 
States  would  probably  not  find  favour  with  the  sub-division  promoter 
'because  it  would  be  a  powerful  check  on  all  speculative  real  estate 
Bchemes.  At  least  a  year  ago  it  became  generally  known  that  there 
were  many  Canadian  securities  in  existence  which  had  not  been 
absorbed  by  the  investor  and  that  real  estate  speculation  was  proceed- 
ing at  too  rapid  a  pace.  Undoubtedly  the  knowledge  of  these  facts 
has  exercised  some  restraint  upon  our  people.  Transactions  in  inside 
city  properties  have  probably  been  larger  than  ever  but  the  sub-division 
promoter  has  not  prospered.  Direct  investments  of  British  capital  in 
agricultural  lands  to  be  resold  have  been  made  in  both  the  east  and 
the  west  on  a  large  scale. 

In  common  with  the  rest  of  the  world  we  are  living  in  a  time  of 
high  prices,  and  the  incidence  of  these  prices  on  those  who  have  fixed 
incomes  or  earnings  is  so  heavy  as  to  constitute  the  greatest  economic 
difficulty  we  have  to  face.  I  shall  not  attempt  to  deal  fully  with  a 
subject  which  is  being  studied  by  Government  Commissions  in  many 
leading  countries  and  which  will,  let  us  hope,  be  referred  to  an  inter- 
national Commission.  There  are  some  forces  which  affect  the  general 
trend  of  prices,  others  which  may  cause  any  particular  commodity  to 
go  above  or  below  the  line  of  the  general  trend,  and  again  others 
which  are  local  and  produce  such  apparent  anomalies  as  higher  prices 


4  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW     . 

would  be  required.  In  the  last  two  years  we  have  added  nearly  10 
new  people  to  each  100  people  already  in  Canada  taken  as  a  whole, 
but  as  over  half  of  these  immigrants  have  gone  to  the  Western  pro- 
vinces, the  proportion  of  newcomers  to  these  provinces  in  the  same 
period  has  been  about  20  to  each  100.  The  population  of  Saskatche- 
wan has  increased  fivefold  in  ten  years.  Clearly .  this  is  proportion- 
ately the  largest  immigration  problem  ever  handled  by  any  country. 
In  order  to  house,  settle,  and  arrange  transportation  for  these  people, 
we  must  borrow  very  largely,  and  as  long  as  such  streams  of  new- 
comers continue  we  are  likely  to  be  borrowers  on  a  large  scale,  at  least 
for  many  decades  to  come.  In  the  excess  of  imports  over  exports 
and  in  the  volume  of  our  securities  sold  abroad  in  order  to  settle  that 
difference,  one  can  clearly  see  the  strain  put  upon  Canada  by  this 
enormous  accession  of  new  people.  The  total  of  our  foreign  trade 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March,  1912,  was  $874,538,000.  Our 
imports  were  $559,220,000,  and  our  exports  $315,317,000,  the  balance 
against  us  being  $243,903,000,  and  the  figures  for  the  half  year  end- 
ing September,  1912,  show  imports  on  an  even  larger  scale. 

The  imports  of  iron  and  steel  in  various  forms  from  raw  material  to 
highly  complicated  manufactures  amount  to  $95,000,000.  Almost 
all  these  articles  are  already  being  made  in  Canada  but  not  in  sufficient 
quantities,  or  not  of  high  enough  quality,  to  satisfy  our  requirements. 
It  is  to  the  last  degree  desirable  that  such  articles  should  be  made  at 
home,  and  to  the  extent  of  say  $50,000,000  or  $60,000,000  they  clearly 
should  be.  With  the  exception  of  motor  cars  and  parts  to  the  extent. 
of  $7,387,000,  and  a  few  other  items,  the  whole  of  this  amount  may  be 
safely  attributed  to  the  erection  of  new  structures  or  the  opening  up 
of  new  farm  lands.  It  is  this  large  difference  between  our  exports 
and  our  imports  which  causes  us  to  send  so  many  securities  to  the 
London  market,  and  if  it  were  true  that  we  are  offering  too  many 
securities  it  would  mean  that  we  are  importing  too  many  goods  or 
exporting  too  little,  or  both.  Doubtless  some  Canadian  securities  are 
offered  which  should  not  have  been  created,  and  doubtless  our  imports 
are  unwisely  increased  to  some  extent  by  the  extravagance  of  an 
unusually  prosperous  people,  but  the  main  cause  each  year  is  the 
same.  We  need  more  than  ever  new  mileage  of  railways,  vast  quanti- 
ties of  new  rolling  stock,  warehouse  and  port  facilities,  municipal 
expenditures  in  hundreds  of  new  towns  and  an  enlarged  scale  of 
improvements  in  all  the  older  municipalities,  the  building  of  ordinary 
roads,  bridges,  etc.,  in  many  new  areas  of  settlement,  the  creation  of 
plants  for  new  industries  and  the  general  increase  of  existing  plants 
throughout  all  Canada,  the  erection  of  private  dwellings  in  greater 
numbers  and  of  more  permanent  construction  than  in  the  past,  and 
many  other  forms  of  betterment  which  need  not  be  detailed.  But 
while  our  needs  are  mainly  measured  by  our  immigration,  we  are  apt 
to  forget  that  it  is  the  investor  in  our  securities  who  has  the  power- 
to  determine  finally  the  pace  of  our  expansion.  For  every  dollar  we 
wish  to  fix  in  permanent  improvements  somebody  should  have  saved 
a  dollar,  and  at  this  extravagant  moment  the  borrowers  throughout 


ANNUAL'  ADDRESSES:  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE       5 

the  world  exceed  those  whose  savings  take  the  form  of  loanable  capital. 
It  is  for  us  therefore  to  consider  not  so  much  our  needs  as  the  opinion 
of  the  investor  regarding  our  securities,  and  the  condition  of  the 
world's  money  market.  If  we  do  this  we  must  conclude  to  restrict 
our  building  operations  as  much  as  possible  for  the  moment,  and  we 
must  expect  to  pay  a  higher  rate  of  interest  for  our  requirements. 
Men  with  business  experience  before  entering  upon  building  opera- 
tions, large  or  small,  assure  themselves  that  the  needed  money  is  avail- 
able. It  is  only  our  municipalities  and  reckless  promoters  who  incur 
large  obligations  before  they  are  sure  of  the  necessary  investor  in  the 
securities  they  propose  to  offer.  Many  of  our  towns  and  cities  which 
have  refused  to  consult  the  Banks  find  themselves  embarrassed  as  a 
result,  and  improvements  which  may  be  wise  and  much  needed  must 
be  absorbed  in  the  near  future,  but  at  lower  prices  than  heretofore  in 
order  to  meet  the  investors'  expectations  of  a  higher  return.  Our 
municipalities,  however,  should  seriously  consider  whether  during 
periods  of  such  rapid  expansion  the  tax  rate  should  not  be  largely 
increased.  In  the  days  of  western  expansion  in  the  United  States 
25  and  30  mills  on  a  fairly  high  valuation  of  property  were  not  uncom- 
mon rates.  Again,  should  we  not  pay  for  local  improvements  in  a 
far  shorter  time  than  we  do  ?  The  western  cities  of  the  United  States 
make  their  local  improvements  by  the  issue  of  short  term  securities, 
the  average  life  of  which  is  usually  not  more  than  five  years.  Such 
securities  often  carry  six  per  cent,  interest  and  do  not  appeal  to  the 
same  class  of  investor  as  do  long-term  municipal  debentures.  We  can 
easily  see  the  bad  effect  on  the  credit  of  our  municipalities  of  adding 
the  heavy  cost  of  local  improvements,  spread  over  long  terms,  to  the 
ordinary  general  debt.  Such  a  system  as  that  followed  in  the  United 
States  would  probably  not  find  favour  with  the  sub-division  promoter 
'because  it  would  be  a  powerful  check  on  all  speculative  real  estate 
Bchemes.  At  least  a  year  ago  it  became  generally  known  that  there 
were  many  Canadian  securities  in  existence  which  had  not  been 
absorbed  by  the  investor  and  that  real  estate  speculation  was  proceed- 
ing at  too  rapid  a  pace.  Undoubtedly  the  knowledge  of  these  facts 
has  exercised  some  restraint  upon  our  people.  Transactions  in  inside 
city  properties  have  probably  been  larger  than  ever  but  the  sub-division 
promoter  has  not  prospered.  Direct  investments  of  British  capital  in 
agricultural  lands  to  be  resold  have  been  made  in  both  the  east  and 
the  west  on  a  large  scale. 

In  common  with  the  rest  of  the  world  we  are  living  in  a  time  of 
high  prices,  and  the  incidence  of  these  prices  on  those  who  have  fixed 
incomes  or  earnings  is  so  heavy  as  to  constitute  the  greatest  economic 
difficulty  we  have  to  face.  I  shall  not  attempt  to  deal  fully  with  a 
subject  which  is  being  studied  by  Government  Commissions  in  many 
leading  countries  and  which  will,  let  us  hope,  be  referred  to  an  inter- 
national Commission.  There  are  some  forces  which  affect  the  general 
trend  of  prices,  others  which  may  cause  any  particular  commodity  to 
go  above  or  below  the  line  of  the  general  trend,  and  again  others 
which  are  local  and  produce  such  apparent  anomalies  as  higher  prices 


6  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

for  foodstuffs  in  cities  nearer  sources  of  cheap  production  as  compared 
with  more  remote  centres  of  consumption.  Without,  therefore,  dis- 
cussing the  effect  of  an  enlarged  and  cheapened  supply  of  gold,  the 
enormous  increase  of  credit  partly  made  possible  thereby,  and  the  effect 
of  many  other  forces  causing  a  general  upward  trend  of  prices  we  may 
profitably  consider  some  local  causes  which  put  the  people  of  Canada  at 
an  unnecessary  disadvantage.  One  of  the  most  powerful  and  inexcus- 
able local  causes  for  the  high  price  of  food  is  the  condition  of  our 
country  roads.  It  must  be  clear  that  if  a  farmer  has  to  travel  ten  or 
twenty  miles  to  a  city  to  sell  his  produce,  every  hour  of  delay  to  him- 
self and  his  horses  and  wagon,  every  bushel  or  pound  less  he  is  able 
to  carry,  every  day  lost  in  the  length  of  the  life  of  his  horses  and  wagon, 
cause  just  so  much  increase  in  the  cost  of  the  article  he  has  to  sell.  To 
the  extent  that  this  needless  and  cruel  loss  might,  if  avoided,  partly  add 
to  the  farmers'  profits  and  partly  lessen  the  cost  to  the  consumer,  the 
state  of  our  roads  is  little  short  of  a  crime.  If  the  bad  roads  around 
a  city  cause  the  price  of  food  to  be  much  higher  than  it  need  be,  one 
of  the  results  is  to  enable  producers  hundreds,  perhaps  thousands,  of 
miles  away  to  enter  into  competition  with  the  farmer  in  his  own 
county,  because  the  cost  in  transit  over  one  mile  of  bad  wagon  road 
will  cover  the  cost  over  many  miles  of  good  railroad.  This  competi- 
tion may  help  the  consumer  by  keeping  prices  from  rising  still  higher, 
but  it  will  not  bring  the  price  below  the  point  fixed  'by  the  extra  cost 
from  the  bad  local  roads.  It  will  not  do  any  good  for  those  of  us 
who  live  in  well-paved  cities  to  blame  the  farmers  for  'bad  roads. 
They  cannot  be  expected  to  build  good  roads  entirely  at  their  own 
expense,  and  good  roads  will  not  come  so  long  as  we  wait  for  anything 
as  unfair  as  this.  It  is  not  that  we  do  not  know  how  to  construct 
good  roads.  We  know  fairly  well  what  we  should  do,  but  we 
hesitate  to  do  it.  In  the  excellent  report  on  Highway  Improvements 
in  Ontario  for  1911  there  is  a  sufficient  abstract  of  the  systems  adopted 
by  the  various  countries  of  the  world  and  by  thirty-three  states  in  the 
United  States ;  of  these,  that  in  use  in  the  State  of  New  York  seems 
to  be  the  most  complete.  Under  this  system  roads  are  classified  as 
follows : 

( 1 )  State  roads  built  at  the  entire  cost  of  the  state. 

(2)  County  roads  to  which  the  state  contributes  one-half,  the 
county  35  per  cent.,  and  the  township  15  per  cent.     For  maintenance 
the  state  collects  from  the  townships  $50  per  mile  per  annum,  the 
remainder  being  contributed  by  the  state. 

(3)  Township  roads,  to  which  the  state  contributes  one-third  of 
the  cost  of  construction. 

Can  the  people  of  Canada  be  made  to  realize  that  every  man, 
woman  and  child  suffers  from  the  evil  of  bad  roads  whether  they  use 
the  roads  directly  or  not?  Have  we  not  as  much  intelligence  as  the 
citizens  of  these  thirty-three  neighbouring  states  ? 

Another  cause  of  high  prices  is  the  general  inefficiency  of  most 
kinds  of  labour.  Employment  is  so  easily  obtained  and  the  worker 
is  apt  to  be  80  lacking  in  training  for  the  particular  calling  it  falls 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE       7 

to  his  lot  to  occupy,  that  for  this  reason  alone  three  men  are  often 
needed  to  do  the  work  of  two.  The  necessity  of  buying  food  for  three 
families  instead  of  two  clearly  raises  the  price  of  food  and  every  non- 
producer  of  food  in  Canada  therefore  suffers  from  this  inefficiency  of 
labour.  Still  another  evil,  tending  to  high  prices  and  growing  rapidly 
in  these  extravagant  times,  is  the  waste  in  the  use  of  food.  As  seen 
in  a  modern  hotel  or  dining  car  this  shocks  most  of  us,  but  in  count- 
less families  the  waste  is  nearly  as  bad  proportionately.  If  three 
animals  are  bought  where  only  two  are  really  needed,  the  price  of 
meat  is  raised  for  everybody.  I  must  apologize  for  repeating  facts 
which  are  so  palpable,  but  in  our  desire  to  blame  eomeone  else  for  the 
suffering  caused  by  high  prices,  we  often  refuse  to  see  local  causes 
which  largely  contribute  to  it  and  which  we  could  at  least  moderate 
if  we  chose. 

We  have  often  spoken  of  the  tendencies  of  modern  life  which 
increase  the  food  consumers  out  of  proportion  to  the  food  producers, 
and  it  is  pleasing  to  see  some  slight  evidence  of  a  return  to  the  land 
which  may  help  to  correct  this  disproportion,  but  while  the  quantity  of 
fruit,  vegetables  and  cereals  grown  may  immediately  be  increased  so 
as  to  affect  prices,  the  etate  of  the  cattle  industry  of  North  America 
is  so  serious  that  some  years  must  pass  before  we  may  hope  for  a 
return  of  local  conditions.  It  looks  as  if  ihe  United  States  would 
soon  cease  to  export  beef,  and  unless  we  at  once  change  our  course  we 
may  be  in  a  similar  condition.  We  must  increase  the  number  of  beef 
cattle,  sheep  and  swine  on  the  land  very  largely  if  our  annual  con- 
sumption is  to  be  supplied  without  depleting  the  herds.  We  shall 
hope  the  Commission  regarding  our  cattle  ranges  will  produce  good 
results,  and  that  the  assurance  of  high  prices  for  meat  for  some  time 
to  come  may  induce  mixed  farming  to  a  degree  not  yet  accomplished. 
Since  1908,  while  there  has  been  a  small  increase  in  the  number  of 
horses  in  Canada,  there  has  been  a  serious  decline  in  the  number  of 
milch  cows,  'beef  cattle,  sheep  and  swine.  There  should  have  been  a 
very  large  increase,  and  unless  every  possible  effort  to  arrest  the 
decrease  is  made,  this  class  of  food  will  grow  steadily  dearer  in  price. 
The  falling  off  is  most  noticeable  in  Ontario,  while  the  only  important 
gains  are  in  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta. 

The  Clearing  House  statements  again  give  ample  evidence  of  our 
rapid  growth.  The  returns  of  twenty  Clearing  Houses  for  1911  made 
a  total  of  $7,391,368,000  while  for  1912  the  figures  were  $9,146,- 
236,000,  a  gain  of  23.74  per  cent.  Once  more  we  have  to  record  a 
gain  in  every  Clearing  House  in  Canada. 

The  building  permits  of  the  four  chief  cities  were  as  follows : 

1911.  1912. 

Montreal $14.580.000  $19.642,000 

Toronto     24,374.000  27.401.000 

Winnipeg     17,550,000  20,475,000 

Vancouver     17.652.000  19.388.000 


8  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Province  of  Quebec  has  had  its  full  share  of  the 
general  prosperity  enjoyed  throughout  Canada  in  1912. 
the  Manarer  of  Notwithstanding  the  anxiety  which  was  felt  during  the 
the  Canadian  summer  regarding  the  crop  prospects  the  yield  proved 
Bank  of  considerably  better  than  was  expected,  and  the  high 

SontreaT***  P"068  obtained  for  all  farm  produce  to  a  great  extent 
compensated  the  farmers  for  any  shortage  that  there  may 
have  been  in  the  size  of  the  crops.  The  weather  conditions  under 
which  farming  operations  were  carried  on  during  the  year  were 
decidedly  unfavourable.  The  cold,  wet  weather  in  the  spring  de- 
layed seeding  and  the  growth  of  the  crops  was  retarded  by  the 
excessive  rains  during  the  summer;  these  conditions  continued 
throughout  the  fall,  preventing  the  grain  from  maturing  properly, 
and  making  harvesting  difficult  and  expensive.  The  yield  of 
grain  was  generally  below  the  average  and  the  quality  was  not 
up  to  the  usual  standard,  while  in  many  instances  the  crops  on 
low-lying  lands  were  a  failure.  The  crop  of  oats  was  light  and  in 
some  cases  the  oats  were  cut  green  and  used  as  feed  for  stock.  Re- 
ports as  to  the  root  crop  are  somewhat  conflicting,  but  the  results 
appear  to  have  been  better  than  in  1911 — this  applies  especially  to 
potatoes.  Vegetables  and  garden  products  have  found  a  ready  market 
at  high  prices.  The  hay  crop  suffered  in  some  districts  from  too  much 
moisture,  but  on  the  whole  the  yield  proved  satisfactory  and  in  some 
districts  record  crops  are  reported.  The  abundant  hay  crop  of  1911 
enabled  the  farmers  to  winter  somewhat  larger  herds  of  cattle  and  the 
season  this  year  was  good  for  pasture.  The  result  was  that  the 
quality  of  the  cattle  was  above  the  average  and  large  shipments  were 
made  to  the  Montreal  market,  where  high  prices  were  obtained.  A 
moderate  number  of  sheep  of  good  grade  were  marketed.  It  is  encour- 
aging to  note  that  in  some  districts  considerable  attention  is  being 
giv«n  to  the  breding  of  fine  cattle  and  horses,  and  important  sales  were 
made  during  the  summer  at  exhibitions  of  fine  stock.  No  marked 
increase  is  noted  in  hog  raising,  and  local  packers  continue  to  send 
thousands  of  dollars  annually  to  Ontario  to  enable  them  to  feed  the 
inhabitants  of  Quebec.  Dairy  operations  have  been  attended  with 
more  than  ordinary  success  owing  to  the  increased  output  and  the 
high  prices  obtained  for  butter  and  cheese.  The  factories  generally 
report  that  their  receipts  of  milk  have  been  large  and  the  quality 
above  the  average.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  some  of  the  factories 
in  the  Eastern  Townships  find  a  ready  market  for  their  cream  across 
the  border  line  at  prices,  it  is  claimed,  which  yield  the  factories  better 
returns  than  would  be  obtained  if  they  manufactured  the  cream  into 
butter. 

The  yield  of  maple  sugar  was  unusually  small  this  year,  but  the 
quality  was  good  and  prices  high.  This  is  a  very  important  industry 
in  the  province,  and  it  is  regrettable  that  more  effective  measures  are 
not  adopted  everywhere  in  Canada  to  protect  the  pure  product  by 
prohibiting  the  sale  of  adulterated  syrups  and  sugars  labelled  "  maple." 
The  cultivation  of  tobacco  is  becoming  an  important  branch  of  agri- 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OP  COMMERCE       9 

culture  in  some  sections  of  the  province,  and  an  idea  of  the  extent 
to  which  this  industry  is  carried  on  may  be  obtained  from  the  state- 
ment that  in  one  district  3,000,000  pounds  were  harvested  in  good 
condition  within  a  radius  of  five  miles.  It  was  not,  however,  a  favour- 
able year  for  this  crop,  as  owing  to  the  wet  season  the  plant  did  net 
mature  quickly  enough  and  the  quality  of  the  leaf  was  somewhat 
inferior.  The  profits  from  growing  tobacco  are  much  larger  than 
those  from  ordinary  farming. 

Complaints  are  general  as  to  the  scarcity  of  farm  labour,  and 
although  high  wages  are  offered  conditions  do  not  improve. 

The  records  at  the  Quebec  Observatory  show  that  the  rainfall 
during  five  months  of  this  year  (May  to  September)  reached  a  total 
of  24.82  inches,  while  the  average  for  the  same  period  during  the  last 
fifty  years  was  only  18.93  inches. 

Last  winter  was  a  favourable  one  on  the  while  for  lumber  opera- 
tions in  Quebec  and  the  cut  of  logs  was  fairly  large.  Lumber  was  in 
good  demand  throughout  the  year  at  improved  prices.  There  was  also 
a  steady  demand  for  pulp  wood  in  both  Canada  and  the  United  States, 
and  large  shipments  were  made  to  American  paper  mills  at  satis- 
factory prices.  Conditions  in  the  asbestos  industry  improved  some- 
what during  the  year,  there  was  a  better  demand  for  all  grades,  and 
prices  were  firmer. 

In  many  respects  the  navigation  season  of  1912  was  a  remarkable 
one,  especially  with  regard  to  the  increase  in  west-bound  passenger 
traffic,  the  arrivals  in  the  port  of  Montreal  being  greater  than  during 
any  previous  season  since  the  record  year  of  1907.  Freight  traffic 
also  showed  a  marked  increase,  and  rates  were  more  remunerative. 
The  increase  in  the  size  and  tonnage  of  the  steamers  using  this  route 
has  made  it  necessary  to  deepen  and  widen  the  ship  channels,  and 
dredges  were  engaged  in  this  work  throughout  the  season. 

The  export  trade  in  apples  from  the  port  of  Montreal  during  the 
season  of  1912  was  larger  than  that  of  the  previous  two  years,  the 
shipments  showing  an  increase  of  60,378  barrels  and  22,554  boxes  as 
compared  with  1911,  and  an  increase  of  163,996  barrels  and  222,619 
boxes  as  compared  with  1910.  While  exports  of  butter  for  the  season 
of  1911  showed  a  phenomenal  increase  over  the  figures  of  the  previous 
four  years,  there  was  an  equally  great  decrease  in  1912,  exports  to 
Great  Britain  having  ceased  altogether.  The  demand  from  British 
Columbia  and  the  Western  provinces  was  very  large  and  166,250  boxes 
were  sent  west,  an  increase  of  50  per  cent,  over  the  shipments  of  last 
year.  It  is  estimated  that  unless  there  is  a  development  of  mixed 
farming  in  the  next  two  or  three  years  it  will  be  necessary  for  'Canada 
to  import  butter.  Owing  to  increased  local  consumption  cheese 
exports  decreased  87,645  boxes,  the  total  shipments  being  1,723,021 
boxes  as  against  1,810,666  boxes  in  1911,  and  1,892,235  in  1910;  at 
the  same  time,  on  account  of  the  higher  prices  obtained,  the  value 
shows  only  a  slight  decrease.  The  total  shipments  of  grain  were 
38,918,264  bushels,  an  increase  of  9,025,080  bushels  over  1911,  and 
of  12,058,996  over  1910.  A  noticeable  fact  is  that  while  in  1911 


10  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

5,890,000  bushels  of  American  corn  were  shipped  from  Montreal,  not 
one  'bushel  was  exported  this  season.  Wheat  exports,  on  the  other 
hand,  were  about  12,500,000  bushels  larger  than  last  year.  Exports 
of  oats,  barley  and  rye  were  also  larger.  Hay  shows  a  large  decrease, 
the  total  ibeing  563,783  bales  against  853,962  'bales  in  1911  and 
717,715  in  1910.  Flour  exports  were  1,827,421  sacks  and  186,470 
barrels  in  1911.  The  increase  in  the  number  of  'barrels  shipped  repre- 
sents a  larger  trade  with  Newfoundland.  An  exceptionally  good 
year  was  experienced  in  the  lumber  trade,  exports  toeing  109,370,764 
feet  as  against  103,473,220  feet  in  1911,  an  increase  of  5,897,544  feet. 
There  has  been  continued  activity  in  real  estate  during  the  year, 
the  volume  of  transactions  and  the  aggregate  value  represented  exceed- 
ing all  previous  records.  Prices  have  advanced  for  property  of  every 
description — commercial,  industrial  and  residential.  The  increase  of 
$120,000,000  in  1912  in  the  assessed  value  of  taxable  zeal  estate  in 
the  city  of  Montreal,  following  as  it  does  a  substantial  increase  in 
1911,  is  an  indication  of  the  rapid  advance  in  values  which  'has  taken 
place  in  city  properties.  There  has  'been  a  great  deal  of  speculative 
trading  in  real  estate,  especially  in  outlying  sub-divisions.  Prices  of 
central  city  properties,  however,  hold  firm,  and  the  demand  for  desir- 
able sites  for  building  purposes  will  probably  continue  for  some  time 
yet.  Building  operations  have  beeen  active  throughout  the  province 
and  have  been  on  a  very  large  scale  in  the  city  of  Montreal,  the  total 
building  permits  issued  for  the  year  being  $19,642,000  as  compared 
with  $14,580,000  in  19-11.  The  towns  of  Westmount,  Outremont, 
Verdun  and  Maisonneuve  are  within  the  territory  of  Montreal,  but 
are  separate  corporations  and  the  amount  of  their  building  operations 
in  not  included  in  these  figures. 

Trade  conditions  generally  throughout  Quebec  have  been  good 
this  year.  Manufacturing  concerns  have  been  working  up  to  their 
full  capacity,  and  cotton  mills,  the  building  and  metal  trades  and 
,  many  other  industries  are  finding  it  difficult  to  keep  up  with  their 
orders.  The  year  has  been  a  prosperous  one  for  the  flour  milling 
business,  the  increasing  home  demand  absorbing  a  larger  percentage 
of  the  output.  The  metal  trade  has  been  very  active  at  advanced 
prices.  The  figures  of  the  bank  clearings  in  Montreal  for  the  year 
exceed  all  previous  records,  the  total  being  $2,845,470,000,  an  increase 
of  $476,980,000  over  last  year's  figures. 

In  the  Maritime  Provinces  during  the  past  few  years 
a  new  8pif^  °*  enterprise  has  manifested  itself  and  the 
the  Manager  of  people  are  coming  to  realize  that  in  variety  and  perman- 
the  Canadian  ency  of  natural  resources,  and  in  facilities  for  various 
Bank  of  branches  of  manufacturing,  they  occupy  a  position  of 

at°Haiifax  growing  importance  in  the  industrial  life  of  the  Do- 
minion. One  factor  in  bringing  this  about  is  the  opening 
up  of  large  undeveloped  districts  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 
by  new  railways.  Prince  Edward  Island  also  will  gain  from  the 
improvement  of  the  branch  of  the  Intercolonial  Railway  operating 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      11 

there,  following  upon  the  establishment  of  the  car  ferry  that  in  the  near 
future  is  to  connect  the  Island  with  the  mainland.  In  addition  to  the 
opening  of  new  railway  branch  lines  and  improvement  of  the  roads  now 
in  operation,  the  Dominion  Government  has  undertaken  to  build  railway 
terminals  and  docks  at  St.  John  and  Halifax  that  will  take  care  of 
the  extensive  freight  and  passenger  traffic  which  is  destined  to  pass 
in  and  out  of  the  country  at  those  ports.  These  improved  transporta- 
tion facilities  and  the  expenditure  of  large  sums  of  public  money  will 
attract  the  attention  of  outside  investors  to  the  valuable  farming  and 
lumbering  resources  and  the  industrial  opportunities  possessed  by 
these  provinces. 

Prince  Edward  Island  has  savings  deposits  of  about  $10,000,000, 
and  is,  per  capita,  probably  the  richest  rural  community  in  the  Domin- 
ion. To  its  prosperous  industries  of  agriculture  and  fishing  has  'been 
added  in  late  years  black  fox  ranching,  which  has  reached  important 
proportions  and  may  be  said  to  have  outgrown  the  experimental  stage. 
The  present  stock  of  breeding  animals,  numbering  about  400,  four- 
fifths  of  the  total  number  in  captivity  in  the  world,  is  said  to  be 
valued  at  $2,800,000,  and  the  estimated  value  of  the  young  foxes  this 
year  is  $1,800,000.  A  business  which  promises  such  attractive  profits 
may  have  for  a  while  a  disturbing  effect  upon  the  regular  occupations 
of  the  province,  but  the  possibilities  of  breeding  in  captivity  the  more 
valuable  native  fur-bearing  animals  are  such  as  should  enlist  wide 
interest  and  a  careful  study  of  the  subject. 

In  the  three  provinces,  although  part  of  the  summer  was  very  wet, 
the  returns  from  'agriculture  will  be  up  to  the  average.  The  quality 
of  the  hay  is  inferior  but  the  yield  was  generally  fair.  Coarse  grains 
and  potatoes  yielded  well,  and  while  the  record  production  of  apples 
in  Nova  Scotia  in  1911  was  not  repeated,  the  orchards  have  done 
very  well,  and  with  careful  grading  of  the  fruit  by  the  farmers' 
co-operative  societies  and  the  great  advantage  of  proximity  to  the 
English  market  they  have  produced  satisfactory  cash  resulta  Evap- 
orating and  cider  factories  use  the  inferior  and  damaged  fruit  to  good 
advantage,  thereby  reducing  the  waste  to  a  minimum.  All  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  farm  have  brought  hig»h  prices — those  for  live  stock  of  all 
kinds  showing  an  average  increase  in  fen  years  of  about  60  per  cent., 
although  in  this  respect  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  are  still 
very  far  behind. 

The  lumber  trade  met  with  unusual  conditions  in  New  Brunswick 
where  there  are  over  7,000,000  acres  of  timber  land  with  an  estimated 
annual  output  of  675,000,000  feet,  and  in  Nova  Scotia  where  there 
are  5,500,000  acres  with  an  estimated  output  of  460,000,000  feet. 
There  was  an  average  cut,  economically  produced,  but  while  the 
market  for  deals  in  England  was  quite  good  throughout  the  year,  and 
conditions  in  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies  improved  sub- 
stantially, the  unprecedented  scarcity  of  tonnage  and  the  consequent 
difficulty  in  making  shipments  rendered  a  profitable  export  business 
almost  impossible.  In  this  regard  there  is  at  present  no  improvement 
in  sigfot,  and  although  foreign  stocks  are  low  and  markets  strong,  we 


12 

expect  that  the  large  mills  this  winter  will  somewhat  curtail  opera- 
tions. For  the  larger  portion  of  the  product  of  the  smaller  mills 
there  is  now  a  good  and  growing  local  market. 

The  fisheries  presented  no  very  unusual  features.  The  total  catch 
turned  out  about  an  average  quantity,  being  larger  than  would  justify 
present  prices,  and  the  remarks  made  a  year  ago  will  apply  to  the 
situation  at  the  present  time.  On  the  whole,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  the  sardine  industry  in  New  Brunswick,  it  has  been  a  profit- 
able year  for  the  large  fishing  population  of  the  North  Atlantic  sea- 
board, but  the  prices  paid  for  dry-cured  cod,  the  principal  fish  of  the 
trade,  were  so  high  that  the  large  distributing  houses  of  Halifax  and 
St.  John's,  whose  annual  shipments  of  that  fish  alone  are  valued  at 
about  $10,000,000,  have  had  to  be  content  with  a  small  margin  of 
profit.  The  trade  in  fresh,  frozen,  smoked,  and  boneless  fish  hae 
been  much  the  largest  in  its  history,  steady  supplies  being  maintained 
by  the  use  of  steam  trawlers,  and  the  increase  in  the  shipments  of 
these  grades  to  Quebec,  Ontario,  and  the  Western  provinces  has  in  two 
years  been  not  less  than  150  per  cent..  The  lobster  catch  was  slightly 
under  tftie  average,  but  the  enhanced  prices  produced  fully  average 
results.  The  investigations  of  the  •Conservation  Commission  and  the 
appointment  of  a  Shellfish  Commission  -by  the  Dominion  Government 
have  given  great  satisfaction,  and  it  is  earnestly  hoped  that  the  latter 
will  be  able  to  draw  up  regulations  which  will  ensure  the  permanency  of 
the  lobster  fisheries  and  renew  the  thousands  of  acres  of  depleted  oyster 
beds  in  connection  with  which  there  are  possibilities  of  great  wealth. 

The  principal  mining  industry  is  that  of  coal  mining  in  Nova 
Scotia,  where  a  new  record  annual  production  of  about  7,000,000  tons 
been  reached.  This  for  a  few  years  will  probably  be  'the  maximum, 
but  thereafter  toy  the  regular  opening  of  fres'h  pits  there  is  no  reason 
why  there  slhould  not  be  a  steady  annual  increase,  for  which  there  will 
always  be  a  ready  market.  It  is  indeed  probable  that  when  the  trans- 
continental railway  lines  shall  have  come  through  to  Halifax,  they 
alone  will  take  the  greater  part  of  the  output.  In  New  Brunswick  the 
coal  mines  in  Queen's  County  and  the  iron  mines  in  Gloucester  County 
are  in  successful  operation.  The  natural  gas  wells  near  Moncton  have 
important  industrial  possibilities  for  that  district.  The  other  mining 
operations  of  the  two  provinces  have  not  shown  any  unusual  activity. 
Manufacturing  of  all  kinds  has  reflected  the  excellent  business  con- 
ditions prevailing  everywhere  in  Canada,  and  without  any  exception 
the  mills,  in  many  instances  recently  enlarged,  have  been  fully  em- 
ployed at  remunerative  prices.  The  Steel  works  at  Sydney  and  New 
Glasgow,  now  national  enterprises  of  great  importance,  have  had  full 
employment  for  a  considerably  enlarged  plant.  They  encountered 
serious  competiton  from  the  United  States  early  in  the  year,  but  this 
situation  improved  later  on,  enabling  'both  companies  to  increase  their 
prices  to  a  more  profitable  level,  and,  from  the  present  outlook,  this 
condition  of  affairs  is  likely  to  continue  for  some  time  to  come. 

In  general  business  it  has  'been  a  year  of  uninterrupted  success, 
with  a  reasonable  expansion  in  all  lines  but  without  any  signs  of  ever- 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      13 

trading  and  with  no  considerable  business  failures.  Labour  has  had 
no  interruption  from  strikes  or  other  causes,  and  the  earning  power 
of  the  population,  especially  that  of  the  skilled  workman,  has  more 
than  kept  pace  with  the  increased  cost  of  living.  Debts  were  satis- 
factorily discharged  and  general  credit  conditions  were  never  better. 

In  shipping  and  foreign  trade  there  is  little  change  to  report,  but 
an  increase  in  exports  to  the  British  West  Indies  under  the  proposed 
preference  may  'be  confidently  expected. 

In  Newfoundland,  where  the  Bank  is  now  established  in  St.  John's, 
there  has  been  for  some  years  prosperity  and  progress.  The  extensive 
shore  fisheries,  under  improved  methods,  have  on  the  whole  produced 
a  good  catch  and  the  prices  realized  have  been  as  high  as  those  of 
any  previous  year.  The  development  of  the  mining,  agricultural, 
manufacturing,  timber  and  pulp  resources  of  the  colony  has  been  of 
a  steady  and.  progressive  character.  The  Government  revenues  are  in 
a  satisfactory  condition,  and  the  investments  and  savings  of  the  popu- 
lation are  estimated  at  about  $18,000,000.  Thje  exports  show  a  satis- 
factory increase  and  are  now  within  $858,000  of  the  imports,  the 
latter  from  Great  Britain  and  Canada  showing  increases  of  23  per 
cent,  and  5  per  cent,  respectively.  As  in  the  Maritime  Provinces 
one  of  the  most  significant  signs  of  progress  is  the  improvement  in 
transportation  facilities.  The  Reid  Newfoundland  Company,  which 
formerly  gave  only  a  tri- weekly  railway  service  across  the  Island,  have 
put  on  a  daily  train  connecting  at  Point  aux  Basques  with  the  boat 
which  makes  the  daily  run  to  North  Sydney  in  seven  hours.  This, 
for  commercial  and  mail  purposes,  will  make  Newfoundland  a  part  of 
the  continent. 

Tn«  Province  ^ne  resu^s  of  the  past  year  to  the  farmers  of 
of  Ontario,  i»y  Ontario  indicate  that  on  the  whole  it  cannot  be  regarded 
the  AMirtant  as  an  altogether  unsatisfactory  one.  The  opening  of 
spring  was  late  in  some  sections,  and  continued  wet 
weather  during  the  summer  and  fall  caused  a  good  deal 
of  anxiety  as  to  the  final  results  of  the  crops.  Fall  wheat, 
which  is  extensively  grown  in  Ontario,  undoubtedly  suffered  more  than 
other  grains,  but  it  is  a  satisfaction  to  note  that  in  many  districts, 
where  early  conditions  indicated  damage  to  this  grain,  the  farmers  were 
fully  alive  to  the  situation,  and  saved  themselves  by  reploughing  the 
land  and  re-seeding  it  with  coarse  grains  suitable  for  feeding  pur- 
poses. Where  the  fall  wheat  escaped  injury  from  frost  and  wet 
weather  our  reports  show  that  the  yields  were  quite  up  to  the  average 
and  the  grade  equal  to  the  best  of  previous  years.  Spring  wheat  was 
barely  an  average  crop  and  suffered  a  good  deal  from  variable  weather 
conditions.  Oats  and  barley  generally  gave  an  abundant  yield, 
although  also  damaged  by  weather  conditions  to  some  extent.  The 
principal  districts  producing  corn  report  excellent  quality  and  good 
yields.  Hay  has  been  an  abundant  crop,  having  an  estimated  value 
of  $78,310,000,  and  the  pasturage  for  live  stock  during  the  year  was 
better  than  usual  owing  to  an  abundance  of  moisture.  With  the 
exception  of  the  potato  crop,  roots  have  given  satisfactory  returns. 


14  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

While  the  results  from  the  raising  of  grain  are  not  generally  satis- 
factory, yet  the  loss  through  shrinkage  in  quality  and  price  will  be 
fully  made  good  to  those  farmers  who  have  been  progressive  enough 
to  guard  against  such  a  contingency  by  providing  for  the  raising  and 
feeding  of  cattle,  pigs,  sheep,  horses,  etc.  Fortunately,  too,  the  farmers 
of  Ontario  are  rapidly  learning  to  minimize  the  loss  from  poor  grain 
crops  by  utilizing  them  in  the  green  state  for  feeding  purposes  by 
means  of  the  silo  and  a  great  deal  of  money  will  be  made  by  indi- 
vidual farmers  as  well  as  saved  to  the  country  generally  by  the  adop- 
tion of  this  method  of  storing  fodder.  The  latest  returns  compiled 
by  the  Provincial  authorities  indicate  the  holdings  of  live  stock  and 
the  yields  of  grain,  hay  and  roots  to  be  as  follows : — 

LIVE  STOCK. 

1st  July,  1911.  1st  July,  1912. 

Horses    737,916  742,139 

Cattle   2,593,205  2,624,780 

Sheep  and  Lambs 1,040,245  1,021,848 

Swine      1,744,983  1,702,652 

Turkeys     638,943  660,843 

Geese     365,876  362,674 

Ducks     404,679  415,251 

Other   Fowls    11,532,796  11.586,215 

Wool  Clip 3,780,798  Ibs.  3,669,419  Ibs. 

FIELD  CROPS. 

;ushels.        Estimated  Value. 
$14,287,890 
2,072,105 
11,539,365 
32,486,786 
3,667,005 
2,659,797 
1,306,169 
2,436,658 
9,886,260 
12,167,444 
246,678 
2,213,689 
4,956,156 
938,287 
9,829,296 

8,614,025 
78,310,695 

$197,618,205 

The  total  market  value  of  the  same  crops  for  last  year  was  $179,- 
974,000.  Where  proper,  methods  for  the  raising  of  live  stock  prevail 
the  profits  this  year  have  been  very  satisfactory.  The  cattle  have 
fattened  well,  owing  to  good  pasturage,  and  prices  have  reached  unusu- 
ally high  figures.  Hogs  have  commanded  high  prices  through  heavy 
local  and  export  demands.  Farmers  who  take  an  interest  in  raising 
a  good  class  of  horses  are  able  to  obtain  almost  fancy  prices.  There 
is  a  greater  tendency,  too,  in  some  quarters  to  engage  in  the  raising 
of  cattle  for  the  production  of  milk.  With  this  in  view  particular 
attention  is  being  given  to  the  breed  of  the  animal.  This  is  a  branch 
of  farming  which  should  receive  every  encouragement  from  those 
engaged  in  the  manufacturing  of  dairy  products,  such  as  butter  and 
cheese. 


