Skip to main content

Full text of "Canada to-day"

See other formats 


HANDBOUND 
AT  THE 


UNIVERSITY  OF 
TORONTO  PRESS 


THE 

CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

OF  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 


FOUNDERS  OF 

THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 
OF  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 


The  late  Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Eoyal 

Brig.-Gen.  The  Hon.  James  Mason 

Brig.-Gen.  Sir  Henry  M.  Pellatt,  c.v.o.,  D.C.L.,  A.D.C. 

The  late  Senator  George  A.  Cox 

Sir  J.  W.  Flavelle,  Bart.,  LL.D. 

Cawthra  Mulock,  Esq. 

A.  E.  Ames,  Esq. 
Sir  Edmund  Boyd  Osier,  M.P. 

The  late  R.  Wilson-Smith 

The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Shaughnessy,  K.C.V.O. 

A.  J.  Russell  Snow,  Esq.,  K.C. 

The  late  D.  R.  Wilkie 
Lieut.-Colonel  J.  Cooper  Mason,  D.S.O. 

The  late  J.  R.  Bond 
J.  Castell  Hopkins,  Esq.,  F.S.S.,  F.R.G.S, 


THE  RT.  HON.  DAVID  LLOYD  GEORGE,  M.P., 

Appointed    Prime  Minister  of   Great  Britain   in    1916. 


THE  CANADIAN 

ANNUAL  REVIEW 

OF 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 


BY 

J.  CASTELL  HOPKINS,  F.S.S.,  F.R.G.S. 


1916 

SIXTEENTH    YEAR    OF    ISSUE 

ILLUSTRATED 


TORONTO  :  THE  ANNUAL  REVIEW 
PUBLISHING     COMPANY     LIMITED 

1917 


r 

5oo3 


V.I6 


Copyright,  Canada,  1917,  Printed  by 

by  THE  ANNUAL  REVIEW  WARWICK  BRO'S  &  RUTTER,  Limited. 

PUBLISHING      COMPANY,  TORONTO 

LIMITED. 


THIS   VOLUME;   is  DEDICATED 

TO 

G.  FRANK  BEER 

IN  ADMIRATION  OF  HIS  EARNEST  EFFORTS 
FOR    THE)     BETTER    ORGANIZATION     OF     CANADIAN 

AND     THE     DEVELOPMENT     OF 
A     HIGHER     PLANE     OF     CANADIAN     THOUGHT 

BY 
HIS     SINCERE     FRIEND 

THE  AUTHOR. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


THE  WORLD-WAR  IN  1916. 

Page 

The  Progress  and  Environment  of  the  War  in   1916 17 

Position  of  Germany  and  Its  Allies;    Economic   Conditions  and  Peace 

Proposals     33 

German  War  Methods  and  Submarines;  Belgium  and  the  Little  Nations  48 

The  Great  Powers  of  the  Entente;  Prance,  Russia  and  Italy  in  3916.  .  59 

The  Balkans  and  the 'War:   A  Balance  of  Teuton  Success  in  1916 75 

Portugal  and  Japan  in  the  War:   The  Lesser  Neutral  Nations 81 

Chronology    of    the    War    in    1916 89 

THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  IN  THE  WAR. 

Great  Britain:   War  Policy  and  General  Position  in  1916 101 

The  British  Navy  and  Army  in  the  War:   Submarines  and  Aeroplanes.  122 

Ireland   and   the   War,'   The  Rebellion   in   Dublin ]33 

Australia  in  the  War;   Mr.  Hughes  and  Conscription 145 

New   Zealand   and   Newfoundland   in   the  War 160 

India  and  South  Africa  in   the  War   during   1916 t  166 

The   British  Empire   as   a   Unit   in   the   War 176 

The  Empire  after  the  War:   Economic  Changes  and  Proposed  Policies.  184 

British    Empire    War    Notes 190 

THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THE  WAR. 

The  General  Situation  in  1916;  Prosperity,  Pacificism  and  Preparedness  193 

United  States  Leaders  and  the  War:   The  Presidential  Elections 205 

Controversies    with    Germany;    President    Wilson's    Diplomacy 216 

German  Organizations  in  the  United  States;  Threats  Against  Canada.  .  221 

U.  S.  Peace  Proposals;  Germany's  Action  and  the  Allies'  Position....  227 

Incidents  of  American  Relations  to  the  World-War 235 

CANADA  AND  THE  WAR  IN  1916. 

The   Duke   of   Connaught's  Last   Year:    A   New   Governor-General   Ap- 
pointed      238 

Sir  Robert  Borden:    Speeches  and  War  Policy  of  the  Year 245 

Military  Administration   of   Sir   Sam   Hughes:    Speeches   and   Policy..  254 

The" Shell  Committee  and  Sir  Sam  Hughes;  The  Making  of  Munitions.  .  269 

^Military  Affairs:    The   Ross   Rifle   and   Canadian   Aviation   Efforts 296 

-Military  Affairs:   Recruiting  Conditions  and  Policy 302 

MilitaTy—Affftirs-^^e^iaiiatiuu  and  €?6^scription   Proposals 318 

The  ^National    Service    Plan:    Speeches   of   Sir   Robert    Borden 325 

^  The  French-Canadian  Ministers;  Nationalism  and  Recruiting 333 

The  Financial  Administration   of   Sir   Thomas   White 354 

Government  War  Policy;    Sir  George   E.  Foster  and  other  Ministers..  366 

16] 


CONTENTS  m     1 

Page 

Two  War-Time  Problems:    Prohibition  and  BHingualism  at   Ottawa..  387 

Parliament  and  the  War :   Burning  of  the  Parliament  Buildings 399 

v  The  Liberals  and  the  War:   Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Policy 409~>*** 

Women  and  the  War;  I.O.D.E.;  Woman's  Suffrage 418  — * 

•--Canadian  Labour  and  the  War:    Alien  Problems  in  Canada 429-^-*  -" 

"The  Churches  of  Canada  and  the  War  in  1916 434  -. 

Canadian  War  Notes  of  1916: 

Pensions,    Plans    and    Changes    439 

The   Canadian  Patriotic   Fund    440 

The  Canadian  Eed  Cross   Society .  441 

The   St.    John   Ambulance   Association 442 

The  British  Eed  Cross  and  Canada %  443 

Belgian   and  Other   Relief   Funds 443 

Patriotic    Support    for    Sailors 444 

Industrial    Research    in    Canada ,  444 

Pacificism   in  Canada    445 

CANADIANS  AT   THE   FRONT. 

On  the  Way  to  the  Front  in  1916;  Canadians  in  Britain.  , 447 

Troops  in  Action;  the  3rd  Battle  of  Ypres,  St.  Eloi  and  Courcelette. .  459 

Canadian  War  Incidents,  Casualties  and  War  Honours. , 468 

PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS  IN  ONTARIO. 

The  Hearst  Government  in  1916;   Departments  and  Public  Policy 480 

Legislation  and  Liberal  Policy;   Bye-Elections  of  the  Year 494 

The   Hydro-Electric   Problems   of  the   Year 503 

The  Prohibition  Question  and  Legislation  in  Ontario 515 

vThe  Bi-lingual  Issue;  The  Pope's  Encyclical  and  Privy  Council  Judg- 
ment   524 

The  Ontario  Nickel   Question  in  its  Provincial   and  other   Relations. .  532 

The  Hearst  Government  and  the  War;  Mr.  Rowell's  Patriotic  Attitude.  540 

Ontario  Incidents  and  Conditions  in   1916 546 

The  University  of  Toronto 548 

Other   Ontario   Universities  in   1916 549 

Porcupine    and    Its    Mines , 550 

>  Cobalt  Silver  Production    551 

Ontario 's   Total   Mineral   Product * ,  . . .  552 

Agriculture   and   the   Farms   of   Ontario 552 

N-  The    United    Farmers    of    Ontario , 553 

The    Berlin-Kitchener    Issue    554 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC  IN  1916. 

%'  The  Government   of  Sir  Lomer  Gouin;    Administration   and   Politics. .  556 

^   Quebec  and  the  War:   The  Bi-lingual  Question 564    -. 

The  two  Quebec  Legislative  Sessions  of  1916 573 

The  General  Elections  of  1916  in  Quebec  Province 580   ^ 

^    The  City  of  Montreal :  Its  Conditions  and  Problems .'86 

Higher   Education   in   Quebec 593 

Quebec  Incidents  of  Importance  in  1916 594 


8         THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

THE   MAEITIME   PROVINCES   OF    CANADA. 

Page 

Government  Legislation  and  Politics   in   Nova   Scotia 597 

Education  in   Nova   Scotia;    The   Prohibition   Issue 604 

Nova  Scotian  General  Elections  of  1916;  Party  Policies 610    ' 

Nova  Scotian  Progress:    War  Conditions  and  Popular  Action 615 

The  Clarke  Government  and  Politics  in  New  Brunswick 618 

New  Brunswick  Legislation  in  1916 ;   The  Prohibition  Question 629 

Finances  of  New  Brunswick ;   Education  and  War  Action 634 

Prince   Edward   Island   in   1916 640 

Important  Incidents  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  1916 641 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  MANITOBA. 

The   Norris  Government;    Political   and   General   Conditions 644 

The  1916  Legislation  of  the  Manitoba  Government.  . , 656 

The   Parliament   Buildings    and    Other    Investigations 663 

Bi-lingualism   and   Compulsory   Education   in   Manitoba 671 

The  Prohibition  Act;   Manitoba  and  the  War 677 

Education    in    Manitoba 685 

Higher  Education  and  the  University  of  Manitoba 687 

Manitoba    Incidents    of    Importance t588 

THE  PROVINCE   OF   SASKATCHEWAN. 

Last  Days  of  the  Scott  Government ;   Politics  and  Departments 689 

The  Saskatchewan  Legislature  in   1916 ;    Charges  of  Corruption 696 

The   Royal   Commissions   of   Inquiry 704 

Bi-lingual,   Separate    School,    and    other    Educational    Conditions 711 

The  Temperance  Question:   Government  and  the  War 716 

The  New  Martin  Government:   Grain  Growers  and  Provincial  Produc- 
tion     '. 719 

Higher  Education  and  the  University  of  Saskatchewan 725 

Incidents  of  the  Year  in   Saskatchewan 726 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  ALBERTA. 

• 

The  Sif ton  Government ;   Administration  and  Politics 728 

Alberta  Legislature  and  Charges  of  Corruption;  Prohibition  and  Woman 

Suffrage     , 736 

Alberta  and  the  War ;  Resources  and  Progress 743 

Higher  Education  and  the  University  of  Alberta 748 

Alberta  Incidents   of  Importance   in    1916 750 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

The  Bowser  Government;   Bye-Elections  and  Administration 751 

British  Columbia  Legislature:   Enactments,  Charges  and  Investigations  765 

The  British  Columbia  General  Elections 775   ^ 

The  Province  and  the  War 782 

British  Columbia  Incidents  of  Importance f'".\ 784 

The  British   Columbia   University:    Higher  Education 786 


CONTENTS  9 
TRANSPORTATION  INTERESTS  AND  AFFAIRS. 

Page 

The   Canadian  Pacific   Railway  in   1916 788 

The  Grand  Trunk  and  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 790 

The  Canadian  Northern  Railway  System 792 

Transportation    Incidents    of    1916 794 

MISCELLANEOUS  INCIDENTS  AND  AFFAIRS. 

Canadian   Resources   and   Development 795 

General   Incidents   of    the   Year 797 

Financial    and    Industrial    Incidents * . .  803 

Canadian    Obituary,    1916     808 

Index  of  Names 907 

Index  of  Affairs 922 

SPECIAL  FINANCIAL  SUPPLEMENT. 

Canadian  Finance  and  the  War;  Bank  of  Montreal — Annual  Addresses 

and  Reports  844 

War  and  Finance  in  Canada;  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce — Annual 

Addresses  and  Reports 855 

Canada  and  the  West  Indies  in  War-Time;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada — 

Annual  Addresses  and  Reports 865 

Financial  Conditions  in  Canada;  Merchants  Bank  of  Canada — Annual 

Reports  and  Addresses 878 

Sun  Life  Assurance  Co  of  Canada ;  Annual  Report  and  Statement ....  885 

NEWFOUNDLAND— THE   NORWAY   OF   THE   NEW   WORLD....  889 

THE  CALL  OF  NORTHERN  ONTARIO 890 

WM.   A.   READ   &   CO.,  New  York -. 893 

THE   NATIONAL   PARK   BANK   New   York 895 

HANOVER    NATIONAL    BANK,    New    York 896 

THE  HOME  BANK  OF  CANADA,  Toronto , 898 

THE   CONFEDERATION  LIFE   ASSOCIATION,   Toronto 899 

THE  WESTERN  ASSURANCE  CO.  and  THE  BRITISH  AMERICA 

ASSURANCE   CO.,   Toronto    901 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  NICKEL  COMPANY,  New  York 902 

NOVA  SCOTIA  STEEL  &  COAL  CO.  LTD.,  New  Glasgow 891 

CANADA  PERMANENT  MORTGAGE  CORPORATION,  Toronto....  906 

LONDON  GUARANTEE  &  ACCIDENT  CO.,  LTD.,  Toronto 903 

WARWICK  BROS.  &  RUTTER,  LIMITED,  Toronto 904 

A.  E.  AMES  &  CO.,  Municipal  Debentures,  Toronto 903 

HOTEL  BELMONT,  New  York 896 

THE   CORN  EXCHANGE   BANK,   New  York 894 

THE  MANUFACTURERS'  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY,  Toronto  900 

THE  CANADIAN  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY,  LTD.,  Toronto  892 

THE  CANADIAN   PACIFIC  RAILWAY.  Montreal.  .  904 


10  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Page 

THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  RAILWAY,  Toronto 905 

FETHERSTONAUGH   &   CO.,   Patent   Solicitors,   Toronto 897 

MACHRAY,  SHARPE,  DENNISTOUN,  LOCKE,  PARKER  &  CRAW- 
LEY,  Winnipeg 897 

LENNIE,   CLARK   &   HOOPER,    Vancouver 897 

THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 906 

SPECIAL   HISTORICAL   SUPPLEMENT. 

J.    L.    Englehart   and   Northern    Ontario 814 

Colonel  A.  E.  Gooderham  and  Canadian  War- Work 828 

Thomas  Findley  and  the  Massey-Harris  Interests 824 

Lieut-Col.  Noel  Marshall  and  the  Canadian  Red  Cross 826 

Lieut.-Col.    W.   S.   Dinnick   and   War   Organizations 834 

Charles  N.  Candee  and  Canadian  Rubber  Interests 832 

John  Gowans  Kent  and  the  Canadian  National  Exhibition 840 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 

THE  RT.  HON.  DAVID  LLOYD  GEORGE,  M.P. — Appointed  Prime  Minister 

of  Great  Britain , Frontispiece 

His  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE,  K.Q.,  G.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O. — 

Appointed  Governor-General  of  Canada 16 

THE  RT.  HON.  WM.  MORRIS  HUGHES,  P.O.,  M.P. — Prime  Minister  of 

Australia  in  1916 144 

THE  RT.  HON.  ANDREW  FISHER,  P.C. — Appointed  Australian  High 

Commissioner  in  London,  1916.  . . 144 

ROBERT  YOUNG  HEBDEN. — Chief  Agent,  Bank  of  Montreal,  New  York. .       256 

EDWARD  FIELD  HEBDEN. — Managing  Director,  Merchants  Bank  of 

Canada,  Montreal  256 

DAVID  MACLACHLAN  FINNIE. — Appointed  in  1916,  General  Manager 

of  the  Bank  of  Ottawa,  Ottawa 304 

MICHAEL  JOHN  HANEY. — Appointed  President  of  the  Home  Bank 

of  Canada 304 

LADY  DRUMMOND. — Head  of  the  Information  Department,  Canadian 

Red  Cross  Society,  London 208 

MRS.  P.  D.  CRERAR. — A  leader  in  the  l.O.D.E.  and  in  war-work,  who 
donated  her  home  "Dunedin"  in  Hamilton  as  a  Hospital  for 
Convalescent  Soldiers  208 

THE  HON.  SIR  CHARLES  HIBBERT  TUPPER,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C. — A  Conserva- 
tive leader  in  British  Columbia,  who  opposed  the  Bowser  Govern- 
ment    432 

THE  HON.  MAXIMILIEN  ANTOINE  GALIPEAULT,  M.L.A. — Elected  Speaker 

of  the  Quebec  Legislature,  1916 432 

THE  HON.  WILLIAM  MELVILLE  MARTIN,  B.A.,  M.P. — Appointed  Prime 

Minister  of  Saskatchewan  720 

THE  HON.  HARLAN  CAREY  BREVVSTER,  M.L.A. — Appointed  Prime  Mini- 
ster of  British  Columbia 768 

LIEUT.-COL.  JOHN  ERNEST  BRADSHAW,  M.L.A. — A  leader  in  Saskat- 
chewan public  affairs  and  in  Provincial  Recruiting 696 

SEAGER  WHEELER. — Winner  of  many  International  Agricultural  Prizes 

from  his  Farm  at  Rosthern,  Sask 696 

THE  HON.  TOBIAS  CRAWFORD  NORRIS,  M.L.A. — Appointed  Prime  Minister 

of  Manitoba  648 

COLONEL  THOMAS  CANTLEY. — President,  N.S.  Coal  &  Steel  Co.,  New 

Glasgow ;  President,  Canadian  Manufacturers '  Association 536 

LIEUT.-COL.  FREDERIC  NICHOLLS. — President,  Canadian  General  Electric 

Co.,  Ltd.;  Vice-President,  Electrical  Development  Co.  of  Ontario..  536 

LlEUT.-GENERAL    THE    HON.     SlR    JULIAN    H.    G.    BYNG,    K.C.B.,    K.C.M.G., 

M.V.O. — Appointed  in  1916  Commander  of  the  Canadian  Forces  at 

the    Front 584 

SIR  WILLIAM  MAXWELL  AITEEN,  BART.,  M.P. — Created  LORD  BEAVER- 
BROOK  in  1916;  Canadian  Representative  at  the  Front  and  Offi- 
cial Eye- Witness  584 

111] 


12  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

A  BEIEF   HONOUR   EOLL   OF   1916. 

Page 

LIEUT.-COL.  WM.  RENWICK  MARSHALL,  D.S.O. — Hamilton 112 

OAPT.  WM.   DUMBLETON   HOLMES,   D.S.O.,   M.C. — Vancouver 48 

SERGT.   LEO.   CLARKE,   v.c. — Winnipeg 48 

LIEUT.    A.   H.    BOSTOCK — Vancouver 48 

CAPT.  GEOFFREY  ALLAN   SNOW — Toronto 376 

CAPT.  EDWIN  LYLE  BERKINSHAW — Calgary 456 

SERGT.   WILLIAM   TAYLOR  CRUMMY — Winnipeg 456 

LIEUT.    CLIFTON   MAWBANK   HORSEY — London,   England 456 

A  FEW  CANADIAN  OFFICERS  OF  1916. 

LIEUT.-COL.    WM.    ANTROBUS    GRIESBACH,    D.S.O., — Edmonton 112 

LIEUT.-COL.   JOHN  GRANT  RATTRAY,   D.S.O. — Pipestone 48 

MAJOR    CLARENCE    H.    LOUGHEED — Ottawa. ; 352 

CAPT.   W.    N.    GRAHAM — Brockville 352 

LIEUT.  JOSEPH  W.  E.  CLARK — Toronto 352 

LIEUT.  PERCY  W.  BEATTY,  M.C. — Toronto 352 

MAJOR    PEREGRINE    ACLAND,    M.C. — Ottawa 384 

LIEUT.   GEORGE  BELCHER  MURRAY — Halifax 384 

MAJOR    ASHTON    COCKSHUTT — Brantford 384 

CAPT.   JOHN   FLINT   CAHAN — Montreal 384 

LIEUT.  JAMES  MURRAY  HAZEN — St.  John 456 

MAJOR  EDSON  RAYMOND  PEASE — Montreal 376 

LIEUT.    RODOLPHE   LEMIEUX — Montreal 376 

MAJOR,  THE  REV.  DR.  GEORGE  BARRON  CUTTEN — Wolfville 376 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OF  1916* 


HISTORY,  HIGHER  POLITICS  AND  BIOGRAPHY 

Chronicles  of  Canada: 

The  Jesuit  Missions Thomas    G.    Marquis Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Fighting  Governor Prof.   C.   W.   Colby Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Father  of  British  Canada.  Win.    Wood Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  "Patriots"  of  '37 Alfred  D.  De  Celles Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Winning  of  Popular  Gov- 
ernment   Arch.  MacMechan Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Fathers  of  Confederation.  A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Day  of  Sir  Wilfrid  Lau- 

rier     Oscar   D.   Skelton Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Acadian  Exiles Arthur  G.  Doughty Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Cariboo  Trail Agnes  C.  Laut Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The  Railway  Builders Oscar   D.    Skelton Toronto:  Glasgow-Brook. 

The    Red   Watch:    With   the    1st 

Canadian  Division  in  Flanders.  Col.  J.   A.   Currie,   M.P..  .  .Toronto:  McClelland. 

Report  of  the  Work  of  the  Pub- 
lic Archives A.    G.    Doughty,    c.M.G. .  .  .Ottawa :  King's  Printer. 

Papers     and     Records:     Ontario 

Historical  Society Toronto :  The   Society. 

Life   and   Letters  of   Sir   Charles 

Tupper   (2  vols.) Rev  E.  M.  Saunders,  D.D..  .Toronto:  Cassell. 

Letters  from  My  Home  in  India 

(Ed.>» Grace   McLeod   Rogers.  .  .  .Toronto:  McClelland. 

Mounted  Police  Life  in  Canada.  Capt.  R.  Burton  Deane.  .  .Toronto:  Cassell. 

Sons  of  Canada Augustus   Bridle    Toronto :  Dent. 

Sir  Charles  Tupper    ^.  .  Hon.    J.    W.    Longley Toronto:  Morang. 

Lord  Selkirk's  Work  in  Canada.  Prof  Chester  Martin,   B. A.. Toronto:  Oxford  Press. 

With     a     Field     Ambulance     at 

Ypres     Prof  Win.   Boyd Toronto :  Musson. 

Canada's  Future:   A  Symposium 

by    Prominent    Canadians....  (Ed.)    E.   A.   Victor Toronto:  Macmillan. 

The  Red  Indians  of  the  Plains.  .  Rev.  J.  Hines Toronto:  McClelland. 

Canada  and  the  War:   The  Pro- 
mise of  the  West    J.    H.    Menzies Toronto:  Copp,    Clark. 

Studies  in  Tudor  History W.  P.  M.  Kennedy,  M.A.*  .Toronto:  Copp,    Clark. 

The    Legal    Profession   in   Upper 

Canada    Hon.  W.  R.  Riddell Toronto:  Law   Society. 

Life  of  Sir  Phillip  Sidney Prof.  Malcolm  Wallace.  .  .  .Toronto:  Dent. 

Principles  and  Methods  of  Muni- 
cipal .Administration    Prof.  W.   B.  Munro Toronto:  Macmillan. 

La  Langue  Francaise  au  Canada.  Louvigny  de  Montigny.  .  .  .Ottawa:  Privately   Printed. 

Why  France  Lost  Canada W.   Frank   Hatheway Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

The    Rise    of    Ecclesiastical    Con- 
trol in   Quebec    W.  A.  Riddell,  Ph.D New  York :  Columbia     Univer- 

Tableaux    Synoptiques    de    1'His-  sity. 

toire  du  Canada (Ed.)   Father  Le  Jeune.  .  .Ottawa:  Privately   Printed. 

Trois  LSgendes  Franciscaines  de 

1'Au,   1629 Rev.   Father   Hugolin Montreal:  Librairie         Notre 

La  Colonization  du  Canada  sons  Dame. 

la  domination  francaise Abbe  Ivanhoe  Caron Quebec :  Privately   Printed. 

A  Daughter  of  France Arthur  G.  Doughty Edinburgh  :  Ballantyne    Press. 

Le  Noblesse  de  France  et  cu  Ca- 
nada       Abbe  A.  Couillard-Despres. Montreal:  Le    Pays    Lauren- 

tien. 

Armorial  du  Canada  Francais.  .  E.   Z.   Massicotte Montreal:  Beauchemin. 

Annual  Report,  Historical  Land- 
marks  Association    Ottawa:  Privately   Printed. 

The  Canadian  Annual  Review  of 

Public  Affairs J.   Castell   Hopkins Toronto:  Annual        Review 

Chapters  in  the  History  of  Hali-  Co. 

fax,  N.   S A.  W.  H.  Eaton A  mericana. 

A     History     of     the     County     of 

Pictou,   N.   S Rev.  George  Patterson,  D.D.Pictou:  The  Advocate. 

Ontario    Historical    Society:    Pa- 
pers and  Records   Vol.    XIV Toronto:  The  Society. 

Kent  Historical  Society    Papers   and   Addresses.  ..  .Chatham :  The  Society. 

*NOTE. — Lack   of   space   at   the   end   of   the   volume — pressure    of   all-important    War 
facts  and  record — prevented  the  Author  this  year  from  reviewing  some  of  the   Canadian 

books   sent   to   him.      He    hopes  to   make    a    special    Section   in   the   next   volume    for    1916 
as  well  as   1917   books. 


[13] 


14 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Lennox  and  Addington  Histori- 
cal Society 

London  and  Middlesex  Histori- 
cal Society 

Niagara   Historical   Society    .... 

^Thunder  Bay  Historical  Society. 

Waterloo  Historical  Society 

Vie   de   Mgr.    Langevin 

David  Thompson's  Narrative... 
Les  Franciscaines  du  Canada  de 

1S90  a  1915  

L'Eglise  du  Canada  Apres  le 

ConquSte  

The  Catholic  Church  in  Waterloo 

County  

The  Trail  of  Love 


Papers  and  Records Napanee : 

Transactions     London : 

Reminiscences       of       Early 


6th  Annual  Report  

Annual  Report  
R.  P.  A.  G.  Morice  

(Ed.)  J.  B.  Tyrrell  

.Fort 
William  : 
.  Kitchener  : 
.St.   Boni- 
face: 
.Toronto: 

Rev.  Fr.  Hugolin  

.Quebec: 

1'Abbe"  Auguste  Gosselin. 
Theobald  Soetz.  . 

.Quebec: 
.Toronto: 

W.  D.  Flatt   Toronto : 


The  Society. 
The  Society. 
The  Society. 

The  Society. 
The  Society. 

Privately   Printed. 
Champlain  Society 

Privately   Printed. 
Laflamme. 

Catholic   Register. 
Wm.    Briggs. 


POETRY 


The   White   Comrade    

The  Witch  of  Edor 

April    Airs    

The  Book  of  Sorrow:  Au  Anthol- 
ogy   

Poems  of  the  Great  War 

Songs  of  the  Sons  of  Isai 

The  Land  of  Manitou 

The  Lamp  of  Poor  Souls  and 
Other  Poems 

Contingent  Ditties  and  Other 
Soldier  Songs  

My  Soldier  Boy  and  Other  Poems 

Lover  Lyrics  and  Others 

Maple   Leaf   Men    

Poems,    Lyrics  and   Sonnets.  .  .  . 

Canadian  Poets:  Chosen  and 
Edited  by  

Rhymes  of  a  Red  Cross  Man .  .  . 

In  the  Battle  Silences 

The  Watchman  and  Other  Poems 
Lundy's  Lane  and  Other  Poems. 
Songs  of  Gladness  and  Growth. 
Adventures  of  Prince  Melonseed 

Songs   of   Ukraina 

Where   Duty   Leads    

In  the  Day  of  Battle 


Katharine    Hale     (Mrs.    J. 

W.  Garvin)    Toronto: 

Robt.    Norwood    Toronto  : 

Bliss    Carman    Toronto: 

Dr.   Andrew  MacPhail ...  .Toronto: 

(Ed.)    J.  W.  Cunliffe Toronto: 

Helen   Hughes  Hielscher.  .Boston: 
W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C Montreal: 

Marjorie  L.  C.   Pickthall ..  Toronto : 

Sergt.  Frank  S.  Brown.  .  .Toronto: 

Mrs.   J.   A.   Morison Toronto: 

A.     R.     Munday Toronto.: 

Rose  E.   Sharland Toronto: 

Ethelwyn    Wetherald Toronto : 

J.  W.  Garvin,  B.A Toronto  i 

Robt.   W.    Service Toronto: 

Frederick      George       Scott, 

C.M.G.,   D.D Toronto: 

L.   M.   Montgomery.  ..... .Toronto: 

Duncan  Campbell   Scott ...  Toronto : 

James  L.  Hughes Toronto: 

M.  Ella  Chaffey Toronto: 

Florence  R.  Livesay Toronto: 

Major  H.  B.  MacConnell.  .Toronto: 
Carrie  E.  Holman Toronto: 


McClelland. 
McClelland. 
McClelland. 

Oxford  Press. 
Macmillan. 
Sherman-French. 
Privately   Printed. 

8.  B.  Gundy. 

Musson. 
Copp,    Clark. 
Wm.    Briggs. 
Musson. 
Musson. 

McClelland. 
Wm.  Briggs. 

Musson. 
McClelland. 
McClelland. 
Wm.   Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Dent. 

Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 


M.P. 


FICTION  AND  NOVELS 
The  World  for  Sale   Sir    Gilbert    Parker,    Bart., 

Kinsmen.  A  Story  of  the  Ottawa 

Valley    

Tales  of  the  Labrador 

The  Secret  Trails 

The  Homesteaders    

Rod  of  the  Lone  Patrol 

Further  Foolishness    

The    Magpie's   Nest    

The  Shadow  Riders   

The  Klondike  Clan 

Drawn  Shutters 

Billy  Topsail,  M.D 

The  Beloved  Traitor 

Hearts  and  Faces 

Behind  the  Bolted  Door 

The  Fur-Bringers   

The  Money  Master 

La  Terre 

The  Door  of  Dread   

The  World,   the  Church   and  the 

Devil    

The  Beechwoods 

Maple  Leaves  in  Flanders'  Fields 


.  Toronto : 


Percival  J.  Cooney 

Wilfrid  T.  Grenfell 

C.  G.  D.  Roberts 

Robert  J.  C.  Stead 

H.  A.  Cody 

Stephen  Le  acock    

Isabel  Paterson    

Isabel  Paterson   ........ 

S.  Hall  Young 

Beatrice   Redpath    ...... 

Norman  Duncan    

Frank   L.    Packard 

John  Murray  Gibbon.  .  .  . 

A.  E.  McFarlane 

Hulbert   Footner    

Sir  Gilbert   Parker 

Ernest   Choquette,   M.L.C.. 
Arthur  J.   Stringer 


.  Toronto : 
.  Toronto : 
.  .  Toronto : 
. .  Toronto : 
. .  Toronto : 
.  .Toronto: 
.  .Toronto: 
. .  Toronto : 
,  .Toronto: 
.  .  Toronto : 
,  .Toronto: 
.  Toronto : 
.  Toronto : 
.  Toronto : 
.  Toronto : 
.  Toronto : 
.  Montreal : 
.Toronto: 


Rev.   J.   A.   Morison Toronto: 

Duncan  Armbrest Toronto: 

Herbert  Rae Toronto : 


S.  B.  Gundy. 

S.  B.  Gundy. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Macmillan. 
Musson. 
McClelland. 
S.  B.  Gundy. 
S.   B.  Gundy. 
S.  B.  Gundy. 
S.   B.  Gundy. 
S.   B.  Gundy. 
Thos.   Allen. 
McClelland. 
S.   B.  Gundy. 
McClelland. 
Hodder-Stoughton. 
Copp,  Clark. 
Beauchemin. 
G.  J.  McLeod. 

Copp,  Clark. 
Wm.  Briggs. 
Wm.  Briggs. 


CANADIAN  BOOKS  OP  1916 


15 


MONOGRAPHS  AND  PAMPHLETS 


In    the    Ypres    Salient  ......... 

The  German  Peace  Offer   ...... 

Canada's    Champion    Regimental 

Band    .................... 

.Review  of  Work  of  the  Commis- 

sion  of  Conservation  ........ 

Pourquoi  Nos  Parlons  Francais. 
Defence  and  Foreign  Affairs.  ... 

How  We  Pay  Each  Other   ..... 

Jean  Baptiste  to  His  Anglo-Cana- 

dian   Brother 

The  Farmer  and  the  Interests.  . 
No  Trading  with  Germany  ..... 
Canada  and  the  British  West 

Indies    ................... 

Indian   Practice   of   Medicine   in 

Champlain's    Time  .......... 

La  Confederation   ............ 

Ou  Allons-nous  ?  Le  National- 

isme  Canadien  ............. 

Newfoundland  and  its  Relation 

to  Canada   ................ 

Voyage  Aux  lies-Madeleine    .... 

Le  Saint  Jean  Baptiste   ....... 

De  Quebec  a  Perce:  Sur  les  pas 

des  Recollets   .............. 

Similia  Similiabis   ............ 

Our  Volunteer  Army    .  ........ 

The  Ape  Man  ............... 

Russian  Trade  :    A  Report  ..... 

The   Militia   of  the   Eastern   Dis- 

trict   ..................... 

The  Contest  for  the  Command  of 
Lake  Ontario,  1912-13  ...... 

La  Famille  de  Chauvigny  de  la 
Chevrotiere  .......  .  ....... 

The  1st  Law  Reporter  in  Upper 
Canada  .................. 

Pierre  Gualthier,  Sieur  de  la 
Verendrye  ................ 

The  Economic  Effect  of  War.  .  . 
An  Historical  War-Crop    .....  '. 

Le  Desaven   ................. 

Cinquante-six  Ans  de  Vie  Litter 

aire   (M.  Benj.  Suite)  ....... 

The  Co-operative  Store  in  Cana- 

da    ...................... 

The  Country  Elevator  in  the  Ca- 

nadian West   .............. 

Dollard  au  Long-Sault   ........ 

Iroquois  Foods  and  Food  Pre- 

paration    ...............  .  . 

Education  in  the  Province  of 

Quebec     ........  .  ......... 

Ontario  Grammar  Schools   ..... 


Beckles  Willson   .........  London: 

George  T.   Denison  .......  Toronto: 

J.  D.  Logan,  M.A.,  Ph.D.  .  .Halifax: 

Sir   Clifford   Sifton  .......  Montreal: 

A.  H.  de  Tremaudan  .....  Winnipeg: 

Z.  A.  Lash,  K.c  ..........  Toronto: 

S.    G.    Wood  ............  Toronto: 


Toronto  : 
"Clarence   Ager"  .........  Toronto: 

Prof.  H.  T.  F.  Duckworth  .  Toronto  : 

Watson  Griffin  ..........  Ottawa  : 

Very     Rev.      Dr.      W.      R. 

Harris     ..............  Toronto: 

Hon.   Charles  Langelier  .  .  .  Quebec  : 

"Un     Patriote"  ..........  Montreal: 

H.  J.  Goodyear  ..........  Toronto  : 

Hon.    Paschal    Poirier.  .  .  .Montreal: 

Benj.    Suite  .............  Ottawa: 

Rev.  Dr.  Hugolin  ........  Montreal  : 

Ulric   Barthe    ........... 

La  Presse  ..............  Montreal  : 

Very     Rev.      Dr.      W.      R. 

Harris     ..............  Toronto  : 

C.  F.  Just    .............  Ottawa  : 

Brig.-G«m     E.     A.     Crujik- 

shank    ...............  Toronto  : 

-Brig.-Gen.     E.     A.     Cruik- 


Ottawa  : 
P.  G.  Roy    .............  L6vis: 

Hon.    W.    R.    Riddell  .....  Toronto: 

Hon.  L.  A.   Prud'homme.  .St.  Boni- 

face: 
Adam  Shortt    ...........  Ottawa: 

C.    C.    James  ............  Ottawa: 

Hon.  Phillippe  Landry   .  .  .Quebec  : 

G.  Malchelosse   ..........  Montreal: 

H.   Mitchell    ............  Kingston: 

W.  C.  Clark   .....  .......  Kingston  : 

Benj.    Suite    ............  Quebec: 

F.  W.  Waugh    ..........  Ottawa  : 

Mgr.  O.  E.  Mathieu  ......  Prince 

Albert: 
Prof.  W.  E.  Macpherson  ..  Kingston  : 


GENERAL:    RELIGIOUS:    LEGAL 

Transactions     of     the     Canadian 

Mining  Institute (Ed.)  H.  Mortimer-Lamb.  .Montreal: 

"Waterworks   and    Sewerage   Sys- 
tem          Leo   G.   Denis,   B.SC. .  .  .  ._.  .Ottawa : 

Proceedings:  Commission  on  Con- 
servation     Montreal : 

Conservation  of  Fish,   Birds  and 

Game    (Ed.)  James  White,  F.R.G.  S.Toronto  : 

Water  Powers  of  the  West -[  j^^'ChaTlies  ' .'  .'  .'  .' .'  .' .'  .'  }Toronto : 

The  Greater  Tragedy Benjamin  Abthorp  Gould .  .  Toronto : 

In  Pastures  Green Peter  McArthur Toronto : 

Hamlet,  an  Ideal  Prince  and 

Other  Essays  Prof.  A.  W.  Crawford.  .  .  .Toronto; 

The  Grand  Adventure  and  Other 

Sermons     Rev.  Robert  Law,  D.D Toronto: 


Simpkin-IMarshall. 
Privately    Printed. 

Privately   Printed. 

Federated  Press. 
Privately   Printed. 
Macmillan. 
Macmillan. 

Telegraph  Co. 
Macmillan. 
Monetary  Times. 

King's   Printer. 


Privately   Printed. 
Privately    Printed. 

La  Presse.     S 

University  Press. 
Privately   Printed. 
Royal  Society. 

Godin-Menard. 
La  Presse. 

Privately   Printed. 
Government 
Bureau. 

Military    Institute. 


Royal  Society. 
Privately   Printed. 
Privately   Printed. 

Societe"  Historique. 
Rv.yal   Society. 
Royal  Society. 
Dussault. 

Privately   Printed. 
Queen's  Quarterly. 

Queen's  Quarterly. 
Societe     de     Geo- 

graphie. 
Geological  Survey. 


Privately   Printed. 
Queen's       Univer- 
sity. 


The  Society. 
Mortimer  Co. 
Federated    Press. 

Wm.    Briggs. 
Warwick-Rutter. 

Dent. 
Dent. 

Copp,    Clark. 
McClelland. 


16 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Platform   Sketches    ...........  Jessie  Alexander   ........  Toronto:  McClelland. 

Rambles  of  a  Canadian  Natural- 

ist   ......................  S.  T.  Wood  .............  Toronto  :  Dent. 

The  Wandering  Dog  ......  ....  Marshall   Saunders    ......  Toronto:  Copp,    Clark. 

Patriotic  Plays  for  Children.  .  .  .  Edith  Le  Lean  ..........  Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

The  Woman  —  Bless  Her    ......  Marjory  MacMurchy   .....  Toronto:  S.  B.  Gundy. 

A      Sunny      Subaltern:      Billy's 

Letters  from  Flanders   ............................  Toronto  :  McClelland. 

The  Guide:  A  Military  Manual.  {Stf-ColTw!'  n^nf'*'.}'*0™*0-  C°PP-  Clark. 
God's    Covenant  —  Man:     British 

Israel  ....................  Prof.  E.  Odium,  M.A  ......  Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

Wild   Animal  Ways    ..........  Ernest    Thompson-Seton.  .  .Toronto:  Wm.    Briggs. 

Essays  on   Catholic   Life"  .......  Thos.  O'Hagan,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 

Litt.D  ................  Baltimore:  John  Murphy. 

Proceedings  of  Canadian  Club.  .  Toronto     ...............  Toronto:  Warwick-Rutter. 

Talks  on  Talking   ............  Grenville  Kleiser   ........  Toronto:  McClelland. 

The    Call    of    the    West:    Letters 

from   British  Columbia    .....  C.  F.  J.  Galloway  .......  Toronto:  ,S.  B.  Gundy. 

Canada  Chaps  ...............  J.  G.  Sime   .............  Toronto:  S.   B.   Gundy. 

Canadian  Club  Addresses    .....  Montreal  .............  '.  .Montreal:  Privately   Printed. 

Canadian  Club  Addresses    .....  Ottawa    .............  .  .  .Montreal:  Privately   Printed. 

In  the  Wake  of  the  War  Canoe.  Ven.  W.  H.   Collison    ----  London:  Seeley. 


WORKS  OF  REFERENCE 


The  Can,*.,  Municipa,  Beccrd.{  <f£j   }• 

Almanach    des   Trois-Rivie*res.  .  .     (Ed.)    J.  A.   Charbonneau  .  Trqis 

Rivieres: 
Toronto: 
V  ^ 

W.  S.  Wallace  .  .  .  / 
The  Canadian  Almanac    .......     (Ed.)    Arnold  W.   Thomas.  Tor  onto: 

Heaton's    Annual     ...........     (Ed.)     Ernest    Heaton.  .  .  .Toronto: 

The  Canada  Year  Book   .  ......     (Ed.)    E.    H.    Godfrey.  .  .  .Ottawa: 

Statistical  Year-Book   of   Quebec    (Ed.)   G.  E.  Marquis  .....  Quebec: 


The  Canadian  Annual  Review  of 

Public  Affairs  ..........  ...    J.  Castell  Hopkins 

Keview    o,    Historical     P«bHc..<^>    «;  £  £rong_. 

tlons 


F.  E.  Fitch,  Inc. 
Monetary  Times. 

Privately   Printed. 
Annual        Review 

Co. 
Glasgow- Brook 

Copp,   Clark. 
Heaton's  Agency. 
King's  Printer. 
King's    Printer. 


His  EXCELLENCY  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVONSHIRE,  K.G.;  G.C.M.G.;  G.C.V.O. 
Appointed    Governor-General    of    Canada    in    1916. 


THE  CANADIAN 
ANNUAL    REVIEW 


THE  WORLD- WAR  IN  1916 


At  the  close  of  this  year  the  World-war  had 
The  Progress  changed  in  its  form  and,  perhaps,  in  its  objects.  Dur- 
menf  of  the""  *n£  ^e  nrst  ^ear  Germanv  had  unquestionably  hoped 
war  in  1916  to  get  through  France,  dominate  the  English  Channel 
and  cripple  England  by  means  of  her  great  guns  and 
submarines,  while  compelling  a  Russian  peace  from  the  walls  of 
Warsaw  and  Riga.  During  the  second  period,  and  into  the  third 
year  of  war,  the  Teutonic  ambitions  appeared  to  centre  upon  the 
establishment  of  a  great  Central  European  empire,  with  the  Bal- 
kans and  Asia  Minor  as  the  pivot  upon  which  would  turn  the 
ultimate  naval  control  of  the  Mediterranean  and  a  firm  grip  upon 
the  Orient.  If  its  war  resources  achieved  this  it  would  be  the  end 
of  the  War ;  Great  Britain  and  Maritime  supremacy  would  be  dealt 
with  later. 

Whatever  that  war-power  really  was,  whatever  were  the  physi- 
cal needs  and  supplies  of  the  people  of  Germany  and  Austria  and 
their  allied  States,  there  wras  no  doubt  that  at  the  close  of  1916 
the  Teutonic  armies  still  were  active,  initiative,  aggressive;  that 
their  efforts  were  varied  and  far-flung  and  still  potent  at  any  given 
point  of  the  vast  war-line ;  that,  whether  in  defence  or  offence,  their 
action  was  directed  with  unity  of  command  and  policy,  deliberation 
of  thought  followed  by  rapidity  of  stroke.  Belgium  and  Northern 
France,  Russian  Poland  and  Courland,  were  held  in  an  iron  grip 
and  bled  white  as  to  their  resources  in  food  and  industry  and 
labour;  a  large  part  of  Roumania  and  a  small  part  of  Greece  had 
been  added  to  the  Serbian  territory  which  served  the  purposes  of 
German  conquest,  while  the  Danube  had  been  opened  and  added 
to  the  already  free  railway  route  from  Berlin  to  Constantinople; 
through  the  Germanized  efforts  of  King  Constantine  and  his  wife 
— a  sister  of  the  German  Emperor — the  Allied  armies  at  Salonika 
had  been  held  up  and  the  efforts  of  Allied  diplomacy  in  Greece 
practically  paralyzed. 

In  the  pivotal  aggressive  action  of  the  year,  however,  the  Ger- 
mans had  failed.  Their  tremendous  offensive  against  Verdun,  with 
nearly  a  million  men  employed  in  the  attack,  with  vast  accumula- 
tions of  munitions,  and  of  great  guns  such  as  those  which  had 
2  [17] 


18  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

smashed  the  Belgian  forts  to  powder,  was  resisted  with  almost 
superhuman  courage  and  devotion  by  the  French  troops,  every  inch 
of  ground  was  fought  for  and  a  maximum  of  loss  inflicted  on  the 
Germans.  Slowly  driven  back  by  overwhelming  force  the  French 
retired  but  never  ceased  fighting  and  never  lost  confidence.  Then 
came  the  Somme  offensive  by  both  French  and  British,  with  relief  to 
the  hard-pressed  Verdun  defenders,  and  the  year  ended  with  most 
of  the  territory  in  that  region  regained  by  the  French  and  a  feeling 
of  assurance  that  the  Allies  held  the  upper  hand  along  the  whole 
of  the  Western  front. 

While  the  Allied  offensive  on  the  Somme  had  over-run  much 
territory,  gained  85,000  German  prisoners,  and  captured  what 
really  were  great  fortresses,  it  had  failed  to  break  the  last  German 
lines  and  been  finally  checked  with  its  grasp  almost  closing  upon 
Peronne.  These  tremendous  battles  involving,  in  the  case  of  Ver- 
dun, at  least  1,500,000  men  directly  and  indirectly,  and  even  more 
in  the  case  of  the  Somme,  were  accompanied  by  every  conceivable 
element  of  force.  Aeroplanes  provided  bombs  from  the  skies  and 
ever-seeing  eyes  for  the  armies;  great  cannon  (said  to  number  2,000 
in  the  German  attack  upon  Verdun)  belched  forth  day  and  night 
until  opposing  sectors  of  earth  were  turned  into  huge  ash-heaps; 
deadly  gasses  and  shooting  flames  came  through  varied  forms  of 
mechanical  ingenuity — mainly  German  in  origin — and  played  havoc 
at  times  with  opposing  forces;  underground  tunnels  brought  tre- 
mendous explosions  into  defence  positions,  while  bombs  of  every 
description  fell  in  the  trenches  and  bayonet  met  bayonet  in  hand 
to  hand  fights  above  and  below  the  earth,  aided  by  bomb  throwers 
and  every  kind  of  screaming,  deadly  missile;  into  the  Somme 
struggle  came  the  huge  new  British  "tanks,"  or  machine  monsters, 
which  went  over  trenches  and  buildings  and  blasted  excavations 
and  great  ruins  as  if  they  were  little  garden  fences  in  regions  of 
peace. 

The  situation  upon  this  front  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  a 
dominating  one  for  the  Franco-British  Allies.  Within  certain 
limits  of  trench  warfare  they  could  attack  successfully  whenever 
they  pleased;  their  guns  and  munitions  were  at  least  equal,  and 
often  superior,  to  those  of  the  Germans ;  the  fighting  spirit  of  the 
men  was  better  than  that  of  the  enemy  and  their  numbers  were 
greater.  On  the  other  hand  they  still  were  unable  to  break  through 
the  iron  ring  which  held  the  richest  industrial  section  of  France, 
and  most  of  Belgium,  within  its  circle.  Elsewhere,  upon  the  East- 
ern front,  the  Austrians  had  met  great  defeats  in  Volhynia  and 
Galicia,  which  only  failed  to  be  crushing  because  of  a  German 
strengthening  of  their  lines.  General  Brusiloff,  in  this  great  June 
offensive,  had  succeeded  in  crumpling  up  an  Austrian  army  of 
750,000  men,  in  recovering  much  territory,  over-running  most  of 
Galicia  and  occupying  Bukowina,  capturing  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  prisoners.  He  was,  finally,  however,  held  up  at  Lemberg  and 
checked  at  Kovel  and  other  points. 

Upon  the  Italian  front  an  important  Austrian  offensive  drove 
a  wedge  into  Italian  territory  but  was,  eventually,  checked,  driven 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OF  THE  WAR  19 

back  and  the  Italians  captured  the  long-sought-for  Gorizia.  In 
the  Balkans  much  of  Roumania  went  to  the  Teuton  allies  but  the 
British,  French  and  Italians  made  some  headway  from  Salonika, 
and  the  gallant  Serbs  captured  Monastir — an  important  strategic 
point.  In  Asia  Armenia  was  over-run  by  the  Russians,  and  Persia 
more  or  less  occupied  by  their  armies,  but  they  were  held  up  by 
the  Turks  from  getting  much  beyond  Erzeroum  and  Trebizond; 
the  British  held  Egypt  securely  and  though  they  lost  a  small  army 
at  Kut-el-Amara,  on  the  Tigris,  they  had  their  expedition  again 
underway  by  December;  while  upon  the  historic  borders  of  Pales- 
tine British  forces  were  trying  to  obtain  an  entrance  in  this  new 
crusade  of  liberty-loving  nations  against  iron-clad  aggression. 

Upon  the  sea  the  Battle  of  Jutland  was  a  great  British  victory, 
spoiled  in  its  effect  upon  the  world  by  British  neglect  to  furnish 
adequate  information  to  the  public  and  the  German  readiness,  no 
doubt  pre-arranged,  to  flood  the  world  with  a  distorted  view  of  the 
conflict.  The  advance  British  squadron  under  Sir  David  Beatty 
engaged,  held  and  practically  defeated  the  strength  of  the  German 
battle-fleet ;  the  arrival  of  the  main  British  fleet  caused  the  hurried 
retirement  of  the  German  ships  to  shelter  behind  the  guns  of  Heli- 
goland and  their  submarine-guarded,  triple-mined  coast  protec- 
tion. There  they  remained  up  to  the  close  of  the  year.  In  another 
direction  Great  Britain  was  not  so  successful.  Her  ships  still  swept 
the  surface  of  the  seas,  her  men  and  munitions,  supplies  and  trans- 
ports, still  passed  in  steady  succession  and  absolute  security  across 
the  channel  to  France — guarded,  it  was  believed,  by  a  double  line 
of  great  steel  netting  and  many  destroyers;  but  her  vast  naval 
resources  could  not  cope  entirely  with  the  Submarine  menace.  In 
the  Mediterranean,  in  Greek  waters,  on  the  United  States  coast, 
in  waters  nearer  home,  steamers  were  sunk,  much  property 
destroyed,  valuable  supplies  lost  and,  in  the  case  of  the  eastern  seas, 
some  lives  and  a  few  transports  containing  Italian  ami  British 
troops  were  destroyed,  though  in  most  cases  the  men  were  saved. 
This  menace  to  commerce  and  shipping  was  probably  the  most  in- 
jurious single  factor  in  the  War  at  the  close  of  the  year,  so  far  as 
Britain  was  concerned.  This  was  the  general  situation  in  the 
World-war  during  1916.  Eliminating  such  mysteries  as  those  of 
Salonika  and  Greece  and  the  exact  internal  conditions  of  Germany 
and  Austria,  certain  details  may  be  given  here  in  tabulated  form  to 
show  more  clearly  than  any  military  map  could  do  the  general 
situation  of  the  opposing  nations* : 

I.  TEUTONIC  SUCCESSES  OR  GAINS  OF  1916. 

1.  Germany  held  all  its  main  lines  of  War  intact  "luring  1916,  added  to 
its  enforced  acquisition  of  territory,  repulsed  minor  Allied  offensives  in  many 
parts  of  the  great  battle-front,  held  up  or  finally  checked  all  the  more  con- 
siderable efforts  of  its  enemies. 

2.  Its    armies   for    striking   purposes,   whether    at   Verdun    or   Lemberg. 
Riga  or  Roumania,  remained  available  and  its  superb  transportation  arrange-  • 
ments  still  proved  effective. 

*NOTE. — See  for  1915  a  similar  statement  in  The  Canadian  Annual  Review  for  that 
year — Page  25. 


20  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

3.  Despite  all  the  efforts  of  Russia  and  of  the  Allies  at   Salonika  the 
Teutonic  group  of  nations  held  their  grip  firmly  upon  the  Railway  running 
from  Berlin  to  Belgrade,  Sofia  and  Stamboul,  and  their  control  over  the  Oriental 
extension  to  Bagdad,  while  actually  completing  certain  Asia  Minor  construc- 
tion with  a  view  to  after-the-War  operations.     To  this  hold  upon  the  back- 
bone line  of  Central  Empire  ambition  was  added  the  opening  of  the  Danube 
and  the   operation  of  lesser  lines   from   Hungary,   which  were   freed   by   the 
campaign  in  Roumania. 

4.  As  a  result  of  the  Roumanian  operations  some  wheat  and  badly-needed 
supplies  and  a  certain  quantity  of  the  product  of  the  great  oil  wells  were 
obtained — though  minimized  in  the  first  case  by  removal  under  direction  of 
the  retreating  troops,  and  in  the  case  of  the  oil-wells,  by  scientifically  arranged 
destruction. 

5.  Coupled  with  the  paralysing   attitude   of   Constantino   of   Greece   the 
strength  of  the  Teutonic  combination  was  enough  to  hold  at  Salonika,  without 
serious  action  during  the  entire  year,  a  variously  numbered  but  costly  Expedi- 
tionary force  of  Allied  troops. 

6.  German  control — diplomatic,  civil,  military,  economic — was   obviously 
strengthened  during  1916  over  Austria  and  Turkey  and  the  ideal  of  a  great 
Central    Empire    extending    from    Berlin    to    Bagdad    was    advanced    on    the 
military  maps  and  in  certain  international  respects. 

7.  Germanic    pressure    upon    Belgium,    Poland,    Courland,    Serbia,    and 
finally  Roumania,  added  to  the  area  of  its  supplies,  its  industrial  resources, 
its  men  and  women,  while  in  two  or  three  of  these  regions  enforced  labour 
liberated  its  own  men  for  military  purposes. 

8.  The   German   policy   of    rapid   war   movement,    threatened   hostilities, 
arbitrary  action,  internal  racial  influence,  or  submarine  activity,  undoubtedly 
and  in  one  aspect  or  the  other,  made  neutral  nations  inclined  to  go  a  long  way 
in  helping  Germany  to  evade  the  operation  of  the  British  blockade. 

9.  German  control  and  policy  at  Constantinople  and  in  Asia  Minor  stif- 
fened the  Turkish  power,  strengthened  that  nation  as  a  war-factor,  provided 
some  at  least  of  much-needed  resources  for  the  Teutonic  powers  and  checked 
the  one-time  dangerous  Russian  campaign  in  the  Caucasus  and  on  the  high- 
road to  Bagdad. 

10.  Through   the   mixing    of   German    troops   and   military    skill    in   the 
Austrian    operations    and    the    unity    of    action    which    gradually    developed 
between  the  two  Powers,  Austria  finally  came  under  the  control  of  the  Ger- 
man General  Staff  and  its  troubles  in  the  Carpathians,  in  Galicia  and  Transyl- 
vania, though  not  in  Bukowina,  were  largely  countered  and  the  Russian  drive 
checked. 

11.  The    Roumanian    campaign    added    at   least    20,000    square    miles   in 
Wallachia  and  Dobrudja,  by  the  end  of  the  year,  to  the  11,000  square  miles 
in  Belgium,  8,000  in  France,  50,000  in  Russia,  40,000  in  Serbia  and  Montene- 
gro, which  had  been  conquered  and  held  by  Germany;   it  also  gave  Germany 
access  to  rich  resources  of  coal,  salt  and  petroleum  and  a  soil  of  great  agricul- 
tural fertility. 

12.  The  appointment  of  Marshal  Von  Hindenburg  as  head  of  the  Teu- 
tonic forces  in  the  War  was  a  triumph  for  German  solidarity  and  undoubtedly 
a  factor  in  stiffening  German  operations,  activities  and  powers  of  resistance. 