Acres. 

Bushels.        E 

Fall  Wheat  

759,888 

15.039,885 

Spring  Wheat   

123,080 

2,302,339 

Barley    

647,382 

19,232,275 

Oats    

2,601,736 

98,444,807 

Peas    

221,524 

3,667,005 

Beans   

69,703 

1,182,132 

Rye     

105,949 

1,839,675 

Buckwheat    

205,893 

5,414,796 

Corn    (for   husking)  .  . 

301,251. 

21,969,468 

Potatoes    

158,888 

21,346,394 

Carrots    

2,742 

747.207 

Mangel-wurzels     

60,103 

27,671,114 

Turnips    

101,529 

49,561,566 

Sugar  Beets   

21,064 

7,819,066 

Mixed    Grains    

448,402 

16,382,161 

(tons) 

(tons) 

Corn  (for  silo)    

377,982 

3.969,597 

Hay    and    Clover  

3,367,369 

5,220,713 

Total     , 

ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      15 

It  is  a  satisfaction  to  note  that  where  cheese  is  manufactured  the 
output  of  the  majority  of  Ontario  factories  shows  a  good  increase  over 
last  year,  and  also  that  the  prices  realized  are  considerably  higher 
than  those  of  last  year.  In  districts  where  dairying  is  carried  on 
extensively  the  returns  have  been  good,  although  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  large  quantities  of  cream  are  exported  which  should  be  available 
for  manufacturing  into  butter  and  cheese.  This  branch  of  industry 
appears  to  entail  much  harder  work  than  the  mere  delivery  of  milk 
to  the  cheese  factories,  and  those  engaged  in  it  should  see  that  proper 
facilities  for  the  collection  of  the  cream  are  afforded  the  farmer  and 
that  he  receives  a  reasonably  good  return  for  his  labours. 

With  possibly  one  or  two  exceptions  the  yields  of  the  smaller  fruits 
have  been  up  to  the  average  and  the  prices  received  were  on  a  higher 
level  consequent  upon  an  increased  demand  from  the  Western  pro- 
vinces and  the  greater  requirements  of  the  Canners  to  fill  contracts 
they  had  closed  for  future  delivery.  Peaches  gave  an  unusually  large 
yield,  and  although  prices  fell  below  those  of  previous  years  there  was 
scarcely  a  time  during  the  season  when  the  supply  of  good  varieties 
was  greater  than  the  demand.  The  yield  of  apples  was  unusually 
good  and  prices  are  consequently  lower.  There  is  a  general  feeling 
that  the  profits  of  apple  growers  have  suffered  from  careless  methods 
of  handling  the  fruit.  In  some  quarters  competent  authorities  con- 
sider that  such  criticisms  are  unjust,  as  there  is  always,  in  the  case  of 
a  large  crop,  a  certain  percentage  of  waste.  The  chief  difficulty  in 
obtaining  the  best  results  from  an  orchard  appears  to  be  that  of 
securing  labour  during  the  picking  and  packing  seasons,  but  an 
attempt  is  being  made  by  the  fruit  dealers  to  remedy  this  unsatisfac- 
tory state  of  affairs. 

In  summarizing  our  remarks  on  agriculture  we  would  say  to  the 
farmer  and  raiser  of  live  stock  that  as  the  business  man  in  these  days 
of  strenuous  competition  finds  himself  forced,  in  order  to  secure 
success,  to  specialize  in  certain  lines  of  his  particular  business,  we 
think  that  the  farmer  also  should  carry  this  principle  into  the  man- 
agement of  his  affairs.  He  may  devote  his  attention  to  one  or  more 
of  the  following  lines :  the  cultivation  of  the  best  varieties  of  wheat, 
oats,  barley,  flax,  peas,  hay,  roots,  etc.,  and  the  selection  of  seed;  the 
raising  of  improved  breeds  of  cattle,  horses,  hogs  and  sheep ;  the  pro- 
duction of  the  highest  grades  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  adapted  to  this 
province ;  the  development  of  our  dairying  industry  and  the  increased 
production  of  cheese,  butter  and  cream ;  or  the  breeding  of  high-grade 
small  live  stock,  such  as  fowls,  geese,  turkeys  or  ducks.  Our  informa- 
tion shows  that  only  a  beginning  has  been  made  by  the  Ontario  farmer 
to  excel  in  the  lines  mentioned.  We  know,  however,  that  where  the 
principle  suggested  has  been  carried  out  the  results  obtained  have  in 
many  cases  been  almost  incredible.  We  do  not  wish  to  discourage  the 
Ontario  farmer  in  his  efforts  to  raise  grain,  but  the  day  is  not  far 
distant  when  the  more  general  adoption  of  modern  methods  by  the 
farmers  of  the  western  provinces,  which  by  the  way  do  not  lend  them- 
selves altogether  to  the  working  of  Ontario  farms,  will  result  in 


16  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

practically  .driving  the  Ontario  man  to  adopt  the  highest  possible 
system  of  intensified  farming  if  he  wishes  to  continue  to  secure  proper 
returns  for  his  labour.  Whilst  western  methods  are  not  yet  by  any 
means  what  they  ought  to  be,  indeed  are  crude  and  harmful  in  many 
ways,  yet  the  richness  of  the  arable  lands  offsets  for  the  present  the 
loss  from  indifferent  farming  and  gives  the  westerner  a  considerable 
advantage  over  his  eastern  competitor.  The  westerner,  however,  can- 
not continue  much  longer  in  impoverishing  the  land  by  constantly 
cropping  it  and  failing  to  restore  its  richness  by  the  use  of  fertilizers. 
He  will,  we  hope,  soon  learn  by  experience  that  only  by  proper  methods 
can  the  best  results  be  obtained. 

Whilst  the  cut  of  lumber  in  the  Ottawa  valley  will  show  a  con- 
siderable increase  over  1911,  yet  it  is  estimated  that  the  cut  for  the 
whole  of  Ontario  will  be  less  by  175,000,000  to  200,000,000  feet  than 
that  of  1912.  This  is  attributable  partly  to  the  destruction  by  fire 
during  the  year  of  several  important  mills.  The  demand  in  the  Cana- 
dian markets  has  been  good  and  prices  have  advanced  steadily.  The 
demand  for  all  kinds  of  low  grade  lumber  is  unusually  good  and  the 
prices  for  this  grade  are  higher  than  ever  before.  The  visible  supply 
is  barely  sufficient  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  market,  and  this 
condition  will  doubtless  force  the  consumer  to  use  common  grades 
for  the  manufacture  of  boxes  and  other  classes  of  work  for  which  low 
grades  would  otherwise  be  used.  As  the  visible  supply  of  the  high 
grades  is  also  limited,  prices  are  likely  to  rule  firm  and  possibly 
advance  still  further.  The  one  unsatisfactory  feature  of  the  industry 
is  the  question  of  labour.  Skilled  men  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
secure,  and  the  employment  of  the  foreigner,  who  has  practically  no 
experience  and  requires  a  great  deal  of  instruction,  adds  materially 
to  the  cost  of  manufacture. 

The  Cobalt  district  reports  satisfactory  results.  The  silver  pro- 
duction is  about  30,500,000  ounces  valued  in  the  market  at  $18,500,-, 
000,  and  to  the  mines  at  $17,500,000.  Compared  with  1911,  which 
was  the  record  year,  the  value  is  higher  by  $1,500,000,  but  in  weight, 
the  real  indication  of  production,  a  falling  off  of  about  1,000,000 
ounces  is  shown.  From  the  foregoing  figures  it  would  not  appear 
to  have  been  necessary  for  the  mine  owners  to  ship  so  freely  in  order 
to  keep  up  their  dividends,  and  although  it  would  seem  that  we  may 
secure  the  same  production  for  a  few  years  longer,  yet  we  cannot, 
expect,  according  to  the  best  authorities,  to  continue  showing  in  the 
future  the  same  gratifying  yearly  increases  that  we  have  in  the  past. 
No  important  new  districts  have  been  discovered  during  the  year  and 
the  outlying  points  of  the  Cobalt  district  have  not  added  much  to  the 
total  production.  As  a  matter  of  record  we  quote  the  value  of  the 
production  since  the  camp  was  opened : 

1904..  .  1111,887       1909..      $12,461,576 

1905 1,360,503       1910 15,478,047 

1906 3,667.551       1911 16,949,019 

1907 6,155,391       1912  (estimated)  ..  17,500,000 

1908 $9,133,378 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      17 

a  total  for  the  nine  years  of  $81,817,352.  These  figures  indicate  the 
return  to  the  mines  after  deducting  freight  and  smelter  charges.  The 
gross  market  value  would  be  about  $87,000,000.  In  1911  the  value 
of  the  world's  production  of  silver  was  $127,849,000,  as  against 
$128,703,000  in  1910.  Canada  ranked  third  with  14  per  cent,  of  the 
total,  Mexico  first  with  a  production  valued  at  $42,842,000  and  the 
United  States  second  with  a  valuation  of  $30,805,000. 

The  price  of  silver  during  1912  has  been  satisfactory.  Not  since 
1906-7  have  we  seen  such  prices  for  this  metal.  In  January  the  aver- 
age was  56  -2  cents  per  ounce,  and  there  was  a  gradual  rise  during 
the  year  until  October  when  it  averaged  63  -4  cents.  The  average  for 
the  year  will  be  about  61  cents,  an  increase  of  about  8  cents  over  the 
average  for  1911.  This  means  to  Cobalt  an  increase  in  value  of  about 
$2,400,000  on  the  production  for  the  year.  Some  of  the  principal 
influences  in  bringing  about  this  rise  of  price  were  prospective  pur- 
chases by  China,  purchases  by  the  Government  of  India,  and  the  cur- 
tailment of  the  production  in  Mexico  consequent  upon  the  unstable 
condition  of  business  resulting  from  the  rebellion  of  the  past  two 
years. 

At  Porcupine  satisfactory  developments  have  been  going  on  and 
these  are  now  known  to  the  public.  The  value  of  the  ore  deposits 
in  this  district  is  estimated  at  $25,000,000;  about  $2,000,000  worth 
has  been  taken  out  this  year  and  a  production  of  $6,000,000  is  esti- 
mated for  1913.  It  seems  evident  that  the  camp  will  add  to  the 
world's  output  of  gold  about  $6,000,000  per  year  for  a  few  years  to 
come. 

The  world's  production  of  gold  in  1911  was  $465,414,000,  com- 
pared with  $454,613,000  in  1910.  The  chief  contributors  in  1911 
were: 

Transvaal    $170,000,000  Rhodesia    .  .  .$  12,986,000 

United  States   . . .      96,233,000  India   10,659,000 

Australasia     59,787,000  China     10,000,000 

Mexico    29,196,000  Canada    9,762,000 

Russia    $24,865,000 

Canada's  share  thus  amounts  to  about  2  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  Onta- 
rio's mineral  production  for  1911  was  $41,432,000  as  against  $39,- 
313,000  for  1910,  and  $32,981,000  in  1909.  Of  the  total  for  1911 
$29,000,000  was  metallic,  silver  contributing  $15,949,019,  pig  iron 
$7,600,000,  nickel  $3,664,000  and  copper  $1,281,000.  With  hardly 
an  exception  the  manufacturing  centres  report  great  activity  in  all 
lines  and  much  difficulty  is  experienced  in  filling  orders.  In  some 
lines  manufacturers  are  refusing  to  fix  dates  for  delivery  and  the 
jobber  is  fortunate  indeed  who  receives  sufficiently  prompt  delivery 
to  enable  him  to  take  advantage  of  the  constantly  advancing  prices. 

The  building  trade  has  been  exceedingly  active  throughout  the 
Province,  in  spite  of  advancing  prices  for  material  and  the  increase 
of  wages  generally.  In  Toronto  not  even  the  high  prices  of  real 
estate  appear  to  check  this  activity.  In  large  centres,  but  principally 
in  Toronto,  sales  of  property  in  the  business  sections  have  reached 


18  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

figures  which  two  or  three  years  ago  would  have  been  regarded  as 
incapable  of  yielding  a  reasonable  return  upon  the  capital  invested. 
We  view  the  present  situation  in  the  real  estate  market  with  some 
degree  of  concern  as  regards  the  high  prices  recently  paid  for  business 
properties  as  well  as  for  property  considerably  beyond  the  limits  of 
business  areas. 

It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  that  fair  progress  has  been  made  in 
improving  some  of  our  main  highways,  and  that  provincial  govern- 
ments and  municipalities  now  see  the  importance  of  continuing  the 
work  with  all  the  despatch  which  available  funds  and  the  supply  of 
labour  will  permit.  The  records  of  the  tonnage  passing  through  our 
canals,  rivers  and  lakes,  indicate  a  healthy  growth  as  compared  with 
last  year,  and  the  business  appears  to  have  returned  satisfactory  pro- 
fits. The  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal  figures  are: 

Canadian  Canal—  1911.  1912. 

Tonnage  in  freight  ...................  27.646.523  34,625,120 

Registered   tonnage  of  vessels  ........  17.114.644  22,545,852 

American  Canal  — 

Tonnage  in  freight  ...................  19,722,711  28,168,744 

Registered  tonnage  of  vessels  ........  20,020,305  27,127,612 

When  the  agricultural  season  of  1911  ended  there 
Manitoba,          wag  sufficient  uncertainty  as  to  the  final  outcome  to 
anv  tendency  towards  undue  expansion  on  the 


th«  part  of  either  the  farming  or  the  business  community  of 

superintendent  the  prairie  provinces.  While  the  grain  crop  was  a  large 
of  the  central  on^  the  average  grade  was  low  ;  threshing  was  badly 
J^^^.  of  delayed  by  wet  weather;  and  probably  more  than 
tiTe  Bank  50,000,000  bushels  of  grain  went  under  snow  in  the 
stock  and  stack,  much  of  which  pessimists  prophesied 
would  never  be  threshed.  The  snow-fall  being  light,  however,  this  par- 
ticular grain  threshed  out  in  the  spring  with  a  better  net  result  to  the 
farmers  than  they  derived  from  their  fall  threshing,  and  as  all  grains 
kept  at  high  price  levels,  the  season  on  the  whole  proved  a  very 
favourable  one. 

Despite  a  somewhat  prolonged  drought  in  June  and  unusually  wet 
weather  conditions  in  July,  August  and  September,  the  1912  crop  is 
undoubtedly  larger  than  that  of  1911,  the  comparison  being  as  fol- 
lows: 

1911.  1912. 

Wheat    ...........    177.100,000  bushels.  196,400,000  bushels. 

Oats    .............    190,000,000          "  224,500,000 

Barley    ...........      33,000,000          "  39,600,000 

Flax     ............        8,000,000  12,900,000 

The  figures  for  1912  are  estimated.  Only  a  small  part  of  the 
crop  will  have  to  be  left  for  threshing  in  the  spring.  The  average 
grade  is  much  higher  than  last  year  —  indeed  the  quality  is  the  best 
in  ten  years,  with  one  exception,  but  prices  are  at  present  much  lower 
than  in  1911-12,  and  unless  the  markets  improve  later  on,  the  net 
money  result  per  acre  to  the  farmer  will  not  be  much,  if  at  all  better, 
than  that  of  last  year.  The  total  money  value  to  the  farmer,  however, 
will  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  $200,000,000.  When  to  this  sum  is 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      19 

added  the  money  realized  from  root  crops,  live  stock  and  dairy  pro- 
ducts, and  consideration  is  given  to  the  fact  that  while  the  rural 
population  of  the  three  provinces  is  increasing  in  a  large  ratio  it  is  as 
yet  only  849,042,  it  is  not  necessary  to  seek  further  for  an  explanation 
of  the  great  prosperity  which  the  Western  country  has  been  enjoying, 
as  reflected  in  the  astonishing  growth  of  the  principal  cities  and  towns, 
the  rapidity  of  the  railway  development,  and  the  extraordinary  in- 
crease in  the  volume  of  manufacturing  and  distributing. 

Over  most  of  the  country  the  mild  weather  which  prevailed  well 
into  November  has  enabled  farmers  to  do  a  great  deal  of  fall  plough- 
ing, so  that  seeding  should  be  carried  on  next  spring  under  much 
more  favourable  conditions  than  last  season.  A  great  deal  of  new 
land  has  been  broken,  and  the  acreage  under  crop  next  year  will 
therefore  show  a  large  increase.  In  order  to  comprehend  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Western  country  during  the  last  few  years  and  to  form  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  growth  for  which  we  must  prepare,  the  facts 
regarding  the  flow  of  immigration  will  be  found  illuminative.  The 
figures  of  the  immigration  to  Canada  since  1900  are  as  follows : 

1900-1   (to  30  June)    49,149        1907-8   (to  31  March)     262,469 


1901-2 
1902-3 
1903-4 
1904-5 
1905-6 


67,379  1908-9  "     "          "  146,908 

128,364  1909-10  "     "          "  208,794 

130,331  1910-11  "     "          "  311,084 

146,266  1911-12 354,237 

189,064  1912-13  (estimated  as  to  last 


1906-7   (9  mos.  to  31  March) .    124,667  5  mos.)    400,000 

At  least  50  per  cent,  of  this  immigration  settled  west  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  percentage  in  1911-12  was  52,  while  for  1912-13  it  is 
estimated  at  54.  It  is  a  notable  fact  that  in  the  United  States,  mar- 
vellous as  the  growth  of  that  country  has  been,  an  immigration  of 
400,000  a  year  was  not  reached  until  the  total  population  was  over 
40,000,000.  The  tide  of  immigration  did  not  commence  flowing  to 
Canada  until  after  1900.  It  set  in  not  only  because  of  the  great 
fertility  of  Western  Canada,  but  because  it  is  now  the  last  area  in 
North  America  where  free  and  cheap  land  is  available.  We  are  thus 
assured  of  an  increasing  volume  of  emigrants  from  at  least  the  north- 
ern countries  of  Europe,  as  well  as' of  settlers  of  the  best  type  from 
the  Western  United  States  where  land  values  have  advanced  to  figures 
which  make  the  agricultural  possibilities  of  our  Western  Provinces 
particularly  attractive.  We  must  therefore  prepare  for  a  continued 
increase  in  immigration  to  an  extent  which  will  for  many  years  tax 
all  our  resources  in  matters  of  transportation,  manufacturing,  bank- 
ing, distributing,  etc.  Preparation  for  this  development  so  that  it 
may  proceed  without  being  attended  by  grave  dangers  renders  it 
necessary  that  the  problems  it  involves  should  be  foreseen  and  as  far 
as  possible  solved  in  advance. 

The  encroachment  of  settlers  on  lands  which  were  formerly  used 
by  ranchers  for  ranging  their  live  stock  has  gradually  driven  the  large 
rancher  out  of  business  until  there  are  now  not  a  dozen  really  large 
ranchers  left.  It  has  become  clear  that  a  serious  mistake  was  made 
in  putting  no  restrictions  on  the  settlement  of  ranching  lands.  Large 


20  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

areas  better  suited  to  ranching  than  farming  have  been  rendered 
useless  for  ranching  by  a  scattered  settlement,  and  a  Government 
Commission  has  now  been  appointed  "  to  enquire  into  and  report  on 
the  advisability  of  setting  apart  certain  tracts  of  land  for  the  encour- 
agement of  ranching  and  grazing  in  Southern  Saskatchewan  and 
Alberta."  If  much  is  to  be  accomplished  in  this  direction,  however, 
it  will  be  necessary  for  the  Government  to  make  a  considerable  appro- 
priation to  buy  out  settlers  in  districts  best  suited  for  ranching  and 
move  them  to  other  districts.  How  deplorable  a  situation  has  been 
created  in  the  cattle-raising  industry  of  the  West  will  be  understood 
when  it  is  stated,  on  excellent  authority,  that  so  great  is  the  shortage 
of  cattle  in  the  hands  of  ranchers  and  farmers  combined  that  contracts 
have  already  been  made  under  which  dressed  beef  from  Australia  and 
New  Zealand  will  be  delivered  at  Vancouver  in  March  and  April  for 
western  packing  houses.  The  situation  in  this  matter  is  illustrated 
in  an  equally  striking  manner  by  the  following  figures  of  cattle  exports 
from  the  ranching  Province  of  Alberta : 

1907 43,000  head.       1910 52,000  head. 

1908 62,000   "          1911 11,000 

1909 67,000   "          1912 5,000 

During  the  past  ten  years  the  price  of  the  highest  grade  beef  cattle 
on  the  Winnipeg  market  has  risen  from  about  3%  cents  per  pound 
live  weight  to  6%  cents — approximately  100  per  cent.  It  is  not, 
therefore,  remarkable  that  1912  has  been  the  most  prosperous  year 
for  those  ranchers  who  had  stock  to  sell. 

To  find  a  remedy  for  the  shortage  in  cattle  and  other  live  stock 
we  must  now  look  mainly  to  what  can  be  accomplished  by  the  increased 
development  of  mixed  farming,  and  at  best  it  must  be  four  or  five 
years  before  the  supply  of  beef  cattle  can  be  largely  increased.  By  far 
the  larger  portion  of  the  three  Western  Provinces  is  admirably  adapted 
for  mixed  farming,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  great  importance  that  the 
adoption  of  such  methods  should  proceed  much  more  rapidly  than  is 
at  present  the  case.  It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  this  year  over  a  large 
portion  of  Alberta  and  Manitoba  and  in  many  parts  of  Northern 
Saskatchewan,  particularly  in  those  districts  which  in  past  years  have 
suffered  from  frost,  there  is  now  a  pronounced  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  farmer  to  acquire  live  stock,  but  want  of  capital  renders  this 
development  a  very  slow  one.  If  the  farmer  could  readily  borrow 
money  with  which  to  carry  cattle,  it  is  clear  that  in  the  districts  above 
mentioned  a  great  impetus  would  be  given  to  mixed  farming.  In 
those  parts  of  the  country,  however,  where  the  results  from  grain 
raising  have  been  almost  uniformly  satisfactory  there  is  little  hope 
of  inducing  the  farmer  to  go  in  for  live  stock. 

The  rapid  increase  in  the  total  grain  crop  creates  two  problems 
for  the  farmer,  namely,  a  shortage  of  labour,  and  a  physical  difficulty 
in  the  way  of  marketing  grain  promptly.  The  unwisdom  of  attempt- 
ing to  force  a  whole  year's  grain  crop  on  the  market  in  a  period  of 
two  or  three  months  is  generally  admitted,  and  as  the  financial  position 
of  the  individual  farmer  improves  so  that  he  will  not  be  compelled  to 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      21 

realize  quickly  on  his  crop,  the  problem  of  marketing  the  grain  will 
doubtless  be  largely  met  by  increasing  the  storage  facilities  on  the 
farm  as  well  as  those  of  the  country  elevator  systems.  The  shortage 
of  labour  at  the  season  when  the  saving  of  the  crop  necessitates  its 
being  cut  and  threshed  quickly,  involves  an  annual  loss  to  the  farmers 
of  several  million  dollars.  This  is  a  condition  which  is  not  likely  to 
be  remedied  until  the  permanent  farm  labouring  population  is  largely 
increased,  and  mixed  farming  would  bring  this  about  to  a  large  extent 
by  offering  employment  for  labour  the  year  round  instead  of  during 
seeding  and  harvest  time  only.  The  situation  calls  for  concerted  action 
on  the  part  of  the  governments,  and  of  the  railways,  banks  and  other 
large  business  interests,  not  only  to  promote  the  adoption  of  better 
farming  methods,  but  to  provide  means  of  financing  the  progressive 
farmer  who  desires  to  go  into  stock  raising.  We  cannot  force  the 
development  of  mixed  farming,  but  we  could  seek  to  remove  the  diffi- 
culties in  the  way.  The  losses  suffered  in  numerous  districts  from 
damage  to  grain  by  wet  and  frost,  and  the  disappointment  of  farmers 
generally  because  of  the  recent  drop  in  grain  prices — occurring  coinci- 
dently  with  high  prices  for  all  live  stock, — render  the  present  a  pecu- 
liarly opportune  time  at  which  to  inaugurate  a  vigorous  movement 
to  encourage  diversified  farming. 

In  1911  about  1,459  miles  of  railway  were  constructed  in  the  three 
prairie  provinces;  in  1912  the  new  trackage  built  has  been  approxi- 
mately 1,250  miles ;  while  the  work  already  planned  to  be  undertaken 
in  1913  and  1914  is  upwards  of  2,000  miles.  The  question  has  natur- 
ally been  raised  whether  there  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  figures  of  our 
railway  construction  work  a  menace  to  the  uninterrupted  prosperity 
of  the  country.  What  will  happen,  it  is  asked,  when  this  railway 
construction  ceases  and  with  it  the  circulation  of  money  due  to  the 
expenditures  on  such  work?  We  have  no  desire  to  minimize  the 
problems  and  dangers  attendant  on  such  a  rapid  development  as  we 
are  enjoying,  but  we  think  the  answer  to  this  question  is  that  trans- 
portation facilities  are  scarcely  keeping  pace  with  the  growth  of 
traffic,  and  that  assuming  the  flow  of  immigration  continued  to  in- 
crease there  could  be  no  sudden  cessation  of  railroad  construction. 
When  the  work  on  the  main  lines  is  completed  a  large  mileage  of 
branch  lines  will  be  required,  and  the  lessening  of .  expenditures  on 
railways  should  be  a  gradual  process — and  in  view  of  the  scarcity  of 
labour  of  all  kinds  during  the  past  few  years  such  a  contraction  in 
railway  building  might  have  counter-balancing  advantages. 

The  unparalleled  growth  of  western  urban  municipalities  of  every 
class — which  in  a  new  and  purely  agricultural  country  could  only 
reflect  a  corresponding  settlement  of  the  land — has  created  a  problem 
in  municipal  finance  which  fortunately  was  brought  sharply  home  to 
municipal  officials  during  the  past  year.  The  extent  to  which  the  aver- 
age western  town  has  made  expenditures  on  permanent  pavements  and 
sidewalks  of  the  best  kind,  on  schools  and  other  municipal  buildings 
adequate  in  scale  and  creditable  in  design,  and  on  modern  water,  sewer 
and  lighting  systems  is  very  marked.  It  is  also  notable  that  where 
the  larger  cities  have  established  municipally  owned  tramways  and 


22  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

power  systems,  the  construction  and  equipment  of  these  is  of  a  most 
approved  class.  Usually  the  wisdom  of  local  improvement  expendi- 
tures from  the  standpoint  of  the  present  and  prospective  needs  of  the 
municipalities  cannot  be  seriously  questioned,  but  the  aggregate  offer- 
ings of  the  resulting  debentures  have  risen  to  figures  which,  added  to 
those  of  Provincial  Government  issues,  have  suddenly  exhausted  the 
supply  of  monies  available  for  investment  at  the  rates  which  this  class 
of  Canadian  security  has  been  commanding.  As  a  consequence  some 
municipalities  have  had  to  sell  their  securities  at  large  concessions  on 
previous  prices,  while  others  held  over  a  considerable  mass  of  deben- 
tures in  the  hope  of  an  improvement  in  the  market,  and  most  of  these 
securities  will  now  have  to  be  carried  until  the  financial  markets 
recover  from  the  effect  of  the  eastern  war  situation.  It  is  clear  that 
even  then,  having  regard  to  the  immense  increase  which  must  take 
place  in  the  future  offerings  of  Canadian  provincial  and  municipal 
securities,  considerably  lower  prices  for  these  securities  should  be 
expected. 

The  existence  of  an  extensive  speculation  in  real  estate  cannot  be 
denied,  but  an  exaggerated  impression  prevails,  particularly  abroad, 
as  to  its  bearing  on  the  commercial  prosperity  of  the  country.  We 
have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  very  few  well  informed  land  men 
can  be  found,  even  among  mortgage  lenders,  who  regard  western  farm 
land  values  as  at  all  excessive,  although  it  is  important  to  note  that 
nevertheless  the  land  mortgage  companies  continue  to  place  an 
extremely  conservative  limit  on  the  amount  they  will  lend  per  acre 
even  in  the  most  favoured  sections  of  the  country — a  fact  which  itself 
acts  to  prevent  inflation  of  values.  If  we  are  to  judge  by  standards 
prevailing  throughout  North  America,  the  values  of  outside  business 
properties  in  most  of  the  growing  cities  and  towns  of  the  West  have, 
to  say  the  least,  discounted  a  good  many  years  of  the  future,  and 
sooner  or  later  a  readjustment  of  values  must  take  place,  though  how 
long  this  readjustment  may  be  delayed  through  the  very  necessities 
of  so  rapidly  increasing  a  population  it  is  impossible  to  say.  This 
opinion,  however,  is  so  widely  held  among  the  leading  business  men 
throughout  the  country,  and  especially  among  those  who  have  control 
of  the  banking  institutions,  life  assurance  companies  and  other  loan 
and  investment  companies,  that  the  speculation  in  real  estate  has  been 
confined  in  such  channels  that  a  serious  shrinkage  in  values  could  have 
but  an  inconsiderable  effect  on  the  prosperity  of  the  country  as  a  whole. 
The  real  estate  conditions  affect  chiefly  the  business  situation  in  so  far 
as  country  merchants  have  a  portion  of  their  capital  invested  in  real 
estate,  but  the  storekeeper's  speculation  is  usually  in  farm  lands,  the 
values  of  which,  as  pointed  out,  are  not  on  a  level  which  leaves  room 
for  a  severe  shrinkage.  The  speculation  in  city  properties  has  largely 
been  in  the  hands  of  foreign  investors  and  a  class  of  semi-professional 
real  estate  dealers  resident  here. 

Along  with  flour  milling  and  coal  mining,  lumbering  is  one  of  the 
three  most  important  commercial  industries  of  the  prairie  provinces. 
With  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  land  a  market  for  low  grade  lumber, 
such  as  is  produced  from  spruce  timber,  has  developed  broad  enough 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      23 

not  only  to  absorb  all  the  lumber  likely  to  be  produced  by  the  spruce 
mills  with  their  comparatively  limited  supply  of  timber,  but  also  to 
consume  large  quantities  of  lumber  from  Ontario  and  British  Col- 
umbia mills.  Over  a  large  portion  of  this  territory  the  spruce  mills 
control  this  market  by  reason  of  their  advantageous  location,  the  dif- 
ference in  their  favour  over  British  Columbia  mills  in  the  matter  of 
freight  rates  ranging  from  $2  to  $4  per  1,000  feet.  As  a  consequence 
the  northern  lumber  mills  are  enjoying  a  marked  prosperity,  notwith- 
standing that  they  have  latterly  been  in  competition  with  "  dumped  " 
lumber  from  Washington  and  British  Columbia.  During  the  past 
few  months  a  pronounced  recovery  in  the  market  for  all  United  States 
Pacific  Coast  lumber  has  removed  the  pressure  of  competition  from 
this  source,  and  the  result  has  been  a  strong  demand  for  the  product 
of  the  spruce  mills  at  improving  prices.  As  the  stocks  held  by  the 
lumber  yards  are  said  to  be  quite  small,  the  northern  mills  are  assured 
of  an  unusually  profitable  business  in  1913.  The  lumber  manufac- 
tured in  the  prairie  provinces  in  1910  was  163,980,000  feet,  and  in 
1911  239,574,000  feet.  The  figures  for  1912  are  not  yet  available, 
but  they  will  show  a  substantial  increase  over  1911,  while  there  is 
every  indication  of  a  still  larger  output  in  1913.  The  coal  mining 
industry  in  Southern  Alberta  suffered  a  severe  setback  from  a  labour 
.strike  in  1911  lasting  from  May  to  November,  but  is  again  developing 
rapidly,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures  of  production : 

1909 .  1,994,771  tons. 

-     1910 2,824.929  " 

1911 1,694,564  "          , 

1912    (Government    estimate) 3,500,000 

The  prairie  markets  readily  absorb  the  whole  output  of  the  Alberta 
mines,  about  two-thirds  of  the  amount  being  consumed  in  Alberta 
alone.  The  business  is  now  on  a  profitable  footing;  extensive  new 
development  is  under  way,  and  the  industry  is  one  which  is  certain 
to  become  of  large  importance.  The  development  in  the  important 
industry  of  flour  milling  has  reached  a  point  where  the  daily  capacity 
of  the  exporting  mills  west  of  Fort  William  is  23,750  bbls.  per  diem, 
and  in  addition  two  large  new  mills  are  projected  at  Medicine  Hat, 
besides  one  at  Moose  Jaw  and  one  at  Regina.  The  mills  have  all  been 
run  to  practically  their  full  capacity,  and  the  year  has  been  a  satisfac- 
tory one  as  regards  earnings. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  development  of  the  past  year  or  two 
affecting  the  future  of  Canada  has  been  the  practical  demonstration 
of  the  fact  that  in  the  Peace  River  district,  a  stretch  of  land  in  length 
about  equal  to  the  distance  from  Winnipeg  to  Edmonton  and  of  vary- 
ing breadth,  we  have  large  areas  which  are  admirably  adapted  to  mixed 
farming  and  in  parts  to  the  raising  of  marketable  grain.  Within  the 
past  year  this  Bank  has  established  branches  at  Grouard  and  Lake 
Saskatoon,  and  we  are  now  in  a  position  to  speak  with  some  knowledge 
of  conditions.  Much  of  the  land  is  at  too  high  an  altitude  for  the 
raising  of  grain  for  market,  but  thousands  of  square  miles  will  undoubt- 
edly grow  feed  crops.  On  Grande  Prairie,  however,  in  the  past  season 


24 

a  crop  averaging  30  bushels  of  wheat  and  55  bushels  of  oats  of  excellent 
grade  was  successfully  harvested,  and  it  would  now  appear  to  be  a 
possibility  that  the  northern  boundary  of  our  agricultural  areas  may 
have  to  be  moved  again  to  include  the  basin  of  the  MacKenzie  Eiver. 
The  experience  of  one  year  is  not,  of  course,  sufficient  to  demonstrate 
that  grain  growing  would  be  successful,  but  it  does  suffice  to  establish 
the  possibilities  of  mixed  farming,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  know  that 
the  settlers  are  taking  up  live  stock  raising  at  the  outset,  so  that  settle- 
ment is  commencing  under  conditions  which  will  ensure  success.  An 
immense  flow  of  natural  gas  was  struck  at  Pelican  Lake,  at  a  depth 
of  1,000  feet,  while  a  moderate  flow  was  also  found  at  Athabasca 
Landing  at  a  depth  of  only  350  feet.  There  are  also  large  fields  of 
coal,  presumably  of  the  same  character  as  the  Alberta  coal,  and  there 
are  indications  of  copper  and  other  minerals  near  Great  Slave  Lake 
and  other  parts  of  the  north. 

Another  recent  development  of  large  significance  is  the  evolution 
of  a  new  species  of  wheat — the  "  Marquis  "  variety — which  matures 
about  ten  days  earlier  than  any  other  wheat  now  known.  For  milling 
purposes  it  is  quite  equal  to  No.  1  Northern,  and  it  is  the  variety 
with  which  Mr.  Wheeler  of  Rosthern  in  1911  won  the  prize  at  New 
York  for  the  best  bushel  of  wheat  grown  in  America.  It  will  be  exten- 
sively sown  in  the  west  in  1913,  and  its  great  value  to  the  country  of 
course  arises  from  the  fact  that  it  will  be  ready  for  harvesting  before 
the  time  at  which  frost  is  to  be  feared. 

In  British  Columbia  the  prosperity  of  the  past  few 
BritiBfe  coi-  years  has  continued  without  showing  signs  of  abatement. 
umbi*  »"d  **•  These  satisfactory  conditions  may  be  ascribed  somewhat 

Yuion,  by  tn«  *  ,  r  ,      .      .  -, 

superintendent  to  the  railway  construction  which  is  in  progress  and 
of  the  which  is  likely  to  continue  for  some  few  years  to  come, 

Pacific  coMt  DUt  there  has  been  a  steady  influx  of  population,  a  con- 
°*  tinuance  of  which  seems  reasonable  to  expect.  Prices  of 
real  estate  have  in  many  cases  increased  and  have  in 
every  direction  been  fairly  maintained.  In  Vancouver  the  record 
figure  of  $6,000  per  front  foot  was  recently  paid  for  a  prominent  cor- 
ner on  one  of  the  two  principal  streets,  and  in  Victoria  prices  have  also 
steadily  advanced.  The  development  of  Vancouver  Island  is  progress- 
ing rapidly  and  new  localities  are  being  exploited  as  a  result  of  the 
actual  or  expected  arrival  of  railways.  The  flow  of  capital  seeking 
investment  in  the  Province  continues  without  cessation,  and  we  find 
people  of  large  means  in  Great  Britain  buying  extensive  areas  in  the 
northern  and  outlying  sections  with  a  view  to  the  establishment  of 
ready-made  farms  to  which  desirable  settlers  will  be  sent.  It  is  becom- 
ing recognized  in  Great  Britain  that  safe  investments  can  be  secured 
in  British  Columbia  which  will  return  rates  of  interest  much  in 
excess  of  what  can  be  obtained  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

Municipal  borrowings,  principally  for  local  improvements,  still 
continue  to  be  active,  but  the  position  now  is  that  the  British  investors 
seek  better  returns  for  their  money,  consequently  either  the  deben- 
tures must  bear  higher  rates  of  interest  than  in  the  past  or  they  must 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      25 

be  sold  at  a  lower  price.  It  is  extremely  desirable  that  municipalities, 
before  embarking  upon  works  which  will  call  for  the  issue  of  their 
obligations,  should  arrange  definitely  for  the  sale  of  the  relative 
debentures. 

North  of  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Eailway  Company  in 
this  Province,  new  agricultural  sections  are  being  opened  up,  and  a 
fairly  steady  flow  of  settlers  is  coming  in  along  the  line  of  such  of  the 
expected  railway  developments  as  are  to  some  extent  assured.  The 
opening  of  the  Panama  Canal  will,  it  is  expected,  attract  to  ports  on 
the  Pacific  coast  from  as  far  east  as  the  central  portion  of  Saskatch- 
ewan, a  considerable  quantity  of  the  grain  which  has  hitherto  been 
exported  via  the  great  lakes.  The  question  has  been  raised  as  to 
whether  grain  can  be  satisfactorily  handled  by  that  route  on  account 
of  the  heat  which  it  will  encounter  in  the  southern  latitudes,  but  the 
weight  of  opinion  is  in  the  affirmative,  and  it  seems  clear  that  a  saving 
in  cost  will  be  effected  by  shipping  via  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  fruit  industry  is  steadily  becoming  of  more  importance,  and 
there  has  been  little  or  no  falling  off  in  the  prices  asked  for  fruit  lands 
of  both  the  improved  and  unimproved  class.  The  available  area  is 
being  gradually  extended  and  now  covers  sections  in  almost  all  parts 
of  the  Province  south  of  or  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  line  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company.  Mistakes  have  been  made  as  to 
the  kinds  of  fruit  which  should  be  cultivated  in  the  various  districts, 
but  this  is  being  rapidly  overcome  as  the  result  of  experience.  It  may 
be  emphasized  that  fruit  culture  requires  practical  knowledge  without 
which  it  cannot  be  successfully  conducted.  There  has  been  some 
tendency  in  the  past  to  overlook  this  requirement  and  to  rely  upon 
second-hand  information  or  such  as  has  been  academically  acquired. 
The  labour  feature  in  this  connection  is  one  that  will  call  for  some 
serious  consideration  as  the  large  areas  now  under  cultivation  come 
under  full  bearing,  and  this  year  it  was  made  plain  that  properly 
organized .  selling  agencies  to  handle  the  fruits  of  each  district  are  an 
absolute  necessity.  For  lack  of  these  and  because  of  inadequate  trans- 
portation facilities  in  some  districts,  tons  of  fruit  were  allowed  to  rot 
on  the  ground. 

The  crops  of  hay  and  oats  were  about  up  to  the  average.  The 
potato  crop  this  year  did  not  prove,  in  some  of  the  westerly  sections, 
quite  so  satisfactory  as  regards  quality,  and  as  the  high  prices  of  last 
year  had  induced  much  heavier  planting,  the  result  was  lower  prices 
throughout.  Other  roots  were  about  normal.  Hops  are  grown  in  a 
few  sections;  the  output  is  not  heavy,  but  results  were  satisfactory 
and  there  is  no  reason  why  there  should  not  be  steady  development  in 
this  branch  of  agriculture.  Cattle  wintered  well  and  prices  have  been 
well  maintained.  In  the  latter  part  of  November  the  record  figure 
of  G1/^  cents  live  weight  was  paid  in  the  Kamloops  district.  Cattle- 
raising  on  ranges  in  the  older  sections  is  steadily  decreasing  partly 
owing  to  the  prevailing  high  prices  for  land.  In  the  past  a  very 
large  amount  of  acreage  devoted  to  cattle  ranches  has  been  held  under 
Government  leases,  and  this  is  now  being  cut  up  into  homesteads. 


26  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  the  salmon  industry  this  is  the  last  of  the  lean  years  in  the 
quadrennial  period,  but  the  pack,  which  amounts  to  996,576  cases  for 
the  whole  province,  shows  a  distinct  improvement  as  compared  with 
542,689  cases  put  up  in  1908,  the  corresponding  year.  Next  year  the 
large  run  of  sockeyes  on  the  Fraser  River  takes  place.  The  catch  in 
the  northern  rivers  was  exceptionally  good,  but  prices  everywhere  for 
the  cheap  grades  have  ruled  low.  Last  year  a  very  large  quantity  of 
fish  was  poorly  packed  and  an  extra  quantity  of  low-priced  varieties 
was  put  up  in  Alaska.  The  large  dealers  to  the  south,  finding  that  so 
much  of  the  pack  was  in  -the  hands  of  the  middlemen,  dropped  the 
prices  for  the  lower  grades  to  cost  or  slightly  under,  and  the  bulk  of 
this  class  of  fish  has  now  passed  out  of  the  hands  of  the  middlemen. 
The  opening  of  the  season  next  year  should  find  stocks  very  low.  The 
beneficial  result  of  this  action  is  apparently  unquestioned,  although 
naturally  the  middlemen  do  not  cordially  appreciate  the  partial  elim- 
ination of  their  profits.  An  attempt  was  also  made  by  the  British 
dealers  to  induce  a  return  to  the  system  of  shipping  on  consignment; 
this,  however,  was  wisely  and  successfully  resisted  by  the  packers.  It 
is  satisfactory  to  note  that  the  Government  hatcheries  this  year  have 
been  well  stocked  and  the  effect  upon  the  supply  of  fish  in  the  future, 
if  this  policy  is  continued,  can  be  readily  judged. 

In  lumber  the  conditions  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  year,  in  respect 
to  both  demand  and  prices,  were  unsatisfactory,  this  being  largely  due 
to  the  dumping  in  the  Central  Western  Provinces  of  the  cheaper 
grades  produced  in  the  United  States.  A  much  better  state  of  affairs 
now  exists,  partly  owing  to  the  improvements  in  the  lumber  business 
on  the  other  side  of  the  line  and  partly  because  of  the  good  harvest 
in  our  prairie  provinces.  Prices  rule  from  $1.50  to  $2.00  per  thousand 
feet  better  than  in  1911,  and  the  indications  are  for  a  continuance  of 
a  strong  market  for  some  time  to  come.  The  cut  of  lumber  in  British 
Columbia  for  1912  cannot  be  ascertained  at  the  time  of  writing,  but 
according  to  the  best  information  attainable  will  largely  exceed  that 
of  1,189,000,000  feet  for  1911,  indeed  for  the  ten  months  to  the  end 
of  October  the  figures  ran  to  about  1,244,000,000  feet.  Timber  lands 
are  steadily  increasing  in  value.  Good  results  are  expected  in  this 
industry  from  the  opening  of  the  Panama  Canal.  In  mining,  the 
high  price  of  copper  has  stimulated  production,  the  figures  of  the 
Boundary  District,  which  is  the  largest  source  of  supply  of  that  metal 
in  the  Province,  being: 

1911— 2i.827,8B9  Ibs $2,764.127 

1912 — 33,600,000  Iba.  (estimated)  6,600,000 

We  do  not  now  hear  of  the  "  wildcatting  "  that  prevailed  in  earlier 
years,  mining  being  regarded  as  a  business  and  not  as  a  mere  pretext 
for  stock  flotations.  The  production  of  coal  this  year  is  estimated  at 
3,205,159  long  tons  as  compared  with  2,297,718  tons  in  1911.  Of 
the  increase  856,660  tons  are  ascribable  to  the  Crow's  Nest  Pass  dis- 
trict. It  is  unfortunate,  however,  that  there  has  again  been  a  strike 
among  the  operatives — this  time  on  Vancouver  Island — commencing 
in  September  and  in  force  at  the  date  of  writing.  Only  one  company 
has  been  affected  and  they  are  now  operating  on  a  reduced  scale  by  the 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE      27 

employment  of  imported  miners.  In  the  Crow's  Nest  district  the 
effects  of  the  resumption  following  the  strike,  to  which  allusion  was 
made  last  year,  were  not  fully  felt  until  about  July  or  August.  When 
their  customers  found  in  1911  that  they  were  unable  to  secure  the 
requisite  supplies  they  were  obliged  to  apply  to  coal  owners  elsewhere 
and  were  able  to  have  their  requirements  filled  only  by  entering  into 
contracts  covering  twelve  months.  It  was  therefore  impossible  until 
the  expiry  of  the  year  to  return  to  their  old  friends  in  the  Kootenays. 
Building  has  been,  generally  speaking,  active  throughout  the  Pro- 
vince, particularly  so  in  the  larger  cities.  The  following  are  the 
combined  figures  of  the  building  permits  of  Vancouver  and  Victoria 
for  the  years  1905-1912  inclusive;  each,  as  will  be  noted,  has  been 
a  banner  year: 

1905..          .  $3,207,250  1909..          .  $8,977,195 

1906 6,007,710  1910 16,523,410 

1907 7,112,994  1911 21,912,957 

1908 7,306,133  1912 27,457,202 

For  the  year  ending  30th  June  last  the  British  Columbia  Electric 
Railway  Company  carried  62,154,166  passengers,  as  compared  with 
46,541,448  during  the  corresponding  period  in  1910  and  1911.  The 
gold  produced  in  the  Yukon  has  exceeded  the  figures  of  last  year  by 
about  $800,000,  the  total  production  for  1912  being  estimated  at 
$5,000,000  according  to  the  latest  figures  available.  The  mining  is 
now  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  larger  companies  operating 
by  dredging  or  hydraulic  methods,  and  unless  new  placer  ground  is 
discovered,  we  are  likely  to  see  little  more  of  the  individual  miner  who 
is  steadily  disappearing.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  dredging  season 
has  been  lengthened  by  improved  methods.  Last  year  it  closed  in 
December  and  an  attempt  is  to  be  made  this  year  to  operate  through- 
out the  winter.  Nothing  of  any  importance  has  been  effected  in  the 
way  of  gold  quartz  mining.  In  copper  in  the  district  about  White 
Horse,  some  400  miles  south  of  Dawson,  the  results  have  been  most 
encouraging.  Some  20,000  tons  have  been  extracted  and  shipped,  the 
approximate  value  at  the  mine  amounting  to  $185,000.  At  the  present 
price  of  copper  and  with  the  lessened  freight  charges,  according  to 
the  schedule  now  in  existence,  there  seems  to  be  no  question  but  that 
this  product  can  be  handled  at  a  satisfactory  profit,  and  the  ore  bodies 
are  quite  extensive.  Business  conditions  in  the  territory  have  been 
steady  and  the  freight  and  passenger  traffic  has  been  about  the  same 
as  last  year  with  a  slight  advantage  in  favour  of  1912. 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


GENERAL  STATEMENT 
THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE 

.LIABILITIES. 

Notes  of  the  Bank  in  circulation $16,422,864  ttfcj 

Deposits  not  bearing  interest 158,686,813  55 

Deposits     bearing    interest,     including     interest 

accrued  to  date 139,030,b48  45 

197,617,462  00 

Balances  due  to  other  Banks  in  Canada 885,514  94 

Balances  due  to  other  Banks  In  foreign  countries 2,842,439  50 


1217,768,281  12 


Dividends  unpaid    

Dividend  No.  103  and  bonus,  payable  1st  December 

Capital   paid  up    115,000,000  00 

Rest    12,500,000  00 

Balance    of    Profit    and    Loss    Account    carried 

forward   771,578  88 


6,429  74 
525,000  00 


28,271,578  88 
1246,571,289  74 


ASSETS. 

Coin  and  Bullion   111,273,485  39 

Dominion  Notes    16,181,480  25 


Balances  due  by  Agents  in  the  United  Kingdom  $2,082,538  49 

Balances  due  by  other  Banks  in  foreign  countries  4,718,352  03 

Balances  due  by  other  Banks  in  Canada 28,645  40 

Notes  of  and  Cheques  on  other  Banks 10,092,360  90 


$27,454,965  64 


Call  and  Short  Loans  in  Canada 

Call  and  Short  Loans  in  the  United  States 

Government  Bonds,  Municipal  and  other  Securities 

Deposit  with  the  Dominion  Government  for  security  of  Note 
circulation    


16,921,896  82 

8,779,459  47 

9,003,590  37 

14,362,116  82 

707,000  00 


$77,229,029  12 


Other  Current  Loans   and  Discounts 163,763,569  28 


Overdue  Debts   (loss  fully  provided  for) , 

Real  Estate   (other  than  Bank  Premises) 

Mortgages     

Bank    Premises     (Including    the    balance    unsold    of    certain 
premises  acquired  from  the  Eastern  Townships  Bank) . . . 
Other  Assets   


487,738  94 
208,372  77 
404,096  95 

4,423,993  07 
64,499   61 

$246,571,289  74 


30th  November,  1912. 


ALEXANDER  LAIRD, 

General  Manager. 


CANADA'S  FINANCIAL  POSITION 

Addresses  by 
THE  PRESIDENT  AND  GENERAL  MANAGER 

of  the 

BANK  OF  MONTREAL* 


The  President's  Address 

Ad <ire« •  b  A^  ^e  shareholders'  meeting  in  June  last,  you  sane- 

Mr.  K.  B.  tioned  a  By-law  permitting  the  extension  of  the  Bank's 
capital  in  case  it  should  appear  to  be  required ;  this  has 
since  been  approved  by  the  Treasury  Board.  The  recent 
*ssue  °^  s*oc^  was  &^so  readily  taken  up,  and  your 
Capital  now  stands  at  $25,000,000  authorized  and 
$16,000,000  fully  paid,  with  a  Rest  of  like  amount.  This  increase  of 
Capital  did  not  come  before  it  was  wanted,  as  at  certain  seasons  the 
Circulation  has  exceeded  the  legal  limit  and  we  are  liable  to  the 
Government  for  interest  on  the  excess. 

The  well  established  business  and  good  earning  power  of  the  Bank, 
together  with  comparative  immunity  from  bad  debts,  enable  the  Man- 
agement to  present  a  statement  of  results  for  the  year's  operations 
which  I  presume  will  be  considered  satisfactory.  The  Directors  were 
gratified  to  be  able  to  add  a  Bonus  of  one  per  cent,  on  each  half  year, 
in  addition  to  the  usual  dividend.  The  Directors  have  audited  the 
books  of  Head  Office,  the  cash  and  securities  have  been  verified,  ample 
provision  has  been  made  for  bad  and  doubtful  debts,  and  the  amount 
expended  on  Bank  premises  has  been  transferred  to  Profit  and  Loss 
account. 

We  have  again  to  report  a  year  of  universal  and  almost  unbroken 
prosperity  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land.  The 
unfavourable  conditions  which  retarded  the  harvesting  operations  and 
which  it  was  feared  would  prove  calamitous,  passed  without  much 
injury  in  the  Western  prairies,  where  the  yield  of  wheat  and  other 
grains  has  proved  satisfactory  both  as  to  quality  and  quantity.  In 
the  East,  where  the  damage  was  perhaps  greater,  some  compensation 
has  been  derived  from  good  results  in  other  directions.  While  the 
prices  of  wheat  are  much  lower  this  year,  the  proportion  of  the  higher, 
or  contract,  grades  in  the  Prairie  Provinces  is  very  much  larger.  The 
better  condition  of  the  grain  renders  it  easier  to  handle  and  to  market, 

•  NOTB. — Annual  Meeting  at  Montreal,  December  2nd,   1912.     See  also  His- 
torical Sketch,  Supplement,  1910  volume. 


30  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  the  returns  to  the  producer  are  quicker  and  safer.    The  estimated 
yield  in  the  North- West  may  be  set  down  as : 

Wheat,  188,000,000  bushels,  against  177,000,000  last  year. 

Oats,  220,000,000  bushels,  against  190,000,000  last  year. 

Barley,  31,000,000  bushels,  against  33,000,000  last  year. 

Flax,  13,000,000  bushels,  against  8,000,000  last  year. 

A  conservative  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  crop  of  the  three  Pro- 
vinces is  given  at  $207,000,000  for  the  grain  alone.  Partly  owing 
to  the  good  condition  of  the  grain,  already  mentioned,  but  chiefly 
because  of  the  excellent  arrangements  of  the  Railways,  the  crop  has 
been  moved  with  unparalleled  celerity ;  there  has  been  no  car  famine 
and  little  talk  of  congestion,  although  there  has  been  more  grain 
handled.  At  the  close  of  this  season's  navigation,  there  appears  to 
have  been  a  serious  blockade  of  grain  on  its  way  to  market,  caused 
by  insufficient  facilities  for  taking  delivery  from  the  railway  cars,  and 
it  may  be  that  a  greater  number  of  vessels  for  grain  carrying  across 
the  Lakes  and  larger  elevator  capacity  for  temporary  storage  must  be 
provided  for  future  wants.  Storage  for  grain  has  been  much  neglected 
in  the  Prairie  Provinces;  it  would  be  advisable  that  granaries  of 
moderate  capacity  to  store  at  least  a  portion  of  the  crop  should  be  a 
feature  on  every  well  equipped  fanning  establishment,  so  that  there, 
would  be  no  occasion  to  rush  produce  to  a  market  at  inconvenient 
seasons. 

Irrigation  by  which  vast  areas  of  arid  land  are  being  converted  into 
most  productive  farms,  is  being  prosecuted  with  vigour,  and  the  model 
farms  established  by  the  Government  and  the  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way are  more  and  more  resorted  to  and  much  valued  by  the  settlers. 
The  raising  of  live  stock,  which  had  been  allowed  to  decline,  will 
receive  a  great  impetus  from  the  high  prices  obtainable  for  cattle,  and 
by  the  greater  safety  with  which  the  business  is  conducted.  Immigra- 
tion for  the  twelve  months  ended  September  30th  has  reached  the 
total  of  385,955  souls,  or  37,322  over  the  previous  year.  Many  are 
farmers  possessing  both  experience  and  capital.  These  form  a  welcome 
addition  to  the  population,  where  labour  is  so  scarce  and  land  so 
productive. 

Loans  to  farmers,  if  sometimes  slow,  are  well  paid.  Wages  are 
high,  as  is  the  cost  of  living,  but  that  condition  may  be  greatly  miti- 
gated by  the  farmer,  if  only  he  will  give  his  attention  in  some  measure 
to  mixed  fanning  instead  of  relying  upon  importations  of  vegetables, 
meat  and  butter,  and  such  like,  from  the  East  or  from  the  older 
settlements  in  the  United  States.  In  the  most  important  Province  of 
Ontario,  the  harvest  of  wheat  and  corn  has  not  been  bountiful  but 
rather  under  the  average,  in  consequence  of  the  wet  and  cold  season, 
and  yet  we  are  assured  that  the  farmers  have  done  well,  as  few  depend 
solely  on  the  raising  of  grain  for  a  livelihood,  their  resource  being 
scientific  and  mixed  farming,  while  dairying,  produce  and  fruit  have 
been  more  remunerative.  As  an  indication  of  the  diversity  of  farm- 
ing in  this  progressive  Province,  Ontario  is  said  to  own  6,000,000 
head  of  live  stock,  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  pigs. 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL  31 

The  mining  industry  of  Ontario  is  important;  the  Province  ranks 
high  with  other  countries  in  the  production  of  silver  and  nickel,  and 
her  total  output  for  last  year,  on  the  Bureau  of  Mines  estimate,  was 
$41,000,000.  The  same  general  remarks  as  regards  agriculture  and 
the  season's  results  will  apply  to  Quebec.  Lumber  and  pulpwood  have 
had  a  good  year,  last  winter's  cut  being  large  and  prices  high.  The 
increase  in  British  prices,  however,  has  been  fully  set  off  by  material 
advance  in  ocean  freights,  with  the  result  that  the  United  States  has 
been  our  best  market. 

The  Maritime  Provinces  have  had  a  fair  year.  Hay,  which  is  an 
important  crop,  has  been  at  least  up  to  the  average,  and  in  many  cases 
considerably  above.  Potato  and  other  root  crops,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, are  reported  good.  The  apple  crop,  although  not  equal  to  the 
abnormal  yield  of  last  year,  is  a  good  average;  the  fruit  is  much 
appreciated  and  brings  good  prices  in  England,  and  many  young 
orchards  are  being  planted. 

British  Columbia  has  in  recent  times  been  a  highly  favoured  Pro- 
vince. General  trade  has  been  large  and  profitable;  its  lumbering 
operations,  after  languishing  for  some  years,  have  suddenly  revived 
owing  to  the  improved  demand  from  the  prairies,  and  to  the  better 
condition  of  commercial  affairs  among  our  neighbours,  who,  instead 
of  being  keen  competitors,  have  become  good  customers  for  our  pro- 
ducts. There  is  a  ship-building  industry,  although  still  in  its  infancy. 
The  great  fleet  of  vessels  employed  in  the  coastwise  traffic  and  the 
larger  steamships  trading  to  the  Orient  give  great  importance  to  the 
Port  of  Vancouver.  Speculation  is  rife  as  to  the  advantages  likely 
to  accrue  to  that  port  and  the  Western  country  generally  on  the  open- 
ing of  the  Panama  Canal. 

Commercial  activity  has  doubtless  been  stimulated  by  the  impulse 
of  active  railway  construction,  which  cannot  be  expected  to  continue 
on  the  same  gigantic  scale  for  many  more  years,  but  there  will 
remain  a  more  solid  and  enduring  source  of  wealth  in  the  vast  forests 
of  virgin  timber  which  now  cover  the  hillsides  of  mainland  and 
islands.  Speaking  of  the  Dominion  as  a  whole,  the  trade  and  com- 
merce of  the  country  have  been  and  promise  to  continue  both  sound 
and  good. 

The  lumber  business,  on  the  Atlantic  as  on  the  Pacific  side,  shows 
much  improvement,  apart  from  the  pulp  and  paper  industry,  which 
is  specially  adapted  to  this  country,  and  has  been  very  prosperous  for 
some  time  past,  but  owing  to  the  number  of  new  concerns  in  opera- 
tion, there  is  a  tendency  to  overproduction,  with  slackening  demand 
and  lower  prices. 

The  coal  and  iron  production  has  been  on  a  scale  never  before 
equalled  in  Canada,  although  the  latter,  owing  to  delays  in  installing 
or  completing  the  necessary  plants,  has  fallen  far  short  of  supplying 
demands,  especially  in  the  matter  of  steel  rails.  The  car  builders 
have  also  been  notably  behind  in  their  orders.  Agricultural  machinery 
of  the  best  and  most  modern  type  has  been  in  great  request,  and  the 


32  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

factories  which  supply  every  kind  of  electrical  equipment  have  been 
unusually  busy. 

The  revival  of  trade  in  the  United  States  has  had  a  marked  effect 
on  several  of  our  manufacturing  industries,  relieving  them  from  the 
competing  shipments  of  surplus  goods  from  that  market.  The 
Woollen  mills  are  doing  better,  while  an  unusually  good  year  has  been 
experienced  in  Cottons.  Old  establishments  have  been  fully  occu- 
pied, and  a  great  variety  of  manufacturers  are  finding  a  home  in 
Canada  even  in  the  middle  and  far  West. 

The  wholesale  distributing  trades  have  everywhere  enjoyed  a  good 
year.  Groceries.  Dry  Goods,  Clothing,  Boots,  and  Shoes  had  an 
unusually  large  turn  over,  with  good  results.  Accounts  have  been 
fairly  well  paid  and  bad  debts  have  been  comparatively  small. 

Transportation  by  sea  and  land,  with  its  accompanying  mechani- 
cal works,  is  instrumental  in  making  large  accessions  of  population  to 
the  cities.  Railway  earnings  have  been  phenomenal,  but  are  far  sur- 
passed by  the  extraordinary  outlays  in  building  of  new  lines,  in 
improving  the  old,  in  double-tracking,  terminals  and  equipment  to 
provide  for  the  ever-increasing  traffic.  By  the  judicious  expenditure 
of  the  Dominion  Government,  the  facilities  for  shipping  are  being 
much  improved  by  dredging,  and  the  supply  of  elevators  and  docks  at 
the  several  important  harbours  on  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  coasts  as 
well  as  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

The  principal  cities  of  the  North-West  and  British  Columbia 
exhibit  a  marvellous  increase  in  size,  in  population  and  business 
activities.  A  phenomenal  advance  in  these  respects  has  also  been 
made  by  some  of  the  eastern  cities,  notably  Montreal  and  Toronto. 
Some  of  the  smaller  towns  in  the  West  have  perhaps  been  too  ambi- 
tious in  providing  public  utilities,  and  in  rushing  work  that  might 
better  have  extended  over  a  greater  length  of  time,  but,  after  all,  they 
are  only  anticipating  future  necessities.  The  municipal  expenditures 
have  consequently  been  large  and  hence  the  unusual  amount  of  bor- 
rowing both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  comparative  cheapness  of 
money  and  the  ease  with  which  municipal  securities  could  be  placed 
in  England,  had  misled  some  borrowers,  who  refused  to  accept  the 
prices  offered  earlier  in  the  season,  but  it  is  feared  they  may  have  to 
submit  to  higher  rates  of  interest  on  future  transactions. 

Industrial  loans  and  investments  are  quite  out  of  our  sphere,  but 
I  take  this  opportunity  of  saying  that  it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that 
some  of  these  offered  on  the  London  market  were  of  a  distinctly  ques- 
tionable character,  unsound  or  highly  speculative,  and  calculated  to 
reflect  injuriously  on  Canadian  credit;  while  others,  and  doubtless 
the  great  bulk  of  them,  are  both  safe  and  promising,  and  offer  to  the 
investor  an  opportunity  of  participating  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
country.  I  fear  it  is  useless  to  ask  certain  promoters  to  be  more  care- 
ful as  to  the  class  of  security  they  offer,  but  intending  investors  may 
be  more  discriminating. 

With  the  rapidly  developing  country  and  the  Government  pledged 
by  guarantees  or  otherwise  to  liberal  expenditures,  the  building  of 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL  33 

railways,  the  improvement  of  harbours,  and  other  works  of  a  national 
character,  Canada  must  necessarily  be  a  large  borrower  for  some  time. 
But  with  nearly  8,000,000  of  people,  vigorous,  intelligent  and 
resourceful,  with  immense  treasures  in  virgin  forests,  mines,  fisheries, 
and,  above  all,  with  a  large  area  of  unoccupied  fertile  land,  Canada 
can  better  afford  than  most  countries  to  mortgage  her  future  to  a 
moderate  extent,  and  her  credit  in  the  money  markets  of  the  world 
must  always  stand  high. 

Canada  is  well  prepared  to  absorb  and  utilize  the  immigrants  that 
every  season  seek  her  shores  or  cross  her  boundaries.  The  labourer 
and  the  artisan  are  most  welcome,  and  the  farmer,  with  or  without 
capital,  will  find  opportunities  at  his  hand.  We  have  excellent  and 
prosperous  Banks,  well  adapted  to  the  requirements  of  the  country, 
which  offer  facilities  to  farmer  and  tradesman  in  every  town  and 
village,  and  I  may  remark,  in  passing,  as  convincing  proof  of  the 
country's  progress,  that  their  deposits  in  ten  years  have  mounted  up 
from  350  millions  to  over  1,000  million  dollars. 

We  possess  a  system  of  transportation  that  is  almost  complete, 
although  being  daily  added  to — a  large  mercantile  fleet  of  steamers 
on  river,  lake  and  sea,  and  railways  that  not  only  link  the  various 
Provinces  together,  but  also  give  a  service  to  the  newly  opened  coun- 
try better  than  is  to  be  found  in  any  other  country  similarly  circum- 
stanced. 

As  to  investments  in  lands — the  price  of  farming  properties  is  still 
moderate  and  low,  but  speculation  in  suburban  lots  is  surely  over- 
done. For  the  real  estate  movement  in  the  cities  there  may  be  more 
justification,  prices  being  advanced  by  the  pressure  of  increasing 
population  and  by  keen  competition  in  acquiring  choice  properties 
for  commercial  or  domestic  purposes.  In  New  York  and  other  points 
in  the  United  States,  where  the  Bank  is  represented,  business  may  be 
described  as  in  a  normal  and  sound  condition.  In  Mexico,  politics 
have  been  a  very  disturbing  element,  but  there  are  indications  of  an 
improvement  which  will  allow  business  to  resume  its  usual  course. 
The  ample  revenues  of  both  Provincial  and  Dominion  Governments 
indicate  a  season  of  great  prosperity  for  the  country  at  large. 

The  exports  for  the  twelve  months  ended  30th  September,  1912, 
amount  to  $351,952,292,  an  increase  of  $49,601,798  over  the  corre- 
sponding period  of  last  year.  Imports  for  the  same  period  amounted 
to  $616,842,090,  an  increase  of  $120,004,619,  giving  a  revenue  from 
Customs  duties  of  $102,695,974,  or  an  increase  of  $23,903,849.  I  have 
in  a  cursory  manner  touched  on  these  various  topics  reviewing  the 
condition  of  the  country  and  indicating  the  great  range  of  interests 
the  Bank  has  to  consider  in  the  course  of  its  business,  and  on  whose 
fortunes  the  prosperity  or  otherwise  of  the  Institution  in  a  great 
measure  depends. 

In  view  of  the  recent  and  much  regretted  demise  of  Sir  Edward 
Clouston,  I  cannot  refrain  from  alluding  to  the  circumstances  that 
at  the  last  Annual  Meeting  he  announced  his  retirement  from  active 
participation  in  the  management  of  the  Bank.  He  had  entered  the 


34  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

service  as  a  boy,  had  passed  up  through  various  grades,  and  during  the 
last  21  years  had  occupied  the  position  of  Chief  Executive  Officer.  His 
death  is  much  deplored  by  the  Directors  and  Staff  of  the  Bank. 

The  General  Manager's  Address 

The  President  has  covered  the  ground  so  fully  in 
^  H*V.7  the  address  he  has  presented  to  you  to-day  that  little 
Meredith,  is  left  for  me  but  to  explain  the  changes  which  have 
oenerai  taken  place  in  the  balance  sheet  during  the  year,  and  to 

M*n***V)f  add  a  few  remarks  in  connection  with  financial  matters 
affecting  the  Bank  which  have  not  been  touched  upon. 
Since  our  last  Annual  Meeting,  the  Treasury  Board  of  the  Dominion 
Government  has  sanctioned  an  increase  in  the  authorized  Capital  of 
the  Bank  from  $16,000,000  to  $25,000,000,  thus  permitting  of  a  fur- 
ther issue  of  stock  from  time  to  time  as  circumstances  may,  in  the 
opinion  of  your  Directors,  render  desirable. 

Turning  to  the  general  Statement  of  which  you  have  a  copy,  you 
will  notice  the  Paid-up  Capital  has  increased  during  the  year  from 
$14,887,570  to  $16,000,000,  and  the  Rest  from  $15,000,000  to  $16,- 
000,000.  From  the  net  earnings,  transfers  have  been  made  of  $1,000,- 
000  to  Rest  Account  and  Contingent  Account  respectively,  and  a 
balance  of  $802,000  is  carried  forward  at  credit  of  Profit  and  Loss 
Account  as  compared  with  $1,855,000  a  year  ago.  A  bonus  of  I  per 
cent,  was  paid  shareholders  on  June  1st  and  December  1st  over  and 
above  the  quarterly  dividends  of  2V£  per  cent. 

Deposits  not  bearing  interest  show  a  small  decrease,  occasioned  by 
the  withdrawal  of  a  large  deposit  of  a  temporary  nature  which 
appeared  in  the  statement  of  a  year  ago.  Were  it  not  for  this  fact, 
we  would  show  a  gain  in  these  deposits  of  $2,000,000.  Interest-bear- 
ing deposits  show  an  increase  of  $6,400,000.  Part  of  this  increase  is 
of  a  temporary  character,  but  it  is  gratifying  to  find  that  the  ordinary 
Savings  deposits  have  grown  in  a  highly  satisfactory  manner,  not- 
withstanding the  withdrawals  that  have  taken  place  for  investment 
and  otherwise. 

Turning  to  our  Assets,  you  will  notice  that  "  Current  Loans  and 
Discounts  in  Canada  and  elsewhere  and  Other  Assets  "  are  $2,200,000 
less.  This  decrease  does  not  represent  a  curtailment  of  our  current 
loans  in  Canada,  which  are  in  reality  $1,600,000  larger  than  a  year 
ago,  but  a  reduction  in  our  current  loans  elsewhere.  Investments  in 
Railway  and  other  bonds  are  $1,600,000  less,  affected  by  realizations, 
and  balances  due  by  agencies  of  this  Bank  and  other  Banks  show  a 
net  reduction  of  $3,800,000.  The  increase  in  our  call  loans  in  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  is  accounted  for  by  the  various  changes 
mentioned  above. 

I  think  you  will  agree  with  me  that  the  Statement  is  a  strong  one, 
but  it  is  well  that  the  Bank  of  Montreal  should  always  be  able  not 
only  to  meet  all  the  legitimate  demands  of  its  clients,  but  at  the  same 
time  to  provide  for  any  exceptional  calls  that  may  be  made  upon  it 
to  promote  the  general  welfare  of  the  country.  You  will  observe  that, 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  BANK  OF  MONTKEAL  35 

following  the  practice  of  the  British  and  Colonial  Banks,  we  have 
shown,  in  the  form  of  a  footnote,  the  contingent  liabilities  of  the  Bank 
and  the  securities  held  against  them.  This  item  has  not  heretofore 
appeared  in  our  Annual  Statement. 

Business  generally  has  heen  exceedingly  active  in  Canada  during 
the  past  year.  Good  crops,  notwithstanding  a  wet  season,  have  been 
reaped,  and  all  manufacturing  industries  have  been  kept  fully 
employed.  Wage  earners  are  in  receipt  of  good  wages,  and  labour, 
in  many  sections,  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  obtain.  With  an 
increasing  immigration,  a  soil  producing  a  large  surplus  of  jfood  pro- 
ducts without  serious  failure  over  a  comparatively  long  term  of  years, 
the  assurance  of  a  vastly  increased  production  as  the  area  of  unoccu- 
pied arable  land  is  brought  under  cultivation,  and  other  great  natural 
resources  awaiting  development,  one  cannot  but  be  an  optimist  in 
regard  to  the  future  of  our  country. 

Owing  to  this  ever-increasing  and  rapid  development,  we  must, 
for  many  years,  be  borrowers  from  the  British  Islands  as  well  as  for- 
eign countries.  Just  now,  there  is  undoubtedly  a  feeling  in  some 
quarters  abroad  that  Canadians  are  spending  too  lavishly  and  over- 
borrowing  to  an  extent  which  may  later  on  prove  burdensome  to  us. 
In  this  connection,  our  adverse  balance  of  trade,  our  so-called  real 
estate  boom,  etc.,  are  cited.  While  I  do  not  share  these  pessimistic 
views,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  if  we  are  to  maintain  the  preference 
which  Canadian  securities  have  so  long  enjoyed,  caution  at  the  present 
time  is  more  essential  than  it  has  been  for  a  long  time  past,  and  it  is 
clear  any  ill-advised  move  on  our  part,  any  undue  speculation,  or 
the  flotation  of  doubtful  schemes  which  may  have  the  effect  of  causing 
distrust  abroad  and  so  prevent  the  free  flow  of  capital  into  Canada, 
cannot  but  have  a  serious  effect  on  business  generally,  and  bring  about 
a  check  to  our  prosperity.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  there  are 
countries  other  than  our  own  seeking  capital,  and  offering  possibly 
quite  as  attractive  terms^  and  that  once  a  stream  is  turned  in  another 
direction,  a  long  time  may  elapse  before  it  returns  to  its  former 
channels. 

Money  has  been  in  strong  demand  in  Canada  during  the  year, 
while  in  London  and  New  York,  in  which  outside  markets  we  are 
chiefly  interested,  the  rates  continued  low  until  September,  since 
when  more  stringent  conditions  and  higher  rates  have  prevailed. 
With  buoyant  trade  practically  the  world  over,  and  with,  as  far  as 
we  can  judge,  a  probable  continuance  for  some  time  of  such  condi- 
tions, money  is  not  so  readily  obtained.  Those  seeking  capital  should 
have  regard  to  existing  conditions  and  also  to  the  fact  that  borrowers 
cannot  hope  to  name  their  own  terms. 

The  increased  cost  of  living,  and  the  reasons  therefor,  form  a  sub- 
ject much  discussed  the  world  over,  and  Commissions  of  Inquiry  are 
now  engaged  in  seeking  the  cause.  I  mention  the  subject  because  of  its 
effect  on  the  Bank's  net  earnings,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  our  having 
to  increase  our  fixed  charges  from  time  to  time  as  a  result  of  bringing 
up  the  salaries  of  the  staff  to  a  point  which  may  be  considered  a  fair 


36 

and  reasonable  one  for  the  services  rendered.  The  cause  for  the 
enhanced  value  of  all  commodities  is  difficult  to  determine.  There 
are  no  doubt  a  number  of  reasons  for  it;  among  them,  the  largely- 
increased  output  of  gold,  resulting,  to  a  great  extent,  from  the  more 
scientific  treatment  of  ore  bodies.  The  higher  standard  of  living  by 
all  classes  is  also  a  factor ;  but  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  root  of 
the  matter  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  percentage  of  popula- 
tion engaged  in  production  of  foodstuffs  is  not  increasing  in  the  same 
ratio  as  is  that  of  our  manufacturing  wage-earners  and  salaried  offi- 
cials. This  view  is  supported  by  figures  showing  conditions  in  the 
United  States,  where  the  number  of  farm  families  indicates  an 
increase  of  only  11  per  cent,  between  1900  and  1910,  while  the  artisan 
and  clerical  classes  have  increased  practically  30  per  cent,  in-  the  same 
period.  A  similar  condition  of  affairs  obtains  in  Canada  as  regards 
the  five  Eastern  Provinces,  and  while,  in  our  Northwest,  the  rural 
population  is  relatively  large  and  grows  apace,  mixed  farming  has 
not  yet  been  generally  resorted  to.  In  this  connection,  it  may  be 
interesting  to  note  that  the  exports  of  dairy  products  from  older  Can- 
ada to  the  newer  Western  Canada  were  this  year  not  less  than 
$3,000,000,  while  New  Zealand  and  the  United  States  supplied  these 
commodities  to  the  extent  of  an  additional  $1,000,000. 

I  have  noticed  at  different  times,  in  certain  newspapers,  para- 
graphs calculated  to  give  the  impression  that  the  Banks  in  this  coun- 
try are  not  affording  the  farmers  the  financial  assistance  to  which 
they  are  entitled.  Such  statements  are  erroneous.  There  are  in 
Canada  some  2,500  Bank  branches,  the  great  majority  of  which  are 
located  in  towns  and  villages  supported  by  the  surrounding  agricul- 
tural population,  and  no  unimportant  part  of  the  business  of  the 
Banks  is  derived  from  this  class.  As  for  this  Bank,  I  may  say  that 
our  loans  to  farmers  and  small  traders  amount  to  many  millions. 

I  have  alluded  to  the  adverse  balance  of  trade.  In  the  fiscal  year 
ending  March  31st,  1912,  the  imports  for  consumption  in  Canada 
were  of  the  value  of  $521,000,000,  and  the  exports  of  domestic  pro- 
ducts were  $290,000,000,  showing  a  balance  against  the  country  of 
$231,000,000,  undoubtedly  a  very  large  sum.  In  the  five  months 
ending  August  31st  last  the  excess  of  imports  over  domestic  exports 
was  $130,700,000,  showing  an  even  greater  ratio  than  in  the  preced- 
ing year.  The;  gap  between  imports  and  exports  is  not  likely  to  be 
soon  closed;  not,  indeed,  until  our  manufacturing  industries  have 
expanded  to  a  point  when  the  home  market  can  be  supplied  fairly 
well  within  the  country,  nor  until  the  large  demand  for  foreign  goods, 
arising  out  of  the  construction  of  permanent  works,  railways,  etc.,  is 
satisfied  from  domestic  mills.  Meanwhile  the  gap  is  bridged  by  for- 
eign loans,  by  investments  of  capital  in  Canada  from  Great  Britain 
and  by  money  brought  in  by  immigrants.  It  is,  therefore,  all  the 
more  important  to  guard  against  unpropitious  circumstances  tending 
to  lessen  the  confidence  of  British  and  foreign  lenders  in  Canadian 
securities. 

The  delayed  revision  of  the  Banking  Act  will  shortly  be  submitted 
to  Parliament.  The  present  Act  has  been  developed  with  the  growth 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  BANK  OF  MONTEEAL  37 

of  the  country.  It  has  served  its  purpose  well,  and  I  feel  confident  that 
under  the  direction  of  the  able  and  experienced  financier  who  now 
occupies  the  position  of  Finance  Minister  no  radical  changes  will  be 
entered  upon  lightly. 

No  one  can  feel  more  strongly  than  I  do  the  necessity  of  conserv- 
ing the  profits  of  the  Bank,  so  that  when  lean  years  come,  as  come 
they  must,  there  may  be  no  question  of  dividend  curtailment.  At  the 
same  time,  in  periods  of  prosperity,  I  feel  that  shareholders  should 
enjoy  a  measure  of  that  prosperity.  The  policy  of  your  Directors, 
therefore,  in  my  opinion,  should  be  to  maintain  the  dividends  at  10 
per  cent.,  and  to  make  distributions  in  prosperous  years  by  way  of 
bonuses  as  the  Bank's  earnings  warrant;  in  lean  years,  should  they 
unfortunately  come,  to  withhold  the  bonus  and  to  tell  the  share- 
holders frankly  the  reasons  for  so  doing.  The  writing  down  of  assets 
to  meet  a  shrinkage  in  values  under  all  conditions  is,  I  am  convinced, 
more  in  your  interests  than  to  make  a  display  of  abnormal  profits. 
Stability  of  business  and  continuity  of  earnings  should  be  our  aim. 

I  cannot  close  without  referring  to  the  loss  the  Bank  has  sustained 
in  the  sudden  and  untimely  death  of  Sir  Edward  Clouston,  the  Vice- 
President.  His  whole  life  was  spent  in  its  service.  Entering  the 
Bank  as  a  youth,  nearly  half  a  century  ago,  and  manifesting  from  the 
first  great  ability,  he  steadily  rose  to  the  highest  position  in  the  ser- 
vice. Under  his  guidance,  for  many  years  as  General  Manager,  until 
ill-health  necessitated  his  retirement,  the  Bank  continued  to  maintain 
its  commanding  position,  and  enjoyed  great  prosperity.  On  more 
than  one  occasion,  his  experience  and  knowledge  of  banking  were 
availed  of  not  only  by  his  confreres  in  other  institutions,  but  by 
those  who  had  the  direction  of  legislation  governing  the  Banks.  To 
myself  his  death  is  a  personal  loss,  for  I  was  associated  with  him 
many  years,  during  which  I  came  to  recognize  not  only  his  talent  but 
the  great  graciousness  of  his  personality. 

THE  95TH  ANNUAL  EEPOET  OF  THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL. 

Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  Account,  31st  October,  1911 $1,855,185  36 

Profits   for   the   year   ended   31st  October,    1912,   after   deducting 
charges  of  management,  and  making  full   provision  for  all 

bad  and  doubtful   debts    2,518,408  76 

Premiums  on  New   Stock    834,322  50 


$5,207,916  62 

Dividend  2%   per  cent.,  paid  1st  March,  1912 $385,798  70 

Dividend  2%  per  cent.,  paid  1st  June,  1912 400,000  00 

Bonus  1  per  cent,  paid  1st  June,  1912 160,000  00 

Dividend  2%    per  cent.,  paid  1st  Sept.,   1912 388,302  98 

Dividend  2%   per  cent.,  payable  1st  Dec.,  1912 400,000  00 

Bonus  1  per  cent.,  payable  Dec.,  1912 160,000  00 

$1,894,101  68 

Amount  credited  to  Rest  Account 1,000,000  00 

Amount  credited  to  Contingent  Account 1,000,000  00 

Amount  expended  on  Bank  Premises  during  year...  511,000  00 

$4,405,101  68 


Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  carried   forward $802,814  94 


38  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 

THE    BANK    OF    MONTREAL 

For  rear  ending  Oct.  31.  1912 

LIABILITIES. 

gesT111.8:0?*.:  :"$i6;ooo.o66-6o  $1MOO>00°  °° 

Balance  of  Profits  carried  forward 802.814  94 

$16.802.814  94 

Unclaimed  Dividends 1.503  01 

Quarterly     Dividend,      payable     1st 

December,  1912   $400.000  00 

Bonus    of    1    per    cent    payable    1st 

December,  1912   160,000  00 

560.000  00 

17,364.317  95 


$33.364.317   95 

Notes  of  the  Bank  in  circulation $16,131,862  00 

Deposits  not  bearing  interest 45,338,954  54 

Deposits  bearing  interest 141,970,011  01 

Balances  due  to  other  Banks  in  Canada 122,373  87 

203.563.201   42 


$236,927.519   37 
ASSETS. 