13.  The  Turks  had  proved  at  Gallipoli  to  be  as  good  fighters  as  they 
ever  had  been;  during  1916  their  troops  went  to  the  assistance  of  Austria  and 
withstood  all  attacks  upon  the  Asiatic  part  of  the  Bagdad  Railway;  they  came 
back  in  Persia   and  won    territory   between   Hamadan   and   Sultanabad   from 
the  successful  Russian  offensive. 

14.  German   submarines   did  not   drive   British  or  Allied   commerce   and 
transports   from   the    seas   but   they    did    destroy   many    ships,   harass    varied 
important  interests,  complicate  British  relations  with  the  United  States  and 
other  neutrals,  raise  the  price  of  food  in  Britain  and  hamper  British  trade 
and  transport  to  an  unpleasant  though  not,  as  yet,  dangerous  degree. 

15.  At  the  close  of  the  year  a  new  Submarine  fleet  of  greater,  larger, 
more  effective  vessels  had  been  built  and  was  partially  in  operation,  while  the 
voyage  of  the  Deutschland,  as  an  under-sea  commerce  ship,  and  its  return  with 
a  cargo  of  nickel  and  other  necessities,  were  considered  a  triumph. 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OF  THE  WAR  21 

16.  The  operations  of  the  Moeii'e,  as  a  rover  and  raider  of  old-time  type, 
smd  its  successful  arrival  back  at  a  German  port,  was  an  important  point,  as 
was  the  work  in  the  South  Atlantic  of  an  unknown  raider  in  December  of 
this  year.  The  meeting  of  the  British  and  German  fleets  at  Jutland  was 
regarded  in  Germany  as  a  great  victory,  and  so  described;  nothing  at  this 
time  could  alter  the  popular  opinion. 

Germany  claimed,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  that  she  not  only 
was  still  able  to  take  the  offensive,  as  was  shown  in  Roumania — and 
feared  by  Holland,  Switzerland  and  Denmark — but  that  she  had 
stopped  all  the  great  Allied  drives  of  the  period.  It  was  claimed 
that  the  Somme  offensive  had  cost  the  British  and  French  armies 
the  loss  of  over  500,000  men  and  completely  failed  to  break  the 
German  defence;  that  the  Russian  offensive  had  been  stopped  in 
its  tracks  with  over  1,500,000  casualties  and  the  exhaustion  of 
Russia's  munition  supplies;  that  the  Italian  offensive  aimed  at 
Trieste  had  been  checked;  that  the  Turks  had  driven  the  much- 
vaunted  Russian  offensive  in  Persia,  which  was  to  relieve  the 
British  in  Mesopotamia  and  seize  Constantinople  in  short  order, 
back  over  200  miles,  in  full  retreat;  that  the  allied  offensive  in 
Macedonia  was  a  dismal  failure. 

The  economic  situation,  the  conditions  of  food  supply,  the  effect 
of  the  British  blockade  during  1916,  were  quite  different  from  the 
military  aspect  but,  of  course,  intimate  parts  of  the  whole.  The 
net  position  at  the  end  of  the  year,  so  far  as  Germany  was  con- 
cerned, showed  an  ever-increasing  issue  of  paper  money,  a  plentiful 
reserve  of  gold,  officially  stated  to  be  in  the  Banks,  but  none 
amongst  the  people,  a  taking-up  of  Government  loans  with  large 
proportions  in  preceding  bonds  at  special  rates,  an  ever-increasing 
difficulty  in  getting  food  amongst  the  masses  and  an  ever-growing 
increase  in  regulations  of  a  more  limited  supply,  a  steadily  greater 
pressure  upon  industries  and  war  stocks  by  the  influence  of  the 
ever-tightening  blockade.  If  the  rapid  conquest  of  a  portion  of 
Roumania  were  to  be  gauged  by  the  importance  which  the  Allied 
press  and  public  attached  to  the  coming  of  that  country  into  the 
conflict,  then  the  German  success  was  both  brilliant  and  effective. 
The  fact,  however,  was  that  neither  event  proved  a  conclusive  fac- 
tor in  the  War,  though  each  had  an  important  place,  apart  from 
local  conditions,  in  affecting  public  world-opinion  and  especially 
that  of  the  United  States. 

II.  BRITISH  ALLIANCE — GAINS  AND  LOSSES  OF  1916. 

1.  The   first   and  greatest   gain   was   through   the   successful   defence   of 
Verdun  by  the  French  and  the  nfTJre  limited  success  of  the  Somme  offensive, 
proving  that  Allied  men  and  munitions  and  guns  on  the  Western  front  were 
equal,  and  at  times  superior,  to  those  of  the  enemy;  that  the  offensive  power 
was  no  longer  in  his  hands  and  had  passed,  though  in  a  restricted  degree  as 
yet,  to  the  Allies. 

2.  Heavy  fighting  at  Verdun  and   the  Somme,  in  Galicia  and  Hungary, 
Transylvania   and   Roumania,   caused    immense    casualties   on    both   sides    and 
ran   the   total   from   August,    1914,   to   the   end   of    1916   up   to   an   estimated 
35,000,000,    of    which    6,000,000    were    allotted    to    the    Teuton    Allies.      This 
tremendous  drain  upon  a  population  one-fifth  that  of  the  Allies  was  necessarily 
favourable  to  the  latter. 

3.  Similarly,  in  the  matter  of  finance,  that  portion  of  the  $100,000,000 
a  day,  which  the  War  was  costing  Germany  and  Austria  at  the  close  of  1916, 


22  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

was  making  infinitely  greater'  inroads  upon  their  national  wealth  of  $105,- 
000,000,000  than  it  was  upon  Britain,  France  and  Bussian  with  a  total  wealth 
of  $265,000,000,000  and  revenues  of  7,500  millions  to  the  Teuton  total  of  1,000 
millions. 

4.  Innumerable    evidences    in    neutral    statement    and    practical    detail 
showed  much  stress  and  strain  upon  the  whole  fabric  of  Teutonic  power  at 
the  close  of  1916;   as  to  the  degree  of  privation  in  supplies  or  food  it  was 
only  possible  to  speculate  but   of  the  fact  there  was  no   reasonable   doubt. 
Here  the  tremendous  pressure  of  the  British  Navy  made  good  and  struck  with 
steady  and  ever-increasing  force. 

5.  Invisible  Naval  pressure  was   added  to  by  the  visible   driving  back 
of  the  German  fleet  to  its  lair  at  the  Battle  of  Jutland  and  its  continued  con- 
finement to  Canal  duties,  while  losses  were  replaced  and  the  British  Naval 
strength  increased  by  at  least  one-fourth. 

6.  Great  Britain  found,  during  1916,  a  way  to  meet  the  Zeppelin  raid 
menace,  as  she  had  the  submarine  danger,  so  far  as  the  English  Channel  was 
concerned;    a   means   for   the   protection    of   battleships   in   action    from    sub- 
marines was  discovered  and  the  invention  of  the  Tank  was  one  of  the  sensa- 
tions of  the  Somme. 

7.  In  the  air  the  early  German  preponderance  was  gradually  overcome 
and   during   1916,   and  especially   at   the   Battle   of   the   Somme,   British   and 
French  supremacy  in  aeroplane  use  and  power  was  distinctly  asserted. 

8.  If,  in  the  world-wide  War,  territory  was  measured  in  miles  and  not 
in  strategic,  national,  or  historic  values  the  Allies,  by  the  close  of  the  year, 
had  a  great  superiority  in  gains — about  800,000  square  miles  to  the  Teutons' 
125,000.     Practically  all  the  German  Colonial  Empire  had  passed  into  British 
hands,  with  a  potential  wealth  which,   under   proper   development,   was   very 
great. 

9.  On  the  Western  front  there  had  been  an  addition  of  1,000,000  men  to 
the   British   strength   and   a  taking-over   of   the   line   up   to   the  Somme   and, 
later  on,  to  a  distance  beyond  that.     Besides  a  certain  confident  belief  in  the 
superiority  of  Allied  artillery  and  air  service  on  this  Western  front  there  was, 
at  the  close  of  the  year,  an  assurance  of  superior  morale  in  the  troops  and  of 
capacity  to  capture  and  hold  desired  positions,  while  the  staff  of  both  French 
and  British  Armies  had  acquired  an  experience  and  skill  which,  in  the  latter 
case,  had  been  sometimes  lacking. 

10.  In  the  Asiatic  campaigns  of  the  year  the  Eussian  advance,  though 
checked  in  its  great  objective  of  the  Bagdad  Railway  and  Bagdad  itself,  was 
successful   in  preventing   trouble   from   a   partially-Germanized   Persia,   which 
was  within  striking  distance  of  India;  in  holding  in  operation  a  considerable 
Turkish  army  which  might   have  been   a  menace   elsewhere ;    in   getting  into 
touch  with  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Eussian  fleet  at  Trebiiond  and  in  saving 
some,  at  least,  of  the  Armenian  remnant  by  its  advance  to  Erzeroum. 

11.  The  Battle  of  the  Somme  relieved  the  pressure  upon  Verdun,  pre- 
vented the  current  transfer  of  German  troops  to  other  points  at  that  period — 
though  it  did  not  prevent  the  offensive  against  Eoumania — gave  the  British 
38,000  prisoners  and  the  French  34,500,  tested  and  proved  the  spirit  of  the  new 
British  Armies,  captured  underground  fortresses  stronger  than  any  known  to 
history,  and  seemed  to  show  that  the  supposedly  impregnable  German  trench 
system  could  some  day  be  smashed. 

12.  As  in  1914  and  1915,  so  in  1916,  the  British  Allies,  whatever  their 
losses  in  territory  and,  at  times,  in  prestige,  never  lost  an  army — and  armies 
were  still  the  final  test  of  a  military  triumph.     On  the  other  hand  the  numbers 
of  prisoners  taken  on  either  side  might  have  constituted  several  large  armies 
had  they  been  captured  together  or  in  considerable  segments. 

13.  Upon     Sea    Great     Britain    held    supreme     sway,    touched    only    on 
the  fringe  by  the  under-sea  menace  of  the  submarine.     Its  power  in  blockad- 
ing German  supplies  and  in  squeezing  German  resources  was  only  limited  by  a 
British  desire  to  treat  neutral  countries  well  and  even  generously — a  position 
which,  however  wise  or  politically  necessary,  undoubtedly  weakened  the  pres- 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OP  THE  WAR  23 

sure.  As  to  the  great  Naval  battle  of  the  year  Mr.  Balfour,  when  First  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty,  said  with  accuracy:  "Before  Jutland,  as  after  it,  the 
German  fleet  was  imprisoned.  The  battle  was  an  attempt  to  break  the  bars 
and  burst  the  confining  gates.  It  failed,  and  with  its  failure  the  High  Sea 
fleet  sank  again  into  impotence. ' ' 

14.  While,  approximately,  1,800  merchant  ships  of  over  3,000,000  tonnage 
were   sunk   during   the   War   up   to   Nov.    1,   1916 — 75   per   cent.   Allies,    18% 
neutrals  and  1%  Teutonic — yet  they  were  but  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole. 
British  tonnage  alone  was  over  13,000,000  in  1914  and  so  far  as  the  ships  of 
the  Allies  were   not  requisitioned   for  war   transport,  etc.,   they   still,  at   the 
close  of  1916,  traversed  the  seas  for  commercial  purposes.     The  bulk  of  the 
German  shipping  lay  interned  in  neutral  ports  or  hermetically  sealed  in  German 
coast  waters. 

15.  If  the  Eoumanian  campaign  spelled  local   disaster  to   the  Allies  it 
averted,    on    the    other    hand,    a    probable    organized    thrust    of    the    Teutons 
against  Eussia  which  might  have  regained  much  ground  and  prestige  lost  in 
the  Eussian  attack  upon  Volhynia,  Galicia  and  Bukowina. 

16.  The  holding  of  Salonika  was,  during  1916,  a  moot  point  of  public 
and  secret  international  discussion.     Yet  there  was  no  doubt  as  to  the  strategic 
naval  and  land  value  of  this  famous  sea-port  with  its  command  of  the  Eastern 
Mediterranean,  its  value  as  a  naval  base,  its  strategic  outlook  upon  the  Levant, 
the  Suez  Canal,  Greece  and  Serbia.  Without  it  the  Balkans  would  have  been 
all   German ;   with  it  in   Allied  control   there  were   many   chances   of   Balkan 
redemption  and  liberty. 

17.  Italy,  during  the  year,   carried  out  a  counter-offensive   against   the 
great  Austrian  advance  to  within  sight  of  Veneto  and  won  back  most  of  her 
territory;  directed  a  successful  offensive  against  Gorizia  and  drove  along  the 
lower  Corso  to  within  a  short   distance  of  Trieste.      Large  Austrian  armies 
were  kept  busy  here  and  the  Eussian  operations  thereby  greatly  aided.     At 
one  time  the  Eussian  offensive  relieved  pressure  upon  the  Italians. 

18.  At   the    close    of   the   year    Eussian    successes    in    Armenia,    Galicia, 
Volhynia  and  Bukowina  largely  exceeded  in  territorial  and  general  importance 
the  German  seizures  in  Eoumauia,  while  the  capture  of  Monastir,  a  sort  of 
key  to  Macedonia,  gave  General  Sarrail  control  of  direct  lines  of  communica- 
tion between  the  Italian,  French,  Serbian  and  British  sections  of  his  army. 

19.  With  Britain's  command  of  the  seas  safe  passage  was  ensured  to  an 
ever-increasing   stream   of  United  States   munitions   and  war  supplies;    while 
the  German  mark,  at  the  close  of  1916,  was  at  a  discount  of  more  than  25  per 
cent.,  Britain  and  her  Allies  were  able  to  borrow  in  the  United  States  with  still 
unimpaired  credit  sums  totalling  a  billion  dollars. 

The  full  effect  of  these  intense  struggles  and  vast  campaigns  as, 
indeed,  the  whole  sweep  of  the  World-war,  turned  upon  how  far 
they  had  by  the  end  of  1916  weakened  the  vital  forces  of  the  con- 
tending Powers,  in  resources,  in  men,  and  in  money.  No  one  cam- 
paign or  battle,  no  single  year  of  conflict,  had  as  yet  affected  the 
general  issue  beyond  its  influence  upon  the  forces  back  of  the  con- 
flict. What  was  this  situation  at  the  close  of  1916?  As  to  basic 
war  resources — territory  and  its  potential  development,  man  power 
and  its  possible  utilization,  wealth  and  its  available  application — 
the  fundamental  supremacy  still  lay  with  the  British  Allies  and 
was  being  everywhere  put  into  operation,  though  at  times  in  a 
halting  manner  and  at  other  times  under  conditions  affected  by 
Teutonic  cleverness  in  the  manipulation  of  neutrals,  in  local 
destruction  of  Allied  plants,  and  in  underground  handling  of 
Allied  plans.  The  latter  point  was  illustrated  in  the  occasional 
paralysis  of  Russian  policy,  the  plots  in  Mexico,  the  United  States 
and  India,  or  the  defeat  of  Conscription  in  Australia. 


24  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

With  more  than  one-half  of  the  world — in  area,  population  and 
wealth — at  war  the  British  Allies  possessed*  29,000,000  square 
miles  of  area,  860,000,000  of  population  and  $272,000,000,000  of 
wealth;  the  Teutonic  Allies  2,960,000  square  miles  of  area,  164,- 
000,000  of  population  and  $108,000,000,000  of  wealth.  Of  course, 
this  was  on  paper  and  subject  to  many  deductions.  The  huge  areas 
or  populations  of  British  India,  Africa,  Australia  and  Canada 
were  in  the  Wrar  and  doing  much  to  aid  Britain,  but  their  share 
was  nothing  to  the  position  of  the  actual  European  combatants 
and  their  resources  and  areas  were  only  tentatively  applied  to  the 
conflict  though,  of  course,  they  formed  reserves,  vast  reservoirs,  of 
men  and  energy  which  had  to  be  indirectly  considered  in  the  final 
solution.  So  in  lesser  degree  the  German,  French,  Italian,  Bel- 
gian and  Portuguese  Colonies  should  be  excluded  from  full  values 
in  the  above  figures.  It  may  be  added  here  that  in  all  statistics  and 
estimates  of  conditions  in  the  World-war  during  these  years  inevit- 
able and  sometimes  large  inaccuracies,  natural  but  mistaken  opin- 
ions and  theories,  facts  impossible  to  correctly  ascertain,  must  be 
allowed  for. 

Even  on  the  surface  Sir  George  Paish,  with  a  certain  range  of 
statistics,  could  create  in  British  breasts  a  glow  of  satisfaction,  an 
outburst  of  optimism;  F.  W.  Hirst,  with  different  figures,  could 
evolve  the  profoundest  feelings  of  pessimism.  National  exhaustion 
is  a  relative  term  and  Germany  could  stand  a  great  deal  of  limita- 
tion in  food  supplies  during  the  winter  of  1916-17  as  she  did  in 
1915-16  so  long  as  her  soldiers  were  well  fed — and  they  were  estab- 
lished on  foreign  soil,  in  fertile  countries,  with  much  mobility  of 
action,  and  with  various  available  products  to  aid  the  depleted 
home  resources.  A  fundamental  influence  on  the  War  in  this 
connection  was  the  shortage  in  crop  production  during  1916 — the 
total  for  the  world's  18  chief  countries  being  2,500,000,000  bushels, 
or  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent. 

Of  all  the  vital  elements  in  this  War,  however,  man-power  was 
the  most  important.  The  battle-fronts  in  Europe  had  increased 
during  1916  by  400  miles  which  must  be  added  to  the  1,400  miles 
previously  held;  in  Asia  and  Africa  there  were  changing  and 
shifting  fronts  of  perhaps  another  500  miles.  Great  masses  of 
men  were  needed  for  this  service  and  the  total  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year  under  consideration  was  probably  about  15,000,000 
for  both  sides.  Eliminating  all  the  Colonies  (excepting  Canada, 
Australia  and  New  Zealand)  as  being  of  a  racial  class  not  available 
in  the  WTar  to  any  extent,  and  Japan  as  not  contributing  men  to 
the  Alliance,  the  Entente  group  had  328,000,000  to  draw  upon  and 
the  Teutonic  powers  (after  eliminating  the  Colonies)  about  140,- 
000,000.  Taking  in  each  case  10  per  cent,  of  the  population  as, 
technically  considered,  capable  of  being  called  upon  for  service, 
collating  the  other  figures  from  the  official  tables  of  casualties 
issued  by  some  of  the  countries,  the  studies  of  the  French  Relief 

*NOTE. — An  estimate  by  Theodore  H.  Price  in  the  New  York  Outlook  (Dec.,  1916). 
See  also  The  Canadian  Annual  Review  for  1914 — Page  20. 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OP  THE  WAR 


Society,  the  statistics  of  the  War  Study  Society  of  Copenhagen, 
etc.,  we  get  the  following  results  at  the  close  of  1916 : 


Particulars 

Population  to  be   drawn   from 

10%    proportion    available    for   military   purposes — 

Eesources  Aug.   1st,  1914    

Add  to   Eesources:    1%   of  population   growing   up 

each  year  for  2  years  of  war,  less  20%  medically 

unfit   . 


Entente 

Alliance 

328,000,000 


Teuton 

Alliance 

140,000,000 


32,000,000       14,000,000 


5,248,000         2,240,000 


Less:  20%  of  average  number  medically  unfit 

Less :    Estimated  total  killed 

Less :   Estimated  total  rendered  unfit  through  wounds 
Less:   Estimated    Prisoners    lost     . 


6,400,000  2,800,000 

3,000,000  2,000,000 

2,500,000  1,600,000 

2,600,000  1,500,000 


Total  Deduction 


14,500,000 


',900,000 


Eesources  December,  1916 


22,748,000         8,340,000 


Such  statistics,  of  course,  have  all  sorts  of  qualifications.  The 
Entente  Allies,  for  instance,  while  using  on  active  service  only  a 
small  proportion  (not  given  above)  of  their  dependent  populations 
of  other  races,  had  more  or  less  control  over  a  vast  amount  of 
voluntary  labour  from  that  source,  of  voluntary  gifts,  of  trade  and 
financial  support.  The  Teutonic  alliance  drew  nothing  in  this 
connection  from  their  lost  Colonies  but  found  a  limited  compensa- 
tion in  the  enforced  labour  and  supplies  of  conquered  territories. 
The  number  of  reserves  available  on  either  side  at  the  close  of  the 
year  was  a  subject  of  continuous  speculation.  So  far  as  the  public 
was  concerned  it  could  not  be  more  than  that — except,  perhaps,  in 
the  case  of  Great  Britain — and  Governments  were  not  talking  in  a 
matter  so  vital  to  the  issue.  Germany  and  the  Teuton  Allies, 
Russia  and  France,  in  particular,  were  necessarily  secretive  upon 
this  point  and  only  estimates  of  varying  value  were  available. 
Assuming  the  approximate  correctness  of  the  above  figures  and 
accepting  the  usual  calculations  as  to  men  required  for  railway 
operation  along  such  enormous  army  fronts,  for  special  service  and 
Home  duties,  it  would  seem  that  the  Teuton  Allies  altogether  had 
about  7,000,000  men,  inclusive  of  all  reserves,  available  to  guard 
over  2,000  miles  of  a  war-front  which  was  ever  shifting,  yet  with 
a  tendency  to  increase  in  length. 

Back  of  the  men  was  the  question  of  money  and  the  resources 
associated  with  it.  In  what  is  usually  termed  by  the  statistician, 
national  wealth,  the  British  Allies  were  infinitely  ahead  of  their 
enemies;  in  the  organization  and  application  of  that  wealth  there 
were  factors  and  elements  which  greatly  lessened  the  proportion. 
In  the  human  material  available — and  it  forms  an  important  and 
basic  part  of  all  national  wealth — there  was  no  comparison  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  German  organization  was  so  complete,  so  con- 
crete, so  autocratic,  as  to  make  the  Central  Empire  resources  go 
much  further  than  the  diffused,  scattered,  unorganized  mass  of 
Allied  wealth  could  possibly  go  in  the  first  years  of  such  a  war. 
The  enormous  reserve  riches  of  Russia  and  India  might  be  speci- 


26  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tied  in  this  latter  connection ;  the  loose  voluntary  system  of  British 
Dominions  was  another  illustration. 

During  1916,  however,  Great  Britain  did  much  to  meet  the 
world-wide  situation  and  its  leaders  had  produced  a  financial  result, 
a  system  of  national  credit  and  international  exchange  which  were 
marvellous.  If  not  so  thorough  as  the  German  system  its  world 
freedom  and  flexible  application  to  changing  conditions  made  it, 
as  time  passed  on,  much  more  effective.  There  were  many  estimates 
of  national  wealth  in  this  connection,'  and  they  varied  greatly  in 
degrees  of  accuracy.  Favourite  United  States  statistics  included 
Great  Britain  at  the  generally  accepted  figure  of  $35,000,000,000 
but  forgot  her  external'  Empire ;  some  made  a  rough  calculation  as 
to  Canada,  etc.,  but  omitted  India ;  others  gave  the  Indian  Empire 
along  lines  which  excluded  the  immense  hidden  wealth  of  that  rich 
region — the  countless  gems  and  silver  and  golden  articles  held  by 
Princes  and  Oriental  Chiefs  and  placed  by  competent  Eastern 
authorities  at  a  minimum  total  of  $50,000,000,000.  Including  such 
estimates  and  all  the  Colonies  of  the  Entente  group  it  would  be 
reasonable  to  place  the  wealth  of  the  British  Empire  at  175  bil- 
lions and  that  of  the  other  Allies  at  300  billions,  while  the  Teuton 
group  would  have  a  total  of  125  billions.  These  figures  included 
the  ownership  and  value  of  public  property  and  of  property  owned 
abroad.  The  tota.1  war  cost  at  the  close  of  1916  was  about  $65,- 
000,000,000  and  much  of  this  was  borrowed  and  expended  in  the 
countries  concerned  and  not  actually  lost  or  destroyed.  It  was 
transferred  to  the  makers  of  munitions,  to  the  families  of  soldiers, 
to  the  countless  war  industries  of  the  time,  to  the  producers  who 
got  immense  prices  for  their  products.  For  the  two  years  of  war, 
ending  Aug.  1st,  1916,  John  Barnes  of  the  Wall  Street  Journal 
estimated  the  financial  situation  as  follows : 

rv^nt™                      *  Pre-War  Debt,  Present  Debt,  Total  Cost     Daily  Average 

Country  1914  1916  to  Aug.  1st,  1916         Cost 

Great     Britain      $3,485,000,000  $15,106,000,000  $11,190,000,000     $25,000,000 

France     6,607.000,000  14,966,000,000  9,000,000,000        17,000,000 

Russia     4,537,000,000  10,363,000,000  8.770,000,000        18,000,000 

Italy      2,836,000,000  4,301,000,000  2,500,000,000           8,000,000 

Other     Allies      1,580,000,000          4,000,000 

Total  for  Allies  ...  .$17,465,000,000  $44,736,000.000  $33,090,000,000  $72,000,000 
Germany  (Empire  and 

States)  5,198,000,000  14,291,000,000  11,500,000,000  22000,000 

Austria-Hungary  3,970,000,000  6,757,500,000  5,360,000,000  12,'000,000 

Turkey  640,000.000  854,000,000  800,000,000  1,500,000 

Central  Powers  ....$  9,808,000,000  $21,902,500,000  $17,660,000,000  $  35,500,000 
Grand  Total  27,273,000,000  66,638,500,000  50,750,000,000  107,500,000 

The  New  York  Tribune  financial  expert  estimated  that  at  the 
close  of  1916  there  were  in  the  Banks  of  France,  Russia,  Britain, 
Italy,  Japan,  Australia  and  Canada  a  total  of  4,000  millions  in 
gold,  and  in  those  of  Germany,  Austria-Hungary  and  Turkey 
1,300  millions.  This  concrete  element  of  wealth  was  being 
used  over  and  over  again  in  the  Teutonic  countries  and  paper 
money  was  being  issued  in  enormous  quantities — to  a  total  of  4,000 
millions,  or  more  than  double  the  British  issue*,  while  the  value 
of  the  mark  abroad  was  depreciating  25  per  cent.  With  Britain, 

*NOTE. — Sir  Edward  Holden,  Chairman  London  City  &  Midland  Bank,  Jan.  26,  1917. 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OF  THE  WAR  27 

as  the  chief  banker  and  financial  power  of  the  Entente  Alliance,  it 
was  different  and  the  above  total  of  gold  held  by  her  and  her  Allies 
was  above  and  beyond  the  2,230  millions  held  by  the  United  States 
and  of  which  much  had  gone  from  these  countries  in  payment  for 
war  supplies  without  any  dangerous  depletion  of  the  treasuries  at 
home. 

According  to  an  able  analytical  pamphlet  issued  by  the  Mechan- 
ics and  Metals  National  Bank  of  New  York,  and  compiled  by  P.  W. 
Gehle,  it  was  estimated  that  three  complete  years  of  the  War  would 
cost  the  Entente  Allies  48  billions,  or  an  average  of  70  millions  a 
day  and  $150  per  capita,  while  the  cost  to  the  Teutonic  group 
would  be  27%  billions  or  35  millions  a  day  and  $188  per  capita. 
As  usual,  with  United  States  statistics,  the  external  Empires  or 
Colonies  were  omitted  from  these  calculations.  A  careful  English 
estimate — also  excluding  the  Colonies  from  purview — stated  that 
the  Allied  nations  were  spending  upon  the  War  up  to  Mch.  31, 
1916,  8  per  cent,  of  their  national  wealth  and  the  Central  Empires 
16  per  cent.  As  to  the  25  billions  a  year  which  the  War  was  aver- 
aging in  cost  to  the  nations  at  the  close  of  1916  Sir  George  Paish 
estimated  that  only  about  7^  billions  was  a  complete  loss  because 
of  conditions,  pointed  out  above,  under  which  the  populations  were 
maintained  by  the  expenditure  of  this  money  for  labour  and  pro- 
ducts— differently  directed  and  composed  but  still  serving  the  same 
purpose.  This  estimate  did  not  deal,  of  course,  with  the  values  of 
human  life  lost  or  with  the  total  of  potential  savings  which,  instead 
of  being  put  away,  were  expended  upon  war  objects,  or  the  value 
of  property  which  might  have  been  created  by  the  man-power 
expended  in  destruction.  According  to  The  Statist  of  London  the 
relative  increase  in  the  cost  of  the  War  as  a  whole,  up  to  May  31, 
1916,  was  as  follows: 

Total  Per  Day 

Aug.    2    to    Sept.    30,    1914     £   71,684,000  $    358,420,000  £1,195,000  $  5,975,000 

Oct.    1    to    Dec.    31,    1914    186,098,000  930,490,000  2,023,000  10,115,000 

Jan.   1   to  Mar.   31,    1'915    240,578,000  1,202,890,000  2,073,000  13,365,000 

April    1    to    June    30,    1915     ...  258,473,000  1,292,365,000  2,840,000  14,200,000 

July   1   to   Sept.   30,    1915    416,024,000  2,080,120,000  4,522,000  22,610,000 

Oct.     1    to    Dec.     81,     1915     425,420,000  2,127,100,000  4,624,000  23,120,000 

Jan.    1   to   Mar.    31.   1916    459,240,000  2,296,200,000  5,046,000  25,230,000 

April  1  to  May  31,   1916    335,500,000  1,677,500,000  5,500,000  27,500,000 

During  the  year  two  distinct  lines  of  development  were  notice- 
able amongst  the  battling  nations.  The  Central  Powers  came 
closer  together,  with  Germany  as  the  dominating  influence  holding 
an  ever-increasing  control  over  its  Austrian,  Hungarian  and  Bal- 
kan Allies.  Negotiations  as  to  commercial  and  fiscal  relations, 
arrangements  as  to  German  military  supremacy  on  all  fields  and 
war  lines  through  Von  Hindenburg,  plans  for  after-the-war  unity, 
were  known  to  be  under-way  and  more  or  less  effective.  Details 
were  secret  but  on  the  other  hand  the  British  Alliance  made  no 
attempt  at  concealment  of  many  and  vigorous  efforts  to  come 
together  in  military  strategy,  naval  action,  diplomatic  policy  and 
economic  plans.  In  December,  1915,  an  Allied  Council  of  War 
had  been  initiated  and  held  in  Paris  and  it  was  repeated  in  London 
on  Jan.  19  when  M.  Briand,  Prime  Minister  of  France,  two  Minis- 
terial colleagues,  General  Graziani,  Chief  of  the  General  Staff,  and 


28  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Admiral  de  Jonquieres,  Chief  of  the  Naval  Staff,  with  other  French 
officials,  were  in  attendance.  Others  present  were  the  French, 
Russian,  Italian  and  Belgian  Ambassadors,  Mr.  Asquith,  the  British 
Premier,  several  members  of  his  Cabinet,  Admiral  Sir  Henry  Jack- 
son, First  Sea  Lord,  and  General  Sir  William  Robertson,  Chief  of 
the  Imperial  General  Staff. 

A  similar  Council  was  held  in  Paris  on  Oct.  20,  1916,  with  Gen- 
eral Joffre  and  Messrs.  Ribot,  Lacaze,  Roques  and  Thomas  of  the 
French  Cabinet  present,  together  with  General  Haig,  General 
Robertson,  Mr.  Premier  Asquith  and  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  A.  J.  Bal- 
four  and  Viscount  Grey  from  the  British  side  of  the  Alliance. 
Other  informal  gatherings  to  discuss  war  strategy  took  place  from 
time  to  time  but  the  central  event  of  the  year  in  this  general  con- 
nection was  the  Economic  Conference  of  the  Allies  held  in  Paris 
on  June  14-17  for  the  discussion  of  war  action  and  after-the-war 
policy.  It  was  the  outcome  of  a  preliminary  Conference  held  at 
Paris  on  Mch.  27-28  and  attended,  amongst  others,  by  Mr.  Runci- 
man,  President  of  the  British  Board  of  Trade,  and  Mr.  Bonar 
Law,  when  the  following  Resolutions  were  approved: 

1.  The  representatives  of  the  Allied  Governments  affirm  the  entire  com- 
munity of  views  and  solidarity  of  the  Allies.     They  confirm  all  the  measures 
taken  to  realize  unity  of  action  and  unity  of  front.     By  this  they  mean  at 
once  military  unity  of  action  as  assured  by  the  agreement  concluded  between 
the  General  Staffs;   economic  unity  of  action,  the  organization  of  which  has 
been    settled    by    the    present    Conference;    and    diplomatic    unity    of    action, 
which  is  guaranteed  by  their  unshakeable  determination  to  pursue  the  struggle 
to  the  victory  of  their  common  cause. 

2.  The  Allied  Governments  decide  to  put  into  practice  in  the  economic 
domain  their   solidarity  of  views   and  interests.     They   charge   the  Economic 
Conference,  which  will  be  shortly  held  in  Paris,  to  propose  to  them  measures 
adapted  to  realize  this  solidarity. 

3.  With  a  view  to  strengthening,  co-ordinating,  and  unifying  the  econ- 
omic action  to  be  exercised  in   order  to  prevent  supplies   from   reaching  the 
enemy,  the  Conference  decides  to  establish  in  Paris  a  permanent  Committee 
upon  which  all  the  Allies  will  be  represented. 

4.  The  Conference  decides:    (a)    To  continue  the  organization  begun  in 
London  of  a  Central  Bureau  of  Freights;    (b)    To  take  common  action  with 
the  shortest  possible  delay  with  a  view  to  discovering  the  practical  methods 
to  be  employed  for  equitably  distributing  between  the  Allied  nations  the  bur- 
dens resulting  from  maritime  transport  and  for  putting  a  stop  to  the  rise  in 
freights. 

At  the  succeeding  and  more  conclusive  gathering  of  June  M. 
elemental,  French  Minister  of  Commerce,  presided  and  Aristide 
Briand,  the  Premier  of  France,  in  his  opening  address  on  the  14th, 
pointed  out  the  pathway  of  future  policy  as  follows:  "To  conquer 
is  not  enough.  In  addition  to  a  military  union  which  will  assure 
our  military  success,  and  to  a  diplomatic  union  which  will  be  formed 
for  future  reciprocal  penetration  and  pooling  of  common  interests, 
we  have  an  economic  union,  which  will  guarantee,  through  fruit- 
ful harmony,  the  intensive  development  of  our  material  resources, 
the  exchange  of  allied  products,  and  their  distribution  through- 
out the  world's  markets."  The  Resolutions  made  public  at  the 
close  of  the  Conference  were  prefaced  by  the  declaration  that  the 
Central  Powers,  after  imposing  the  War  upon  the  world,  were  now 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OF  THE  WAR  29 

preparing  a  struggle  for  supremacy  in  the  economic  domain  and 
that  it  had  become  the  imperative  duty  of  the  Allied  Powers  to 
secure  for  themselves  and  the  markets  of  neutral  countries  "full 
economic  independence  and  respect  for  sound  commercial  prac- 
tice" and  to  facilitate  organization  of  an  economic  alliance  on  a 
permanent  basis.  The  Resolutions  were  divided  into  three  sec- 
tions and  were  as  follows: 

(a)    Measures   for   War   Period. 

I.  Laws   and   regulations   prohibiting  trading   with   the   enemy   shall   be 
brought  into  accord  for  this  purpose: 

A.  The  Allies  will  prohibit  their  own  subjects  and  citizens  and  all  per- 
sons  residing   in  their   territories   from   carrying   on   any    fciade   with   the   in- 
habitants of  enemy  countries  of  whatever  nationality,  or  with  enemy  subjects, 
wherever  resident,  persons,  firms  and  companies  whose  business  is  controlled 
wholly  or  partially  by  enemy  subjects  or  subject  to  enemy  influence,  whose 
names  will  be  included  in  a  special  list. 

B.  The  Allies  will  also  prohibit  importation  into  their  territories  of  all 
goods  originating  or  coming  from  enemy  countries. 

C.  The   Allies   will    further    devise   means   of   establishing   a   system    of 
enabling  contracts  entered  into  with  enemy  subjects  and  injurious  to  national 
interests  to  be  cancelled  unconditionally. 

II.  Business  undertakings,  owned  or  operated  by  enemy  subjects  in  the 
territories  of  the  Allies,  are  all  to  be  sequestrated  or  placed  under  control. 
Measures  will  be  taken  for  the  purpose  of  winding  up  some  of  these  under- 
takings and  realizing  the  assets,  the  proceeds  of  such  realizations  remaining 
sequestrated  or  under  control.     In  addition,  by  export  prohibitions,  which  are 
necessitated   by   the   internal   situation   of  each   of   the   Allied   countries,   the 
Allies  will  complete  the  measures  already  taken  for  the  restriction  of  enemy 
supplies  both  in  the  Mother  Countries  and  the  Dominions,  Colonies  and  Pro- 
tectorates : 

1.  By  unifying  lists  of  contraband  and  export  prohibition,  particularly 
by  prohibiting  the  export  of  all  commodities  declared  absolute  or  conditional 
contraband. 

2.  By  making  the  grant  of  licenses  to  export  to  neutral  countries,  from 
which  export  to  the  enemy  territories  might  take  place,  conditional  upon  the 
existence  in  such  countries  of  control  organizations  approved  by  the  Allies,  or 
in  the   absence   of  such  organizations,   upon   special   guarantees,   such   as   the 
limitation  of  the  quantities  to  be  exported,  and  supervision  by  Allied  consular 
officers,  etc. 

(fc)   Transitory  Measures  for  the  Period  of  the  Commercial,  Industrial,  Agri- 
cultural  and   Maritime   Eeconstruction   of   the   Allied   Coantries. 

I.  The    Allies    declare    their    common    determination    to    insure    the    re- 
establishment  of  the  countries  suffering  from  acts  of  destruction,  spoliation 
and  unjust  requisition  and  they  decide  to  join  in  devising  means  to  secure  the 
restoration   to   those    countries,    as   a   prior    claim,   of   their    raw   materials — 
industrials,   agricultural   plant   and   stock — and   mercantile   fleet,   or   to   assist 
them  to  re-equip  themselves  in  these  respects. 

II.  Whereas  the  War  has  put  an  end  to  all  treaties  of  commerce  between 
the  Allies  and  enemy  Powers,  and  it  is  of  essential  importance  that  during 
the  period  of  economic  reconstruction  the  liberty  of  none  of  the  Allies  should 
be  hampered  by  any  claim  put  forward  by  enemy  powers  to  most-favoured- 
nation  treatment,  the  Allies  agree  that  the  benefit  of  this  treatment  will  not  be 
granted  to  those  Powers  during  a  number  of  years  to   be  fixed   by  mutual 
agreement  among  themselves.     During  this  number  of  years  the  Allies  under- 
take to  assure  each  other,  so  far  as  possible,  compensatory  outlets  for  trade 
in   case  consequences   detrimental   to   their   commerce   should   result   from   the 
application  of  the  undertaking  referred  to  in  the  preceding  clause. 

III.  The   Allies    declare   themselves   agreed    to    conserve    for   the    Allied 
countries,  before  all  others,  their  natural  resources  during  the  whole  period  of 


30  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

commercial,  industrial,  agricultural  and  maritime  reconstruction,  and  for  this 
purpose  they  undertake  to  establish  special  arrangements  to  facilitate  the 
interchange  of  these  resources. 

IV.  In  order  to  defend  their  commerce  and  industry  and  their  agricul- 
ture and  navigation  against  economic  aggression  resulting  from   dumping  or 
any  other  mode  of  unfair  competition  the  Allies  decide  to  fix  by  agreement  a 
period  of  time  during  which  commerce  with  the  enemy  Powers  will  be  sub- 
mitted to  special  treatment,  and  goods  originating  from  their  countries  will 
be  subjected  either  to  prohibitions  or  to  a  special  regime  of  an  effective  char- 
acter.    The  Allies  will  determine  by  agreement,  through  diplomatic  channels, 
the  special  conditions  to  be  imposed  during  the  above-mentioned  period  on 
the  ships  of  enemy  Powers. 

V.  The  Allies  will  devise  measures,  to  be  taken  jointly  or  severally,  for 
preventing  enemy  subjects  from  exercising  in  their  territories  certain  indus- 
tries or  professions  which  concern  national  defence  or  economic  independence. 

(c)  Permanent  Measures  of  Mutual  Assistance  and  Collaboration  among  the 

Allies. 

I.  The  Allies  decide  to  take  the  necessary  steps  without  delay  to  render 
themselves  independent  of  enemy  countries  in  so  far  as  regards  raw  materials 
and  manufactured  articles  essential  to  the  normal  development  of  their  econ- 
omic activities.     These  measures  will  be  directed  to  assuring  the  independence 
of  the  Allies,  not  only  so  far  as  concerns  sources  of  supply,  but  also  as  regards 
their  financial,  commercial  and  maritime  organization.     The  Allies  will  adopt 
such  measures  as  seem  to  them  most  suitable  for  the  carrying  out  of  this 
resolution  according  to  the  nature  of  the  commodities  and  having  regard  to 
the  principles  which  govern  their  economic  policy.     They  may,  for  example, 
have  recourse  to  either  enterprises,  subsidized  and  directed  or  conntrolled  by 
the  Governments  themselves,  or  to  the  grant  of  financial  assistance    for    the 
encouragement  of  scientific   and   technical   research  and  the  development  of 
national  industries  and  resources,  or  to  customs  duties  or  prohibitions  of  a 
temporary  or  permanent   character,   or  to   a   combination   of   these   different 
methods. 

Whatever  may  be  the  methods  adopted,  the  object  aimed  at  by  the  Allies 
is  to  increase  the  production  within  their  territories,  as  a  whole,  to  a  sufficient 
extent  to  enable  them  to  maintain  and  develop  their  economic  position  and 
independence  in  relation  to  enemy  countries. 

II.  In  order  to  permit  the  interchange  of  their  products  the  Allies  under- 
take to  adopt  measures  facilitating  mutual  trade  relations,  both  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  direct  and  rapid  land  and  sea  transport  services  at  low  rates  and 
by   the   extension   and   improvement    of   postal,    telegraphic    and    other   com- 
munications. 

III.  The  Allies  undertake  to  convene  a  meeting  of  technical  delegates 
to  draw  up  measures  for  the  assimilation,  so  far  as  may  be  possible,  of  their 
laws  governing  patents,  indications  of  origin,  and  trademarks.     In  regard  to 
patents,  trademarks,  literary  and  artistic  copyright  which  come  into  existence 
during  the  War  in  enemy  countries,  the  Allies  will  adopt,  so  far  as  possible, 
an  identical  procedure  to  be  applied  as  soon  as  hostilities  cease.    This  procedure 
will  be  elaborated  by  the  technical  delegates  of  the  Allies. 

D.  Whereas,  for  the  purpose  of  their  common  defence  against  the  enemy, 
the  Allied  Powers  have  agreed  to  adopt  a  common  economic  policy  on  the 
lines  laid  down  in  the  Eesolutions  which  have  been  passed;  and  whereas,  it  is 
recognized  that  the  effectiveness  of  this  policy  depends  absolutely  upon  these 
Eesolutions  being  put  into  operation  forthwith,  the  representatives  of  the 
Allied  Governments  undertake  to  recommend  that  their  respective  Govern- 
ments shall  take,  without  delay,  all  the  measures,  whether  temporary  or 
permanent,  requisite  to  giving  full  and  complete  effect  to  this  policy  forth- 
with and  to  communicate  to  each  other  the  decisions  arrived  at  to  attain  the 
object. 

This  important  document  was  signed  by  M.  elemental,  French 
Minister  of  Commerce,  and  the  Ministers  of  Public  Works,  Colonies 
and  Labour,  with  two  Under -Secretaries ;  by  Comte  de  Brocqueville, 


THE  PROGRESS  AND  ENVIRONMENT  OP  THE  WAR  31 

Belgian  Premier,  and  the  Ministers  of  Finance,  State  and  Foreign 
Affairs ;  by  the  Marquess  of  Crewe,  Lord  President  of  the  Council 
(Britain),  A.  Bonar  Law,  Colonial  Secretary,  W.  M.  Hughes, 
Prime  Minister  of  Australia,  and  Sir  G.  E.  Foster,  Canadian  Min- 
ister of  Commerce;  by  Signor  Tittoni,  Italian  Ambassador  to 
France;  and  Signor  Daneo,  Finance  Minister  of  Italy;  by  Baron 
Sakatani  for  Japan,  Senhors  Costa,  Finance  Minister,  and  Scares, 
Foreign  Minister,  for  Portugal ;  by  M.  Pokrowsky  and  M.  Prilegaieff 
for  Russia,  and  M.  Marinkovitch  for  Serbia.  The  Australian  Prime 
Minister  (Mr.  Hughes)  reviewed  the  Conference  Resolutions  on 
June  21  as  follows:  "Their  adoption  by  the  Allied  Powers  will 
effect  little  short  of  an  economic  revolution.  I  believe  that  through 
them  we  can  strike  a  blow  right  at  the  heart  of  Germany.  I  believe 
that,  rightly  used,  they  are  a  great  charter  guaranteeing  us  and  the 
Allied  nations,  and,  indeed,  the  civilized  world,  economic  inde- 
pendence. It  would  be  intolerable  if,  after  we  had  sacrificed  mil- 
lions of  lives  and  thousands  of  millions  of  treasure  in  order  to  pre- 
vent Germany  imposing  her  political  will  upon  us,  we  should  slip 
back  into  her  economic  maw.  .  .  .  We  have  seen  what  the 
control  of  dyes,  tungsten,  spelter,  and  other  metals  by  Germany 
means  to  this  nation.  It  is  profoundly  true  that  if  one  great  Power 
controlled  practically  all  the  supplies  of  such  things  as  copper, 
lead,  zinc,  tungsten,  petrol,  rubber  and  cotton,  all  the  world  would 
be  suppliant  at  its  feet. 

A  permanent  Committee  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  Con- 
ference was  appointed  composed  of  M.  Peltzer,  representing  Bel- 
gium, M.  Denys  Cochin,  Minister  of  State,  and  two  others,  repre- 
senting France,  Prince  Ruspoli  and  two  others  for  Italy,  M.  Tatsuke 
of  the  Japanese  Embassy  in  Paris,  Earl  Granville  for  Great  Britain, 
M.  de  Vilhena  for  Portugal,  M.  Sevastopoulo  and  M.  Batcheff, 
representing  Russia,  and  two  representatives  of  Serbia.  Out  of 
the  cauldron  of  war  there  had  thus  evolved  a  strong  effort  at  unity 
of  thought  and  purpose  amongst  the  representatives  of  over  800 
million  people  holding  half  the  area  of  the  world  under  control. 
It  may  be  added  here  that  according  to  an  estimate  issued  by  the 
National  Foreign  Trade  Council  of  the  United  States  the  loss  of 
public  and  private  property  in  Europe,  up  to  the  close  of  1916,  was 
$5,985,000,000,  or  $3,735,000,000  on  the  Western  front  and  $2,- 
250,000,000  on  the  Eastern.  It  was  calculated  that  certain  immedi- 
ate needs  of  France  and  Belgium  in  the  first  year  after  the  War 
would  be  as  follows : 

Product  France  Belgium 

Agricultural    Buildings    $50,000,000       $50,000,000 

Agricultural  Machinery   50,000,000         50,000,000 

Industrial    Buildings    50,000,000         65,000,000 

Mining   Machinery    40,000,000         60,000,000 

Iron   Industry    Machinery    50,000,000         70,000,000 

Food-making  Machines 10,000,000  3,000,000 

Chemicals    Machinery    6,000,000  6,000,000 

Textile   Machinery    50,000,000         65,000,000 

Electrical  Machinery  and  Equipment    50,000,000       130,000,000 

Wood-working    Machinery     18,000,000         20,000,000 

Paper-making   Machinery    3,000,000  5,000,000 


32  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Another  important  matter  of  joint  international  action  was  the 
declaration  on  Feb.  14  to  the  Belgian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs 
at  Havre,  France,  of  the  French,  British  and  Russian  Ministers  at 
the  Belgian  Court — presented  by  Prince  Kudacheff,  the  Russian 
Minister — that  the  Allied  Powers  signatory  to  the  Treaties  guar- 
anteeing the  independence  and  neutrality  of  Belgium,  desired  to 
renew  their  pledges  in  the  following  terms :  ' '  The  Allied  and  Guar- 
anteeing Powers  declare  that  when  the  moment  comes,  the  Belgian 
Government  will  be  called  upon  to  take  part  in  the  peace  negotia- 
tions, and  that  they  will  not  end  hostilities  until  Belgium  has  been 
restored  to  her  political  and  economic  independence  and  liberally 
indemnified  for  the  damage  she  has  suffered.  They  will  lend  their 
aid  to  Belgium  to  ensure  her  commercial  financial  recovery."  The 
Italian  and  Japanese  Ministers  intimated  their  support  of  this 
declaration,  though  their  countries  were  not  participants  in  the 
original  pledges.  On  July  3rd  a  Treaty  of  importance  was  signed 
between  Russia  and  Japan  in  the  following  terms* :  * '  Article 
I.  Japan  will  not  be  a  party  to  any  political  arrangement  or  com- 
bination contracted  against  Russia.  Russia  will  not  be  a  party  to 
any  political  arrangement  or  combination  directed  against  Japan. 
Article  II.  In  the  event  of  the  territorial  rights  or  special  interests 
in  the  Far  East  of  one  of  the  contracting  parties  recognized  by  the 
other  contracting  party  being  threatened,  Japan  and  Russia  will 
consult  with  each  other  on  the  measures  to  be  taken  with  a  view 
to  support  and  co-operation  being  given  to  one  another  for  the 
safeguarding  and  defence  of  those  rights  and  interests."  After 
a  Paris  Conference  on  Nov.  17  M.  Briand,  Premier  of  France,  and 
Mr.  Asquith,  Premier  of  Britain,  sent  a  joint  telegram  about 
Poland  to  Boris  V.  Stuermer,  Russian  Prime  Minister,  as  follows: 

We  have  learned  with  the  liveliest  satisfaction  of  the  declaration  pub- 
lished, Nov.  14,  in  the  Russian  press  by  which  the  Imperial  Government,  taking 
note  of  the  fresh  violation  of  the  law  of  nations  and  of  international  conven- 
tions committed  by  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary,  protests  against  their 
pretension  of  creating  a  new  State  out  of  territory  momentarily  occupied  by 
them,  and  of  raising  an  army  among  the  population  of  those  regions.  We 
rejoice  to  see  that  foiling  the  machinations  of  our  enemies  and  throwing  clear 
light  on  the  illusory  character  of  their  promises,  Russia,  having  since  the 
beginning  of  the  War  given  the  peoples  inhabiting  all  Polish  lands  assurances 
conformable  to  their  secular  hopes,  now  solemnly  renews  the  unchangeable 
decision  announced  more  than  two  years  ago  in  the  name  of  His  Majesty  the 
Emperor  to  realize  their  autonomy.  We  are  deeply  gratified  by  the  generous 
initiative  taken  by  the  Government  of  His  Majesty,  the  Emperor  of  Russia, 
in  favour  of  a  people  to  whom  we  are  bound  by  ancient  sympathies,  and  who, 
re-uniting,  will  constitute  a  primordial  element  in  the  future  stability  of 
Europe.  We  are  happy  to  associate  ourselves  with  the  views  which  the  Im- 
perial Government  intends  to  realize  for  the  benefit  of  the  noble  Polish  people. 

The  general  situation  at  the  close  of  1916  apparently  had  cer- 
tain lessons  open  to  all.  The  first  was  the  vital  value  of  a  great 
Navy  to  any  nation  having  large  dominions  abroad  and  a  dominant 
trade.  When  that  nation  was  first  in  these  two  respects  the  suprem- 
acy of  its  Fleet  was  all,  and  more,  than  Tennyson  portrayed  or  the 
wisest  of  statesman  could  foresee.  It  had  become  ever  clearer  that 

*NOTK. — Journal  of  American   Asiatic   Association,    October,    1916. 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS     33 

campaigns  were  like  business  and  had  to  be  mapped  out  beforehand, 
studied  and  handled  by  experts,  and  backed  by  every  kind  of 
preparation ;  that  the  Pacifist  antagonism  to  adequate  prepara- 
tion, or  to  practical  analysis  of  human  motives  and  character,  as 
shown  in  national  aims  and  actions,  was  only  paving  the  way  for 
destruction  of  small  peoples  and  the  death  of  myriads  in  holding 
the  gates  until  conditions  of  unpreparedness  could  be  equalized 
with  those  of  preparedness ;  that  skilled  industry  was  a  vital  part  of 
modern  war  from  the  making  of  battleships  and  artillery,  munitions 
and  motors,  aeroplanes  and  submarines,  to  the  construction  of 
tanks,  ambulances  and  ordinary  railway  cars ;  that  submarines  and 
zeppelins  in  great  naval  battles  such  as  Jutland  had  a  place  far 
inferior  to  what  was  expected ;  that  in  aeroplane  warfare  the  skill, 
dash  and  quickness  of  thought  of  the  British  or  French  aviator 
soon  won  superiority  over  the  brave  but  more  intellectually  pon- 
derous German;  that  supremacy  of  the  air  will  be  as  vital  in  the 
future  as  supremacy  on  sea  or  shore,  and  especially  so  to  an  oceanic 
Empire ;  that  education  in  the  fearful  necessity  of  war  and  the  need 
for  defence  preparations,  so  long  as  ambitious  military  Powers 
exist,  was  to  peaceful  nations  an  essential  part  of  training  in 
patriotism  or  love  of  country. 

To  financial  and  fiscal  theorists  generally  this  War,  as  it 
developed  into  a  world  straggle,  with  14  nations  involved  and 
costs  of  $17,000,000,000  in  the  first  year,  $28,000,000,000  in  the 
second,  and  an  estimated  $30,000,000,000  for  the  third  year  meant 
an  absolute  revolution  in  thought  and  in  refutation  of  old  theories. 
Tariffs  for  protection  became  of  recognized  value  to  very  many 
of  the  most  bigoted  free-traders ;  taxation  and  expenditures  which 
were  declared  impossible  even  in  imagination  came  to  be  borne  with 
equanimity  and  confidence  as  to  the  future;  last,  of  all,  the  view 
that  a  wrorld-war  would  destroy  the  world  in  an  economic  and 
industrial  sense  was  entirely  shattered.  Individual  discipline  of 
mind  and  habit  and  expenditure,  economy  in  living,  avoidance  of 
luxuries  and  restriction  of  liquor  consumption,  utilization  of  labour 
along  lines  of  economic  management  and  personal  willingness  to 
increase  production,  concentrated  community  exertion  in  the 
organized  supply  of  war  requirements,  worked  a  marvellous  change 
in  Europe  and  one  which  went  far  in  meeting  the  fundamental 
calls  of  war. 

position  of  ^  ^e  c^ose  °^  this  year  the  power  of  Germany, 

Germany  and  the  will  of  the  Kaiser,  extended  from  the  Baltic  Sea 
its  Allies;  and  the  German  Ocean  across  Europe  and  Asia  Minor 

Economic  Con-  up  to  the  Russian  outposts  in  Persia.  Austria,  Hun- 
gary'  Bulgaria  and  Turkey  were  links  in  a  chain  of 
military  powrer,  tactics,  trade  and  administration 
which  promised,  and  was  intended,  to  create  a  basis  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  great  new  Power  fitted  to  hold  Europe  in  the  leading 
strings  of  a  gigantic  militarism,  to  checkmate  Russia  and  restrict 
Russian  development,  to  meet  Britain  and  her  Empire  in  the  East 
upon  a  level  of  ever-menacing  rivalry  and  strength.  Whatever  the 
3 


34  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

result  of  the  War  as  to  Britain's  sea-power  or  French  territory  or 
German  Colonies,  this,  it  was  hoped,  would  be  a  permanent  con- 
dition. If  this  hope  were  to  be  realized  it  would  alter  the  map  of 
the  world  in  a  sense  wider  and  deeper  than  even  the  geographical 
facts  of  current  conquest  or  territorial  spheres  of  influence. 