Gold  and  Silver  coin  current $8.051,668  74 

Government  demand  notes 11.259,417  75 

Deposit  with  Dominion  Government  required  by 
Act  of  Parliament  for  security  of  general 
bank  note  circulation 750.000  00 

Due  by  agencies  of  this  Bank  and 

other  banks  in  Great  Britain.   $6,934.890  28 

Due  by  agencies  of  this  Bank  and 
other  banks  in  foreign  coun- 
tries    7,198.713  46 

Call     and     short     loans     in     Great 

Britain  and  United  States 55,158.633  00 

69.292.236   73 

Dominion  and  Provincial  Government  Securities          587.109  16 

Railway  and  other  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks     14,472,573  30 

Notes  and  Cheques  of  other  Banks 9,238.115  36 

$113.651,121   04 

Bank  Premises  at  Montreal  and  Branches 4.000,000  00 

Current  Loans  and  discounts  in  Canada  and  else- 
where (rebate  interest  reserved)  and  other 
assets  $118,869,751  36 

Debts  secured  by  mortgage  or  otherwise 188,041  73 

Overdue  debts  not  specially  secured  (loss  pro- 
vided for)  218.605  24 

119.276.398  38 


$236,927.519  37 


CONTINGENT  LIABILITIES. 


Acceptances  under  Commercial  Letters  of  Credit  against 

Merchandise     £    278.885  10s.  4d. 

Acceptances  under  Bankers'  Credits  against  Securities..    €    872,090  19s.  2d. 

Acceptances  Current  other  than  the  above £1.717,519  8s.  5d. 


October  31,  1912. 


H.  "V.  MEHEDITH, 

General  Manager. 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  BANE  OF  MONTREAL  39 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 
BANK  OF  MONTREAL 

For  the  half-year  ending  April  30,  1913 

Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  Account,  31st  October,  1912 1802,814  94 

Profits  for  the  half  year  ended  30th  April,  1913,  after  deducting 
charges  of  management,  and  making  full  provision  for  all 
bad  and  doubtful  debts 1,299.648  42 


$2,102,461  36 
Quarterly  Dividend  2%   per  cent,  paid  1st  March, 

1913     $400,000  00 

Quarterly  Dividend  2%  per  cent,  payable  1st  June, 

1913     400,000  00 

Bonus  1  per  cent,  payable  1st  June,  1913 160,000  00 


$960,000  00 

Provision  for  Bank  Premises 250,000  00 

$1,210,000  00 


Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  carried  forward $892,461  36 


Nora — Market  price  of  Bank  of  Montreal  stock.   30th  April,   1913,   23m 
per  cent,  ex  div. 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital    Stock    .   $16,000,000  00 

Best    $16,000,000  00 

Balance  of  Profits  carried  forward 892,461  36 

$16,892,461  36 

Unclaimed  Dividends    723  01 

Quarterly     Dividend,     payable     1st 

June,    1913    $400,000  00 

Bonus   of   1    per   cent,    payable    1st 

June,    1913    160,000  00 

560,000  00 

17.453,184  37 


$33,453,184  37 

Notes  of  the  Bank  in  circulation $14,429,494  00 

Deposits  not  bearing  interest 45,599,749  90 

Deposits  bearing  interest   160,868,957  75 

Balances  due  to  other  Banks  in  Canada 83,658  81 

220.981,860  46 


$254,435,044   83 


ASSETS. 

Gold  and  Silver  coin  current $9,311  089  88 

Government  demand  notes 12,950,765  50 

Deposit  with  Dominion  Government  required  by 
Act  of  Parliament  for  security  of  gen- 
eral bank  note  circulation 750  000  00 

Due  by  agencies  of  this  bank  and 

other  banks  in  Great  Britain.     $7,369,370  60 
Due  by  agencies  of  this  bank  and 
other  banks  in  Foreign  Coun- 
tries            6,276,916  42 

Call    and    short    Loans    in    Great 

Britain  and  United  States...     63,880,672  00 

77,526,959  02 

Dominion  and  Provincial  Government  Securities.          525,895  15 
Railway  and  other  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks     13,871,851  04 

Notes  and  Cheques  of  other  Banks 5,575,520  85 

$130,512.081  44 


40  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ASSETS.  Continued. 

Bank  Premises  at  Montreal  and  Branches 4,000,000  00 

Current  Loans  and  discounts  in  Canada  and  else- 
where (rebate  interest  reserved)  and  other 
assets  ' $129,457,03; 

Debts  secured  by  mortgage  or  otherwise 262,299  99 

Overdue  debts  not  specially  secured  (loss  pro- 
vided tor)  203,629  97 

1 129,922,963  39 

$254,435,044  88 

CONTINGENT  LIABILITIES. 

Bills   Payable  £1,165,630     19s.     9d. 

Acceptances  under  Letters  of  Credit...      £465,267       6s.     7d. 

j 

H.  V.  MEREDITH, 

General  Manager. 

30th  April,  1913. 


THE    PRUDENTIAL  TRUST  COMPANY   LIMITED, 

MONTREAL 


Since  its  organization  the  Company  has  made  very  steady  progress 
and  the  statement  of  Dec.  31st,  1912,  submitted  to  Shareholders 
showed  Trust  and  Agency  funds  held  for  investment  of  $3,817,356. 
Of  this  amount  $3,374,469  was  applied  during  the  year  in  loans  on 
securities  of  stocks  and  bonds;  $27,600  on  Eeal  Estate  Mortgages; 
$20,000  in  Bonds  and  Debentures  and  $386,286  was  cash  on  hand  and 
in  Bank. 

The  statement  of  Assets  and  Liabilities  showed  very  substantial 
increases  in  all  accounts,  the  Investment  account  standing  at  $256,311, 
as  compared  with  $162,161  at  the  end  of  the  Company's  first  year 
(1911),  and  time  and  call  loans  totalled  $555,971,  as  compared  with 
$68,743  at  the  end  of  1911. 

The  initial  dividend  declared  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  was  for 
the  half-year  ending  Dec.  31st,  1912,  payable  to  Shareholders  of 
record  of  March  12th. 

FABQUHAB  KOBERTSON,  B.  HAL  BBOWN, 

Chairman  Board  of  Directors.          President  and  General  Manager. 


MB.  EDSON  L.  PEASE. 
Vice-President  and  General  Manager  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 


CANADA    AND    THE    WEST    INDIES 

ROYAL-TRADERS  AMALGAMATION 

Addresses  by 

The  President,  General  Manager  and  2nd  Vice-President 

of  the 

ROYAL   BANK  OF  CANADA* 


The  Statement  presented  to  you  to-day  includes  the 
Mr.  H.  s.  Holt,  assets  of  the  Traders  Bank  of  Canada,  purchased  in 
president,  September  last.  Eliminating  the  figures  of  that  Bank, 
Boyai  Bank  our  deposits  increased  $10,145,093  during  the  11 
of  Canada  months,  and  commercial  loans  $6,467,285.  Twenty- 
eight  new  branches  were  opened.  The  new  issue  of 
Capital  stock  offered  to  the  shareholders  in  December,  1911,  viz., 
$2,000,000,  and  the  issue  of  $3,360,000  in  September  last  to  the  share- 
holders of  the  Traders  Bank  of  Canada  as  the  purchase  price  of  the 
assets  of  that  Bank,  were  both  fully  absorbed.  The  unallotted  frac- 
tional shares  were  advertised  for  sale  and  disposed  of  in  due  course. 
At  the  present  time,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  there  is  no  floating  supply 
of  Eoyal  Bank  shares. 

To  effect  the  purchase  of  the  Traders  Bank  of  Canada,  it  was 
necessary  to  obtain  the  Government's  approval  of  an  increase  in  the 
authorized  Capital.  In  order  to  provide  at  the  same  time  for  possible 
future  extensions,  we  applied,  with  your  approval,  for  an  increase 
from  ten  to  twenty-five  millions.  The  sanction  of  the  Government 
was  duly  obtained.  The  average  paid-up  Capital  for  the  11  months 
was  $8,680,756  and  net  earnings  were  19-19  per  cent,  per  annum. 
The  latter  were  not  materially  augmented  by  the  operation  of  the 
business  of  the  Traders  Bank  for  the  short  period  of  three  months, 
especially  in  view  of  the  heavy  incidental  expenditure  for  new 
stationery,  new  bank  notes,  etc.  Considering  the  large  influx  of 
new  Capital  during  the  year,  we  are  gratified  that  we  have  been 
able  to  maintain  our  percentage  of  earnings.  The  increase  in  com- 
bined Capital  and  Reserve  in  the  past  twelve  months  amounted  to 
$10,920,000,  which  should  show  good  results  in  the  coming  year. 

I  am  pleased  to  say  that  the  business  of  the  Traders  Bank  has 
proved  to  be  of  superior  quality.  The  potential  value  of  the  increased 
facilities  of  a  hundred  branches,  mostly  in  the  prosperous  Province 

*  NOTE. — Annual  Meeting,   Montreal.     See  also  Historical   Sketch,   Supple- 
ment,  1910  volume.  " 


42  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  Ontario,  and  the  addition  of  1,800  new  shareholders  cannot  be 
over-estimated.  The  simultaneous  inspection  of  this  number  of 
branches  and  the  subsequent  assimilation  of  the  business  imposed  no 
light  task  upon  the  Executive  of  this  Bank.  The  whole  machinery  is 
now  running  smoothly  and  efficiently,  which  is  abundant  proof  of 
a  good  organization. 

The  Bill  to  revise  the  Bank  Act  and  extend  the  charters  of  the 
Banks,  which  was  recently  introduced  in  the  House  by  the  Minister 
of  Finance,  contains  important  amendments.  These  are  in  the 
interests  of  both  the  general  public  and  of  the  Banks,  and  will  meet 
with  our  hearty  acceptance.  If  the  proposed  shareholders'  audit  does 
not  accomplish  all  that  its  advocates  expect,  it  is  sure  to  have  a  good 
moral  influence  on  the  Banks. 

We  have  reason  to  congratulate  ourselves  on  the  continued  pros- 
perity of  the  country,  which  shows  no  sign  of  abatement.  The  present 
outlook  could  hardly  be  better.  At  the  same  time,  we  should  be  cau- 
tious in  our  optimism.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  most  influ- 
ential factor  in  our  progress  is  the  investment  of  foreign  capital,  and 
that  the  interruption  of  this  flow  would  have  adverse  results,  especially 
if  anticipated.  London's  attitude  towards  Canadian  offerings  of 
securities  has  been  unfavourable  for  some  months  past,  which  is  no 
doubt  primarily  due  to  the  Balkan  War,  which  has  shaken  confidence 
throughout  Europe,  and  secondly  to  the  large  borrowings  of  our 
municipalities.  The  financial  conditions  abroad  are  reflected  here  in 
the  present  money  stringency.  With  peace  concluded,  the  demand  for 
new  capital  to  repair  the  waste  will  be  very  great — consequently  the 
expectation  is  for  firm  rates  for  money  for  some  time  to  come. 

dr^  The  statements  submitted  to  you  to-day,  showing  the 

Mr*  IB?  x, bJ  result  of  our  operations  for  eleven  months  past  may  be 
pea»e,  lit  briefly  summarized  as  follows :  We  paid  the  usual  divi- 
Yic«-Pr««id«it  dend  of  12  per  cent.;  transferred  $75,000  to  Officers' 
and  General  Pension  Fund ;  reduced  Bank  Premises  Account  by 
$300,000;  transferred  to  Reserve  Fund  $5,503,812, 
being  the  premium  received  on  new  Capital  stock 
issued  and  carried  forward  to  the  next  year's  account  $610,219 — or 
$209,000  more  than  we  brought  forward  in  December  last.  We  have 
in  addition  set  aside  $200,000  for  rebate  of  interest  on  unmatured 
bills,  which  was  necessitated  by  the  fact  that  no  such  provision  had 
been  made  by  The  Traders  Bank  of  Canada.  Of  course  this  fund 
remains  an  asset  of  the  Bank. 

Bank  Premises,  after  writing  off  $300,000,  are  valued  at  $5,520,- 
000.  This  amount  includes  the  premises  taken  over  from  The  Traders 
Bank  of  Canada  at  the  very  conservative  valuation  of  $2,356,000. 
Negotiations  to  sell  several  of  their  buildings  are  now  under  way, 
which,  when  accomplished,  will  effect  a  very  large  reduction  in  the 
account.  Through  the  addition  of  725  Traders  Bank  employees  to 
the  staff,  large  contributions  to  the  Pension  Fund  by  the  shareholders 
are  rendered  indispensable  for  some  time  to  come,  in  order  to  main- 
tain it  on  a  proper  basis.  You  will  therefore  be  asked  to  pass  a 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  EOYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA          43 

Kesolution  authorizing  an  annual  contribution  of  $100,000  to  the 
present  Fund  out  of  profits  for  five  years.  With  these  contributions, 
supplemented  by  the  present  assessment  of  3  per  cent,  on  salaries,  we 
hope  to  build  up  in  five  years  a  Fund  that  will  meet  actuarial  require- 
ments. I  am  sure  you  will  appreciate  the  great  importance  of  treat- 
ing the  staff  with  liberality,  and  adequately  rewarding  them  for  the 
efficient  services  which  they  perform.  I  need  not  say  that  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Bank  depends  upon  the  loyalty  and  contentment  of  the 
staff,  which  now  numbers  2,617.  Our  liquid  Assets  amount  to 
$73,428,782,  being  47-64  per  cent,  of  our  total  Liabilities  to  the 
public,  and  our  total  trade  assets,  excluding  the  valuation  of  Bank 
premises,  exceed  our  total  liabilities  to  the  public  by  the  sum  of 
$19,552,249. 

CANADA. 

According  to  the  latest  returns,  the  total  field  crops  of  Canada 
last  year  yielded  approximately  $610,000,000,  being  an  increase  of 
$45,000,000  over  1911.  Gross  railroad  earnings  increased  over 
$26,000,000;  bank  clearings  $1,752,000,000;  bank  note  circulation 
$13,435,000;  public  deposits  in  chartered  banks  $87,282,000;  post 
office  Government  savings  bank  and  other  savings  bank  deposits 
$2,417,000;  commercial  loans  $102,767,000.  Exports  increased 
$18,121,000;  imports  $86,973,000;  customs  receipts  $33,500,000. 
Immigration  reached  354,237,  an  increase  of  21,000 — immigrants 
from  Great  Britain  numbering  138,121,  and  from  the  United  States 
133,712. 

In  Mr.  E.  R.  Wood's  review  of  the  Bond  Market  in  Canada  in 
1912,  the  total  Canadian  bond  issues  are  placed  at  $261,917,000,  com- 
pared with  $269,312,000  in  1911,  of  which  Government  issues  repre- 
sented $35,639,000 ;  municipal  $45,792,000,  railway  $69,639,000  and 
miscellaneous  $110,846,000.  Great  Britain  absorbed  77-53  per  cent. 
of  these  issues,  Canada  13  -84  per  cent,  and  United  States  8  -63  per 
cent.  In  considering  the  amount  of  foreign  capital  invested  in  the 
country,  we  should  include  investments  in  mortgage  loans.  Records 
are  not  yet  available  for  the  past  year,  but  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year  1911  there  were  over  eighty  registered  companies  doing  a  strictly 
mortgage  loan  business  with  aggregate  loans  of  $248,164,260,  being 
an  increase  of  $16,018,690  over  1910.  Besides  these,  numerous  Eng- 
lish and  American  insurance  companies  lend  largely  in  Canada  on 
mortgage. 

The  above  figures  denote  splendid  progress  during  the  year.  There 
is  only  one  fundamental  defect  in  the  trade  of  the  country,  viz.,  the 
adverse  balance  of  trade.  I  do  not  think  we  attach  sufficient 
significance  to  this  adverse  balance,  which  has  been  growing  steadily 
in  the  past  five  years.  The  excess  of  imports  for  the  fiscal  year  end- 
ing March  31st,  1908,  was  $90,000,000;  1909,  $48,000,000;  1910, 
$90,000,000 ;  1911,  $175,000,000 ;  and  1912,  $243,000,000,  the  excess 
for  the  eight  months  ending  November  30,  1912,  being  $200,000,000. 
Our  exports  to  the  United  Kingdom  have  continuously  exceeded  our 


44  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

imports  during  the  last  ten  years,  the  maximum  being  72  millions 
and  the  minimum  27  millions,  but  the  excess  of  imports  from  the 
United  States  has  steadily  increased  from  $49,000,000  in  1902  to 
$235,000,000  in  1911-12.  The  inward  balance  has  grown  in  spite 
of  the  increase  of  $105,000,000  in  our  agricultural  and  other  exports 
in  that  period. 

It  is  remarkable  that  the  value  of  the  annual  production  of  our 
factories  is  estimated  to  have  increased  from  $480,000,000  in  1900 
to  approximately  $1,462,000,000  in  1912.  Practically  all  of  this  is 
marketted  in  Canada,  and  yet  is  short  of  the  home  demand,  which 
explains  the  excess  of  imports.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  shortage 
will  be  overtaken  in  the  near  future  and  that  our  manufacturers  will 
have  a  surplus  for  export.  Meanwhile  the  adverse  balance  is  more 
than  offset  by  the  great  wealth  brought  in  by  immigrants — estimated 
last  year  at  $160,000,000  in  cash  and  in  kind — and  by  the  large 
amount  of  foreign  capital  annually  coming  into  the  country.  While 
the  outlook  in  Canada  is  exceedingly  bright,  there  are  evidences  on 
many  sides  that  we  are  straining  our  prosperity.  There  is  too  much 
inflation.  It  would  be  the  part  of  prudence  to  retrench  in  our 
expenditure  until  we  have  harvested  another  crop. 

CUBA. 

Turning  to  our  interests  in  the  West  Indies  it  may  be  said  that 
Cuba's  imports  for  the  fiscal  year  1911-12  were  $119,000,000  and 
exports  $146,000,000.  The  sugar  crop  of  1911-12  amounted  to 
1,895,000  tons,  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  Island.  $120,000,000 
may  be  considered  a  reasonable  estimate  of  the  value  of  this  crop, 
and  on  this  basis  an  increase  of  $43,000,000  is  shown  over  the  previous 
year,  1910-11.  The  crop  just  beginning  will  be  a  record  one,  with 
reasonably  good  weather.  Estimates  reach  as  high  as  2,350,000  tons, 
or  about  400,000  tons  more  than  last  year.  Prices  are  now  lower  than 
in  1911-12,  but  this  unfavourable  feature  may  be  partially  offset  by 
the  expected  greater  extraction  of  sugar  from  the  cane.  Many  mills 
have  been  enlarged  and  provided  with  technical  improvements,  and 
the  cane  area  is  being  largely  extended.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
the  production  of  sugar  in  1899,  when  we  established  our  first  branch 
in  Cuba,  was  about  300,000  tons,  against  1,900,000  tons  last  year. 

The  tobacco  crop  of  1911-12  is  of  average  size,  but  the  best  in 
several  years  as  regards  quality.  Its  value  is  placed  at  $34,000,000. 
The  new  crop  gives  promise  of  being  the  largest  in  many  years,  and 
the  condition  of  the  industry  was  never  so  satisfactory  as  at  present. 
Satisfactory  conditions  prevail  in  the  cattle  business.  Owing  to  a 
high  protective  tariff  there  have  been  no  importations  during  the  year. 
The  natural  increase  is  enough  to  provide  for  the  local  consumption, 
and  satisfactory  prices  are  being  obtained. 

The  Eailway  companies  show  substantial  increases  in  earnings 
over  the  past  year,  and  many  securities  listed  on  the  Stock  Exchange 
are  twenty  to  thirty  points  higher  than  they  were  last  year.  Business 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  EOYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA          45 

conditions  generally  are  sound  and  the  outlook  is  very  hopeful.  Gen- 
eral Menocal's  election  to  the  Presidency  last  Fall  ensures  an  honest 
and  economical  administration.  He  is  an  experienced  business  man 
of  high  character  and  enjoys  great  popularity. 

PORTO  Eico. 

Porto  Rico  produced  a  crop  of  371,000  tons  of  sugar  last  year, 
about  21,000  tons  more  than  the  previous  year.  The  prosperity  of 
this  Island,  which  had  been  continuous  since  the  American  occupa- 
tion, suffered  a  reaction  during  the  past  twelve  months,  caused  by  the 
lower  sugar  tariff  agitation  in  the  United  States,  and  land  values, 
which  had  reached  excessive  figures,  as  we  mentioned  last  year,  have 
severely  declined.  Pending  definite  action  by  Congress  regarding  the 
tariff,  the  sugar  industry  in  the  Island  will  probably  remain  in  a 
depressed  condition.  A  moderate  reduction  would  not  seriously  affect 
the  industry.  It  would  diminish  profits,  but  these  have  been  exces- 
sive under  the  present  free  tariff  which  was  the  cause  of  the  inflation 
of  land  values.  It  is  inconceivable  that  the  United  States,  with  a 
consumption  of  sugar  last  year  of  $400,000,000,  would  do  anything 
to  imperil  the  industry  in  Porto  Rico,  her  own  colony. 

A  contributory  cause  to  the  present  setback  was  the  outbreak  of 
the  Bubonic  plague,  which,  however,  has  been  controlled.  Fortun- 
ately the  coffee  and  fruit  crops  last  year  were  unusually  large,  with 
good  prices,  and  this  has  helped  out  the  situation.  Our  business  in 
the  Island,  I  am  pleased  to  say,  is  on  a  sound  basis.  No  losses  have 
been  made  and  none  are  anticipated. 

THE  BRITISH  WEST  INDIES. 

As  mentioned  in  the  Directors'  report,  we  have  purchased  the 
assets  of  the  Bank  of  British  Honduras,  Belize.  This  Bank  was 
established  in  1902.  While,  a  small  institution,  it  was  very  success- 
ful, dividends  latterly  having  been  paid  at  the  rate  of  20  per  cent,  per 
annum  on  its  capital  of  $100,000.  There  is  no  other  bank  in  the 
colony.  The  business  of  our  branches  in  the  British  West  Indies 
where  we  are  represented — Jamaica,  Bahamas,  Barbados  and  Trini- 
dad— continues  to  be  quite  satisfactory.  The  crops  in  these  islands 
suffered  more  or  less  last  year  from  drought.  Otherwise  general  condi- 
tions are  not  much  changed.  The  oil  industry  in  Trinidad  is  develop- 
ing slowly  but  satisfactorily.  The  reported  damage  in  Jamaica  from 
the  hurricanes  in  November  last  was  greatly  exaggerated.  The  trade 
of  this  Island  is  steadily  increasing,  as  indicated  by  the  growth  of  over 
£1,000,000  in  exports  in  ten  years,  and  £1,143,000  in  imports. 


46  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

AMALGAMATION  WITH  THE  TRADERS  BANK  OF  CANADA. 

As  one  of  the  Ontario  shareholders,   I   desire  on 


.  my  own  behalf,  as  well  as  on  behalf  of  my  co-Direc- 
tors,  to  say  to  you  that  the  result  of  six  months 
and  careful  study  of  the  affairs  of  the  Royal  Bank  and 
vic»-Pre«ident  -^  management  have  impressed  us  with  confidence 
in  its  progressive  and  conservative  management.  Our 
connection  with  the  Traders  Bank,  of  which,  as  you  are  aware, 
we  were  three  of  the  Directors,  afforded  us  a  fairly  correct 
estimate  of  the  practical  requirements  of  a  bank,  as  well  as  giv- 
ing us  some  knowledge  of  the  wants  of  the  public.  We  kept  before 
us  the  fact  that  we  were  the  trusted  agents  of  our  fellow-ehareholders. 
To  the  great  body  of  depositors  who  entrusted  their  funds  to  those  in 
control  of  the  Bank's  affairs,  we  felt  a  still  graver  obligation.  For 
them,  especially,  we  were  trustees,  and  we  were  fully  aware  that  by 
both  shareholders  and  depositors  a  very  great  confidence  was  reposed 
in  us.  We  proceeded  cautiously.  The  result  was  a  unanimous 
approval  of  our  negotiations  and  final  arrangement  with  the  Royal 
Bank.  Our  people  had  before  them  the  full  details  of  the  proposition. 
They  had  the  unqualified  recommendation  by  us,  as  their  Directors, 
that  the  union  would  inure  to  the  benefit  of  both  Banks,  and  to-day, 
as  a  result,  I  believe  we  have  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  progressive 
Banks  in  this  country. 

I  want  to  put  on  record  some  reasons  why  we  approved  of  the 
amalgamation,  and  why  I  think  it  is  a  matter  of  great'  advantage  to 
the  community,  as  well  as  to  the  Banks  immediately  concerned.  First, 
—  It  is  fundamental  that  the  continuous  control  of  money  is  the  great- 
est necessity  in  banking  business.  If  a  bank  is  able  to  meet  all  the 
reasonable  requirements  of  the  public  who  deal  with  it,  it  is  serving 
one  of  the  great  objects  of  the  banking  system.  It  can  only  do  so  by 
being  ready  at  all  times  to  meet  the  proper  demands  made  on  its 
resources.  Whether  it  be  the  borrowing  customers  or  the  depositors, 
their  wants  must  be  attended  to.  Failure  in  either  case  means  loss 
of  business  on  the  one  hand,  or  want  of  confidence  and  perhaps  dis- 
aster on  the  other.  The  withdrawal  of  deposits  means  scarcity  of 
funds  for  legitimate  borrowers,  and,  therefore,  both  progress  and 
stability  are  endangered.  Strength  and  solidity  in  a  bank  increase 
the  supply  of  money,  and  the  public  are  in  consequence  better  served. 
That  this  has  been  the  case  in  the  present  instance  is  undeniable. 
Our  deposits  have  increased,  and  the  united  Bank  is  every  day  grow- 
ing in  strength  and  usefulness.  The  old  Traders  Bank  depositors 
have  continued  and  increased.  There  has  not  been  a  withdrawal, 
except  in  one  or  two  cases,  where  the  ordinary  current  of  business 
would  have  shown  the  same  result  if  the  union  had  not  taken  place. 
This  shows  that  this  source  of  supply  was  not  affected,  except  for  the 
better.  It  shows  also  that  our  depositors,  as  well  as  our  shareholders, 
approved  of  and  confirmed  the  act  of  amalgamation,  and  enabled  us 
to  continue  and  increase  our  usefulness  as  a  public  financial  institu- 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES:  THE  EOYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA          47 

tion.  Another  feature  we  looked  for  was  economy  in  management. 
The  present  relative  cost  is  and  will  continue  to  be  less  than  the 
aggregate  cost  of  maintaining  two  separate  corporations.  We  have 
*  even  at  this  early  day  realized  on  properties  rendered  unnecessary  by 
reason  of  the  change,  and  which  has  resulted  in  handsome  profits,  and 
in  the  near  future  a  still  greater  saving  will  be  effected  in  this  direc- 
tion. In  course  of  time,  a  saving  in  the  multiplicity  of  officials  can 
be  accomplished,  or  the  work  can  be  eventually  done  for  less  money 
as  the  older  and  higher  paid  members  of  the  Executive  staff  retire 
on  allowance,  and  other  arrangements  are  made  for  the  performance 
of  the  duties.  Cost  of  advertising,  always  a  very  serious  item,  will 
be  substantially  lessened  by  reason  of  there  being  one  Bank  advertis- 
ing instead  of  two,  and  other  elements  of  expense  can  be  moderated 
without  any  disadvantage  or  loss.  The  opening  of  new  branches, 
where  one  will  serve  all  the  purposes  of  two,  means  a  great  saving,  as 
all  new  branches  must  necessarily  involve  considerable  loss  for  a  few 
years. 

Stability  is  another  feature  of  the  gravest  importance,  and  this  we 
considered  very  material  in  our  negotiations.  As  an  outsider,  this 
element  appealed  to  my  mind  with  convincing  force.  A  large  insti- 
tution, well  managed,  controlling  great  resources,  having  the  confi- 
dence of  the  public,  and  able  to  meet  all  the  demands  made  on  it  for 
the  purposes  of  its  customers,  must  be  stronger  and  better  able  to 
weather  a  commercial  storm  than  an  institution  not  so  favourably 
situated.  The  barometer  of  a  Bank  is  a  peculiarly  sensitive  article. 
There  is  sometimes  difficulty  in  accounting  for  the  sudden  rise  and 
fall  of  the  financial  mercury.  Difficult  situations  and  stringent 
periods  must  be  constantly  provided  against  by  cash  reserves,  liquid 
assets,  or  other  available  means  of  meeting  any  sudden  or  unfore- 
seen demand.  Certainty  with  the  public  is  everything.  "  As  safe  as 
the  Bank  of  England"  is  a  common  comparison,  and  it  shows  the 
attitude  of  the  public  mind  on  questions  of  stability  when  money  is 
concerned.  Absolute  security  is  what  is  meant,  and  fortunately  our 
Canadian  banks  generally  are  in  a  position  to  warrant  the  application 
of  the  saying  to  themselves.  With  large  resources  and  assets  avail- 
able at  a  moment's  notice,  our  own  Bank  may  safely  lay  claim  to  a 
high  degree  of  stability  which  should  be  most  gratifying  to  the  former 
shareholders  of  the  Traders  Bank  as  well  as  to  the  public. 

The  interest  of  the  shareholder  is  another  matter  we  had  to  con- 
sider. He  invests  his  money  in  bank  stock  and  ought  to  have  a 
reasonable  prospect  that  his  shares  are  of  continuing  value,  and  will 
bring  him  fair  dividends.  This  condition  cannot  safely  be  created, 
except  by  means  of  a  strong  financial  body  with  plenty  of  readily 
available  assets,  a  proper  earning  power,  and  a  large  surplus  fund  to 
meet  any  possible  contingency.  The  forcing  of  a  few  hundred  shares 
of  any  ordinary  banking  or  other  institution  on  the  market  may 
materially  decrease  values  and  cause  complications.  It  is  only  when 
a  corporation  is  fortified  by  ready  resources  and  backed  by  public 
confidence  that  such  sudden  movements  are  not  dangerous.  It  would 


±8  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

be  idle  to  argue  that  under  former  conditions  the  market  value  of 
Traders  Bank  shares  could  be  maintained  against  adverse  circum- 
stances in  the  same  way  as  the  shares  in  the  present  amalgamation. 
Bank  stocks  have,  like  all  others,  their  rise  and  fall,  but  the  fall,  even 
when  it  reaches  its  limit  by  force  of  general  financial  conditions,  does 
not  carry  with  it  permanent  or  critical  results,  if  the  Bank's  founda- 
tion is  solid.  We  feel  that  notwithstanding  all  our  faith  and  pride 
in  the  Traders  Bank,  we  are  now  better  prepared  to  face  a  general 
commercial  crisis  than  we  would  have  been  in  the  smaller  institution. 
The  shareholders'  interest  is  one  of  great  importance,  and  as  his 
means  are  practically  the  foundation  of  the  whole  structure,  his  judg- 
ment as  to  what  is  best  in  his  interest  should  be  entitled  to  weight, 
more  at  any  rate,  than  the  opinion  of  those  who  run  no  risk,  except 
the  risk  of  refusal  by  a  bank  to  discount  an  uncertain  security. 

Having  made  these  few  observations  from  an  outside  point  of 
view,  and  having  indicated  briefly  some  of  the  reasons  why  we  came 
over  to  the  Royal  Bank,  I  shall  trouble  you  with  a  few  facts  showing 
that  in  the  practical  result  of  the  union  of  the  two  Banks,  the  state- 
ments I  have  made  are  verified,  and  the  general  conditions  underlying 
safe  and  successful  banking  have  been  accentuated. 

Let  us  see  how  the  public  are  affected  by  the  union.  The  Traders 
Bank  had  one  of  the  best  connections  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  but 
had  no  agency  east  of  Montreal.  We  also  had  a  number  of  well- 
located  branches  in  the  West  as  far  as  Vancouver.  The  Royal  Bank 
had  extensive  facilities  in  that  part  of  Canada  east  of  Montreal,  but 
owing  to  lateness  in  entering  the  field  was  not  strong  in  Ontario 
branches.  The  time  for  union  was,  therefore,  opportune.  We  gave 
you  Ontario,  with  all  its  resources — manufacturing,  agricultural  and 
industrial.  You  gave  us  the  benefits  of  Quebec,  New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia  and  the  seaboard,  where  we  did  not  have  a  single  office. 
Your  British  Columbia  connection  was  of  great  value.  You  also  gave 
us  the  West  India  business,  and  well-established  offices  in  New  York 
and  London.  The  necessities  of  each  Bank  were  met  by  the  resources 
of  the  other.  There  was  practically  no  duplication.  To  have  opened 
sufficient  agencies  in  Ontario  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  public  on 
your  Bank  would  have  cost  you  a  very  large  sum  of  money,  and  if 
we  had  extended  our  business  eastward  and  opened  offices  in  London 
and  New  York,  which  the  exigencies  of  our  business  were  forcing 
on  us,  we  would  have  been  compelled  to  spend  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  dollars.  I  say  "  exigencies,"  because  we  had  under  the  then  exist- 
ing conditions  to  go  on  or  recede.  It  was  not  a  case  of  resting  on  our 
oars. 

We  had  reached  that  point  when  in  order  to  keep  our  business,  it 
became  necessary  to  increase  the  facilities  for  doing  it.  The  surplus 
profits  would  have  been  absorbed  for  some  years  in  endeavouring  to 
carry  on  the  necessary  work  of  expansion.  Our  dividend  rate  could 
not  have  been  increased  for  some  years,  nor  could  we  have  added 
yearly  to  our  reserve  as  much  as  our  shareholders  were  fairly  entitled 
to  in  order  that  they  might  be  benefitted  by  the  consequent  increased 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA  49 

value  of  their  stock.  We  were  already  a  strong,  active,  healthy  Bank, 
but  by  reason  of  this  very  fact,  we  had  to  advance  and  enter  fields  new 
to  us  in  order  to  increase  our  existing  business  and  make  it  certain  and 
permanent.  All  the  money  representing  the  cost  would  necessarily 
have  to  be  withdrawn  from  public  use.  The  expense  of  running  the 
offices  for  three  or  four  years  would  have  to  be  taken  from  funds  which 
might  otherwise  have  gone  in  the  way  of  loans  to  customers,  and 
thereby  increased  our  profits.  The  Royal  Bank  would  have  required 
many  years  and  great  expenditure  to  reach  the  stage  of  that  banking 
and  public  advantage  which  we  give  you  in  Ontario  and  parts  of  the 
West  by  a  fair  exchange  through  a  common-sense  arrangement. 

The  public  will  reap  and  is  reaping  the  benefit.  Banking  facilities 
are  increased.  Expenses  of  carrying  on  the  united  business  are  less 
than  the  aggregate  cost  of  two  separate  Banks.  At  least  from  two  to 
three  million  dollars  will  be  added  in  the  next  few  years  to  funds  avail- 
able for  commercial  purposes  by  the  disposal  of  large  and  valuable 
properties  not  now  required.  And  I  will  show  you  that  competition 
has  not  been  lessened,  nor  has  a  single  customer  suffered.  As  to  com- 
petition, I  may  state  that  out  of  the  combined  Agencies,  amounting 
to  320,  there  are  only  sixteen  places  where  both  Banks  did  business. 
This  is  another  example  of  the  exact  fitting  in  of  the  functions  and 
conditions  of  each  institution.  In  at  least  four  out  of  these  sixteen 
branches,  the  chief  business  of  the  Traders  Bank  was  receiving 
deposits.  This  leaves  only  twelve  in  which  there  could  be  any 
semblance  of  competition.  And  in  this  connection  let  me  say  that 
not  a  single  former  customer  has  been  refused  accommodation,  and 
not  a  new  applicant  for  credit  has  been  turned  away  where  the  security 
offered  has  been  deemed  satisfactory.  In  four  places  out  of  the  twelve, 
agencies  of  other  Banks  were  opened  before  we  had  closed  our  arrang- 
ments  with  the  Royal  Bank.  This  leaves  only  eight  branches  by  the 
closing  of  which  the  public  could  possibly  be  affected,  and  in  all  of 
these  the  Royal  Bank  continues  to  do  business.  In  these  eight  places 
which  represent  the  largest  cities  in  Canada,  such  as  Montreal, 
Toronto,  Ottawa,  Winnipeg,  Vancouver,  etc.,  there  are  large  agencies 
of  all  the  old  leading  Banks,  and  many  of  the  younger  Banks  as  well. 
The  banking  facilities  in  these  eight  cities  are  undoubtedly  ample.  In 
the  remaining  312  points,  where  we  have  Agencies,  the  situation 
remains  absolutely  as  it  was  before  the  amalgamation. 

I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  Traders  Bank  staff  was  taken  over  in  a 
body  and  given  substantial  advantages  in  the  way  of  pensions,  etc., 
which  did  not  exist  in  connection  with  the  Traders  Bank.  In  every 
way  the  amalgamation  will  be  found  to  be  most  beneficial,  and,  speak- 
ing from  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  circumstances,  I  have  no  hesita- 
tion in  stating  to  this  meeting  that  the  Royal  Bank  has  gained  by  the 
acquisition  of  the  Traders  Bank,  and  the  shareholders,  customers  and 
depositors  of  the  Traders  Bank  have  greatly  advanced  their  own  inter- 
est, and  the  country  is  and  will  be  better  served  and  provided  with 
greater  banking  facilities  than  if  the  two  Banks  had  continued 
separate  from  each  other. 


50  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

General  ^r>  Stuart  Strathy,  late  General  Manager  of  the 

Proceeding      Traders  Bank  of  Canada,  said :  "  The  Shareholders  of 
and  43rd  the  Royal  Bank  of  Canada  are  to  be  congratulated  upon 

Annual  the  organization  which  took  over  so  successfully  the 

business  of  the  Traders  Bank  of  Canada.  The  transfer 
was  made  without  the  slightest  disturbance  to  the  busi- 
ness of  either  Bank."  On  motion  of  Mr.  H.  S.  Holt,  seconded  by 
Mr.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.,  the  by-laws  of  the  Bank,  with  amend- 
ments, were  re-enacted.  On  motion  of  Mr.  A.  J.  Brown,  seconded  by 
Mr.  W.  J.  Sheppard,  an  annual  contribution  to  the  Officers'  Pension 
Fund  was  authorized.  The  usual  resolutions,  expressing  the  thanks 
of  the  Shareholders  to  the  President,  Vice-President  and  Directors, 
and  to  the  General  Manager  and  Staff,  were  unanimously  carried. 
The  President  and  General  Manager  replied.  The  ballot  for  the  elec- 
tion of  Directors  was  then  proceeded  with  and  the  scrutineers  reported 
the  following  elected  Directors  for  the  ensuing  year: — H.  S.  Holt, 
E.  L.  Pease,  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  Wiley  Smith,  Hon.  D.  Mackeen,  Jas. 
Redmond,  G.  R.  Crowe,  D.  K.  Elliott,  W.  H.  Thome,  Hugh  Paton, 
T.  J.  Drummond,  Wm.  Robertson,  A.  J.  Brown,  W.  J.  Sheppard,  C.  S. 
Wilcox,  A.  E.  Dyment.  At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Directors,  Mr.  H.  S.  Holt  was  unanimously  re-elected  President,  Mr. 
E.  L.  Pease,  Vice-President,  and  Mr.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.,  2nd 
Vice-President,  for  the  ensuing  year. 

REPORT  OF  THE  DIBECTOES. 

The  Directors  have  pleasure  in  submitting  to  the  shareholders  the 
Forty-third  Annual  Report  covering  a  period  of  eleven  months  ending 
November  30,  1912 : 

PROFIT  AND  LOSS  ACCOUNT. 

Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  Account.   December 

30,    1911,   brought   forward    1401,480  56 

Net  Profits  for  the  Eleven  Months  ending  30th 

November,  1912,  after  deducting  Charges  of 

Management.  Accrued   Interest  on  Deposits, 

Pull    Provision    for    all    Bad    and    Doubtful 

Debts,    Rebate    of    Interest    on    Unmatured 
[ills  and  General  Bonus  granted  to  the  Staff       1.527,324  77 

Premium  on  new  Capital  Stock 5,503,812  00 

$7.432,617  33 

Appropriated  as  follows: — 

Dividends  Nos.  98,  99,  100  and  101 $943,686  97 

Transferred  to  Officers'  Pension  Fund 76,000  00 

written  off  Bank  Premises  Account 300,000  00 

Transferred    to    Reserve    Fund 5,503,81200 

Balance  of  Profit  and  Loss  Account  carried 

forward    610.219  36 

$7.432.617  33 
RESERVE  FUND. 

To      Balance      carried  By   Balance   at  Credit, 

forward,  30th  30th  December,   1911     $7,056,188  00 

November,    1912  . .   $12,560,000  00  Premium      on      new 

Capital  Stock 6,503,812  00 


$12,560,000  00  $12,560,000  00 


ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  :  THE  EOYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA          51 

The  Assets  of  the  Bank  have  recently  been  subjected  to  the  usual 
careful  re-valuation.  Your  Directors  have  to  record  with  deep  regret 
the  death  of  their  late  colleague,  Mr.  F.  W.  Thompson,  who  joined  the 
Board  on  February  14th,  1906.  Mr.  Albert  J.  Brown,  K.C.,  was 
elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  the  Board.  In  accordance  with  the 
authority  granted  by  the  Shareholders  at  the  Special  General  Meet- 
ing held  July  3rd,  1912,  the  authorized  Capital  Stock  of  the  Bank 
has  been  increased,  with  the  approval  of  the  Treasury  Board,  from 
$10,000,000  to  $25,000,000.  The  Agreement  to  purchase  the  Assets 
of  the  Traders  Bank  of  Canada,  approved  by  the  Shareholders  on  July 
3rd  last,  was  sanctioned  by  the  Treasury  Board  in  due  course.  After 
a  thorough  investigation,  the  business  of  the  Bank  was  taken  over  on 
Sept.  3rd,  and  your  Directors  are  pleased  to  report  that  it  has  since 
proved  entirely  satisfactory.  In  accordance  with  the  By-law  enacted 
at  the  Meeting  of  the  Shareholders  held  July  3rd,  1912,  increasing 
the  number  of  Directors  to  sixteen,  the  following  were  added  to  the 
Board :— Mr.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.,  Mr.  W.  J.  Sheppard,  Mr.  C.  S. 
Wilcox,  Mr.  A.  E.  Dyment. 

The  Board  has  also  to  report  the  purchase  of  the  business  of  the 
Bank  of  British  Honduras,  Belize,  B.H.,  on  advantageous  terms.  This 
Bank  has  a  capital  of  $100,000,  a  surplus  of  $80,000  and  deposits  of 
approximately  $400,000.  In  addition  to  the  one  hundred  branches 
acquired  through  the  purchase  of  The  Traders  Bank  of  Canada  (not 
including  eleven  closed  at  points  where  this  Bank  was  already  repre- 
sented) and  one  branch  in  Belize  through  the  acquisition  of  the  Bank 
of  British  Honduras,  offices  have  been  opened  during  the  year  as 
follows:  In  British  Columbia — Princeton,  Sapperton  (New  West- 
minster), Broadway  East  (Vancouver)  and  Kitsilano  (Vancouver); 
in  Alberta — Blairmore,  Cardston,  Namayo  Avenue  (Edmonton), 
Grouard,  Taber;  in  Ontario — Brantford,  Callander  and  Lambeth;  in 
Saskatchewan — Ardath,  Conquest,  Delisle,  Milden,  North  Battleford, 
Weyburn;  in  Quebec — L'Epiphanie,  Papineau  Avenue  (Montreal), 
Van  Home  Avenue  (Montreal),  Rawdon  (formerly  open  only  certain 
days),  Snowdon  Junction;  in  New  Brunswick — Sussex;  in  Cuba — 
Monte  Street  (Havana)  and  Muralla  Street  (Havana) ;  in  Dominican 
Republic — Santo  Domingo  and  San  Pedro  de  Macoris. 

The  Head  Office  and  Branches  of  the  Bank  have  been  inspected  as 
usual  during  the  year. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

H.  S.  HOLT, 

,    President. 

30  November,  1912. 


52  THE  CANADIAN"  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


LIABILITIES. 
To  the  Public: 

Deposits  bearing  interest   $100,663,364  59 

Deposits  not  bearing:  interest   36,058,812  94 

Interest  accrued  on  deposits   749,739  56 

Deposits  by  other  Banks  in  Canada 419,750  63 


Total   Deposits    $137,891,667  72 

Notes  of  the  Bank  in  Circulation 12,584.617  69 

Balances  due  to  Banks  in  Foreign  Countries 1,524,415  60 

Bills   Payable    (Acceptances   by   London   Branch),    £439,113 

3s.    lOd 2,137,017  54 


$154,137.718  55 

To  the  Shareholders: 

Capital    Paid-up    $11,560,000  00 

Reserve  Fund    12,560,000  00 

Dividend  No.  101  (at  12  per  cent,  per  annum) 341,613  32 

Former  Dividends   Unclaimed    1,206  85 

Balance  of  Profits  carried  forward   610,219  36 


$179.210,768  08 

CONTINGENT  LIABILITIES. 

Acceptances  under  Commercial  Letters  of  Credit,   £88,186  13s.   5d. 

ASSETS. 

Gold  and  Silver  Coin    $5,204,964  22 

Dominion  Government  Notes   14,443,785  25 

Deposit  with  Dominion  Government  for  security  of  Note  Cir- 
culation     578,000  00 

"Notes  of  and  Cheques  on  other  Banks 9,769,273  06 

Balances  due  from  other  Banks  in  Canada 122,482  32 

Balances  due  from  Agents  in  United  Kingdom  and  Banks  in 

Foreign  Countries    3,665,037  01 

Government  and  Municipal  Securities 3,950,698  14 

Railway  and  other  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks 11,715,900  62 

Call  and  Short  Loans  on  Stocks  and  Bonds  in  Canada 9,422,451  90 

Call  and  Short  Loans  on  Stocks  and  Bonds  in  Foreign  Countries  14.556.189  97 

$73,428.782  49 

Loans  to  Provincial  Governments 185,488  77 

Current  Loans  and  Discounts,  less  rebate  interest  reserved...  99,828,879  54 

Overdue  Debts  (Loss  provided  for)   246.816  20 

Bank  Premises    5,520,791  08 


$179,210,758  08 


H.  S.  HOLT, 

President. 
November  30,  1912. 


CANADA  AND  THE  IMPERIAL  NAVY 

Historical  Record  of 

"THE    MONTREAL   STAR"    IN    1912* 


This  Journal's  advocacy  of  a  prompt,  energetic  and  national  par- 
ticipation by  Canada  in  Empire  defence  was  an  important  incident  of 
1918 — as  its  earnest  opposition  to  the  Reciprocity  compact  was  an  event 
of  the  preceding  year.  On  Jan.  3rd,  in  a  conspicuous  front  page 
editorial,  it  pointed  out  to  French-Canadians  that  in  the  Empire 
Navy  lay  the  safety  of  the  French  Republic  and  that  *'  if  it  had  not 
been  for  the  British  Navy  last  summer,  the  French  must  either  have 
withdrawn  in  humiliation  from  Fez,  or  faced  a  war  of  aggression 
assailing  them  from  the  Vosges  to — if  not  beyond — the  Belgian  fron- 
tier; and  standing  alone  they  might  easily  have  again  seen  the  Prus- 
sians under  the  Arc  de  Triomphe.  The  results  which  would  follow 
the  wiping  out  of  British  sea-power  would,  however,  come  much 
nearer  to  our  fellow-Canadians  of  the  French  tongue  and  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith  than  that.  The  collapse  of  British  supremacy  on  the 
water  would  mean  the  dissolution  of  the  British  Empire."  Germany 
would  then  seek  her  "  place  in  the  sun  "  with  a  roving  eye  and  a  free 
and  all-powerful  hand.  Such  a  situation  would  mean  the  greatest 
danger  to  Canada  unless  the  United  States  interfered;  if  it  did  so 
there  would  eventually  be  a  price  to  pay.  That  price  could  only  be 
Annexation ;  paying  the  share  in  American  defence  which  some  Cana- 
dians would  refuse  to  pay  in  Empire  defence. 

The  Star  answered  the  Autonomy  contention,  or  fear,  or  prejudice, 
by  asking  (Jan.  11)  what  "control "  Canada  wanted.  In  case  of  war 
no  one  dreamed  of  fighting  independently  of  the  Admiralty;  in  time 
of  peace  it  was  a  mere  matter  of  training.  As  to  the  rest :  "  Why,  if 
Canada  does  not  go  to  the  help  of  Britain,  and  if  the  British  Navy 
is  smashed  up  some  terrible  day  in  the  North  Sea,  there  will  soon  not 
be  enough  of  Canada's  constitution  left  to  afford  a  light  for  Uncle 
Sam's  cigar.  Canadian  autonomy,  so  far  from  being  endangered  by 
our  rushing  to  the  help  of  the  British  Navy,  can  only  be  saved  by 
keeping,  for  that  Navy,  the  command  of  the  Sea.  Our  Constitution 
rests  to-day  on  the  British  fleet  and  on  absolutely  nothing  else."  On 
Jan.  23rd  the  position  of  Great  Britain  toward  Russian  advances 
China-ward,  toward  Italy's  raid  on  Tripoli,  toward  other  world-wide 

*  NOTE. — See  1911  Supplement  and  for  a  general  History  of  The  Star 
see  the  Supplement  of  1910. 


54  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

developments,  was  reviewed  and  the  cause  given  as  the  paralyzing 
power  of  Germany  in  the  North  Sea.  It  had  to  be  considered  in  every 
move;  it  was  the  element  which  prevented  British  diplomacy  being 
as  powerful  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  Palmerston  or  Beaconsfield ;  it 
was  the  crisis  about  which  a  Party  press  in  Canada  told  the  people 
nothing. 

The  real  nature  of  modern  diplomacy  was  pointed  out  (Feb.  6) 
and  the  moral  was  drawn  that  the  only  control  Canada  could  exercise 
over  it  was  in  the  Battleships  she  could  command  to  help  in  enforcing 
its  decisions.  "  Under  the  most  imperious  necessity,  the  foreign  policy 
of  the  Empire  must  always  be  directed  by  a  very  few  men.  It  cannot 
be  a  matter  of  Parliamentary  policy.  It  is  species  of  war;  and  we 
might  as  well  ask  a  general  in  the  field  to  come  back  to  London  and 
debate  his  proposed  tactics  on  the  floor  of  the  House  as  to  compel  the 
Foreign  Secretary  to  tell  the  Commons — and  the  enemies  of  his  coun- 
try— what  he  intends  to  do  before  he  does  it."  The  situation  as 
between  Britain  and  Germany  was  considered  on  Feb.  16th  and  the 
view  expressed  that  two  things  were  essential  and  both  very  difficult — 
that  Britain  must  permit  Germany  to  expand  and  Germany  must  cease 
to  challenge  British  control  of  the  Seas.  "One  outstanding  fact 
ought  surely  to  be  always  remembered ;  and  that  is  that  Britain  can- 
not attack  Germany  while  Germany  can  attack  Britain.  .  .  .  This 
one-sided  position  should  be  kept  ever  in  mind  when  we  are  talking 
of  mutual  concessions.  Britain  cannot  concede  Naval  power.  It  would 
be  as  fair  to  ask  Germany  to  disband  her  splendid  Army ;  and  revert 
to  the  condition  when  Napoleon  stood  at  Potsdam  and  moralized  over 
the  departed  power  of  Frederick  the  Great." 

The  argument  that  Canada  should  contribute  men  as  well  as 
money  to  Naval  defence  was  met  by  The  Star  asking  (Mch.  9)  as  to 
which  service  the  adventurous  Canadian  lad  was  likely  to  prefer — 
the  narrow  confines  6f  a  restricted  shore-fleet  or  the  world-wide  move- 
ments of  an  Imperial  Navy.  On  Mch.  22nd  a  strong  argument  was 
put  up  to  the  effect  that  a  Canadian  Navy  was  useless  if  the  British 
fleet  was  all-powerful  and  equally  useless  if  that  Fleet  were  beaten. 
To  defend  Canada  in  the  latter  contingency  against  the  United  States, 
$100,000,000  a  year  would  have  to  be  spent  now  and  much  more  in 
the  future;  to  protect  Canada  against  Japan  or  Germany  the  Cana- 
dian Navy  would  have  to  be  as  strong  and  as  costly  as  the  Navy  of 
either  of  those  Powers.  The  new  forms  of  the  German  crisis — the 
fresh  Navy  Bill  of  May,  1912,  the  Supplementary  estimates  and 
increased  construction  of  the  British  Admiralty — were  dealt  with  on 
May  23rd :  "  The  line  of  sentinels  of  the  fleet,  the  swift  Destroyers, 
has  been  greatly  increased  and  extended.  Where?  Along  the  coast 
facing  Germany.  We  are  withdrawing  from  the  Mediterranean.  We 
have  moved  the  naval  base  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet  to  Gibraltar. 
We  are  now  watching  the  English  Channel.  We  are  building  a  new 
Naval  base  near  Edinburgh.  We  are  centreing  our  fighting  ships  in 
the  North  Sea." 


"  THE  MONTREAL  STAR  "  AND  THE  NAVY  QUESTION  55 

The  Star  dealt  in  a  series  of  able  articles  with  British  and  Euro- 
pean foreign  policy  as  a  subject  of  vital  import  to  Canada  if  she  were 
to  really  enter  the  Councils  of  Empire  and  into  world  politics — June 
11,  15,  July  13,  31,  Aug.  10,  22,  Sept.  24,  Oct  31,  Nov.  27.  On 
Aug.  13  it  repeated  the  essentials  of  its  policy:  (1)  that  Canada's 
Naval  action  shall  be  prompt  and  businesslike;  (2)  that  this  action 
shall  take  the  form  of  a  direct  strengthening  of  the  fighting  fleets 
under  the  control  of  the  British  Admiralty.  As  to  the  matter  of 
emergency  The  Star  was  very  frank  on  Oct.  25 :  "  The  British  Gov- 
ernment has  twice  augmented  its  battleship-building  programme 
during  the  present  year." 

There  was  an  '  emergency ' — as  much  our  '  emergency '  as  that  of  the 
men  of  Middlesex — when  the  German  challenge  first  compelled  Britain  to 
call  her  fleets  home  from  the  Seven  Seas  to  guard  the  threatened  heart 
of  the  Empire.  There  was  an  '  emergency '  when  the  British  people,  after 
a  period  of  optimism  and  dreams  of  slowly  getting  rid  of  the  burden  of 
naval  construction  were  compelled  to  'jump  up'  their  vote  in  hard  cash 
for  new  construction  by  over  forty  per  cent,  in  one  year.  There  was  an 
'  emergency '  of  the  most  alarming  kind  when  the  Admiralty  decided  to 
withdraw  our  last  battleships  from  the  Mediterranean.  There  have  been 
'  emergencies '  enough,  in  all  conscience.  But  we  have  dodged  them.  We 
have  hidden  under  the  barn  while  the  people  of  the  United  Kingdom  bore 
the  brunt.  We  have  been  '  a  kept  nation '  though  far  more  prosperous 
and  able  to  keep  ourselves  than  the  majority  of  the  tax-payers  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland. 

Coupled  with  the  question  of  contribution  was  the  inevitable  one  of 
representation  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Borden  in  his  English  speeches  and 
upon  this  issue  The  Star  (Aug.  1)  was  clear,  logical,  and  explicit: 
"  The  change  in  the  constitutional  framework  of  the  Empire  is  an 
inevitable  development  of  the  growth  of  the  Overseas  Dominions.  No 
one  imagines  that  a  British  subject  living  in  Canada  or  Australia  will 
permanently  occupy  any  different  position  towards  the  Government 
of  the  British  League  of  Nations  than  a  British  subject  living  in  Kerry 
or  Kent  We,  for  our  part,  have  the  most  optimistic  and  illimitable 
hopes  for  the  future  of  Canada.  We  believe  that  the  time  will  come 
when  the  dwellers  within  this  Dominion  will  have — not  merely  a 
share  in  the  Government  of  the  Empire — but  the  largest  single  share. 
If  we  ever  stand  sixty  or  seventy  millions  to  forty-five  or  fifty  millions 
in  the  British  Isles,  there  will  be  no  logical  ground  whatever  upon 
which  we  can  shirk  our  fair  proportion  of  the  burdens,  the  responsi- 
bilities, and  the  power  and  glory  of  the  Empire.  We  will  be  as  rich, 
man  for  man;  we  should  be  as  intelligent;  we  can  hardly  be  less 
ambitious.  So  the  old  system  under  which  the  United  Kingdom  pro- 
vided the  whole  of  the  defence  of  the  Empire  and  the  whole  of  its 
Government,  must  pass  away;  and  it  looks  as  if  the  psychological 
moment  had  come  for  the  Overseas  Dominions  to  make  their  first 
genuine  entry  into  the  field  of  endeavour  and  trust." 

Of  the  movement  to  take  the  Navy  out  of  politics  and  to  obtain 
unanimous  Party  action  in  the  matter  The  Star  was  doubtful.  No 
policy  of  bargaining  and  compromise,  it  noted  on  Sept.  19th,  would 


56  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

be  acceptable.  "  We  had  far  better  present  the  Empire  with  an  effec- 
tive policy,  opposed  by  a  minority,  than  a  useless  policy  supported  by 
a  united  nation  of  complacent  'shirks/  We  want  to  take  a  manly 
nation's  share  in  defending  our  common  British  heritage,  even  if  we 
have  to  make  a  political  fight  for  it.  The  great  thing  is  to  do  some- 
thing to  ward  off  the  '  German  menace ' — not  to  establish  '  a  love 
feast '  at  Ottawa.  We  are  as  conscious  as  anyone  that  such  a  policy, 
carried  unanimously  by  our  Parliament,  would  have  double  weight, 
both  in  London  and  Berlin.  But  if  we  cannot  get  bi-partisan  agree- 
ment in  support  of  a  programme  with  '  hitting  power '  then  we  can 
better  do  without  the  agreement  than  without  the  programme."  On 
Nov.  llth  it  dealt  as  follows  with  the  argument  of  M.  Bourassa  and 
others  that  whatever  might  once  have  been  the  case  Canada  does  not 
to-day  owe  anything  to  Britain  for  its  defence :  "  As  we  grow  stronger 
and  more  able  to  effectively  join  in  the  defence  of  the  Empire,  we — 
according  to  the  Bourassa  argument — are  less  and  less  obligated  to 
do  so ;  until  at  last  the  astonishing  climax  is  reached  that,  on  the  day 
when  we  can  first  really  contribute  to  Imperial  defence,  more  than 
Imperial  defence  is  compelled  to  set  apart  for  Canadian  protection, 
we  may  honourably  cease  to  contribute  altogether !  What  is  the  basis 
of  such  an  argument  ?  Must  it  not  be  that  Canadians  are  not  British 
but  are  an  alien  and  subject-people  who  have  paid  a  foreign  Power  for 
protection  as  long  as  they  needed  it,  and  then  naturally  stop  paying 
when  they  no  longer  need  it?  Now,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  take  issue 
with  M.  Bourassa  right  there.  We  are  British.  We  are  full  partners  in 
the  British  Empire.  We  have  not  been  a  subject-people  paying  for 
protection.  We  have  been  a  younger  brother,  getting  from  the  family 
fund  more  than  we  put  into  it ;  and  are  now  entirely  ready  and,  indeed, 
determined  to  contribute  more  and  more  to  that  family  fund  as  we 
are  more  and  more  able." 

Upon  the  policy  of  the  two  Parties,  as  finally  presented  to  Parlia- 
ment, The  Star  was  clear  and  explicit  in  view  (Dec.  13) :  "  One  week 
ago  Mr.  Borden  laid  before  the  Canadian  Parliament  a  Naval  policy 
whose  logical  outcome  would  be  perpetual  British  unity.  Yesterday, 
Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  laid  before  that  same  Parliament  another  Naval 
policy  whose  logical  outcome  would  be  eventual  Canadian  separation 
from  the  British  Empire."  The  Admiralty  document  and  Mr. 
Churchill's  views  were  eulogized  and  the  Borden  policy  was  urged  as 
combining  autonomy  with  co-operation.  A  possible  visit  from  Mr. 
Churchill  was  welcomed  and  the  most  complete  of  Canadian  press 
Cablegrams  were  received  from  day  to  day  by  The  Star  during  Mr. 
Borden's  visit  to  England.  In  this  year,  also,  President  Taffa 
"Adjunct"  letter  proved  an  element  of  triumph  to  the  journal  as 
tending  to  prove  its  contention  of  1911  that  no  matter  how  innocent 
in  appearance  Reciprocity  might  be  it  was,  in  reality,  a  menace  to 
Canada's  autonomy  and  its  Empire  allegiance. 


CANADIAN  LIFE  INSURANCE 

Annual  Report  of  an  Important  Institution 
THE  SUN  LIFE  ASSURANCE  COMPANY  OF  CANADA  * 


It  is  with  more  than  usual  satisfaction  that  your 
Directors  present  the  Forty-second  Annual  Report  on 
Report  of  the  the  transactions  of  the  Company.  The  past  year  (1912) 
Director*  has  been  marked  by  continued  and  increasing  pros- 
perity, and  the  figures  require  no  comment.  The  New 
Policies  issued  and  paid  for  during  the  year  numbered  16,567,  assur- 
ing $30,814,409.64,  an  increase  over  the  previous  year  of  $4,377,- 
628.45.  The  Assurances  in  force  at  the  close  of  the  year  totalled 
$182,732,420.00,  under  118,888  policies,  an  increase  of  $18,160,347.00. 
The  Income  for  the  year,  including  premiums,  interest,  etc.,  was 
$12,333,081.60,  an  increase  of  $1,775,746.08.  The  Interest  earned 
has  been  equivalent  to  6  '02  per  cent,  on  the  mean  invested  assets. 

The  Death  Claims  paid  were  $1,761,536.22,  under  1,115  policies. 
Payments  of  Matured  Endowments,  Annuities,  Profits,  etc.,  raised 
the  total  disbursements  of  the  year  to  policyholders  or  their  repre- 
sentatives to  $4,732,463.29.  The  total  of  such  disbursements  since 
organization  is  $34,402,734.66.  The  Assets  now  amount  to  $49,605,- 
616.49,  the  addition  for  the  year  having  been  $5,704,730.51.  During 
the  year  the  Company  distributed  $691,975.84  as  profits  to  policy- 
holders  entitled  to  participate,  and  $37,500  as  dividends  to  share- 
holders. In  addition  $614,008.09  was  added  to  the  undivided  surplus. 
The  Liabilities  have  been  calculated  by  the  Company's  own  stand- 
ard, which  is  much  more  stringent  than  the  official  basis  prescribed 
by  the  Government.  Of  the  total  Life  assurances,  $144,093,476.00,  or 
seventy-nine  per  cent.,  have  been  valued  on  a  3  per  cent,  basis,  or,  in 
other  words,  on  the  assumption  that  the  Company  will  be  able  to  earn 
interest  of  but  3  per  cent,  per  annum  during  the  future  lifetime  of 
the  policies,  and  $38,638,944.00,  or  twenty-one  per  cent.,  on  the  basis 
of  3y2  per  cent.  By  this  test  the  surplus  over  all  liabilities  and  capi- 
tal stock  now  amounts  to  $5,331,081,82 ;  by  the  Government  standard 
the  surplus  would  have  been  $6,580,978.78. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  since  organization  the  Company  has 
received  in  premiums  $83,027,104.30.  The  payments  made  to  policy- 
holders  during  that  period,  together  with  the  present  accumulated 
Assets,  total  $84,008,351.15.  The  Company  has,  therefore,  either  paid 

*  NOTE. — Annual  Meeting,  Montreal,  4  March,  1913.  See  also  Historical 
Sketch,  Supplement,  1910  volume. 


58  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

to  policyholders  or  holds  for  their  future  protection  and  benefit  nearly 
a  million  dollars  more  than  the  total  premiums  received. 

Your  Directors  may  be  pardoned  if  they  refer  to  the  fact  that  the 
Company  now  occupies  the  premier  position  among  Canadian  Life 
Assurance  offices;  and  not  only  is  the  new  business  transacted  much 
greater  than  that  of  any  other  Canadian  company,  but  it  is,  we 
believe,  greater  also  than  that  of  any  other  Company  incorporated  in 
the  British  Empire  which  does  not  issue  industrial  policies. 

Your  Directors  are  pleased  to  announce  that  the  plans  for  the  new 
Head  Office  building  on  Dominion  Square,  Montreal,  are  practically 
complete.  The  work  of  clearing  the  site  is  nearly  finished  and  con- 
struction operations  will  be  commenced  early  in  the  current  year. 
The  Directors  who  retire  at  this  time  are: — Representatives  of  the 
Shareholders:  Messrs.  Robertson  Macaulay,  George  E.  Drummond, 
A.  Kingman  and  J.  McKergow ;  Representatives  of  the  Policyholders : 
Messrs.  W.  M.  Birks  and  C.  R.  Hoamer.  All  are  eligible  for  re-election. 

T.  B.  MACAULAY,  R.  MACATTLAY,  S.  H.  EWINO, 

Managing-Director.  President.  V 'ice-President. 


The  re-election  of  all  the  retiring  Directors  was  afterwards 
announced  with  the  completed  Board  as  follows  and  including  Rob- 
ertson Macaulay  as  President  (24th  year),  S.  H.  Ewing,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  T.  B.  Macaulay,  F.S.S.,  Managing-Director:  W.  M.  Birks, 
Hon.  Raoul  Dandurand,  J.  Redpath  Dougall,  George  E.  Dnimmond, 
H.  Warren  K.  Hale,  H.  S.  Holt,  Charles  R.  Hosmer,  Abner  Kingman, 
T.  B.  Macaulay,  John  McKergow. 


ANNUAL  STATEMENT:  THE  SUN  LIFE  ASSUKANCE  COMPANY    59 
LIABILITIES  OF  THE  COMPANY. 

Reserves  on  Life  Policies  according  to  the  British  Offices  Ora. 
(5)  Table  with  3%  per  cent,  interest  on  all  policies  issued 
prior  to  December  31st,  1902,  and  3  per  cent,  on  all  policies 
issued  since  that  date $36,276,201  11 

Reserves  on  Annuities  according  to  the  B.  O.  Select  Life 

Annuity  Tables  with  3%  per  cent,  interest 6,688,954  03 


$42,965,155   14 
Less  Reserves  on  policies  reinsured 48,540  20 


$42,916,614  94 

Death  claims  reported  but  not  proved,  or  awaiting  discharge..  405,413  31 

Reserve  for  unreported  death  claims 55,000  00 

Annuity  claims   awaiting  discharge 16,772  24 

Matured   endowments   awaiting   discharge 22,832  76 

Present  value  of  death  claims  payable  by  instalments 208,916  87 

Dividends  to  policyholders  declared,  but  not  yet  due,  or  await- 
ing  discharge    114,857  41 

Sinking  Fund  deposited  for  maturing  debentures 8,431  68 

Commissions,  medical  fees,  taxes,  etc.,  due  or  accrued 87,455  73 

Premiums   paid  in  advance 53,159  35 

Shareholders'    account,   including   dividends   due    1st    January, 

1913     74,056  54 

Sundry  Liabilities   61,023  84 


Total  Liabilities   $44,024,534  67 

Cash  surplus  to  policyholders  by  the  Company's  standard,  as 

above    5,581,081  82 

Capital  paid  up    $250,000  00 

Net  surplus  over  all  liabilities  and  capital  stock       5,331,081  82 


Over  all  liabilities  except  capital $5,581,081  82 


$49,605,616  49 

The  net  surplus  over  all  liabilities  and  capital  stock  accord- 
ing to  the  Dominion  Government  Standard  is  $6,580,978.78. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  the  policyholders  have  the  benefit  of 
the  security  of  the  subscribed  but  uncalled  capital  amount- 
ing to  $750,000.00. 

ASSETS  OF  THE  COMPANY, -1912. 

Bonds — Government,    Municipal,    Railway,    Gas, 

Electric  and  other  bonds:  , 

Par   Value    $33,917,705  43 

Ledger  Value    28,909,167  23 

Market  Value    29,572,084  44 

Carried  out  at  Market  Value $29,572,084  44 

Stocks — Preferred  and  Guaranteed  Stocks: 

Par   Value    $7,564,800  00 

Ledger  Value    6,254,904  70 

Market  Value    6,372,452  00 

Carried  out  at  Market  Value 6,372  452  00 

Other  Stocks: 

Par   Value    $847,600  00 

Ledger  Value    222,636  32 

Market  Value    324,010  00 

Carried  out  at  Market  Value 324,010  00 

Loans  on  Real  Estate,  first  mortgage 2  141*721  83 

Real  Estate,  including  Company's  buildings 1,'240'488  14 

Loans   on   Company's   policies    (fully   covered   by   reserves'  on 

same)     .. •••:••,• 5,655,721  53 

Loans  on  bonds  and  stocks 1,967  013  03 

Cash  in  banks  and  on  hand   "  1*047*020  75 

Outstanding  premiums  (less  cost  of  collection) *61l'll3  02 

Deferred  premiums  (less  cost  of  collection) 273*587  32 

(These  items  are  secured  by  reserves  included  in 
liabilities.) 

Interest  due  and  accrued  (largely  since  paid) 392  893  18 

Rents  due  and  accrued 7*511  25 


Net  Assets   $49,605,616  49 


60  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


STATEMENT  OF  ACCOUNTS  FOE  1912. 
INCOME, 

Life  Premiums,  new,  including  single  premiums.     11,609,047  56 

Renewal 6,184,694  33 

$7,693,641   88 

Thrift  Premiums — Renewal    74,770  66 

Annuities    2,008,722  32 

Accident    26  68 


$9,777,161   63 
Less  paid   for  re-assurance 24,789  27 

$9,762,372  26 

Interest    2,664,414  67 

Rents,  less  taxes  and  repairs 13,558  66 

Net  profit  on  sale  of  securities 2,736  22 

Total   Income    .  $12,333,081  60 


DISBURSEMENTS. 

Death  claims,  including  bonuses   $1,761,636  22 

Matured  endowments,   including  bonuses 862,766  72 

Annuity    payments    614,216  11 

Payments  under  guaranteed  interest  policies...  3,893  67 

Cash  profits  paid   policyholders 668,116  80 

Bonuses    surrendered    13,066  83 

Surrender    values    621,999  38 

Surrender  values  of  matured  deferred  dividend 

policies     296,869  66 

$4,732,463   29 

Dividends  on  capital,  January  and  July.  1912 37,600  00 

Expense   account    732,661  34 

Commissions    1,167,674  14 

Medical   fees    89,110  02 

Taxes,  exclusive  of  those  on  real  estate 88,231  08 

Expenses,    Thrift    Department 9,61948 


Total   Disbursements    $6,847,16936 

Excess  of  Income  over  Disbursements..  6,486,922  25 


$12,333,081  60 


NORTHERN    ONTARIO:    ITS    WEALTH    OF 

RESOURCES  AND  FUTURE 

GREATNESS  * 

An  Address  by 

The  Hon.  William  Howard  Hearst,  M.L.A. 

Ontario  Minister  of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines 

The  subject  I  have  chosen  for  my  remarks  is  perhaps  not  in  line 
with  those  you  generally  have  treated  here,  but  I  trust  it  will  prove 
not  uninteresting  to  you;  because  I  believe  the  heritage  we  have  in 
the  Northern  portion  of  this  Province  is  of  supreme  importance,  not 
only  to  the  Province  of  Ontario,  but  to  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and 
to  the  whole  British  Empire  of  which  we  form  an  important  part. 
Therefore  I  hope  you  will  bear  with  me  while  I  give  you  some  statis- 
tics as  to  the  magnitude  of  Northern  Ontario,  its  area,  its  resources, 
and  the  possibilities  of  its  future. 

Let  us  look  for  a  moment  at  the  size  of  this  Province  of  Ontario. 
Prior  to  the  addition  of  the  District  of  Patricia,  Ontario  contained 
260,862  square  miles.  The  District  of  Patricia  contains  157,400 
square  miles,  or  over  60  per  cent,  of  the  former  area  of  Ontario. 
This  makes  a  total  present  area  for  the  Province  of  418,262  square 
miles — making  it  the  largest  Province  in  the  whole  Dominion  except 
Quebec,  with  the  Province  of  British  Columbia  coming  third.  Now 
in  speaking  of  the  country  we  call  New  or  Northern  Ontario,  I  wish 
to  do  so  apart  from,  and  outside  of,  the  District  of  Patricia,  although 
this  District  forms,  I  believe,  an  important  portion  of  the  Province 
and  possesses  possibilities  of  great  importance.  Yet  for  the  present 
we  have  so  many  undeveloped  minerals,  timber  and  agricultural 
resources  so  much  nearer,  that  it  may  be  some  time  before  we  are 
called  upon  to  develop  those  in  the  District  of  Patricia.  So  in  the 
figures  I  shall  give  you,  I  do  not  propose  to  take  much  account  of  that 
region. 

First,  let  us  consider  the  area.  We  have  in  New  Ontario,  outside 
of  the  Great  Lakes,  175,500  square  miles,  distributed  as  follows :  west 
of  Port  Arthur,  41,500  square  miles;  east  of  Port  Arthur  and  south 
of  the  Height  of  Land,  52,000  square  miles;  north  of  the  Height  of 
Land  and  east  of  Port  Arthur,  82,000  square  miles;  making  a  total 
of  175,500  square  miles.  I  divide  it  into  these  sections  in  order  that 
you  can  get  a  better  conception  of  the  vastness  of  that  great  country. 

*  Before. the  Canadian  Club,  Toronto,  Nov.  18,  1912. 


62  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

A  good  many  people,  particularly  in  Toronto,  have  the  idea  that 
Northern  Ontario  consists  entirely  of  the  Timiskaming  region,  and 
that  when  they  have  taken  a  trip  up  the  line  of  the  Timiskaming 
&  Northern  Ontario  Railway  to  €ochrane  and  seen  the  section  of 
country  tributary  to  that  Line,  they  have  seen  Northern  Ontario; 
whereas,  they  might  travel  a  thousand  miles  west  of  that  Line 
and  all  the  way  through  a  country  rich  in  natural  resources 
awaiting  development,  and  still  be  within  the  limits  of  North- 
ern Ontario.  We  have  some  140,000,000  acres  in  Ontario,  outside 
of  the  Great  Lakes.  Of  this  the  Province  has  surveyed  46,000,000 
acres,  leaving  unsurveyed  94,000,000  acres.  We  have  sold  or 
alienated  from  the  Crown  only  24,000,000  acres,  leaving  116,000,- 
000  acres  still  in  the  Crown;  and  I  understand  from  statistics  com- 
piled by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  that  we  have  under  cultiva- 
tion only  13,231,000  acres,  or  a  little  more  than  10  per  cent,  of  what 
still  remains  with  the  Crown  in  the  right  of  the  Province. 

Now,  what  have  we  from  an  Agricultural  standpoint  in  that  North 
land?  We  have  what  is  known  as  the  Clay  Belt,  consisting  of 
20,000,000  acres ;  but  that  is  not  by  any  means  all  that  we  have  from 
an  agricultural  standpoint.  In  the  Districts  of  Nipissing,  Sudbury, 
Manitoulin  Island,  Algoma,  Thunder  Bay,  Eainy  River  and  Kenora, 
we  have  millions  of  acres  just  as  well  adapted  for  Agriculture,  just 
as  fertile,  as  in  the  Clay  Belt  or  anywhere  else  in  Ontario — just  as 
fertile,  I  believe,  as  can  be  found  anywhere  in  the  world  to-day.  In 
other  words,  we  have  lands  in  Northern  Ontario,  capable  of  profitable 
cultivation,  two  or  three  times  as  large  in  extent  as  those  now  under 
cultivation  in  the  Province  as  a  whole.  That  being  so,  let  us  look  further 
at  the  agricultural  production  of  the  Province,  The  value  of  Canada's 
field  crop  in  1911  amounted  to  $565,711,600;  the  value  of  Ontario's 
field  crop  was  in  the  same  year  $193,260,000,  or  considerably  more 
than  one-third  of  the  whole  Dominion.  The  reports  for  the  same 
year  also  show  us  that  the  field  crops  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  were 
nearly  $13,000,000  greater  in  value  than  the  field  crops  of  Manitoba 
and  Saskatchewan,  the  two  largest  producing  Provinces  of  the  West ! 
When  you  stop  to  think  of  that,  that  the  field  crops  of  Ontario  are 
more  than  twelve  million  dollars  greater  in  value  than  the  combined 
production  of  the  two  largest  prairie  Provinces,  you  wonder  what  will 
the  result  be  when  all  the  tens  of  millions  of  acres  of  Ontario's  arable 
lands  are  brought  under  cultivation  for  the  benefit  of  mankind  and 
of  the  world  at  large  ? 

I  will  speak  for  a  moment  of  Ontario's  Minerals.  The  production 
of  Minerals  in  1911  amounted  to  $41,432,898,  an  increase  over  1904 
of  $29,860,251,  or  practically  thirty  million  dollars.  The  silver  pro- 
duction in  1911  amounted  to  $15,949,019,  or  practically  sixteen  mil- 
lion dollars.  Cobalt  to  date  has  produced  125,571,980  ounces  of 
silver,  yielding  the  mine-owners,  up  to  the  end  of  1911,  $64,317,352. 
In  1911  the  Cobalt  mines  paid  in  dividends  $8,588,916.  Up  to  the 
end  of  1911  the  total  dividends  paid  by  the  Cobalt  mines  outside  of 
the  returns  from  privately-owned  mines  and  those  owned  by  close 


NEW  ONTABIO:  ADDRESS  BY  HON.  W.  H.  HEABST  63 

corporations,  amounted  to  $30,391,093.  We  have  something  to  boast 
of  in  our  Mineral  output,  particularly  during  the  last  six  or  seven 
years;  and  when  I  tell  you  that  we  have  prospected  over  only  a  small 
portion  of  the  Province  yet,  and  that  we  have  millions  upon  millions 
of  acres  that  have  yet  to  hear  the  sound  of  the  prospector's  pick;  I 
think  you  will  get  some  idea  of  the  possibilities  of  the  Province  from 
a  Mineral  point  of  view  in  the  days  to  come.  We  are  proud  of  our 
Mineral  production,  placing  Ontario  as  it  does  in  the  forefront  of  the 
mineral-producing  countries  of  the  world;  one  ounce  in  every  seven 
of  the  silver  that  comes  from  the  earth's  crust  comes  from  Cobalt. 

And  we  have  not  only  the  silver  camp  at  Cobalt,  and  a  splendid 
gold  camp  at  Porcupine;  but  besides  these,  there  are  deposits  of  gold 
or  silver  at  Webbwood,  Michipicoten,  Port  Arthur,  Atikokan,  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  and  in  fact  there  are  traces  of  these  precious  metals  all 
the  way  from  Quebec  to  Manitoba.  How  many  of  these  deposits  will 
become  paying  mines,  no  one  can  tell ;  but  no  one  who  has  studied  the 
geology  of  that  country  will  say  that  there  are  not  many  deposits  out- 
side of  the  deposits  at  Cobalt  and  at  Porcupine  that  look  exceedingly 
promising.  And  just  as  the  Timiskaming  &  Northern  Ontario  Kail- 
way  opened  up  the  Cobalt  and  Porcupine  camps,  and  the  Canadian 
Pacific  opened  up  the  Sudbury  nickel  deposits,  so  will  additional 
Cobalts  and  Porcupines  and  Sudburys  undoubtedly  be  opened  up  in 
that  great  North-land  when  other  railroad  lines  and  waggon  roads  are 
built  there. 

Speaking  in  connection  with  the  Sudbury  mines,  it  is  a  matter  of 
satisfaction  to  think  that  70  per  cent,  of  the  nickel  of  the  world  is 
produced  in  that  camp.  We  are  very  proud  of  our  position  as  a 
mineral-producing  Province  compared  with  other  Provinces.  Can- 
ada's total  output  in  1911  was  $105,000,000,  while  the  value  of  the 
minerals  produced  in  Ontario  in  1911  was  $42,000,000,  or  40  per  cent, 
of  the  output  of  the  Dominion.  Omitting  coal,  of  which  none  is  pro- 
duced by  Ontario  (except  "white  coal"  of  the  Adam  Beck  type), 
Ontario  produces  more  than  one-half  of  the  mineral  product  of  the 
Dominion,  and  in  mining  metals  65  per  cent.;  and  in  1912,  so  far, 
the  mineral  production  has  far  exceeded  that  of  1911.  Take  it  for  the 
first  nine  months,  the  total  production  is  approximately  $25,000,000. 
The  gold  produced  in  the  first  nine  months  of  1912  is  $1,117,335, 
much  more  than  twice  as  much  as  was  ever  produced  in  24  months  in 
Ontario  up  to  the  present  date.  And  our  silver  production  for  1912, 
while  slightly  less  in  quantity  than  for  the  first  nine  months  of  1911, 
exceeds  it  in  value  by  $1,114,000;  this  being  caused  by  the  increase  in 
the  value  of  silver  this  year  over  the  year  before. 

So  much  for  our  Mineral  possibilities  in  Northern  Ontario.  Now 
let  me  speak  for  a  moment  of  our  Timber  resources.  No  one  can  over- 
estimate the  importance  of  these  resources  in  Ontario  and  of  the 
Dominion;  and  not  only  in  the  matter  of  the  Timber  industry  itself 
but  in  respect  of  its  great  impetus  to  almost  every  other  industry  and 
to  the  commerce  of  the  country  in  general.  Take  the  Timber  in  the 
Crown.  Our  estimates,  which  are  not  at  all  complete,  and  which  I 


64  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

am  sure  are  far  below  the  actual  quantities,  show  that  we  have  red 
and  white  pine  on  Crown  lands  amounting  to  13,500,000,000  feet, 
worth  at  least  $10  a  thousand  feet,  or  in  all,  $135,000,000.  We  have 
pine  on  licensed  lands,  that  is,  land  upon  which  the  Timber  has  been 
sold  to  timber  licensees,  but  in  respect  of  which  the  Government  has 
an  interest  till  the  timber  is  cut,  amounting  to  at  least  7,000,000,000 
feet,  which  will  yield  to  the  Crown  a  dollar  and  a  half  a  thousand,  or 
a  total  of  $10,500,000.  We  have  at  least  300,000,000  cords  of  pulp- 
wood,  22%  million  feet  of  which  is  capable  of  being  sawn  into  lumber 
and  worth  at  least  $225,000,000.  So  we  have,  on  a  conservative  basis, 
an  asset  in  our  Timber  alone,  looking  at  it  from  the  standpoint  of 
revenue,  of  at  least  $370,500,000. 