Despite  all  conditions  of  food  limitation,  war  supply  restric- 
tions, trade  destruction,  financial  difficulty,  or  war  casualties,  the 
average  German  apparently  was  not  convinced  at  the  close  of  1916 
that  his  country  could  be  beaten.  Austria,  he  thought,  did  not 
count  seriously,  except  when  its  Armies  were  stiffened  by  German 
troops,  Turkey  and  Bulgaria  were  iiseful  but  dependent  Allies,  the 
Balkanzas,  or  Berlin  to  Constantinople  Railway,  was  a  visible  proof 
of  Central  European  power,  the  possession  of  Antwerp  and  control 
of  the  Turkish  capital  promised  to  create  a  revolution  in  sea  power 
when  the  War  was  over.  Meanwhile,  he  was  told,  German  armies 
were  almost  continuously  successful,  the  Verdun  matter  was  a 
slow  struggle  with  certain  results  and  the  Somme  offensive  a  flash 
in  the  night,  while  the  control  of  the  Danube,  which  came  at  the 
close  of  the  year,  was  anticipated  months  before  by  efforts  to  com- 
bine through  a  system  of  canals  and  expansion  the  Rhine,  Danube 
and  Elbe  into  one  great  waterway  by  which  vessels  of  1,000  tons 
could  pass  from  Antwerp,  Bremen  or  Hamburg  to  the  Black  Sea. 
The  Allied  armies  at  Salonika  were  the  only  surface  obstacle  to  the 
achievement  of  these  hopes. 

In  shutting  Germans  off  from  the  world  by  a  censored  Govern- 
ment-controlled press  its  leaders  held  the  power  of  knowledge  in 
their  own  hands  and  they  had  used  that  power  up  to  the  close  of 
1916  in  a  most  sweeping  and  ample  form.  Translations  of  articles 
in  a  great  variety  of  German  newspapers,  upon  many  phases  of 
the  War,  are  before  me  as  I  write  and  they  prove  a  cultivated  pre- 
judice, an  educated  ignorance,  a  distortion  of  facts,  which  would 
be  entertaining  if  the  results  were  not  so  deplorable.  The  situa- 
tion in  Ireland,  for  instance,  was  described  (Frankfurter  Zeitung) 
as  the  rising  of  "a  small,  brave  people  against  the  tyrant  of  the 
world"  who  met  the  trouble  with  "blood,  iron  and  the  rope;" 
the  current  story  of  the  Battle  of  Jutland  was  indicated  by  the 
statement  of  the  Hamburg  FremdenMatt  that  the  public  interest 
in  this  greatest  of  the  world's  sea-battles  would  never  be  extin- 
guished because  ' '  the  day  when  Albion 's  prestige  was  destroyed  for 
ever  will  remain  an  historical  date  of  first-rate  importance  for  all 
nations  for  all  time;"  Prof.  Lugo  Brentano,  once  well  known  in 
England,  stated  in  a  lecture  at  Zurich  in  June  that  "just  as  Eng- 
land had  been  the  instigator  of  the  War,  so  she  continued  to  be 
the  soul  of  the  protracted  bloodshed;"  current  news  as  to  British 
events  was  illustrated  in  such  despatches  as  this  in  Fremdenblatt 
(June  30)  :  "Last  week  extensive  demonstrations  against  the  dis- 
patch of  soldiers  took  place  in  London  and  other  towns.  On 
Thursday  a  man  attempted  to  blow  up  Victoria  Station.  Espe- 
cially, women  distinguished  themselves  by  organizing  great  street 
processions;  and  the  recruiting  placards  of  the  Navy  and  of 
Kitchener's  Army  were  torn  down  from  the  walls." 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS    35 

A  curious  illustration  of  history-twisting  may  be  quoted  from 
the  Berlin  Morgenpost  as  to  Roger  Casement:  "He  knew  what 
English  'civilization'  meant.  He  had  learned  to  know  its  black 
traces  not  only  from  Ireland,  he  was  an  eye-witness  of  the  butchery 
of  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  native  Indians  by  the  officials 
of  English  gun-trading  companies  in  the  virgin  forests  of  Brazil." 
Zeppelin  "news"  was  often  of  a  character  indicated  in  the  state- 
ment of  the  Answdrtige  Politik  that  the  business  life  of  London 
was  at  night  transferred  to  the  cellars  and  that  on  one  occasion 
the  King  and  Queen,  on  their  way  from  St.  Pancras  to  Bucking- 
ham Palace,  found  "it  was  impossible  to  drive  through  the  streets 
in  motor-cars  owing  to  the  numerous  craters  formed  by  the  bombs 
and  the  King  gave  orders  to  proceed  to  the  nearest  cellar." 

An  obvious  branch  of  this  subject  was  the  continued  campaign 
of  hate  against  England.  As  the  Hamburg  Nachrichten  put  it 
"England  is  the  driving  force  of  the  whole  War.  England  more 
than  anybody  else  is  responsible  for  the  blood  shed  in  the  present 
War."  The  Kolnische  Zeitung  followed  this  up  by  calling  for  "a 
hearty  curse  upon  England  for  every  child  and  every  poor  and 
sick  person  who  suffers  through  the  inhumanity  of  these  hypocriti- 
cal shopkeepers,  and  an  oath  that  nothing  shall  be  forgotten  or 
forgiven,"  while  Count  Zu  Reventlow  directed  a  constant  stream 
of  denunciation  against  that  country  in  speech  and  articles. 
Arnold  V.  Senfft  wrote  in  Der  Tag  that  "any  mercy  in  a  struggle 
against  such  an  enemy  is  a  crime,  and  the  complete  destruction  of 
the  British  sources  of  power  must  be  our  supreme  law  of  self- 
preservation,"  while  the  hymns  and  prayers  of  the  Lutheran  pas- 
tors were,  in  a  large  number  of  cases,  worthy  of  the  hymns  of  hate 
sung  in  the  schools.  The  utterance  of  Pastor  Fritz  Philippi  from 
his  Berlin  pulpit,  which  echoed  through  the  press  of  the  world, 
may  be  quoted  as  an  illustration  of  this  feeling:  "As  the  Almighty 
allowed  His  Son  to  be  crucified,  that  the  scheme  of  redemption 
might  be  accomplished,  so  Germany  is  destined  to  crucify  human- 
ity, in  order  that  its  salvation  may  be  secured.  The  human  race 
can  only  be  saved  by  blood,  by  fire,  and  sword."4 

The  internal  condition  of  the  country  had  much  to  do  with 
these  and  other  expressions  of  thought,  and  with  the  outbreaks  of 
cruel  policy  in  conquered  countries.  In  any  study  of  these  condi- 
tions matters  have  to  be  borne  in  mind  which  are  almost  incom- 
prehensible to  free  peoples  accustomed  to  popular  government. 
Such  a  thing  was  the  powerful  influence  of  an  organized  press, 
directed  from  the  Berlin  Foreign  Office,  and  controlling  the  opin- 
ions, thoughts,  knowledge,  or  the  reverse,  of  a  population,  which 
had  proven  docile  in  its  acceptance  of  manipulated  news ;  another 
was  the  fact  that  wounded  were  concealed,  so  far  as  possible,  from 
the  people  and  totals  of  casualty  lists,  positive  or  comparative,  not 
made  public;  still  another  was  misrepresentation  as  to  the  facts 
of  the  War  and  as  to  conditions  in  countries  such  as  England — 
belted  by  submarines,  starving  slowly  and  surely,  clouded  by  Zep- 

*NOTK. — The  Methodist  Times,  London,  England,  advises  me  that  this  translation  was 
received  from  their  correspondent  in   Rome   and  that  they  are   confident   of  its  accuracy. 


36  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pelins  and  fearful  of  invasion !  The  personal  power  of  the  Kaiser, 
the  influence  of  his  supreme,  authoritative,  positive  personality 
and  position,  were  still  strong,  and  this  tendency  of  the  people  to 
hero-worship  was  further  shown  in  the  deification  of  Von  Hinden- 
burg. 

At  the  end  of  1916  there  was  no  doubt  that  the  ring  of  war, 
the  sure,  silent,  increasing  pressure  of  the  British  blockade,  were 
telling  upon  German  life  and  German  sentiment.  How  far  it 
was  doing  so  could  not  be  positively  stated,  though  a  number  of 
details  were  clear.  There  was  a  food  scarcity,  there  was  great  and 
growing  discomfort  amongst  the  masses,  there  was  increasing 
difficulty  in  getting  many  supplies  necessary  for  war,  there  was  an 
ever-growing  supply  of  substitutes.  Similar  conditions  had  been 
occasionally  indicated  in  the  winter  of  1915  but  the  volume  of 
proof  in  this  second  winter  of  war  was  overwhelming.  Chemicals 
were  used  in  the  preparation  of  all  kinds  of  food,  bread  and  meat 
were  issued  in  very  limited  quantities  and  were  hard  to  get,  as 
were  sugar,  milk,  eggs  and  other  essentials.  Eutledge  Rutherford, 
in  the  London  News  of  Aug.  11,  stated  that  "the  German  Govern- 
ment seems  at  its  wits'  end  to  provide  enough  for  the  people  to 
eat.  Purity  scruples  have  been  cast  to  the  winds.  Every  kind  of 
factory  refuse,  herb,  root,  and  by-product  that  can  be  converted 
into  human  sustenance  is  doped  with  chemicals  and  put  on  the 
market."  How  his  despatch  got  out  of  Berlin  was  a  mystery — 
the  facts  apparently  were  accurate. 

D.  Thomas  Curtin,  an  American  correspondent  of  The  Times, 
writing  after  he  had  left  Germany,  declared  in  October  that  "the 
whole  of  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary  are  in  a  condition  that  is 
not  yet  serious  but  is  already  extremely  uncomfortable."  Accord- 
ing to  Arthur  R.  Marsh  of  The  Economic  World,  New  York,  the 
decreased  crops  of  1916  had  produced  a  more  serious  situation 
than  this — unless  German  science  had  worked  a  miracle:  "A  reduc- 
tion of  one-third  in  the  grain  crops  and  of  two-fifths  in  the  potato 
crop,  combined  with  a  reduction  of  fully  one-half  in  the  production 
of  milk,  butter  and  meat  by  reason  of  lack  of  feeds  and  fodders 
for  animals,  can  mean  nothing  else  than  that  Germany's  food  sup- 
ply, restricted  now  almost  exclusively  to  domestic  production,  is 
not  80  per  cent,  of  the  normal  annual  requirements  of  the  popula- 
tion, but  a  bare  50  per  cent.,  or  even  less."  The  absence  of  fats 
was,  undoubtedly,  having  an  effect  upon  the  physique  of  the 
people ;  the  shortage  of  potatoes  compelled  limitation  for  food 
purposes  and  checked  the  supply  required  for  pigs,  while  also 
affecting  the  manufacture  of  alcofrol  and  starch;  the  succeeding 
slaughter  of  the  swine  caused  lower  and  then  very  high  prices  for 
pork  and  lard;  the  forbidding  of  cereals  as  food  for  live-stock 
made  poultry-raising  almost  impossible ;  fish  were  very  difficult 
to  get  and  150  per  cent,  higher  in  price;  margarine  and  butter 
were  almost  unobtainable,  beef  fat  priceless  and  the  import  of 
palm  oil  had  ceased.  The  unpalatable  war  bread  was  rendered 
worse  by  the  absence  of  butter,  goose  fat,  lard  or  grease  of  any 
kind. 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS     37 

Substitutes  included  artificial  honey  and  wood-meal  made  of 
wood  arid  straw  with  a  slight  mixture  of  potatoes  and  rye ;  Pohl  & 
Co.,  of  Berlin,  advertised  egg  and  sausage  substitutes,  honey  pow- 
ders and  artificial  baking  powders;  wooden  shoes  abounded  while 
imitation  flannel,  woollens,  string,  rope,  canvas,  etc.,  filled  the 
stores  and  the  paper  advertisements.  German  inventiveness  and 
resourcefulness,  indeed,  continued  to  be  a  feature  of  the  War. 
To  the  substitutes  mentioned — of  which  some  were  far  from  satis- 
factory— were  added  the  more  efficient  use  of  various  by-products 
of  coal,  the  combination  of  sugar  with  coal-tar  in  the  production 
of  horse  feed,  alcohol  and  yeast,  the  utilization  of  offal  in  varied 
forms,  the  use  of  iron  and  steel  in  place  of  copper  and  bronze,  the 
substitution  of  paper  for  rubber,  the  soaking  of  wood  in  certain 
chemicals  to  make  it  fireproof,  the  use  of  certain  limes  with  tar- 
oil  and  other  things  to  make  gum,  the  use  of  wheat,  rye  and  potato 
flour  in  some  mixture  to  replace  grease  in  textile  industries,  the 
new  industrial  uses  for  talcum.  The  food  value  of  bones  was 
alleged  to  be  great  and  to  yield  10  per  cent,  of  fat  under  certain 
treatment,  while  the  replacing  of  Chilian  saltpetre  by  the  extrac- 
tion of  nitrogen  from  the  air  was  claimed  to  be  effective  in  making 
explosives. 

In  Britain  the  effectiveness  or  otherwise  of  the  Blockade  was 
much  discussed  and  it,  undoubtedly,  was  affected  by  the  desire 
to  conciliate  neutrals  and  was  subject  to  many  evasions.  Yet  the 
cutting-off  from  Germany  of  cattle-feeding  stuffs  affected  the  food 
supply,  the  stoppage  of  artificial  fertilizers  affected  the  crops,  the 
restriction  of  oils  and  fats  affected  the  vitality  of  the  people.  Herr 
Von  Botocki,  the  Food  Dictator,  appointed  in  May,  1916,  had  most 
sweeping  powers  of  expropriation,  restriction,  and  rationing  of 
the  populace,  and  in  the  ensuing  drought,  blights  and  frost  which 
damaged  the  crops,  as  seriously  as  the  British  Blockade  had 
affected  them,  he  had  his  hands  full.  As  the  year  advanced  a  short- 
tage  in  potatoes — said  to  be  30  million  tons — was  succeeded  by  a 
growing  shortage  in  cattle  suitable  for  meat  purposes,  by  an  in- 
creasing and  general  vegetable  diet ;  while  the  press  was  filled  with 
letters  indicating  strained  food  conditions,  and  similar  letters  were 
found  by  the  British  and  French  on  captured  soldiers.  In  the  five 
months  of  January-May,  1916,  the  export  of  food  products  to 
nearby  neutral  countries — Holland  and  Scandinavia — had  fallen 
oil  by  one-half  or  $100,000,000. 

From  neutral  observers  in  Holland  came  many  statements, 
toward  the  close  of  the  year,  as  to  hardships  alleged  to  exist  in 
Germany  from  lack  of  food.  Tuberculosis  was  said  to  be  increas- 
ing and  the  victims  to  be  dying  rapidly,  women  were  weak  from 
malnutrition,  babies,  the  aged  and  the  weak  were  suffering — but 
officials  and  the  army  men  were  still  fed  fairly  well.  Much  was 
hoped  from  the  carefully  prepared  onslaught  upon  Roumania  with 
its  plentiful  wheat  and  oil ;  what  was  obtained  the  world-public  did 
not  know.  It  was  notable  at  this  time  (December)  that  the  censored 
press  and  public  discussions  of  this  problem  became  almost  free 


38  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

aiid  were  telegraphed  abroad — for  what  reason  did  not  appear 
unless  the  later  Peace  proposals  were  the  cause. 

Marshal  Von  Hindenburg  addressed  an  open  letter  to  the  Ger- 
man Chancellor,  urging  the  better  nutrition  of  workers:  "It  is 
clearly  impossible  that  our  workers  can  continue  indefinitely  to  be 
efficient  in  their  labour  if  we  are  not  successful  in  distributing  an 
adequate  ration  of  fat,  a  ration  founded  upon  common  sense  rules. ' ' 
He  blamed  those  in  control  of  distribution,  and  the  farmers,  for 
holding  up  prices.  In  the  New  York  Tribune  and  Boston  Trans- 
cript there  appeared  at  the  close  of  the  year  a  series  of  articles  from 
Madeleine  Zabriskie  Doty  describing  her  experiences  and  con- 
clusions in  Germany  as  a  special  correspondent.  Her  tone  was  sym- 
pathetic toward  Germany  but  there  were  many  details  practically 
bearing  out  the  opinions  of  Mr.  Curtin,  in  the  London  Times,  as  to 
German  privations.  For  the  people  and  for  peace  she  pleaded  in 
words  which  might  have  been  written  by  the  German  Chancellor 
himself  (Tribune,  Nov.  26)  :  "The  people  do  not  wish  to  be  ugly. 
They  do  not  believe  in  a  Von  Tirpitz  submarine  policy,  but  if 
England  insists  on  smashing  and  crushing  the  German  nation, 
where  is  their  hope?  "What  is  left  but  ugly  retaliation?  We  are 
not  yet  angels. ' ' 

This  view-point  added  force  to  her  statement  of  Dec.  3rd  that 
Germany  "in  years  of  preparation  built  up  an  army  and  laid  in 
food  and  munitions  for  two  years.  But  the  two  years  is  up  and 
the  nation  begins  to  crack  and  crumble.  .  .  Slowly  the  German 
people  are  disintegrating/'  The  situation,  therefore,  at  the  close 
of  1916  seemed  to  be  that  the  people  were  suffering  in  body  but  not 
vanquishd  in  spirit;  they  still  believed  in  victory  and,  despite 
occasional  food  riots,  Socialist  outbreaks  and  journalistic  statements 
such  as  those  of  Harden,  were  willing  to  fight  on.  In  this  connec- 
tion there  was  a  point  overlooked  by  many  commentators,  though 
riot  by  Governments,  that  the  German  possession  and  operation  of 
the  Serbian  copper  mines  and  later  on,  in  degrees  not  known,  of 
the  Eoumanian  oil  fields,  together  with  the  undeveloped  resources 
of  Asia  Minor  in  cotton,  rubber,  iron-ore,  etc.,  gave  Germany  con- 
trol over  many  supplies  which  only  required  time  to  exploit.  Jt 
was  asserted  by  some  students  of  the  situation  that  the  French  and 
Belgian  coal  fields  and  the  iron  mines  of  Longwy  and  Brieux  had, 
by  the  close  of  the  year,  been  worked  close  to  exhaustion,  and 
that  Poland  was  being  stripped  of  its  forests  to  a  point  which 
involved  changes  in  the  climate. 

Casualties  had  been  heavy  but  came  home  to  the  people  in  an 
individual  rather  than  concrete  form.  Belgian,  Polish  and  even 
French  forced  labour  replaced  that  of  rnen  transferred  to  army 
or  munitions;  stories  of  Verdun,  seeping  through  into  the  con- 
science of  the  masses,  were  met  by  tales  of  British  defeat  at  the 
Somme,  a  great  Allied  drive  checked  and  immense  slaughter 
inflicted,  or  by  pictures  of  the  Russians  driven  back,  or  the  Rouman- 
ians conquered,  or  Persia  occupied,  or  Egypt  about  to  be  attacked, 
or  the  Battle  of  Jutland  won  and  British  naval  supremacy 
destroyed.  According  to  estimates  of  the  Allied  press  the  Austrian 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS 


losses  in  BrusilofTs  offensives  totalled  700,000  and  against  the 
Italians  300,000,  the  German  losses  at  Verdun  were  said  to  be 
600,000  and  on  the  Somme  500,000,  those  in  the  Lutzk-Stokhod 
campaign  were  placed  at  150,000  and  in  the  Roumanian  struggle 
75,000,  with  an  ordinary  general  wastage  of  350,000 — a  total  for 
the  year  of  2,675,000.  This  would  include  killed,  wounded  and 
prisoners  and  the  total  was  not  unreasonable.  Taking  the  casualty 
lists  recorded  in  the  German  press,  for  that  country  alone,  and 
not  locally  analyzed  or  totalled,  the  British  military  authorities 
estimated  the  numbers  at  4,010,000  from  the  beginning  of  the  War 
to  the  end  of  1916.  As  the  totals  compiled  from  these  sources  by 
The  Times  up  to  the  close  of  1915  were  2,591,085  it  would  leave 
1,400,000  as  the  figures  for  1916 — exclusive  of  Austria  and  the 
other  Allies.  The  following  figures  indicate  the  situation  as  to 
alleged  prisoners  from  the  official  German  standpoint: 
German  Official  Total  of  all  Prisoners  Prisoners  held  in  Germany  proper  on 

Aug.    1st,   1916. 

French    354,678 

Eussians 1,211,891 

English    30,903 

Belgian    5,408 

Serbians     23,914 


held  to  Aug.   1st,   1916. 

In    Germany     1,663,794 

In    Austria-Hungary    942,489 

In    Bulgaria     38,000 

In    Turkey    14,000 


Total 


2,658,283 


Total    1.626,794 


What  the  War  finance  of  Germany  was  on  paper  all  the  world 
knew;  what  it  really  was  during  this  year  time  only  could  tell. 
Friendly  writers  such  as  Prof.  Moritz  J.  Bonn  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  and  late  of  Munich,  claimed  that  (1)  at  least  four-fifths 
of  Germany's  war  Debt  of  $10,000,000,000  had  been  placed  with 
permanent  investors  at  home;  (2)  that  the  national  wealth  of  Eng- 
land— putting  aside  her  Empire  as  usual  in  these  calculations — 
and  Germany  and  their  national  incomes  were  about  the  same, 
while  British  war  expenditures  were  greater;  (3)  that  the  British 
naval  blockade  had  made  the  Central  Powers  economically  self- 
supporting  and  able  to  organize  business  life  so  as  to  set  free  funds 
for  war  loans;  (4)  that  the  bank  notes  issued  for  circulation  and 
to  save  the  gold  were  covered  by  a  gold  reserve  of  one-third  and 
that  the  fall  of  the  mark  in  exchange  was  due  to  unfavourable 
trade  balances;  (5)  that  Germany's  natural  resources  had  not  been 
destroyed  and  that  foreign  debts  would  not  hamper  her  recupera- 
tion after  the  War  as  they  would  the  Allies. 

Some  of  these  conclusions  were  obviously  weak  to  a  degree,  as 
with  the  idea  that  partial  starvation  of  a  people  could  be  econ- 
omically good  for  them,  or  the  loss  of  trade  beneficial  because  funds 
used  in  it  had  become  available  for  war  purposes !  Sir  Edward 
Holden,  the  British  banker,  stated  categorically  in  connection  with 
some  of  these  claims  that  the  Reichsbank  (Government  Bank) 
notes  had  been  rendered  inconvertible  while  the  notes  of  other 
banks  had  no  gold  against  them  at  all  and  that  Germany's  credit- 
balances  abroad  were  all  exhausted,  its  exports  largely  diminished, 
its  foreign  securities  sold.  As  to  the  war  loans  no  exact  details 
outside  of  official  statements  were  available.  This  view  was  given  by 


40 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Rate 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 


Issued  at 
95 

97.50 
98.50 
98.50 
99 
98.50 


Redeemable 

Not   before    1924    

Between   1918  and  1920    .... 

Not   before    1924    

Between  1921   and  1922 

Not   before    1924     

Not   before    1924    

Not   before    1924    . 


Amount 

865,OpO,000 

250,000,000 
2,071,000,000 

193,000,000 
3,040,000,000 
2  650,000,000 
2,647.000,000 


Count  Von  Roedern,  the  Imperial  Treasurer,  in  the  Reichstag  on 
Oct.  27:  "You  will  remember  that  the  first  four  loans  were  essen- 
tially of  the  same  type,  carrying  five  per  cent,  interest  and  having 
approximately  the  same  price  of  issue.  There  having  been  raised 
in  this  fashion  36,000,000,000  marks  in  round  figures,  the  question 
seemed  justified  as  to  whether  the  fifth  loan  could  also  be  placed 
under  the  same  conditions. ' '  The  result  was  said  to  have  been  excel- 
lent with  10,000,000,000  marks  taken  by  4,000,000  subscribers.  The 
British  understanding  of  these  Loans  was  that  they  were  not  meet- 
ing interest  and  did  not  provide  a  sinking  fund,  while  the  paper 
of  one  loan  was  largely  pawned  to  purchase  its  successor.  The 
total  German  loans  issued  to  the  close  of  1916  were  as  follows*: 

Issued 

Sept.,    1914     .  .  . 
Sept.,    1914     .  .  . 
March,    1915     .  . 
March,    1915 
Sept.,    1915     .  .  . 
March,    1916 
Sept.,    1916     .  .  . 

Meantime  German  official  policy  and  opinions  had  occasionally 
t>een  stated. for  the  world's  benefit.  The  Barolong  case  was  one  of 
the  incidents  which  were  created  every  now  and  then  as  a  set-off 
to  the  world-wide  allegations  of  German  cruelty.  It  was  charged 
that  the  officers  of  the  British  steamer  Baralong  had  "murdered" 
a  German  submarine  crew;  the  British  Government  denied  the 
statements  absolutely  but  offered  to  submit  the  matter,  with  three 
incidents,  which  it  categorically  presented,  of  German  atrocities 
in  naval  warfare,  to  the  investigation  of  a  Court  of  United  States 
Naval  officers;  the  German  Government  refused  to  do  so  and 
threatened  "to  adopt  measures  of  reprisal."  An  early  incident  of 
this  year  was  the  meeting  of  the  Kaiser  and  the  Czar  of  Bulgaria 
at  Nish  on  Jan.  18.  The  latter,  in  a  banquet  speech,  referred  to 
the  invincibility  of  the  German  army,  to  peace  as  "the  holy  fruit 
of  our  victories,"  to  Wilhelm  II  as  Emperor,  Caesar  and  King, 
and  the  glorious  leader  whom  the  peoples  of  the  East  "salute  as  a 
redeemer  bearing  prosperity  and  salvation  to  the  oppressed."  The 
Kaiser  delivered  a  characteristic  speech,  glorifying  Bulgaria,  de- 
nouncing the  enemies  '  *  who  envied  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary 
their  peaceful,  flourishing  and  prosperous  condition,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  kultur  and  order  in  all  Europe,"  and  declaring  that 
they  had  wantonly  struck  at  the  roots  of  German  strength.  Bul- 
garia had  joined  the  Teuton  powers  and  secured  glory  and  terri- 
tory; Turkey  had  come  in  and  "secured  her  world-position. "f 

From  time  to  time  speeches  delivered  by  the  Kaiser  were  re- 
ported in  the  press  with  varying  degrees  of  credibility ;  one,  made 
at  a  gathering  of  Army  chaplains  at  headquarters  and  reported  in 
the  Vossische  Zeitung  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ott,  bore  the  marks  of  accur- 
acy. "It  is  a  time  of  sifting,"  said  the  Emperor.  "The  world  is 
separating  the  chaff  from  the  wheat.  You,  gentlemen,  have  the 
task  of  teaching  the  German  nation  to  take  things  seriously  and  to 

*NOTK. — Toronto   Monet  art/   limes   statement,    Jan.    5,    1917. 
fNoTE. — London  Daily  Mail  special  report   via  Renter's  Agency. 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS    41 

accept  the  present  as  a  time  of  trial.  It  is  important  to  understand 
that  life  is  a  trial.  We  need  practical  Christianity  to  bring  our 
lives  into  harmony  with  the  personality  of  our  Lord.  .  .  . 
Everybody  must  admit  that  our  nation  is  great,  that  it  is,  without 
complaints  or  hesitation,  sacrificing  for  a  great  cause.  This  us  an 
inspiration  derived  from  God."  On  Aug.  1  the  Kaiser  issued  a 
Proclamation  to  his  forces  on  land  and  sea.  It  was  a  paean  of 
victory  and  of  gratitude  to  his  people,  concluding  as  follows :  ' '  Whe- 
ther the  enemy  wages  war  with  the  force  of  arms  or  with  cold,  cal- 
culating malice,  we  shall  continue  as  before  in  the  third  year 
of  the  War.  The  spirit  of  duty  to  the  Fatherland  and  an  unbend- 
ing will  to  victory  pervade  our  homes  and  fighting  forces  to-day 
as  at  the  beginning  of  the  War."  At  the  same  time  he  issued  an 
appeal  to  the  people  for  further  and  greater  efforts  to  meet  "the 
iron  h,ail  of  the  English,  Russian  and  African  hordes": 

The  iron  hurricane  rages  against  our  brave  German  men  at  the  Somme. 
Negroes  and  white  men  come  upon  us  in  wave  after  wave,  in  ever  fresh  storms, 
wild  and  sullen.  Everything  is  at  stake.  The  ice-cold  haberdashers  on  the 
Thames  yearn  for  our  holiest  things.  The  health  and  life  of  our  women  and 
our  children  are  menaced.  '  Even  neutrals  must  bear  hunger.  Only  the  depths 
of  the  ocean  now  are  open  to  us.  Should  we  be  victorious  there  is  threatening 
a  '  war  after  the  war '  when  the  best  energies  and  power  of  the  nation,  now 
expressed  -by  its  joy  in  arms,  will  be  taxed  to  the  utmost  to  meet  raw  force, 
hatred  and  calumny.  . 

According  to  the  Berlin  Tageblatt  (Oct.  25)  His  Majesty 
addressed  the  Somme  troops,  urging  a  firm  stand  against  "French 
insolence  and  English  stubbornness"  and  declaring  that  "on  all 
sides  the  German  people  stand  in  a  tenacious  struggle  against  half 
the  world  and  against  the  manifold  superiority  of  numbers.  Even 
though  it  continues  hard  and  endures  long,  yet  the  Lord  of  Hosts 
is  with  you."  The  Cologne  Gazette  (Dec.  13)  quoted  the  Kaiser 
as  addressing  his  troops  in  Alsace  with  the  following  explanation 
of  his  Peace  proposals:  "Confident  that  we  are  completely  the 
victors,  I  yesterday  made  a  proposal  to  the  enemy  to  discuss  the 
question  of  further  war  or  peace."  On  Dec.  31  the  Kaiser  issued 
an  Order  to  his  Army  and  Navy,  describing  them  as  ' '  victorious  in 
all  theatres  of  war  on  land  and  sea,"  and  with  this  specific  refer- 
ence: "The  greatest  naval  battle  this  year  was  our  victory  in  the 
Skaggerak  (Jutland),  and  the  gallant  deeds  of  our  submarines 
have  secured  for  my  Navy  glory  and  admiration  forever." 

•  Meantime,  the  Chancellor,  Herr  Von  Bethmann-Hollweg,  had 
been  carrying  on  and  explaining  from  time  to  time  German  policy 
and  practices;  incidentally  he  was,  at  the  close  of  1916,  the  only 
remaining  leader  of  a  great  nation  who  had  held  the  chief  office 
when  War  began.  In  the  Reichstag  on  Apr.  5  he  delivered  a 
truculent  speech  (Times  translation),  declaring  that  if  Mr.  Asquith 
continued  to  desire  the  destruction  of  Prussian  military  power  the 
only  answer  was  that  given  by  the  sword.  ''After  such  shocks 
history  does  not  recognize  the  status  quo  ante.  Poland  after  the 
War  will  be  a  new  Poland.  .  .  .  Mr.  Asquith  speaks  of  the 
principle  of  nationalities.  If  he  can  put  himself  in  the  place  of  his 
unconquered  and  invincible  enemy — can  he  really  suppose  that 
Germany  would  ever  again  of  her  free  will  surrender  to  the  rule 


42  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  reactionary  Russia  the  peoples  that  have  been  liberated  by  Ger- 
many and  her  allies  between  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  Volhynian 
swamps,  be  they  Poles,  Lithuanians,  Baits,  or  Letts  ?  .  .  .  Just 
as  little  can  anybody  suppose  that  in  the  West  we  shall,  without 
complete  security  for  our  future,  give  up  the  occupied  territories 
in  which  the  blood  of  our  people  has  flowed.  We  shall  create  for 
ourselves  real  guarantees  that  Belgium  shall  not  be  made  into  an 
Anglo-French  vassal  State  and  into  a  military  and  economic  bul- 
wark against  Germany.  Here  also  there  is  no  status  quo  ante. 
Here  also  fate  does  not  retrace  its  steps." 

Speaking  in  the  Reichstag  (Nov.  9)  the  Chancellor  insisted  at 
length  that  Russian  mobilization  was  the  cause  of  the  War  but  did 
not  controvert  the  fact  that  Russia  and  Austria  had  agreed  to  a 
Conference  on  the  very  day  that  Germany  issued  its  war  ulti- 
matum. As  to  the  rest,  French  unreadiness,  Russian  military  weak- 
ness, Britain's  infantile  army,  were  disposed  of  as  follows:  "Not 
in  the  shadow  of  Prussian  militarism  did  the  world  live  before  the 
War,  but  in  the  shadow  of  the  policy  of  isolation  which  was  to 
keep  Germany  down.  Against  this  policy,  whether  it  appears 
diplomatically  as  encirclement,  militarily  as  a  war  of  destruction, 
economically  as  a  world  boycott,  we  from  the  beginning  have  been 
on  the  defensive. ' '  No  aggressive  coalitions  and  no  British  domina- 
tion of  the  seas  were  to  be  the  essentials  of  Peace. 

To  the  New  York  World  on  Nov.  5  he  authorized  the  first  official 
statement  as  to  Germany's  policy  in  the  Near  East:  "We  ask  and 
fight  for  the  right  to  live  and  to  earn  our  living ;  we  must  have  room 
for  commercial  expansion.  England's  domination  at  sea  has  closed 
that  high  road  against  us  or  made  it  subject  to  her  control,  so  we 
have  worked  out  lines  of  development  to  the  southeast — through 
the  Balkans  into  Asia. ' '  Then  came  the  Peace  offer  and  its  descrip- 
tion in  the  Reichstag  on  Dec.  12.  The  Chancellor  declared  that 
great  stocks  of  grain,  oil  and  food  had  been  captured  in  Roumania 
by  the  strokes  of  Von  Hindenburg's  sword,  that  all  the  fronts  were 
held  with  iron  certainty  by  German  troops  and  that  the  Empire 
was  not  a  besieged  fortress  but ' '  one  gigantic  and  firmly  disciplined 
camp  with  inexhaustible  resources."  Upon  this  basis  and  feeling 
his  responsibilities  ' '  with  a  deep  moral  and  religious  sense  of  duty ' ' 
the  Emperor  had  proposed  to  the  Powers,  through  neutral  states, 
that  Peace  negotiations  should  be  commenced.  The  following  was 
the  text  of  the  Note  which  was  thus  presented  to  the  Governments 
of  France,  Great  Britain,  Japan,  Roumania,  Russia  and  Serbia: 

The  most  formidable  war  known  to  history  has  been  ravaging  for  two 
and  a  half  years  a  great  part  of  the  world.  That  catastrophe,  that  the  bonds 
of  a  common  civilization  more  than  a  thousand  years  old  could  not  stop, 
strikes  mankind  in  its  most  precious  patrimony;  it  threatens  to  bury  under 
its  ruins  the  moral  and  physical  progress  on  which  Europe  prided  itself  at  the 
dawn  of  the  20th  century.  In  that  strife  Germany  and  her  Allies,  Austria- 
Hungary  and  Turkey,  have  given  proof  of  their  indestructible  strength  in 
winning  considerable  successes  at  war.  Their  unshakable  lines  resist  ceaseless 
attacks  of  their  enemies'  arms.  The  recent  diversion  in  the  Balkans  was 
speedily  and  victoriously  thwarted.  The  latest  events  have  demonstrated  that 
a  continuation  of  the  War  cannot  break  their  resisting  power.  The  general 
situation  much  rather  justifies  their  hope  of  fresh  successes. 

It  was  for  the  defence  of  their  existence  and  freedom   of  their  national. 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  -PROPOSALS    43 

development  that  the  four  Allied  Powers  were  constrained  to  take  up  arms. 
The  exploits  of  their  armies  have  brought  no  change  therein.  Not  for  an 
instant  have  they  swerved  from  the  conviction  that  the  respect  of  the  rights 
of  other  nations  is  not  in  any  degree  incompatible  with  their  own  rights  and 
legitimate  interests.  They  do  not  seek  to  crush  or  annihilate  their  adversaries. 
Conscious  of  their  military  and  economic  strength  and  ready  to  carry  on  to 
the  end,  if  they  must,  the  struggle  that  is  forced  upon  them,  but  animated 
at  the  same  time  by  the  desire  to  stem  the  flood  of  blood  and  to  bring  the 
horrors  of  war  to  an  end,  the  four  Allied  Powers  propose  to  enter  even  now 
into  peace  negotiations.  They  feel  sure  that  the  propositions  which  they  would 
bring  forward,  and  which  would  aim  to  assure  the  existence,  honour,  and  free 
development  of  their  peoples,  would  be  such  as  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  the 
restoration  of  a  lasting  peace.  If,  notwithstanding  this  offer  of  peace  and 
conciliation,  the  struggle  should  continue,  the  four  Allied  Powers  are  resolved 
to  carry  on  to  an  end,  while  solemnly  disclaiming  any  responsibility  before 
mankind  and  history. 

Following  this  the  Kaiser  issued  a  message  to  his  Army  and 
Navy  in  these  words:  ''In  agreement  with  the  Sovereigns  of  my 
Allies  and  with  the  consciousness  of  victory,  I  have  made  an  offer 
of  peace  to  the  enemy.  Whether  it  will  be  accepted  is  still  uncer- 
tain. Until  that  moment  arrives  you  will  fight  on."  The  inter- 
vention of  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  the  unanimous 
refusal  of  the  Entente  Allies  to  negotiate  upon  these  general 
premises  followed.  Meanwhile  there  had  been  some  divergences 
of  thought  in  Germany,  some  opposition  shown  to  the  policy  of  the 
Imperial  Government.  The  women  were  said  to  be  at  the  root  of 
considerable  dissatisfaction  over  food  conditions,  which  resulted  in 
riots;  the  Socialists  lifted  their  heads  occasionally,  but  not  with 
much  force.  Maximilien  Harden  continued  to  be  the  one  voice 
which  reached  the  outside  world  in  protest  or  opposition  and,  in 
the  intervals  of  life  allowed  his  paper,  Die  Zukumft,  his  expres- 
sions were  vigorous.  He  claimed  that  Germany  had  always  sup- 
plied munitions  and  weapons  to  belligerents  in  preceding  wars  and 
asked  why  the  United  States  should  not  do  so  now ;  he  feared  tfcat 
Roumania  had  moved  because  it  thought  the  end  was  near;  he 
argued  (Nov.  23)  that  current  German  efforts  to  promote  peace 
were  insincere  and  useless  and  described  the  Entente  Allies'  policy 
as  follows: 

(1)  To  bring  Germany  into  line  with  the  political  system  of  Western 
Europe  and  to  end  what  the  Entente  Powers  consider  to  be  a  survival  in  Ger- 
many of  bellicose  feudalism;  (2)  to  introduce  Parliamentary  government 
into  Germany  so  that  the  people  shall  have  something  to  say  in  the  policy  of 
the  country;  (3)  the  establishment,  as  the  central  idea  of  German  preparations, 
of  a  determination  to  keep  the  peace  and  not,  as  hitherto,  the  determination  to 
be  ready  for  war;  (4)  to  restrict  armaments  in  proportion  to  population,  and 
(5)  to  establish  real  international  arbitration,  based  upon  such  guarantees  as 
will  insure  punishment  of  the  rebellious. 

Frederick  Elbert,  a  Socialist  leader  in  the  Eeichstag,  supported 
the  Government  as  a  whole;  Vorwaerts,  the  organ  of  the  party, 
opposed  both  policy  and  war  action  but  its  light  was  a  fitful  one; 
Philip  Scheidemann,  a  Social  Democrat  leader  in  the  House, 
defended  Germany  as  to  inception  of  the  War  and  claimed  it  to 
be  a  defensive  one,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  wanted  peace  and 
was  willing  to  waive  annexations.  Dr.  Karl  Liebknecht,  the  Social- 
Democrat  leader,  was  a  source  of  continued  irritation  to  the  Gov- 
ernment and,  on  June  28,  he  was  sentenced  by  a  military  tribunal 


44  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

to  30  months  in  gaol  for  "treasonable  utterances  and  general  in- 
subordination," shown  in  a  speech  of  which  this  is  an  extract: 
"We  Prussians  are  a  privileged  people.  We  have  the  right  to 
serve  as  soldiers,  we  are  entitled  to  bear  upon  our  shoulders  the 
entire  burden  of  taxation,  and  we  are  expected  to  hold  our  tongues. 
Don't  talk!  If  you  are  hungry,  don't  talk!  If  your  children 
starve,  don't  talk!  They  ask  for  milk — hold  your  tongue!  They 
ask  for  bread — don't  say  a  word!  Comrades,  we  are  starving, 
but  no  one  must  know  it — least  of  all  the  soldiers.  Poor  German 
soldier,  he  really  deserves  pity.  Under  the  compulsion  of  a  war- 
like Government  he  has  invaded  a  foreign  country,  and  is  doing 
his  bloody  work,  suffering  untold  horrors."  Later,  a  letter  was 
addressed  to  the  Trial  tribunal  which  declared  that  "the  German 
Government,  in  conjunction  with  the  Austrian  Government,  plotted 
this  war,  and  so  bears  the  chief  responsibility  for  its  direct  out- 
break." The  Pan-German  League,  on  the  other  hand,  with  its  em- 
bodiment of  forceful  militarism  and  ideals  of  conquering  power, 
remained  influential  up  to  the  close  of  1916  and,  in  November,  issued 
a  sort  of  manifesto  declaring  "the  awakening  of  a  strong,  popular 
will  sure  of  its  object"  as  the  aim  of  the  organization.  A  pamphlet 
published  before  the  War  and  re-issued  afterwards  by  the  Neue 
Yaterland  League  explained  the  objects  of  the  movement  along 
lines  steadily  urged  by  the  Pan-German  Gazette-. 

The  real  goal  is  the  acquisition  of  Colonies  where  Germans  may  settle, 
where  German  peasants  may  cultivate  the  soil;  of  Colonies  that  may  supply  us 
with  raw  material  for  our  manufactures  and  use  German  products  in  exchange. 
That  is  the  '  sure  market, '  the  dream  of  the  German  export  trade.  This  Colonial 
empire  can  be  obtained  according  to  the  view  of  the  pan-Germans,  only  by 
strengthening  Germany's  position  as  a  power  in  Europe.  For  this,  universal 
military  service  must  be  introduced  to  the  utmost  limit,  and  there  must  be 
unhindered  building 'of  warships,  for  whose  efficiency,  in  addition,  the  acquisi- 
tion of  coaling  stations  and  naval  bases  is  indispensable. 

'Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  formation  of  a  National  Com- 
mittee for  the  obtaining  of  an  honourable  peace  with  Prince  Von- 
Wedel,  Paul  Von  Schwaback,  Adolph  Harnack,  as  prominent 
members;  the  declaration  of  war  against  Portugal  on  Mar.  9, 
chiefly  because  of  the  seizure  of  German  vessels  in  Portuguese  ports 
on  Feb.  23  preceding;  the  capture  on  the  Somme  front  by  the 
British  forces  of  a  long  and  critical  report  to  his  Government  from 
General  Sixt  Von  Arnim,  Commanding  the  4th  German  Army 
Corps,  as  to  the  results  of  the  battle  and  regarding  German  defi- 
ciencies in  weapons  and  ammunition,  means  of  communication  and 
transport,  with  British  improvements  in  personnel,  artillery,  air- 
craft, etc.  Under  the  German  Auxiliary  Service  Bill  passed  in 
December  the  services  were  called  of  all  men  from  17  to  60,  the 
practical  mobilization  of  labour  was  arranged  for  and  an  increase 
in  munition-making  provided  for ;  a  Kriegsant  or  War  Bureau  was 
created  with  control  over  the  Works  Office,  the  Field  Ordnance,  the 
Munitions,  the  War  Raw  Materials  Department,  the  Factory  De- 
partment, the  Substitution  Service,  the  Food  Supply  Branch,  and 
the  Export  and  Import  Section,  with  the  Wurtemberg  General, 


GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS    45 

Von  Groner,  who  had  distinguished  himself  in  railway  manage- 
ment during  the  War,  in  charge. 

According  to  the  Hamburg  Fremdenblatt  by  April  of  this  year 
work  on  two  portions  of  the  Aleppo-Bagdad  Railway,  which  were 
being  constructed  before  the  War,  had  been  completed;  General 
Von  Falkenhayn  was  superseded  in  his  higher  powers  by  Field 
Marshal  Von  Hindenburg  who  became  supreme  commander,  under 
the  Kaiser,  of  all  the  German  Armies;  Dr.  Alfred  Zimmerman 
became  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  succession  to  Herr  Von 
Jagow  of  War  diplomacy  fame.  The  retirement  of  Admiral  Von 
Tirpitz  from  the  Ministry  of  Marine  in  March  and  the  accession 
of  Admiral  Von  Capelle  were  supposed  to  have  involved  a  change 
in  submarine  policy  but  it  was  not  very  visible. 

German  statistics,  submitted  to  the  Hamburg  Institute  of 
Science  at  the  close  of  the  year,  stated  that  152  German  ships, 
representing  452,000  tons,  had  been  destroyed  by  mines  and  torpe- 
does, while  267  ships,  of  cargo  capacity  of  807,000  tons,  had  been 
captured  by  the  enemy  and  turned  to  his  own  use,  and  621  mer- 
chant ships,  of  2,341,000  tons,  were  lying  interned  in  neutral  har- 
bours. In  German  harbours  were  490  steamships,  of  2,400,000 
tons.  This  left  about  79%  of  German  shipping  available  for  the 
close  of  the  war.  As  to  this  Mr.  Curtin  stated  in  one  of  his  Times 
articles  that  one  vessel  of  20,000  tons  finished,  since  the  War  began, 
and  another  of  16,000  tons,  lay  in  the  Eiver  at  Hamburg.  "The 
whole  extensive  yards  lying  in  the  river  are  full  of  activity.  Two 
million  prisoners,  working  from  12  to  14  hours  a  day,  allow  the 
Germans  to  retain  men  in  the  ship-yards  who  would  otherwise  be 
needed  in  the  army  or  agriculture.  The  National  Liberal  party 
is  a  vast  trust  which  embraces  Krupp's  mines,  ship-building  yards 
and  factories.  The  scheme  is  brutally  simple.  These  people 
believe  that  by  building  ships  themselves  and  destroying  enemy  and 
neutrals'  shipping  they  will  be  the  world's  shipping  masters  at 
the  termination  of  war. ' '  It  may  be  added  that  detailed  lists  com- 
piled by  the  United  States  Naval  Institute  showed  the  destruction 
up  to  Sept.  2,  1916,  of  38  Zeppelins. 

As  to  the  people  of  Germany  during  the  year  it  does  not 
appear  that  there  was  any  clear  change  of  view  or  attitude  toward 
the  War.  Information  of  a  kind  was  lavish  though  discussion 
was  not  free.  The  mass  of  Germanized  war  literature  circulated 
abroad  and,  in  part  at  home,  was  phenomenal — Dr.  T.  F.  A.  Smith 
in  the  Contemporary  Review  for  August  stating  that  "the  total 
number  of  German  war  publications  down  to  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember, 1915,  was  6,395,  classified  as  follows:  Military  science  and 
the  happenings  of  war,  1,174 ;  maps,  447 ;  political,  economic,  cul- 
tural, and  philosophic  war  problems,  1,590;  war  laws  and  legal 
questions,  295;  religious  matters,  1,128;  belles  lettres,  1,696;  var- 
ious, 65.  These  figures  were  vastly  increased  during  1916  with  a 
total  of  8,000  items  at  least."  If  militarism  continued  to  be  the 
god  of  the  classes  materialism  remained  the  deity  of  the  labouring 
masses.  The  magnificent  organization  was  further  extended  and 
transferred  to  ever  new  fields  such  as  food,  supplies  and  produc- 


46  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tion,  but  it  was  mechanical  and  absolutely  lacking  the  soul  of 
individuality.  The  brains  at  the  top  still  ruled  and  were  upon  the 
whole  blindly  obeyed,  while  the  work  done  abroad  by  clever  and 
trained  minds,  such  as  those  of  Von  Billow,  Von  der  Goltz  and 
Von  Bernstorff,  was  duplicated  in  that  of  thousands  of  lesser  men 
acting  as  instruments.  Espionage  remained  a  practical  ideal  of 
German  thought  and  of  the  work  of  Embassies,  consulates  or  dis- 
connected individuals  abroad,  and  especially  in  the  United  States. 

The  work  of  Bernhardi,  Nietzche,  Treitschke,  etc.,  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1916  b}^  such  further  advocacy  of  expansion  as  that  of 
Friedrich  Naumann  whose  work,  Mitteleuropa,  was  widely  read 
and  formed  a  popular  basis  for  the  idea  of  a  great  Central  Euro- 
pean state  emerging  out  of  the  War  and  hammered  into  shape  by 
the  iron  flail  of  Prussian  war-power.  It  embodied  to  the  people 
what  the  lure  of  the  purple  East,  the  vision  of  Asiatic  empire, 
had  been  to  Napoleon,  and  what  it  had  in  a  vague  way  become  to 
the  Kaiser  himself.  The  masses  still  were  proud  of  the  great  War 
record  of  Germany — one  which  must  be  admitted  even  by  its 
enemies  and  which,  came  to  the  ordinary  German  mind  and  heart 
uiidefiled  by  knowledge  or  comprehension  of  the  nature  of  the 
warfare  or  the  origin  of  the  conflict.  It  was  a  struggle  of  Ger- 
many against  the  three  greatest  of  world-powers  and  it  appeared 
as  a  succession  of  victories  whose  glory  even  privation  and  casual- 
ties did  not  yet  dim  to  the  stolid  German  mind.  The  people, 
however,  were  too  busy  with  war- work  to  think  very  much.  That 
would  come  later.  Even  the  men  at  the  Front  were  kept  working 
when  not  fighting,  while  many  prisoners  of  war  and  hosts  of 
devoted  women  were  maintaining  industry  and  production  at  a 
high  pitch. 

What  was  the  position  of  Austria  during  this  year?  The 
data  was  infinitely  less,  the  known  facts  fewer,  than  about  Ger- 
many which  stood  out  as  the  pivot  upon  which  the  War  turned. 
Stories  there  were  of  internal  exhaustion,  of  controversies  between 
German  and  Austrian  high  commands,  of  collapse  in  the  face  of 
aggressive  Russia  prevented  by  the  coming  of  German  forces,  of 
riots  and  racial  troubles,  of  food  scarcity  and  high  prices,  of  terri- 
fic casualties.  The  exact  conditions  were  unknown.  Financially 
Austria  and  Hungary  were  estimated  to  have  had  a  National  wealth 
of  $45,000,000,000  in  1914,  with  a  population  of  50  millions,  and 
to  be  spending  on  the  War  $11,000,000  a  day  at  the  close  of  1916 
with  an  assumed  total  for  the  three  years  ending  in  August  fol- 
lowing of  $9,250,000,000  or  $180  per  capita.  The  War  loans  of  the 
Dual  Monarchy  were  as  follows: 


Austrian    loan    .  . 
Austrian   loan    .  . 
Austrian   loan    .  . 
Austrian   loan    .  . 

5i/2% 

5%% 

sy2% 

5%% 

November,  1914  
June,  1915  
November,  1915  
May,  1916 

$445,000,000 
552,000,000 
800,000,000 
800,000,000 

Hungarian    loan 

6% 

November,  1914  

243,750,000 

Hungarian    loan 

6% 

June,  1915  

233,500,000 

Hungarian    loan    . 
Hungarian    loan     .  . 

6% 
.     6%,  5%% 

November,  1915  
May,  1916  

400,000,000 
360,000,000 

Total    . 

.    $3.834.250.000 

GERMANY  AND  ITS  ALLIES;  CONDITIONS  AND  PEACE  PROPOSALS    47 

Meanwhile  the  paper  currency  was  being  steadily  inflated  and 
the  necessaries  of  life  were  undoubtedly  decreasing  in  quantity 
and  increasing  in  price,  while  the  poor  classes  were  protected  by  a 
moratorium  and  the  richer  were  accumulating  large  stocks  of  paper 
money.  Every  known  method  of  taxation  was  in  operation.  Ac- 
cording to  a  neutral  correspondent  in  The  Times  (Feb.  25,  1916) 
discontent  was  rife  and  in  Bohemia,  Northern  Hungary,  Bosnia, 
Croatia  and  Dalmatia,  executions  and  internments  ran  into  the 
thousands. 

Casualties  ran  into  the  millions  and  defeat,  with  utter  military 
collapse,  more  than  once  menaced  the  unhappy  country.  Von 
Mackensen's  drive  across  Galicia  in  1915  had  saved  the  situation 
at  that  time  and  the  conquest  of  Serbia  by  German  troops  carried 
out  a  task  which  the  palsied  hand  of  Austria  had  found  impos- 
sible; German  backing  helped  the  Austrians  to  over-run  Montene- 
gro and  Albania  and  checked  Brusiloff's  1916  sweep  through 
Galicia  and  Volhynia  and  Bukowina;  German  troops  recovered 
Transylvania  from  the  Roumanians  and  conquered  the  richest  por- 
tions of  that  little  kingdom.  What  the  reward  was  to  be,  what  the 
degree  of  power  to  be  exercised  by  the  dominating  Germany  over 
the  weaker  country,  was  not  revealed.  Announcements,  however, 
were  made  of  negotiations  looking  to  a  close  fiscal  and  trade 
alliance.  Then  Von  Hindenburg  assumed  command  and  unified 
all  the  Austrian  forces  with  the  armies  of  Germany,  while  Turks 
were  brought  to  the  Galician  lines  and  Bulgarians  fought  under 
German  leaders  for  the  conquest  of  Roumania.  The  Berlin-Con- 
stantinople-Bagdad Railway  strengthened  German  power  in  the 
Balkans  and  that  Empire  rapidly  superseded  the  old-time  influence 
of  Austria  in  that  troubled  region. 

With  the  death  of  the  veteran  Emperor  Francis-Joseph  on 
Nov.  21,  and  the  accession  of  the  Archduke  Charles,  there  passed 
away  a  personal  factor  of  great  importance  in  this  Dual  Mon- 
archy, with  its  10,000,000  Germans  inclined  to  view  Wilhelm  II 
as  the  head  of  the  race,  and  an  equal  number  of  Hungarians 
inclined  to  independence  and  separation — though  this  tendency  was 
exaggerated  in  outside  comments.  The  new  Emperor-King  issued 
a  proclamation  on  his  accession  in  which  he  paid  homage  to  his 
predecessor  and  added:  "I  will  continue  to  complete  his  work.  I 
ascend  his  throne  in  a  stormy  time.  Our  aim  has  not  yet  been 
reached  and  the  illusion  of  the  enemy  in  efforts  to  throw  down  my 
Monarchy  and  our  Allies  is  not  yet  broken.''  A  new  Premier, 
(Count  Clarim-Martiniz)  announced  on  Dec.  22  that  one  of  his 
tasks  would  be  ' '  the  establishment  of  closer  economic  relations  with 
the  German  Empire." 

Austria  joined  with  Germany  in  establishing  Russian  Poland 
as  an  "independent  State"  under  German  conditions  which  were 
described  by  a  proclamation  to  the  people  issued  on  Nov.  6  by  the 
two  Emperors  and  read  amid  much  ceremony  at  Warsaw  by  Gen- 
eral Von  Besseler,  Governor- General  of  the  conquered  country, 
and  at  Lublin  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  Governor-General.  It 
was  stated  that  Their  Majesties,  "sustained  by  firm  confidence  in 
the  final  victory  of  their  arms,  and  guided  by  the  wish  to  lead  to  a 


48  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

happy  future  the  Polish  districts  which  by  their  brave  armies  were 
snatched  with  heavy  sacrifices  from  Russian  power,"  had  decided 
to  form  out  of  these  districts  "an  independent  State  with  a 
hereditary  Monarchy  and  constitution" — and  frontiers  which 
would  be  defined  later.  Neither  German  nor  Austrian  Poland  was 
included  in  the  new  Kingdom.  Then  came  the  vital  point.  The 
glorious  Polish  army  was  to  be  revived  and  "its  organization, 
training  and  command  regulated  by  mutual  agreement" — between 
the  conquered  country  and  two  great  Powers!  The  Austrian 
Emperor  at  the  ?ame  time  promised  self-government  in  internal 
affairs  to  Galicia. 