Look  at  what  our  Timber  has  done  for  us  in  the  way  of  revenue- 
production  from  Confederation!  Up  to  the  end  of  October,  1910, 
this  total  revenue  was  $44,044,165.15;  or  an  average  revenue  from 
our  Timber-lands  of  over  a  million  dollars  a  year.  To  understand 
and  appreciate  better  the  importance  of  the  asset  in  our  Province,  I 
would  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  1911  the  timber  cut  in 
Canada  was  valued  at  $77,503,167,  of  which  Ontario's  share  was 
$30,011,009,  or  nearly  one-half  the  whole.  The  forests  product  of  the 
Dominion  in  1910  were  estimated  at  $166,000,000,  or  $22  for  every 
inhabitant  of  the  whole  Dominion.  These  figures  surely  demand  from 
us  the  greatest  attention  to  this  important  asset.  These  figures  require 
that  great  care  and  consideration  should  be  exercised  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  day  to  see  that  our  Timber  is  preserved  and  conserved 
as  far  as  practicable  for  the  future ;  at  the  same  time  giving  the  best 
and  widest  returns  which  can  be  afforded  at  the  present  day  for  our 
industries  as  well  as  from  the  standpoint  of  revenue.  Something  has 
been  done  along  that  line.  One  of  the  most  important  steps  that  has 
been  taken  is  the  establishment  of  Forest  Reserves  for  the  purpose  of 
preserving  the  timber  for  future  use,  and  preventing  its  destruction 
by  improper  cutting,  or  fire,  or  otherwise.  We  are  greatly  increasing 
these  areas  from  time  to  time  by  acquiring  licenses  from  lumbermen 
granted  years  ago,  and  otherwise,  and  from  time  to  time  this  policy 
of  adding  portions  of  forest  to  the  Reserves  will,  I  have  no  doubt,  be 
further  acted  upon. 

Of  these  Forest  Reserves,  we  have  at  the  present  time  one  at 
Temagami  containing  5,900  square  miles,  in  which  there  stands  about 
five  billion  feet  of  pine;  one  at  Mississaga,  comprising  3,000  square 
miles,  containing  three  billion  feet  of  pine;  one  at  Nepigon  of  7,300 
square  miles,  containing  ten  to  fifteen  million  cords  of  pulpwood ;  one 
at  Sibley  of  70  square  miles,  for  the  purpose  of  conserving  the  timber 
and  preserving  the  beauty  of  the  Cape;  a  small  reserve  called  the 
Eastern  Reserve,  of  100  square  miles,  on  which  the  pine  is  all  cut  away 
but  where  the  new  growth  is  being  protected ;  the  Reserve  at  Quetico, 
comprising  1,560  square  miles,  containing  one  and  a  half  billion 
feet  of  red  and  white  pine  and  two  million  cords  of  spruce ;  the  Algon- 
quin Park,  comprising  2,066  square  miles,  and  Rondeau  Park,  8 


NEW  ONTARIO:  ADDRESS  BY  HON.  W.  H.  HEARST  65 

square  miles.  Making  in  all  in  our  Forest  reserves  and  National  parks 
a  total  area  of  20,004  square  miles;  on  which  we  think  we  have  at 
least  nine  and  a  half  billion  feet  of  pine,  fifteen  million  cords  of  pulp- 
wood,  and  two  million  cords  of  spruce. 

The  conservation  of  our  Forest  assets  on  the  best  and  most  prac- 
ticable basis  consistent  with  our  present  needs  and  requirements,  con- 
stitutes one  of  our  serious  problems  of  the  present  day.  At  the  present 
time  I  have  added  to  the  staff  of  my  Department  an  expert  Forester. 
One  of  his  duties  will  be  to  study  this  question  from  every  standpoint 
and  give  advice  on  the  matter  from  every  aspect.  You  must  remem- 
ber that  you  cannot  have  settlement  and  at  the  same  time  preserve  your 
forests ;  you  can't  get  settlement  and  grow  crops  of  vegetables,  wheat, 
etc.,  on  the  same  ground  as  trees.  Where  lands  are  opened  for  settle- 
ment, you  must  utilize  the  timber  to  the  best  advantage,  for  clearly  a 
certain  amount  of  the  forest  will  have  to  be  removed  in  order  to  make 
way  for  the  settler  and  for  civilization.  One  of  the  important  prob- 
lems, therefore,  is  how  to  utilize  that  forest  in  order  to  bring  the  best 
returns  to  the  settler  himself  and  to  the  Province  of  Ontario  as  a 
whole. 

With  that  end  in  view  we  have  recently  arranged  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  large  pulp  and  paper  plant  at  Abitibi,  and  the  securing 
of  other  plants  elsewhere,  and  we  will  try  to  utilize  these  so  that  the 
settler  will  have  a  market  for  his  timber,  and  so  that  the  industries 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  this  timber  will  help  in  the  building 
up  of  the  towns  and  villages  and  thus  provide  markets  for  the  farmers' 
produce.  On  the  last  sale  made  by  the  Province  of  Ontario  in  the 
Jocko  country,  one  of  the  conditions  of  sale  was  that  the  lumberman 
must  take  care  of  the  limbs  and  debris,  destroying  them  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, so  as  to  prevent  danger  from  fire.  The  Forester,  Mr.  Zavitz, 
is  considering  the  question  now  as  to  how  this  can  best  be  accom- 
plished. Then  there  is  a  problem  as  to  harvesting  of  the  ripe  timber 
without  injury  to  the  growing  timber,  for  timber  gets  ripe  just  as 
grain  or  fruit  or  anything  else  does.  We  have,  therefore,  to  face  and 
consider  in  the  development  of  our  great  North  land  the  keeping  of 
the  rough  lands  which  are  unsuited  for  agriculture  as  Timber  reserves, 
and  the  best  method  of  harvesting  the  timber  from  these  to  the  best 
advantage  without  injury  to  the  growing  crop  of  timber — so  that  an 
adequate  supply  may  be  maintained  for  the  future. 

That  North  country  is  a  wonderful  place  in  the  matter  of  water 
transportation.  The  Transcontinental  Railway,  in  its  course,  crosses 
nine  large  navigable  rivers,  having  a  total  length  of  Over  1,795  miles, 
besides  other  smaller  streams.  This  means  that  pulpwood  can  be  floated 
down  these  streams  to  mills,  at  or  convenient  to  the  crossing  of  the 
Eailway,  and  can  there  be  manufactured  into  either  pulp,  paper  or 
other  wood  products.  Now  take  a  look  at  the  importance  of  these 
splendid  water-powers  in  Northern  Ontario.  Perhaps  no  other  coun- 
try in  the  world  is  so  blessed  with  Hydro-electric  power  as  we  are  in 
that  great  North  land.  One  of  the  Engineers  of  my  Department,  Mr. 


66  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Rorke,  estimates  that  within  100  miles,  either  way,  from  the  National 
Transcontinental  Railway  and  over  the  Height  of  Land  there  is  a 
possible  development  of  2,000,000  horse-power.  He  has  made  a  com- 
putation of  the  possibilities  of  this  asset,  and  he  says  that  power  from 
coal  costs  $25  to  $150  per  horse-power,  and  estimating  the  power  in 
the  territory  to  which  I  have  referred  at  $50  to  $75  per  annum,  we 
have  a  potential  asset  in  these  rivers  per  annum  of  $100,000,000  to 
$150,000,000.  Who  can  estimate  the  importance  of  the  power  I  have 
just  spoken  of  in  the  development  of  that  North  country? 

Not  only  have  we  power  upon  the  rivers  I  have  referred  to  but 
hydraulic  power  is  abundant  everywhere  in  that  North  country  from 
one  end  to  the  other.  Take  Rainy  Lake,  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and 
the  rivers  flowing  out  of  them,  and  we  have  possibilities  for  power 
development  almost  rivalling  Niagara  itself.  Who  can  estimate  the 
part  Hydro-electric  power  will  play  in  the  development  of  Ontario  in 
the  future  ?  Much  has  been  accomplished  in  the  way  of  Hydro-electric 
development  in  the  past  five  or  ten  years,  but  what  will  the  next  ten 
or  fifteen  years  not  show  in  this  direction?  It  is  no  great  stretch  of 
imagination  to  think  of  the  time  when  we  shall  not  only  see  our  pulp 
and  paper  mills  run  by  electricity  as  they  are  to-day,  our  factories 
operated  by  electricity  as  they  are  to-day,  our  smelters  and  concen- 
trators run  by  electricity  as  they  are  to-day,  our  streets  and  city 
homes  lighted  by  electricity  as  they  are  to-day,  but  when  we  shall  see 
electricity  used  to  heat  and  light  the  settler's  home,  to  cut  the  settler's 
trees,  to  saw  the  settler's  lumber,  to  stump  and  plow  the  settler's  land, 
to  cut  and  thresh  the  settler's  grain,  to  milk  the  settler's  cows,  to 
churn  his  butter  and  bake  his  bread.  All  these  things  and  more  will, 
I  believe,  be  performed  in  the  future  by  electricity,  the  great  "  white 
coal "  that  use  does  not  exhaust. 

I  have  only  touched  on  that  great  North  Land  with  its  unlimited 
resources,  but  I  have  told  you  a  little  about  its  wealth  in  timber,  about 
its  agricultural  possibilities,  about  its  minerals  and  about  its  abund- 
ance of  cheap  power.  What  does  it  mean  when  all  these  materials 
and  power  are  utilized  ?  Does  it  not  mean  that  the  North  is  destined 
in  the  future  to  become  one  of  the  greatest  manufacturing  centres  of 
the  whole  North  American  continent?  When  the  resources  of  that 
country  are  developed,  as  they  will  be,  undoubtedly,  it  will  no  longer 
be  sparsely  settled,  but  a  hub  of  industry.  The  "  backbone  of  Can- 
ada," as  that  section  of  country  between  North  Bay  and  Winnipeg 
has  been  called,  will  no  longer  be  a  great  barrier  between  the  East  and 
the  West,  but  in  railway  tonnage,  if  not  in  population  itself,  it  will 
outstrip  both  East  and  West,  and  thus  help  to  bind  the  great  East 
with  the  greater  West. 

Some  progress  has  already  been  made  towards  the  development  of 
that  country  and  its  resources.  Look  at  the  many  industries  already 
established  in  Northern  Ontario.  There  are  pulp  and  paper  mills 
now  at  the  Sault,  at  Espanola  and  Sturgeon  Falls;  one  nearly  com- 
pleted at  Dryden,  one  under  construction  at  Fort  Frances,  and 
arrangements  are  completed  for  one  at  Iroquois  Falls.  There  are 


NEW  ONTAKIO:  ADDKESS  BY  HON.  W.  H.  HEARST  67 

smelters,  concentrators,  mills  and  mining  plants  of  different  kinds  at 
Port  Arthur,  the  Sault,  Sudbury,  Coniston,  Cobalt,  Porcupine  and 
Midland.  Consider  the  benefits  of  these  plants  at  the  Sault  and  Sud- 
bury, for  instance,  to  the  Province  as  a  whole.  Take  the  Lake 
Superior  Corporation,  one  of  the  heads  of  which  I  am  pleased  to  see 
sitting  beside  me.  With  its  pulp,  paper  and  steel  industries,  to-day 
it  is  employing  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men,  paying  in  wages  more 
than  $6,000,000  a  year.  The  Sudbury  mines  and  mining  plants 
employ  thousands,  and  their  pay-rolls  run  into  the  millions.  What 
does  that  mean  not  only  to  the  Sault  and  Sudbury  but  to  the  whole 
Province  of  Ontario?  It  surely  means  that  the  Province  at  large 
must  be  benefitted  by  these  industries.  In  other  words,  it  means  a 
splendid  consuming  market  for  the  farmer  and  manufacturer  alike 
and  the  building  up  of  the  whole  agricultural  life  of  this  country. 
What  is  true  of  the  plants  at  Sudbury  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie  is  true 
in  a  greater  or  less  extent  of  the  plants  at  Espanola  and  Sturgeon 
Falls,  Dryden  and  elsewhere,  and  will  be  true  of  other  plants  now 
under  construction. 

Let  us  now  consider  what  has  been  done  and  what  is  now  doing 
in  the  matter  of  railroad  construction  in  that  country.  The  only 
railway  we  had  there  until  recently  was  the  Canadian  Pacific,  and 
when  it  was  built  the  resources  of  the  North  country  were  not  thonght 
of.  What  the  'Canadian  Pacific  was  seeking  for  was  the  location  of 
a  through  line  of  railway  from  East  to  West,  in  the  place  where  con- 
struction was  easiest  and  cheapest,  without  regard  to  the  development 
of  the  country  through  which  it  passed.  This  Line  consequently 
follows  for  a  considerable  distance  the  Height  of  Land  between  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior  and  Hudson's  Bay,  the  most  barren  coun- 
try in  that  whole  region.  What  timber  there  was  in  that  territory 
was  burnt  off  long  ago,  and  except  for  such  minerals  as  may  be  found 
that  part  of  the  North  is  totally  unproductive.  But  only  a  few  miles 
to  the  south  are  the  fertile  and  well-timbered  valleys  of  splendid 
rivers  flowing  into  Lake  Superior;  while  thirty  or  forty  miles  to  the 
north  is  the  Clay  Belt,  watered  by  other  splendid  streams  flowing 
into  Hudson's  Bay.  Now  we  are  getting  additional  railways  to 
develop  these  lands  and  open  them  up.  Besides  the  Timiskaming  & 
Northern  Ontario  Railway,  which  runs  through  that  country  253 
miles  from  North  Bay  to  Cochrane,  there  are  the  Canadian  Pacific, 
just  spoken  of,  running  for  1,000  miles  through  Northern  Ontario; 
the  National  Transcontinental,  for  761  miles  through  the  Clay  Belt; 
the  Canadian  Northern,  which  will  run  1,043  miles  and  which 
traverses  the  Southerly  portion  of  the  'Clay  Belt ;  the  Algoma  Central, 
from  the  Sault  to  the  Transcontinental,  300  miles;  the  Michipicoten 
Branch,  36  miles  and  the  Algoma  Eastern,  from  Little  Current  to 
Sudbury,  60  miles;  making  a  total  of  3,453  miles  constructed  and 
tinder  construction.  Who  can  estimate  the  great  impetus  all  these 
lines  will  give  to  the  development  of  that  country  when  the  roads  are 
all  in  operation  and  directly  interested  in  the  building  up  of  the 
districts  through  which  they  run  ? 


68  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Already  we  have  done  much  in  the  settlement  of  the  country. 
Five  years  ago  there  were,  I  am  told,  not  more  than  five  thousand 
people  in  Timiskaming ;  to-day  there  are  70,000  to  80,000.  Many  of 
these  no  doubt  are  engaged  in  mining,  but  during  the  present  year 
four  Crown  Land  Agencies  in  the  Timiskaming  region,  at  Cochrane, 
New  Liskeard,  Matheson  and  Englehart,  have  sold  212,000  acres  of 
land,  settling  upon  them  1,372  persons.  Think  what  may  be  the 
possibilities  in  the  future  of  that  country  when  the  varied  agencies  I 
have  referred  to  are  at  work  in  different  ways  and  all  vitally  interested 
in  helping  to  develop  and  bring  that  land  to  the  position  Providence 
intended  it  should  occupy ! 

As  to  the  fertility  and  productiveness  of  the  agricultural  sections 
of  Northern  Ontario  no  one  here,  I  think,  has  any  doubt  whatever. 
Some  of  you  have  seen  the  magnificent  specimens  in  the  Sample  Car 
that  has  been  travelling  about  through  the  country.  All  of  you  have 
heard  statements  made  from  time  to  time  on  this  subject  by  respon- 
sible men  who  have  personally  investigated  the  facts,  and  you  have 
seen  a  little  in  visits  you  have  made  yourselves,  and  its  productiveness 
is  beyond  all  question  or  doubt.  Permit  me  to  refer  you  on  this  sub- 
ject to  Mr.  J.  F.  Whitson,  who  has  been  placed  in  charge  of  the  open- 
ing up  of  roads  through  the  North;  and  as  he  is  not  a  politician  he 
will  not  exaggerate!  He  will  tell  you  he  can  pick  out  county  after 
county  as  large  as  any  in  Old  Ontario  and  without  practically  an 
acre  of  waste  land  in  them.  Cochrane  lies  south  of  Winnipeg,  and 
much  of  what  we  call  Northern  Ontario  lies  south  of  the  Interna- 
tional boundary.  Mr.  Whitson  can  tell  you  of  the  beautiful  weather 
they  are  having  in  the  country  around  Cochrane  now  (November). 
When  coming  down  he  found  snow  and  cold  only  when  he  came  to 
North  Bay.  He  knew  nothing  of  it  in  the  North  where  they  were 
enjoying  summer  weather  in  "  the  great  banana  belt."  That  country 
is  capable  of  producing  all  kinds  of  vegetables  and  grain  crops  of  all 
kinds.  It  is  a  land  of  wonderful  richness.  Clover  grows  luxuriantly, 
and  the  growing  and  marketing  of  clover  and  of  timothy  seed  is 
fast  becoming  a  great  industry.  The  North  will  soon  be  the  great 
source  of  supply  of  seeds  of  almost  all  kinds.  As  a  fodder  country 
it  is  unsurpassed,  and  it  possesses  everything  to  make  it  an  ideal 
stock-raising  country.  But  spring  and  fall  wheat,  oats,  barley  and 
cereals  of  all  kinds  too  are  being  largely  cultivated.  Oats  falling 
from  a  horse's  feed-box  this  year  grew  to  a  height  of  6  feet  3  inches 
with  well-filled  heads;  while  potato  peelings  planted  in  July,  devel- 
oped into  splendid  tubers  before  the  end  of  September.  In  Algoma 
there  are  as  fine  and  as  well-developed  farms  as  in  the  County  of 
York,  producing  crops  of  all  kinds.  St.  Joseph's  Island  is  peculiarly 
adapted  for  fruit  raising  and  dairying.  Strawberries  grown  in 
Algoma  netted  10  cents  per  box  to  the  producer  in  Winnipeg. 

The  Toronto  Board  of  Trade,  which  has  always  taken  a  great 
interest  in  the  North  country,  prepared  a  splendid  Report  on  it  not 
long  ago,  in  which  their  Statistician  says  that  the  purchasing  power 
of  the  territory  from  North  Bay  to  Cochrane  amounts  to  $45,599,- 


NEW  ONTAEIO:  ADDKESS  BY  HON.  W.  H.  HEAKST  69 

320  a  year.  !So  it  is  something  to  the  manufacturers  and  the  mer- 
chants of  Toronto  to  help  open  up  and  develop  that  country.  Now, 
in  conclusion,  let  me  say  that  the  Dominion  of  Canada  has  splendid 
assets  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  Providence  has  rarely 
blessed  any  people  with  such  opportunities  and  such  resources  as 
we  possess.  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  have  their  splendid 
orchards,  their  timber,  their  fisheries,  their  coal  and  their  iron.  Que- 
bec has  her  mighty  St.  Lawrence  with  her  ever-expanding  commerce 
and  her  agriculture.  British  Columbia  has  her  fisheries,  her  fruit, 
her  minerals,  her  scenery  and  her  timber.  Alberta  has  her  flocks 
and  herds,  her  gas  and  coal.  Saskatchewan  and  Manitoba  have  their 
millions  of  bushels  of  golden  grain. 

But  the  old  Banner  Province  of  Ontario  is  the  flower  and  the 
best  of  them  all.  Splendidly  located  among  the  Provinces  of  the 
Dominion,  and  combining  in  full  measure  the  resources  of  them  all, 
except  coal,  and  that  is  compensated  for  by  the  abundance  of  hydraulic 
power  I  have  spoken  of;  she  has  for  her  greatest  asset  a  well-nur- 
tured, well-educated,  God-fearing  people,  I  believe  unsurpassed  in  any 
country  on  God's  green  earth.  The  Province  of  Ontario,  however, 
must  not  only  be  the  keystone  of  Confederation  geographically  and 
commercially,  but  intellectually  as  well.  Look  upon  our  assets !  We 
have  illimitable  waterways  to  purify  our  physical  life,  to  float  10,000 
ships  and  to  make  us  commercially  great  as  the  freedom  of  the  seas 
made  Great  Britain  great.  We  have  electricity  to  light  and  heat  our 
homes,  to  furnish  transportation  and  turn  the  wheels  of  commerce. 
We  have  a  priceless  asset  of  scenery  and  the  recreation  grounds  of  the 
world;  an  invigorating  climate  and  a  clear  blue  sky  to  breed  men 
of  dominance  and  of  power;  as  a  foundation  of  population  we  have 
the  best  blood  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  allied  races.  But  these  splendid 
assets,  and  our  unique  situation  bring  both  opportunity  and  responsi- 
bility; and  to  the  citizens  of  Ontario  is  given  a  great  duty,  a  splendid 
opportunity  to  work  together  for  the  development  of  the  great 
resources  to  which  I  have  referred,  and  make  this  Banner  Province 
a  vital  force  in  cementing  the  East  and  West  of  the  Dominion,  so 
that  in  the  years  to  come  we  will  know  neither  East  or  West  nor  North 
or  South,  but  a  united  Canada  pulsating  with  intellectual  and  com- 
mercial vigour  and  force  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific ;  making  our 
blest  Land  of  the  Maple  not  only  a  source  of  strength  but  a  dominating 
influence  in  that  Empire  that  encircles  the  globe. 


WINNIPEG 

THE  GATEWAY  OF  THE  CANADIAN  WEST 


Winnipeg  has  been  the  pioneer  centre  of  Canada's  Western  Pro- 
vinces, the  pivot  of  early  Western  history  and  later  Western  develop- 
ment; it  has  become  the  greatest  grain  market  on  the  continent,  the 
chief  distributing,  industrial,  and  financial  city  of  the  Canadian 
West.  Practically,  this  progress  has  been  a  matter  of  40  years'  evolu- 
tion, in  its  greatest  proportions,  a  matter  of  ten  years'  growth;  tech- 
nically, the  founding  of  the  City  lies  far  back  in  the  stormy  days  of 
the  Selkirk  Settlement.  Even  beyond  that  period  of  struggle  between 
the  fur-trading  Masters  of  the  North  lay  the  time  when  La  Verendrye 
in  1736  established  a  French  post  at  this  meeting-place  of  the  waters 
and  called  it  Fort  Eouge ;  thereafter  for  many  years  it  was  known  as 
"The  Forks"  until  in  1803  Alexander  Henry  established  Fort 
Gibraltar  for  the  North- West  Company. 

It  was  in  1812,  however,  that  the  Earl  of  Selkirk,  a  vigorous, 
ambitious,  and  courageous  -Scotch  nobleman,  established  in  the  Red 
River  Valley  his  colony  of  270  people.  Founded  at  the  junction  of 
the  Red  and  Assiniboine  Rivers  and  at  the  portals  of  a  vast,  unknown 
wilderness,  Fort  Douglas  was  the  first  and  natural  name  of  the  Settle- 
ment. In  1817  it  was  called  Kildonan  after  the  home  parish  of  the 
settlers  and  in  1821  Fort  Garry  was  built  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany as  a  trading  post  and  settlers'  depot,  and  afterwards  re-con- 
structed in  1853.  These  names  appear  to  have  been  variously  used 
to  describe  the  settlement  through  its  many  mutations  of  fortune 
until,  in  1860,  the  first  house  on  the  prairie  north  of  the  Fort  was 
erected  and  the  hamlet  growing  around  it  was  named  Winnipeg — the 
word  meaning,  in  the  Cree  dialect,  "  murky  water,"  and  having  been 
applied  primarily  to  the  Lake  a  number  of  miles  north  of  the  village. 

The  geographical  situation  of  the  future  city  was  from  the  first 
excellent.  In  early  days  the  site  commanded  wide  areas  of  land  and 
water  suited  for  the  fur-hunting  and  trading  of  the  period;  it  was 
about  40  miles  south  of  Lake  Winnipeg  and  only  66  miles  north  of 
the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  British  territories; 
it  lay  on  the  eastern  edge  of  the  rich  agricultural  and  grazing  country 
which  ran  from  the  line  of  the  Red  River  west  for  a  thousand  miles  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains ;  it  had  to  the  east  the  mining  and  timber  districts 
of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  the  immense  hunting  and  fishing  areas 
between  the  Great  Lakes  and  the  fringe  of  the  Prairies ;  it  had  to  the 

70 


PL4 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  71 

immediate  north  and  north-west  mineral  deposits,  timber  areas  and 
the  fishery  resources  of  Lakes  Winnipeg,  Manitoba  and  Winnipegosis ; 
it  possessed  to  the  further  north  unlimited  and  still  unmeasured  riches 
of  soil  and  water  reaching  to  and  around  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay. 
Through  the  centre  of  the  future  capital  lay  the  Portage  Avenue 
which,  in  its  splendid  modern  buildings  and  wide  thoroughfare,  forms 
part  of  what  was  once  the  trail  of  the  Plain  Hunters  stretching  in 
an  unbroken  line  westward  to  the  mighty  ranges  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

Through  many  historic  vicissitudes  the  settlement  passed  until  in 
1869-70  it  was  the  centre  of  the  first  Kiel  rebellion.  Discoverers  and 
explorers  and  wanderers,  coureurs-de-bois  and  missionaries,  hunters 
and  trappers  and  soldiers,  Indian  warriors  and  medicine  men,  pioneer 
priests  and  clergy,  Hudson's  Bay  factors  and  officials  and  men,  and 
all  the  romantic,  moving,  panoramic  life  of  the  Plains  had  come  and 
gone.  They  were  now  to  be  replaced  by  the  King's  Government,  by 
politicians  and  Commissioners,  by  the  men  of  modern  commerce  and 
finance,  by  builders,  and  workmen,  and  speculators.  Up  to  this  time 
the  village  had  nestled  at  the  foot  of  Fort  Garry  and  was,  indeed, 
often  known  by  that  name.  It  had  been,  in  the  main,  a  post  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company  and  as  such  bore  an  important  part  in  the 
administrative  record  of  an  organization  which  at  one  time  or  another 
extended  its  sway  to  the  Arctic  waters  in  the  north,  swept  over  the 
prairies  and  mountains  to  the  Pacific,  ran  its  authority  to  the  far  land 
of  the  Yukon  and  its  sway  into  the  southern  regions  now  known  as 
Washington  and  Oregon.  Occasionally  the  Company's  rule  was  aided 
by  the  British  authority  which  lay  behind  the  grants  and  charters  of 
Charles  the  Second.  In  1846  Colonel  J.  F.  Crofton  with  383  troops 
was  sent  out  for  this  purpose  and  remained  two  years;  in  1867,  100 
men  of  the  Royal  Canadian  Regiment  were  sent  via  York  Factory  and 
Hudson's  Bay;  and  in  1869-70  Colonel  Wolseley  led  his  expedition 
from  Ontario  and  Quebec  and  restored  peace  to  the  disintegrated 
settlement  which  Riel  had  tried  to  rule. 

This  was  the  modern  and  practical  foundations  of  Winnipeg.  The 
village,  in  1870,  consisted  of  about  30  log-houses  with  a  population  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  150  persons;  in  1874  when  it  was  incorporated 
the  population  was  over  1,800.  In  these  years  and  up  to  1879,  when 
its  people  numbered  8,000,  the  progress  was  slow.  Transportation 
obstacles  were  very  great  and  the  isolation  from  the  life  of  Canada, 
as  a  whole,  was  very  marked.  Supplies  had  to  be  brought  through 
the  United  'States  and  down  the  Red  River  in  steamboats,  while  high 
prices  for  necessary  articles  of  food,  together  with  the  cost  of  removing 
from  the  East,  were  obvious  checks  upon  expansion.  Westward  the 
prairie  remained  almost  unknown  and  unbroken.  With  the  opening 
of  Railway  communication  between  Winnipeg  and  the  international 
boundary  in  1879,  however,  came  a  change;  while  the  ensuing  con- 
struction of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  and  its  final  completion  to 
the  Coast  in  1886  turned  the  situation  into  one  of  larger  growth.  The 
figures  of  population  and  assessment  in  these  years  were  as  follows : 


72  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Popu-  Popu- 

Tear          Assessment.              lation.  Tear.         Assessment.  lation. 

1874              $2676,018                   1,869  1883 $32.883,200  16,000 

1875"             2635,805                   2,961  1884 27,444,700  16,694 

1876"             9,031,685                   3,000  188B 19,711,605  19.574 

1877'           .    3,097,824                   2,722  1886 19,286.905  19.526 

1878             .    3,216,980                   3,180  1887 19.392,410  21.257 

1879..         .    3,415.065                   4.113  1888 19.523,890  22,098 

1880..         .    4,008.460                   6.178  1889 18.608,120  21,328 

1881             .    9,156,085                   6.245  1890 18,612,410  23,000 

1882"       ..30,303,270                 13,000  1891 19,944,270  24,086 

1892 $20.328,100  29,182 

—" 

During  this  period  occurred  the  "  boom  "  of  1880-82  when  prices 
and  values  were  forced  up  to  absurd  heights  and,  in  their  inevitable 
collapse,  wrecked  many  homes,  and  fortunes,  and  financial  interests. 
Money  had,  however,  poured  into  the  City,  buildings  of  handsome  and 
durable  character  had  sprung  up  in  every  direction,  streets  had 
stretched  out  into  the  prairie  and  spacious  business  blocks  been  con- 
structed with  wonderful  rapidity;  three  years  of  excitement  and 
activity  had  turned  the  small,  unimportant,  and  obscure  town  into 
a  widely-known  city.  The  reaction  which  followed  lasted  some  years 
with  the  natural  results  of  depression  and  dulness  which,  fortunately, 
proved  to  be  only  a  marking  of  time  prior  to  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able developments  in  the  history  of  the  continent. 

Following  1886  the  settlement,  the  prosperity,  the  progress  of  the 
country  around  Winnipeg  and  of  the  vast  prairie  region  stretching 
north,  south  and  west  in  hundreds  of  millions  of  fertile  acres,  began 
to  be  felt  in  the  growth  of  the  City.  From  1871,  when  the  Province 
of  Manitoba  was  formed  and  became  a  part  of  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, Winnipeg  had  been  its  capital,  the  seat  of  its  Government,  and 
the  home  of  the  Provincial  Legislature ;  it  was  now  to  become  a  com- 
mercial and  industrial  metropolis,  the  centre  of  development  over  an 
immense  area  of  productive  soil,  the  focussing-point  of  a  net-work  of 
railways  crossing  the  continent  and  grid-ironing  the  West  in  every 
direction.  Back  of  the  City  in  the  spectacular  progress  of  1900-1912 
there  lay  more  than  the  slowly-developing  resources  of  a  small  Pro- 
vince— there  were  the  awakening  activities  of  all  the  area  up  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Even  in  1912,  at  the  end  of  the  period,  and  despite 
the  growth  of  other  important  centres,  this  vast  country  still  contri- 
butes and  must  always  contribute,  in  varying  degree,  to  the  expansion 
and  riches  of  Winnipeg. 

The  territory  which  formed  after  1905  the  three  Prairie  Provinces 
of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  is  larger  by  five  times  than 
the  United  Kingdom  and  three  times  the  size  of  the  German  Empire ; 
it  contains  464,000,000  acres  of  land  of  which  260,000,000  acres  are 
still  unexplored  in  1912;  its  surveyed  agricultural  lands,  constituting 
the  world's  greatest  wheat-farm,  comprise  149,000,000  acres  of  which 
only  16  million  acres  are  as  yet  under  cultivation.  As  population 
poured  into  this  region  and  the  almost  stationary  numbers  of  73,000 
in  1871,  118,000  in  1881  and  251,000  in  1891  jumped  up  to  419,000 
in  1901  and  to  1,322,000  in  1911;  as  the  country  became  known  in 
Great  Britain  and  Europe  and  commenced  to  attract  capital  as  well 
as  settlers;  as  the  production  of  wheat  of  the  three  Provinces  grew 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  .CANADIAN  WEST 


73 


from  31,486,012  bushels  in  1898  to  96,863,687  bushels  in  1908  and 
177,109,000  bushels  in  1911;  Winnipeg  became  more  and  more  a 
pivotal  point  in  development,  distribution  and  transportation. 

The  share  of  Manitoba  in  this  progress,  despite  its  comparatively 
small  area  of  73,000  square  miles,  or  an  acreage  of  41,169,098  was,  of 
course,  considerable.  In  1911  through  Dominion  legislation,  and  by 
Royal  Proclamation  of  May  15,  1912,  its  area  was  increased  to 
250,000  square  miles,  and  the  Province  carried  up  to  Hudson's  Bay 
and  endowed  with  500  miles  of  shore-line  and  an  ocean  port.  In  the 
main  Manitoba's  contribution  to  the  prosperity  of  Winnipeg  has  been 
agricultural — the  bulk  of  the  population  outside  of  that  city  being, 
until  very  lately,  tillers  and  producers  of  the  soil.  The  number  of 
horses  in  the  Province  was  86,735  in  1891  and  232,725  in  1911 ;  the 
milch  cows  numbered,  respectively,  82,710  and  146,841;  the  other 
horned  cattle  were,  respectively,  147,984  and  397,261;  the  number 
of  sheep  totalled  35,838  in  1891  and  decreased  to  32,223  in  1911; 
the  hogs  numbered  54,177  and  176,212  in  the  respective  years.  The 
raising  of  this  stock  was  not  a  popular  pursuit  of  the  farmers,  how- 
ever, owing  to  the  rich  soil  and  the  ease  with  which  grain  and  other 
crops  could  be  grown.  In  1911  the  value  of  wheat,  oats,  barley  and 
flax  marketed  was  $75,384,274;  of  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs,  $7,825,797; 
of  potatoes,  hay  and  roots,  $15,694,000;  of  poultry  and  dairy  products 
$2,715,000.  The  money  spent  on  farm  buildings  was  $3,500,000. 
The  following  table  indicates  five  years'  growth  in  a  Manitoba  pro- 
duction of  grain,  which,  in  1900,  included  13,025,252  bushels  of 
wheat,  8,814,312  bushels  of  oats  and  2,939,477  bushels  of  barley  and 
in  1911  totalled  156,000,000  bushels  in  the  three  products: 


Wheat. 

(Bushels). 

Average 

Total 

Tear.    Acreage. 

Yield. 

Product  . 

1907. 

2,789,553 

14-22 

39,688,266 

1908. 

2,850,640 

17-23 

49,252,539 

1909. 

2,642,111 

17-33 

45,774,707 

1910. 

2,962,187 

13-47 

39,916,391 

1911. 

3,339,072 

18-29 

61,058,786 

1912. 

2,823,362 

20-7 

58,433,579 

Barley. 

1907. 

649,570 

25-7 

16,752,724 

1908. 

658,441 

27-54 

18,135,757 

1909. 

601,008 

27-31 

16,416,634 

1910. 

624,644 

20-75 

12,960,038 

1911. 

759,977 

31-5 

21,000,000 

1912. 

962,928 

31-5 

33,795,191 

Oats. 

(Bushels). 

Average 

Total 

Acreage. 

Yield. 

Yield 

1,213,596 

34-8 

42,140,744 

1,216,632 

36-8 

44,686,043 

1,373,683 

37-1 

50,983,056 

1,486,436 

28-7 

42,647,766 

1,628,562 

45-3 

73,786,683 

1,939,982 

46-0 

87,190,677 

Flax. 

25,915 

12-25 

317,347 

50,187 

11-18 

502,206 

20,635 

12-26 

253,636 

41,002 

9-97 

410,928 

85,836 

14-00 

1,205,727 

196,315 

13-6 

2,671,729 

These  facts  are  essential  to  any  study  of  Winnipeg's  position.  It  has 
become  a  great  city  with  a  surrounding  agricultural  production,  in 
Manitoba  alone,  valued  at  $101,000,000  in  1911  and  yet  this  touches 
only  one-fifth  of  the  known  productive  area  of  the  Province — without 
any  estimate  of  the  millions  of  acres  of  cultivable  land,  the  lumber, 
minerals,  and  fisheries,  lying  in  the  new  territories  recently  added. 
It  has  become  the  chief  city  of  the  three  Western  Provinces  which, 
in  1912,  produced  $209,000,000  worth  of  grain  from  one-eighth  of  a 
land  area  totalling  471,243,338  acres.  In  this  region  Senator  McCum- 


74  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ber  in  the  United  States  Congress  on  June  14,  1911,  estimated  a 
total  future  product  of  4,260  million  bushels  while  Mr.  Harcourt, 
Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture  in  Alberta,  had  told  the  British  Asso- 
ciation in  1909  that  the  available  area  might  produce  5,000  million 
bushels!  Obviously,  therefore,  the  progress  of  Winnipeg  in  the  past 
warrants  in  this  connection,  alone,  great  optimism  as  to  the  future. 
So  far  as  agriculture  is  concerned,  Winnipeg  also  stands  to  gain  by 
steadily  improved  methods  of  farming;  by  the  instructions  and  work 
of  the  Manitoba  Agricultural  College,  founded  in  1906,  with  its  new 
building  at  St.  Vital  nearing  completion  in  1912  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,- 
000;  by  a  growing  comprehension  of  the  value  of  intensive  farming 
and  the  necessity  of  raising  stock  as  well  as  grain ;  by  the  increasingly 
important  opportunities  for  market  gardening  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city;  by  a  progressive  movement  started  in  1912  by  the  Winnipeg 
Industrial  Bureau,  with  representation  from  each  municipality  in  the 
Province,  known  as  the  "  Million-f  or-Manitoba  "  League ;  and  by  the 
Provincial  and  Dominion  Governments  in  advertising  the  opportuni- 
ties available  to  the  agriculturist  in  grain  growing,  mixed  and  inten- 
sive farming. 

Another  vital  factor  in  the  City's  growth  has  been  the  evolution 
of  transportation  facilities.  In  1879  the  first  Railway  to  enter  the 
Province  ran  from  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  to  what  was  then  the  village  of 
St.  Boniface  and  was  connected  by  ferry  across  the  Red  River  with 
Winnipeg.  On  July  1st,  1886,  the  first  through  train  from  Montreal 
to  Vancouver  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  passed  through  the  Capital  of 
Manitoba.  During  the  next  20  years  and,  especially  from  1900  up 
to  the  present  time,  all  roads  seemed  to  lead  to  Winnipeg  and  nearly 
all  the  railways  of  the  West  had  to  find  a  place  in  the  net-work  of 
lines  radiating  from  that  centre.  It  stood  almost  at  the  heart  of  the 
continent  and,  as  the  years  moved  on,  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific,  the  Canadian  Northern,  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  and 
the  Great  Northern,  from  time  to  time  passed  into  the  transportation 
activities  of  Winnipeg  and  thence  stretched  to  the  Great  Lakes  and 
the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  East,  to  the  emigrating  and  exporting  inter- 
ests of  the  Republic  on  the  South,  to  the  great  wheatfields  of  the 
West,  and  to  the  wide  trading  possibilities  of  the  more  distant  Pacific 
— through  the  rapid  construction  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  reach- 
ing in  1912  up  to  the  far  North  and  thence  across  the  Atlantic  by 
projected  water  shipment  to  Great  Britain. 

The  Railway  yards  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  at  Winnipeg  became 
famous  as  being  the  largest  owned  by  any  single  corporation  in  the 
world,  having  accommodation  on  135  miles  of  sidings  for  more  than 
12,000  cars  and  employing  about  4,000  men;  the  C.P.R.  Hotel — the 
Royal  Alexandra — was  added  to  the  string  of  palatial  hostelries  built 
by  this  Company  across  Canada  while  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  in 
1912,  is  constructing  an  equally  elaborate  building;  the  latter  Rail- 
way and  the  Canadian  Northern  have  combined  in  the  erection  of  a 
handsome  Union  Station  and  both  Companies  have  constructed  large 
railway  shops  and  yards  employing  thousands  of  men.  In  1911  the 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  75 

Great  Northern  formally  established  itself  in  Winnipeg.  It  was  in 
1895  that  Mackenzie  and  Mann  of  the  Canadian  Northern  had  entered 
upon  their  Western  career  of  Railway  construction  but  it  was  not  till 
three  years  later  that  the  Northern  Pacific  interests  (350  miles)  in 
Manitoba  were  acquired  together  with  valuable  terminal  privileges  and 
industrial  tracks  in  Winnipeg  and  a  direct  connection  between  the 
Provincial  capital  and  United  States  railways  to  the  south.  Many 
extensions  and  branches  followed  until,  in  1911,  there  were  over  3,000 
miles  of  this  Line  in  the  West  alone  and  hundreds  more  under  con- 
struction. 

Thus  it  was  that  from  1886  when  Western  railway  building  had 
showed  its  first  results  in  the  completion  of  the  C.P.R.  and  1888  when 
that  Company's  so-called  monopoly  clause  was  abrogated  there  had 
been  a  slow  but  steady  growth  in  construction  with  branch  lines  gradu- 
ally spreading  out  over  the  country.  Then,  as  it  was  found  that  settle- 
ment and  production  followed  construction,  operations  became  more 
rapid  with  other  Railways  competing  and  by  1907  there  were  6,421 
miles  of  railway  in  the  three  Western  Provinces — of  which  nearly  a 
half  were  in  Manitoba.  By  1911  this  mileage  had  increased  to  10,081, 
of  which  3,466  miles  were  in  Manitoba.  The  total  liability  of  the  lat- 
ter Province  in  this  connection  was  (1911)  $20,899,660  in  the  form 
of  guarantees  for  bonds  secured  by  mortgage  upon  the  Canadian 
Northern  lines.  Such  a  net-work  of  transportation  facilities  in  the 
West  meant  much  during  its  construction  for  Winnipeg;  the  con- 
tinued expenditure  of  many  millions  a  year  for  some  time  to  come 
means  still  more;  the  result  of  all  these  lines  in  full  operation,  with 
enormously  increased  local  production  and  traffic,  with  interchange 
between  the  Orient  and  Great  Britain  and  all  Canada  via  the  Panama 
route  to  Europe  will,  obviously  and  greatly,  exceed  any  temporary  good 
received  from  initiatory  construction,  expenditures  or  prosperity. 

In  its  system  of  water  transport  Winnipeg  has  been  fortunate. 
Within  the  borders  of  Manitoba  and  about  40  miles  from  the  capital 
is  Lake  Winnipeg,  a  fresh-water  sea  300  miles  long  and  100  miles  wide 
and  2,000  square  miles  larger  than  Lake  Ontario.  Lake  Manitoba  is 
another  large  body  of  water,  and  scattered  throughout  the  Province 
are  many  more.  The  Red  River  of  the  north  has  a  winding  course 
through  the  country  and  is  joined  at  the  spot  where  Winnipeg  has  been 
built  by  the  Assiniboine.  The  Winnipeg  River  is  of  much  importance 
because  of  its  water  power,  and  by  means  of  these  waterways  Mani- 
toba may  eventually  have  water  transportation  to  the  salt  seas — north 
by  way  of  the  Red  River,  Lake  Winnipeg  and  the  Nelson  to  Hudson's 
Bay,  or  east  by  the  way  of  rivers,  lakes  and  canals,  to  the  Great  Lakes, 
only  500  miles  away.  West,  there  are  waterways — principally  the 
Saskatchewan  River — which  lead  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  it  is 
one  of  the  dreams  of  Western  empire  that  a  great  water  transporta- 
tion route  may  be  constructed  from  the  foot  of  the  mountains  to 
Winnipeg,  to  the  Great  Lakes,  and  thence  to  the  Atlantic.  The  first 
link  in  this  mighty  chain  of  rivers,  lakes  and  canals  was  completed 
by  the  Dominion  Government  when  the  St.  Andrew's  Locks  were 


76  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

opened  (1910)  on  the  Red  River  18  miles  from  Winnipeg,  and  placed 
the  City  in  direct  water  communication,  for  craft  of  considerable  size, 
with  Lake  Winnipeg  and  the  stores  of  raw  material  along  its  shores 
or  upon  the  islands  of  the  Lake.  The  Red  River  in  ordinary  seasons 
has  usually  been  navigable  for  large  craft  from  this  Lake  to  the  Inter- 
national frontier,  while  the  Assiniboine,  connecting  Winnipeg  with 
the  great  coal  fields  along  the  Saskatchewan,  has  been  navigable  at 
times,  and  may  easily  be  so  again,  for  500  miles  along  its  course. 

In  this  connection  local  transportation  facilities  have  been 
important  and  constitute  in  1912,  and  in  various  ways,  an  issue  of 
wide  public  interest.  The  Winnipeg  Street  Railway  was  opened  in 
1882,  and  was  first  run  by  horse  cars.  In  1890  it  was  operated  by 
electricity  under  the  control  of  the  North  West  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany. In  1900  this  concern  and  the  Manitoba  Electric  and  Gas  Light 
Co.  were  consolidated  as  the  Winnipeg  Electric  Street  Railway  Co., 
and  in  1904  amalgamation  took  place  with  the  Winnipeg  General 
Power  Company.  From  then  until  1910  the  united  corporation  con- 
trolled all  the  street  railway,  gas,  and  electric  power  business  of  the 
City  with  (in  1912)  75  miles  of  street  railway  lines  and  large  Power 
works  at  Lac  du  Bonnet,  which  had  been  completed  in  1907.  Largely 
under  the  control  of  Sir  William  Mackenzie,  this  Company  showed 
during  the  years  1900-1911  an  increase  in  the  total  cost  of  property 
from  $2,009,788  to  $16,312,465,  in  gross  earnings  from  $280,132  to 
$3,828,749,  and  in  net  earnings  from  $109,537  to  $1,928,782.  In 
1900  the  passengers  numbered  three  and  a  half  millions,  in  1908 
22,019,507  and  in  1911  40,281,245. 

Meanwhile,  however,  the  City  was  seeking  lower  rates  and  becom- 
ing favourable  to  municipal  ownership  principles,  which  were  already 
applied,  including  control  and  operation,  to  waterworks,  stone  quar- 
ries, a  fire  alarm  system,  the  asphalt  plant,  and  a  high  pressure 
system  for  better  protection  from  fire.  In  1906  the  citizens  approved 
the  borrowing  of  $3,250,000  to  be  expended  in  acquiring  the  site  and 
constructing  the  necessary  plant  and  works  for  bringing  electric 
power  and  light  into  the  City  from  Point  du  Bois,  77  miles  away,  on 
the  Winnipeg  River.  In  1912  the  plant  was  in  full  operation  with 
a  claimed  reduction  of  70  per  cent,  in  the  cost  of  supply  to  the  people, 
with  a  total  expenditure  of  nearly  $5,000,000,  an  eventual  develop- 
ment up  to  60,000  horsepower  and  a  possible  development  to  100,000 
horsepower. 

During  this  period  the  financial  interests  of  Winnipeg  had 
expanded  in  harmony  with  its  general  development.  In  its  earlier 
days  the  settlers  and  people  of  the  future  city  had  to  depend  upon 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  all  monetary  transactions  and  a  60- 
day  Bill  of  Exchange  on  London  was  the  only  means  of  sending 
money  out  of  the  country.  In  1871  the  Dominion  Government 
established  a  Money  Order  Office  and  a  Government  Savings  Bank 
while  in  December,  1872,  the  Merchants  Bank  of  Canada  opened  at 
Winnipeg  the  first  branch  of  a  Canadian  Bank  in  the  West.  From 
that  time  onwards  these  institutions  became  a  power  in  the  whole 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST 


77 


Western  country  with  Winnipeg,  for  many  years,  as  the  chief  banking 
centre.  In  1905  the  Northern  Bank  was  organized  at  Winnipeg  with 
Sir  D.  H.  McMillan,  Lieut-Governor,  as  President,  a  number  of  local 
capitalists  as  Directors,  and  J.  W.  de  Courcy  O'Grady  as  General 
Manager.  Three  years  later  the  Crown  Bank  of  Canada,  with  head- 
quarters in  Toronto,  was  acquired  and  the  re-organized  institution 
with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $2,200,619  and  a  Eeserve  of  $225,000  was 
styled  the  Northern-Crown  Bank.  By  1900  there  were  131  Branches 
of  Canadian  Banks  scattered  through  Manitoba  and  the  Territories; 
in  1905  there  were  171  such  branches;  and  on  December  31,  1912, 
there  were  831  branches  in  the  Prairie  Provinces.  Manitoba  had  90 
of  these  Branches  in  1905  and  204  in  1912.  The  statistics  of  the 
Banks  having  branches  in  Winnipeg — usually  a  number  of  branches 
for  each  institution — were  as  follows  on  September  30.  1912 : 

Opened  Capital 

Name  of  Bank.  in  Stock  Capital                  Reserve 

Winnipeg.      Subscribed.  Paid-Up.                  Fund. 
Merchants  Bank  of  Can- 
ada      1873  $6,747,680  $6,747,680  $6,410,760 

Bank    of    Montreal 1876  16,000,000  16,000,000  16,000,000 

Imperial  Bank  of  Canada  1881  6,753,000  6,602,130                6,602,130 

Bank  of  Ottawa 1882  3,857,800  3,825,480                4,595,039 

Union  Bank  of  Canada.  1882  8,000,000  5,000,000  3,300,000 
Bank  of  British  North 

America    1886  4,866,666  4,866,666                 2,774,000 

Molsons   Bank    1891  4,000,000  4,000,000                 4,700,000 

Bank  of  Hochelaga 1892  3,000,000  3,000,000                3,000,000 

Canadian  Bank  of  Com- 
merce      1893  15,000,000  15,000,000  12,500,000 

Bank  of  Hamilton 1896  3,000,000  3,000,000                3,500,000 

Dominion  Bank 1897  5,000,000  5,000,000                6,000,000 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia...  .1899  5,000,000  4,642,450                8,399,430 

Bank   of   Toronto 1905  $5,000,000  $5,000,0(FO  $6,000,000 

Traders  Bank  of  Canada  1905  4,367,500  4,354,500                2,300,000 

Northern  Crown   Bank..  1905  2,862,400  2,706,519                   300,000 

Royal   Bank,  of   Canada.  1906  11,560,000  11,560,000  13,170,219 

Home  Bank  of  Canada..  1906  1,370,000  1,286,050                   175,000 

Sterling  Bank  of  Canada  1909  991,900  991,900                   300,000 

Quebec  Bank    1910  2,500,000  2,500,000                1,250,000 

Standard  Bank  of  Canada  1910  2,000,000  2,000,000                2,500,000 

These  figures  indicate  the  importance  to  Winnipeg  and  the  West  of 
the  immense  reserve  fund  upon  which  they  could  draw  at  certain  sea- 
sons through  the  circulation  of  $100,000,000  of  Bank  notes  and  by 
the  use,  in  some  measure,  of  1,000  millions  of  Eastern  deposits.  Of 
course,  this  was  not  always  available  when  locally  or  individually 
wanted,  but  the  elasticity  of  the  'Canadian  system  did  help  greatly  in 
the  movement  of  crops  during  many  years  and  in  the  evolution  of 
youthful  industries  and  local  projects  in  a  multitude  of  new  and  scat- 
tered communities,  in  agricultural  improvement  over  a  far-flung  area, 
and  in  the  civic  growth  of  many  rising  towns.  This  may  be  said 
without  touching  more  than  the  fringe  of  the  present-day  question  as 
to  whether  the  Banks  are  doing  all  that  they  should  in  these  later  times 
of  almost  unlimited  demand  and  phenomenal  development.  The 
coming  of  the  Banks — especially  after  1900 — certainly  gave  to  West- 
ern progress  a  solid  and  permanent  character  and  brought  it  into  touch 
with  Eastern  and  British  money  centres. 


78  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

A  number  of  English  and  Canadian  Loan  and  Investment  Com- 
panies, representing  an  enormous  aggregate  of  capital,  also  came  into 
these  Provinces  with  a  majority  centering  in  Winnipeg.  Besides  the 
42  Bank  Branches  established  in  the  city  (1912)  and  the  162  others 
placed  throughout  Manitoba  these  Loan  Companies  have  had  an 
important  part  in  recent  development  and,  in  particular,  have  lent 
large  sums  to  farmers  for  improvement  purposes.  In  the  latter  policy 
they  have  been  freely  supported  by  Eastern  Life  and  Fire  Insurance 
Companies  with  a  Western  total  for  all  these  interests  of  $200,000,000. 
As  production  and  immigration  increased  in  the  West  money  poured 
in  from  other  sources  and  the  estimated  total  brought  by  immi- 
grants in  1905-10  was  $326,000,000  while  many  other  millions  came 
from  Great  Britain  through  the  Banks  or  by  individual  investment. 
Under  such  conditions  a  great  growth  of  Banking  facilities  and  opera- 
tions in  Winnipeg  was  inevitable  but  that  the  city  should  in  a  few 
years  become  third  amongst  Canadian  centres  in  its  Bank  clearings 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  1912  reach  the  second  place — with  a  greater 
proportionate  increase  per  annum  than  that  of  any  city  on  the  Con- 
tinent— was  probably  not  even  hoped  for  when  its  Clearing  House 
was  first  established  in  1893  following  those  of  Halifax,  Montreal, 
Hamilton  and  Toronto.  The  statistics  of  this  development  in  Winni- 
peg during  its  most  striking  period  were  as  follows : 

Bank  Bank  Bank 

Tear.              Clearings.              Year.  Clearings.  Tear.  Clearings. 

1898.    .          190.664,325  1903 $246,108,006  1908.    .    .    $614,111,801 


1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 


107,786.814      1904 294,601,437  1909. 

106,966,792      1905 369.868.179  1910. 

134,199,483      1906 504.585,914  1911. 

188,370,033      1907 599,667.576  1912. 


770,649,322 
.  953,415,287 
.  1,172,762,142 
.  1,537,817,524 


Out  of  this  growth  in  Western  agriculture,  transportation,  and  invest- 
ment came,  quite  naturally,  the  establishment  ef  Winnipeg  as  a  great 
jobbing  and  shipping  centre.  For  years  after  the  construction  of  the 
C.P.R.  the  wholesale  trade  of  Manitoba  and  the  Territories  centred 
in  Winnipeg  and  even  after  other  Railways  had  come  and  other  cities 
risen  to  prosperity  and  influence  the  geographical  location  of  this  place 
remained  a  powerful  factor  in  its  favour.  Lying  at  the  entrance  to 
the  great  prairie  region  so  far1  as  the  East  was  concerned,  placed 
nearest  to  the  storage  and  shipping  cities  at  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
contiguous  to  the  populous  area  in  the  United  States  which  centred 
in  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul,  Winnipeg  was  the  inevitable  source  of 
distribution  and  supply  to  a  large  part  of  Western  Canada — a  position 
which  competitive  and  rival  successes  of  a  later  date  might  alter  in 
detail  and  application  without  effect  in  its  net  result.  The  construc- 
tion of  new  railways  and  the  supplies  for  thousands  of  labourers,  the 
meeting  of  necessities  for  pioneer  life  on  the  farm  and  the  ranch,  and 
in  stock-breeding,  mining,  lumbering  and  fishing,  the  building  of 
houses  from  the  home  of  the  Provincial  Parliament  to  the  homes  of 
the  incoming  workmen,  helped  greatly  in  this  development. 

As  time  went  on  the  growth  of  the  country  produced  new  and 
innumerable  requirements  from  villages  which  blossomed  out  on  the 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  79 

prairie  in  a  night  and  became  cities  in  a  year;  immigrants  poured  in 
and  demanded  supplies  for  a  million  new  people  in  ten  years;  ship- 
ments had  to  he  made  from  point  to  point  and,  perhaps,  for  a  thousand 
miles  in  one  direction ;  settlements  had  to  be  provided  with  new  pave- 
ments and  sewers  and  gas  or  electric  light  appliances ;  the  demand  for 
Eastern  manufactures  and  especially  implements  grew  with  tremen- 
dous rapidity.  Division  of  trade  and  traffic  with  other  cities  came 
in  due  course  but  the  net  volume  of  business  went  on  increasing  until 
the  annual  turnover  of  the  wholesale  houses  (1912)  exceeded  $140,- 
000,000  and  the  wheat  and  other  grains,  cattle,  furs,  sheep,  wool,  hogs, 
horses,  oatmeal,  flour,  hides  and  other  Western  products  were  pouring 
through  this  gateway  to  the  Great  Lakes  as  through  a  funnel. 

The  chief  and  most  spectacular  element  in  this  particular  growth 
was  the  passing  of  Minneapolis  and  other  famous  United  States  cities 
and  the  crowning  of  Winnipeg  as  the  greatest  grain  centre  of  the 
American  continent.  This  occurred  in  1909  when  the  figures  were 
reported  by  President  George  Fisher  of  the  local  Grain  Exchange  as 
showing  88,269,330  bushels  of  wheat  handled  in  Winnipeg,  compared 
with  81,111,410  bushels  in  Minneapolis,  61,084,797  bushels  in  Buffalo, 
56,084,971  bushels  in  Duluth,  35,354,000  bushels  in  Kansas  City, 
30,081,779  bushels  in  Montreal,  26,985,112  bushels  in  Chicago  and 
23,304,300  bushels  in  New  York.  Chicago  was  first  in  oats  with 
Winnipeg  a  good  second.  In  1911  the  wheat  receipts  of  the  Canadian 
City  totalled  101,326,250  bushels  as  compared  with  96,647,850  bushels 
at  Minneapolis  and  42,629,751  bushels  at  Chicago.  During  its  chief 
years  of  development  the  exact  statistics  of  wheat  inspected  at  Winni- 
peg were  as  follows: 

Tear.  Bushels.  Tear.  Bushels.  Tear.  Bushels. 

1900 12,355,380  1904 39,784,500  1908 75,466,030 

1901 45,651,800  1905 65,849,940  1909 94,922,385 

1902 51,833,000  1906 73,097,950  1910 88,269,330 

1903 40,396,650  1907 54,404,150  1911 101,326,250 

1912 143,682,750 

Passing  from  such  a  vivid  illustration  of  progress  it  is  important  to 
note  how  this  City — the  centre  of  a  great  agricultural  production 
which  in  1911  totalled  400,000,000  bushels— has  gone  quietly  and 
steadily  about  the  creation  of  industrial  interests.  In  1890,  when 
the  first  stage  of  Western  development  commenced,  Winnipeg  (St. 
Boniface  is  included  in  the  Census)  had  industries  possessing  a  pro- 
ductive value  of  $5,611,240  and  stood  ninth  amongst  the  manufac- 
turing centres  of  'Canada;  in  1900,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second 
stage  of  progress,  the  value  of  Winnipeg's  industrial  output  was  only 
$8,616,248;  in  1905  the  output  had  increased  to  $18,983,248.  The 
official  Census  of  1910  showed  the  total  product  to  be  $39,400,608  or 
an  increase  of  602*17  per  cent,  over  1890  and  357-20  per  cent,  over 
1900.  Winnipeg  had,  incidentally,  reached  fourth  place  in  the  list 
of  industrial  Canadian  cities  with  only  Montreal,  Toronto  and  Hamil- 
ton ahead. 

Taking  the  three  Prairie  Provinces  the  increase  of  manufacturing 
output  between  1900  and  1911  was  from  $14,892,416  to  $78,794,567 


80  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  which  latter  total  Winnipeg  had  one-half.  The  total  for  Manitoba 
was,  in  1911,  $53,673,609  of  which  Winnipeg  produced  nearly  three- 
quarters.  In  detail  the  City  had  in  1911  297  establishments  or  fac- 
tories, an  invested  capital  of  $36,000,000,  and  employees  numbering 
over  16,000,  with  wages  paid  totalling  $7,614,646  monthly:  Local 
requirements  in  manufactured  goods  were  at  this  time  stated  by  Mr. 
C.  F.  Roland,  Industrial  Commissioner,  to  total  $140,000,000  a  year. 
Careful  records  compiled  by  him  showed  that  this  demand  included 
$25,000,000  in  agricultural  implements  and  machinery,  $16,000,000 
in  hardware,  $15,000,000  in  groceries,  $17,000,000  in  dry-goods  and 
textiles,  $12,000,000  in  the  iron  and  building  trades,  $6,000,000  in 
boots  and  shoes  and  as  much  more  for  automobiles.  Primarily  a  trade 
centre  for  supplying  these  and  other  products  to  the  Western  con- 
sumer Winnipeg  had  steadily  widened  its  industrial  scope  and,  in 
1912,  it  had  its  rolling  mills,  structural  steel  plants,  brass  foundries, 
with  many  iron-works  and  machine  shops;  bricks,  pressed  stone, 
cement,  lumber,  sashes  and  doors,  office  and  bank  fittings,  clothing, 
stained  glass,  flour  and  brewery  establishments;  the  output  of  abattoir 
and  packing  houses  was  large  and  pickles  and  vinegar,  bags  and  boxes, 
tin,  galvanized  iron  and  wire  fences,  baking  powder,  furniture,  soaps, 
paints  and  oils,  cereals,  biscuits  and  confectionery,  harness  and  sad- 
dlery, and  many  other  items  were  produced  for  an  ever-increasing 
circle  of  demand. 

In  1911  Provincial  returns  showed  the  authorized  capital  of  purely 
industrial  new  concerns  locating  in  Winnipeg  that  year  to  be  $7,695,- 
000  while  certain  older  industrial  firms  found  it  necessary,  within  the 
year,  to  increase  their  capital  from  $2,330,000  to  $6,360,000.  For 
the  year  1912,  109  charters  for  purely  industrial  concerns  were  issued 
with  a  total  capitalization  of  $19,427,000.  Yet  it  is  clear  that  the  city 
is  only  on  the  verge  of  its  development  in  this  respect.  In  farm 
machinery,  alone,  the  probabilities  are  enormous.  The  principal  lines 
of  machinery  needed  by  the  markets  of  the  Canadian  West  are  all 
classes  of  agricultural  machinery,  including  steam,  threshing,  plowing 
and  traction  engines,  municipal  equipments  such  as  road  scrapers, 
rollers,  etc.,  railroad  cars  and  supplies,  pumping  outfits  for  city  wells, 
excavating  and  mill  machinery.  Traction  engines  hauling  eight, 
twelve  and  fourteen  gang-plows  are  being  brought  into  use  throughout 
the  prairie  Provinces  and  seeding,  reaping  and  harvesting  the  grain 
are  all  carried  on  in  the  same  large  way.  Harvesting  machinery  is 
sold  by  the  trainload,  and  it  is  by  no  means  an  uncommon  sight  to 
see  a  complete  train  of  over  forty  cars  loaded  with  threshing  engines 
and  separators  coming  into  these  Provinces  from  Eastern  Canada  or 
from  across  the  border.  Hence  the  obvious  future  before  Winnipeg 
in  this  connection.  It  appears  to  offer  much  in  the  way  of  close  and 
available  markets;  it  has  five  great  railways  affording  every  facility 
for  transportation  and  provides  cheap  electric  power  and  light  under 
municipal  management;  it  offers  reasonably  cheap  factory  sites  and 
a  plentiful  supply  of  various  kinds  of  raw  material.  Finally,  the 
Custom  returns  which,  in  1901,  only  totalled  $975,880,  were  in  1910 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  81 

$5,001,624  and  in  1912  $10,484,092— showing  how  great  the  steadily 
increasing  imports  were  and  what  large  opportunities  of  production 
might  be  found  therein. 

Meantime  the  City  had  been  growing  in  other  directions.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Dominion  Census-returns  its  population  had  increased  from 
241  in  1871  to  7,985  in  1881,  to  25,639  in  1891,  to  42,340  in  1901 
and  to  136,035  in  1911.  In  and  following  1900  Civic  Census  figures 
were  collected  yearly  and  these  showed  an  increase  of  5  -6  per  cent. 
in  1901,  8  per  cent,  in  1902,  14  -6  per  cent,  in  1903,  15  -6  per  cent, 
in  1904,  15-8  per  cent,  in  1905,  22  per  cent,  in  1906,  9-5  per  cent,  in 
1907,  5-4  per  cent,  in  1908,  3-3  per  cent,  in  1909,  8  per  cent,  in 
1910,  14  per  cent,  in  1911  and  9  -6  per  cent,  in  1912.  The  1910 
figures  were  in  excess  of  the  Dominion  figures  and  totalled  132,720; 
those  for  1912  were  166,553.  Population  changes  so  rapidly  in  these 
Western  cities  that  a  part  of  this  discrepancy  might  be  due  to  the 
difference  of  a  few  months  in  the  date  of  taking;  it  is  quite  possible 
that  the  local  figures  are  more  nearly  correct  as  being  obtained  by  men 
familiar  with  the  city  and  with  previous  yearly  returns.  However 
that  may  be,  the  growth  was  very  striking. 

In  area,  there  was  a  similar  expansion.  From  the  boundless 
prairie — a  land  of  which  the  fertility  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
understood  or  appreciated  until  modern  days — Lord  Selkirk  had  first 
carved  out  for  himself  what  has  since  proved  an  empire  of  wealth. 
Of  his  116,000  square  miles  along  the  Red  and  Assiniboine  he  gave 
freely  in  August,  1817,  to  his  settlers;  his  heirs  in  1836  sold  all  that 
remained  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  for  $414,000;  in  1869  the 
Company  surrendered  their  title  to  the  British  and  Canadian  Gov- 
ernments for  $1,500,000  and  one-twentieth  of  all  the  land  surveyed 
for  settlement.  Then  came  the  period  of  gradual  growth,  the  village 
passed  under  town  and  then  city  conditions,  fortunes  were  made  and 
lost  in  1880-5  by  speculation  based  upon  a  future  environment  of 
production  which  was  not  to  be  in  existence  for  many  years.  Similar 
fortunes  were  made  in  1909-12  based  upon  actual  development  in  a 
great  surrounding  region ;  if  speculation  occasionally  went  beyond  the 
progress  of  this  movement  it  had  behind  it  and  around  it  the  obvious 
excuse. 

Stretching  out  upon  the  prairie  and  curving  in  and  around  the 
junction  of  the  two  rivers  Winnipeg  came  to  include  within  its  city 
limits  16,000  acres  or  about  25  square  miles.  St.  Boniface,  a  flour- 
ishing manufacturing  town  of  8,000  people,  connected  with  Winnipeg 
by  several  bridges  across  the  Red  River  and  with  the  latter  city's 
outlying  growth  surrounding  it  on  three  sides,  became  a  practical, 
though  not  technical,  part  of  the  Provincial  capital.  It  boasts  the 
possession  of  the  Cathedral  of  a  Roman  Catholic  Arch-diocese  and 
the  ,recent  construction  of  terminal  stock-yards  and  abattoirs  which 
are  the  largest  in  Canada  and  said  to  be  second  only  to  Chicago  on 
the  entire  Continent.  Beyond  St.  Boniface  and  five  miles  east  of  the 
City  another  industrial  suburb — Transcona — was  founded  in  1908  by 
the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  which  established  their  Western  car-shops 


82 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


and  operating  head-quarters  upon  what  was  then  the  bare  prairie.  In 
1910  the  Canadian  Pacific  also  went  to  Transcona  and  formed  what 
are  described  as  the  largest  freight  classification  yards  in  the  world. 
A  number  of  factories  followed  the  Railways  and  business,  specula- 
tion, and  settlement  naturally  developed.  At  Selkirk,  20  miles  north- 
east of  Winnipeg,  the  City's  port  for  Lake  Winnipeg  grew  into 
importance  and  it  has  changed  gradually  from  the  centre  of  a  large 
local  fishing  industry  into  a  suburban  residential  town  reached  by 
electricity  from  Winnipeg.  With  this  growth  of  population — civic 
and  suburban — came  a  corresponding  increase  in  construction  of 
houses,  office  buildings,  factories,  etc.  In  the  12  years  of  Winnipeg's 
chief  growth  the  building  permits  granted  were  as  follows : 


1900 $1,441,863 

1901 1.708,557 

1902 2,408,125 

1903 5,689,400 


1904 $9,651,750 

1905 10,840.150 

1906 12,625.950 

1907 6,309,950 

1912 20,475,350 


1908 $6.613.700 

1909 9.226.325 

1910 15,116,450 

1911 17,650,000 


Under  all  these  conditions  it  was  inevitable  that  assessments  and 
values  should  go  up  and  from  1904  they  increased  at  a  much  greater 
rate  than  the  population  but  not  apparently  out  of  proportion  to  the 
growth  of  business  as  shown  in  manufacturing,  wholesale,  banking, 
building  and  other  statistics.  The  system  of  assessment  up  to  1909 
placed  land  and  improvements  upon  practically  the  same  basis ;  after 
that  date  land  was  assessed  at  its  full  value  and  improvements  at  two- 
thirds  of  their  valuation.  In  this  way  vacant  lots  and  land  held  for 
speculative  purposes  contributed  their  full  share  to  the  city's  revenues. 
As  an  illustration  it  may  be  said  that  in  1911  the  assessment  of  land 
totalled  $118,407,650  and  in  1912  $151,795,740  or  an  increase  of 
28  '2  per  cent.,  and  that  in  these  years  the  assessment  of  improvements 
was,  respectively,  $54,269,600  and  $62,584,700  or  an  increase  of 
15:3  per  cent.  It  may  also  be  added  that  a  small  business  assess- 
ment is  made  which  totalled  in  1893  $3,034,100,  in  1903  $5,399,490 
and  in  1912,  under  a  diiferent  system,  $4,619,280.  The  following 
table  gives  the  facts  for  20  years : 


Assessment 

Assessment 

Total 

Property 

Year. 

of 

of 

Rateable 

Exempt  from 

Popu- 

Lands. 

Buildings. 

Assessment. 

Taxation. 

lation. 

1893. 

$11,946,450 

$6,712.150 

$18,658.600 

$4,550.330 

32,119 

1894. 

11.730,250 

7,030,700 

18,760,950 

4,424,330 

34,954 

1895. 

11,716,010 

7,409,500 

19,125,510 

4,518,780 

37,124 

1896. 

11.689,560 

7.809.100 

19.498,660 

4,696,880 

37,983 

1897. 

11,622.630 

8,123.300 

19.745,930 

4,876,820 

38,733 

1898. 

11,571,230 

8.099,450 

19,670.680 

4,882.920 

39.384 

1899. 

11,614,340 

8.435.650 

20.049.890 

4,996,100 

40,112 

1900. 

11,971,720 

9,344,280 

21,316.000 

5,657,650 

42,534 

1901. 

12,259,730 

10.095,870 

22,355.600 

5,949.600 

44,778 

1902. 

12,662,550 

11,276,310 

23,938,860 

6,558,060 

48,411 

1903 

17  920  600 

12,953,310 

30,873,910 

7,722,770 

66,741 

1904 

25  186  160 

15  920  710 

41.106.870 

9,489,030 

67  265 

1905. 

33,293,110 

20.492.960 

53.786.070 

11,876,170 

79,975 

1906. 

42,253.060 

26.546,960 

69.624,550 

15,128,030 

101,057 

1907. 

59,504,110 

34,321,850 

93,825,960 

18,587,940 

111,729 

1908. 

62,745,070 

40,040,100 

102.785,170 

21,737.990 

118,252 

1909. 

65,449.220 

42.548.100 

107.997.320 

23,405.520 

122,390 

1910. 

108,674.070 

48,934,150 

157.608,220 

28,261,920 

132,720 

1911. 

118.407,650 

54,269,600 

172.677.250 

27.611,350 

151,958 

1912. 

161,795,740 

62,564,700 

214,360,440 

33,241,140 

166,553 

WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  83 

Meantime  there  had  sprung  up  an  element  of  expansion  which 
brought  much  money  into  the  City,  great  prosperity  to  individuals, 
and  some  criticism  from  outside  investors  and  financial  interests.  In 
itself  the  Sub-division  practice  or  plan  was  simple,  obvious  and 
natural.  With  thousands  of  people  pouring  into  the  'City,  with  land 
values  rising  and  building  demands  in  excess  of  the  supply,  it  was 
inevitable  that  surrounding  prairie  districts  should  be  bought  up  by 
speculative  interests,  divided  into  lots  and  sold  to  any  one  who  would 
buy — at  home  or  abroad.  During  the  progress  of  settlement  and 
development  it  was  and  is  clear  that  Winnipeg  and  similar  centres 
must  be  hives  of  industry,  activity  and  investment.  The  land  seeker, 
the  British  visitor,  the  United  States  prospective  settler,  all  spend 
money  freely.  Large  supplies  have  to  be  bought  and,  incidentally, 
the  purchase  of  a  lot  in  the  City  through  which  all  must  pass  and  in 
which  many  must  stay  is  a  simple  matter.  In  ten  years  the  Bank 
clearings  had  increased  by  1,000  millions,  more  than  700  million 
bushels  of  grain  had  passed  the  inspection  mark,  the  industrial  out- 
put had  increased  five-fold,  new  buildings  costing  100  millions  had 
been  erected,  the  value  of  real  estate  within  the  City  had  increased 
from  22  to  214  millions. 

The  lots  sold  in  1905  doubled,  trebled  or  quadrupled  in  value  by 
1910 — why  should  not  similarly  placed  lots  increase  in  the  same  ratio 
by  1915?  The  argument  was  appealing  and  very  frequently  good. 
Unfortunately  the  unscrupulous  speculator  as  well  as  the  scrupulous 
one  had  to  be  considered  and  he  became  a  factor  in  Winnipeg  as  in 
all  Western  and  some  Eastern  cities.  The  truth  seems  to  be  that  the 
real  values  of  Sub-divisions  in  or  around  a  City  such  as  Winnipeg 
have  depended  and  must  always  depend  upon  (1)  their  proximity  to 
the  expanding  .portions  of  the  town,  upon  (2)  their  ability  to  attract 
residents  or  industries,  upon  (3)  the  class  of  construction  in  the 
former  case  and  the  proximity  to  railways  in  the  latter.  To  under- 
stand these  values  the  employment  of  reliable  agents  by  outside 
investors  is  essential  or  else  the  obtaining  of  personal  knowledge.  If 
the  purchaser  of  a  lot  is  taking  his  chance  as  the  American  cowboy 
would  in  a  game  of  cards  he  has  chiefly  himself  to  blame  should  the 
result  be  disastrous ;  although  it  might  be  possible  to  enact  legislation 
which  would  prevent  positive  fraud  in  prospectuses,  etc.  Speaking 
to  a  London  journal  called  Canada  on  June  15,  1912,  Sir  William 
Wiseman,  Bart.,  M.P.,  made  these  very  sensible  remarks: 

As  far  as  Western  real  estate  generally  is  concerned  I  think  it  is 
quite  a  wrong  impression  to  imagine  that  it  is  overdone.  A  great  deal 
more  money  is  bound  to  be  made  in  real  estate  because  the  cities  are  all 
growing.  It  is  impossible  to  compare  real  estate  values  in  Canada  and 
England.  It  is  much  fairer  to  make  a  comparison  between  Canada  and 
the  United  States,  and  if  you  do  compare  the  big  cities  of  Canada  and 
the  United  States,  you  will  find  that  Canadian  real  estate  values  are  not 
at  all  unduly  high.  One  point  to  be  remembered  is  that  the  street-car 
is  used  very  much  more  in  Canada  than  it  is  here,  and  that  it  enables 
people  to  move  much  further  out  and  yet  be  within  easy  reach  of  their 
business.  Another  point  is  that  in  Canada  there  are  comparatively  few 


84  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

good  roads,  and  the  tendency  of  a  city  is  not  to  spread  out  regularly  all 
round,  but  to  spread  out  along  the  main  roads.  The  line  of  development 
is  along  the  line  of  accessibility. 

Within  Winnipeg  city  limits  profits  made  under  judicious  investment 
have  been  very  great  and  will  probably  continue  to  be  so  in  varying 
localities.  One  real  estate  agent  reported  in  1912  26  sales  netting  the 
original  British  purchasers  a  total  of  237  per  cent,  profit  in  two  years. 
Others  who  invested  wildly  might,  at  the  same  time,  lose  their  money 
or  have  to  hold  their  land  indefinitely.  Even  in  these  latter  cases 
there  is  always  a  possibility  of  the  City's  extension  taking  some  unex- 
pected direction  and  the  rash  speculation  then  becomes  an  excellent 
investment.  Take,  for  instance,  the  original  holders  of  land  in,  or 
close  to,  the  Transcona  suburb  or  the  owners  of  property  on  Portage 
Avenue  near  where  the  Hudson's  Bay  'Company  in  1912  paid  $1,000,- 
000  for  a  building  site!  Speculation  is,  of  course,  risky  whether  in 
land  or  in  stocks  and,  while  any  fraudulent  sub-division  mongers  who 
exist  are  to  be  denounced,  their  action  or  policy  does  not  in  reality 
affect,  nor  should  be  allowed  to  injure,  the  credit  and  good  name  of 
greatly  prosperous  and  progressive  centres. 

The  indebtedness  of  Winnipeg  has  been,  in  the  main,  the  creation 
of  half-a-dozen  years — the  period  of  its  greatest  progress.  On  Apl. 
30,  1906,  the  net  public  Debt  (less  sinking  funds)  was  $6,995,943, 
at  the  same  date  in  1907  it  was  $8,323,299,  in  1908  the  total  was 
$14,028,753,  in  1909  $16,978,941,  in  1910  it  was  $18,928,671,  in 
1911  it  was  $22,976,262,  and  on  Apl  30,  1912,  the  total  was  $26,928,- 
952.  Some  of  this  increasing  liability  was  incurred  for  reproductive 
purposes  and  the  gross  Debt  of  $30,134,482  in  1912  included  $4,370,- 
000  spent  upon  the  Hydro-Electric  plant  and  water-power  facilities 
which,  upon  completion,  reduced  the  rate  for  power  from  9  cents  per 
kwh.  to  less  than  3  cents  and  has  since  afforded  special  industrial 
rates  as  low  as  8-10  of  a  cent  per  kwh.  with  current  for  domestic 
appliances  at  1  cent,  per  kwh.  The  gross  expenditure  upon  water- 
works was  $5,154,985.  Local  improvements  represented  a  total  of 
$11,238,683,  the  high-pressure  fire  service  water-works  cost  $929,902 
and  there  was  a  general  expenditure  of  $6,940,910  with  a  school  dis- 
trict expenditure  of  $1,500,000.  An  important  point  in  the  general 
and  local  improvement  items  was  the  sum  required  for  new  streets 
and  sewers  and  for  the  extension  of  services  rendered  imperative  by 
the  increasing  population  and  ever-broadening  city  limits.  Water 
distribution  and  sewerage  systems  were  necessities  which  grew  in  their 
requirements  beyond  ordinary  revenue  possibilities  while  some  atten- 
tion had  to  be  paid  to  special  needs  such  as  parks  and  boulevards  and 
hospitals. 

To  offset  this  indebtedness  there  is  the  obvious  fact  that  by  1912 
the  City  owned,  controlled  and  operated  its  public  utilities  including 
light,  heat,  power,  and  water  supply.  Between  1902-12,  also,  the 
rateable  assessment  increased  from  $690  to  $1,223  per  head  and  the 
industrial  output  from  $190  to  $2,285  per  head.  The  City's  balance 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST 


85 


Year. 

Municipal. 

Business. 

Schools. 

Total 

Taxes. 

1893. 

.  $284,419 

$59,468 

$85,000 

$475,714 

1894. 

.  280,836 

63,511 

90,000 

495,977 

1895. 

.  292,839 

60,869 

94,000 

521,603 

1896. 

.  297,820 

61,235 

96,500 

531,422 

1897. 

.  302,318 

61,721 

98,090 

555,009 

1898. 

.  323,436 

68,391 

104,590 

607,245 

1899. 

.  313,854 

73,729 

117,930 

629,835 

1900..  375,655    76,201   120,595 


1901. 


421,745    81,515    126,975 


725,124 


823,459 


sheet  in  1912  showed  Assets  totalling  $43,147,314  of  which  fixed  pro- 
perties described  as  remunerative  and  realizable  stood  at  $10,574,154, 
Sinking  funds  at  $3,205,529,  and  Expenditures  to  be  recovered 
$1,140,983.  The  nominal  excess  of  Assets  over  all  Liabilities  was 
stated  at  $5,119,501.  By  Dec.  31,  1911,  also,  the  City  possessed  203 
miles  of  sewers,  79  miles  of  asphalted  streets,  35  miles  of  macadamized 
roads  and  25  miles  of  cedar  blocks ;  it  had  99  miles  of  granolithic  side- 
walk, 352  miles  of  plank  walks,  246  miles  of  grading  and  233  miles 
of  watermains.  The  construction  of  Winnipeg's  pavements  as  well 
as  of  its  buildings  had  been  excellent  and  of  good  material.  To  meet 
these  expenses  a  portion  of  the  Civic  debt  was  incurred  but  the  chief 
part  was  borne  by  the  City's  taxation  which,  during  a  period  of  19 
years,  was  as  follows,  with  Local  Improvements  included  in  the  total 
but  not  specified  in  a  separate  column: 

Rate  on  the  $,  Arrears, 

General  Taxes,  30th 

Mills.  April. 

19-60  $239,103 

19-60  293,202 

20-00  300,022, 

20-00  347,447 

20-00  329,125 

21-50  261,099 

21-25  293,559 
20  mills  on  bus.  tax. 

valuat'n;    23%    mills  319,708 
on   realty  valuation. 
20  mills  on  bus.  tax. 

valuat'n;  20-50  mills  273,271 
on   realty  valuation. 

23-25  285,217 

21-50  204,104 

17-00  248,720 

19-70  312,834 

17-90  442,319 

16  mills  gen.  assess.  565,295 
8    1-3%    bus.    assess. 

15-00  815,231 

16  mills  gen.  assess.  871,206 
6    2-3%    bus.    assess. 

10-80  mills  gen.  ass.  751,887 
6    2-3%    bus.    assess. 

13-25  mills  gen.  ass.  798,888 
6    2-3%    bus.    assess. 

12-00  mills  gen.  ass.  834,422 
6    2-3%    bus.    assess. 