To  this  action  the  Entente  Powers  responded  with  a  statement 
issued  from  London,  Paris  and  Petrograd  which  declared  that 
"it  is  an  established  principle  of  modern  International  law  that 
military  occupation  resulting  from  operations  of  war  cannot,  in 
view  of  its  precarious  and  de  facto  character,  imply  a  transfer  of 
sovereignty  over  the  territory  so  occupied,  and  cannot,  therefore, 
carry  with  it  any  right  whatsoever  to  dispose  of  this  territory  to  the 
advantage  of  any  other  Power  whatsoever.  .  .  .  Moreover,  in 
proposing  to  organize,  train,  and  dispose  of  an  army  levied  in  those 
'Polish  districts'  occupied  by  their  troops,  the  German  Emperor 
and  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  King  of  Hungary,  have  once  more 
violated  the  engagements  which  they  have  undertaken  to  observe. 
.  .  .  The  Allied  Powers,  in  submitting  these  fresh  violations  of 
law,  equity,  and  justice  to  the  unbiased  condemnation  of  neutral 
Powers,  announce  that  they  will  not  accept  these  violations  as 
justification  for  any  future  action  which  the  enemy  Powers  may 
wish  to  take  in  Poland." 

The  condition  of  Turkey  was,  perhaps,  the  least  known  of  all 
the  Teutonic  Allies.  Its  people,  headed  by  Talaat  Bey,  welcomed 
at  Constantinople  on  Jan.  17  the  coming  of  the  first  Balkan  through 
train  from  Berlin  and  communication  thence  with  Bagdad  and 
Jerusalem;  financially,  it  was  carried  by  Germany  and  its  note 
issues  were  taken  at  home,  in  Germany,  and  to  a  slight  extent  in 
neutral  countries ;  famine,  want  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  suffering 
poor,  there  were  in  Constantinople,  but  how  general  the  conditions 
were  or  how  they  affected  the  national  vitality  were  not  known. 
The  Turkish  Army  was  controlled  and  officered  in  all  its  higher 
commands  by  Germans;  it  won  a  triumph  at  Kut-el-Amara  with 
its  capture  of  10,000  British  troops;  it  checked  several  offensive 
movements  by  the  Russians,  though  not  till  Armenia  had  been 
conquered  and  Trebizond  lost.  To  Turkey  and  Bulgaria — which 
latter  also  was  largely  financed  by  Germany — the  War  had  cost 
at  least  $2,000,000,000  by  the  end  of  1916  against  an  estimated 
national  wealth  of  $8,000,000,000. 

Methodis^ub  ^ke  wor^  became  accustomed  in  these  years  to 

marines8;'  any  anc^  everv  reversal  of  the  practices,  customs,  tra- 

Beigium'and  ditions  and  laws  of  nations  at  war.  To  Germany  any 
the  Little  line  of  action  which  seemed  necessary  for  war-success 

Nations  or  greater  national  safety  became  automatically  legal 

and  right ;  any  new  course  of  action  on  the  part  of  the  enemy  which 


CAPT.  WM.  DUMBLETOX  HOLMES, 
D.S.O.,  M.C., 

7th    Battalion;    killed    in    action    at    Ypres, 

June   13.    1916;    son  of  W.   C.   Holmes, 

Vancouver. 


SERGT.  LEO.   CLARKE,  v.c., 

'Jnd    Battalion,    Winnipeg:    killed    in    action, 

1916,      after      winning      the      Victoria 

Cross. 


LIEUT.  A.  H.  BOSTOCK, 

4th    C.M.R.;      killed    in    action,    July    26th 

1916;      son    of    Hon.    Hewitt    Bostock, 

Vancouver. 


LlEUT.-COLONEL    JOHN    GRANT 
RATTRAY,   D.S.O., 

of     Pipestpne,     Man.,     10th     Battalion 


GERMAN  WAR  METHODS;  BELGIUM  AND  LITTLE  NATIONS        49 

hurt  the  German  people  or  interests,  or  hampered  their  success 
in  the  War,  became  at  once  opposed  to  International  law.  The 
submarine  issue,  after  the  invasion  of  Belgium,  was  the  most  con- 
spicuous illustration  of  this  "will  to  power."  On  Feb.  11  the 
German  press  published  a  Government  Memorandum  regarding 
the  future  treatment  of  merchant  vessels,  as  to  which  it  was  stated 
that  20  enemy  ships  of  this  character — 13  unknown — had  dared  to 
fire  upon  German  or  Austrian  submarines. 

To  this  right  of  defence-armament  Germany  now  took  ex- 
ception. International  law,  the  sea  practice  of  a  thousand  years 
and  British  Naval  instructions  from  1625  down,  had  authorized 
the  arming  of  merchant  vessels  in  war-time  for  purely  defensive 
purposes.  In  modern  naval  codes  the  right  of  a  non-combatant  to 
defend  his  ship  was  recognized  not  only  by  Great  Britain,  France, 
Italy  and  Russia,  but  by  the  United  States,  whose  Naval  War  Code 
of  1900,  Article  10,  read  as  follows:  "The  personnel  of  merchant 
vessels  of  an  enemy  who  in  self-defence  and  in  protection  of  the 
vessels  placed  in  their  charge,  resist  attack,  are  entitled,  if  cap- 
tured, to  the  status  of  prisoners  of  war."  Against  this  view 
Germany  now,  in  the  above  Memorandum,  quoted  certain  alleged 
secret  instructions  to  British  merchantmen  to  attack  submarines 
on  sight — which  the  British  Government  denied  and  answered  by 
publishing  the  instructions  referred  to — and  proceeded  as  follows : 

The  German  Government  does  not  doubt  that  merchant  vessels  by  being 
equipped  with  guns  acquire  a  warlike  character,  whether  the  guns  serve  for 
defence  only  or  also  for  attack.  The  German  Government  considers  any  war- 
like activity  on  the  part  of  enemy  merchant  vessels  to  be  contrary  to  Interna- 
tional law.  ...  In  view  of  the  aforesaid  circumstances,  enemy  merchant- 
men carrying  guns  are  not  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  peaceful  merchantmen. 
The  German  naval  forces,  therefore,  after  a  short  interval  in  the  interests  of 
neutrals,  will  receive  an  order  to  treat  such  vessels  as  belligerents. 

Then  followed  the  controversy  with  the  United  States  and  the 
merging  of  this  issue  in  the  greater  one  of  sinking  neutral  ships 
carrying  German  contraband  of  war  without  warning  or  care  of 
passengers.  The  Fryatt  case  involved  the  execution  of  the  British 
Captain  of  a  captured  merchant  vessel  because  he  had  on  Mar.  20, 
1915,  attempted  to  ram  a  submarine  in  self-defence  and  been  pre- 
sented with  a  watch  by  certain  British  admirers  of  his  skill.  In 
other  words,  for  carrying  out  an  accepted  principle  of  naval  war, 
he  was  treated  as  a  pirate  and  not  a  prisoner  of  war  and  tried,  con- 
demned and  shot  on  July  27,  1916;  despite  also  the  clause  in  the 
German  Naval  Prize  Regulations  issued  at  Berlin  on  June  22,  1914, 
as  follows:  "If  an  armed  enemy  merchant  vessel  offers  armed 
resistance  to  the  right  of  visit,  search,  and  capture,  this  is  to  be 
broken  down  by  all  means  possible.  The  enemy  Government  is 
responsible  for  any  damage  thereby  caused  to  the  ship,  cargo,  and 
passengers.  The  crew  are  to  be  treated  as  prisoners  of  war." 

Meantime,  the  Channel  and  North  Sea  campaign  of  the  sub- 
marines had  been  overcome  for  a  period  and  attention  was  turned 
by  the  German  authorities,  with  some  success,  to  submarine  opera- 
tion in  the  Mediterranean.  Herr  Von  Jagow,  Foreign  Secretary, 


50  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

on  May  4  advised  the  United  States  as  to  German  principles  in  this 
matter:  "Neutrals  cannot  expect  that  Germany,  forced  to  fight 
for  existence,  shall,  for  the  sake  of  neutral  interests,  restrict  the 
use  of  an  effective  weapon  if  the  enemy  is  permitted  to  continue  to 
apply  at  will  methods  of  warfare  violating  rules  of  International 
law."  As  to  charges  against  Britain  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  in 
21/2  years  of  war  no  neutral  ship  was  sunk  or  life  lost  by  attack 
from  the  Power  which  ruled  the  seas.  The  German  Chancellor  had 
previously  intimated  in  the  Reichstag  on  Apr.  5  that  neutrals  should 
support  Germany  in  this  view:  "Our  right  way  and  our  duty 
should  be  recognized  to  use  all  means  against  this  policy  of  starva- 
tion." As  there  was  no  contention  that  an  adequate  blockade  of 
any  country  was  illegal  this  excuse  for  submarine  ruthlessness  was 
rather  weak.  "When  the  DeutsMand,  so-called  merchant  submar- 
ine, started  home  from  the  United  States  the  view-point-changed 
and  Herr  Von  Jagow  said  to  an  American  correspondent  (Wm. 
Bayard  Hale)  at  Berlin  on  July  16: 

We  claim  nothing  for  this  new  type  of  merchantman,  save  that  she  is 
entitled  to  be  hailed,  visited  and  the  crew  placed  in  safety  before  she  is 
destroyed — the  precise  rights  which  have  been  insisted  upon  for  every  merchant 
ship  by  our  Government.  If  after  she  is  hailed,  she  attempts  to  escape  she 
does  so  at  her  own  risk  and  may  properly  be  attacked  and  sunk.  But  to  allow 
the  attack  without  warning  upon  an  unarmed,  fragile  boat,  the  lives  of  whose 
crew  are  at  the  mercy  of  a  single  shot — that  is  something  which  we  refuse 
to  believe  the  United  States  is  capable  of. 

Yet  this  very  ship  was  carrying  nickel  and  other  contraband 
of  war  and  was  essentially  a  war-ship — even  though  not  for  the 
moment,  armed  with  torpedoes.  In  the  autumn  there  was  a  revival 
of  submarine  activity.  Large  numbers  of  British,  Allied  and 
neutral  ships,  including  some  with  Americans  on  board,  were  sunk 
— many  without  notice  and  including  two  British  Hospital  ships 
in  the  Mediterranean.  Prince  Von  Billow  was  authority  for  the 
statement  at  Geneva  in  October  that  Germany  had  constructed  225 
submarines  since  the  beginning  of  the  War ;  if  so,  she  could  not  have 
had  more  than  100  available  for  service.  So  keen  was  the  German 
warfare  against  Norwegian  shipping  at  this  time  that  5  steamships 
were  sunk  in  one  day  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  it  was  stated  by 
the  London  Daily  News  that  470  vessels  had  been  sunk  in  the  past 
three  months  of  which  187  were  British  and  a  still  larger  number 
neutral.  The  menace  to  Britain  in  her  shipping,  her  food  and  her 
war  supplies  had  become  serious. 

The  sinking  of  neutral  ships  after  notice,  the  destruction  of 
enemy  merchant  ships  at  sight  without  notice,  the  sinking  of  neutral 
steamers  such  as  the  Lusitania  without  notice  or  saving  of  civilian 
life,  had  by  now  become  so  common  that  it  is  a  question  if  the 
world-public  gave  International  law  a  thought.  Practically  there 
was  none.  If  British  civilized  and  Christian  practice  demanded 
courtesy  and  obedience  to  old-time  naval  and  military  practices  or 
traditions,  it  was  expected  of  her  and  nothing  else  seemed  pos- 
sible ;  but  the  Teuton  Allies  on  sea  and  land  had  put  themselves 
quite  beyond  such  things  as  precedent  or  International  law.  As 


GERMAN  WAR  METHODS  ;  BELGIUM  AND  LITTLE  NATIONS        51 

the  Rev.  Dr.  Lobel,  Pastor  of  the  Lutheran  Church  at  Liepzic,  put 
it  in  a  sermon:  "We  must  fight  the  wicked  by  all  possible  means; 
their  sufferings  must  please  us;  their  cries  of  anguish  must  fall 
upon  deaf  German  ears.  There  can  be  no  compromise  with  the 
forces  of  hell,  no  pity  for  the  slaves  of  Satan ;  in  other  words,  no 
quarter  for  the  English  and  the  French,  and  the  Russians,  and  all 
other  peoples  who  have  lent  themselves  to  the  Devil,  and  who  have 
been  in  consequence,  sentenced  by  Divine  judgment  to  damnation. ' ' 
Let  the  British  Admiralty's  description  of  the  sinking  of  the 
steamship  Westminster  on  Dec.  14,  when  180  miles  from  the  near- 
est land,  be  the  final  commentary  on  this  phase  of  the  situation: 
"The  Westminster  was  attacked  by  a  German  submarine  without 
warning,  and  was  struck  by  two  torpedoes  in  quick  succession, 
which  killed  four  men.  It  sank  in  four  minutes.  This  ruthless 
disregard  for  the  rules  of  International  law  was  followed  by  a 
deliberate  attempt  to  murder  the  survivors.  The  officers  and  crew 
while  effecting  their  escape  in  boats  were  shelled  by  the  submarine 
at  a  range  of  3,000  yards.  The  master  and  chief  engineer  were 
killed  outright." 

As  to  the  Land,  war  conditions  continued  to  be  without  pre- 
cedent. Asphyxiating  gasses,  with  all  the  untold,  indescribable 
tortures  which  they  inflicted,  had  become  a  matter  of  course  in 
the  struggle,  despite  the  Hague  Conference  pledge  of  1899,  signed 
and  ratified  by  Germany,  which  prohibited  "the  use  of  projectiles 
having  as  their  sole  object  the  diffusion  of  asphyxiating  or  de- 
leterious gasses."  This  particular  German  practice  would  appear 
to  have  been  deliberate  and  pre-arranged  as  these  gasses  were  pro- 
duced from  the  poisonous  seeds  of  the  Sabadilla  plant  grown  in 
Venezuela,  which  for  years  was  exported  to  Germany  in  small 
quantities  and  nowhere  else ;  but  in  1913  increased  to  247,226  kilos 
with  112,826  shipped  in  1914,  and  in  the  same  year,  for  the  first 
time,  a  quantity  sent  to  the  United  States  which,  probably,  was  re- 
exported  to  Germany.  In  1915,  when  it  could  not  go  directly  to 
Germany,  the  exportation  increased  greatly  to  the  Netherlands. 
Akin  to  this  was  the  fearful  liquid  fire  which  was  used  again  and 
again  at  Verdun  and  far-away  upon  the  Russian  fronts;  another 
was  a  sort  of  liquid  which  was  not  fire  though  it  produced  a  burn- 
ing sensation  and,  after  a  few  days,  death  from  clotting  of  the 
blood. 

The  treatment  of  prisoners  in  Germany  was  one  of  the  ques- 
tions of  the  year.  They  were  looked  upon  (1)  as  hostages,  with 
officers  or  men  of  high  standing  treated  according  to  certain  things 
which  the  authorities  wanted  done  or  undone  in  a  similar  connection 
abroad  and  (2)  as  labourers  with  about  2,000,000  of  them  at  the 
close  of  1916  working  in  Germany  and  Austria  at  reclaiming 
swamps,  tilling  the  soil,  building  roads  and  railways,  and  working 
in  factories.  Some  of  the  prison  camps  were  well  managed,  such 
as  that  at  Soltau;  others  such  as  Wittenberg,  Ruhleben,  Cassell 
end  Gardelegen  were  centres  of  the  worst  forms  of  ill-treatment 
and  cruelty.  Wittenberg  was  grossly  over-crowded,  there  was  a 
great  shortage  of  coal  in  a  winter  of  severe  cold,  a  typhus  epidemic 


52  TH£  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

;|     ,,fji 

was  dealt  with  in  a  way  described  by  Mr.  Justice  R.  Younger, 
Chairman  of  an  English  Committee  of  Inquiry,  as  follows:  ^In- 
credible  as  it  may  seem,  the  action  of  the  officers  and  guards  in 
precipitately  deserting  the  Camp  (when  the  epidemic  came  as  a 
result  of  official  neglect;  and  thenceforth  controlling  its  caged 
inmates  with  loaded  rifles  from  the  outside,  was  only  in  keeping 
with  the  methods  and  conduct  of  these  men  throughout." 

Three  British  army  surgeons,  surviving  out  of  six  whom  the 
Germans  sent  up  to  do  their  work,  gave  testimony  to  the  Commit- 
tee and  it  appears  from  this  that  over  15,000  prisoners  were 
crowded  into  an  encampment  area  of  10*^  acres ;  that  the  diet  sup- 
plied by  the  Germans  would  have  meant  slow  starvation  for  all 
had  it  not  been  for  parcels  from  home;  that  conditions  of  in- 
describable filth  prevailed;  and  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to 
obtain  medical  supplies,  clothing,  or  bedding.  The  doctors  fought 
on,  and  eventually  won  out.  Mr.  Justice  Younger  and  his  Com- 
mittee also  inquired  into  conditions  at  Gardelegen,  where  there 
were  11,000  prisoners,  and  found  that  a  similar  epidemic  of  typhus 
was  caused  by  neglect,  ill-treatment,  starvation,  cold,  lack  of  clothes, 
soap,  water,  drugs  and  almost  every  essential  of  life.  At  Ruhleben, 
where  4,000  British  'civilians  were  interned,  Lord  Newton  told 
the  House  of  Lords  (June  8)  that  conditions  were  ''very  bad," 
and  he  was  given  to  understand,  on  the  best  authority,  that  many 
of  the  men  were  in  danger  of  losing  their  reason.  In  England 
27,000  German  civilians  were  interned  and  it  was  an  open  secret 
that  they  were  too  well  treated  rather  than  the  reverse. 

One  of  the  chief  clauses  in  the  Hague  Conventions  declared 
that  in  an  occupied  territory  during  war  "requisition  of  services 
shall  only  be  demanded  of  countries  or  of  inhabitants  for  the  needs 
of  the  army  of  occupation  and  of  such  a  nature  as  not  to  imply  on 
the  part  of  the  population  the  obligation  to  take  part  in  the  oper- 
ations of  the  War  against  their  country."  In  France,  Belgium, 
Poland  and  Serbia  there  was  no  pretence  by  the  Germans  of  adher- 
ing to  this  declaration.  As  to  France  its  Government  on  July  29, 
1916,  addressed  a  Note  to  neutral  Powers,  describing  the  manner 
in  which  certain  populations  had  been  treated  by  the  German 
authorities  in  April  of  that  year.  "On  the  order  of  General  Von 
Graevenitz,  and  with  the  aid  of  the  64th  Infantry  Regiment  de- 
tached by  the  German  general  headquarters,  about  25,000  French 
subjects,  young  girls  of  between  16  and  20  years  of  age,  young 
women  and  men  up  to  the  age  of  55,  without  distinction  of  social 
condition,  have  been  torn  from  their  homes  at  Roubaix,  Tourcoing, 
and  Lille,  separated  without  pity  from  their  families,  and  forced 
to  work  in  the  fields  in  the  departments  of  the  Aisne  and  the 
Ardennes."  The  fate  of  many  of  these  people  can  be  better 
imagined  than  described.  As  to  prisoners  the  French  Government 
contended  in  an  official  volume  issued  in  October  that  the  following 
accusations  were  proved : 

Theft  from  French  prisoners;  killing  of  wounded  prisoners;  execution 
without  formality  of  civilians  arrested  on  the  pretext  of  sniping;  transporta- 
tion of  prisoners  in  foul  cattle  cars  with  healthy,  sick  and  wounded  crowded 


GERMAN  WAR  METHODS;  BELGIUM  AND  LITTLE  NATIONS        53 

together  indiscriminately  without  food  or  medicine;  insults  and  violence  to 
prisoners  by  German  soldiers  on  their  arrival  in  Germany;  attacks  upon 
French  prisoners  by  women  at  Erfurt  with  knives,  sickles  and  scythes,  toler- 
ated by  the  escort;  spitting  upon  and  whipping  of  prisoners  by  civilians,  and 
kicking  of  prisoners  by  young  German  recruits  as  they  filed  through  Trogau; 
great  ravages  in  nearly  all  prison  camps  by  tuberculosis  developed  by  neglect 
of  most  elementary  hygienic  precautions;  spread  of  typhus  among  British  and 
French  prisoners  by  mixing  them  with  infected  Eussians;  general  prevalence 
of  rheumatism  in  all  prison  camps  as  the  result  of  dampness;  enforced  labour 
of  prisoners  of  war  on  military  works  such  as  trench  dipping,  manufacture 
of  arms  and  munitions;  insufficient  food,  shelter  and  clothing. 

In  Poland  conditions  were  deplorable  during  this  year,  though 
German  administration  in  every  military  sense  was  thoroughly 
organized.  Supplies  for  the  people  were  begged  for  through  the 
Polish  National  Alliance  of  America  and  British  facilities  asked  for 
shipment,  but  on  Jan.  15  Mr.  Premier  Asquith  said:  "His  Majesty's 
Government  are  earnestly  considering  the  question  of  Polish  relief 
in  consultation  with  the  French  Government.  They  are  faced  with 
accumulating  evidence  that  not  only  is  the  present  shortage  of  the 
necessaries  of  life  in  Poland  due  to  the  systematic  confiscation  and 
export  of  native  stock  by  the  occupying  armies,  but  also,  notwith- 
standing the  deplorable  condition  of  the  country  to-day,  this 
process  of  spoliation  still  continues."  Obviously,  he  pointed  out, 
the  replacement  of  these  stolen  stocks  of  food  would  only  involve 
help  to  the  enemy  and  riot  the  people.  Reasonable  guarantees  and 
oversight  must  first  be  given. 

According  to  the  London  Tablet  (reprinted  in  Catholic  Register 
of  Toronto  on  June  15)  11,000  cases  of  infant  paralysis  had  been 
reported  in  Warsaw,  while  at  Lodz  the  situation  was  terrible :  "  To 
put  it  crudely,  there  is  not  enough  food  to  go  round.  All  the  corn 
and  foodstuffs  that  remain  in  Poland  are  being  hurried  into  Ger- 
many. The  Poles  are  left  to  starve."  In  a  book  describing  con- 
ditions as  he  saw  them  Arnold  J.  Toynbee  dealt  with  the  destruc- 
tion of  Poland — the  organized  exploitation  of  food  products,  the 
employment  of  a  million  starving  people  in  planting  and  growing 
food  for  export  to  Germany,  the  grant  of  a  monopoly  in  the  food 
trade  to  a  German  syndicate  of  semi-official  character  and  to  others 
in  coal  and  coke,  a  destruction  of  native  industry  under  which  all 
possible  machinery,  plant,  metals  and  supplies  of  raw  material 
were  taken  away.  Suspension  of  work  and  starvation,  it  was  hoped, 
would  compel  migration  to  Germany  in  search  of  work  and  Prus- 
sian Labour  bureaux  did  persuade  80,000  or  more  to  go  into  what 
was  practically  slavery. 

The  tragedy  of  Belgium  continued  to  develop  during  1916. 
This  industrial  centre  of  Europe  was  turned  into  an  annex  of 
Germany's  war  machine  and  war  industries,  its  people  into  work- 
ing slaves  or  sufferers  from  varied  species  of  persecution.  The 
American  Commission  for  Belgian  Relief  tried  to  evolve  a  plan 
for  aiding  the  people  to  feed  themselves,  through  rehabilitation  of 
the  national  industries  under  the  Commission's  supervision,  but  it 
failed  because  the  German  authorities  would  not  grant  the  request 
for  guarantees  that  raw  materials  and  manufactured  goods  should 
not  be  seized  by  the  occupying  armies,  and  because  Britain,  there- 


54  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

fore,  could  not  permit  the  import  and  export  of  products.  A 
British  Memorandum,  published  in  February,  stated  that  the  Com- 
mission's plan  had  then  been  four  months  before  the  German 
Government  without  reply.  "Their  fixed  policy  of  impoverishing 
the  country  and  driving  the  workmen  into  their  employment  now 
stands  revealed.  His  Majesty's  Government  must  refuse  to  accept 
responsibility  under  the  conditions  cited."  As  to  this  situation 
F.  M.  Lord  French  stated  in  London  on  Dec.  30th  that : 

The  financial  robbery  carried  on  by  the  Germans  in  Belgium,  must  amount 
now,  at  a  very  rough  estimate,  to  2,500,000,000  francs,  (say  $500,000,000). 
More  serious  still,  if  possible,  has  been  the  German  seizure  of  raw  materials 
and  machinery  of  every  kind  To  sum  up,  the  indirect  cost  to  the  Allies  has 
been  the  relieving  of  the  Germans  of  all  responsibility  for  maintenance  of 
more  than  7,000,000  people,  whom,  under  International  law,  they  were  obliged 
to  feed  and  maintain  in  health,  and  whom,  moreover,  they  otherwise  actually 
would  have  had  either  to  feed  or  deport  wholesale,  since  it  is  impossible  from 
a  military  point  of  view  to  have  a  starving  population  on  the  lines  of  com 
munication  of  a  great  army. 

In  March  Cardinal  Mercier,  Archbishop  of  Malines,  issued  a 
Pastoral  to  his  people  describing  recent  representations  made  by 
him  at  Rome  and  the  Pope's  interest  in  and  regard  for  Belgium, 
analyzing  the  admiration  of  other  nations  for  his  suffering  coun- 
try, and  continuing  in  terms  bitterly  hostile  to  Germany:  "The 
conviction,  natural  and  supernatural,  of  our  final  victory  is  more 
deeply  than  ever  anchored  in  my  soul.  .  .  .  We  shall  conquer, 
do  not  doubt  it,  but  we  are  not  at  the  end  of  our  sufferings.  France, 
England,  Russia,  have  pledged  themselves  to  make  no  peace  until 
Belgium  has  recovered  her  entire  independence  and  has  been 
largely  indemnified.  Italy,  in  her  turn,  has  adhered  to  the  pact. 
Our  future  is  not  in  doubt,  but  we  must  prepare  for  it.  We  shall 
prepare  for  it  by  fostering  in  our  hearts  the  virtues  of  patience 
and  the  spirit  of  sacrifice." 

To  this  General  Von  Bissing,  the  German  Governor-General, 
responded  with  a  sharp  command  to  the  Cardinal  to  cease  political 
activities  and  received  a  reply  which  lacked  neither  vigour  nor 
capacity :  "  It  was  not,  Your  Excellency  may  be  sure,  without  deep 
reflection  that  we  denounced  to  the  world  the  evils  with  which  our 
brothers  and  sisters  are  overwhelmed — frightful  evils,  indeed 
atrocious  crimes,  the  tragic  horror  of  which  cold  reason  refuses  to 
admit.  .  .  Belgian,  we  have  heard  the  cries  of  sorrow  of  our 
people ;  patriot,  we  have  sought  to  heal  the  wounds  of  our  coun- 
try; Bishop,  we  have  denounced  crimes  committed  against  our 
innocent  priests."  Following  this  the  Cardinal  and  the  Bishops 
of  Namur,  Liege  and  Tournai  addressed  an  open  letter  to  the 
Bishops  of  Germany,  Bavaria  and  Austria-Hungary  which  re- 
viewed the  original  outrages  upon  Belgium  and  denounced  the 
continued  German  policy  toward  its  people. 

By  the  middle  of  the  year,  according  to  A.  J.  Hemphill  of  the 
Guaranty  Trust  Co.,  New  York,  speaking  after  a  visit  to  the 
country,  the  whole  Belgian  nation  was  organized  in  a  passive 
resistance  strike.*  "Belgium  normally  lives  on  imported  raw 

*NOTE. — Toronto  News  report  of  interview  in  New  York  July  26. 


GERMAN  WAR  METHODS;  BELGIUM  AND  LITTLE  NATIONS        55 

materials  and  food  and  pays  for  her  food  by  export  of  her  manu- 
factures. This  vital  current  is  stopped  by  the  War  and  60  per  cent, 
of  Belgium 's  work-people  are  idle.  A  large  part  of  the  commercial 
class  are  also  idle  and  reduced  to  dependence  upon  charity.  .  . 
The  outward  appearance  of  normality  is  sustained  only  by  the  fact 
that  relief  to  the  value  of  over  £1,200,000  is,  so  to  speak,  injected 
into  the  country  every  month."  One-half  the  population  was 
described  as  more  or  less  destitute  with  600,000  children  absolutely 
dependent  upon  outside  relief  and  2,000,000  persons  partially  so.  A 
Belgian  white-book  issued  in  August,  signed  by  the  Ministers  of 
Justice  and  Foreign  Affairs,  gave  the  following  summary  of 
German  crimes,  proved  solely  by  German  witnesses,  against  the 
population  of  that  country : 

Some  5,000  Belgians,  non-combatants  (several  hundred  of  whom  were 
women,  old  men  and  children)  put  to  death;  from  13,000  to  14,000  civilians 
deported  to  Germany  as  hostages  and  civil  prisoners  (about  October  1,  1915, 
only  3,000  had  been  sent  back  to  their  homes)  ;  some  20,000  houses  burned 
down  without  any  military  necessity;  deeds  of  violence  of  all  sorts  and 
plundering  accomplished  throughout  the  country,  under  the  lenient  eyes  of 
officers,  if  not  with  their  complicity  or  under  their  orders. 

In  September  it  was  stated  from  Havre  by  the  Belgian  Minister 
of  Finance  that  large  enforced  loans  were  being  taken  from  the 
Banks  under  threat  of  the  Directors'  imprisonment  with  the  actual 
arrest  and  ill-treatment  of  one  of  them — M.  Calier.  A  little 
later  (Nov.  9)  a  most  serious  charge  was  publicly  made  by  Baron 
Beyens,  Foreign  Minister:  "The  German  Government  is  rounding 
up  in  large  numbers,  in  towns  and  villages  of  occupied  Belgium 
such  as  Alost,  Ghent,  Bruges,  Courtrai,  and  Mons — to  name  only 
the  first  to  be  victims  of  the  measure — all  men  fit  to  bear  arms, 
rich  and  poor  irrespective  of  class,  whether  employed  or  unem- 
ployed. Hunch-backs,  cripples,  and  one-armed  men  alone  are 
excluded.  These  men  are  torn  in  thousands  from  their  families 
(15,000  from  Flanders  alone),  are  sent  God  knows  where;  whole 
trainloads  are  seen  going  east  and  south." 

On  Nov.  17  a  Belgian  delegation  to  the  United  States  presented 
an  official  protest  to  the  Secretary  of  State  at  Washington,  in  which 
it  was  explicitly  stated  that  "the  German  Governor-General  in 
Belgium  is  forcing  thousands  of  Belgian  workmen  who  are  unem- 
ployed, or  without  work  to  go  to  Germany,  to  work  in  the  quarries, 
in  manufacturing  concrete  and  in  lime-kilns,  under  the  pretext 
that  they  are  a  charge  upon  public  charity."  It  was  added  for 
information  of  the  American  people  that  "the  German  Govern- 
ment has  absolutely  paralyzed  all  business  in  Belgium.  Further- 
more, the  German  Government,  which  claims  to  try  to  encourage 
Belgian  industry,  has  imposed  a  war  tax  of  40,000,000  francs  a 
month  (about  twenty  times  the  normal  amount  of  Belgian  taxation) 
for  the  past  two  years  upon  a  country  which  is  without  business. ' ' 
To  these  official  protests  Cardinal  Mercier  on  Nov.  7  had  added  an 
earnest  statement: 

The  situation  which  we  denounce  to  the  civilized  world  may  be  summed 
up  as  follows:  Four  hundred  thousand  workmen  are  reduced  to  unemployment 
through  no  fault  of  their  own,  and  largely  inconvenience  the  German  occupa- 


56  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tion.  Fathers,  respectful  of  public  order,  bow  to  their  unhappy  lot.  With 
their  most  pressing  needs  provided  for,  they  await  with  dignity  the  end  of 
their  period  of  trial.  Now,  suddenly,  parties  of  soldiers  begin  to  enter  by 
force  these  peaceful  homes,  tearing  youth  from  parent,  husband  from  wife, 
father  from  children. 

Within  a  week  of  this  time  it  was  estimated  that  30,000  Bel- 
gians had  been  deported ;  Tournai  which  defied  the  order  for  a  list 
of  available  men  was  fined  $40,000  a  day  until  the  list  was  given ; 
1,200  were  taken  (Oct.  26)  from  Mons  Avithout  necessary  clothing 
or  the  right  of  farewell  to  their  families;  at  Bruges  the  town  was 
fined  $25,000  for  each  day's  delay  in  enrolling  men  for  deporta- 
tion; estimates  by  the  end*  of  the  year  ran  from  200,000  to  300,000 
as  the  total  number  deported;  Lord  Robert  Cecil,  British  Minister 
of  Blockade,  called  upon  the  United  States  to  interfere  and  end 
the  outrage  and  declared  that  $8,000,000  a  month  was  being  exacted 
from  Belgium  by  its  conquerors.  On  Nov.  16  the  Belgian  Govern- 
ment sent  from  Havre  to  the  Pope,  the  King  of  Spain  and  other 
neutral  rulers  a  statement  and  earnest  protest,  as  did  Emil  Vander- 
velde,  Minister  of  Munitions  and  international  leader  of  Socialism, 
in  a  letter  to  his  confreres.  On  Dec.  5  the  British  Government 
issued  a  Declaration  regarding  these  conditions  in  which  it  was 
stated  that  Allied  support  to  the  American  Relief  work  was 
seriously  endangered  by  the  new  situation : 

The  Germans  have  abandoned  all  pretence  of  respecting  personal  freedom 
in  Belgium.  They  have  deliberately  ordered  the  suspension  of  the  public 
relief  works  supported  by  the  Commission  and  openly  aimed  at  creating  unem- 
ployment, which  furnishes  them  an  excuse  for  deportations.  They  have  become 
themselves  the  organizers  and  co-operators  in  man  hunts  which  they  pledged 
themselves  by  the  Brussels  Convention  of  1890  to  put  down  in  Africa.  The 
machinery  of  Belgian  industry  is  now  totally  destroyed,  and  exports  of  Bel- 
gian foodstuffs  (to  Germany)  have  again  begun  on  a  large  scale.  The  Allies 
must  therefore  warn  the  world  of  what  is  about  to  take  place.  The  Central 
Empires,  as  their  own  situation  grows  more  desperate,  intend  to  tear  up  every 
guarantee  on  which  the  work  of  the  Relief  Commission  rests.  They  intend 
to  cast  aside  all  their  promises  and  use  Belgian  foodstuffs  and  Belgian  labour 
to  support  their  own  failing  strength. 

Maurice  Maeterlinck  followed  in  vigorous  appeal  to  the  United 
States  for  intervention:  ''The  population  of  all  Belgium  is  being 
systematically  starved.  Consumption  and  other  diseases  stalk 
through  the  land.  The  miserable  inhabitants  are  dying  like  ani- 
mals. Women  and  children  are  being  herded  into  Germany  to 
make  munitions  for  the  German  army.  Every  man  between  the 
ages  of  18  and  30  is  being  taken,  not  to  German  factories,  but  to 
German  trenches."  To  the  Governor  Cardinal  Mercier,  on  Oct. 
26  and  Nov.  10,  had  written  appealing  for  mercy  and  in  the  latter 
epistle  exclaimed :  * '  To-day  it  is  no  longer  war.  It  is  cold  calcula- 
tion, desired  destruction,  the  domination  of  might  over  right,  the 
humiliation  of  man  in  defiance  of  humanity."  General  Von  Biss- 
ing  replied  that  the  removals  were  justified  by  "the  clandestine 
emigration  of  large  numbers  of  young  men  wishing  to  join  the 
Belgian  army;"  that  Britain's  "merciless  economic  isolation  of 
Germany"  bore  equally  upon  Belgium  and  compelled  this  action; 
that  many  thousands  had  gone  voluntarily  to  get  better  pay.  In 


GERMAN  WAR  METHODS;  BELGIUM  AND  LITTLE  NATIONS        57 

reply  to  United  States  and  Spanish  protests  which  followed  the 
German  Government  stated  that  ''the  unemployed  (Belgians) 
sent  to  Germany  shall  be  engaged  in  agricultural  and  industrial 
establishments.  They  will  be  excluded  from  occupations  to  which 
a  hostile  population,  according  to  International  law,  cannot  be 
coerced. ' ' 

Austrians  under  German  leadership  had  the  most  terrible 
charges  laid  against  them.  According  to  a  number  of  escaped 
Russian  prisoners  employed  in  digging  trenches  on  the  Italian 
front — Swiss  despatch,  London  Standard  of  Jan.  4 — ''many  of  the 
Russian  prisoners  refused  to  dig  trenches  for  their  captors,  where- 
upon they  were  subjected  to  all  sorts  of  cruel  tortures.  They  were 
deprived  of  food  for  several  days  consecutively ;  they  were  beaten ; 
they  were  tied  to  posts ;  they  were  suspended  from  trees  by  ropes 
passed  beneath  their  arms  and  round  their  waists.  Sergeant 
Alexander  Sergeieff  deposed  that  the  Austrian  General  Hoffman 
interrogated  a  number  of  Russian  prisoners  while  they  were 
hanging  from  trees  in  this  way.  The  General  asked  them  if  they 
persisted  in  refusing  to  dig  trenches,  and  those  who  defied  him 
were  thrashed  as  they  swung  helpless  and  at  the  mercy  of  their 
tormentors."  The  Italian  Government  was  stated  to  have  proofs 
that  Austrians  and  Bulgarians  in  Serbia  had  killed  in  battle  or 
massacred  700,000  men,  women  and  children.  The  number  seems 
exaggerated  but  horrible  details  were  numerous  and  explicit. 

Prof.  R.  A.  Reiss  of  the  University  of  Lausanne,  in  his  pub- 
lished report  on  the  first  Serbian  invasion,  gave  photographs  and 
quoted  eye-witnesses  as  to  men,  women  and  children  mutilated, 
bayonetted  or  knifed,  burnt  alive,  killed  in  massacres,  beaten  to 
death  with  rifles  or  sticks,  stoned  to  death,  hanged  and  bound  and 
tortured.  On  frequent  occasions  the  Austro-Hungarian  army  was 
guilty  of  killing  captive  or  wounded  Serbian  soldiers.  But  the 
treatment,  and  the  killing  and  mutilation,  of  civilians,  formed  the 
most  terrible  part  of  Prof.  Reiss 's  indictment.  There  were  many 
pages  of  alleged  atrocities — of  old  men  and  boys  tied  together, 
shown  their  graves,  arid  then  shot ;  of  civilians  herded  together  and 
then  set  upon  and  exterminated  by  the  bayonet ;  of  children  hanged 
to  trees ;  and  of  women,  children,  and  old  men  placed  in  front  of 
Austrian  troops  during  a  battle. 

Such  charges  are  hard  to  believe  but  the  Austrian  officers  and 
troops  were  very  different  in  this  war  from  those  of  other  days. 
They  were  of  all  races  and  classes  and  character.  The  bad  treat- 
ment of  Russian  prisoners  was  officially  denied  and  the  Russian 
Government  then  appointed  a  Commission  which  reported  that 
the  punishment  of  placing  men  alive  in  a  coffin,  and  keeping  them 
there  for  hours  with  a  lid  containing  only  a  small  air  hole,  had 
been  inflicted  on  a  number  in  the  Duna-Szerdehely  Camp  whose 
names  and  former  addresses  were  given.  So  with  the  hanging  up 
of  prisoners  to  trees  and  thrashing  them  or  compelling  others  at 
specified  camps  to  dig  trenches  on  the  Russian  front.  The  Report 
was  signed  by  Senator  Alexis  Krivtsov.  Atrocities  are  a  part  of 
all  Balkan  wars  and  the  Bulgarians  in  this  conflict  were  not  behind 


58  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  record.  Gaston  Richard,  correspondent  of  the  Petit  Parisien, 
wrote  from  Salonika  on  June  2nd  as  to  Bulgar  crimes  in  Eastern 
Macedonia  which  had  been  carried  on  without  interference  from  the 
German  officers.  Cruelties  of  varied  nature,  wholesale  pillage  and 
the  carrying  off  of  girls  and  women  were  frequent. 

As  to  the  rest  Turkish  outrages  were  too  many,  too  horrible, 
too  well-authenticated  and  known  to  need  extended  reference  here. 
The  million  or  more  Armenians  slaughtered  or  tortured  in  Turkey, 
Syria  and  Persia  have  been  dealt  with  over  and  over  again — one 
notable  publication  of  1916  being  The  Blackest  Page  of  Modern 
History  by  H.  A.  Gibbons.  This  American  writer  denounced  the 
Young  Turks  as  worse  than  the  men  of  Abdul  Hamid's  regime, 
and  added:  "When  we  try  to  find  the  purpose  behind  the  Armen- 
ian massacres,  we  are  confronted  with  what  is,  under  the  circum- 
stances, an  eloquent  accusation  against  the  German  Government 
and  German  people.  The  Germans,  and  the  Germans  alone,  will 
benefit  by  the  extermination  of  the  Armenians.  I  have  pointed 
out  how  the  Armenians  are  the  essential  factor,  the  guarantee 
indeed,  of  Turkish  economic  and  political  independence  in  Asia 
Minor.  By  the  same  token,  they  appear  to  be  the  stumbling  block 
to  German  domination.  ...  It  was  not  for  the  Bagdad  Rail- 
way alone,  but  also  for  all  that  the  Bagdad  Railway  implied,  that 
Kaiser  Wilhelm  II  fraternized  with  Abdul  Hamid  after  the  mas- 
sacres of  Armenians  in  1895  and  1896. ' ' 

In  Syria  and  elsewhere  the  cruelties  perpetrated  by  Turkish 
armies  or  rulers  controlled — when  deemed  necessary — from  Con- 
stantinople, would  fill  many  volumes  of  detail.  Great  numbers 
of  Syrian  Christians  in  and  out  of  their  country  perished;  it  was 
estimated  that  100,000  natives  of  the  Lebanon  died  of  starvation. 
Appeals  from  Armenia  were  sent  to  Berlin,  as  was  afterwards 
found  from  documents  captured  by  the  British,  but  without  known 
effect.  Lord  Bryce,  in  his  Report,  edited  from  many  documents  with 
sworn  statements  by  A.  J.  Toynbee,  gave  the  most  terrible  indict- 
ment against  a  nation  ever  made.  As  the  veteran  English  states- 
man put  it  in  his  Preface:  "The  vast  scale  of  these  massacres 
and  the  pitiless  cruelty  with  which  the  deportations  were  carried 
out  may  seem  to  some  readers  to  throw  doubt  on  the  authenticity 
of  the  narratives.  Can  human  beings  (it  may  be  asked)  have 
perpetrated  such  crimes  on  innocent  women  and  children?  But  a 
recollection  of  previous  massacres  will  show  that  such  crimes  are 
part  of  the  long-settled  and  the  often-repeated  policy  of  the  Turk- 
ish rulers."  From  Africa  also  came  echoes  of  these  Asiatic  and 
European  practices  of  the  Teutons  and  Turks.  In  German  East 
Africa,  before  its  conquest,  a  number  of  Englishmen  and  ladies 
were  seized  and  treated  with  brutalities  so  calculating  as  to  be 
clearly  intended  for  the  purpose  of  hurting  British  prestige  amongst 
the  natives  by  a  public  treatment  of  prisoners  as  German  slaves; 
so  brutal  as  to  be  practically  unfit  for  record  here.  The  Rev. 
E.  F.  Spanton,  Principal  of  St.  Andrew's  College,  Zanzibar, 
described  this  treatment  in  detail  in  the  London  Times  of  Jan.  12, 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     59 

1917.    The  following  summary  gives  the  chief  German  breaches  of 
International  law,  during  this  period,  in  tabular  form: 

1.  Invasion  of  Belgian  neutral  territory. 

2.  Treatment  of  Belgian  civilians  as   a   conquered   people   compelled  to 
do  what  the  conqueror  willed. 

3.  Stripping  of  whole  countries  —  Belgium,  Poland,  Serbia  —  bare  of   (a) 
food  supplies  and   (b)   industrial  machinery. 

4.  Laying  of  mines  in  water  highways  of  commerce. 

5.  Wholesale    destruction    by    submarines    of    (a)    belligerent    merchant 
ships  without  notice  and   (b)   neutral  merchant  ships  with  or  without  notice. 

6.  Bombardment  of  '  '  unfortified,  open  and  defenceless  towns  '  '  on  Eng- 
land 's  coast. 

7.  Dropping  of  bombs  on  undefended  civil  centres  in  England. 

8.  Treatment  of  non-combatant  neutrals  as  prisoners  of  war. 

9.  Ill-treatment  of  varied  kinds,  cruel  punishments  and  intense  privations 
inflicted  upon  prisoners  of  war. 

10.  Employment  of  prisoners  and  civilians  in  occupied  territory  on  work 
associated  with  the  War. 

11.  Firing    upon    Red    Cross    stations    or    workers    and    sinking    Hospital 
ships  at  sea. 

12.  Employment  of  poisonous  gasses. 

13.  Seizure    of   belligerent   property   and    undue   levies    upon    belligerent 
centres  —  as  in  Belgium. 

14.  Deliberate     destruction     of     such     national     institutions     as     Rheims 
Cathedral  or  Louvain  University. 

15.  Refusal   to   re-establish  civil  life   and  liberty  in  conquered  territory. 

16.  Exacting   collective   penalties   for   the   offences   of   individuals. 


The  Great  British  Empire  in  the  War  will  be  dealt  with 

Powers  of  the  separately  ;  of  the  other  Great  Powers  ranged  around 
Entente;  France,  or  with  Britain  the  struggles  of  France  were  the 
Russia  and  most  strenuous  in  this  year,  the  suffering  the  most 
Italy  m  18  severe,  the  strain  hardest  to  endure.  Verdun  called 

for  men,  and  more  men,  for  war  material  in  vast  quantities  avail- 
able for  instant  use,  for  endurance,  patient  courage,  keen  faith  in 
leaders,  a  patriotism  which  must,  literally,  have  permeated  every 
physical  and  intellectual  fibre  of  soldiers  and  people.  The  siege  of 
this  Portress,  the  assaults  upon  the  French  lines  and  trenches  and 
fortifications  surrounding  it,  showed  wonderful  physical  bravery 
in  the  Germans;  they  proved  the  French  to  possess  a  stamina 
worthy  of  the  highest  of  places  in  history  and  in  the  lasting  appre- 
ciation and  admiration  of  peoples  making  up  the  great  Alliance. 
The  year  began  optimistically  as  what  President  Poincare  termed 
'  '  our  year  of  victory  ;  "  it  ended  as  a  year  of  victories  but  not  of 
a  final  or  conclusive  character.  Much  of  industrial  France  re- 
mained in  German  hands;  such  soil  as  was  recaptured  comprised 
ruined  masses  of  scarred,  beaten  and  hammered  earth,  ploughed 
up  as  by  a  succession  of  earthquakes. 

In  an  address  to  the  soldiers  of  France  on  Jan.  1  the  President 
once  more  stamped  on  written  pages  the  spirit  of  his  people  :  '  '  Now 
that  war  has  been  declared  against  us  in  spite  of  ourselves,  we 
must  carry  it  on,  with  our  faithful  Allies,  until  we  have  gained 
victory,  the  annihilation  of  German  militarism,  and  the  entire 
reconstruction  of  France."  As  to  the  future  he  was  emphatic: 
'  '  Shall  we  to-morrow  be  the  vassals  of  a  foreign  empire  ;  shall  our 
industries,  our  commerce,  our  agriculture  be  placed  forever  under 


60  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  influence  of  a  Power  which  openly  flatters  itself  on  aspiring 
to  universal  domination,  or  shall  we  safeguard  our  economic  inde- 
pendence and  national  autonomy  ?  This  is  a  terrible  problem,  which 
admits  of  no  half-way  solution.  Any  peace  which  comes  to  us  with 
suspicious  form  and  equivocal  purpose  would  bring  us  only  dis- 
honour, ruin  and  servitude."  From  the  Czar  of  Russia,  on  the 
same  day,  came  a  despatch  to  the  President,  declaring  unshak- 
able confidence  in  the  triumph  of  the  common  cause ;  to  him,  also, 
came  a  message  from  the  British  King,  which  marked  the  strength 
and  spirit  of  their  Alliance: 

Our  two  countries  are  united,  in  common  with  our  Allies,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  a  great  cause,  and  it  is  a  source  of  unfailing  gratification  to  me  that 
the  two  peoples  are  bound  together  by  ties  which  the  heroism  and  sacrifices  of 
our  gallant  soldiers  and  sailors  have  rendered  indissoluble.  I  beg  you  to  accept, 
on  behalf  of  myself  and  my  Empire,  most  cordial  greetings  to  the  great  nation 
over  which  you  preside,  and  an  expression  of  my  deep  admiration  for  the 
splendid  qualities  of  the  land  and  sea  forces  of  Prance,  which  have  been  in 
this  war  of  such  inestimable  value,  and  which  offer  a  sure  guarantee  of  ultimate 
victory.  GEORGE  R.  1. 

In  February  M.  Briand,  the  French  Premier,  visited  Rome  and 
discussed  with  Italian  leaders  the  position  and  progress  of  the 
campaign.  He  was  given  a  great  welcome  and  at  a  banquet  on 
the  10th  Baron  Sonnino,  Italian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
toasted  ' '  the  unshakable  union  of  the  Allies  for  the  cause  of  liberty 
and  justice."  M.  Briand,  in  his  reply,  declared  that  "our  two 
nations  are  equally  convinced  that  final  victory  will  spring  from 
their  firm  determination  to  employ,  in  common  with  their  Allies,  all 
their  resources,  all  their  energies,  all  their  strength."  Closer  co- 
operation was  a  natural  result  of  the  visit  and  it  was  badly  needed. 
Then  followed  the  Battle  of  Verdun,  which  began  on  Feb.  -21  and 
lasted  with  varying  degrees  of  intensity  until  the  Battle  of  the 
Somme  (July  1)  stamped  the  German  advance  toward  Verdun  as 
ended  and  the  defeat  of  the  most  savage  and  sustained  onslaughts 
of  men,  artillery  and  munitions  recorded  in  history  up  to  that 
time.  General . Petain  was  the  French  hero  of  the  struggle;  the 
Crown  Prince  of  Germany  the  leader  of  the  enemy  forces. 

Back  of  Petain  and  of  General  Nivelle,  his  successor  in  after 
months,  was  the  cool,  untiring,  watchful,  skilful  hand  of  General 
Joffre,  who  on  Mar.  24,  after  three  weeks  of  persistent  defence, 
had  addressed  to  his  soldiers  this  word  of  hope  and  cheer:  ''The 
battle  has  not  yet  terminated  because  the  Germans  have  need  of  a 
victory.  You  will  be  able  to  wrest  it  from  them.  We  have  muni- 
tions in  abundance  and  numerous  reserves,  but  you  have  above  all 
your  indomitable  courage  and  your  faith  in  the  destinies  of  the 
Republic.  The  country  has  its  eyes  upon  you.  You  will  be  of 
those  of  whom  it  will  be  said:  'They  barred  the  road  to  Verdun 
against  the  Germans.'  ' 

Such  words  were  needed  at  that -time  as  the  very  few  descrip- 
tions of  the  struggle  which  passed  the  Censor  indicate.  One  of 
them  described  "the  unspeakable  horror  of  the  spectacle — Dantes- 
que  visions  of  piled-up  dead,  lit  by  the  red  flames  of  burning 
houses,  or  the  green  glare  of  rockets  or  the  cold,  white  shafts  of 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     61 

searchlights,  deafening  explosions,  the  sounds  of  shrieks  and  curses 
and  groans,  the  infernal  debauch  of  blood,  fire  and  iron  of  this 
never-to-be-forgotten  battle."  To  the  intensity  and  import  of  this 
struggle  no  finer  tribute  was,  or  could  be,  paid  than  the  speech 
delivered  to  the  defenders  by  Mr.  Lloyd  George  early  in  Septem- 
ber which,  however,  did  not  reach  the  press  till  the  llth.  From 
the  casements  of  Verdun  he  told  them :  * '  This  victorious  resistance 
will  be  immortal  because  Verdun  not  only  saved  France  but  our 
great  common  cause  and  the  whole  of  humanity.  Upon  the  heights 
surrounding  this  old  citadel  the  evil  power  of  the  enemy  has  been 
broken  like  a  furious  sea  against  a  granite  rock.  I  am  deeply 
moved  to  come  in  contact  with  this  sacred  soil.  In  the  name  of 
the  British  Empire  I  express  their  admiration.  With  me  they  bow 
their  heads  before  your  sacrifices  and  glory." 

Long  before  Aug.  1-4,  when  the  contending  nations  marked  in 
varied  ways  the  end  of  the  second  year  of  war,  danger  to  Verdun 
was  passed  and  General  Joffre  was  able  to  congratulate  his  soldiers 
on  their  splendid  five  months'  resistance  and  to  anticipate  still 
greater  successes:  "The  moment  is  approaching  when,  under  the 
strength  of  our  mutual  advance,  the  military  power  of  Germany 
will  crumble.  Soldiers  of  France,  you  may  be  proud  of  the  work 
you  already  have  accomplished.  You  have  determined  to  see  it 
through  to  the  end.  Victory  is  certain."  To  the  Army,  also, 
President  Poincare,  on  the  same  occasion,  addressed  a  ringing 
manifesto,  reviewing  the  War  in  its  inception  and  progress,  and 
mixing  eulogy  with  warning.  He  was  unstinted  in  praise  of  the 
soldiers  as  to  the  Marne,  the  Yser,  Artois,  Champagne,  the  Meuse 
and  the  Somme.  "It  is  you  who  have  enabled  France  to  organize 
her  equipment  and  Belgium  and  Serbia  to  reconstruct  their  armies. 
It  is  you  who  have  given  England  the  time  to  form  the  admirable 
divisions  which  are  fighting  now  at  your  side.  It  is  you  who  have 
given  to  Russia  the  means  to  supply  rifles  and  guns,  cartridges  and 
shells,  to  her  heroic  troops." 

On  Aug.  22  M.  Viviani,  ex-Prime  Minister,  in  a  speech  ex- 
pressed views  which  a  later  phrase,  used  by  the  United  States 
President,  made  interesting:  "Although  victory  is  certain  it  will 
require  hard  and  prolonged  efforts  to  break  Prussian  militarism 
and  prevent  recurrence  of  its  crimes.  There  can  be  no  peace  before 
the  attainment  of  victory,  before  adequate  reparation  is  made  and 
before  justice  triumphs.  .  .  .  We  will  accept  only  such  a  peace 
as  assures  legitimate  reparations,  as  well  as  independence  and 
security."  An  assured  faith  in  victory  permeated  France  at  this 
time.  The  tardy  declaration  of  war  by  Italy  against  Germany, 
the  accession  of  Roumania  to  the  Allies,  and  the  fighting  details  of 
the  Somme  struggle  where  only  the  weather  prevented  a  complete 
victory,  induced  the  French  Premier  (Sept.  14),  even  while  warn- 
ing against  excessive  optimism,  to  declare  that  "the  hour  of  re- 
paration is  approaching  for  the  individuals  as  well  as  for  the  peo- 
ples upon  whom  German  aggression  fell."  In  this  latter  Battle 
it  may  be  added,  the  French  re-captured  70  square  miles  of  trritory, 


62  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

took  30,000  unwounded  prisoners  and  captured  144  cannon  and 
500  machine  guns. 