Educationally,  the  history  of  Winnipeg  has  been  of  exceptional 
interest.  It  has  had  a  place  in  the  public  mind  of  Canada  and  in  a 
part  of  the  political  annals  of  the  Dominion  because  of  the  Provincial 
Act  of  1890  in  which  state-aided  schools  were  made  free  and  non- 
stctarian;  it  has  had  to  deal  in  later  years  with  bi-lingual  complica- 
tions caused  by  the  influx  of  people  having  many  tongues  and  many 
racial  divergencies.  The  City's  public  school  system  has  since  1908 
been  directed  by  a  Department  of  Education,  presided  over  by 
the  Minister  of  Education — the  Hon.  G.  E.  Coldwell,  K.C., 
and  his  Deputy,  Robert  Fletcher,  B.A.  There  is  an  Advisory  Board 
for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the  Department  in  technical  matters  and 
consisting  of  ten  Members  appointed  by  the  Department  or  elected  by 
other  bodies.  Provision  has  been  made  for  both  primary  and  second- 
ary education  and  the  primary  course  extends  over  eight  years. 


1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 

.  421,668 
.  505,269 
.  526,891 
.  849,927 
.1,005,133 
.1,145,603 

108,739 
116,089 
120,837 
176,148 
194,880 
246,734 

135,210 
158,823 
172,220 
210,000 
241,800 
357,000 

876,126 
1,035,430 
1,087,099 
1,584,736 
1,909,421 
2,328,843 

1908. 
1909. 

.1,183,186 
.1,206,518 

199,743 
206,251 

360,000 
415,000 

2,400,894 
2,533,054 

1910. 

.1,226,645. 

224,133 

476,430 

2,708,559 

1911. 

.1,693,385 

269,165 

595,500 

3,428,507 

1912. 

.1,806,325 

307,952 

766,000 

3,808,900 

86  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Secondary  education  is  carried  on  in  the  High  Schools  and  Collegiate 
Institutes.  The  first  Institute  was  established  in  1881  and  there  were 
three  in  1911  with  32  teachers  and  1,456  pupils  having  choice  of  three 
courses — a  two-year  course  leading  to  a  certificate  of  competency  in 
commercial  subjects,  a  three-year  course  leading  to  matriculation  in 
the  University,  and  a  four-year  course  for  a  teacher's  certificate  of 
the  first  class. 

Professional  training  for  teachers  is  given  in  the  Provincial 
Normal  and  Model  Schools.  Supervision  of  the  various  schools  has 
been  in  charge  of  experienced  and  skilled  Inspectors  of  whom  the 
first  to  be  appointed  was  Dr.  George  Bryce  in  1876.  The  funds  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  schools  are  raised  by  a  general  municipal  tax 
sufficient  to  give  to  each  school  district  $240  per  annum  for  each 
teacher,  and  by  a  special  levy  on  the  land  situated  within  the  school 
district,  for  whatever  sum  may  be  necessary  in  addition  to  the  amount 
received  from  the  municipality  and  the  Government's  grant  which  is 
$130  per  school.  The  City  expenditure  upon  Schools  was  $85,000 
in  1893,  $135,210  in  1903,  and  $766,000  in  1912.  Two  adequately 
equipped  Technical  Schools  costing  $400,000  each  were  added  in  1912, 
and  attendance  warranted  further  additions  in  this  branch  of  educa- 
tion. Other  educational  statistics  of  the  City  are  interesting  though 
the  great  period  of  expansion  was,  of  course,  after  1900.  In  1871 
there  was  one  school-building,  one  teacher  and  35  pupils  in  Winnipeg ; 
in  succeeding  decades  or  years  the  figures  were  as  follows : 

Value  of  Build- 
Year.         Teachers.    Buildings.    Ings  and  Sites.  Pupils. 

1876 4  2  $3,600  123 

1886 49  11  220,000  2,831 

1896 96  14  397,000  6.374 

1900 119  16  487,000  7,500 

1903 140  18  750,000  9,500   - 

1904 168  19  774,600  10.308 

1906 192  21  1.071,701  11,675 

1906 220  26  1,213,931  13,445 

1907 248  30  1,552,753  14,802 

1908 266  S4  1,971.479  15,449 

1909 297  33  2.300,000  16,070 

1910 340  33  2,800,000  17,738 

1911 376  37  3,462,159  19,750 

1912 450  42  4,186,000  22,500 

The  University  of  Manitoba  has  only  a  small  building  though  a 
new  structure  is,  in  1912,  underway.  It  has  been  and  is  confined  to 
instruction  in  a  rather  limited  number  of  subjects  and  was  origin- 
ally founded  in  1871  as  an  Examining  body  only.  It  now  teaches 
Mathematics,  Chemistry,  Physics,  Botany,  Physiology,  Pathology, 
Bacteriology  and  Civil  and  Electrical  Engineering.  Chairs  in  Eng- 
lish, History  and  Political  Economy  have,  also,  been  established,  and 
an  endowment  of  150,000  acres  of  land  granted  by  the  Province.  The 
Classics  and  Modern  Languages  are  treated  in  affiliated  denomina- 
tional Colleges — St.  Boniface,  Roman  Catholic;  St.  John's,  Church 
of  England;  Manitoba  College,  Presbyterian;  and  Wesley  College, 
Methodist.  There  were  in  1911-12  744  students  in  attendance  at  the 
University  with  23  Professors,  Lecturers,  etc. 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST  87 

Agriculture  is  taught  at  the  Provincial  Agricultural  College  near 
Winnipeg.  Greatly  increased  attendance  and  need  of  enlarged  facili- 
ties compelled  the  building  of  a  new  agricultural  College,  which  was 
started  in  1912.  This,  when  completed,  will  cost  $5,000,000,  and  the 
plans  have  been  characterized  by  experts  of  wide  experience,  as  those 
of  the  most  modern  institution  of  its  kind  on  the  Continent.  An 
educational  innovation  was  inaugurated  in  Winnipeg  in  1911  by  a 
special  Committee  of  the  Winnipeg  Industrial  Bureau,  providing 
vocational  talks  by  business  men  to  school  boys  in  the  higher  grades. 
This  plan  is  found  to  be  of  value  in  directing  the  thoughts  of  the 
boys,  on  what  their  life's  work  is  to  be,  and  has  already  been  adopted 
by  some  large  American  cities. 

In  other  lines  of  progress  the  record  of  Winnipeg  has  been  attrac- 
tive, but  a  few  only  can  be  indicated  here.  For  many  years  it  was 
the  Western  head-quarters  for  the  Federal  offices  of  the  Dominion 
Government  and  still  remains  the  centre — the  Custom  House  in 
which  returns  multiplied  five-fold  from  1906  to  1910;  the  Eegistry 
of  Shipping,  Excise,  Weights  and  Measures,  Dominion  Lands,  Oil, 
Gas,  and  Electric  Inspection,  Food  Products  Examination;  the  Post 
Office  with  revenues  increasing  from  $125,000  in  1901  to  $1,167,760 
in  1911;  Grain,  Flour  and  Hide  Inspection,  the  Intelligence  Office, 
Immigration  Office,  Receiver-General,  Government  Savings  Bank,  etc. 
It  is  the  head-quarters  of  the  Provincial  Government  and  its  Depart- 
ments, of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Province  and  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company.  A  somewhat  unique  institution  is  the  Winnipeg 
Industrial  Bureau  which  was  organized  in  1907  with  C.  F.  Roland 
as  Commissioner  and  with  the  object  of  making  Winnipeg  better 
known  to  the  world's  industrial  and  investment  interests.  It  started 
with  seven  affiliated  City  organizations  and  64  members  which,  by 
1912,  had  increased  to  28  organizations  and  840  members.  During 
these  years  it  obtained  considerable  sums  of  money  for  practical  work, 
erected  a  large  building  for  Exhibition  and  business  purposes,  a  fine 
fire-proof  Art  Gallery  and  a  Convention  Hall  with  5,000  capacity; 
and  won  the  co-operation  and  support  of  the  public.  Its  President  in 
1910  and  1911  was  F.  W.  Heubach  and  in  1912  W.  J.  Bulman. 

A  Provincial  institution  organized  by  the  Industrial  Bureau  for 
development  along  agricultural  lines  was  the  "  Million  for  Manitoba 
League  "  formed  on  Jan.  12,  1912,  under  the  Presidency  of  W.  San- 
ford  Evans,  the  first  President  of  the  Bureau,  and  with  the  object  of 
promoting  knowledge  as  to  Manitoba  and  encouraging  immigration 
to  the  point  of  a  million  population  within  a  short  period — a  result 
which  would,  incidentally,  prove  of  great  importance  to  Winnipeg. 
Another  organization,  started  by  the  Winnipeg  Industrial  Bureau  in 
1911,  was  the  Imperial  Home  Reunion  Association,  which  is  Imperial- 
istic in  spirit  and  has  become  National  in  scope.  Twenty-six  Cana- 
dian cities  now  assist  deserving  British  settlers  to  bring  out  their 
families  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  Winnipeg  branch  having 
already  brought  out  some  1,500  wives  and  children  at  a  cost  of  sixty 
thousand  dollars  in  transportation,  without  loss  to  the  Association,  the 


88 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 


money  having  been  repaid  by  the  applicants  in  small  sums.  Of  the 
older  public  organizations  the  Grain  Exchange  of  Winnipeg  was 
formed  in  1887  and  had  a  career  intimately  associated  with  the  ups 
and  downs  of  the  City  and  the  growth  of  its  grain  trade  to  the  very 
high  point  of  present  success.  Since  1887  its  directing  force  has  been 
the  Secretary,  Mr.  Charles  N.  Bell.  A  re-organization  took  place  in 
1908  with  John  Fleming  as  President,  succeeded  by  H.  N.  Baird  in 
1098-9,  George  Fisher  in  1909-10,  A.  D.  Chisholm  in  1910-11,  Donald 
Morrison  in  1911-12  and  Andrew  Kelly  in  1912-13.  A  more  modern 
organization,  connected  with  a  different  element  of  progress,  is  the 
Eeal  Estate  Exchange  incorporated  in  1903  with  R.  D.  Waugh,  C.  D. 
Shepard  and  A.  H.  Oakes  amongst  its  later  Presidents.  A  most 
important  organization  was,  of  course,  the  Board  of  Trade.  It  entered 
into  the  life  and  development  of  the  City  at  all  points  and  frequently 
dealt  with  subjects  of  Provincial,  National  and  Imperial  importance. 
Founded  in  1879  its  Secretary  since  1887  has  been  Charles  N.  Bell, 
and  to  him,  as  with  the  Grain  Exchange,  much  of  its  success  was  due. 
The  Presidents  were  usually  representative  men,  intimately  associated 
with  the  growth  of  the  City,  as  the  following  list  will  indicate : 


Tear.  President. 

1879 Hon.  A.  G.  B.  Bannatyne. 

1880 A.  F.  Eden. 

1881 W.  H.  Lyon. 

1882 Jos.   Mulholland. 

1883 C.  J.  Brydges. 

1884-6 Kenneth  McKenzie. 

1887 J.  H.  Ashdown. 

1888 George  F.  Gait. 

1889 James  Redmond. 

1890 R.  J.  Whltla. 

1891 Stephen  Nairn. 

1892 J.  E.  Steen. 

1893 F.  W.  Stobart. 

1894 W.   B.   Scarth. 

1895 R.  T.  Riley. 

1896 F.  H.  Mathewson. 

1897 D.   W.   Bole. 


Year.  President. 

1898 A.   M.   Nan  ton. 

1899 E.  L.  Drewry. 

1900 D.  K.  Elliott. 

1901 Wm.  Georgeson. 

1902 John  Russell. 

1903 G.  R,  Crowe. 

1904 H.  W.  Hutchison. 

1905 A.  L.   Johnson. 

1906 A.  Strang. 

1907(part).G.  F.  CaYruthers. 


1907-08 

1908-09 

1909-10. 

1910-11. 

1911-12. 

1912-13 . 


J.  B.  Persse. 
.H.  M.  Belcher. 
.E.  D.  Martin. 
.F.  W.  Drewry. 
.H.  Bruce  Gordon. 
.E.  A.  Mott. 


The  great  Land  Companies  do  a  large  business  from  and  through 
Winnipeg,  the  Loan  and  Insurance  Companies  of  the  East  have  head- 
quarters there,  the  Bank  of  Montreal  and  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Com- 
merce have  buildings  notable  for  their  cost  and  size  and  architectural 
beauty,  the  Winnipeg  General  Hospital  is.  a  splendid  institution  and 
others  of  a  charitable,  religious  or  educational  nature  are  to  be  seen 
in  every  direction.  The  City  has  for  years  been  proud  of  its  Athletic 
associations.  The  Senior  Four  of  the  Winnipeg  Rowing  Club  have 
twice  been  amateur  champions  of  America.  The  Hockey  Club  has 
held  the  championship  of  the  world  and  the  Dominion  and  Interna- 
tional trap-shooting  championships  have  also  been  captured.  In 
curling,  skating,  snow-shoeing,  lacrosse,  golfing,  cricket,  football, 
bicycling,  lawn-tennis  and  rifle  shooting,  the  young  men  of  Winni- 
peg have  been  prominent  and  strong  efforts  have  been  made  to  keep 
these  sports  free  from  professionalism.  Social  Clubs  of  all  kinds  have 
in  recent  years  been  a  special  feature  of  Winnipeg's  private  life,  while 
of  secret  and  fraternal  associations  there  are  large  numbers.  The 


WINNIPEG  AND  THE  CANADIAN  WEST 


89 


National  benevolent  societies  are  well  organized  and  do  much  good 
and  useful  work.  Several  music  and  dramatic  associations  flourish. 
The  Manitoba  Historical  and  Scientific  Society  maintains  a  library 
and  museum  and  has  published  a  large  number  of  valuable  papers. 
The  City  also  has  a  Free  Public  Library  and  a  valuable  Legislative 
Library.  It  may  be  added  that  Winnipeg  is  710  feet  above  sea  level 
and  is  one  of  the  world's  healthiest  cities  with  a  death-rate  in  1911 
of  only  13  -6  per  1,000  inhabitants.  The  city's  artesian  well  water  is 
unexceled  for  its  purity.  The  summer  days  of  Winnipeg  have  16 
hours'  sunshine  while  winter  is  marked  by  clear  weather  and  an 
absence  of  moisture  which  makes  the  climate  agreeable  and  even  in 
the  coldest  weather  exhilarating  and  bright  in  the  extreme. 

Since  1907  the  Civic  Government  has  been  vested  in  a  Mayor,  a 
Board  of  Control  composed  of  four  members  and  the  Mayor,  and  14 
City  Councillors,  all  elected  by  ballot — taxpayers  and  tenants  who  are 
British  subjects  by  birth  or  naturalization  being  qualified  to  vote. 
The  Board  of  Control  is,  in  1912,  the  executive  body  and  as  such 
deals  with  all  financial  matters,  regulates  and  supervises  expenditures, 
revenues  and  investments,  directs  and  controls  Departments,  nomin- 
ates all  heads  of  Departments,  prepares  specifications,  advertises  for 
tenders  for  work,  materials  and  supplies  required,  inspects  and  reports 
to  the  Council  upon  all  municipal  works  being  carried  on  within  the 
City,  and  administers  its  affairs  generally  except  as  to  the  Public 
Schools  and  the  Police  Department.  The  former  is  under  control  of 
the  Public  School  Board  elected  annually  by  the  ratepayers,  and  the 
latter  under  the  Board  of  Police  Commissioners,  which  consists  of 
the  Mayor,  the  County  Court  Judge,  Police  Magistrate,  and  two 
Aldermen  appointed  by  the  City.  The  Mayors  of  Winnipeg,  it  may 
be  added  here,  have  done  their  share  in  promoting  Civic  development 
and  welfare — many  were  men  of  the  highest  character  and  attain- 
ments. The  names  are  as  follows : 


Tear.  Mayor.  Tear. 

1874.  .Francis  Evans  Cornish,   Q.c.  1894. 

1875.  .William  Nassau  Kennedy.  1895. 
1876.. William  Nassau  Kennedy.  1896. 
1877.. Thomas  Scott.  1897. 
1878.. Thomas  Scott.  1898. 

1879.  .Alexander  Logan.  1899. 

1880.  .Alexander  Logan.  1900. 
1881.. Elias  George  Conklin.  1901. 

1882.  .Alexander  Logan.  1902. 

1883.  .Alexander   McMicken.  1903. 

1884.  .Alexander  Logan.  1904. 

1885.  .Charles  Edward  Hamilton.  1905. 
18 86.. Henry  Shaver  Weshook.  1906. 
1887..Lyman  Melvin  Jones.  1907. 
1888..  Lyman  Melvin  Jones.  1908. 
1889.  .Thomas  Ryan.  1909. 
1890.. Alfred   Pearson.  1910. 
1891.. Alfred   Pearson.  1911. 
1892.. Alexander  McDonald.  1912. 
1893.. Thomas  William  Taylor.  1913. 


Mayor. 

.Thomas  William  Taylor. 
.Thomas  Gilroy. 
.Richard  William  Jameson. 
.William  F.  McCreary. 
.Alfred  J.  Andrews. 
.Alfred  J.  Andrews. 
.Horace  Wilson. 
.John  Arbuthnot. 
.John  Arbuthnot. 
.John  Arbuthnot. 
.  Thomas   Sharpe. 
.Thomas  Sharpe. 
.Thomas  Sharpe. 
.James  H.  Ashdown. 
.James  H.  Ashdown. 
.W.  Sanford  Evans. 
.W.  Sanford  Evans. 
.W.  Sanford  Evans. 
.Richard  D.  Waugh. 
.Thomas  R.  Deacon. 


Of  the  future  of  Winnipeg  little  need  be  added  to  a  narrative  which 
indicates  the  certainty  of  greatness.  Geographically  it  is  the  heart 
of  the  continent  and  of  Canada;  it  is  the  gateway  of  a  West  which 


90  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

must  grow  to  splendid  proportions  in  production,  population  and 
wealth;  it  is  the  capital  of  a  Province  where  public  prosperity  and 
individual  opportunity  are  manifest.  As  the  Canadian  West  and 
North  unfold  their  almost  limitless  wealth  in  land  and  forests  and 
mines  and  fisheries;  as  their  railway  facilities  increase  to  meet  the 
new  and  greater  output  of  rich  commodities;  as  the  demands  of  life 
and  trade  weave  an  ever-growing  fabric  of  production  over  an  ever- 
widening  area  of  settlement;  so  the  importance  of  Winnipeg  must 
grow  and  the  fundamental  resources  of  Winnipeg  expand. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


British  Columbia 

The  Land  of  Opportunities ; 

the  Sportsman's  Paradise;  Climate 

Unexcelled;  Unrivalled  Scenic 

Attractions 

B    Q 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA  possesses  unique 
opportunities  for  the  capitalist,  miner, 
lumberman,  fisherman,  mechanic  and  arti- 
san, prosperous  growing  cities,  an  unexcelled 
system  of  free  education,  good  sound  laws 
wisely  administered,  a  progressive  railway 
policy,  opening  up  vast  areas  of  productive 
virgin  soil,  good  well-made  roads,  a  vast 
area  of  commercial  timber  —  Douglas  fir, 
spruce,  hemlock,  red  and  white  cedar,  tam- 
arack, etc.,  immense  coal  andiron  deposits, 
gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  etc. 

British  Columbia  waters  are  swarming 
with  salmon,  halibut,  cod,  herring,  smelt, 
trout,  etc. 

British  Columbia  fruit  has  taken  the 
highest  awards  wherever  exhibited. 

British  Columbia  is  particularly  adapted 
to  mixed  farming,  fruit  and  vegetable  grow- 
ing. 

British  Columbia  possesses  good  and 
rapidly  extending  markets,  both  local  and 
outside. 

British  Columbia  possesses  a  great  strategical  situa- 
tion, being  the  gateway  of  the  rapidly  developing  West. 
The  Panama  Canal  will  make  its  coast  cities  some  of 
the  most  important  seaports  of  the  world. 


92 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA 

RECORD  FOR  1912 


Mines $32,600,000 

Fisheries  13,677,125 

Timber 28,730,000 

Agriculture 21,641,928 

Manufactures 45,000,000 

Total  production $141,649,053 


Imports $49,345,161 

Exports 20,272,840 

Total  trade $69,618,001 


Total  funded  debt $9,229,425 

Available  cash  balance 8,340,111 

Net  liabilities  $889,314 


Full  information  regarding  British  Col- 
umbia on  application  to  Hon.  J.  H.  Turner, 
Agent-General  for  British  Columbia,  Salis- 
bury House,  Finsbury  Circus,  London, 
E.G.;  or  Frank  I.  Clarke,  Secretary,  Bureau 
of  Provincial  Information,  Victoria,  B.C. 


93 


THE  UNCONDITIONAL 
ACCUMULATION  POLICY 

issued  by  the  Confederation  Life  Association  is  worthy  the 
careful  consideration  of  any  person  contemplating  life  insurance. 
The  contract  is  clear,  definite  and  concise,  and  contains 
no  restrictions  as  to  residence,  travel  or  occupation.  It  is  issued 
upon  either  the  Life  or  Endowment  plan,  at  rates  which 
compare  favorably  with  those  of  other  companies,  and  payment 
of  premiums  may  be  made  annually,  semi-annually  or  quarterly 
as  may  be  desired. 

A  SECURE  ESTATE   .'?. 

In  insuring  under  one  of  these  policies  the  holder  thereof 
not  only  creates  an  absolutely  secure  estate,  in  the  event  of 
death,  but  also  makes  provision  against  adversity  during  the 
later  years  of  life. 

At  maturity  of  the  accumulation  period  the  insured  has 
the  choice  of  several  modes  of  settlement,  while  during  the 
continuance  of  the  policy  he  is 

Guaranteed 

Automatic  Premium  Loans  — 

Extended  Term  Insurance  —  Cash  Values 

—  Paid-up  Policy  —  Cash  Loans 

Full  information  regarding  the  above  will  gladly  be  furnished 

upon  application  to  any  representative  of  the 

company  or  to  the 

Confederation  Life  Association 

HEAD  OFFICE          V          TORONTO,  CANADA 


94 


ASSESSMENT  SYSTEM 


Independent  Order 
of  Foresters 


Policies  issued  from  $500  to  $5,000.     Mortuary 

Benefits,  Disability  Benefits,  Old  Age 

Benefits  and  Sick  Benefits. 


For  further  information  and  particulars  apply  to 

ELLIOTT  G.  STEVENSON  R.  MATHISON 

Supreme  Chief  Ranger  Supreme  Sec'y-Treas. 


London  Guarantee  &  Accident 
Company,  Ltd. 

HEAD    OFFICE    FOR    CANADA     -     TORONTO 


EMPLOYER'S  LIABILITY  FIDELITY  GUARANTEE 

PERSONAL  ACCIDENT  COURT  BONDS 

SICKNESS  CONTRACT 

BURGLARY  INTERNAL  REVENUE 

ELEVATOR  TEAMS    AND   AUTOMOBILE 

D.  W.  ALEXANDER,  Manager  for  Canada 
Telephone  Main  1642 


95 


THE  MERCHANTS'  BANK  OF  CANADA 


Capital,  Paid  Up,  $6,758,900 

Head  Office 


Reserve  Funds,  $6,820.189 

Montreal 


BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

SIR  H.  MONTAGU  ALLAN,  C.V.O.,  President 

K.  W.  BLACKWELL,  Vice-President 

THOS.  LONG  F.  ORR  LEWIS  A.  J.   DAWES  CEO.   L.  CAINS 

ALEX.  BARNET       A.  A.  ALLAN  F.  HOWARD  WILSON  A.  B.  EVANS 

C.  C.  BALLANTYNE     FARQUHAR  ROBERTSON 

E.  F.  HEBDEN,  General  Manager 
T.  E.  MERRETT,  Supt.  of  Branches  and  Chief  Inspector 

197  Branches  and  Agencies  in  Canada,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific 

General  Banking  Business 

Sterling  and  Continental  Exchange 

Collections  at  Any  Point 
Savings  Department  at  all  Branches 

Letters  of  Credit  Issued 

Travellers'  Cheques  Issued 

Agency  in  New  York  :  63  and  65  Wall  Street 

A,,.    ..  ;„  r«~...  n-i.   j~  J  Tn*  London  Joint  Stock  Bank.  Limited 
Agents  in  Great  Britain  }  The  R(jyal  Bank  o,  Scotland 


THE  CHATEAU  LAURIER 

The  New  $2.000,000  Hotel,  Owned  and  Operated  by  the 

GRAND  TRUNK   RAILWAY   SYSTEM 

OTTAWA,  CAN.  A.  T.  FOLGER,  Resident  Manager 

Accommodation  350  Rooms 
Comfortably  and  Artisti- 
cally Furnished 

Thi  Lateit  in  Hotel  Construc- 
tion.  Rates  $2  and  npwardt 

European  Plan 

Write  for  Handsome  Illustrated 

Booklet.  Oable  Address 

" TRUNKCHAT " 

Grand  Trunk  and  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Hotelt 

CHATEAU  LAURIER 

Ottawa,  Ont. 

In  Operation 

Under  Construction 

"THE  FORT  GARRY" 

Winnipeg,  Man. 
"THE  MACDONALD" 

Edmonton,  Alta. 

"THE  QU'APPELLE" 

Regina,  Sask. 

F.  W.  BERGMAN,  Manager  of  Hotels,  Ottawa,  Canada 


96 


Printing  and  Binding 

Electrotyping Stereotyping 


Designers  and  Makers   of    the 
:    :  Best   Quality  :    : 

BOOKS 


CATALOGUES 
BOOKLETS 
MAGAZINES 
PROGRAMMES 

and 

High-Class   Stationery 

of   every  description 


The  Oldest,  Largest  and  most  Modernly- 
Equipped  Printing  and  Binding 
Establishment  in  Canada 

Printers  to  The  Government  of  the  Province  of  Ontario 


E.tablished    1829 

THE  METHODIST  BOOK  &  PUBLISHING  HOUSE 

WILLIAM    BRIGGS,     PUBLISHER 

29-37  Richmond  Street  West  28-36  Temperance  Street 

TORONTO,     CANADA 


97 


Canadian 
Pacific 


"  The  World' i  Oreatett  Transportation  Syittm  " 

Crosses  Two  Oceans  and 
Reaches  Four  Continents 

Over   16,500    Miles    of    Railway    and    Seventy-four    Steamships 

A  CHAIN  of  Eighteen  Magnificent  Hotels  across  Canada.  A  Telegraph 
•**•  System  to  all  points  in  Canada,  with  connection  to  all  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Cable  Connections  throughout  the  World.  Builds  and 
operates  its  own  Sleeping  Cars  —  higher,  wider  and  with  larger  berths 
than  any  others  ;  vibration  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Compartment-ob- 
servation Cars  with  the  latest  luxuries  of  modern  travel.  Dining  cars 
on  through  trains. 

THE   Grandest   Mountain   Scenery,  the   finest  Fishing 

and    Shooting    in    the    World,    the    most  popular 

Summer  Resorts,  and  the  Granary  of  the  British  Empire 
are   all  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Lines. 

Direct  Ocean  and  Rail  More  Than  Half  Way  Around 
the  World.     Side  Trips  by  Rail,  Lake  or  River. 


Atlantic  Ocean 


Montreal  to 
Liverpool 


Montreal  to 
London 


Montreal  to 
Trieste 


Service 
to  and 

from 
St.Jobn 

N.B. 
Nov.  to 


Canada 

Atlantic  to  Pacific, 

Across  Canada 

and  to 

New  England.  Central  and 
Western  United  States 

ALSO 


Pacific  Ocean 

Vancouver  to 

Japan  and  China 

Vancouver  to  Skagway 
Vancouver  to  Victoria 
Victoria  to  Seattle 


Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  and  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Railway, 
Duluth,  South  Shore  &  Atlantic  Railway,  Great  Lakes 
S.S.  Lines,  Kootenay  Lakes  S.S.  Lines. 

11,974  Miles  Liverpool,  England,  to  Hong  Kong, 
China,  by  Canadian  Pacific  Rail  and  Steamship  Lines. 

For  further  information  apply  to  any  C.P.R.  Agent  or  write 

C.  E.  E.  USSHER,   Passenger  Traffic  Manager,  Montreal,  Que. 


98 


Temiskaming  $  Northern 
Ontario  Railway 


PROVINCE   OF   ONTARIO 


GOVERNMENT  RAILWAY 


Sir   James  Pliny  Whitney,   Premier,  Etc. 

Solid  Vestibule  Trains 

Through  Sleeping  Cars,  Toronto 

and  Montreal 

TO 

Cobalt,  Porcupine  and  Cochrane 

The  only  railway  reaching  Temagami  and  the 

Great  Mineral,  Forest  and  Farm  Lands 

of  Northern  Ontario 


20,000,000  Acres  of  Farming 
Land  awaits  the  Settler 

Arrange  to  spend  your  holidays  this  year  at  one 
of  the  delightful  spots  along  the  T.  &  N.  O.  Ry. 


Write  for  Descriptive  Folder,  Map  and  Time  Table 

J.  L.  ENGLEHART,  Chairman,  Toronto 
A.  J.  McGEE,  Secretary  Treasurer,  Toronto 
A.  J.  PARR,  Gen'l  Frt.  &  P.  A.,  North  Bay 


99 


The  Canadian  Northern  System 

Canada's  Second  Transcontinental  Operating 

RAILWAYS,  STEAMSHIPS,  HOTELS,  EXPRESS 

AND  TELEGRAPH 


THE  RAILWAYS 

In  10  years  the  Canadian  Norther 
System  ha*  grown  from  101  miles  to  ov  e 
7,000  miles.  With  the  completion  of  the 
line  now  building  from  Montreal  through 
Ottawa  and  North  Bay,  the  Sudbury- 
Port  Arthur  line,  and  Yellowhead  Pass 
to  tht  Pacific  Coast  which  is  expected  in 
1014,  it  will  run  from  Coast  to  Coast. 
Progress  unique  in  the  history  of  railway 
building. 


THE  STEAMSHIPS 

ROYAL  EDWARD  &  ROYAL  GEORGE 

Royal  Mail  Steamships 

12,000  tons.  18,000  Horse  Power. 

Holders  of  Canadian  Trans-Atlantic 

Records 

Bristol  to  Halifax  6  days  11$  hours 
Bristol  to  Qu«b*c  6  days  20  hour* 


HOTELS 

THE  PRINCE  ARTHUR  HOTEL 

Port  Arthur,  Ont. 

THE  PRINCE  EDWARD  HOTEL 

Brandon,  Man. 

TheM  Hotels  stand  in  the  front  Rank, 
their  appointments  and  furnishings  em- 
body everything  known  to  the  modem 
Hostelry. 


EXPRESS  AND  TELEGRAPH 

THE     CANADIAN     NORTHERN     EXPRESS 

COMPANY  transacts  a  general  Express  bust- 
nen  over  all  lines  leased  and  owned  by  the 
Canadian  Northern  Railway,  and  forward  mer- 
rbandUe  In  connection  with  responilblcExpreu 
companies  lor  all  parti  of  the  world. 

THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  TELEGRAPH 
COMPANY  reaches  all  points  In  the  Western 
Provinces  and  a  large  portion  of  Eastern  Canada 
and  the  United  States  through  its  connecting 
lines. 


Canadian  Northern 
Atlantic  Royals 

Montreal— Quebec— Bristol  (Summer)  Halifax— Bristol  (Winter) 

R.M.S.  Royal  Edward 
R.M.S.  Royal  George 

•i  These  steamers  are  equipped  with  the  latest 
devices  for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of 
passengers,  Marconi  Wireless,  deep  sea  tele- 
phone, pa«senger  elevators.  Every  room  is 
ventilated  by  the  thenno  tank  system,  which 
warms  or  cools  the  fresh  sea  air  and  distributes 
it  over  the  entire  ship  every  five  minutes. 

*[  The  engines  arc  the  latest  type  of  turbines  ensuring  a  maximum  of  speed  and  a  minimum 

of  vibration . 

«I  The  private  suites  of  apartments  and  the  luxuriously  appointed  public  cabins,  treated  after 

historic  periods  in  decorative  art,  are  unexcelled  by  anything  on  the  Atlantic.     The  second 

and  third  cabin  appointments  have  set  a  new  standard  of  comfort  and  elegance  for  this  class 

of  accomodation. 

U  The  table  service  throughout  is  the  best  that  leading  chefs  and  excellently  appointed 

steward  service  can  make  it. 

U  If  you  desire  an  unbiased  opinion  on  ocean  travel  ask  for  a  copy  of  "  What  People  say  of 

Our  Service." 

If  Sailings  are  made  fortnightly  between  Montreal,  Quebec  and  Bristol  in  Summer  and  Halifax 

and  Bristol  in  Winter. 

H  For  all  information  apply  to  Steamship  Agents,  or  to  the  following  General  Agents  of  the 

Company. 

52  King  St.  East,  Toronto,  Ont ;  226-30  St.  James  Street,  Montreal  ; 
128  Hollis  Street,  Halifax,  N.S.;  Room  254  Union  Station.  Winnipeg,  Man. 


100 


Grand 
Trunk 


The  new  National  Transcontinental  Railway 
is  now  completed  and  offers  service  between  the 
Great  Lakes  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  Fort 
William,  Ont.,  to  Tete  Jaime,  B.C.,  a  distance  of 
1542  miles.  From  Prince  Rupert,  B.C.,  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  the  western  terminus  of  the  line  con- 
struction iscompleted  for  two  hundred  miles.  Con- 
struction is  in  progress  the  whole  remaining  dis- 
tance in  British  Columbia,  and  it  is  hoped  to  have 
it  completed  in  1914. 


The  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
already  connects  and  serves  Fort 
William,  Ont.,  Winnipeg  and 
Portage  la  Prairie,  Man.,  Mel- 
ville, Regina,  Yorkton,  Canora, 
Watrous,  Saskatoon  and  Battle- 
ford,  Sask.,  and  Tofield,  Cam- 
rose,  Edmonton  and  Edson, 
Alta.  Branch  lines  to  Brandon, 
Man.,  Prince  Albert,  Sask.,  and 
Calgary,  Alta.,  are  rapidly  near- 
ing  completion. 

The  new  line  has  already 
opened  up  in  the  Prairie  Prov- 
inces a  vast  country  rich  in 
resources  and  the  districts  now 


being  tapped  in  British  Colum- 
bia are  even  richer. 

Between  Seattle,  Victoria, 
Vancouver,  Prince  Rupert, 
Stewart,  Granby  Bay  and 
Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  a  fleet 
of  all-oil  burning  steamships. 
Twin  screw  S.S.  "Prince  Rup- 
ert and  Prince  George,"  18| 
knots,  3500  tons,  are  the  surest, 
finest  and  most  luxurious  steam- 
ers in  the  North  Pacific  service. 
Hot  and  cold  running  water  in 
every  state  room.  Electric 
lighted  throughout  and  electric 
reading  lamps  in  each  berth. 


W.  E.  Davis  G.  T.  Bell  W.  P.  Hinton 

Passenger  Traffic  Mgr.   Ass't  Passenger  Traffic  Mgr.    General  Passenger  Agt. 
MONTREAL  MONTREAL  WINNIPEG,  Man. 


101 


CANADIAN 

GOVEKNMENT 

RAILWAYS 

Intercolonial  Railway 

Prince  Edward  Island  Railway 


INTERCOLONIAL  RAILWAY  connects 
Montreal  (the  Canadian  Metropolis)  with 
Quebec,  Moncton,  St.  John,  Halifax,  the 
Sydneys. 

TWO  TRAINS  : 

Ocean  Limited  (daily) 

Maritime  Express  (daily  except  Saturday) 

Noted  for  excellence  of  Sleeping  and  Dining  Car  Service. 

PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND  RAILWAY 
traverses  the  "Garden  of  the  Gulf." 


Write  for  Descriptive  Booklets,  Time  Tables,  Pas- 
senger Fares,  and  any  other  information  to 

General  Passenger  Department 


MONCTON,  N.B. 


102 


Osier  &Hammond 


Stock  Brokers 

and 

Financial  Agents 

21  Jordan   Street,  Toronto. 


E.  B.  Osier.  R.  A.  Smith.  F.  G.  Osier. 


A.  E.  AMES.  H.  R.  TUDHOPE.  T.  BRADSHA W. 

A.   E.   AMES   £&   CO. 

INVESTMENT     BANKERS. 
TORONTO          /.          /.          /.          CANADA 

Members  Toronto  Stock  Exchange. 

BONDS  SHARES 

Our  Bond  Department  has  always  on  Orders  executed  on  commission  for  pur- 
hand  Securities  to  suit  the  needs  of  chase  or  sale  of  stocks  listed  on  all  the 
Estates,  Trustees  and  Private  Investors,  leading  Exchanges,  including  London, 

GOVERNMENT  BONDS— generally  re-  Entfland- 

garded  as  the  safest  form  of  investment  Orders  for  purchase  or  sale  of  unlisted 

security— yield  a  moderate  return  on  the  Bank.    Insurance,  Industrial  and  other 

capitalinvested.il         -•-_:  »•  stocks,  will  receive  prompt  attention. 

MUNICIPAL    DEBENTURES    yield    a  Orders  may  be  telegraphed  at  our  ex- 

higher  return,  varying  in    this  respect  p    lse' 

according  to  the  age,  wealth  and  prob-  Private  wires  to  Montreal,  New  York 

able    future    prosperity    of   the    issuing  and  Boston. 

municipality.  f^SS-'   "    i  •  '  Loans  made  on  listed  securities  at  cur- 

CORPORATION  -BONDS— secured  • 'by  rent  interest  rates. 

mortgage  on  the  real  estate  and  under-  Our   Statistical   Department   is    at    the 

takings  of  the  issuing  Company — yield  service  of  our  clients.      Its  files  are  kept 

a  rate  of  interest  which  varies  according  up    to  date    with    frequent   reports    on 

to  the  stability,  character  and  earnings  Companies  whose  securities  are  avail- 

of  the  company.  able  for  investment. 


103 


THE  HOME  BANK  OF  CANADA 

ORIGINAL  CHARTER  1854 

GENERAL    BANKING    BUSINESS    TRANSACTED 
COLLECTIONS  MADE  AT  ANY  POINT  IN  CANADA 


Head  Office  :  8-10  King  St.  West,  Toronto.  Ont.    (Eight  Branches  in  Toronto.) 
Chief  Office  in  Montreal :  Transportation  Building,  St.  James  St.    (Six  Branches  in  Mon- 
treal.) 
Chief  Office  for  Manitoba  Province :  246  Main  St.,  Winnipeg. 


Branches  in  Province  of  Ontario:  Alliston,  Belle  Rirer,  Cannington.  Cress  well.  Dela- 
ware, Everett,  Ilderton,  Janetville,  Komoka,  Lawrence  Station,  London,  Lindsay,  Manilla. 
Sandwich,  St.  Thomas,  Sunderland.  Thorndale,  Toronto.  Walkerrille. 

Branchea  in  Province  of  Quebec  :  Cartierrille,  Montreal,  Murray  Bar.  Verdun.  Quebec 
City. 

Branchea  In  Province  of  Manitoba :  Crystal  City.  Goodlands,  Grand  View,  Lyleton, 
Neepawa,  Winnipeg. 

Branchea  in  Province  of  Saskatchewan  :  Moosejaw,  SintaluU,  Welwyn.  Weyburn. 

Branch  in  Province  of  British  Colombia :  Fernie. 


Correspondents  in  Great  Britain  :  The  National  Bank  of  Scotland,  Limited. 

Correspondents  in  the  United  State* :  New  York.  The  National  Park  Bank ;  Chicago. 
The  Merchants  Loan  and  Trust  Co.;  Detroit,  The  Home  Savings  Bank :  Boston,  The 
National  Shawmut  Bank  ;  Minneapolis,  The  Security  National  Bank  ;  Buffalo,  The  Manu- 
facturers and  Traders  National  Bank,  The  Columbia  National  Bank. 

Correspondents  In  Australia  :  Union  Bank  of  Australia,  Limited. 

JAMES  MASON,  General  Manager. 


THE  COLONIAL  OFFICE  JOURNAL 

Edited  br 

W.  H.  MERCER.  C.M.G..  one  of  the  Crown  Agents  for  the  Colonies,  and 
R.  V.  VERNON,  of  the  Colonial  Office. 

Published  quarterly,  with  the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of    . 
State  for  the  Colonies,  though  not  official,  and  circulates  in 
every  Colony  and  Dominion. 

The  Editorial  Notes  give  a  rlsumt  of  the  leading  events 
throughout  the  British  Empire,  with  particular  reference  to 
constitutional  points.  Special  articles  deal  with  recent  develop- 
ments and  questions  of  general  interest.  Books  relating  to 
the  Dominion  and  Colonies  are  reviewed,  and  official  publi- 
cations likely  to  be  of  use  to  them  are  noticed.  Business 
Notes  refer  to  official  and  private  experience  of  new  machinery 
and  appliances,  and  Medical  Notes  to  the  progress  of  tropical 
medicine  and  sanitary  improvements. 

Correspondence  is  welcomed  on  any  subject  of  interest  to 
the  Empire. 

Sent  post  free  to  any  address  on  receipt  of  $1.75  yearly,  by 

MESSRS.  WATERLOW  &  SONS 

GREAT  WINCHESTER  STREET,  LONDON 


104 


F 

5003 
C325 
v.12 


The  Canadian  annual  review  of 
public  affairs 


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