Meanwhile,  many  developments  had  occurred.  A  distinct  reli- 
gious revival  had  taken  place  and  100,000  persons  shared  in  the 
Te  Deum  for  victory  at  the  Marne,  in  and  out  of  Notre  Dame  de 
Paris,  while  the  ruined  Cathedrals  of  Rheims  and  Ypres  and  Arras 
and  Laon  and  Chartres  attracted  to  their  crumbling  aisles^ — as 
did  more  fortunate  edifices  elsewhere  to  their  peaceful  interiors — 
throngs  of  worshippers  who  before  the  War  never  entered  a  church 
door.  Modern  ideas  of  the  French  as  being  all  vivacity,  light- 
hearted  and  light-headed,  devoted  to  pleasure,  degenerate  in  habits, 
teeming  with  national  dissensions,  were  absolutely  destroyed  and 
replaced  by  knowledge  of  a  cool,  virile,  courageous,  determined  and 
serious  people.  More  than  any  of  the  Allies,  in  proportion,  had 
she  supplied  men,  and  all  her  sons  from  17  to  47  had  long  been 
serving  on  the  different  points,  in  depots  or  at  munitions — priests 
and  professors,  business  men  and  financiers,  loyalists  and  social- 
ists, all  alike  shared  in  the  desperate  ordeal. 

The  credit  of  France  had  been  splendidly  maintained  and, 
after  19  months  of  war,  the  Bank  of  France  held  immense  reserves 
in  gold  while  3,000,000  subscribers  had  shared  in  a  3,000  million 
dollar  loan.  The  women  of  all  ranks  and  classes  had  shown  equal 
endurance  and  resolution,  old  pleasures  and  luxuries,  old-time 
ease,  or  short  working  hours,  had  been  exchanged  for  every  kind 
of  arduous  duty  or  responsible  work.  Munition-making,  nursing, 
the  care  of  1,500,000  Belgian  refugees  and  those  from  French 
territory  held  by  the  Germans,  revealed  many  a  prose  poem  of  self- 
sacrifice.  There  were  no  labour  strikes  and  many  French  capital- 
ists devoted  their  means  freely  to  the  creation  of  munitions  and  to 
public  service.  Yet,  more  was  needed,  and  Stephen  Pichon,  in 
Paris  on  Dec.  2nd,  urged  a  more  complete  industrial  mobilization, 
while  Gustave  Herve  described  the  country  as  hungry  for  decision 
and  energy,  and  M.  Clemenceau  demanded  a  policy  of  blockading 
Germany  which  would  not  mind  hurting  the  United  States  a  little. 
Other  groups  of  opposition  and  criticism  there  were — especially  as 
to  the  Salonika  campaign — but  they  were  not  strong  enough  to 
bring  more  than  165  to  314  votes  in  the  Chamber  (Dec.  13) 
against  the  re-organized  Briand  Ministry. 

Financial  conditions  were  met  with  success.  M.  Alexandre 
Ribot,  Minister  of  Finance,  was  able  to  raise  the  necessary  loans 
amongst  the  people  with  striking  success  and  to  obtain  large  sums 
from  Great  Britain  and  several  loans  in  New  York.  M.  Raoul 
Peret,  ex-Minister  of  Commerce,  stated  in  the  Chamber  on  Dec. 
12  that,  including  the  first  three  months  of  1917,  France  would 
have  spent  upon  the  War  $14,520,000,000  or  $4,000,000,000  less 
than  Great  Britain.  As  the  national  wealth  of  the  country  was 
at  least  $65,000,000,000  this  was  not  a  ruinous  expenditure  although 
the  national  resources  were,  of  course,  weakened  by  the  rich  por- 
tions of  France  still  held  by  the  invaders.  The  daily  cost  of  the 
War  to  France  was  about  $18,000,000  at  the  close  of  the  year. 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     63 

Reliable  statistics*  of  French  loans  up  to  August,  1916,  were  as 
follows : 

"Loan    of   Victory"    5s     at    87    on    5.75    per    cent,    basin     ....  $3,100,000,000 

National  defence   bonds    1,700,000,000 

National  defence   obligations    300,000,000 

Advances    from    Bank    of    France    to    June    29     1.580,000,000 

Estimated    to    Aug     1     500,000,000 

Advances    Bank    of   France   to    foreign    Governments    228,000,000 

Bonds  and  notes  in  London    506,000,000 

Half    Anglo-French    loan    in     United    States     250,000,000 

Collateral     loan     in     United     States     100,000,000 

One-year   5   per   cent,   notes   in   United   Staies    30,000,000 

Banking  credits  in   New  York    50,000,000 

Advances    from    Bank    of    Algeria     15,000,000 

Total     $8,359,000.000 

As  to  relations  with  Britain  they  became  closer  and  closer  dur- 
ing the  year  in  finance,  in  joint  military  operations  at  home  and 
abroad,  in  ever-increasing  British  troops  on  the  Western  front. 
During  the  first  week  of  September  a  series  of  conferences  were 
held  in  Paris  between  the  French  and  British  Ministers  for  War 
and  Ministers  for  Munitions.  David  Lloyd  George  and  Edwin  S. 
Montagu  were  accompanied  by  assistants  and  by  officers  from  the 
staff  of  General  Sir  Douglas  Haig.  An  interchange  of  views  took 
place  as  to  the  recent  military  operations.  Measures  were  dis- 
cussed for  the  most  effective  employment  of  the  joint  military 
resources  of  France  and  Great  Britain.  It  was  officially  announced 
that  satisfactory  conclusions  were  reached.  When  Mr.  Lloyd 
George  became  Premier  he  at  once  telegraphed  M.  Briand  (Dec. 
12)  that :  "I  shall  have  no  other  aim  than  to  develop  and  strengthen 
the  bonds  of  friendship  and  alliance  which  unite  our  two  countries. 
His  Majesty's  Government  will  pursue  the  War  against  the  com- 
mon enemy  with  unshakable  determination  and  greater  vigour  in 
order  to  secure  for  the  Allies  victory  and  a  lasting  peace."  M. 
Briand  sent  a  similar  reply  with  "a  lasting  peace"  as  his  objec- 
tive. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  a  French  honour  list  on  Feb. 
24,  which  mentioned  a  large  number  of  British  officers  and  men  and 
conferred  the  Grand  Croix  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  upon  Gen. 
Sir  Douglas  Haig  and  created  Generals  Sir  Ian  Hamilton,  Sir  W. 
R.  Birdwood,  Sir  H.  S.  Rawlinson  and  Sir  H.  H.  Wilson,  Grand 
Officers.  The  enormous  development  of  the  Creuzot  works  in  steel- 
making  methods,  in  construction  of  colossal  machinery  for  handling 
metals,  in  the  installation  of  United  States  machinery  for  sympli- 
fying  certain  processes,  in  the  forging  of  better  shells,  in  new 
appliances  of  chemistry  to  physical  forces,  was  an  important  mat- 
ter. French  casualties  were  not  officially  published  but  Deputy 
Longuet  estimated  the  killed  or  totally  incapacitated,  up  to  the 
spring  of  1916,  as  900,000  and,  including  Verdun  and  Somme 
struggles,  the  total  at  the  close  of  the  year  was  at  least  1,500,000. 
In  May,  1916,  French  subjects  in  and  out  of  France,  under  49 
years  of  age,  were  called  to  the  colours,  as  well  as  those  hitherto 
deferred  or  exempt  of  the  1915-16-17  and  earlier  classes. 

*NOTE. — Compiled  by  John  Barnes,  Bond  Editor  of  the  Wall  Street  Journal.  New 
York. 


64  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Other  matters  included  the  death  from  wounds  of  Capt.  the 
12th  Due  de  Rohan,  Member  of  the  House  of  Deputies,  and  of  36 
sons  of  Generals  holding  commands  at  the  Front ;  the  appointment 
in  December  of  General  Joseph  Joffre  as  Marshal  of  France, 
Commander-in-Chief  of  all  French  Armies,  and  head  of  the  War 
Council  of  the  Allies,  with  General  Nivelle  as  Commander-in- 
Chief  of  the  French  Armies  on  the  Western  front  and  General 
Sarrail  remaining  in  command  at  Salonika;  the  creation  of  a 
War  Council  composed  of  the  President,  the  Premier,  General 
Herbert  Lyautey,  who  had  just  been  recalled  from  Morocco  to 
become  Minister  of  War,  Rear-Admiral  Lacaze,  Minister  of  Mar- 
ine, Albert  Thomas,  the  organizing  genius  who  had  become  Min- 
ister of  National  Manufactures,  and  Alex.  Ribot,  Minister  of 
Finance.  This  Council  on  Dec.  23  decided  that  "all  questions 
concerning  the  preparation  and  carrying  on  of  the  War  will  be 
under  the  direction  of  the  War  Minister,  and  that  he  will  notify 
the  interested  Ministers  and  the  Generals-in-Chief  of  the  decisions 
taken  and  assure  the  co-ordination  necessary  to  their  execution." 
These  were  great  powers  and,  with  the  accession  of  Lloyd  George 
to  office  in  England,  and  the  growing  force  of  the  Allied  War  Coun- 
cil, promised  much  for  future  operations. 

It  is  impossible  to  generalize  about  Russia.  As  in  India  there 
was  a  bewildering  variety  of  races,  languages,  ideas,  religions;  a 
conglomerate  mass  of  population  made  up  of  Poles,  Swedes,  Jews, 
Lithuanians,  Armenians,  Finns,  Roumanians,  Tartans,  Kurds, 
Kalmucks,  Germans,  many  different  types  of  Russian,  and  100 
other  ethnographic  divisions;  varied  forms  of  religion  running 
from  Buddhism,  Mohammedanism,  the  Greek,  Orthodox  and 
Roman  Catholic  faiths  to  the  negation  of  Paganism.  Barbaric 
customs  and  actions  and  inclinations  had  not  entirely  gone  when 
this  world-war  commenced;  traditions  held  a  tremendous  place  in 
the  Russian  mind,  popular  prejudices — as  against  Jews,  for  in- 
stance— were  many  and  varied ;  ideals  of  popular  government  were 
still  crude  on  the  side  of  the  Douma  and  the  masses,  rude  in  the 
municipal  institutions  of  the  country,  reactionary  and  arbitrary 
amongst  a  large  aristocratic  class,  wild  and  anarchistic  in  a  section 
of  the  people,  somewhat  confused  and  changeable  in  the  Councils 
of  the  Czar  with  ever-changing  Ministers  and  confidential,  treacher- 
ous, pro-German  advisers  to  still  further  complicate  matters. 

Into  this  melting-pot  of  conditions  and  opinions  had  been  inter- 
jected for  years  the  scheming,  solid,  organized  power  of  German 
thought,  policy  and  determined  lines  of  action.  With  the  coming 
of  war  this  element  in  population  and  court  and  government  had 
become  an  unmixed  evil,  a  source  of  divided  councils,  frequent 
hesitancy  of  action,  military  difficulty,  press  and  political  divi- 
sion, treasonable  action  in  the  revealing  of  secrets,  destruction  of 
munitions,  plots  against  the  Allies,  diffusion  of  false  news  and 
stories,  development  of  enemy  espionage  into  a  science  of  local 
application.  Out  of  it  all,  by  the  close  of  1916,  was  coming  a  still 
worse  condition  of  chaotic  libert}r,  incoherent  control  for  a  time  by 
the  ignorant  inflammable,  democracy  of  a  few  centres  of  popula- 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE.  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     65 

tion,  a  country  without  head  or  guiding  principle,  a  nation  at  war 
without  leader  or  discipline  or  cohesion  in  work  or  policy. 

How  far  the  Czar  controlled  or  was  controlled  by  his  varied 
environment  during  these  years  of  war  was  unknown  abroad.  His 
personality  was  more  or  less  shrouded  in  a  mist  of  innuendo  as  to 
* '  dark  forces ' '  and  in  extraordinary  stories  told  of  Manuiloff ,  Mme. 
Vasylchikova,  and  Stuermer,  and  Rasputin ;  but  it  would  seem  that 
a  Monarch  who  could  press  upon  his  Ministers  the  abolition  of 
Vodka,  against  all  the  tremendous  influences  and  popular  support 
involved,  must  have  had  some  strong  qualities.  He  failed  in  clearing 
his  Court  of  German  intrigue,  personalities  and  influences  though 
the  Army  was  largely  purified;  the  management  of  reactionary 
nobles  and  a  reform  Douma  was  no  easy  task.  As  to  the  Teutons 
Stanley  Washburn,  a  special  correspondent  of  the  London  Times, 
in  a  book  issued  during  1916,  stated  that  German  organization  had 
permeated  Russia  before  the  War.  "This  influence,  working 
through  a  thousand  hidden  channels,  impeded  the  development  of 
the  Russian  educational  system,  delayed  the  abolition  of  Vodka, 
and  crippled  the  country  commercially.  It  was  said  to  be 
responsible  for  the  dismantling  of  The  permanent  forts  of  Warsaw 
not  long  before  the  War.  German  engineers,  also,  had  built 
important  Russian  bridges,  and  so  when  these  were  blown  up  the 
Kaiser's  army  had  duplicate  materials  with  which  to  replace  them. 
So  with  the  officer  who  had  laid  out  important  forts  in.  the  Rus- 
sian defence  line  and  had  been  on  Von  Hindenburg's  staff."  As 
late  as  September,  1915,  German  power  had  created  a  most  menac- 
ing political  situation  at  the  capital  through  false  rumours  and 
statements  as  to  the  War  and  the  Allies.  Only  by  the  strongest 
efforts  was  the  Czar  able  to  hold  the  situation  in  hand  and  after 
events  showed  that  these  were  often  paralyzed  by  German  influ- 
ences around  the  ruler.  Back  of  these  pro-German  courtiers  and 
Ministers  was  the  Czarina — a  Princess  of  the  Hesse-Darmstadt 
family.  Whether  she  led,  or  was  led,  only  time  could  say.  On  the 
Russian  New  Year's  Day  the  Emperor  issued  an  Order  to  his  Army 
which  was  typical  of  preceding  utterances  and  indicative  of  his 
personal  feeling  toward  the  Entente  Alliance: 

In  heart  and  thought  I  am  with  you  while  you  battle  in  the  trenches, 
imploring  the  aid  of  the  Most  High  on  your  work,  your  valour,  and  your 
courage.  Eemember  this:  Our  beloved  Russia  cannot  be  assured  of  her  inde- 
pendence and  her  rights,  cannot  enjoy  the  fruits  of  her  labours  or  develop  her 
resources,  unless  a  decisive  victory  is  gained  over  the  enemy.  Let  it,  therefore, 
be  impressed  on  your  minds  and  consciences  that  there  can  be  no  peace  without 
victory.  However  great  the  suffering  ana  however  numerous  the  victims  the 
struggle  may  cost  us,  we  must  bring  victory  to  our  Mother  Country. 

Rest  assured,  as  I  said  at  the  beginning  of  the  War,  I  will  not  make  peace 
before  we  have  forced  the  last  of  the  enemy  out  of  the  limits  of  the  Mother 
Country,  and  not  otherwise  than  with  the  consent  of  our  Allies,  to  whom  we 
are  bound,  not  by  paper,  but  by  sincere  friendship  and  ties  of  blood. 

In  the  Douma  on  Feb.  23  M.  Sazonoff,  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  delivered  an  optimistic  speech  following  the  news  of  the 
capture  of  Erzeroum.  The  reunion  of  dismembered  Poland  was 
urged,  the  entrance  of  Roumania  into  the  Alliance  would,  he  said, 
come  in  good  time,  an  economic  rapprochement  with  the  United 


66  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

States  was  hoped  for.  As  to  the  rest:  "When  dealing  with  an 
enemy  like  Germany,  we  must  take  thought  in  good  time  how  best 
to  prevent  the  repetition  of  the  events  which  occurred  so  rapidly 
18  months  ago.  .  .  .  Otherwise  the  sacrifices  of  the  Allies 
would  have  been  made  in  vain."  An  interview  with  this  Minister 
appeared  in  the  United  States  press  on  June  22,  as  given  to  a 
well-known  correspondent  at  Petrograd — W.  P.  Simms.  To  him 
M.  Sazonoff  declared  that  "the  War  can  end  only  in  one  way,  and 
that  will  be  when  Allied  soil  is  swept  clean  of  the  enemy,  and  our 
every  demand  is  admitted.  To  accept  peace  earlier  would  be  to 
shirk  our  duty,  for  civilization  has  reached  the  crossroads.  One 
way  means  the  mailed  fist  and  the  will  of  the  strongest ;  the  other 
the  right  of  nations  to  enjoy  individual  culture." 

In  February  M.  Goremykin,  a  representative  of  the  Bureau- 
cracy, retired  from  the  Premiership  and  was  succeeded  by  Boris 
V.  Stuermer  who,  upon  the  resignation  of  M.  Sazonoff  in  July, 
assumed,  also,  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs.  In  an  interview 
given  the  correspondent  of  Le  Journal,  Paris,  (Mar.  20)  M.  Stuer- 
mer dealt  with  varied  statements  as  to  his  pro-German  views 
by  declaring  that  "with  equality  in  armaments  and  great  super- 
iority in  human  resources,  wre  must  be  victorious;  that  we  shall 
triumph  over  our  enemies  has  become  a  self-evident  truth  to 
the  Russian  peasant."  On  Nov.  24  M.  Stuermer  was  replaced  by 
Alex.  F.  Trepoff  and  for  the  first  time  in  Russian  history  there  was 
a  distinct  connection  between  the  wishes  of  the  Douma,  popular 
feeling  (as  to  the  high  prices  of  food)  and  a  change  in  Ministerial 
composition.  There  was  no  doubt  about  M.  Trepoff 's  position 
toward  the  Allies;  there  had  been  grave  doubt  as  to  that  of  M. 
Stuermer  who  was  persona  grata  to  the  German  press  and  appar- 
ently in  favour  of  a  separate  peace.  English  papers  upon  his 
retirement  openly  declared  it  a  defeat  to  pro-German  influences. 

During  December  came  a  revival  of  the  reactionaries  and  an 
increasing  activity  amongst  the  reformers,  with  debates  in  the 
Douma  which  were  at  times  violent.  There  had,  however,  gradually 
grown  up  a  co-operative  action,  between  the  Council  of  the  Empire 
— a  body  composed  of  retired  officers  and  functionaries  appointed 
by  the  Czar  with  a  leaven  of  elected  members — and  the  Douma 
which  promised  much  and,  indeed,  resulted  in  both  bodies  agree- 
ing upon  a  Resolution  which  urged  the  formation  of  a  Government 
capable  of  working  with  the  Legislature  and  strong  enough  to 
eliminate  irresponsible  influences  from  State  affairs.  A  curious 
personal  influence  was  interjected  into  the  situation  by  the  appoint- 
ment, in  October,  of  A.  D.  Protopopoff  as  Minister  of  the  Interior 
and  his  retention  in  the  Trepoff  Cabinet.  He  was  accused  of  being 
reactionary,  pro-German,  and  in  favour  of  an  early  peace.  On  the 
other  hand  M.  Pokrowsky,  the  new  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
was  acceptable  to  the  loyal,  progressive  element  and  the  Allies.  It 
will  be  of  interest  to  record  here  the  various  reforms  asked  for — 
though  not  always  in  organized  form  or  with  united  action — by 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     67 

various  parties   and  sections  in  Russia.     There  were    (1)    those 

desired  at  once  and  (2)  those  which  might  wait  till  after  the  War: 

I.    IMMEDIATE  BEFORMS. 

1.  Autonomy  for  Poland  under  the  Eussian  Parliament. 

2.  Full  civil  rights  for  Jews  and  removal  of  their  present  disability  in 
inhabiting  Eussia  proper. 

3.  Amnesty  for  all  political  prisoners. 

4.  Bemoval  of  disabilities  of  working  men  and  recognition  of  right  of 
organization  in  trade  unions. 

5.  Appointment  of  a  special  Minister  of  Munitions  and  eventually  of  a 
mixed   Munitions   Committee. 

6.  A  liberal  and  honest  policy  in  respect  to  Finland. 

7.  Complete    economy   and   emancipation    of    commerce,   especially    from 
German  restrictions. 

II.     BEFORMS  AFTER  THE  WAR. 

1.  Appointment   of   a   new   Legislative   body   elected   by   universal    male 
suffrage. 

2.  Autonomy  for  Lithuania,  Siberia  and  the  Caucasus. 

3.  Eeform  of  the  schools,  autonomy  for  the  universities,  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  secular  elementary  schools. 

4.  Eeforms  in  the  Church,  restriction  of  the  powers  of  the  Synod,  and 
the  restitution  of  the  Patriarch. 

5.  Eepeal  of   the   Statute  of   Zemstvos  of   1890   and   reform   of  munici- 
pal administration  where  the  power  is  exercised  by  great  land-owners. 

6.  Restriction   of  privileges   of  local   Governors   which   are   exercised   in 
defiance  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior. 

7.  Eestriction  of  the  powers  of  the  Upper   House — the   Council   of   the 
Empire. 

8.  Eesponsibility    of    Ministers. 

9.  Liberty  of  the  press,  of  speech,  and  of  assembly — in  a  word,  recog- 
nition of  the  essential  rights  conceded  in  the  Manifestoes  of  October,  1905, 
and  April,  1915. 

10.  Agrarian   reforms. 

During  the  War  the  All-Russian  Zemstvo  Union  and  the  Union 
of  Municipalities  had  become  very  vigorous  and  powerful ;  enormous 
sums  were  collected  by  them  for  war  purposes,  and  hospitals  and 
institutions  of  every  kind  maintained  at  the  Front  and  in  the 
interior;  organization  was  carried  out  upon  a  large  and  practical 
scale  which  would  have  been  deemed  impossible  a  few  years  before ; 
immense  supplies  of  clothing  and  food  and  motors  were  made  or 
obtained  and  handed  over  to  the  War  Office.  At  the  same  time  the 
Russian  Red  Cross  organization  had  become  one  of  the  largest 
and  richest  in  the  world  with  immense  financial  assistance  from 
the  nobles  in  the  Provinces,  but  managed  by  successful  business 
men  elected  from  the  municipalities.  As  illustrating  the  infinite 
diversity  of  Russian  life  the  following  Resolution  was  passed — 
cabled  to  London  from  Petrograd  on  Dec.  17 — by  the  General 
Congress  of  the  Associations  of  Nobility : 

The  Associations  of  Xobility,  faithful  from  time  immemorial  to  their 
Sovereign,  record  with  deep  regret  that  at  this  solemn  and  historic  time 
when  the  principles  of  monarchies  are  especially  important  for  the  main- 
tenance of  cohesion  and  unity,  the  immemorial  constitution  of  the  Empire  is 
being  shaken  severely  by  mysterious  and  irresponsible  influences  foreign  to 
legitimate  power,  which  are  filtering  into  the  administration  of  the  state. 
.  .  .  It  is  necessary  to  uproot  these  mysterious  influences  and  to  create 
a  strong  government,  Eussian  to  the  core,  possessing  the  confidence  of  the 
people  and  able  to  work  in  agreement  with  legislative  institutions,  but 
responsible  only  to  the  Monarch. 


68  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Meantime  the  Munitions  problem  had  been  in  process  of  solu- 
tion— to  some  extent,  at  least.  Lack  of  big  guns  and  munitions 
and  transport  facilities  had  been  the  cause  of  the  retreats  in 
Galicia  and  Poland,  the  prolonged  delays  on  various  fronts  from 
time  to  time.  On  May  2,  1916,  R.  L.  Newman,  an  expert  engineer 
who  had  been  employed  in  Russia  during  the  War,  told  the  Montreal 
Star  that  "at  the  present  time  their  own  home  factories  are  turn- 
ing out  ammunition  for  their  field  pieces  at  the  rate  of  2,000,000  a 
month,  or  36,000,000  a  year."  Graft,  bribery  and  incompetent 
officials  in  this  part  of  the  service  had  been  steadily  weeded  out 
and  increasing  efficiency  resulted,  while  the  Government-purchas- 
ing machinery  for  supplies  was  reformed  and  simplified.  During 
1915  and  the  first  part  of  1916  official  figures  stated  that  "the  pro- 
duction of  3-inch  guns  had  increased  eight  times,  of  4-inch  howitzers 
four  times,  of  4-inch  shells  nine  times,  of  6-inch  shells  five  times, 
of  3-inch  shells  19  times,  and  of  4  and  6-inch  bombs  16  times." 

In  May,  also,  the  Holy  Synod,  a  body  of  large  influence  in 
Russia — though  its  Metropolitan,  Pitirim,  wras  considered  a  pro- 
German — issued  an  appeal  to  Russian  artisans  not  to  strike  at  the 
secret  dictation  of  German  sympathizers  and  to  help  Munitions 
in  every  possible  way:  "Defend  your  just  interests  by  just 
measures,  but  when  secret  well-wishers  of  the  Germans  whisper  to 
you  that  for  this  it  is  necessary  to  suspend  the  production  of 
armaments,  do  not  believe  them.  .  .  .  Brother-workmen  betake 
yourselves  to  work  in  unity.  The  more  unitedly,  the  more  dili- 
gently you  work,  the  sooner  we  shall  finish  with  the  Germans,  and 
the  sooner  will  come  the  peace  which  we  all  desire."  Large  orders 
were  placed  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  and  arrangements 
were  made  to  direct  freight  via  Vancouver  or  Seattle  and  Vladivos- 
tock.  From  Seattle  on  May  24  went  one  shipment  of  $15,000,000 
in  war  supplies.  On  Nov.  30  it  was  reported  that  $80,000,000  in 
gold  and  securities  had  arrived  at  San  Francisco  as  payment  to 
the  United  States  for  munitions  and  railway  supplies,  and  that 
the  total  Russian  expenditure  to  date  in  the  Republic  was  $360,- 
000,000.  Meanwhile  Japan  had  been  pouring  in  supplies,  munitions 
and' big  guns. 

As  to  men  Russia  was  supposed  to  have  immense  numbers, 
ranging  from  9  millions,  available  when  armed  and  equipped,  to 
double  that  number  if  all  calls  were  made.  How  many  were  actually 
in  the  field  could  only  be  estimated  but  at  least  3,000,000  men  were 
require^  to  hold  the  long  war-fronts  of  1916  and  to  fight  aggressive 
actions,  while  the  casualties  must  have  been  very  heavy.  The 
Grand  Duke  Nicholas,  with  his  armies  in  the  Caucasus,  or  march- 
ing through  Persia,  or  conquering  Armenia,  had  several  objects 
in  view — the  protection  of  the  vast  Russian  Oil  fields  around  the 
Caspian  Sea,  the  capture  of  Trebizond,  a  useful  Black  Sea  port 
needed  for  wider  operations,  the  relief  of  the  Armenians,  the  cut- 
ting of  the  Bagdad  Railway,  if  possible,  and  junction  with  the 
British  troops  on  the  Tigris.  Part  of  this  programme  was  achieved. 
Early  in  June  General  Brusiloff  began  his  great  offensive  against 
the  Austrians  and  within  a  month  had  captured  235,000  prisoners, 


POWERS  OP  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     69 

an  estimated  total  of  250  large  guns  and  700  machine  guns,  with 
many  supplies  and  transports.  In  the  Volhynia  region  of  this  far- 
flung  battle  line  the  Austrians  were  driven  back  a  considerable 
distance;  a  large  part  of  Eastern  Galicia  was  over-run  and  Buko- 
wina  taken,  together  with  the  oft-captured  City  of  Czernowitz 
(June  17)  which  the  Russians  had  evacuated  on  Jan.  13;  through 
the  Carpathians  Hungary  was  once  more  threatened  but  not  suc- 
cessfully. German  soldiers  and  German  artillery  came  to  the 
rescue  of  the  crumpled-up  Austrians  and  the  advance  was  checked 
at  all  important  points. 

During  these  great  offensive  operations  there  were  a  dozen 
Russian  army  groups  involved  and  600  miles  of  battle-front  con- 
cerned, directly  or  indirectly,  with  three  main  divisions  under 
Generals  Kuropatkin,  Evert  and  Brusiloff,  respectively.  Under  the 
latter  Commander,  whose  troops  of  about  1,000,000  men  bore  the 
brunt  of  the  fighting,  were  four  generals — Sakharoff,  Keladin,  Cher- 
bacheff,  and  Lechitski — while  the  Austrian  leaders  directly  con- 
cerned were  the  Archduke  Priedrich  and  his  successor  General  Von 
Linsingen,  with  Von  Hindenburg  and  Prince  Leopold  holding  the 
Northern  forces  which  were  so  persistently  hammered  while  Brusil- 
off carried  on  his  drive.  Meanwhile,  more  and  more  Russian 
troops  were  being  prepared  and  others  getting  into  action — as 
with  the  3,000,000  men  who  were  said  to  have  become  available 
during  this  summer  period.  Six  contingents  of  Russian  troops, 
totalling  about  30,000,  reached  France  between  April  and  July  and 
appear  to  have  come  via  Manchuria  and  the  Suez  Canal,  or  about 
17,000  miles ;  others  joined  the  Allies  on  the  Macedonian  front  and, 
in  the  autumn,  armies  of  unknown  numbers  were  trying  to  check 
the  Germans  011  the  Transylvanian  and  Dobrudja  fronts  of  Rou- 
mania.  Of  the  military  situation  General  Brusiloff  said  in  an 
interview  with  the  Petrograd  correspondent  of  the  London  Chron- 
icle on  Sept.  6,  after  a  high  tribute  to  Britain  for  raising  her  army 
and  an  expressed  belief  that  peace  would  be  signed  in  August, 
1917: 

Now  the  closer  the  connection  between  the  Allies,  the  more  their  move- 
ments will  be  co-operative,  and  the  sooner  will  the  War  be  brought  to  an 
end.  It  is  absolutely  indispensable  that  all  the  Allied  armies  should  fight  at 
the  same  time,  without  interruption  Such  simultaneous  and  continuous  action 
is  calculated  to  bring  about  conditions  leading  to  rapid  success.  The  present 
war  is  one  in  which  it  is  impossible  for  us  to  lose  and  although  a  vast  deal 
remains  to  be  accomplished,  a  successful  result  is  ready  at  our  hands.  The 
game  is  already  won.  I  said  so  two  years  ago,  and  I  did  not  change  my  mind 
when  one  year  ago  the  dearth  of  munitions  obliged  us  to  undergo  great  trials. 

The  financial  resources  and  condition  of  Russia  were  little 
known  in  1914 ;  by  the  end  of  1916  they  were  being  studied  where- 
ever  the  world's  finances  were  of  importance.  Holding  territory 
twice  the  size  of  the  United  States  and  a  population  only  exceeded 
by  China  and  India  (174,000,000),  with  tremendous  undeveloped 
riches  in  agriculture  and  fisheries,  in  mines  of  iron-ore,  coal,  cop- 
per, silver,  graphite,  marble,  petroleum,  gold,  platinum  and  other 
minerals,  in  forests  and  in  all  the  elements  of  cattle-raising,  Russia 
had  much  to  commend  it  to  men  of  money  and  foresight.  Its  agri- 


70  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

cultural  production  of  1915  was  about  one-half  that  of  the  United 
States  (782  million  bushels),  with  more  horses  and  sheep  upon  its 
vast  plains  and  steppes  than  the  Republic  and  nearly  as  many 
cattle,  and  with,  also,  a  potato  product  of  1,300  million  bushels. 

According  to  statistics  compiled  in  an  able  pamphlet  issued  by 
the  National  City  Bank  of  New  York  in  June,  1916,  the  normal 
excess  of  Russian  exports  over  imports — varying  from  an  average 
of  159  million  dollars  in  1901-5  to  151  millions  in  1906-10,  and 
from  a  total  of  220  millions  in  1911  to  73  millions  in  1913 — had 
changed  to  an  excess  of  imports  totalling  369  millions  in  1916.  The 
closing  of  all  ports  except  Archangel  and  Vladivostock,  the  neces- 
sary embargo  upon  certain  exports,  the  stoppage  in  the  large  trade 
with  Germany  and  Austria,  and  the  essential  importation  of  war 
supplies,  were  the  obvious  causes.  In  1916,  however,  the  new  port 
of  Soroka  on  the  White  Sea,  and  a  Siberian  port  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Amur  River,  were  opened. 

Russia,  therefore,  without  a  favourable  trade  balance,  had  to 
meet  a  normal  yearly  total  of  from  150  to  200  millions  due  to  out- 
side nations,  finance  its  internal  military  preparations  and  armies, 
provide  for  and  assimilate  over  2,000,000  war  refugees  from  the 
over-run  regions,  purchase  large  war  supplies  abroad.  The 
National  Debt  totalled  $4,500,000,000  when  the  War  began  and 
the  National  wealth  was  estimated  at  $50,000,000,000  but  this  total 
was  much  below  the  real  value  of  national  resources  owing  to  the 
immense  private  wealth  of  the  Church  and  the  nobles.  In  address- 
ing the  Council  of  the  Empire  on  Apr.  13,  1916,  M.  Bark,  Minister 
of  Finance,  stated  that  Russian  war  expenditures  to  date  totalled 
$6,789,000,000,  or  a  little  less  than  France  and  $2,500,000,000  more 
than  Germany.  A  great  deal  of  money  for  war  and  general  pur- 
poses had  been  raised  internally— $8,000,000,000  in  1914,  $3,000,- 
000,000  in  1915  and  $4,250,000,000  in  1916.*  This  was  not  all  for 
direct  war  purposes  and  some  of  it  must  have  been  repaid  as  the 
increase  of  the  National  Debt  was  only  $10,500,000,000  during  this 
period. 

Meanwhile  the  Russian  peasant  was  receiving  nearly  two-thirds 
as  much  for  his  produce  while  the  deposits  in  the  Savings  Banks  had 
risen  by  $1,500,000,000  and,  according  to  official  figures  issued  by 
M.  Bark,  the  deposits  in  the  Commercial  banks  of  Russia  had 
increased  in  the  first  six  months  of  1916  by  over  $1,900,000,000  or 
450  per  cent.  At  the  same  time  the  gold  reserve  had  increased  from 
850  million  dollars  on  Jan.  1,  1914,  to  1,750  millions  on  Aug.  1, 
1916 ;  the  issue  of  paper  money  had  also  grown  largely — from  830 
millions  to  3,460  millions — but  the  bulk  of  this  increase  was  in 
1915  and  during  1916  the  addition  was  20%  compared  with  55% 
increase  in  the  gold  supply.  Russia  also  undertook,  at  this  time, 
to  begin  an  enormous  construction  of  Railways  and  plans  were 
developed  for  $600,000,000  of  increased  transportation  facilities — 
.to  be  backed  up  after  the  War  by  popular  savings  from,  in  part, 
the  elimination  of  Vodka.  Reliable  data  as  to  Russia's  bond  issues 

*NOTE. — Special  statement  by  Petrograd  correspondent  of  New  York  Post,  Dec.  30, 
1916. 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE  ;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     71 

up  to  the  summer  of  1916  was  issued  by  P.  M.  Halsey  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Commerce  and  showed  a  total  of  $2,055,000,- 
000.*  The  total  Loans  up  to  Aug.  1,  1916,  were  as  follows : 

First    internal,    5s     at    95    on    5.35    per    cent,    basis $    257,500,000 

Second  internal  loan    257,500,000 

Third  loan,  five-year  5  %  s 515,000,000 

Fourth   loan,    ten-year,    5%s     at    95    515,000,000 

Fifth  loan,    5  y2  s     at   95    1,030,000,000 

Four   per   cent,   bonds    309.000,000 

Treasury    bills,    5    per    cent 2,000,000,000 

Issues    discounted    in    England     642,886,860 

Issues   in   France    120,896,250 

Special   currency   loan    103,000,000 

Loan    in    Japan     25,000,000 

Three-year   6^    per  cent,   credit   in   United   States    50,000,000 


Total     $5,825,783,110 

With  Great  Britain  relations  were  excellent  except  when  efforts 
were  made  by  the  German  element  in  the  country  to  promote  dis- 
satisfaction with  Britain's  part  in  the  War.  At  the  beginning  of 
1 1916  the  situation  for  the  moment  was  rather  serious  and  official 
Russia  took  occasion  to  express  its  view  of  Britain's  position.  M. 
Sazonoff  cabled  The  Times  on  Jan.  3rd  that  "every  responsible 
Russian  believes  in  England.  We  are  absolutely  certain  that  our 
feelings  of  sincere  friendship  are  reciprocated  there,  and  we  have 
complete  faith  in  Great  Britain's  amity  and  in  her  loyalty  to  the 
Alliance.  We  take  no  notice  whatever  of  insinuations  coming  from 
outside  against  her  loyalty."  M.  Kulomozin,  President  of  the 
Council  of  the  Empire,  also  cabled  congratulations  to  the  English 
journal  upon  its  work  and  added:  "I  am  confident  that  Russia  will 
spare  no  efforts  to  attain  victory.  Our  independence  and  our 
business  alike  are  menaced  by  German  militarism.  As  for  the 
future,  I  pray  for  an  everlasting  Alliance  between  Russia  and 
Great  Britain."  A  little  later  (Jan.  30)  M.  Sazonoff  spoke  on 
international  relations  and  said  in  this  connection:  "All  rumours 
that  England  is  taking  only  a  minor  part  in  the  War — rumours 
which  our  enemies  spread  in  order  to  sow  discord  among  the  Allies 
— are  evidently  devoid  of  all  foundation.  To  dissipate  them  it  is 
only  necessary  to  recall  that  British  losses  are  estimated  at  25,000 
officers  and  600,000  men."  Sir  George  Buchanan,  British  Ambas- 
sador, took  the  unusual  course  of  making  a  public  speech  at  Petro- 
grad  (Jan.  18)  in  which  he  said: 

Eussia,  for  her  part,  in  spite  of  all  the  lies  spread  by  German  agents,  does 
not  doubt  our  determination  to  support  her  with  all  the  resources  of  the 
Empire.  The  Fleet,  as  she  knows,  has  rendered  the  Allies  services  which  it  is 
impossible  to  exaggerate,  and  the  command  of  the  sea  which  the  British 
Navy  has  secured  will  prove,  if  I  am  not  making  a  mistake,  a  deciding  factor 
in  the  War.  In  the  European  wars  of  the  eighteenth  century  we  supported 
our  Allies  with  our  Fleet  and  subsidized  a  small  number  of  troops.  Now  we 
have  raised  in  addition  an  army  that  will  soon  number  4,000,000.  We  have 
had  to  transport  to  various  theatres  of  war  a  million  and  a  half  of  men,  we 
have  assisted  our  Allies  with  transports  and  munitions,  and  have  sent  sub- 
marines to  co-operate  with  the  gallant  Russian  Navy  in  the  Baltic.  We  are 
financing  the  war  expenditure  of  our  Allies  to  the  enormous  amount  of  £422,- 
000,000.  Finally,  we  are  sacrificing  the  principles  of  voluntary  service,  en- 
deared to  us  by  secular  traditions  under  which  the  fabric  of  the  Empire  was 
built  up. 

*NOTE. — Special  information  as  to  Russia — its  finances  and  trade — was  issued  in 
1916  by  the  American-Russian  Chamber  of  Commerce  at  New  York  and  by  the  Canadian 
Department  of  Trade  and  Commerce  from  its  Russian  Commissioner  C.  P.  Just. 


72  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

During  1916  these  clouds  were  largely  scattered  and  the  situa- 
tion greatly  improved.  Russian  troops  on  the  Allied  fronts, 
British  monetary  advances  and  a  British  Naval  armoured  car  de- 
tachment, which  arrived  at  Moscow  in  July,  were  proofs  of  the 
change.  As  the  months  passed  Russia's  position  in  the  War  also 
chrystalized  in  policy.  Its  claims  to  Turkish  territory  took  definite 
form  in  a  demand  for  Constantinople  and  Adrianople,  both  shores 
of  the  Dardanelles  and  the  Bosphorus,  the  Northern  shore  of  the 
Sea  of  Marmora  and  its  islands  and  the  whole  of  Armenia,  with 
Kurdistan,  and  possession  of  both  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Alexan- 
dretta  where  the  Bagdad  Railway  approached  the  Mediterranean. 
As  to  Poland  it  was  to  comprise  Russian,  German  and  Austrian 
territories  occupied  by  the  Poles  with  a  position  semi-officially  an- 
nounced on  Nov.  15:  "Russia's  intention  is  to  create  a  complete 
Poland,  embracing  all  Polish  territories,  which  will  enjoy  the 
right,  when  the  War  is  ended,  of  freely  regulating  their  national, 
intellectual  and  economic  life  on  the  basis  of  autonomy  under  the 
sovereignty  of  Russia  and  maintaining  the  principle  of  a  united 
State."  At  the  close  of  the  year  two  important,  far-reaching  utter- 
ances were  made  in  Petrograd — one  by  the  Prime  Minister  in  the 
Douma,  the  other  by  the  British  Ambassador  in  a  public  speech : 

I.  Dec.  2,  M.  Trepoff  in   Douma.     The  vital  interests  of  Eussia  are  as 
well   understood   by    our    loyal    Allies    as    by    ourselves,    and    that    is   why    an 
agreement  which  we  concluded  in   1915  with  Great  Britain  and  France,  and 
to   which   Italy  has   adhered,   established   in   the   most    definitive   fashion   the, 
right  of  Eussia  to   the   Straits   and   to   Constantinople.      The   Eussian   people 
should  know  for  what  they  are  shedding  their  blood,  and  in  accord  with  our 
Allies  the  announcement  of  this  agreement  is  made  to-day  from  this  tribune. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  after  she  has  obtained  sovereign  possession  of  a  free 
passage  into  the  Mediterranean  Eussia  will  grant  freedom  of  navigation  for 
the  Eoumanian  flag,  which  now,  not  for  the  first  time,  floats  in  battle  side 
by  side  with  the  flag  of  Eussia. 

II.  Dec.    31.      Sir    George    Buchanan.      The    British    Government,    when 
first  approached  on  the  subject  of  Constantinople  and  the  Straits,  early  in  the 
spring  of   1915,  immediately   expressed   its   whole-hearted   assent.     We   want 
to    see    Eussia   largely    compensated    for    all    her    services    and    sacrifices;    we 
want  to  help  her  to  the  prize  she  has  so  long  dreamed  of;   we  want  to  see 
her    strong    and   prosperous,    and    we    want    to    consolidate    for    all    time    the 
alliance  which  this  War  has  cemented,  for  upon  its  maintenance  depends  the 
future  peace  of  the  world.     This  is  the  corner-stone  of  our  policy. 

Italy  did  its  share  in  the  world-war  during  1916  but  it  was  in 
the  main  a  local  and  indirect  one.  Except  for  a  small  force  in 
Albania  she  contributed  nothing  directly  to  the  Alliance  in  men, 
money  or  strength.  Indirectly  she  gave  aid  in  the  important  keep- 
ing of  one-half  to  a  million  Austrians  busy;  in  cutting  off  from 
Germany  and  Austria  enormous  supplies  of  all  kinds  which  had 
been  obtained  by  them  in  the  first  year  of  the  War ;  in  keeping  the 
Austrian  fleet  occupied  or  locked  up  in  its  ports.  As  with  Russia 
pre-war  conditions  had  included  practical  domination  of  the 
Italian  economic  life  by  Germany.  According  to  the  British  Export 
Gazette  (September  issue)  :  "Out  of  600  companies  trading  in 
Italy  no  fewer  than  327  had  been  fed  by  German  money.  The 
iron,  steel,  and  electrical  industries  were  absolutely  German  or 


POWERS  OF  THE  ENTENTE;  FRANCE,  RUSSIA,  ITALY,  IN  1916     73 

German-controlled.  German  banking  power  was  felt  in  business 
operations  of  every  description  and  sucked  up  profits  in  every  phase 
of  Italian  commercial  life. ' '  At  home  and  abroad  the  War  was  for 
Italy  a  national  one — a  house-cleaning  with  political  and  economic 
enemies  at  the  centre,  an  extension  of  territory  with  Italian  homes 
and  one-time  soil  in  Trieste  or  the  Trentino  as  the  external  object. 
As  King  Victor  Emmanuel  put  it  in  an  Order  of  May  24,  following 
celebrations  all  over  Italy : 

Soldiers  of  land  and  sea — Kesponding  with  enthusiasm  to  the  appeal  of 
the  country  a  year  ago,  you  hastened  to  fight,  in  conjunction  with  our  brave 
Allies,  our  hereditary  enemy,  and  assure  the  realization  of  our  national  claims. 
After  having  surmounted  difficulties  of  every  nature,  you  have  fought  in  a 
hundred  combats  and  won,  for  you  have  the  ideal  of  Italy  in  your  heart.  But 
the  country  again  asks  of  you  new  efforts  and  more  sacrifices.  I  do  not 
doubt  that  you  will  know  how  to  give  new  proofs  of  bravery  and  force  of 
mind.  The  country,  proud  and  grateful,  sustains  you  in  your  arduous  task 
by  its  fervent  affections,  its  calm  demeanour,  and  its  admirable  confidence. 

In  June  Signer  Salandra  resigned  the  Premiership  and  was 
succeeded  on  the  13th  by  Paolo  Boselli,  a  veteran  politician  and 
ex-Minister.  This  incident  marked  the  final  defeat  of  Giolitti  and 
his  pro-German  followers  and  the  end  of  a  process  under  which 
the  curious  relations  with  Germany  were  reaching  a  climax.  Italy 
was  not  at  war  with  Germany  yet  had  agreed  with  the  Allies  not 
to  sign  a  separate  peace  and  had  taken  part  in  forming  a  permanent 
War  Council  of  the  Allied  Powers,  while  the  latter  were  pressing 
for  the  use  of  Italy's  surplus  troops  on  other  fronts  where  they 
would  necessarily  come  in  contact  with  the  Germans.  On  Feb.  29 
Rome  requisitioned  34  German  steamships  interned  in  Italian  ports 
and  a  little  later  sent  troops  to  Salonika,  while  German  officers 
were  known  to  be  concerned  in  the  defence  of  Trieste.  On  Aug.  6 
the  Commercial  treaty  still  in  operation  with  Germany  was  de- 
nounced and  control  assumed  over  all  concerns  financed  by  German 
capital ;  on  Aug.  28  war  was  declared  against  Germany  and  ended 
the  doubtful  and  complex  situation  hitherto  existing.  The  follow- 
ing were  the  chief  reasons  given : 

(1)  The  surrender  to  our  enemy  by  the  German  Government  of  Italian 
prisoners  who  had  escaped  from  Austro-Hungarian  concentration  camps  and 
had  taken  refuge  in  German  territory. 

(2)  The    invitation    addressed    to    credit    establishments    and    German 
bankers,   at   the   initiative   of   the   Imperial    Department   of   the   Ministry   of 
Foreign  Affairs,  to  consider  all  Italian  subjects  as  alien  enemies,  and  to  post- 
pone all  payments  which  might  be  due  to  them. 

(3)  The   suspension   of   the   payments   to   Italian   workmen   of   pensions 
owing  to  them  in  view  of  the  formal  declarations  of  German  law. 

During  the  year  Italy's  land  battles  continued  to  make  a  won- 
derful story  in  mountain  fighting,  skilled  endurance  and  unshaken 
courage.  It  was  much  more  of  a  continuous  campaign  than  that  of 
the  Western  front.  It  included  the  offensive  of  the  Austrians  in 
the  Trentino  and  the  Italian  counter  strokes,  the  Isonzo  offensive 
and  the  Carso  drive.  From  the  first  Italians  fought  over  a  front  of 
500  miles  where  almost  impassable  mountain  ranges  of  10,000  and 
more  feet  in  height  were  overcome  and  strategic  positions  fortified 
by  Austrian  troops,  in  apparently  supreme  sway,  were  captured, 


74  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

while  ammunition,  guns  and  supplies  were  successfully  carried  over 
immense  obstacles.  Austria  had  lain  in  the  mountains  with  the 
sun-lit  plains  and  historic  shrines  of  Italy  below.  Yet  part  of 
the  mighty  passes  in  the  Trentino  had  been  captured;  the  war  of 
the  High  Alps,  of  the  Dolomites  and  the  Carnia,  had  been  carried 
on  with  varying  success;  the  struggle  along  the  sea  or  the  Isonzo 
front  had  resulted  in  thousands  of  prisoners  being  captured,  250,- 
000  Austrians  killed  or  wounded;  in  the  most  terrible  country  of 
all  to  overcome,  the  rock-ribbed  Carso  on  the  road  to  Trieste,  a 
degree  of  mastery  had  been  attained. 

Through  all  these  struggles,  with  practically  four  campaigns 
underway,  with  only  a  million  troops  available  at  first  and  many 
of  these  untrained  but  with  a  steady  increase  until  the  end  of  1916 
when  there  were  about  3,000,000  men  under  arms,  Italy  held  her 
gates  free  except  in  the  one  Austrian  drive  during  the  spring  of 
1916,  when,  with  an  organized  local  superiority  of  men  and  guns, 
the  Austrians  poured  through  the  valleys  of  the  Adige  and  Brenta 
and  were  stopped  only  within  sight  of  historic  Veneto.  Then  they 
were  driven  back  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  held  only  a  rocky 
square  of  100  miles  along  the  Trentino  border  and  upon  Italian 
soil.  There  had  followed  the  August  drive  of  the  Italians  along  the 
Isonzo  and  the  capture  of  Gorizia  with  the  October  campaign  in 
the  Lower  Carso  which  culminated  in  an  Italian  approach  within  a 
few  miles  of  Trieste.  The  Commander-in-Chief  in  all  these  opera- 
tions, General,  Count  Luigi  Cadorna,  dominated  the  Italian  mili- 
tary situation,  held  frequent  conferences  with  representatives  of 
the  French  General  Staff,  with  Lord  Kitchener  and  with  the  later 
Allied  War  Council. 

Financially  Italy  was  able  to  hold  her  own  though  not  in  very 
good  shape,  owing  to  the  Tripoli  campaign,  when  the  War  began. 
Her  National  wealth  ran  in  estimates  from  10,000  to  20,000  million 
dollars;  the  National  Debt  was  2,800  millions  for  a  population  of 
35,000,000 ;  the  war  expenses  from  May  up  to  the  close  of  1915  were 
$800,000,000.  Up  to  Aug.  1,  1916,  a  total  of  1,465  millions  had  been 
borrowed  of  which  250  millions  was  a  British  war  credit  for  sup- 
plies and  25  millions  a  Loan  in  the  United  States. 

As  the  year  1916  came  to  a  close  Italy  was  coming  more  closely 
and  clearly  into  the  Allied  circle.  A  Pacifist  Resolution  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  was  defeated  by  342  to  47 — the  latter  chiefly 
Socialists;  in  the  same  month  the  class  of  1896  was  called  to  the 
colours  one  year  in  advance ;  in  a  speech  to  the  House  on  Dec.  5 
Signor  Boselli  reiterated  the  purpose  of  Italy  to  maintain  the  War, 
with  her  Allies,  until  the  restoration  of  Belgium,  Serbia  and  Mon- 
tenegro was  accomplished.  He  termed  this  "the  noble  and  essen- 
tial object  of  the  War."  The  official  announcement  was  made 
that  2,100  factories  were  working  on  war  material  with  one-fifth 
of  the  employees  women.  The  Premier  in  his  speech  of  Dec.  5 
declared  that  Valona  in  Albania  would  be  Italy's  strategic  post  on 
the  Adriatic  and  that  from  there  would  radiate  her  future  commer- 
cial expansion  in  the  Balkans.  The  exact  territorial  ambitions  of 
Italy,  in  case  of  Turkish  dissolution,  were  not  officially  defined  but 


THE  BALKANS  AND  THE  WAR  ;  A  TEUTON  SUCCESS  IN  1916      75 


Teuton  Success 
in  1916 


76  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

upon  whose  markets  our  produce  will  be  placed.  .  .  .  It  is 
natural  that  the  future  Serbia  or,  rather,  the  United  Southern 
Slav  people,  will  be  a  somewhat  different  State  from  what  Serbia 
has  been  in  the  past.  The  new  Serbia  will  necessarily  become  more 
Western,  more  European  than  the  purely  Balkan  Serbia  of  old 
could  possibly  be.  A  State  that  includes  5,000,000  Catholic  South- 
ern Slavs  within  its  borders  will  necessarily  be  a  State  tolerant 
and  respectful  of  religious  and  political  liberty."  During  the 
year  the  Serbian  refugee  army,  nursed  in  its  first  miseries  by 
British  generosity,  revived  and  fed  and  clothed  and  trained  by 
Allied  action,  came  into  its  own,  was  assigned  by  General  Sarrail 
the  most  formidable  position  in  the  proposed  line  of  advance  from 
Salonika  and  ultimately,  after  actions  of  conspicuous  skill  and 
courage,  defeated  the  Bulgarians  again  and  again,  won  its  way  to 
the  re-capture  of  Monastir  and  stood  once  more  on  Serbian  soil. 

Actuated  by  purely  national  ideals  and  ambitions,  anxious  to 
round-out  her  racial  and  territorial  conditions  by  the  acquisition 
of  Transylvania  and  Russian  concessions  in  Bessarabia,  believing 
the  great  Brusiloff  offensive  to  mark  Russian  mastery  on  the  Aus- 
trian and  Balkan  fronts,  affected  sentimentally  by  racial  sympathies 
with  Russia  and  intellectual  influences  from  France,  Roumania 
came  into  the  War.  She  had  been  kept,  by  the  late  King  Carol's 
German  birth  and  feelings,  by  a  lack  of  armament  and,  perhaps, 
by  a  lack  of  faith  in  Allied  success,  from  coming  in  before.  With 
Russia,  however,  in  possible  occupation  of  Constantinople  and 
able  to  strangle  Roumania  commercially  by  its  control  of  the 
Dardanelles  and  the  only  waterway  through  which  its  bulky  ex- 
ports of  wheat,  petroleum  and  timber  could  pass,  it  became  essen- 
tial for  the  lesser  country  to  be  on  the  right  side.  With  her  8,000,- 
000  people  and  a  possible  addition  of  4,000,000  more  from  Transyl- 
vania and  the  Bariat,  with  its  imports  of  $118,000,000  and  exports 
of  $134,000,000,  with  an  army  generally  assumed  to  number  500,000, 
with  great  agricultural  riches  and  petroleum  production,  Roumania 
appeared  to  be  a  factor  of  importance. 

Take  Jonescu,  the  Opposition  Liberal  leader  in  her  Parliament, 
had  been  an  early  and  strong  advocate  of  intervention.  On  Jan. 
4  he  declared  that :  ' '  Roumanians  of  common  sense  know  that  our 
national  unity  and  honour  will  compel  us  to  fight  with  the  Entente 
Allies  whose  victory  is  certain  despite  Germany's  ephemeral  suc- 
cesses in  the  Balkans,  due  to  Bulgaria's  perfidy  and  the  coup  d'etat 
of  the  Greek  King,  who  took  up  an  attitude  contrary  to  the  wishes 
and  interests  of  his  people."  For  months,  however,  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding period,  Roumania  continued  to  play  the  neutral  with  its 
affairs  in  the  hands  of  M.  Bratiano,  a  statesman  noted  for  caution 
and  foresight.  German  agitators  and  concealed  sympathizers,  Ger- 
man trade  and  diplomacy  and  money,  and  possible  victory,  con- 
tinued to  be  factors,  and  it  was  not  until  August  that  the  pendulum 
swung  slowly  and  surely  toward  the  Allies,  with  satisfaction  of 
national  aspirations  as  the  avowed  reason.  War  was  declared 
against  Germany  on  Aug.  27th  and  on  the  28th  'Count  Czernin, 
Austro-Hungarian  Minister  at  Bucharest,  received  a  Note  from  the 


THE  BALKANS  AND  THE  WAR  ;  A  TEUTON  SUCCESS  IN  1916      77 

mmanian  Government  summarizing  their  reasons,  which  may  be 
fiven  as  follows : 

1.  The  Triple  Alliance,  to  which  Boumania  was  indirectly  a  party,  was 
broken  when  Italy  declared  war  against  Austria-Hungary. 

2.  Austria-Hungary's  assurances  that  it  was  not  inspired  by  a  spirit  of 
conquest  or  territorial  gains,  in  attacking  Serbia,  have  not  been  fulfilled. 

3.  Eoumania  is  confronted  with  territorial  and  political  changes  menac- 
ing her  future. 

4.  Roumanians    in    Hungary    suffered    oppression,    arousing    a    continual 
state  of  animosity  between  the  two  races. 

5.  Boumania  desires  to  hasten  the  end  of  the  War,  safeguard  her  racial 
interests,  and  realize  her  national  unity. 

The  peoples  of  the  Entente  Alliance  hoped  much  from  Rou- 
mania;  whether  their  rulers  did  so  or  not  was  far  from  clear  in 
1916,  though  they  expressed  much  gratification  at  the  event  as  a 
proof  that  they  were  the  heirs  to  victory.  They  surely  must  have 
been  aware,  however,  of  the  absence  of  big  guns,  the  shortage  in 
munitions,  the  impetuous  intentions  of  the  political  leaders  which 
at  first  controlled  the  nation's  war  strategy.  The  German  rulers 
resented  the  action,  though  they,  probably,  had  anticipated  it  in 
their  preparations ;  their  public  resented  it  because  some  time  before 
ammunition  in  quantities  had  been  exchanged  for  Roumanian 
grain.  Considerable  financial  interests  were  concerned  and,  while 
a  large  part  of  the  purchase  price  of  the  Roumanian  1915  crop 
remained  in  the  Reichbank,  large  amounts  of  German  capital  were 
invested  in  Roumania  and  part  of  the  Roumanian  National  Debt 
was  held  in  Germany. 

The  Queen  of  Roumania,  a  daughter  of  the  late  Duke  of  Edin- 
burgh and  a  great  grand-daughter  of  Czar  Nicholas  I,  was  strongly 
in  sympathy  with  the  Allies  and  may  have  had  an  influence  over  her 
husband  similar  to  the  alleged  influence  of  the  Kaiser's  sister  over 
her  husband,  the  Greek  King.  The  first  results  of  Roumanian 
action  were  the  shipping  of  French  guns  and  munitions  from  Rus- 
sia, the  sending  of  other  war  material  from  France,  the  purchase  by 
Great  Britain  of  the  new  1916  crop  and  advance  of  needed  money, 
the  promise  of  troops  from  Russia,  the  shipment  of  war  equipment 
from  Italy. 

Then  followed  the  dash  into  Transylvania,  the  winning  of  the 
passes,  the  capture  of  various  towns,  the  over-running  of  much 
territory,  the  proud  feeling  of  conquest  which  did  not  last  long. 
They  had  left  their  own  southern  frontier  unprotected  and  slowly, 
relentlessly,  the  carefully  worked  out  schemes  of  Von  Hindenburg 
were  carried  through  by  Von  Falkenhayn  and  Von  Mackensen.  The 
Roumanian  troops  were  driven  back,  the  passes  of  the  Carpathians 
stormed,  the  plains  of  Roumania  occupied  and  the  German  drive 
carried  into  Bucharest  and  a  little  beyond,  while  Von  Mackensen 
occupied  the  Dobrudja,  captured  Turtukan  and  Sillistria  and  Cont- 
stanza,  the  Czernavoda  Bridge  and  the  control  of  the- lower  Danube. 
More  than  half  of  Roumania  with  its  capital  and  great  oil-fields,  at 
the  close  of  1916,  were  in  German  hands  but,  though  partly  over- 
run, the  country  was  not  conquered,  the  people  were  unsubdued, 
the  armies  were  safe  in  the  main,  though  bedraggled  and  driven 
from  pillar  to  post. 


78  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Russians  came  in  time  to  prevent  the  conquest  of  the 
whole  country  and,  as  winter  settled  down  upon  the  scene,  held 
the  invaders  on  the  Sereth  and  stopped  their  further  advance.  The 
campaign  appears  to  have  been  a  series  of  blunders  or  misfortunes, 
and  Frederick  Palmer,  the  able  United  States  war  correspondent, 
put  his  finger  on  the  facts  when  he  said  at  New  York  on  Nov.  16 
that  "at  the  start  the  Roumanians  ran  away  with  the  bait.  They 
would  not  listen  to  the  advice  of  the  Allied  commanders.  They 
wanted  Transylvania,  and  started  through  the  passes  to  take  it, 
closing  their  eyes  to  Bulgaria  (whose  forces  were  in  Dobrudja). 
Indeed,  they  thought  they  had  assurances  that  Bulgaria  would  not 
join  in;  but  nobody  ought  to  have  known  better  than  they  that 
assurances  are  poor  collateral  in  the  Balkans.  The  Germans 
gathered  all  the  Turks  and  Bulgars  possible,  on  the  one  hand,  and, 
on  the  other,  all  available  Germans,  Austriaris  and  Hungarians; 
and,  with  the  best  generals  and  every  gun  that  they  could  concen- 
trate, attempted  another  drive  such  as  they  had  made  against 
Belgium,  Serbia  and  Poland."  That  was  checked  but  much  harm 
was  done ;  injury  to  the  Allied  cause  which  would  have  been  most 
serious  had  the  oil-fields  not  been  carefully  put  out  of  business  by 
a  contingent  of  British  engineers  under  Col.  Norton  Griffiths,  M.P., 
before  they  were  captured. 

The  incapable  Roumanian  commanders  were  then  changed, 
French  officers  re-organized  the  army  and  Russian  troops  took  hold 
of  the  lines  of  defence.  There  had,  also,  been  unexplained  delays 
in  the  promised  Russian  aid,  though  difficulties  were  many  and 
obvious  enough  in  that  connection,  while  the  hoped-for  Salonika 
advance  was  largely  a  failure — due,  in  some  degree,  to  a  lack  of 
guns  and  munitions,  and  in  part  to  the  danger  of  the  Greek  army 
in  the  rear.  From  being  a  source  of  potential  strength  to  the 
Allies  and  a  menace  to  the  Teutons,  Roumania  had  been  changed 
within  two  months  to  a  source  of  recuperative  power  for  the  Ger- 
mans and  another  bit  of  needed  prestige  for  their  armies;  an 
object  of  defence  and  protection  requiring  more  men  and  money 
and  munitions  from  Allied  sources.  On  the  other  hand  the  300,000 
men  engaged  in  the  campaign  were  only  partially  gone — at  the 
most,  100,000  of  them ;  enough  remained,  with  the  additions  to  be 
called  out,  to  make  another  and  more  efficient  army  after  a  stage 
of  equipment  and  recuperation. 

Incidents  of  this  period  included  the  establishment  of  Prohibi- 
tion in  Roumania,  as  a  War  measure;  the  effective  use  of  British 
armoured  automobiles  in  the  final  checking  of  the  German  advance ; 
the  aid  given  by  pro-German  Roumanians  to  the  Teuton  armies  and 
the  presence,  with  the  invaders,  of  Prince  Auton  Karl  of  Hohen- 
zollern,  brother  of  King  Ferdinand,  as  one  of  their  Commanders, 
and  issuance  of  a  proclamation  from  Craiova  declaring  himself 
to  be  the  rightful  heir  to  the  Roumanian  throne.  Another  brother, 
Prince  William,  was  also  a  General  in  the  German  service.  As  to 
finances  Roumania  had,  up  to  her  entrance  into  the  War,  obtained 
$70,000,000  from  internal  loans  for  purposes  incidental  to  the 


THE  BALKANS  AND  THE  WAR;  A  TEUTON  SUCCESS  IN  1916      79 

ar,  of  which  the  estimated  cost,  up  to  March,  1917,  was  $450,- 
000,000. 

Greece,  to  the  outside  world  during  1916,  was  a  mystery,  its 
diplomacy  and  policy  a  maze  and  tangle  of  conflicting  actions,  its 
treatment  by  the  Allies  a  subject  of  hostile  criticism  or  friendly 
amazement.  The  real  situation,  probably,  was  a  mixture  of  high 
politics  and  strategical  considerations  on  the  part  of  the  Allies ;  of 
a  tortuous  but  persistent  effort  by  a  Germanized  King  to  (1)  keep 
his  people  from  following  their  natural  interests  and  aspirations 
and  joining  the  Entente,  and  (2)  do  as  much  injury  to  the  latter 
by  delays  and  unceasingly  new  complications  as  was  possible.  King 
Constantine  believed  that  the  Germans  would  eventually  reach 
him  and  save  his  position ;  he  knew  that  neither  the  Russian  Czar 
nor  the  King  of  Italy  had  any  desire  to  see  a  Republic  set  up  in  the 
Balkans  which — it  was  thought — without  any  apparent  basis — 
might  develop  if  Venizelos  had  his  way;  he  knew,  also,  that  while 
the  Venizelist  policy  spelt  revolution  to  Russia  it  meant  a  Greater 
Greece  which  might  have  run  counter  to  Italy's  ambitions;  his 
wife,  as  the  Kaiser's  sister,  may  have  kept  German  power  and 
German  policy  before  him,  though  her  influence  was  greatly  exag- 
gerated; his  military  strength,  though  not  great,  would  in  certain 
possible  junctures  have  enabled  him  to  throw  a  German-led  army 
upon  the  backs  of  the  Salonika  forces. 

On  the  other  hand  the  Allies  had  absolute  command  of  the  sea 
and  geographical  conditions  made  it  possible  for  them  to  stop 
Greek  trade  and  practically  starve  the  Greek  nation,  should  they 
desire  to  do  so ;  though  strenuous  action  would  be  construed  abroad 
as  an  attack  upon  a  small  neutral1  nation — a  German  offset  for 
Belgium.  Another,  and  one  of  the  chief  Allied  difficulties,  was 
the  ever-present,  multiform  work,  of  German  spies  and  influence, 
of  German  intrigue  with  Baron  Shenck  as  the  central  figure,  backed 
by  German  credentials,  money  and  the  local  Embassy.  Greek 
newspapers,  facile  politicians,  frankly  Germanized  officers  and 
men,  an  ignorant  populace,  made  easy  marks  when  handled  by  a 
clever  personage  with  lots  of  money  and  Court  influence  behind 
him.  When  Shenck  and  the  enemy  Embassies  were  cleaned  out  it 
was  too  late — the  harm  was  done. 

Whatever  the  reasons  Greece  was  treated  with  a  consideration 
which  often  spelled  weakness  and  vacillation  to  the  outside  world. 
The  occupation  of  Salonika,  originally  undertaken  to  help  the 
Greeks  in  their  treaty-pledged  support  of  Serbia  and  by  invitation 
of  Venizelos  when  Premier,  wras  maintained  to  aid  in  winning 
back  that  unfortunate  country  after  Constantine  had  deserted  it 
and  the  Allies  were  not  strong  enough  to  advance  alone.  With 
Salonika,  and  as  a  strategic  part  of  the  policy  made  necessary 
by  the  Greek  King's  tortuous  action,  there  were,  also  occupied  by 
the  Allies,  Lemnos,  Imbros,  Mytilene,  Castelloriza,  Corfu,  a  part  of 
Macedonia  and  the  Chalcidice  Peninsula.  In  an  appeal  to  the 
United  States,  by  way  of  an  Associated  Press  interview,  the  King, 
on  Jan.  13,  denounced  the  Allied  treatment  of  Greece  as  on  a  par 
with  the  German  action  in  Belgium.  His  Majesty's  comments  were 


80  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

sufficiently  tart:  ''The  history  of  the  Balkan  policies  of  the  Allies 
is  a  record  of  one  crass  mistake  after  another,  and  now,  through 
pique  over  the  failure  of  their  every  Balkan  calculation,  they  try 
to  unload  on  Greece  the  result  of  their  own  stupidity.  We  warned 
them  that  the  Gallipoli  enterprise  was  bound  to  fail,  that  negotia- 
tions with  Bulgaria  would  be  fruitless,  and  that  the  Austro-Germans 
would  certainly  crush  Serbia.  They  would  not  believe  us,  and 
now,  like  angry,  unreasonable  children,  the  Entente  powers  turn 
upon  Greece."  As  to  the  War  itself  he  declared  it  would  be  a 
draw. 

The  Allied  answer  to  these  statements  was  indirect  only.  The 
occupations  of  territory  were  admittedly  temporary  in  a  cause  with 
which  the  Greek  people,  if  not  the  King,  were  in  sympathy ;  Salon- 
ika was  first  used  to  succour  Serbia,  the  Ally  of  Greece,  and  its 
occupation  welcomed  by  the  people,  while  in  Belgium  the  whole 
world  knew  what  had  happened;  Germans  and  Austrians  were 
found  to  be  using  Greek  islands  and  harbours  for  their  submarines 
and  this  made  further  Allied  occupations  necessary;  the  Greek 
Government  believed  in  and  wanted  to  share  in  the  Gallipoli  cam- 
paign, but  their  demands  were  so  extreme  that  the  Allies  declined. 
Prince  Nicholas,  a  brother  of  the  King,  in  a  statement  published  on 
Feb.  13,  declared  that  Greece  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  had 
declined  the  request  of  the  Central  Powers  to  join  them ;  at  a 
later  stage  she  declined  to  join  the  Entente  group  but  promised 
" benevolent  neutrality."  The  Serbian  treaty,  he  stated,  was  one 
applicable  to  Balkan  conditions  only  and  Hot  to  a  war  with  Ger- 
many and  Austria.  Following  this  the  Venizelists  were  not  idle  and 
at  a  great  pro- Ally  demonstration  in  Athens  on  Aug.  27  Resolutions 
were  passed  for  presentation  to  the  King,  declaring  that  he  had 
fallen  a  victim  to  evil  advisers  who  sought  to  nullify  the  Revolu- 
tion of  1909,  and  achieve  a  return  to  the  former  state  of  misgovern- 
ment;  that  he  accepted  advisers  of  purely  military  and  oligarchi- 
cal ideas  who  had  persuaded  him  that  Germany  must  be  victorious; 
that  these  advisers  hoped  to  set  aside  the  free  constitution  of  Greece 
and  concentrate  absolute  power  in  Royal  hands. 

In  an  interview  given  out  at  Athens  on  Sept.  20  M.  Venizelos 
described  the  situation  under  Bulgarian  invasion  and  the  Gov- 
ernment's inaction  as  deplorable.  "Our  boundaries  have  been 
invaded ;  towns,  crops  and  farms  have  been  destroyed,  and  horrors 
enacted.  We  have  had  all  the  feelings  of  war  and  the  cost  of  main- 
taining a  useless  mobilization.  The  morale  of  the  army,  which 
three  years  ago  was  at  the  topmost  pitch,  has  been  destroyed  by 
inaction  and  is  now  completely  gone.  We  have  an  army  corps  of 
Greeks  held  prisoners  of  war  in  a  foreign  country  (kidnapped  by 
Germany)  and  already  we  have  paid  the  Bulgars  an  immense  war 
indemnity,  amounting  in  military  equipment,  property  destroyed 
and  loot  of  Greek  cities  occupied,  to  over  $40,000,000."  About 
the  same  time  the  Liberal  leader  left  for  Crete  in  order  to  establish 
a  Provisional  Government  which  should  have  war  as  a  policy  and 
the  closest  co-operation  with  the  Allies.  He  was  joined  by  Admiral 
Conduriotes,  Commander  of  the  Greek  Navy,  and  most  of  the  Fleet 


PORTUGAL  AND  JAPAN;  THE  LESSER  NEUTRAL  NATIONS          81 

followed  suit.    At  a  Salonika  banquet  on  Oct.  14  M.  Venizelos  spoke 
out  in  clear  language: 

The  Greek  people  have  been  led  to  the  brink  of  a  precipice  by  a  con- 
scienceless Monarchy,  which  has  made  common  cause  with  the  politicians  of 
our  decadent  epoch.  When  this  great  War  afforded  us  the  opportunity  of 
realizing  our  national  ideals  our  people  were  prevented  from  pursuing  the 
path  to  their  glory  because  of  an  alliance  with  hereditary  enemies.  King 
Constantino  believes  himself  King  by  the  grace  of  God.  This  conception  is 
diametrically  opposed  to  the  mind  of  the  nation,  which  admits  of  a  regime  of 
Royalty,  but  desires  that  Royalty  shall  be  democratic. 

On  Nov.  25th  his  Provisional  Government  declared  war  against 
Germany  and  Bulgaria,  and  Venizelos  with  his  followers  joined 
the  Allies  at  the  Front.  On  Dec.  1st  occurred  the  riot  at  Athens. 
The  city  had  been  partially  occupied  by  Allied  troops  in  order  to 
ensure  compliance  with  certain  demands,  and  a  force  of  about 
3,000  appears  to  have  been  wantonly  attacked  by  the  King's  sol- 
diers, armed  with  rifles  and  machine  guns,  and  placed  in  excellent 
positions,  with  numbers  stated  as  high  as  25,000 — after  the  veil  of 
the  censor  was  lifted.  Many  lives  were  lost  and  the  Allies  with- 
drew. A  night  of  terror  followed  at  the  hands  of  reservists  and 
about  2,000  Venizelists,  or  so-called  rebels,  were  arrested  and  a 
hundred  or  so  killed.  To  neutral  nations  an  appeal  followed  from 
the  Greek  Government,  pointing  to  the  seizure  of  part  of  its  Fleet, 
the  restrictions  of  the  blockade — imposed  until  guarantees  and  terms 
were  accepted, — the  stoppage  of  trade  and  foreign  control  of  some 
of  its  public  services.  The  Government  intended  to  refuse  the  last 
demand  of  the  Allies  for  the  surrender  of  war  material  and  was 
said  to  be  supported  by  the  army.  Hence,  no  doubt,  the  "riot"  as 
a  final  resource.  On  Dec.  7  a  formal  blockade  of  Greece  was  an- 
nounced by  the  Allies  and  was  maintained  up  to  the  close  of  the 
year.  On  the  9th  Viscount  Grey,  British  Foreign  Minister,  issued 
a  statement  as  to  Greece,  in  which  he  said : 

The  Greek  posts,  telegraphs  and  wireless  stations  were  being  used  to  the 
prejudice  of  the  Allies.  The  police  and  so-called  reservist  associations  were 
becoming  centres  of  anti-Ally  propaganda,  and  the  enemy  legations  had 
become  the  agencies  of  an  elaborate  system  of  espionage.  These  dangers  had 
to  be  averted,  and  it  was  also  necessary  to  ask  the  Greek  Government  to  hand 
over  to  the  Allies  an  equivalent  amount  of  war  material  to  that  with  which  it 
had  furnished  the  Central  Powers  by  the  pre-arranged  surrender  of  Fort 
Rupel  and  Kavala.  This  the  King  had  spontaneously  offered  to  hand  over 
to  the  Allies,  and  when  the  obligation  was  not  fulfilled  the  demand  for  the 
surrender  of  the  material  was  the  cause  for  the  recent  grave  disturbance. 
Allied  troops  were  landed  to  enforce  this  demand,  and,  although  a  definite 
promise  had  been  given  by  the  King  and  Government  that  order  would  be 
maintained  and  that  Greek  Royalist  troops  would  in  no  case  begin  hostilities, 
the  Allied  troops  were  treacherously  attacked  and  suffered  considerable  losses. 
The  Royalists  also  took  advantage  of  the  situation  to  treat  the  adherents  of 
M.  Venizelos,  who  are  in  the  minority  in  Athens  itself,  with  the  grossest 
brutality,  of  which  particulars  are  now  beginning  to  arrive. 

Portugal  had  been  on  the  verge  of  war  with  Ger- 
^many  ever  since  August,  1914.    Its  Colonies  in  Africa 
d  been  raided  by  Germans,  its  shipping,  as  with  all 
Neutral  Nations   neutrals,  more  or  less  injured  by  submarines,  its  old- 
time  Alliance,  beginning  as  far  back  as  1373,  with 
Britain,  was  at  stake  and  would  have  involved  war  at  once  had 
6 


82  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Great  Britain  asked  for  aid.  A  strong  internal  party  urged  inter- 
vention, and  troops  were  sent  to  strengthen  Portuguese  East  Africa, 
which  ran  along  the  southern  frontier  of  German  East  Africa.  On 
Feb.  23,  1916,  German  ships  in  Portuguese  ports  were  seized  and 
utilized  in  current  commerce.  On  Mar.  9  Germany  declared  war 
on  Portugal  with  the  seizure  of  the  ships  as  the  chief  reason  given 
but  with,  also,  the  enumeration  of  various  alleged  breaches  of 
neutrality  such  as  the  permission  of  free  passage  to  British  troops 
through  the  Colony  of  Mozambique;  permission  given  to  British 
men-of-war  to  use  Portuguese  ports  for  a  time  exceeding  that  given 
neutrals;  permission  given  the  British  Navy  to  use  Madeira  as  a 
naval  base;  actual  engagement  between  Portuguese  and  German 
troops  on  the  frontier  of  German  Southwest  Africa  and  Angola; 
frequent  insults  to  the  German  nation  by  members  of  the  Portu- 
guese Parliament,  who  were  never  reprimanded. 

Portugal's  Colonies  were  important  and,  had  Germany  con- 
trolled the  seas,  would  have  been  pleasant  prey  to  her  Navy;  its 
population,  however,  was  less  than  6,000,000,  its  trade  only  $150,- 
000,000,  its  army  about  30,000  men  with  reserves  of  200,000.  It 
was  pointed  out  by  Portugal  that  compensation  was  promised  for 
the  ships  and  that  there  was  no  real  casus  belli;  Sir  Edward  Grey 
observed  in  London  (Mar.  14)  that  "Germany,  who  has  accused 
Portugal  of  a  breach  of  neutrality,  had  herself,  in  October  and 
December,  1914,  raided  the  Portuguese  colony  of  Angola  and  tried 
to  stir  up  a  rebellion  in  Portuguese  East  Africa."  At  this  time  a 
statement  was  issued  by  Viscount  de  Alte,  Portuguese  Minister  at 
Washington,  which  contained  this  paragraph:  "Like  Belgium, 
Portugal  desires  nothing  that  belongs  to  any  other  nation ;  she  has 
nothing  to  gain  and  much  to  lose  in  the  present  conflict.  But  she 
is  ready,  notwithstanding,  to  aid  England  to  the  full  extent  of  her 
resources — whether  great  or  small — because  the  treaties  in  force 
compel  her  to  do  so  and  because  her  people  firmly  believe  that 
international  good  faith,  as  evidenced  by  the  fulfillment  of  treaty 
obligations,  which  is  the  principle  for  which  Great  Britain  is 
fighting,  provides  the  only  basis  on  which  intercourse  between 
civilized  nations  can  securely  stand."  At  the  close  of  the  year  a 
Portuguese  Contingent  was  fighting  with  the  Allies  on  the  Western 
front  and  Portuguese  soldiers  were  helping  General  Smuts  to  con- 
quer German  East  Africa. 

Japan  did  not  appear  in  the  active  operations  of  the  War  dur- 
ing 1916.  Its  Army  and  Navy  were  not  required  under  existing 
treaties  and  obligations  for  anything  but  Oriental  services  and  no 
occasion  arose  for  their  use.  The  country  did,  however,  render 
immense  service  to  Russia  and  other  Allied  nations  by  the  supply 
of  ammunition,  artillery  and  other  military  equipment,  while  its 
industries  and  trade  experienced  during  1916  an  unprecedented 
prosperity.  Early  in  the  year  it  was  stated  unofficially  that  the 
British  Government  had  guaranteed  payment  of  Russian  demands 
for  an  enormous  quantity  of  war  supplies;  the  Japanese  big  mer- 
chant marine  not  only  transported  supplies  for  the  Entente  Pow- 
ers but,  so  far  as  the  Orient  was  concerned,  practically  took  over  at 


PORTUGAL  AND  JAPAN;  THE  LESSER  NEUTRAL  NATIONS          83 

immense  profit  the  sea  transportation  held  in  time  of  peace  by 
the  vessels  of  Great  Britain.  Freight  charges  to  all  points,  in- 
cluding the  United  States,  soared,  with  corresponding  profits;  the 
Russo-Japanese  Treaty*  was  practically  an  extension  of  the  Anglo- 
Japanese  Alliance.  G.  G.  S.  Lindsey,  K.C.,  a  Canadian  who  spent 
many  months  in  China  on  official  business — drafting  new  Mining 
laws  for  the  Republic — told  the  Toronto  Globe,  on  his  return 
(July  21)  that:  " Japan  controls  the  Pacific.  She  released  the 
British  Pacific  fleet  for  North  Sea  purposes,  and  has  policed  the 
Pacific  ever  since.  She  has  supplied  Russia,  her  old  enemy,  with 
the  guns  and  munitions  she  used  in  the  recent  drives,  and  has  given 
her  the  new  explosive  of  which  the  Germans  and  Austrians  talk 
so  much.  But  she  has  made  Russia  pay.  .  .  .  Japan  has  got 
Manchuria,  for  she  has  got  the  railway.  She  is  making  money 
fast." 

The  Marquess  Inouye,  Ambassador  at  London,  passed  through 
Canada  during  the  year  and  in  a  Toronto  interview  (Aug.  3) 
stated  that  "the  major  portion  of  ammunition  used  by  the  Czar's 
armies  in  blasting  their  way  through  the  Austro- German  front  in 
both  Poland  and  Bukowina  came  from  Japan,  and  much  of  the 
Russian  military  success  is  due  to  our  unfailing  supply  of  high 
explosives  and  other  munitions."  In  various  other  interviews  he 
reiterated  this  statement  and  deprecated  any  idea  of  Japanese 
hostility  to  the  United  States.  Meanwhile,  the  Marquess  Okuma 
had  given  way  as  Premier  to  Field  Marshal  Terauchi  who  repre- 
sented the  Militarist  spirit  of  Japan — the  party  that  aimed  at  add- 
ing Chinese  Manchuria  and  Mongolia  to  the  Korean  Kingdom  which 
had  been  acquired  and  re-christened  Chosen. 

As  to  internal  affairs  Japan,  in  1916,  was  accumulating  great 
wealth.  It  was  only  nominally  at  war  and  Germans  in  Japan, 
together  with  German  business  interests,  were  treated  with  the 
greatest  consideration ;  its  whole  resources  were  devoted  to  benefit- 
ting  by  current  conditions.  Financially  its  revenue  had  for  years 
been  greater  than  its  expenditure — outside  of  war  expenses;  in 
July  $50,000,000  were  lent  to  Great  Britain  on  Treasury  bills,  and 
in  December  arrangements  were  made  for  the  turning  over  of 
$50,000,000  in  American  credits  as  another  Loan.  Specie  holdings 
doubled  during  the  war  period  of  1914-16,  Russia  also  floated  a 
$25,000,000  loan  in  Japan  and  obtained  a  war  supply  credit  for 
$40,000,000  more ;  the  ship-building,  cotton,  chemical  and  metal 
industries  found  great  expansion.  Japan  came  to  the  front,  there- 
fore, in  many  ways  during  the  year ;  so  far  as  its  surplus  population 
was  concerned,  however,  it  still  had  no  place  in  the  sun. 

Neutral  Powers  during  1916  had  a  most  unhappy  experience 
and  the  closer  they  were  to  the  seat  of  war  the  more  strenuous  was 
the  situation.  The  British  Navy  was  omnipotent,  exacting,  restric- 
tive, troublesome,  in  its  efforts  to  prevent  supplies  from  reaching 
the  Central  Powers;  at  the  same  time  it  was  considerate  in  details, 
courteous  in  treatment,  legal  in  action  as  its  almost  over-sensitive 

*NOTE. — See  1st  Sub-section  of  volume,  page  32. 


84  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Foreign  Office  construed  legality.  The  German  submarine  force, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  indifferent  to  all  rules,  regulations  or  pre- 
cedent, oblivious  to  suffering  or  hardship  or  even  death,  merciless 
in  its  sinking  of  almost  every  kind  of  neutral  or  enemy  ship,  above 
or  below  all  restrictions  of  International  law.  With  countries  such 
as  Holland  or  Norway  it  was  necessary  to  accept  German  action 
under  or  without  protest,  or  suffer  something  much  worse;  Great 
Britain  argued  the  matter  with  them  at  length,  modified  details  if 
found  to  be  harsh,  made  adjustments  of  a  business  character  for 
special  control  of  exports  and  imports,  and  did  more  than  was 
advisable,  at  times,  to  soften  the  application  of  war  measures. 

Despite  the  blockade  neutral  countries  near  to  Germany  im- 
ported largely  throughout  1914-15  from  the  United  States  for 
export  to  the  Teutons.  During  these  years  United  States  wheat 
increased  in  export  to  these  countries  (Scandinavia  and  Holland) 
from  15  million  bushels  in  1913  to  50  millions  in  1915,  flour  from 
1,500,000  barrels  to  5,100,000,  bacon  from  30  to  93  million  pounds, 
boots  from  462,000  pairs  to  4,800,000.  Put  in  another  way  the 
increase  of  United  States  exports  in  the  first  10  months  of  1915, 
to  Holland  and  Scandinavia,  was  $169,000,000  and  the  decrease  of 
United  States  exports  to  Germany  was  $160,000,000.  Such  neutral 
countries  benefitted  financially  by  the  War  but  suffered,  also,  as  in 
the  case  of  Holland,  where  a  large  Army  had  to  be  kept  mobilized 
and  multitudes  of  refugees  aided  and  fed.  In  a  London  interview 
on  Dec.  30  Field  Marshal  Lord  French  dealt  with  the  value  of  the 
impressed  labour  of  little  countries  to  an  unscrupulous  conqueror 
and  the  danger  of  Holland,  Denmark  and  Norway  being  seized  for 
that  purpose.  The  cost  of  the  War  to  neutral  nations — aside  from 
the  United  States — was  a  huge  amount  and  was  shown  in  the  Loans 
made  for  preparedness  and  emergencies.  The  following  table 
gives*  the  facts  up  to  Aug.  1,  1916,  concisely : 
NEUTRAL  LOANS  DUE  TO  WAR. 

Netherlands  5  per  cent,  internal  loan  $110,000,000 

Netherlands  India  loan  25,000.000 

One-year  Treasury  loan  8,000,000 

Roumania  4  per  cent,  loan  from  National  Bank  40,000,000 

Internal  loan 30,000,000 

Egypt,  Treasury  bills  25,000,000 

Switzerland  internal  loan 16,000,000 

Internal   4%    per   cent,    loan    20,000,000 

Notes    in    United    States    15,000,000 

Internal  4  ^ s  at  97  20,000,000 

Danish  4s  and  5s  28  000,000 

Spanish  4  %  s  at  par  k 10,000,000 

Spanish  3s  14,800,000 

Loan  to  refund  bonds  in  France  40,000,000 

Greece  from  England,  France  and  Russia  8,000,000 

Internal  5s  at  88  %  23,000,000 

Norway  internal  loans  8,000,000 

Notes    in    United    States     3,000,000 

Seven-year  6s.  in  United  States  5,000.000 

Sweden  internal  loans  9,380,000 

Notes  in  United  States    5,000,000 


Total   Neutral   Loans    $463,180,000 

The  three  Scandinavian  countries  combined  in  various  direc- 
tions and  at  a  Conference  of  Ministers  held  at  Copenhagen  on 
Mar.  11  such  subjects  as  submarines,  mines,  the  blockade  and  the 

*NOTB. — Compiled  by  the  Wall  Street  Journal. 


PORTUGAL  AND  JAPAN;  THE  LESSER  NEUTRAL  NATIONS          85 

possible  extension  of  the  blockade  were  discussed.  An  agreement 
was  come  to  on  some  at  least  of  these  questions  and  the  official 
announcement  made  that  the  Governments  would  continue  to  act 
in  common  and  preserve  neutrality.  In  September  another  Con- 
ference was  held,  at  Christiania,  and  dealt  especially  with  the 
destruction  of  neutral  prizes  at  sea,  interference  with  neutral  ship- 
ping and  the  British  Black  list.  More  extensive  collaboration  of 
Neutral  Powers — especially  with  the  United  States — was  urged. 
Meanwhile  in  Stockholm,  Christiania  and  Copenhagen  the  large 
floating  population  supplied  thousands  of  spies  and  provided  Ger- 
many with  all  possible  information  from  their  various  sea-ports. 

During  the  year  Spain  was  much  troubled  by  a  pro-German 
propaganda  with  Barcelona  as  one  of  the  chief  centres  and  with 
much  damage  to  factories  making  war  supplies  for  the  Allies.  A 
strong  group  of  Carlists,  a  great  part  of  the  aristocracy  and  a  con- 
siderable section  of  the  middle  class,  took  the  German  side.  A 
majority  of  the  active  Churchmen  were  pro-German  according  to 
Lord  Northclift'e,  though  500  prominent  Catholics  signed  a  docu- 
ment expressing  sympathy  with  the  Allied  cause ;  persistent  German 
work  on  the  part  of  University  professors  and  many  school-masters 
was  carried  on,  while  German  settlers  in  Spain,  including  many 
1914  refugees  from  France,  totalled  about  100,000  and  were  con- 
tinuous agents  of  Germany.  The  arguments  of  the  propagandists 
were  very  subtle  and  really  kept  Spain  neutral  though  they  were 
not  quite  strong  enough  to  make  the  people  enemies  of  the  Entente. 

Arguments  were  presented  to  the  clerical  mind  that  the  Kaiser 
intended  to  restore  the  temporal  power  of  the  Pope,  to  the  mili- 
tary mind  that  he  would  inaugurate  an  era  of  dazzling  mili- 
tary power  in  Europe,  amongst  the  population  generally  that  he 
would  restore  Gibraltar  to  Spain,  allow  her  a  free  hand  in  Portugal 
and  make  her  the  chief  power  in  Morocco,  amongst  the  upper 
classes  and  reactionaries  that  he  would  put  a  muzzle  on  democracy. 
Much  news  of  the  War  was  Germanized  in  the  press.  Yet  the 
mass  of  public  opinion  was  satisfied  to  remain  neutral  and  much, 
of  it  was  pro- Ally ;  as  a  result  the  United  States  invitation  to  force 
a  premature  peace  was  received  with  the  official  statement,  at  the 
close  of  the  year,  that  such  action  would  be  ''inefficacious." 

Switzerland  was  in  a  very  difficult  position.  If  of  any  advan- 
tage, in  a  desperate  crisis,  there  was  little  doubt  felt  that  Germany 
would  .break  its  neutrality  and  attack  France  from  a  new  base. 
Racially  the  Swiss  were  German,  Italian  or  French  in  their  char- 
acteristics and  border  associations ;  the  question  was  whether  tradi- 
tional patriotism  and  love  of  country  would  win  out  in  such  a  case 
against  an  invasion  from  the  German  frontier — where  there  were  no 
visible  Swiss  fortifications.  The  majority  of  high  opinion  and 
popular  sentiment  was  inclined  to  be  pro-German;  in  a  majority 
of  the  Cantons  German  was  the  language  of  the  people,  and  the 
whole  country  was  a  hot-bed  of  plots  and  spies  with  a  people  de- 
pendent for  supplies  and  food  upon  three  belligerent  nations;  yet 
they  were  doing  a  big  business  and  the  country  had  become  one  of 


86  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  chief  mechanical  workshops  of  the  world.  At  Lausanne,  a  pro- 
Ally  city,  the  German  Consular  flag  hoisted  on  the  Kaiser's  birth- 
day, (Jan.  27)  was  pulled  down  by  a  mob;  the  Federal  Council 
in  special  session  at  once  apologized  to  Germany.  Nearly  all  the 
Federal  Insurance  Fund  was  found  early  in  1916  to  have  been 
invested  by  German-Swiss  officials  in  the  German  war-loans,  to 
the  intense  indignation  of  Ally  sympathizers.  The  Army  Com- 
mander, appointed  when  war  commenced,  was  General  Wille-Bis- 
marck,  and  he  was  in  1916  the  military  dictator  of  Switzerland. 

With  such  conditions,  with  no  direct  access  to  the  sea,  with  the 
demand  from  Germany  sending  prices  of  food  and  supplies  sky- 
high,  with  the  loss  of  the  tourist  traffic  and  its  great  profits,  with 
a  large  Army  mobilized  and  growing  friction  between  the  racial 
elements,  the  country  was  in  a  difficult  situation.  Yet  it  is  pro- 
bable that  the  old-time  pride  and  independence  of  the  people  were 
not  seriously  under-mined  by  their  complex  strains  of  external 
sentiment.  As  Henri  Martin,  Consul-Genecal  in  Canada,  said  to 
the  press  at  Montreal  on  Aug.  1 — the  anniversary  of  the  founding 
of  the  Republic:  "The  country  which  has  stood  so  many  political 
storms,  through  six  centuries,  which  has  always  been  at  the  head 
of  democratic  reforms  and  institutions,  does  its  utmost  to  keep 
up  its  neutrality.''  To  his  nation,  also,  M.  Camille  Decoppet, 
President  of  the  Republic,  issued  this  statement :  * '  Surrounded  by 
powerful  nations  engaged  in  the  most  terrible  war  the  world  has 
ever  known,  our  fatherland  lives  in  peace.  Great  by  the  respect 
Switzerland  has  earned,  protected  by  the  Army  formed  by  its 
citizens,  strong  in  the  affection  and  the  union  of  all  her  children, 
Switzerland  watches  jealously  for  her  independence."  At  the 
close  of  the  year  the  new  President,  M.  Schulthess,  issued  an 
interview  in  which  he  said : 

I  cannot  conceive  that  any  of  the  belligerents  harbour  the  idea  of  passing 
through  our  country.  It  would  not  be  to  their  advantage.  In  addition  to  the 
difficulties  of  terrain  they  would  be  confronted  with  the  vigorous  resistance 
of  the  Swiss  Army  and  the  whole  people.  My  country  knows  only  one  form 
.of  neutrality — absolute  neutrality.  Let  there  be  no  mistake.  In  the  presence 
of  external  danger,  no  matter  from  what  side  it  comes,  Switzerland  will  be 
united  notwithstanding  differences  in  race  and  language. 

Sweden  was  very  largely  pro-German  in  opinion  but  anxious, 
officially,  to  keep  out  of  the  War.  A  German  propaganda,  which 
early  developed,  had  convinced  many  that  England  could  have 
prevented  the  War  but  for  selfish,  mercenary  reasons  had  deliber- 
ately allowed  it  to  develop ;  the  people  were  naturally  anti-Russian 
on  account  of  Finland,  and  the  fortification  by  Russia  of  the  Aland 
Islands — lying  a  little  above  Stockholm — fanned  the  feeling  for  a 
time  into  a  flame  of  resentment;  the  Activists  or  German  party 
was  insistent  in  urging  that  Sweden  should  join  Germany  in  the 
War.  In  opening  Parliament  on  Jan.  17  King  Gustave  made  no 
reference  to  good  relations  with  other  Powers  but  used  this  signi- 
ficant phrase :  ' '  Our  Government  earnestly  hopes  to  be  able  always 
to  maintain  the  neutrality  which  it  decided  to  observe  from  the 
beginning  of  the  War  but,  in  order  to  maintain  neutrality  and  the 
sovereignty  of  Sweden,  increased  forces  on  land  and  sea  must  be  in 


PORTUGAL  AND  JAPAN;  THE  LESSER  NEUTRAL  NATIONS          87 

readiness."  The  Premier,  M.  Hammarskjold,  who  had  always 
been  Neutralist  in  opinion  as  against  the  German  or  "Activist" 
party,  followed  in  these  words:  "We  repudiate  the  idea  that  our 
policy  means  we  will  not  abandon  neutrality  under  any  conditions. 
It  is  our  fervent  desire  to  keep  peace  and  it  is  our  duty  to  work 
for  this  end  with  all  our  might,  but  we  must  also  reckon  with 
eventualities  in  which  maintenance  of  peace,  in  spite  of  all  our 
efforts,  would  no  longer  be  profitable." 

A  violent  controversy  prevailed  at  this  time  as  to  Britain's 
inspection  of  mails  for  contraband  and  Sweden  had  retaliated  by 
holding  up  a  mass  of  British  mail  for  Russia.  The  United  States 
was  asked  to  co-operate  in  protest  and  action  upon  this  subject. 
Great  Britain  offered  to  arbitrate  the  question  of  her  right  to 
pursue  this  policy  as  part  of  the  blockade  if  Sweden  would  with- 
draw its  embargo  on  Russian  mails.  Tart  correspondence,  verging 
on  the  hostile,  followed  without  any  direct  settlement,  though  in 
June  the  Russian  mails  began  to  be  forwarded  again.  In  September 
France  took  a  hand  as  to  Sweden's  treatment  of  submarines,  under 
a  decree  issued  on  July  22nd  and  declared — with  the  support  of 
the  other  Allied  Powers — that  "the  position  of  Sweden  in  dis- 
tinguishing between  submarines  for  war  and  those  for  commerce 
has  an  effect  contrary  to  neutrality,  since  the  Swedish  naval  forces 
would  hesitate  to  attack  a  German  submarine  in  Swedish  waters, 
under  the  pretext  that  it  might  be  a  commercial  submarine,  whereas 
there  would  be  no  similar  hesitation  in  dealing  with  a  submarine 
of  the  Allies,  because  they  have  no  commercial  submarines. ' '  Other 
questions  were  referred  to  and  the  French  Government  concluded 
by  declaring  that  Sweden's  attitude  was  not  one  of  "loyal  and 
impartial"  neutrality.  In  an  interview  given  out  on  Oct.  4  the 
Premier  denounced  the  British  black-list  action  and  alleged 
restrictions  of  trade  but  said  nothing  of  German  submarine  policy. 

Norway  was.  in  general,  as  friendly  to  Britain  as  neutrality 
would  permit  and  keenly  resented  during  1916  the  German  des- 
truction of  its  shipping.  Large  orders  for  ships  were  placed  in  the 
United  States  and  some  in  British  Columbia  but  the  losses  of 
268,000  tons  up  to  October,  1916,  must  have  had  a  serious  effect 
upon  trade — especially  with  Great  Britain.  On  Oct.  13  the  Nor- 
wegian Government  issued  a  decree  prohibiting  belligerent  sub- 
marines in  Norwegian  waters,  except  in  cases  of  emergency,  when 
they  must  remain  on  the  surface  and  fly  the  national  flag ;  commer- 
cial submarines  were  to  travel  only  on  the  surface,  in  daylight, 
and  flying  their  colours.  Germany  protested  vigorously  while  it 
continued  a  persistent  warfare  on  Norwegian  shipping.  Herr 
Zimmerman,  Foreign  Secretary,  announced  at  Berlin  that  "severe 
measures  would  be  taken"  and  described  Sweden's  milder  decree 
against  submarines  as  being  directed  against  all  Powers  and  as  not 
including  commercial  submarines.  At  this  time  Norway  had  be- 
come rich  and  prosperous  through  the  War,  though  the  distribu- 
tion of  money  was  unequal  and  the  prices  of  supplies  very  high. 
It  had  a  small  but  effective  Navy  and  could  put  100,000  men  in 


88  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  field.  Its  losses  in  shipping  totalled  $27,000,000  in  value,  with 
149  lives  destroyed. 

Denmark  maintained  its  neutrality  under  difficulties.  Britain 
controlled  its  sea  trade  routes  and  it  was  traditionally  friendly  to, 
and  associated  with,  that  country;  Germany  bullied  it  by  diplom- 
acy and  threats  and  the  advantages  to  the  latter  of  a  hostile  policy 
were  obvious.  Occupation  of  its  territory  would  ensure  supremacy 
in  the  Baltic  against  British  submarines  and  would  provide  large 
forced  supplies  for  the  German  larder.  At  the  beginning  of  1916 
Danish  importations  of  rice,  lard,  pork,  meats,  etc.,  had  increased 
far  beyond  home  consumption,  but  as  the  year  passed  this  con- 
dition was  greatly  changed  by  an  improved  British  blockade.  It 
lost  a  number  of  ships  through  German  submarines  but,  as  with 
all  these  countries,  a  part  of  its  population  waxed  fat  on  high 
prices  and  exported  produce  to  the  Teutons.  During  the  year 
arrangements  were  consummated  for  the  sale  of  the  Danish  West 
India  Islands  of  St.  John,  St.  Thomas  and  Santa  Cruz  to  the 
United  States  for  the  sum  of  $25,000,000. 

As  with  Sweden,  Denmark  and  Norway,  so  with  Holland — it 
grew  rich  by  trade  with  the  Germans  but  poor  in  pride  and  public 
moneys  by  the  loss  of  shipping  from  German  under-sea  craft.  It 
had  the  additional  complication  of  possessing  a  coast  line  invalu- 
able to  Germany  in  its  naval  operations.  The  Government,  also, 
had  to  provide  aid  for  multitudes  of  Belgian  refugees  and  thousands 
of  interned  soldiers.  The  sinking  (Mar.  16)  of  the  Steamer  Tuban- 
tia,  the  finest  of  Dutch  ships — valued  at  $1,600,000  and  carrying  a 
valuable  cargo — by  a  submarine,  and  without  notice,  provoked  a 
storm  of  indignation  and  official  protests;  at  almost  the  same  time 
(Mar.  18)  the  Palembang  was  sunk  in  the  North  Sea.  Tension 
followed  but  nothing  more — even  when  other  vessels  were  sunk. 
Preparations,  of  course,  were  maintained,  an  Army  of  200,000 
were  kept  under  constant  training  with  unspecified  reserves,  the 
defensive  water  lines,  barrier  fortresses  and  heavy  coast  guns  were 
ready  for  action  while  trenches  were  prepared  on  the  eastern 
border,  and  munition  factories,  when  not  shipping  shells  to  Nor- 
way and  Sweden,  were  piling  them  up  for  emergencies.  The 
Minister  of  Finance  estimated  that  these  and  other  conditions  had 
cost  $180,000,000  by  Aug.  1,  1916. 

The  acquisition  of  Holland  and  its  much-desired  Colonies  had 
long  been  an  object  of  German  ambition  and  of  the  teachings  of 
men  like  Treitschke ;  its  ruler  had  married  a  German  Prince  under 
the  Kaiser's  avowed  patronage  and  against  the  wishes  of  perhaps 
the  majority  of  her  people  and  their  daughter  and  only  child  would 
probably  marry  another  German;  the  commercial  and  financial 
classes  were  said  to  be  inclined  toward  Germany  and  a  Teuton 
commercial  league ;  its  people  were  determined  not  to  give  Ger- 
many cause  for  offence;  its  war- trade  in  1916  steadily  grew  with 
the  latter  Power  and  decreased  with  Britain.  The  Orange  or  offi- 
cial blue-book  of  war  despatches,  issued  in  July,  1916,  showed  an 
equality  of  protests  as  between  German  submarine  outrages  and 
British  blockade  enforcement.  Meanwhile,  through  the  Agency  of 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD-WAR  IN  1916  89 

the  Netherlands  Overseas  Trust,  Great  Britain  practically  had  Hol- 
land under  a  system  of  rations — anything  needed  for  its  own  peo- 
ple but  nothing  for  export  except  food.  Of  the  latter  Germany  got 
much  in  exchange  for  coal  and  at  tremendous  prices.  In  Novem- 
ber the  Holland  section  of  the  League  of  Neutral  States  issued  an 
appeal  to  the  United  States  on  behalf  of  the  Belgians  whom  Ger- 
many was  deporting:  "Every  day  numbers  of  fugitives,  in  spite 
of  the  deadly  electric  wire  which  the  Germans  have  erected  along 
the  frontier,  succeed  in  escaping  to  the  Netherlands.  From  them 
we  learn  the  painful  details  of  the  unutterable  despair  of  the 
women  and  children  who  are  left  behind."  Holland  was  thus 
practically  guarding,  by  her  neutrality,  a  vulnerable  German 
frontier  while,  for  a  long  time,  and  despite  British  care,  providing 
much  in  supplies  and  food  for  Germany's  use. 

Meanwhile  South  American  countries  had  maintained  their 
neutrality  better  than  in  1915.  Brazil  was  the  country  chiefly  in- 
terested in  the  War  because  of  its  arrogant  and  aggressive  German 
population  in  the  States  of  Santa  Catharina  and  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul,  with  their  German  clubs,  German  education,  language,  patriot- 
ism and  active  German  Consuls ;  the  known  designs  of  Germany  in 
respect  to  the  country  and  its  aggressive  treatment  of  Brazil  in 
recent  years ;  the  fact  of  a  German  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Dr. 
Lauro  S.  Miiller,  being  in  office  and  representing  Santa  Catharina 
in  Parliament.  The  latter,  by  the  way,  was  a  guest  of  the  Toronto 
National  Exhibition  in  September,  1916,  and  received  many 
courtesies  from  that  British  city.  During  1916,  however,  German 
arrogance  provoked  a  reaction  in  Brazil  outside  of  the  two  states 
mentioned  and,  despite  German  spies,  distorted  views  from  the 
seats  of  war,  and  immense  circulation  of  Germanized  literature, 
public  opinion  changed  greatly.  German  organization  continued, 
however,  and  in  the  spring  of  this  year  it  was  found  that  in  three 
southern  states  German  shooting  societies  had  formed,  practically, 
an  Army  of  100,000  men.  The  final  result  was  enforced  disarm- 
ament but  the  whole  incident  was  significant. 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD-WAR  IN   1916* 

Jan.  1st. — British  liner  Persia  torpedoed  in  Eastern  Mediterranean;  many 
lives  lost.  British  forces  occupied  Yaunde  (Kamerun)  in  Africa. 

Jan.  2nd. — Russians  occupied  several  heights  in  the  Bukowiua,  and  drov« 
enemy  back  on  the  Strypa. 

Jan.  6th. — Russian  success  on  River  Styr;  advance  towards  Kovel. 

Jan.  7th. — British  relief  expedition  for  Kut-el-Amara  encountered  Turk- 
ish forces ;  heavy  fighting  on  both  banks  of  Tigris,  Turks  finally  defeated. 

Jan.  9th. — Evacuation  of  Gallipoli  completed  with  one  British  casualty 
reported.  British  battleship  King  Edward  VII  mined;  crew  rescued. 

Jan.  10th. — Fierce  fighting  in  Champagne;  French  lost  some  ground. 
Austrians  defeated  Montenegrins  and  captured  Mount  Lovtchen. 

Jan.  llth. — French  troops  landed  on  Corfu  and  used  the  German  Emperor  '& 
property,  the  Achilleion,  as  a  sanatorium  for  the  Serbian  Army. 

*NOTE. — For  1914  and  1915  Chronologies  of  the  War  see  similar  Sections  in  The 
Canadian  Annual  Review  of  those  years.  For  much  of  the  data  in  this  Chronology  the 
author  is  indebted  to  the  columns  of  the  London  Times,  the  N.  Y.  Tribune  and  United 
Empire,  the  interesting  organ  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute. 


90  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Jan.  12th. — Entente  Allies  blew  up  railway  bridge  at  Demir-Hissar,  cutting 
Turkish  and  Bulgarian  communications. 

Jan.  13th. — Austrians  occupied  Cettigne.  Further  fighting  on  Tigris; 
Turks  defeated  at  Wadi. 

Jan.  14th. — French  siibmarine  sank  Austrian  cruiser  off  Cattaro. 

Jan.  17th. — Successful  British  attack  on  Givenchy. 

Jan.  18th. — Turkish  Army  in  Armenia  routed  by  Eussians,  who  captured 
Koprikeui. 

Jan.  J9th. — Allied  War  Council  in  London. 

Jan.  20th. — King  Nicholas  and  Eoyal  Family  of  Montenegro  left  country 
en  route  to  Lyons. 

Jan.  21st. — British  relief  expedition  attacked  Turkish  forces  23  miles 
east  of  Kut  with  heavy  losses.  Flight  of  Turks  before  Kussians  to  Erzeroum; 
forts  bombarded  by  Eussian  artillery. 

Jan.  23rd. — Air-raids — German,  on  Dover,  three  machines;  French,  on 
Metz,  24  machines;  French,  on  Monastir,  32  machines.  Senoussi  camp  at- 
tacked and  tribesmen  dispersed  (Western  Egypt).  Austrian  troops  occupied 
Scutari  (Albania). 

Jan.  24th. — British  force  occupied  German  camp  near  Mbuyuni  (East 
Africa). 

Jan.  25th. — Vigorous  German  offensive  in  Artois  and  bombs  dropped  on 
Dunkirk.  British  aeroplanes  attacked  hostile  aircraft.  General  Dobell  re- 
ported Kamerun  coast-line  clear  of  enemy. 

Jan.  26th. — Austrians  captured  San  Giovanni  di  Medua   (Albanian  port). 

Jan.  27th. — News  received  from  Mesopotamia  that  enemy  had  retired 
about  a  mile  from  British  entrenchments  at  Kut. 

Jan.  28th. — Fierce  fighting  near  Loos  and  Arras,  in  France,  with  German 
attacks  repulsed,  except  near  Givenchy,  where  some  advanced  French  trenches 
were  taken.  New  Eiissian  offensive  in  the  Caucasus;  Turkish  supplies  and 
munitions  captured.  Allied  troops  occupy  fortress  of  Kara  Bururi,  com- 
manding harbour  of  Salonika. 

Jan.  29th. — German  success  at  Frise,  on  the  Somme.  Zeppelin  raid  on 
Paris;  23  killed  and  30  injured. 

Jan.  31st. — Zeppelin  raid  on  England;  six  counties  invaded;  59  killed  and 
101  injured. 

Feb.  1st. — German  air  raid  on  Salonika;  10  killed.  British  liner  Appam 
(believed  lost),  arrived  at  American  port  of  Norfolk,  Virginia,  as  German 
prize. 

Feb.  3rd. — British  Admiralty  announced  destruction  of  a  Zeppelin  in 
North  Sea.  Parliament  Buildings  at  Ottawa  almost  wholly  destroyed  by  fire. 

Feb.  6th. — Desperate  fighting  on  the  Dniester;  Russians  reported  heavy 
enemy  casualties. 

Feb.  7th. — Fierce  artillery  battles  on  Western  front;  Lens  again  bom- 
barded by  the  Allies.  British  reconnoitring  column  from  Nasiryeh  (on  the 
Euphrates)  attacked  on  its  return  by  Arab  force;  two  days  later  punitive 
expedition  destroyed  four  Arab  villages. 

Feb.  9th. — Germans  shelled  Belfort.  Further  Eussian  successes  on  the 
Dniester.  Hostile  sea-planes  over  Kent;  3  casualties.  General  Smuts  ap- 
pointed to  command  British  and  South  African  forces  in  East  African 
campaign. 

Feb.  10th. — Successful  bombing  raid  by  18  British  aeroplanes  on  enemy 
huts  at  Terhand.  Eussians  captured  Uscieczko,  and  crossed  to  west  bank  of 
the  Dniester,  driving  enemy  before  them. 

Feb.  12th. — Austrian  air  raid  on  Italian  coast. 

Feb.  13th. — French  captured  trenches  in  Champagne.  Bulgarians  occupied 
Elbasan. 

Feb.  14th. — Germans  gained  ground  near  Ypres.  Bombs  .dropped  an 
Milan. 

Feb.  15th. — Eaid  on  Strumnitza  by  13  French  aeroplanes.  British  Ad- 
miralty announced  loss  of  cruiser  Arethusa,  mined  off  East  coast. 

Feb.  16th. — Eussians  took  Erzeroum,  most  important  Turkish  stronghold 
in  Armenia;  13,000  prisoners,  323  guns  captured.  Conquest  of  Kamerun  com- 
pleted; bulk  of  enemy  forces  escaped  into  Spanish  territory. 

Feb.  17th. — British  contingent  landed  at  Chios;  German  and  Austrian 
Consuls  at  Athens  arrested. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD-WAR  IN  1916  91 

Feb.  19th. — Germans  attacked  British  lines  near  Ypres. 

Feb.  20th. — German  seaplanes  dropped  bombs  on  Lowestoft  and  Walmer. 

Feb.  21st. — Verdun  Battle  began.  French  motor-gun  destroyed  by  a 
Zeppelin. 

Feb.  22nd. — Germans  delivered  continued  fierce  attacks  on  Verdun  lines; 
enemy  successes  at  two  points.  Eussian  advance  continued  along  Black  Sea 
coast. 

Feb.  23rd. — -Verdun  Battle  continued  with  increasing  violence;  French 
evacuated  Haumont.  French  air-raid  on  Metz.  German  raider  Moewe  cap- 
tured five  British  ships  and  one  Belgian  vessel.  Portuguese  seized  German 
steamers  lying  in  the  Tagus. 

Feb.  24th. — French  lines  north  of  Verdun  partly  withdrawn;  violent 
artillery  battle  continued  on  front  of  25  miles.  Portuguese  seized  eight  more 
German  ships  lying  at  St.  Vincent. 

Feb.  25th. — German  attacks  repulsed  in  Verdun  district.  French  cap- 
tured salient  in  Champagne;  heavy  enemy  casualties.  Eussian  success  in 
Persia;  two  important  passes  carried  and  enemy  pursued  towards  Kerman- 
•hab. 

Feb.  26th. — Eussians  captured  Ashkala,  30  miles  west  of  Erzeroum. 
British  success  in  Western  Egypt,  enemy  completely  routed.  French  transport 
sunk  in  Mediterranean  with  great  loss  of  life. 

Feb.  27th. — Desperate  fighting  at  Verdun;  Germans  carried  part  of 
Douaumont  ridge  but  were  finally  driven  off,  except  for  small  force  which 
remained  almost  surrounded.  Important  Eussian  success  in  Persia,  Kerman- 
shah  taken.  British  liner  Maloja  sunk  off  Dover;  150  lives  lost. 

Feb.  28th. — Eailway  station  at  Eix  taken  and  re-taken;  finally  in  French 
hands.  German  success  in  Champagne;  surprise  attack  carried  the  Navarin 
Farm.  British  captured  Baraiii  (Western  Egypt). 

Mar.  1st. — German  seaplane  raid  on  Southeast  coast;  machine  wrecked 
and  picked  up  by  French. 

Mar.  2nd. — British  re-captured  "International  Trench"  near  Ypres. 
Fierce  fighting  continued  round  Douaumont,  Fresnes,  and  Vaux.  Eussians 
occupied  Bitlis. 

Mar.  4th. — Eussian  force  lauded  at  Atani  under  cover  of  fire  from  fleet; 
Turks  defeated  and  pursued.  Germans  claimed  return  of  Moewe  to  home  port. 

Mar.  5th. — Zeppelin  raid  on  Northeast  British  coast;  eight  counties 
visited,  70  casualties. 

Mar.  6th. — Germans  captured  Forges  and  made  slight  gains  in  Champagne. 

Mar.  7th. — Germans  took  Fresnes  and  part  of  Hill  265.  Eussians  cap- 
tured Eizeh  (Black  Sea  coast).  Successful  advance  by  British  forces  in  East 
Africa. 

Mar.  8th. — French  re-captured  part  of  Bois  des  Corbeaux;  Germans  driven 
back  in  Champagne.  Metz  again  bombarded. 

Mar.  10th. — Germany  declared  war  on  Portugal.  British  force  in  Mesopo- 
tamia obliged  to  fall  back  owing  to  lack  of  water.  Successful  British  advance 
in  East  Africa;  Chala  and  Taveta  captured. 

Mar.  llth. — Surprise  German  attack  near  Eheims  and  some  ground  gained. 
Eussians  occupied  Kerind  (Persia).  Fighting  in  East  Africa;  Germans  dis- 
lodged from  Kitovo  Hills,  near  Mt.  Kilimanjaro.  Turkish  position  on  Tigris 
attacked. 

Mar.  13th. — Great  aerial  activity  on  Western  front;  six  German  aero- 
planes brought  down.  British  success  in  East  Africa — Moshi  occupied. 

Mar.  14th. — Fresh  attacks  on  Verdun;  enemy  repulsed,  except  at  two 
points.  British  force  occupied  Sollum  without  opposition;  Egyptian  Bedouins 
surrendering. 

Mar.  15th. — French  re-captured  ground  near  Verdun.  Austria  declared 
war  on  Portugal. 

Mar.  16th. — Fierce  struggle  round  Vaux  and  the  Mort  Homme  positions; 
German  attacks  repulsed  with  heavy  losses.  Eesignation  of  Admiral  von 
Tirpitz.  Dutch  liner  Tubantia  torpedoed  off  Dutch  coast.  Eussians  occupy 
Mamakhatun,  60  miles  west  of  Erzeroum. 

Mar.  18th. — Dutch  linner  Palembang  torpedoed  in  the  North  Sea.  Prince 
of  Wales  arrived  in  Egypt  to  be  staff  captain  on  the  staff  of  the  British  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  after  long  service  in  France. 


92  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mar.  19th. — Four  German  seaplanes  over  East  Kent  with  bombs  dropped 
at  Dover,  Deal,  and  Bamsgate;  9  people  killed,  31  injured.  Eussian  success 
on  the  Dniester. 

Mar.  20th. — Allied  aeroplanes,  65  in  all,  bombarded  Zeebrugge,  causing 
considerable  damage.  British  destroyers  chased  three  German  destroyers  into 
Zeebrugge,  seriously  damaging  one.  Eussians  entered  Ispahan. 

Mar.  21st. — German  attack  on  Verdun  renewed  on  the  West  and  the 
wood  of  Avocourt  captured. 

Mar.  22nd. — Area  of  fighting  on  Eussian  front  extended.  Eussians 
assumed  offensive. 

Mar.  23rd. — Atlantic  liner  Minneapolis  torpedoed;  some  18  lives  lost. 

Mar.   24th. — Channel  steamer  Sussex  torpedoed   and  about   50   lives  lost. 

Mar.  25th. — British  seaplanes  raided  German  airship-sheds  in  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  east  of  Island  of  Sylt;  3  machines  reported  missing.  German  raider 
Greif  sunk  by  gun-fire,  British  armed  merchant-cruiser  Alcantara  torpedoed. 

Mar.  26th. — British  air-raid  on  Turkish  advanced  base  at  Birel-Hassana 
(Sinai). 

Mar.  27th. — British  advance  at  St.  Eloi,  France;  two  lines  of  enemy 
trenches  captured  on  front  of  600  yards.  German  air-raid  on  Salonika;  two 
machines  shot  down. 

Mar.  29th. — Fierce  fighting  around  Verdun;  French  regain  possession  of 
Avocourt  redoubt,  but  forced  to  evacuate  position  near  Malancourt. 

Mar.  31st. — French  evacuated  Malancourt  and  Vaux.  Zeppelin  raid  on 
Eastern  British  Counties  and  northeast  coast;  one  Zeppelin  brought  down  and 
crew  taken  prisoners. 

Apr.  1st. — Zeppelin  raid  on  British  northeast  coast. 

Apr.  2nd. — Zeppelin  raid  on  Scotland  and  northern  and  southern  counties 
of  England. 

Apr.  5th. — Further  British  advance  towards  Kut;  Turkish  positions  at 
Umm-el-Hannah  and  Felahieh  carried.  Another  Zeppelin  raid  on  northeast 
coast. 

Apr.  6th. — Germans  captured  village  of  Haucourt.  Slight  German  gains 
at  St.  Eloi.  A  German  force  surrendered  in  East  Africa. 

Apr.  8th. — German  bombs  dropped  on  Eussian  aerodrome  at  Oesel  (Gulf 
of  Biga). 

Apr.  9th. — Fierce  fighting  in  Verdun  region;  Germans  captured  advanced 
trench  on  the  Mort  Homme.  British  force  delivered  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Turkish  position  at  Sanna-i-Yat  (Mesopotamia). 

Apr.  10th. — British  captured  mine-crater  at  St.  Eloi  (previously  relin- 
quished), also  some  German  trenches. 

Apr.  12th. — Great  artillery  activity  between  Douaumont  and  Vaux. 
British  advanced  on  Tigris;  enemy  driven  back  over  a  distance  varying  from 
Il/2  to  3  miles.  Beported  occupation  of  Kionga  (German  East  Africa)  by 
Portuguese  troops. 

Apr.  14th. — British  naval  air-raid  on  Constantinople  and  Adrianople. 

Apr.  15th. — French  captured  trenches  and  prisoners  near  Douaumont. 

Apr.  16th. — Eussian  advance  on  Trebizond  continued;  passage  of  the 
Kara  Dere  forced. 

Apr.  17th. — Fierce  fighting  on  the  Meuse;  Germans  repulsed  with  heavy 
losses,  except  at  one  point.  Turkish  force  attacked  British  line  on  right  bank 
of  Tigris,  but  lose  3,000  killed. 

Apr.  18th. — Trebizond  taken  by  Eussians. 

Apr.  19th. — British  line  attacked  near  Ypres;  everywhere  driven  back 
except  at  St.  Eloi.  Death  of  Field-Marshal  von  der  Goltz  at  Turkish  head- 
quarters. 

Apr.  20th. — Attempt  to  land  arms  on  west  coast  of  Ireland  from  German 
ship.  Sir  Eoger  Casement  taken  prisoner. 

Apr.  23rd. — Fresh  British  attack  on  Sanna-i-Yat  position  repulsed.  Turks 
attacked  Katia  and  Duweidar  posts  east  of  Suez  Canal.  Katia  garrison 
retired. 

Apr.  24th. — Eebel  rising  in  Ireland,  Dublin  Post  Office  seized;  troops 
called  out.  British  attempt  to  send  supply-ship  to  Kut  failed  and  ship  ran 
aground.  Turkish  camp  near  Katia  completely  destroyed  by  British  bombs 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD-WAR  IN  1916  93 

and  machine-gun  fire.  Report  published  of  further  British  successes  in  East 
Africa;  Kondoa  Irangi  occupied  on  Apr.  19,  enemy  retreating. 

Apr.  25th. — Naval  battle  oft'  Lowestof t  and  Yarmouth ; ;  damage  slight 
and  German  squadron  driven  off  and  chased.  Zeppelin  raid  on  East  coast, 
over  100  bombs  dropped.  Martial  law  proclaimed  in  city  and  county  of 
Dublin. 

Apr.  26th. — British  troops  occupied  Liberty  Hall  and  Stephen's  Green, 
Dublin. 

Apr.  27th. — Further  rebel  outbreaks  in  Ireland;  martial  law  proclaimed 
over  whole  country;  street  fighting  continued  in  Dublin.  Germans  delivered 
fierce  attacks  against  British  lines  in  France;  enemy  repulsed  at  all  points. 
British  battle-ship  Russell  mined  in  Mediterranean;  about  124  of  the  crew 
missing. 

Apr.  28th. — Eussian  reverse  in  Baltic  Provinces;  Germans  recaptured 
trenches  near  Vilna. 

Apr.  29th. — Fall  of  Kut;  British  force  surrendered  unconditionally. 
British  success  at  Bushire  (Persian  Gulf) ;  hostile  force  attacked  and  dis- 
persed. 

Apr.  30th. — Irish  rebels  surrendering  in  Dublin  and  over  700  prisoners 
taken.  French  captured  enemy  trenches  near  Mort  Homme  and  Cumieres. 
Seven  German  machines  accounted  for  by  French.  Hostilities  resumed  on 
Salonika  frontier. 

May  1st. — Dublin  reported  safe;  all  rebels  in  the  city  surrendered.  Two 
British  war  vessels  mined  in  Mediterranean.  French  gains  near  Douaumont; 
100  prisoners  taken. 

May  2nd. — Air  raid  on  Yorkshire  and  Scotland.  French  troops  occupied 
Fiorina  (Macedonia). 

May  3rd. — Three  Irish  rebel  leaders  tried  and  shot;  trials  proceeding. 
Further  French  gains  at  Mort  Homme;  many  prisoners  captured.  Zeppelin 
wrecked  on  Norwegian  coast.  Air  raid  on  Deal.  Exchange  of  wounded 
British  and  Turkish  prisoners  commenced  in  Mesopotamia. 

May  5th. — Two  Zeppelins  destroyed  by  British  warships,  one  off  Schles- 
wig  coast  (May  4),  and  one  at  Salonika.  Slight  German  gain  in  region  of 
Avocourt 

May  7th. — Germans  delivered  furious  attacks  against  French  lines  near 
Verdun  with  success  at  two  points.  Russians  defeat  Turks  on  Persian  fron- 
tier. 

May  8th. — Successful  French  counter-attacks  near  Verdun;  several 
trenches  recaptured. 

May  10th. — Russians  occupied  Kasr-i-Shirin,  on  the  road  to  Bagdad. 

May  llth. — German  success  near  Vermelles,  France;  about  500  yards  of 
British  lines  captured.  Sharp  fighting  in  East  Africa;  Germans  deliver  last 
of  a  series  of  fierce  attacks  at  Kondoa  Irangi  which  were  all  repulsed  with 
heavy  losses. 

May  14th. — Turks  assumed  the  offensive  near  Erzerpum;  Russians  forced 
to  retreat. 

May  15th. — Successful  Russian  advance  to  Rowandiz  in  the  direction  of 
Mosul. 

May  16th. — British  success  east  of  Suez  Canal;  Australian  and  New 
Zealand  troops  pursued  enemy,  and  captured  considerable  war  material. 

May  18th. — Violent  artillery  actions  on  Western  front;  French  successes 
at  two  points.  Three  German  ships  sunk  in  Baltic  by  British  and  Russian  war 
vessels.  Heavy  Austrian  attacks  in  the  Trentino. 

May  19th. — Small  Russian  cavalry  force  joined  British  Mesopotamian 
Expedition;  General  Gorringe  captured  Dujailar  Redoubt,  near  Kut. 

May  20th. — Vimy  Ridge  captured  by  Germans  on  the  18th,  recaptured  by 
British. 

May  22nd. — Vimy  Ridge  again  lost.      French  re-enter  Douaumont  Fort. 

May  23rd. — French  forced  to  evacuate  Douaumont  and  Cumieres;  Rus- 
sians occupied  Sirdisht  (Persia).  British  force  occupied  El  Fasher  (capital 
of  Darfur,  Soudan) ;  Sultan's  forces  completely  routed. 

May  25th. — British  advance  in  East  Africa  continued  and  Neu  Langen- 
berg  occupied. 


94  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

May  26th. — German-Bulgarian  force  invaded  Greece;  no  resistance 
offered. 

May  27th. — French  regained  lost  ground  near  Cumieres. 

May  29th. — Heavy  German  bombardment  on  British  front  in  France; 
Bulgarians  bombarded  French  advanced  lines  on  the  Vardar  (Greece). 
Italians  evacuated  Asiago. 

May  31st. — Great  naval  battle  off  coast  of  Jutland;  heavy  losses  in  ships 
and  men  on  both  sides;  Germans  driven  into  port.  Australian  and  New 
Zealand  troops  raided  Turkish  camp  at  Bir  Salmana. 

June  1st. — Austrian  advance  into  Italy  continued.  Turks  took  the 
offensive  against  Eussians  in  the  Caucasus. 

June  2nd. — British  lines  heavily  attacked  and  pierced  near  Ypres.  Slight 
German  advance  near  Verdun;  Vaux  Fort  threatened. 

June  3rd. — Canadian  counter  attacks  near  Ypres;  much  lost  ground  re- 
gained. Allied  troops  occupied  Government  Bureaux  at  Salonika,  and  pro- 
claimed state  of  siege  throughout  the  territory  occupied  by  them.  Austrian 
advance  in  the  Monte  Cengio  region. 

June  4th. — Great  Eussian  offensive  began  on  a  front  extending  from 
the  Pripet  Eiver  to  the  Eoumanian  frontier;  large  captures  of  prisoners  and 
guns.  Canadians  compelled  to  fall  back  near  Ypres;  heavy  casualties. 

June  5th. — British  cruiser  Hampshire  sunk  off  the  Orkneys ;  Lord  Kitchener 
and  Staff  drowned. 

June  6th. — Battle  of  Ypres  extended;  heavy  fighting  on  front  of  some 
3  miles.  Eussians  occupied  Lutsk.  Bulgarian  forces  concentrated  on  Greek 
frontier.  Allies  placed  restrictions,  amounting  to  a  pacific  blockade,  on  Greek 
shipping. 

June  7th. — French  compelled  to  evacuate  Vaux  Fort.  Sharp  encounter 
between  French  and  Bulgarian  troops  on  Greek  frontier;  enemy  driven  back. 

June  8th. — Naval  skirmish  off  Zeebrugge;  German  destroyers  chased  into 
port. 

June  9th. — British  forces  in  East  Africa  occupied  Mombo. 

June  llth. — Eussian  advance  continued  and  Austrian  line  pierced  in 
three  places;  large  capture  of  prisoners. 

June  13th. — British  force  in  East  Africa  occupied  Wilhemstal.  Italian 
success  in  the  Lagarina  Valley;  Austrian  line  captured.  Eussians  sunk  German 
auxiliary  cruiser  and  two  torpedo-boats  in  the  Baltic.  Canadians  recovered 
lost  positions  at  Ypres. 

June  14th. — Economic  Conference  of  Allies  opened  in  Paris. 

June  15th. — Germans  launched  fresh  attacks  against  Verdun;  repulsed 
with  heavy  losses.  In  East  Africa,  important  station  of  Korogwe  captured; 
Island  of  Ukerewe  (Lake  Victoria)  occupied. 

June  17th. — Eussians  captured  Czernowitz. 

June  19th. — As  a  result  of  fortnight's  fighting  Eussians  took  over  170,000 
prisoners.  Air  raid  on  El  Arish. 

June  21st. — News  received  of  proclamation  by  the  Grand  Shereef  of 
Mecca,  of  Arab  independence  of  Turkey.  Mecca,  Jeddah  and  Taif  captured 
by  Arabs;  Medina  besieged.  Allied  Powers  presented  ultimatum  to  Greece, 
insisting  upon  demobilization,  formation  of  new  Cabinet,  dissolution  of 
Chamber,  new  elections  and  dismissal  of  certain  police  officials. 

June  22nd. — Germans  captured  British  trenches  near  Givenchy;  French 
recovered  ground  between  Fumin  and  Chenois  Woods. 

June  23rd. — German  advance  at  Verdun;  several  positions  captured. 

June  24th. — Eussian  success  in  the  Bukowina;  Kimpolung  and  Kuty  cap- 
tured. German  defeat  in  East  Africa. 

June  25th. — Great  Italian  advance;  Asiago,  Priafora,  and  Cengio  Moun- 
tains retaken. 

June  26th. — British  activity  on  Western  front;  German  lines  penetrated 
in  ten  places.  French  gained  ground  near  Thiaumont.  Italians  re-occupied 
Arsiero  and  Posina. 

June  28th. — Eussians  defeated  Austrians  east  of  Kolomea;  great  number 
of  prisoners  taken. 

June  29th. — Eoger  Casement  found  guilty  of  high  treason  and  sentenced 
to  death. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD- WAR  IN  1916  95 

June   30th. — Russians  captured  Kolomea. 

July  1st. — Beginning  of  combined  British  and  French  offensive  on  West- 
ern front  with  fierce  fighting  on  the  Somme;  British  captured  German 
trenches  on  seven-mile  front,  also  Montauban,  Mametz,  and  Fricourt;  over 
8,000  prisoners  taken  by  French  and  British. 

July  3rd. — Allied  advance  continued;  British  captured  La  Boisselle; 
French  within  four  miles  of  Peronne.  Successful  Russian  attacks  at  two 
points  against  Von  Hindenburg's  forces;  heavy  fighting  in  Lutsk  salient. 

July  5th. — Further  Allied  progress  between  the  Ancre  and  the  Somme; 
all  gains  consolidated.  Struggle  for  Verdun  continued.  Russians  cut  main 
railway-line  from  Hungary  to  the  Austrian  centre. 

July  7th. — Second  stage  of  British  advance;  more  enemy  positions  car- 
ried; desperate  struggle  for  Contalmaison.  Russian  successes  in  Lutsk 
salient.  British  force  in  East  Africa  reached  the  coast;  Tanga  occupied. 

July  8th. — French  took  Hardecourt;  British  entered  Trones  Wood;  many 
prisoners  and  much  war  material  captured. 

July  9th. — German  submarine  Deutschland,  carrying  mails  and  cargo, 
arrived  in  America. 

July  10th. — British  captured  Contalmaison  for  the  second  time. 

July  llth. — Sir  Douglas  Haig  reported  complete  capture  of  German 
first  system  of  defence  on  front  of  14,000  yards.  Enemy  regained  some 
ground  in  Mametz  and  Trones  Woods.  German  stand  on  the  Stokhod;  Rus- 
sian advance  checked.  German  submarine  bombarded  Durham  coast. 

July  14th. — Allied  advance  in  West  continued;  German  second  line  of 
defence  attacked  on  front  of  four  miles;  all  British  gains  held;  Trones  Wood 
and  two  villages  captured. 

July  15th. — Russians  occupied  Bailburt,  on  Er/eroum-Trebizond  road. 
In  East  Africa,  British  force  captured  Mwanza — principal  German  port  on 
Lake  Victoria-Nyanza. 

July  16th. — British  advanced  almost  to  the  crest  of  Albert  plateau  in 
France;  third  system  of  German  defences  attacked. 

July  17th. — More  British  successes  in  France;  Ovillers  captured.  Rus- 
sian victory  in  Lutsk  district. 

July  18th. — Heavy  German  counter-attacks  on  Western  front;  enemy 
gained  some  ground.  Bombs  dropped  on  Reval  (Russian  port). 

July  19th. — British  regained  most  of  the  lost  ground. 

July  20th. — British  Government  appointed  Commissioners  to  enquire  into 
the  Dardanelles  operations  and  the  Mesopotamian  campaign. 

July  21st. — Further  Russian  success  on  the  Rivers  Liga  and  Styr. 

July  22nd. — British  continued  attacks  along  the  whole  front  from 
Pozieres  to  Guillemont.  Resignation  of  M.  Sazonoff. 

July  23rd. — Naval  action  near  mouth  of  the  Scheldt;  German  destroyers 
put  to  flight. 

July  24th. — French  success  near  Thiaumont;  continued  advance  near 
Fleury.  British  force  in  East  Africa  gained  complete  possession  of  the 
Usambara  Railway. 

July  25th. — Heavy  German  counter-attacks  repulsed  on  Western  front; 
French  gained  ground  near  Estrees.  Russians  occupied  Erzinjan. 

July  26th. — British  captured  Pozieres.  Important  Russian  victory  in 
Lutsk  salient,  near  Brody.  » 

July  27th. — British  penetrated  into  Delville  Wood;  desperate  fighting 
continued.  Grand  Shereef  of  Mecca  captured  Yamba  (port  of  Medina)  from 
the  Turks.  Captain  Fryatt  shot  at  Bruges. 

July  28th. — British  captured  whole  of  Delville  Wood  and  entered 
Longueval.  Russians  occupied  Brody.  Patrol  engagements  in  Egypt. 

July  29th. — Further  important  Russian  successes;  enemy's  line  broken  on 
front  of  13  miles;  passage  of  the  Stokhod  forced.  British  force  in  East  Africa 
occupied  Dodoma  (German  Central  Railway). 

July  30th. — Combined  British  and  French  advance  in  the  West.  Arrival 
of  Russian  troops  at  Salonika. 

Aug.  1st. — German  aerodrome  and  ammunition-sheds  near  Ghent  attacked 
by  British  Naval  air-squadron;  about  two  tons  of  bombs  dropped  and  con- 
siderable damage  done.  Russian  success  in  Galicia;  Koropiec  River  crossed. 


96  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Aug.  2nd. — French  gains  on  the  Somme  and  at  Verdun;  Fleury  re- cap- 
tured. 

Aug.  3rd. — Roger  Casement  hanged.  Belgian  troops  in  East  Africa 
occupied  Ujiji — German  port  on  Lake  Tanganyika  and  terminus  of  Central 
Railway. 

Aug.  4th. — Turkish  army  (about  14,000  strong)  attacked  British  posi- 
tions east  of  Suez  Canal;  British  counter-attack  successful;  Turkish  force  com- 
pletely routed  and  pursued  with  large  captures  of  prisoners  and  guns. 

Aug.  5th. — British  gains  in  region  of  Thiepval  and  north  of  Pozieres. 

Aug.  6th. — Development  of  great  Italian  offensive;  substantial  gains  on 
Isonzo  front. 

Aug.  8th. — Portugal  agreed  to  extend  her  co-operation  with  the  Allies 
to  Europe. 

Aug.  9th. — Italians  occupied  Gorizia.  French  guns  at  Salonika  bombarded 
Doiran.  Turkish  counter-attack  beaten  back  in  the  Sinai  Peninsula.  Zep- 
pelin raid  on  eastern  and  northeastern  British  coasts. 

Aug.  10th. — Russians  occupied  Stanislau;  steady  advance  on  all  fronts. 
French  occupied  Doiran  station  in  Macedonia. 

Aug.  llth. — Numerous  British  air-raids  on  Western  front;  airship-sheds 
at  Brussels  and  Namur  and  several  railway  stations  bombarded.  Fresh  Ger- 
man defeats  in  East  Africa.  Italian  troops  landed  at  Salonika. 

Aug.  12th. — Allies  advanced  in  the  West;  many  prisoners  taken.  German 
air-raid  on  Dover. 

Aug.  13th. — Centre  of  Austro-German  lines  in  Russia  broken;  Von  Both- 
mer's  forces  retreating. 

Aug.  15th. — H.  M.  the  King  returned  from  a  week's  visit  to  British  Army 
in  France. 

Aug.  16th. — French  advanced  on  the  Somme;  substantial  gains. 

Aug.  17th. — French  captured  Fleury  (Verdun).  Bulgarians  entered 
Fiorina  on  Greek  territory. 

Aug.  18th. — Further  British  and  French  advance,  and  Thiepval  Ridge 
captured.  Bulgarians  advanced  into  Greek  territory  towards  Kavalla. 

Aug.  19th. — German  High  Seas  Fleet  came  out  into  North  Sea,  but 
avoided  an  engagement  and  returned  to  port.  H.M.S.  Nottingham  and  H.M.S. 
Falmouth  torpedoed. 

Aug.  20th. — General  Sir  Charles  Monro  succeeded  General  Sir  Beauchamp 
Duff  as  Commander-in-Chief  in  India. 

Aug.  21st. — Heavy  counter-attacks  repulsed  on  Western  front.  British 
forces  in  East  Africa  occupied  Kidete;  steady  advance  on  Dar-es-Salaam. 

Aug.  22nd. — Further  headway  in  the  West.  Turks  retreated  in  the  Cau- 
casus. Italian  successes  in  the  Dolomites.  British  forces  occupied  Kilossa  in 
East  Africa. 

Aug.  23rd. — Russians  re-captured  Mush  (Caucasus),  and  defeated  Turks 
near  Turco-Persian  frontier. 

Aug.  24th. — French  captured  Maurepas,  and  advanced  beyond  it;  British 
advanced  on  Thiepval,  many  prisoners  taken.  German  submarine-liner  Deutsch- 
land  returned  to  Germany. 

Aug.  25th. — Zeppelin  raid  on  E.  and  S.-E.  coasts  and  outskirts  of  Lon- 
don; 29  casualties.  Bulgarians  entered  Kavalla. 

Aug.  26th. — Five  British  aeroplanes  lost  in  heavy  storm  at  the  front. 
Serbian  progress  in  the  Ostrovo  district. 

Aug.  27th. — Italy  declared  war  on  Germany.  Roumania  declared  war  on 
Austria-Hungary. 

Aug.  28th. — Germany  declared  war  on  Roumania.  Austrians  bombarded 
Roumanian  towns  on  the  Danube. 

Aug.  29th. — Roumanians  forced  Transylvanian  passes;  Austrians  evacu- 
ated three  important  towns.  Marshal  Von  Hindenburg  appointed  Chief  of 
the  German  General  Staff. 

Aug.  30th. — Turkey  declared  war  on  Roumania.  Slight  German  gains 
on  British  front  in  France.  Russian  advance  in  the  Carpathians.  German 
forces  in  East  Africa  retreated  east  and  west  of  the  Uluguru  Mountains. 

Sept.  1st. — Fierce  German  attacks  on  Western  and  Russian  fronts.  Allied 
Fleet  anchored  off  Athens;  pro- Ally  rising  in  Salonika.  Bulgaria  declared 
war  on  Roumania. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WORLD- WAR  IN  1916  97 

Sept.  2nd. — Combined  Bussian  and  Koumanian  advance;  Austrian*  re- 
tired across  Kiver  Cerna.  Allied  Governments  made  important  demands  on 
Greece;  three  German  vessels  seized  off  Athens  at  the  Piraeus. 

Sept.  3rd. — Baid  on  Eastern  counties  and  outskirts  of  London  by  13 
enemy  airships;  one  Zeppelin  destroyed  and  another  damaged;  British  "cap- 
ture Guillemont. 

Sept.  4th. — French  successes  on  the  Somme.  Occupation  of  Dar-es- 
Salaam — capital  of  German  East  Africa. 

Sept.  6th. — French  success  at  Verdun;  Germans  occupied  Tutrakan. 

Sept.  7th. — Bussian  advance  on  the  Dniester;  Halicz  bombarded.  Bou- 
manian  reverse  in  the  Dobrudja. 

Sept.  9th. — British  captured  Ginchy:  further  French  advance  at  Verdun. 

Sept.  10th. — British  force  at  Salonika  crossed  the  Struma;  enemy  driven 
back. 

Sept.  llth. — Bussian  and  Boumanian  Armies  joined  forces  in  the  Car- 
pathians: Mount  Kapul  and  other  important  heights  captured.  Belgian  force 
occupied  Tabora  in  German  East  Africa. 

Sept.  13th. — Brilliant  French  advance;  German  third  line  pierced  between 
Combles  and  Peronne. 

Sept.  14th. — British  advance  on  the  Salonika  front.  Successful  Bussian 
air-raid  on  German  hydroplane  station  (Gulf  of  Biga),  several  machines 
destroyed. 

Sept.  loth. — Important  Allied  advance  in  the  West;  British  occupied 
High  Wood,  most  of  Bouleaux  Wood,  and  several  villages.  Canadian  troops 
captured  Courcelette.  Italian  advance  on  the  Carso,  many  prisoners  taken. 
Serbian  advance  on  Monastir;  enemy  driven  back  ten  miles. 

Sept.  16th. — British  gained  more  ground  in  the  West;  over  4,000  prisoners 
taken  and  Mouquet  Farm  captured.  Bussian  success  north  of  Halicz. 

Sept.  17th. — Greek  Army  Corps  in  the  territory  occupied  by  Bulgarians 
"kidnapped1'  and  interned  in  Germany. 

Sept.    18th. — French    force   in    Macedonia    occupied   Fiorina;    Bulgarians 


trongly  fortified  German  work  between  Bouleaux  Wood  and  Ginchy. 
first  in  action.    French  captured  Deniecourt. 

Sept.  19th, — Boumanian  advance  checked  near  Vulcan  Pass — Carpathians. 

Sept.  23rd-24th. — Air  raid  by  12  Genran  airships  over  London  and  East- 
ern Counties.  Two  airships  destroyed.  Two  French  airmen  dropped  bombs 
on  Essen. 

Sept.  25th. — Allied  offensive  resumed  on  the  Somme;  British  captured 
Morval  and  Lesboeufs;  Combles  isolated.  Zeppelin  raid  on  X.  Midlands  and 
English  coasts.  M.  Venizelos  headed  a  Nationalist  movement  in  Greece. 

Sept.  26th. — Important  successes  on  Western  front;  Thiepval  and  Combles 
captured. 

Sept.  27th. — British  and  French  advance  continued  in  France;  all  gains 
consolidated.  German  airship  bases  raided  by  British  naval  aeroplanes. 
Bussian  advance  checked  in  the  Lutsk  salient. 

Sept.  29th. — British  success  near  Le  Sars.  Pro-ally  proclamation  issued 
in  Crete. 

Oct.  1st. — Further  British  advance  on  the  Somme.  Air-raid  on  E.  coast 
and  X.  London:  one  Zeppelin  brought  down.  Bussian  advance  S.-W.  of  Brody 
and  X.-E.  of  Halicz;  many  prisoners  taken.  German  success  against  the 
Boumanians;  Boter  Turm  Pass  seized. 

Oct.  2nd. — Boumanians  crossed  the  Danube  and  invaded  Bulgaria.  Stub- 
born fighting  on  the  Bussian  front:  some  Bussian  progress  in  the  Lutsk 
region. 

Oct.  3rd. — Bulgarians  compelled  to  retreat  before  combined  French,  Bus- 
sian and  Serbian  forces:  Allies  ten  miles  from  Monastir. 

Oct.  4th. — British  captured  Eaucourt  1 ? Abbaye ;  Trench  line  advanced  east 
of  Combles.  Boumanian  success  in  Transylvania.  British  troops  crossed  the 
Struma;  Bulgarian  occupation  of  Eastern  Macedonia  threatened.  Besigna- 
tion  of  the  Greek  Cabinet. 

Oct.  oth. — Boumanians  compelled  to  withdraw  across  the  Danube. 

7  -    i;' 


98  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Oct.  7th. — British  captured  Le  Sars;  combined  British  and  French  ad- 
vance further  south.  Germans  reinforced  in  Transylvania;  Eoumanians  eva- 
cuated Brasso. 

Oct.  9th. — Allied  advance  in  Macedonia  continued.  German  submarines 
active  in  American  waters;  8  vessels  torpedoed. 

Oct.  10th. — Brilliant  French  advance  south  of  the  Somme;  heavy  enemy 
losses.  Eoumanian  retreat  in  Transylvania  continued. 

Oct.  llth. — Important  Italian  successes  on  three  fronts — the  Carso,  in  the 
Trentino,  and  in  the  Julian  Alps — large  captures  of  prisoners.  Allied  Gov- 
ernments demanded,  and  obtained  under  protest,  complete  surrender  of  Greek 
Fleet. 

Oct.  13th. — Allied  air-squadron  bombarded  German  Mauser  works  at 
Oberndorf ;  six  enemy  aeroplanes  brought  down.  Eoumanians  pushed  back  to 
Transylvanian  frontier. 

Oct.  14th. — Allies  pushed  forward  on  the  Thiepval  plateau  and  between 
Barleux  and  Chaulines.  Eussian  success  on  Lutsk  salient. 

Oct.  17th. — Allied  troops  landed  at  Athens;  all  important  posts  put  under 
military  control.  Austro-German  force  captured  the  Gyimes  Pass;  Eoumanians 
retired  to  neighbourhood  of  Agas. 

Oct.  18th. — French  captured  Sailly-Saillisel. 

Oct.  19th. — Eoumanian  success  at  Gyimes.  Serbians  occupied  Brod.  New 
German  offensive  launched  against  Eoumanians  in  the  Dobrudja. 

Oct.  20th. — News  received  of  successful  operations  in  East  Africa;  enemy 
forces  confined  in  the  Eufiji  valley;  British  in  command  of  all  ports  and  rail- 
ways. Eoumanian  withdrawal  in  Torzburg  and  Buzan  Passes. 

Oct.  21st. — British  gained  ground  between  Schwaben  Eedoubt  and  Le 
Sars.  Eusso-Eoumanian  forces  in  retreat  in  Dobrudja,  and  fell  back  in 
Predeal  Pass.  Count  Sturgkh,  Austrian  Premier,  murdered. 

Oct.  22nd. — Fall  of  Constanza  (Eoumania)  to  Germans.  German  sea- 
plane over  Sheerness  is  destroyed  by  British  seaplane. 

Oct.  23rd. — British  advanced  east  of  Guedecourt  and  Lesboeufs;  1,000 
yards  of  trench  captured.  Predeal  captured. 

Oct.  24th. — French  victory  at  Verdun;  German  line  pierced  a  depth  of  two 
miles  over  five-mile  front;  3,500  prisoners  taken.  Austro-German  forces  cap- 
tured Vulcan  Pass — Carpathians. 

Oct.  25th. — Czernavoda  captured  by  Von  Mackensen's  force.  Bridge  over 
Danube  cut  by  Eoumanians. 

Oct.  26th. — German  naval  raid  in  the  English  Channel.  British  trans- 
port service  attacked  by  10  destroyers;  2  German  destroyers  disabled  and 
the  rest  driven  off. 

Oct.  27th. — French  closing  in  on  Vaux  Fort.  Eoumanian  retreat  in  the 
Dobrudja  continued. 

Oct.  29th. — British  gained  ground  near  Lesboeufs.  Eoumanian  success 
in  the  Transylvanian  Passes. 

Oct.  30th. — French  advance  towards  Sailly-Saillisel.  German  success  south 
of  the  Somme;  French  line  pierced.  In  E.  Africa  Germans  defeated  east  of 
Lupembe. 

Oct.  31st. — Fierce  fighting  in  Galicia;  Eussians  forced  back  at  one  point. 

Nov.  1st. — Allied  advance  on  the  Somme;  ground  gained  near  St.  Pierre 
Vaast  Wood.  Germans  evacuated  Vaux  Fort.  Eoumanians  continued  to 
pursue  enemy  in  Vulcan  Pass.  British  force  in  Macedonia  captured  three 
villages  on  the  Struma  front.  Italian  successes;  enemy  driven  from  heights 
east  of  Gorizia;  further  advance  on  the  Carso  plateau,  and  over  4,700  prison- 
ers taken.  Successful  Italian  naval  air-raid  on  Austrian  base  at  Pola. 

Nov.  3rd. — Italian  gains  extended  on  the  Carso  plateau. 

Nov.  5th. — Further  Allied  advance  on  the  Somme;  British  captured  high 
ground  near  the  Butte  de  Warlencourt;  French  occupied  Damloup.  Two  Ger- 
man battleships  torpedoed  in  North  Sea. 

Nov.  6th. — Fierce  German  counter-attacks  on  the  Somme;  British  forced 
to  relinquish  ground  in  region  of  Butte  de  Warlencourt.  British  liner  Arabia 
torpedoed  in  Mediterranean.  British  conquest  of  Darfur,  Africa,  com- 
pleted. 

Nov.  7th. — French  advance  towards  Chaulnes;  two  villages  captured  and 
over  500  prisoners.  Eussian  success  in  the  Carpathians. 


CHRONOLOGY  OP  THE  WORLD-WAR  IN  1916  99 

Enemy 


100  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Dec.  4th. — Eussian  offensive  continued  north  of  Koumanian  frontier. 
Ministerial  crisis  is  Great  Britain;  Prime  Minister  advised  King  to  consent  to 
a  reconstruction  of  the  Cabinet. 

Dec.  5th. — Boumanians'  retreat  continued;  the  Serbians  advanced  north- 
east of  Monastir  and  heights  north  of  Grunishta  earned.  Eesignation  of  Mr. 
Lloyd  George  from  the  British  Cabinet;  Mr.  Asquith  handed  in  resignation  of 
Ministry. 

Dec.  6th. — German  advance  in  Eoumania  threatened  the  oil  districts 
around  Ploesti. 

Dec.  7th. — Bucharest  taken  by  the  enemy;  Germans  claimed  6,000  prison- 
ers. German  attack  against  French  lines  at  Verdun  gained  a  footing.  Eus- 
sians  lost  ground  in  the  Jablonica  Pass.  Mr.  Lloyd  George  invited  to  form  a 
British  Cabinet,  Mr.  Bonar  Law  having  informed  the  King  of  his  inability 
to  do  so. 

Dec.  8th. — Eoumanians  still  retreating;  Germans  claimed  to  have  taken 
10,000  prisoners.  British  liner  Caledonia  sunk. 

Dec.  llth. — British  "War  Cabinet"  and  new  Government  completed. 
Eussian  success  on  the  Carpathian  front. 

Dec.  12th. — Germans  began  war  levies  on  Boumaman  towns.  French  sur- 
prise attack  near  Bheims.  Bussian  advance  in  the  region^  of  Kirlibaba.  Allied 
Note  to  Greece  presented. 

Dec.  13th. — Special  meeting  of  Eeichstag.  Germany  and  her  Allies  pro- 
pose peace  negotiations.  British  resumed  the  offensive  in  Mesopotamia;  Shat- 
tel-Hai  reached. 

Dec.  15th. — Eesignation  of  Austrian  Cabinet.  German  advance  from  the 
Danube  reached  the  Jablomitza. 

Dec.  16th. — French  success  at  Verdun;  enemy's  front  broken  and  several 
villages  and  over  7,500  prisoners  taken.  British  advanced  towards  Kut.  Bou- 
manians  evacuated  Bu?eau  and  retired  from  the  Jablomitza  line. 

Dec.  19th. — French  capture  at  Verdun  totalled  11,387  prisoners  with  115 
guns.  Germans  advanced  towards  Braila  in  Boumania.  Eussian  retreat  in 
the  Dobrudja.  Warrant  issued  by  Greek  Government  for  arrest  of  M.  Veni 
7elos. 

Dec.  20th. — Bussians  checked  enemy  advance  on  Braila. 

Dec.  21st. — President  Wilson  addressed  Notes  to  the  belligerents  suggest- 
ing a  statement  of  the  terms  on  which  they  were  prepared  to  make  peace. 
British  offensive  in  Sinai;  El  Arish  captured. 

Dec.  23rd.— Turkish  force  routed  at  Maghdaba,  S.E.  of  El  Arish;  1,350 
prisoners. 

Dec.  24th. — Allied  retreat  in  Boumania  continued.  Enemy  took  Tulcea 
and  attacked  Machin  on  the  Danube  opposite  Braila. 

Dec.  25th. — Invitation  sent  to  Dominion  Premiers  and  the  Government 
of  India  to  attend  "Special  War  Conference  of  the  Empire."  German  reply 
to  American  Peace  Note,  repeating  proposal  for  conference  of  belligerents. 

Dec.  26th. — Further  retreat  of  Allies  in  Boumania.  Bimnic-Sarat  captured 
by  enemy.  Announcement  made  that  British  had  taken  over  a  larger  portion 
of  the  Allied  line  in  France. 

Dec.  27th. — Betreat  of  Bussians  on  the  Moldavian  frontier.  Chikaldir 
Bridge,  east  of  Adana  (Asia  Minor),  destroyed  by  British  aviators.  French 
battleship  Gaulois  sunk  by  submarine  in  Mediterranean. 

Dec.  28th. — Germans  claim  to  have  taken  10,000  prisoners  in  Bimnic- 
Sarat. 

Dec.  29th. — Enemy's  new  offensive  on  Moldavian  border.  Allies  repulsed 
German  attack  northwest  of  Verdun. 

Dec.  30th. — Allies'  reply  to  German  peace  proposals  communicated  to  the 
United  States  Government. 

Dec.  31st. — Complete  failure  of  German  attacks  on  French  posts  in 
Champagne.  New  Allied  Note  presented  to  Greece,  demanding  reparation  and 
guarantees  in  connection  with  the  outrages  of  Dec.  1  and  2. 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  IN  THE  WAR 


Great  Britain:  year  °^  ^6  World-war  saw  Great  Britain  in 

war  Policy,  '  a  position  of  naval  and  military  power,  industrial 
and  General  and  financial  strength,  and  national  unity  which 
Position  in  would  have  seemed  inconceivable  a  few  years  before. 
It  was  no  longer  the  England  which  Europe  and  the 
United  States  had  once  thought  they  knew — the  England  of  un- 
patriotic politics  and  supposedly  decadent  conditions,  of  shrieking 
suffragettes  and  Pacifist  weaklings,  of  selfish  capitalists  and  ag- 
gressive labourites.  It  was  a  United  Kingdom  of  united  peoples  and 
interests ;  a  country  of  cool  action  and  steady  determination,  of 
almost  universal  self-sacrifice  and  devotion  to  the  one  great  object 
of  freeing  the  world  from  an  incubus  of  military  terror  and  un- 
scrupulous power. 

In  a  higher  sense  the  public  mind  and  outlook  had  been  broad- 
ened, chastened,  subdued;  the  heart  of  Britain,  to  a  remarkable 
degree,  had  been  spiritualized  by  suffering,  self-restraint  and  sacri- 
fice. In  this  great  struggle  Britain  claimed,  and  believed  herself 
to  stand  for,  humanity  in  war,  for  liberty  in  peace,  for  the  integ- 
rity of  treaties,  for  the  right  of  small  nations  to  live,  for  the  free 
self-government  of  dependencies,  for  a  defensive  Navy  which  should 
guard  the  real  freedom  of  the  seas.  But  her  people  and  leaders 
had  never  advertised  their  virtues  or  the  faith  that  was  in  them, 
and  they  too  often  did  advertise  their  national  vices,  differences  and 
deficiencies.  Hence  the  early  doubts  abroad  as  to  Britain's  place 
in  the  struggle.  Gradually  it  had  permeated  the  mind  of  Europe, 
slowly  it  reached  the  Teuton  intellect  and  conviction,  that  Britain 
was  to  be  the  deciding  factor  in  the  mighty  conflict  as  she  had 
been  in  the  days  of  Napoleon,  that  without  her  money,  Navy  and, 
finally,  Army,  Europe  would  have  lain  prostrate  at  the  feet  of  a 
new  Conqueror  and  national  liberty  of  life  been  relegated  to  the 
world's  byways  and  corners. 

The  tremendous  efforts  of  the  country,  the  immense  organiza- 
tion of  interests,  the  concentration  of  countless  energies  which 
marked  these  years  of  war  and  came  to  a  head  in  1916,  were  not 
guided,  encouraged,  controlled  by  political  weaklings.  The  men 
who  stood  at  the  head  of  affairs  were  in  the  main  big  men — intel- 
lectually, as  statesmen,  and  as  leaders.  In  a  tossing,  turbulent 
democracy,  such  as  Britain  possessed,  there  was  certain  to  be  in 
such  a  crisis  a  period  of  political  controversy,  of  heated  public 
discussions,  of  party  and  class  antagonisms.  By  1916  that  period 
was  passing  away  and  had  been  replaced,  in  a  degree  greater  than 
at  first  was  understood,  by  a  steeled  determination  that  the  War 
was  the  first  and  great  matter  to  be  settled  and  that  all  others  were 
subsidiary. 

[101] 


102  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Mr.  Asquith,  as  Prime  Minister,  had  brought  the  nation  through 
this  time  of  crisis,  through  bitter  political  and  economic  and  social 
controversies,  through  days  of  doubt  and  disaster.  Lord  Kitchener 
and  David  Lloyd  George  had  been  towers  of  strength  to  him,  and 
to  the  people,  but  it  was  a  period  when  conciliation,  calmness, 
caution,  common  sense,  were  needed,  when  the  qualities  possessed 
by  the  Premier  filled  a  place  that  the  grim  determination  of 
Kitchener,  the  dignified  diplomacy  of  Grey,  the  versatile  activities 
of  Lloyd  George,  the  impetuous  brilliance  of  Churchill,  the  cold 
energy  of  Derby,  could  not  have  occupied.  Some  of  his  colleagues 
made  mistakes,  as  with  Mr.  Churchill  at  the  Dardanelles  or  Mr. 
Birrell  at  Dublin,  while  party  crises,  Labour  troubles,  military 
difficulties,  diplomatic  tangles,  munition  problems,  came  and  went. 
But  the  cool,  adroit,  patient  mind  of  the  Premier  held  the  scales 
between  men  and  parties,  adjusted  difficulties,  smoothed  over  the 
rough  places  of  a  terrible  time,  worked  with  his  colleagues  and 
obviously  held  the  active  unity  of  the  nation  as  the  supreme  object 
of  his  policy — as  the  basis  upon  which  victory  in  the  War  must 
rest. 

The  first  crisis  which  Mr.  Asquith  had  to  meet  in  this  year 
was  the  struggle  over  Conscription.  Organized  labour  and  the 
Irish  situation  were  the  chief  obstacles  in  the  way.  The  first  was 
met  by  the  skill  and  popularity  of  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  the  second 
by  omitting  that  section  of  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  Military 
Service  Bill,  the  whole  situation  was  eased  greatly  by  the  public 
confidence  in  Lord  Kitchener's  attitude  and  Mr.  Asquith 's  tactful 
qualities.  The  issue  was  a  vital  one.  Lord  Derby,  Director-Gen- 
eral of  Recruiting,  had  reported  the  situation  at  the  close  of  1915 
as  follows: 

Single          Married 

Available    men    of    military    age     2.1  79,231      2,832,210 

Of  whom  were   starred    690,138         915,491 

Number    of     men     enlisted      direct    since      opening      of 

Derby    scheme     103,000  112,431 

Attested  under   group   system    840,000  1,344,979 

Rejected     207,000  221,853 

Total     1.150,000      1,679,268 

Number    of   men    still    available    1, 029,231      1,152,947 

Of  whom  were  unstarred    651,160 

Men  were  needed  everywhere  and  the  British  Empire,  as  M. 
Hanotaux,  the  French  statesman,  put  it  at  this  time,  was  menaced 
at  many  points  of  its  far-flung  borders:  "The  British  Government 
knows  what  it  is  facing ;  it  knows  that  defeat  would  mean  the  fall 
of  the  British  Empire  and  the  loss  of  British  liberties;  it  knows 
that  it  is  engaged  in  a  struggle  to  the  death  and  that  to  finish  its 
adversary  it  is  not  sufficient  to  half  conquer  him — it  is  necessary 
to  crush  him  utterly.  To  obtain  this  absolute  victory,  what  is 
necessary?  The  mastery  of  the  sea,  munitions,  numbers."  On 
Jan.  5th  Mr.  Asquith  presented  his  Military  Service  Bill  to  a  crowd- 
ed House  and  prefaced  his  speech  by  congratulating  Lord  Derby 
and  the  country  upon  the  fact  .that  during  the  former's  campaign 
nearly  3,000,000  men  had  voluntarily  come  forward  to  serve  their 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          103 

)untry  and  by  expressing  the  belief  that  no  case  had  been  made 
out  for  general  compulsion.  But  ' '  if,  after  due  inquiry  it  is  found 
that  there  are  single  men  of  military  age  who  have  no  ground 
whatever  for  exemption  or  excuse,  they  should  be  deemed  to  have 
done  what  every  one  agrees  it  is  their  duty  to  the  State  in  times 
like  these  to  do,  and  be  treated  as  though  they  had  attested  for 
enlistment.  That  is  the  course  which  we  propose  to  adopt  in  this 
Bill.  ...  It  applies  to  all  male  British  subjects  who  on  Aug. 
15,  1915,  had  attained  18  years  and  who  had  not  attained  41  years, 
and  who  at  that  date  were  unmarried  or  widowers  without  children 
dependent  upon  them. ' '  There  were  various  exceptions  and  exemp- 
tions and  Tribunals  in  each  registration  district  to  deal  with  them. 

Mr.  Asquith  thus  redeemed  his  pledge  (Nov.  2,  1915)  to  mar- 
ried recruits  that  they  would  not  be  called  on  before  the  young, 
unmarried  men  had  been  utilized.  After  various  speeches,  with  Sir 
John  Simon,  lately  Home  Secretary  and  now  a  Pacifist  politician, 
leading  the  opposition  to  it,  the  Bill  passed  a  1st  reading  by  404 
to  107.  The  2nd  on  Jan.  12  was  approved  by  433  to  41,  after  a 
notable  speech  by  Arthur  Henderson,  Labour  leader,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Education,  in  which  he  said:  "My  opinions 
have  not  changed,  but  they  have  been  overborne  by  the  conviction 
that  some  measure  of  compulsion  is  required  on  grounds  of  ab- 
solute military  necessity.  I  have  not  reached  that  conclusion 
lightly  or  without  the  most  anxious  consideration  of  all  possible 
alternatives,  but  in  the  end  I  found  it  impossible  to  resist  the  con- 
clusion that  unless  the  Bill  proposed  by  the  Government  were  intro- 
duced and  passed  we  could  not  continue  the  War  with  any  pros- 
pect of  either  a  successful  or  speedy  termination."  In  conclusion, 
he  appealed  to  the  Labour  members  who  opposed  the  Bill  to  join 
with  the  rest  of  the  House  in  sending  a  message  to  their  fellow- 
workmen  in  Liege  and  Lille,  bidding  them  to  take  courage,  because 
with  British  assistance  the  hour  of  their  delivery  was  not  far  off. 

The  Premier  was  explicit  in  declaring  that  without  the  men 
to  be  obtained  by  this  measure  England  could  not  do  her  duty  in 
the  War  or  fulfil  her  obligations  to  her  Allies.  The  3rd  reading 
passed  by  385  to  38,  of  which  latter  total  all  were  Liberals  and 
Labourites,  with  one  Nationalist,  and  all  representative  of  Pacifist 
thought— Sir  J.  Simon,  C.  P.  Trevelyan,  R.  L.  Outhwaite,  J.  Allen 
Baker,  Sir  W.  P.  Byles,  Phillip  Snowden,  etc.  The  measure  passed 
the  House  of  Lords  with  little  opposition  after  Lord  Kitchener 
had  agreed  with  the  Premier  as  to  general  compulsion  being  un- 
necessary and,  on  Feb.  15,  a  proclamation  was  issued,  calling  up  all 
single  men  in  the  remaining  groups  under  the  Derby  scheme  and 
the  remaining  classes  under  the  Military  Service  Act.  Voluntary 
enlistment  continued  but,  in  the  operation  of  the  Compulsory  law, 
there  was  much  laxity  of  enforcement  amongst  the  tribunals  and 
a  growing  public  agitation  for  universal  service. 

Meanwhile  organized  Labour  had  opposed  this  whole  policy, 
though  many  of  its  representatives  in  the  Commons  had  supported 
it.  The  Trade  Union  Congress,  attended  by  1,000  delegates,  met 
in  London  on  Jan.  6  and  by  a  majority  representing  781,000 


104  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

members  asked  the  Labour  members  of  the  House  to  oppose  the 
Bill;  on  Jan.  14  the  Executive  of  the  National  Railway  Men's 
Union  declared  that  "unless  the  Government  is  prepared  to  con- 
fiscate the  wealth  of  the  privileged  classes  for  the  more  successful 
prosecution  of  the  War,  the  railroad  workers  will  resist  to  the 
uttermost  the  confiscation  of  men,  whose  only  wealth  is  their 
labour  power;"  the  day  before  this  the  representatives  of  800,000 
miners  opposed  Conscription  by  Resolution  and  on  Jan.  27  the 
Annual  Conference  of  the  Labour  Party,  meeting  at  Bristol,  took 
similar  action.  It  first  approved  British  participation  in  the  War 
by  a  majority  of  delegates  claiming  to  represent  900,000  members ; 
it  then  endorsed  the  action  of  the  Parliamentary  Labour  Party  in 
aiding  national  recruiting  by  a  high  majority  of  1,641,000 ;  it  pro- 
tested emphatically  against  "the  adoption  of  Conscription  in  any 
form"  as  being  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  British  democracy  and 
the  liberties  of  the  people  by  an  equally  large  majority  of  1,796,000 
against  219,000;  it  voted  down  a  proposal  to  agitate  against  the 
Military  Service  Bill,  should  it  become  law,  by  an  almost  identical 
majority;  it  approved  of  Labour  representatives  in  the  Coalition 
Government  by  an  equally  large  majority.  It  would  seem  clear 
from  these  votes  and  general  conditions  that  the  Conference  was 
simply  holding,  academically,  to  an  old-time  position  and  that  the 
anti-Conscription  motions  did  not  represent  the  views  of  the  labour- 
ing masses. 

On  May  2nd  Mr.  Asquith  introduced  an  extended  Military  Ser- 
vice Bill,  applicable  to  all  male  British  subjects  of  18  to  41  years  of 
age,  married  as  well  as  single.  He  stated  that  the  total  naval  and 
military  effort  of  the  Empire,  up  to  this  time,  had  exceeded  5,000,- 
000  men,  declared  that  almost  identical  criticisms  were  directed 
against  the  Pitt  Government  in  the  Napoleonic  days  as  were  now 
aimed  at  his  Administration,  and  added  that,  despite  errors  or 
mistakes,  the  solid  contribution  of  the  Empire  to  the  War  was 
increasing  month  by  month.  The  2nd  reading  of  the  Bill  was  car- 
ried on  May  4  by  330  to  38,  after  a  speech  from  Mr.  Lloyd 
George  in  which  he  said  that  there  was  no  principle  involved 
in  the  opposition  to  Conscription:  "There  has  never  been 
a  country  yet  faced  with  great  military  peril  that  has  saved 
itself  without  resorting  to  compulsion.  .  .  .  Washington  won 
the  independence  of  America  by  compulsory  methods.  They 
defended  it  in  1812  by  compulsory  methods.  Lincoln,  whose 
career  was  in  itself  the  greatest  triumph  that  democracy  ever 
achieved  in  the  sphere  of  government,  maintained  the  principle  of 
government  by  Conscription.  In  the  French  Revolution  the  French 
people  defended  their  liberties  against  envious  monarchies  by 
means  of  compulsion.  France  defends  her  country  to-day  by  Con- 
scription. The  Italian  democracy  are  seeking  to  redeem  their 
liberties  by  compulsion.  The  Serbian  peasants  defend  their  moun- 
tains by  compulsory  levies,  and  are  going  to  win  their  country 
back  by  the  same  means.  When  Hon.  members  say  that  Conscrip- 
tion is  against  liberty  and  true  democracy  they  are  talking  in 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          105 

defiance  of  the  whole  teaching  of  history  and  common  sense."  On 
May  25  H.  M.  the  King  gave  his  assent  to  this  measure  and  issued 
the  following  Address  to  his  people : 

To  enable  our  Country  to  organize  more  effectively  its  military  resources 
in  the  present  great  struggle  for  the  cause  of  civilization,  I  have,  acting  on 
the  advice  of  my  Ministers,  deemed  it  necessary  to  enrol  every  able-bodied 
man  between  the  ages  of  18  and  41. 

I  desire  to  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  to  my  people  my  recog- 
nition and  appreciation  of  the  splendid  patriotism  and  self -sacrifice*  which 
they  have  displayed  in  raising  by  voluntary  enlistment  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  War  no  less  than  5,041,000  men,  an  effort  far  surpassing  that  of 
any  other  nation  in  similar  circumstances  recorded  in  history,  and  one  which 
will  be  a  lasting  source  of  pride  to  future  generations. 

I  am  confident  that  the  magnificent  spirit  which  has  hitherto  sustained 
my  people  through  the  trials  of  this  terrible  War  will  inspire  them  to  endure 
the  additional  sacrifice  now  imposed  upon  them,  and  that  it  will,  with  God's 
help,  lead  us  and  our  Allies  to  a  victory  which  shall  achieve  the  liberation  of 
Europe.  (Signed)  GEORGE  E.  I. 

In  this  way  did  the  Asquith  Government  overcome  the  first 
great  crisis  of  the  year  and  establish  one  of  the  bases  upon  which 
success  must  rest.  As  the  months  passed  Conscription  regulations 
were  made  more  effective,  the  Tribunals  were  tightened  up  in  the 
treatment  of  exemptions,  and  a  Man-Power  Distribution  Board  was 
appointed  on  Sept.  21.  It  was  composed  of  J.  Austen  Chamberlain, 
M.P.,  (Chairman),  Viscount  Midleton,  Arthur  Balfour  of  Sheffield, 
G.  N.  Barnes,  M.P.,  and  Stephen  Walsh,  M.P.,  and  was  instructed 
"to  determine  all  questions  arising  between  Government  Depart- 
ments relating  to  the  allocation  or  economic  utilization  of  man- 
power for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  War;"  while  the 
machinery  necessary  to  co-ordinate  the  activities  of  men  and  women, 
as  between  war  enlistment  and  war  industries,  was  also  created. 
With  all  these  efforts  Colonel  Repington,  the  Military  writer  for 
the  London  Times,  had  to  say  at  this  time  that  "we  Allies  have  a 
marked  superiority,  but  not  yet  such  as  to  provoke  decisions  and 
to  promise  annihilation." 

Meanwhile  though  the  Government  had  done  much  it  was  not 
enough  to  satisfy  Lord  Northcliffe  and  his  virile,  partisan  yet 
patriotic  press.  Speaking  to  the  New  York  Times'  correspondent 
on  Feb.  20  A.  Bonar  Law,  Colonial  Secretary,  described,  with  pride, 
the  fact  that  4,000,000  men  had  enlisted  up  to  this  date,  while 
6,000,000,  altogether,  had  offered  their  services ;  spoke  of  the  splen- 
did patriotism  of  the  Dominions  and  the  fighting  work  of  South 
Africa;  declared  that  British  financial  resources  "although  not 
inexhaustible  are  so  great  that  they  have  not  yet  begun  to  feel  the 
strain;"  stated  that  an  economic  entente  would  be  established 
amongst  the  Allies  after  the  War.  As  to  the  general  situation  in 
Britain  he  made  a  statement  which  applied  even  to  the  improved 
position  of  1916: 

We  must  never  forget  that  democratic  countries  are  always  at  a  disad- 
vantage in  prosecuting  a  war.  Take  ourselves.  We  were  not  prepared  for 
war,  except  for  defence  at  sea.  We  were  not  organized  for  war.  Plunged 
into  this  conflict  suddenly  and  unexpectedly,  as  we  were,  it  was  inevitable  that 
there  should  be  mistakes,  muddles,  and  delays.  Organizing  for  war  does  not 
mean  merely  gathering  together  great  armies,  training  and  equipping  them; 
it  means  that  all  departments  of  national  life  have  to  be  brought  into  national 
ity,  and  organized  on  a  war  basis.  This  takes  time. 


106  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Early  in  August  Mr.  Asquith  was  in  France  and  Italy  con- 
sulting with  statesmen  and  commanders  and  trying  still  further  to 
improve  the  comity  of  the  Allies.  On  Apr.  10  a  delegation  of 
French  Senators  and  Deputies  had  visited  London,  been  received  by 
the  King  and  told  by  him  that  "you  will  see  for  yourselves,  where- 
ever  you  go,  how  unanimous  is  the  resolution  of  the  people  of  these 
Islands,  without  distinction  of  race,  or  class,  or  political  party, 
to  prosecute  this  war  until  that  menace  of  aggression,  which  has 
long  darkened  the  sky  of  Europe  and  threatened  the  prospects  of 
peaceful  progress  all  over  the  world,  has  been  finally  removed." 
At  a  succeeding  function  Mr.  Asquith  reviewed  the  situation  and 
declared  that  "we  intend  to  establish  the  principle  that  interna- 
tional problems  must  be  handled  by  free  negotiation  on  equal  terms 
between  free  peoples,  and  that  this  settlement  shall  no  longer  be 
hampered  and  swayed  by  the  over-mastering  dictation  of  a  Gov- 
ernment controlled  by  a  military  caste." 

On  May  7  Mr.  Lloyd  George  made  one  of  his  fighting,  winning 
speeches  at  Conway,  Wales.  In  guarded  reference  to  charges  of 
hostility  to  the  Premier  he  denounced  those  who  had  said  that  he 
plotted  against  him ;  of  course  he  had  differences  from  time  to  time 
with  Mr.  Asquith  but  they  were  the  differences  of  friends.  He 
stated  that  of  the  1,900,000  men  and  women  engaged  in  munition 
work  40  per  cent,  of  the  former  were  of  military  age ;  declared  that 
the  time  had  come  for  Conscription — in  agreement  now  with  others 
in  the  Government,  such  as  Mr.  Asquith  himself,  who  had  before 
this  opposed  general  compulsion ;  told  his  old-time  Pacifist  followers 
that  "you  either  make  war  or  you  don't.  It  is  the  business  of 
statesmen  to  strain  every  nerve  to  keep  a  nation  out  of  war,  but 
once  they  are  in  it  it  is  also  their  business  to  wage  it  with  all  their 
might."  As  to  the  Entente  Alliance  he  was  explicit:  "We  must 
have  unity  among  the  Allies,  design  and  co-ordination.  Unity  we 
undoubtedly  possess;  no  alliance  that  ever  existed  has  worked  in 
more  perfect  unison  and  harmony  than  the  present  one.  Design 
and  co-ordination  leave  yet  a  good  deal  to  be  desired.  Strategy 
must  come  before  geography.  The  Central  Powers  are  pooling  all 
their  forces,  all  their  intelligence,  all  their  brains,  all  their  efforts. 
We  have  the  means;  they  too  often  have  the  methods.  Let  us 
apply  their  methods  to  our  means  and  we  win." 

To  a  United  States  correspondent  on  May  13  Sir  Edward  Grey 
was  clear  in  his  statement  of  national  and  Allied  policy:  "What 
we  and  our  Allies  are  fighting  for  is  a  free  Europe.  We  want  a 
Europe  free,  not  only  from  the  domination  of  one  nationality  by 
another,  but  from  hectoring  diplomacy  and  peril  of  war — free  from 
the  constant  rattling  of  sword  in  the  scabbard  and  from  perpetual 
talk  of  shining  armour  and  war  lords. ' '  In  the  House  of  Lords  on 
May  31  the  Marquess  of  Crewe  explained  the  constitution  of  the 
War  Committee  of  the  Cabinet.  It  was  presided  over  by  the 
Premier  (Mr.  Asquith)  and  included  the  Chancellor  of  the  Ex- 
chequer (Mr.  McKenna)  the  Secretary  for  the  Colonies  (Mr. 
Bonar  Law),  the  Secretary  for  War  (Lord  Kitchener),  the  1st 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          107 

Lord  of  the  Admiralty  (Mr.  Balfour)  and  the  Minister  of  Muni- 
tions (Mr.  Lloyd  George). 

Following  the  death  of  Lord  Kitchener,  Mr.  Asquith  took  over 
the  War  Department  and  administered  it  for  a  month  until  on 
July  6  Mr.  Lloyd  George  accepted  the  post  with  the  Earl  of  Derby 
as  Under  Secretary.  Speaking  at  Ladybank  on  June  14  the 
Premier  referred  to  the  heavy  duties  of  his  temporary  post  and 
paid  high  tribute  to  Lord  Kitchener — "that  imposing  figure,  a 
magnificent  embodiment  of  virile  force  and  resolution."  He 
explained  his  view  of  Conscription  as  follows :  ' '  I  have  consistently 
maintained  ever  since  the  recruiting  problem  began  to  become 
urgent,  that  compulsion  could  only  be  practicable  and  made  effec- 
tive when  at  each  stage  of  the  road  it  was  accompanied  by  general 
consent."  Reference  followed  to  the  Irish  rebellion,  to  the  week 
which  ne,  the  Premier,  had  recently  spent  in  Ireland  in  a  study  of 
its  problems  and  association  with  its  people,  to  the  efforts  of  Mr. 
Lloyd  George  for  a  permanent  settlement  of  the  Home  Rule  issue, 
to  the  future  closer  relations  of  the  Empire.  At  a  Belgian  meeting 
in  London  on  July  21  Mr.  Asquith  spoke  explicitly  to  its  un- 
fortunate people.  He  quoted  the  recent  German  decree  as  to  men 
who  refused  to  work  for  their  conqueror:  "Instead  of  having  re- 
course to  penal  prosecutions,  the  Governors  and  Military  Com- 
mandants may  order  that  the  recalcitrant  workmen  shall  be  led  by 
force  to  the  places  where  they  are  to  work."  The  comment  was 
that:  "We. in  Great  Britain  are  taking  note  of  these  things.  We 
do  not  mean  to  forget  them.  We  intend  to  exact  reparation  for 
them." 

Meanwhile,  all  through  the  year,  a  part  of  the  press  had  been 
denouncing  the  Coalition  Government  with  unbridled,  uncensored 
criticism.  Lord  Northcliffe  led  the  battle  from  the  standpoint  of 
those  who  desired  more  active,  energetic  prosecution  of  the  War, 
more  ginger  and  patriotic  jingoism  in  its  conduct;  the  Times  and 
Daily  Mail  were  insistent  in  criticizing  the  Gallipoli  adventure,  the 
Salonika  slowness,  the  Greek,  Bulgarian  and  Roumanian  diplomacy 
of  Sir  Edward  Grey.  Conscription  was  demanded  without  ceasing 
and  in  this  connection  Lloyd  George  was  supported  against  the 
Premier,  while  more  and  more  munitions  were  urged.  One  school 
of  thought  described  Lord  Northcliffe  as  one  of  the  greatest  Eng- 
lishmen of  the  War  and  a  tremendous  asset  to  the  Allies ;  the  other 
declared  that  he  weakened  the  Alliance  by  disclosing  British  weak- 
nesses, and  that  his  unsparing  articles  had  aroused  a  distrust  in  the 
Balkans  which  helped  to  bring  about  the  failure  of  British  diplom- 
acy. He,  himself,  and  his  papers  had  no  doubt.  The  War  must  be 
pushed  ahead,  victory  in  the  end  was  certain.  There  must  be 
greater  activity  in  dealing  with  submarines,  more  unity  of  action 
in  the  Air  Board  and  more  energy  in  the  Admiralty  for  which 
Mr.  Balfour  was  temperamentally  unsuited,  more  sternness  in  the 
blockade,  more  force  in  the  Government's  diplomacy. 

Journalists  such  as  E.  Ashmead  Bartlett  were  vigorous  in  de- 
nunciation of  the  Government  as  "muddlers"  (Sunday  Times, 
Dec.  3)  always  committing  blunders  while  Lovat  Fraser  described 


108  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Government  as  having  deficient  vitality  and  cloudiness  of  pur- 
pose; public  gossip  and  this  part  of  the  press  constantly  harped 
upon  alleged  disagreements  in  the  Government  and  weaknesses  of 
individuals;  the  slowness  in  winding  up  German  banks  in  London 
was  a  fruitful  theme  of  criticism  and  one  Lord  Northcliffe  per- 
sonally ventilated  in  published  correspondence.  Early  in  Decem- 
ber the  Daily  Mail  characterized  the  Government  as  ' '  The  Limpets 
— a  National  Danger,"  described  Mr.  Balfour  and  Lord  Lans- 
downe  as  "idle  Septuagenarians,"  and  Lord  Grey  as  a  semi-in- 
valid; denounced  the  alleged  indecision  of  the  Cabinet  with  seven 
urgent  questions  awaiting  settlement  and  more  than  100  Commit- 
tees ' '  endeavouring  to  make  up  its  mind  for  it " ;  declared  its  policy 
to  be  one  of  general  inaction.  This  editorial  was  said  to  have  had 
a  great  effect  on  the  situation. 

The  crisis  came  on  Dec.  5  and  did  not,  as  in  so  many  previous 
cases,  give  way  to  Mr.  Asquith's  ability  in  conciliating  factions. 
During  this  storm-laden  day  the  Premier  visited  groups  of  his 
supporters — Unionist  and  Liberal — while  Bonar  Law  and  Lloyd 
George  remained  in  their  offices.  The  constitution  of  an  inner  War 
Council  was  the  immediate  issue,  with  Mr.  Lloyd  George  opposed 
to  the  Premier  as  a  member  and  demanding  larger  powers  to  more 
actively  prosecute  the  War,  with  himself,  Sir  Edward  Carson,  Mr. 
Bonar  Law  and  a  Labour  representative  as  the  Members  of  this 
Council.  Mr.  Asquith  declined  to  accept  such  an  arrangement, 
Lloyd  George  resigned,  the  issue  became  acute,  and  the  Premier 
then  gave  up  his  post.  How  far  the  rivalry  in  opinion  and  ambi- 
tion between  the  Premier  and  his  energetic  War  Minister  was 
responsible,  is  difficult  to  decide.  Speaking  on  Dec.  8  Mr.  As- 
quith said :  ' '  There  has  been  a  well-organized,  carefully-engineered 
conspiracy — not,  I  believe,  countenanced  in  any  quarter  of  the 
Liberal  Party,  but  directed  against  members  of  the  Cabinet,  and 
directed,  it  is  true,  in  part  against  some  of  my  late  Unionist  col- 
leagues, but  in  the  main,  I  think,  against  my  noble  friend  Lord 
Grey  and  myself.  He  and  I  are  the  two  men  who  are  mainly 
responsible  for  the  part  which  this  country  took  before  the  out- 
break of  the  War,  and  since  then  up  to  the  present  time." 

In  the  end  Mr.  Asquith's  resignation  terminated  a  stormy  and 
remarkable  Premiership  of  8  crowded  years.  Since  Pitt  and 
Liverpool  there  had  been  no  continuous  Premiership  so  long  as 
that  of  Henry  Herbert  Asquith.  He  had  done  some  great  things 
for  his  country  in  that  period ;  if  he  had  limitations  bred  of  long 
association  with  opinions  opposed  to  war,* he  rose  above  the  most 
of  them  in  this  crisis;  if  he  might  have  done  more  it  will  be  for 
time  and  mellowed  thought  to  determine  the  fact.  The  King  at 
once  called  upon  the  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Bonar  Law,  a  Canadian-born 
leader  in  the  Unionist  Party,  to  form  a  Government  and  he  made 
the  effort  though  without  success.  He  was  known  to  have  worked 
in  harmony  with  Mr.  Lloyd  George  during  the  recent  crisis  while 
Viscount  Grey  of  Falloden — so  created  in  the  preceding  July — 
Lord  Crewe  and  Messrs.  McKenna,  Harcourt  and  Runciman  had 
stood  by  the  Premier.  He  failed  in  his  effort  to  bring  the  factions 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          109 


together  and  then  the  King  called  on  the  inevitable,  the  only  man, 
for  the  place,  and  on  Dec.  10  David  Lloyd  George  announced  his 
Government  as  follows — with  the  first  five  men  constituting  a  War 
Cabinet  and  the  others  as  administrators  of  Departments: 

Name.  Position.  Politics. 

David  Lloyd   George    Premier    Liberal. 

Earl  Curzon    Lord    President    of    the    Council    and    Govern- 
ment leader  in  the  House   of  Lords    Unionist. 

Arthur  Henderson    Minister   without   Portfolio    Labour. 

Lord    Milner     Minister   without   Portfolio    Unionist. 

Andrew  Bonar  Law* Chancellor   of  the   Exchequer Conservative. 

Sir  R.  B.    (Lord)   Finlay    .  .Lord  High  Chancellor    Unionist. 

Sir  George  Cave Secretary  of  State  for  Home  Affairs    ....;..  .Unionist. 

Arthur    J.    Balfour    Secretary   for   Foreign    Affairs    Conservative. 

Walter    Hume    Long    Secretary  of   State   for  the   Colonies    Conservative. 

Earl    of    Derby     Secretary  of  State  for  War Conservative. 

Austen    Chamberlain    Secretary  of  State   for   India    Unionist. 

Lord  Rhondda    President,    Local    Government    Board    Liberal. 

Sir    Albert    H.    Stanley     .  .  .  President,   Board  of  Trade    None. 

Sir    Edward    Carson    First   Lord   of  the   Admiralty    Unionist. 

John   Hodge    Minister  of   Labour    .  . .  . Labour. 

Dr.    Christopher   Addison    .  .Minister     of    Munitions     Liberal 

Lord    Robert    Cecil     Minister    of    Blockade    Conservative. 

Lord    Devonport     Food  Comptroller Liberal. 

Sir  Joseph  P.  Maclay Shipping    Comptroller     Liberal. 

Rowland    E.    Prothero     ....  President,    Board    of    Agriculture     None. 

Herbert    A.    L.    Fisher    .  .  .  .President.  Board  of  Education   None. 

Sir  Alfred   M.   Mond    First    Commissioner    of    Works     Liberal. 

Sir   Frederick   Cawley    Chancellor,    Duchy    of    Lancaster     Liberal. 

Albert   Illingworth    Postmaster-General Liberal. 

George  N.   Barnes    Minister    of    Pensions    Labour. 

Sir  Frederick   E.    Smith    .  .  .Attorney-General     Conservative. 

Robert  Munro Secretary    for    Scotland     Liberal. 

Lord  Wimborne Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland    Liberal. 

Henry    E.    Duke    Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland    Unionist. 

The  constitution  of  the  War  Cabinet  was  unique  in  British 
history;  practically  it  was  a  dictatorship  with  supreme  power  in 
the  Prime  Minister's  hands.  He  and  three  others  had  no  adminis- 
trative duties;  simply  the  task  of  oversight  and  creative  policy, 
new  activities  and  better  organization,  unified  work  with  the  Allies 
and  co-operation  of  parties,  the  guidance  of  public  opinion.  In  the 
Government  there  were  9  Liberals,  13  Unionists  or  Conservatives 
and  3  Labourites,  with  three  members  who  had  no  political  asso- 
ciations— also  a  unique  situation.  The  new  men  were  Lord 
Rhondda,  well  known  in  Canada  as  D.  A.  Thomas,  M.P.  ;  Sir  Albert 
Stanley,  who  had  never  been  in  Parliament  and  was  famous  as  a 
transportation  expert;  Lord  Devonport  (Sir  Hudson  Kearley), 
capitalist,  politician,  Chairman  of  the  Port  of  London  Authority, 
and  a  man  of  determined,  aggressive  character;  E.  E.  Prothero, 
M.V.O.,  was  an  expert  in  Agriculture  and  food  problems;  Dr.  H. 
A.  L.  Fisher,  Vice-Chancellor  of  Sheffield  University,  was  an  his- 
torian and  writer  of  high  repute  and  like  Sir  Joseph  P.  Maclay, 
the  Shipping  magnate,  had  never  been  in  Parliament. 

The  head  of  this  National  Government  was  unmistakably  the 
man  of  the  hour.  When  Munitions  were  needed  to  save  England 
and  the  civilized  world  from  disaster  he  was  called  upon  and  his 
nervous  energy  did  the  work;  when  the  Labour  situation  promised 
to  check  munitions  and  hamper  recruiting  he  saved  the  situation; 
when  rebellion  and  the  Home  Rule  issue  reached  a  crisis  in  Ireland 
he  almost  solved  the  problem  and,  in  any  event,  held  the  elements  in 

*NOTE. — Asked  by  the  Premier  to  be  Leader  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and  also 
member  of  the  War  Cabinet,  though  without  being  expected  to  attend  regularly. 


110  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

hand ;  when  the  great  War  Minister  was  called  away  he  had  taken 
over  his  enormous  task.  Now  he  was  Prime  Minister  with  a  united 
nation  and  consolidated  parties  behind  him ;  with  memories  of  past 
agitations  and  extreme  views  and  wild  statements  and  personal 
enmities  put  aside  for  the  moment;  with  the  greatest  field  in  all 
history  for  the  exercise  of  his  wonderful  energies,  vibrating  beliefs, 
and  personal  magnetism. 

On  Dec.  19th  Mr.  Lloyd  George  delivered  a  speech  in  the  Com- 
mons outlining  his  policy.  He  had  begun  this  bearing  of  the 
national  burden  by  stating  his  refusal  of  the  so-called  peace  terms 
of  the  German  Government  and  re-defining  the  British  demands 
as  * '  complete  restitution,  full  reparation  and  effectual  guarantees. ' ' 
To  realize  those  demands  was  the  supreme  object  of  the  new  Gov- 
ernment ;  an  earnest  of  success  would  come  from  personal  sacrifice 
following  that  of  the  men  in  the  trenches.  "Let  the  nation  as  a 
whole  place  its  comforts,  its  luxuries,  its  indulgences,  its  elegancies 
on  the  national  altar,  consecrated  by  such  sacrifices  as  those  our 
men  have  made.  Let  us  proclaim  during  the  War  a  national  Lent. ' ' 
The  solution  of  the  Irish  problem,  he  declared,  lay  in  the  removal 
of  mutual  distrust  and  suspicion,  the  creation  of  a  better  atmos- 
phere, and  to  this  he  would  devote  himself  as  far  as  possible.  ' '  The 
policy  of  a  common  front  must  be  a  reality.  Austrian  guns  are 
helping  the  German  infantry,  and  German  infantry  is  stiffening 
the  Austrian  arms.  The  Turks  are  helping  the  Germans;  Aus- 
trians  and  Bulgarians  mix  with  all.  There  is  an  essential  feeling 
that  there  is  but  one  'front,  and  we  have  got  to  get  that  more  and 
more,  instead  of  having  overwhelming  guns  on  one  front  and  bare 
breasts  on  the  other."  There  must  be  recognition  by  all  the  Allies 
that  there  is  only  one  front.  The  Empire  was  one  in  "the  superb 
valour  of  our  kinsmen ' '  and  he  declared  that  the  Dominions  should 
be  more  fully  consulted  as  to  the  progress  and  course  of  the  War, 
the  steps  essential  to  secure  victory  and  to  hold  the  fruits  of  it. 

Pood  supplies  would  be  and  must  be  conserved  and  conditions 
equalized  amongst  rich  and  poor;  excessive  profits  would  be 
checked  and  labour  mobilized.  "We  propose  to  appoint,  immedi- 
ately, a  Director-General  (A.  N.  Chamberlain  of  Birmingham),  who 
will  be  in  charge  of  the  matter  of  universal  nation  service.  A 
Military  Director  will  be  responsible  for  recruiting  for  the  Army. 
A  Civil  Director  will  begin  by  scheduling  all  industries  and  ser- 
vices according  to  their  character,  as  essential  or  not  essential  to 
the  War."  On  Dec.  22  the  King  prorogued  Parliament  with  these 
significant  concluding  words:  "The  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
War  must  be  our  single  endeavour  until  we  have  vindicated  the 
rights  so  ruthlessly  violated  by  our  enemies  and  established  the 
security  of  Europe  on  a  sure  foundation."  A  factor  in,  or  an 
important  adjunct  to,  the  general  process  of  government  during 
this  period  was  the  appointment  of  a  multitude  of  Royal  Commis- 
sions or  Committees  to  inquire  into  every  conceivable  matter  of 
public  importance,  to  meet  sudden  political  issues,  or  to  provide 
for  war  energencies,  and  they  numbered  at  least  100. 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          111 

Meantime  politics  and  persons  might  come  and  go  but  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  phenomena  in  British  history  went  through 
the  stages  of  a  great  development.  The  output  of  Munitions  in 
1915,  under  Mr.  Lloyd  George's  control,  had  been  great;  that  of 
1916  was  infinitely  greater.  When  he  took  charge  of  the  new  De- 
partment, in  May  of  the  former  year,  Germany  was  turning  out 
250,000  shells  per  day — chiefly  high  explosives — and  Great  Britain 
2,500  a  day  of  the  latter  and  13,000  in  shrapnel.*  He  had  brought 
the  best  brains,  resources  and  organizing  skill  of  the  country  into 
this  work.  At  the  beginning  of  1916  2,500  Government-controlled 
factories,  employing  1,500,000  men  and  women,  were  at  work,  and 
on  Mar.  17,  3,078  such  establishments  were  in  operation:  on  Aug. 
1st  the  number  was  4,052  and  by  Oct.  1st,  4,319.  On  Apr.  19  it  was 
officially  stated  that  a  census  of  all  the  machinery  in  the  country 
had  been  made,  the  machine  tool  trade  was  placed  under  Govern- 
ment control  and  measures  were  taken  (including  purchase  of 
machinery  in  America)  to  provide  adequate  plant,  properly  dis- 
tributed, to  secure  an  increased  output. 

The  supply  of  metals  of  all  classes  was  also  placed  under  Gov- 
ernment control,  and  this  step  not  only  ensured  an  adequate  and 
abundant  supply  of  raw  material,  but  also  effected  savings  amount- 
ing in  the  aggregate  to  from  75  to  100  millions  of  dollars.  Labour, 
too,  was  organized  and  the  supply  increased,  technical  advice  was 
given  manufacturers  in  overcoming  difficulties.  Men  were  ap- 
pointed of  special  character  to  push  contracts  forward  and  the 
result  was  an  increase  of  deliveries  on  old  orders  from  16  per  cent, 
on  the  promises  to  80  per  cent,  on  the  promises.  Private  firms  were 
appealed  to  and  many  placed  their  works  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Government  for  the  further  production  of  gun  ammunition.  The 
country  was  divided  into  twelve  areas — England  and  Wales,  eight ; 
Scotland,  two;  and  Ireland,  two. 

Thirty-three  National  shell  factories  had  been  started,  run  by 
local  boards  of  management  on  behalf  of  the  Government  and 
many  of  them  were  conspicuously  successful, — increasing  the  sup- 
ply threefold  and  minimizing  labour  difficulties  by  avoiding  the 
usual  questions  between  capital  and  labour;  there  were  1,900,000 
persons  in  the  spring  engaged  on  munition  work,  of  whom  200,000 
were  women  with  approximately  13,000  factories  and  workshops  in 
operation  besides  the  Government  establishments;  in  June  the 
number  of  workers  was  stated  as  2,250,000  of  whom  400,000  were 
women.  On  July  9  Edwin  S.  Montagu,  M.P.,  Financial  Secretary 
to  the  Treasury,  had  become  Minister  of  Munitions  in  succession 
to  Mr.  Lloyd  George  and,  in  the  Commons  on  Aug.  15,  summarized 
the  progress  of  the  great  industry.  He  could  not,  of  course,  give 
exact  figures  but  stated  that  "we  are  now  producing  every  four 
days  as  much  heavy  howitzer  ammunition  as  it  took  us  a  whole  year 
to  produce  at  the  rate  of  output  in  1914-15."  In  artillery  "we  are 
turning  out  in  a  month  nearly  twice  as  many  big  guns  as  were  in 
existence  for  land  service"  in  May,  1915.  To  the  latter  date  from 

*NOTE. — Mr.  Lloyd  George  in  House  of  Commons,   Dec.  20,   1915. 


112  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  outbreak  of  war  the  number  of  machine  guns  accepted  was 
only  1/18  of  the  number  accepted  in  the  next  12  months  and  "the 
total  stock  existing  in  May,  1915,  could  now  be  replaced  in  from 
three  or  four  weeks. ' '  So  with  rifles  and  small  arms,  while  the 
production  of  high  explosives  was  66  times  that  of  the  beginning 
of  1915.  "The  cost  of  the  factories,  which  was  high  at  the  start, 
has  fallen  rapidly,  and  is  now  much  less  than  the  1915  contract 
prices.  The  reduction  in  home  contracts  which  has  ensued  repre- 
sents a  saving,  in  the  case  of  shell,  of  £20,000,000  a  year.  American 
shell  contract  prices  have  been  reduced  15  per  cent. ;  Canadian 
shell  contract  prices  12^  per  cent." 

The  Labour  difficulties  in  the  way  had  been  great  and  it  was 
especially  hard  to  persuade  the  men  to  give  up  stated  hours  for 
which  they  had  been  fighting  for  years,  to  abandon  holidays  which 
had  become  an  institution,  to  sacrifice  regulations  as  to  wages 
and  competition  of  unskilled  and  female  labour  which  had  become 
political  sacraments,  to  forego,  practically,  the  right  to  strike  for 
higher  wages.  There  were  a  number  of  these  strikes,  especially  in 
the  turbulent,  independent  mining  circles  of  Wales  and  amongst 
the  shipping  and  munition  workers  of  the  Clyde.  Disputes  in 
March  involved  58,000  workers,  in  April  54,000,  in  June  32,000, 
in  July  34,000,  in  August  21,000,  in  October  18,000  and  so  on. 
The  number  in  proportion  to  the  millions  engaged  was  small  and 
the  facts  greatly  exaggerated  in  the  press  and  despatches  abroad. 
The  Lloyd  George  influence  was  tremendous,  the  Labour  leaders, 
outside  of  a  few  agitators  like  Ramsay  Macdonald,  stood  loyally 
by  their  country  and  by  the  end  of  1916  every  species  of  production 
bearing  upon  the  War  was  advancing  by  leaps  and  bounds. 

The  dilution  of  workers  with  female  labour,  the  replacing  of 
unskilled  men,  fitted  for  active  service,  by  women  was  a  great 
problem  successfully  worked  out  with  500,000  women  employed 
in  munitions  at  the  close  of  1916.  Taking  all  occupations  in  the 
United  Kingdom  there  were  3,219,000  women  employed  in  July, 
1914,  and  4,085,000  in  July,  1916,  with  766,000  acting  as  direct 
substitutes  of  male  labour.  There  was  some  discontent  as  to  the 
small  wages  given  and  public  criticism  in  this  respect,  which  would 
seem  to  have  been  partly  justified.  To  this  female  labour  Mrs. 
Humphrey  Ward  in  April,  1916,  paid  high  tribute.  The  patriot- 
ism, cheerfulness,  readiness  to  work  in  all  and  any  hours,  which 
these  girl-women  of  Britain  showed,  was  said  to  be  remarkable. 
* '  The  men  are  steadily  training  them,  and  without  the  teaching  and 
co-operation  of  the  men  without,  that  is,  the  surrender  by  the  men 
of  some  of  their  most  cherished  trade  customs — the  whole  move- 
ment would  have  been  impossible."  With  all  the  enormous  effort 
of  the  workers,  the  buzzing  of  countless  machinery,  the  turning  of 
England  into  a  vast  work-shop  for  war,  the  labour  of  peer  and 
peeress  and  society  girl  beside  the  mechanic  and  artisan  and  farm 
hand,  the  sacrifice  of  every  class  in  the  community,  still  more 
labour  was  required  at  the  close  of  the  year,  still  more  men  were 
wanted  for  active  service.  In  the  New  York  Times  of  Dec.  30 
Sydney  Brooks,  an  English  journalist,  reviewed  with  unusual 


O      S3 

ta   .2 
Q    « 


SI 
cc   n= 


3   « 

8-s 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          113 

freedom  what  had  been  done  in  general  product  and  result.  Be- 
sides being  the  naval  and  financial  bulwark  of  the  Alliance  Great 
Britain  had  become  its  supreme  arsenal  and  workshop : 

Already,  and  on  an  enormous  scale,  she  has  furnished  the  Allies  with 
indispensable  supplies,  munitions,  ships,  coal,  clothing  and  other  material. 
Shells,  field  howitzers,  heavy  guns,  grenades,  machine-guns,  and  small  arms 
leave  British  ports  in  immense  quantities  day  after  day  for  the  use  of  our 
Allies.  One-third  of  our  total  production  of  shell  steel  goes  to  France.  Three- 
fourths  of  the  steel-producing  districts  of  France  are  occupied  by  the  enemy, 
and  our  Ally  absolutely  depends  on  us  for  command  of  the  sea  to  procure 
the  essential  basis  of  all  modern  warfare.  It  is  the  same  with  other  metals; 
with  copper,  for  instance,  antimony,  lead,  tin,  spelter,  tungsten,  mercury, 
high-speed  steel,  and  other  less  vital  substances.  All  these  we  are  manufactur- 
ing in  Great  Britain  or  in  other  parts  of  the  Empire,  or  purchasing  in  neutral 
lands  and  delivering  to  our  Allies,  under  the  protection  of  the  British  Navy, 
to  the  value  of  $30,000,000  a  month.  Millions  of  tons  of  coal  and  coke  reach 
them  from  our  shores  every  week;  one-fifth  of  our  total  production  of  machine 
tools  is  set  aside  for  them,  and  huge  cargoes  of  explosives  and  machinery  are 
daily  despatched  to  their  address.  There  is  a  factory  in  England  wholly  man- 
ned by  Belgians  and  engaged  in  manufacturing  nothing  but  guns  and  small 
arms  for  the  Belgian  troops.  There  are  two  or  three  that  do  nothing  but 
supply  Eussia's  needs,  and  two  or  three  others  solely  devoted  to  making  guns 
for  the  French.  All  the  Allies,  except  the  Eoumanians,  are  fighting  at  this 
moment  in  British-made  military  boots,  of  which  we  have  turned  out  some 
30,000,000  pairs  since  the  War  began,  and  British  workshops  played  their 
part  in  the  Eussian  sweep  through  Galicia  last  May,  and  the  Italian  repulse 
of  Austria's  offensive.  There  are  to-day  in  Great  Britain  over  4,000  firms 
wholly  engaged  in  the  production  of  war  material,  and  not  one  of  them  before 
the  War  had  had  even  an  hour's  experience  of  that  class  of  work.  Nearly  100 
colossal  plants  have  been  erected,  and  some  3,500,000  people,  of  whom  700,000 
are  women,  find  employment  therein.  That  is  a  miracle  of  improvisation  that 
must,  I  suppose,  be  unique  in  industrial  history. 

Meanwhile  there  had  been  some  unpatriotic  and  Stop-the-^ar 
agitations,  some  strikes  engineered  by  enemy  agents  and  Pacifist 
individuals,  some  inevitable  survivals  of  the  peace-at-any-price 
school.  They  made  up  an  unpleasant  but  not  influential  force. 
One  of  the  chief  '  *  friends  of  Germany ' '  was  C.  P.  Trevelyan,  M.P., 
who  on  Jan.  27  declared  at  Bristol  that  "the  Germans  ought  to  be 
got  out  of  Belgium  on  terms,  and  not  by  fighting."  That  was 
also,  he  believed,  the  view  of  most  Belgians.  He  protested  against 
the  idea  of  crushing  and  dismembering  Germany.  E.  D.  Morel,  a 
Labour  agitator,  in  the  Labour  Leader  (Jan.  20),  proposed  the 
enforced  neutralization  of  all  Colonial  commerce,  and  equal  rights 
of  trade  for  England  or  Germany  or  Morocco  in  Britain,  Canada 
or  German  East  Africa  or  Italian  Tripoli;  the  abandonment  of 
British  sea  power  and  its  duties.  All  this  in  order  to  promote 
Peace ! 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Union  of  Democratic  Control  and 
the  Independent  Labour  Party  many  anti-war  and  anti-Conscrip- 
tion meetings  were  held.  Most  of  them  were  noisy,  the  speeches 
incoherent,  irrational,  violent,  and  many  were  broken  up.  Of  the 
former  organization  the  Executive  Committee  included  Norman 
Angell,  C.  E.  Buxton,  J.  A.  Hobson,  F.  W.  Jowett,  M.P.,  J.  Earn- 
say  Macdonald,  M.P.,  E.  D.  Morel,  Arthur  Ponsonby,  M.P.,  and  C.  P. 
Trevelyan,  M.P.  On  Apr.  6  the  Labour  Leader,  'the  organ  of  the 
Independent  Labour  Party,  republished  a  leaflet  which  was  being 


114  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

circulated  and  which  declared  that  "the  nations  must  accept  the 
principle  of  international  government."  This  organization — not 
to  be  confused  with  the  Parliamentary  Labour  Party  or  other 
national  Associations — met  in  Conference  at  Newcastle  on  Apr.  24 
and  passed  a  Resolution  in  favour  of  "a  vigorous  campaign  by 
all  possible  means  in  favour  of  settlement  of  the  issues  of  the  War 
by  peace  negotiation."  Philip  Snowden,  M.P.,  told  the  delegates 
that  "there  is  nothing  now  dividing  Germany  and  England  which 
is  worth  the  sacrifice  of  another  human  life." 

The  Labour  Leader  of  May  25  described  the  operations  of  the 
Peace  Negotiations  Committee  which  was  circulating  a  Memorial 
in  favour  of  Peace  by  immediate  negotiation.  It  was  said  to 
include  representatives  of  18  organizations  and  the  Memorial  to 
have  been  signed  by  those  mentioned  above  and  others  such  as  Lord 
Courtney  of  Penwith,  Hon.  Bertrand  Russell,  F.R.S.,  Lord  Peck- 
over,  J.  H.  Whitehouse,  M.P.,  R.  L.  Outhwaite,  M.P.,  etc.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell, about  this  time,  was  fined  $100  for  writing  anti-recruiting 
literature  and  a  little  later  was  forbidden  entrance  to  certain 
areas  or  to  leave  the  country.  In  the  September  U.D.C.,  C.  R.  Bux- 
ton  said  of  the  British  Government  that:  "It  is  not  for  Belgium, 
France,  and  Serbia,  but  for  territorial  aggrandisement  and  com- 
mercial boycott,  that  they  are  calling  upon  our  sons  and  brothers 
to  fight  and  die." 

Financially  Great  Britain  did  marvels  during  these  years — 
something  which  all  history  and  all  time  will  view  with  admiration. 
Full  statements  were  made  public,  everything  was  open  and  above- 
board,  there  was  no  censorship  in  respect  to  the  $25,000,000  a  day 
expenditure,  which  at  the  end  of  1916  had  become  $30,000,000, 
every  detail  was  clear.  In  the  war-months  of  the  fiscal  year  1914-15 
Britain  raised  860  million  dollars  in  taxation,  in  1915-16  a  total  of 
1,685  millions,  in  1916-17  the  estimate  of  taxation  was  the  enor- 
mous sum  of  2,500  millions.  This  covered  all  ordinary  expendi- 
ture, interest  on  War  loans,  and  a  part  of  the  actual  cost  of  the 
War.  The  gold  standard  was  maintained,  the  British  sovereign 
showed  no  depreciation  while  the  German  mark  in  New  York  went 
down  30  per  cent.  Most  of  the  British  loans  of  $14,167,000,000  to 
Dec.  31,  1916,*  were  made  at  home — taken  up  by  the ,  British 
people;  $800,000,000  borrowed  in  the  States  was  largely  to  help 
exchange  and  steady  rates ;  to  that  country  the  Allies— chiefly  Bri- 
tain— shipped  1,100  millions  in  gold  during  this  war  period.  The 
total  British  War  debt,  as  above,  was  made  up  as  follows: 

3  %  %   War  Loan,   1914 .  £  62  774  000 

4  %  %    War    Loan,     1915     899  997  000 

3%    Exchequer    Bonds     (repayable    1920)      21,660,000 

5%    Exchequer    Bonds    (repayable    1919-1921)     333,515,000 

6%    Exchequer   Bonds    (repayable   1920)     169,204,000 

Treasury    Bills    (repayable    at   intervals    in    1916)     1,116,043,000 

War    Savings   Certificates    (repayable    1921)     41,500,000 

War  Expenditure   Certificates    (repayable   1918)     29857,000 

Loans   in   United   States    161,370,000 

With  preceding  indebtedness  and  miscellaneous  items  the  total 
British  Debt  at  the  end  of  1916  was  $17,309,000,000  and  of  the 
War  part  of  that  liability  $4,000,000,000  was  lent  to  the  Allies  and 

*NOTB. — London  Times,   converted   at   $5   to  the   pound. 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          115 


Dominions.  These  figures,  colossal  as  they  are,  hardly  reveal  the 
nature  of  the  task  which  Britain  carried  out  in  these  years.  Other 
countries  borrowed  huge  sums  and  will  suffer  for  it  in  many 
respects;  Britain  borrowed  from  her  own  people  with  revenues 
which  covered  sinking  fund  and  interest  and  current  expenditures 
and  overflowed  into  war  expenses;  the  money  was  spent  in  the 
country  and  heaped  up  wealth  for  the  individual  which,  in  turn, 
was  restricted  by  taxation.  The  liability  remained  and  some  of 
the  resources  of  the  nation  were  depleted  and  the  incidence  of 
taxation  promised  to  be  a  tremendous  problem  for  a  time,  but 
trade  flourished,  industries  such  as  shipping,  cotton,  woollens,  etc., 
grew  to  huge  proportions;  the  entire  credit  and  financial  system 
of  the  world's  centre  remained  intact;  London  with  its  highly 
perfected  banking  system  and  facilities  for  exchange  operations 
and  financial  action,  remained  the  pivot  of  things  financial,  even 
while  New  York  was  reaching  a  position  in  that  respect  far  beyond 
all  past  expectations. 

Early  in  the  year  (Mar.  21)  Sir  George  Paish  pointed  out  before 
the  Royal  Statistical  Society  that  Britain's  annual  income  of 
12,000  millions  of  dollars  had  increased  by  3,000  millions  in  less 
than  two  years  of  war;  that  although  2,500  millions  of  British 
capital  invested  abroad  had  been  drawn  upon  for  the  War,  nearly 
all  of  it  had  gone  in  loans  to  the  Allies ;  that,  virtually,  the  tremen- 
dous war  expenditure  was  being  carried  on  without  drawing  upon 
capital  and  was  still  far  from  that  borne  (per  capita)  by  the 
people  in  the  Napoleonic  wars.  J.  Ellis  Barker  in  the  XIX  Cen- 
tury early  in  1916  pointed  out  that  "Great  Britain's  expenditure 
on  the  war  with  France  amounted  to  about  $5,500,000,000.  This 
means  that  a  century  ago  Great  Britain  spent  on  war  a  sum  about 
equivalent  to  the  national  income  of  two  and  a  half  years,  and  con- 
siderably larger  than  one-third  of  the  entire  national  capital  of  that 
re." 
He  therefore  argued  that  Britain  could  now,  with  infinitely 
greater  industrial  and  trade  resources,  spend  one-third  of  her 
capital  which  he  placed  at  $20,000,000,000.  But  his  estimate  of 
total  capital  was  60,000  millions  instead  of  the  usually  accepted 
one  of  90,000  millions,  so  that  the  ratio  might  run  as  high  as 
$30,000,000.  Moreover,  there  was  the  capital  wealth  of  India  and 
the  Dominions  back  of  that  or  another  60,000  millions  at  least.  As 
to  this  Sir  Leo  Chiozza-Money,  a  statistician  of  a  very  different 
school  of  political  thought,  came  to  similarly  optimistic  conclusions 
conditioned  upon  the  proper  mobilization  of  resources  and  national 
economy.  He  estimated  the  British  ownership  of  overseas  wealth 
r  Public  securities  at  $20,000,000,000  as  follows : 

United    States    of    America     £800,000,000 

Canada     \ 500,000.000 

Latin    America    700,000,000 

Total     American     Securities     £2,000,000,000 

In  Australasia  and  other  parts  of  the  Empire    1,300,000,000 

In  other  parts  of  the  world    400,000,000 

£3,700,000,000 
Private    Securities    300,000,000 


Total     £4,000,000,000 


116  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

As  a  matter  of  fact  Great  Britain  in  providing  for  interest  and 
sinking  fund  out  of  revenue  for  all  new  indebtedness  as  she  went 
along  and  in  paying  part 'of  the  current  war  cost  out  of  revenue 
while  finding  funds  for  her  Allies  and  Dominions,  was  proving  con- 
clusively her  wonderful  financial  stability  and  the  strong  position 
she  should  hold  after  the  War.  The  extreme  limit  of  British  ex- 
penditure on  the  War  was  10,000  millions  a  year ;  it  had  not  aver- 
aged more  than  6,000.  Taking  the  former  figure  there  was  much 
to  meet  it  including  a  yearly  revenue  from  investments  estimated 
at  10,000  millions  which,  though  it  shrank  no  doubt  from  external 
war  conditions  increased  also  from  internal  war  prosperity;  a 
margin  of  2,000  millions  a  year  from  savings  by  the  people  which 
also  was  increased  by  industrial  activity  at  home ;  there  was  1,000 
millions  of  ordinary  British  revenue  now  increased  to  2,500  millions. 

Britain  suffered,  of  course,  in  the  loss  of  the  capital  wealth 
which  she  might  have  created  during  these  years;  comparatively 
also  she  was  poorer  in  relation  to  the  United  States.  So  with  the 
loss  in  buildings  and  homes  which  would  have  been  constructed,  the 
improvements  in  cities  and  other  centres,  in  sanitation  and  beauti- 
fication  of  the  country,  in  railway  and  other  expenditures  and  in 
new  investments  abroad.  On  the  other  hand,  as  Hartley  Withers 
of  the  London  Economist  put  it  (Jan.  2,  1917)  "war  will  have 
shaken  her  up  and  invigorated  her,  and  taught  her  many  lessons  in 
organization  and  method  which  will  be  useful  in  peace.  Her  debt 
charge  will  be  enormous,  but  will  mainly  involve  a  transfer  of 
wealth  from  the  tax-payers  to  debt-holders  who  will  be  her  own 
citizens."  It  may  be  added  that  in  a  special  interview  granted  the 
New  York  Times  Rt.  Hon.  Reginald  McKenna,  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer,  stated  on  Aug.  13  that : 

It  has  been  a  British  tradition  to  meet  the  cost  of  war  as  far  as  possible 
by  taxation,  and  we  maintained  that  policy  even  in  this  unprecedented  strug- 
gle. Out  of  a  total  expenditure  for  the  current  year  of  $9,125,000,000  no  less 
than  $2,500,000,000  is  being  met  by  taxation.  We  have  increased  certain 
indirect  taxes  on  tobacco,  tea,  sugar,  etc.,  and  we  have  introduced  new  ones 
on  matches,  table  waters,  entertainments,  etc.,  but  our  harviest  demands  have 
been  made  through  direct  taxes,  our  citizens  to-day  paying  in  an  Income  tax 
from  slightly  under  1  per  cent.,  when  their  incomes  are  very  snrall,  up  to  over 
4:iy2  per  cent,,  when  their  incomes  are  very  large.  Finally,  we  have  enacted 
that  from  any  increase  in  Profits  earned  during  the  War  60  per  cent,  shall  be 
surrendered  to  the  State.  Our  position  is  so  sound  that  if  we  were  to  end  the 
War  at  the  end  of  the  current  financial  year,  that  is  to  say  on  Mar.  31,  1917, 
our  present  scale  of  taxation  would  provide  not  only  for  the  whole  of  our 
peace  expenditure  and  the  interest  on  the  whole  National  Debt,  but  also  for 
a  sinking  fund  calculated  to  redeem  that  Debt  in  less  than  40  years,  and 
there  would  still  remain  a  surplus  sufficient  to  allow  us  to  abolish  the  Excess 
Profits  tax  and  to  reduce  other  taxes  considerably. 

Meanwhile  war  saving  and  thrift  campaigns  had  met  with 
signal  success,  war  loans  were  always  over-subscribed,  contributions 
to  War  charities  and  gifts  had  been  enormous,  external  securities 
were  being  mobilized  for  purposes  of  United  States  borrowing, 
war  profits  had  been  taxed  up  to  60  per  cent.  Mr.  McKenna,  in 
a  letter  written  on  July  13,  said :  ' '  There  are  not  enough  goods  and 
services  for  war  purposes  unless  civilians  refrain  from  all  un-essen- 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          117 

tial  demands.  We  must  take  as  sole  criterion  of  right  spending 
not  preconceived  standards  of  comfort  or  luxury,  but  health  and 
efficiency.  Extravagance  and  waste  are  treason  in  wartime,  in- 
difference is  a  crime. ' '  The  Securities  mobilization  involved  trans- 
fer to  the  Treasury  for  five  years  subject  to  the  right  of  return  to 
the  holders  after  Mar.  31,  1919,  on  three  months'  notice.  The  con- 
sideration for  the  loan  was  a  half  per  cent,  above  the  interest  and 
dividends  paid  on  the  securities. 

As  to  the  general  situation  Richard  Vassar-Smith,  Chairman  of 
Lloyd's  Bank  and  a  leading  authority,  stated  to  the  New  York  Tri- 
bune on  Dec.  15  that  ' '  we  are  able  to  continue  paying  for  our  pur- 
chases in  America  and  also  financing  the  War — I  am  not  specify- 
g  any  particular  time — until  Germany  is  absolutely  exhausted 
d  compelled  to  give  up.  .  .  .  Every  one  knows  that  the  War 

not  continue  indefinitely  at  its  present  rate,  but  so  long  as  it 
oes  we  will  be  able  to  finance  it  without  anxiety."  It  may  be 
ded  here  that  the  aggregate  values  of  British  securities  shrank 
argely  during  this  period.  Of  387  representative  securities  listed 
on  the  London  Stock  Exchange  the  total  shrinkage  for  1916  was 
750  million  dollars,  and  from  July  30,  1914,  to  Dec.  18,  1916,  a  total 
of  2,915  millions.  Of  course,  the  bulk  of  this  shrinkage  was  not 
permanent  nor  was  it  a  national  loss.  More  important  was  the 
fact  that  the  position  of  British  Banks  during  this  war-period  was 
very  strong  with  satisfactory  earnings,  increased  profits  and  re- 
duced distributions — the  11  chief  Banks  in  London  having  on 
July  31,  1916,  Deposits  of  £829,068,201  or  $400,000,000,000,  cash  in 
hand  of  £229,387,835  or  $1,100,000,000,  Loans  of  £401,230,199  or 
$2,000,000,000. 

The  London-German  Banks  were  a  fruitful  cause  of  contro- 
versy in  1916.  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  slowness  in  the  winding- 
up  of  these  institutions  and  of  400  enemy  firms  which  also  were 
under  control  and  of  which  it  was  said  by  critics  that  ' '  if  the  War 
were  to  end  suddenly  to-morrow  a  great  many  German  traders 
would  find  that  their  business  had  been  preserved  for  them  by  the 
British  Government  and  that  they  would  be  in  a  better  position  to 
start  again  than  many  of  their  British  competitors."  The  toler- 
ance of  the  British  character  was  never  more  clearly  shown  than 
in  this  condition  but,  toward  the  close  of  the  year,  the  public,  urged 
on  by  the  Northcliffe  press,  began  to  demand  a  settlement.  On 
Oct.  26  Mr.  McKenna  explained  the  matter  and  said  that  "any 
transactions  of  the  German  banks  in  London,  under  their  license, 
were  subject  to  the  supervision  and  control  of  Sir  W.  Plender,  who 
was  appointed  by  the  Treasury.  The  process  of  the  realization  of 
assets  and  discharge  of  liabilities  had  been  completed  in  the  case 
of  the  Deutsche  Bank  and  in  that  of  the  Dresdner  Bank,  while  the 
Disconto  Gesellschaft  had  been  so  far  completed  that  practically 

Iall  the  creditors  had  been  paid  with  the  exception  of  the  Bank  of 
England.  The  sum  paid  to  British,  Allied,  and  neutral  creditors  in 
'espect  of  these  three  banks  amounted  approximately  to  £20,000,000. 
The  disposal  of  the  securities  remained  to  be  completed  and  these 


118  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


were  valued  at  £20,000,000  and  involved  the  severance  of  connec- 
tion with  their  customers." 

In  a  broader  sense  German  financial  matters  were  dealt  with  by 
a  Royal  proclamation  of  Nov.  23  which  amended  the  April  condi- 
tions agreed  to  by  all  the  Allies  and  which  had  left  loopholes  for 
the  Central  Powers.  It  was  officially  stated  that  since  the  Allies 
began  examining  mails  to  neutrals  contiguous  to  Germany  they  had 
stopped  about  £50,000,000  which  were  going  to  banks  or  persons  in 
enemy  countries  and  including  large  numbers  of  subscriptions  to 
Enemy  war  loans.  The  Proclamation  defined  this  new  Contraband 
as  follows :  Gold,  silver,  paper  money,  securities,  negotiable  instru- 
ments, cheques,  drafts,  orders,  warrants,  coupons,  letters  of  credit, 
delegation  or  advice,  credit  and  debit  notes  or  other  documents 
which  authorized,  confirmed  or  gave  effect  to  the  transfer  of  money, 
credit  or  securities. 

Hardly  less  remarkable  than  British  finance  was  the  trade  of 
this  year.  Imports  for  the  calendar  year  1916  totalled  the  huge 
sum  of  $4,745,000,000  as  against  4,260  millions  in  1915  and  3,845 
millions  in  the  last  peace  year  of  1913.  Exports  during  1916  were 
$2,535,000,000  as  against  1,925  millions  in  1915  and  2,625  millions 
in  1913.*  These  figures  do  not  include  Government  imports  and 
exports  or  movements  of  gold  and  silver,  which,  of  course,  were 
very  large,  and  they  are  affected,  also,  by  the  higher  prices  pre- 
vailing. With  all  that  the  record  was  a  notable  one.  To  have  car- 
ried on  a  total  trade  of  over  7,200  millions  in  a  time  of  intense  war, 
depleted  man-power,  enemy  submarines,  lessened  shipping  facilities 
and  enormous  financial  demands,  was  a  great  record  in  itself.  The 
Imports  were  the  largest  in  British  history  and  more  significant 
still,  the  Exports  were  so,  also,  with  the  one  exception  of  1913. 

According  to  the  New  York  Tribune  in  its  financial  review  of 
the  year :  '  *  Great  Britain  paid  special  attention  to  the  cotton  trade ; 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  less  cotton  was  imported  in  1916  than  in 
the  previous  year,  exports  of  manufactured  cotton  goods  increased 
by  over  12  per  cent.  Special  attention  was  paid  to  the  Indian  and 
Central  South  American  markets,  which  are  the  mainstay  of  the 
Manchester  mills.  Exports  of  woollen  goods  increased  10  per  cent., 
and  the  purchases  of  the  United  States  were  satisfactory.  In  the 
steel  and  iron  trades  Great  Britain  exported  20  per  cent,  more  than 
in  1915,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  number  of  factories  employed 
in  making  munitions  had  been  doubled."  An  important  incident 
of  the  year  in  this  connection  was  the  inauguration  of  the  British 
Black  List,  or  a  published  statement  of  firms  in  various  neutral 
countries  with  whom  British  subjects  were  debarred  from  trading. 
By  the  close  of  1916  they  totalled  4,544  according  to  official  figures, 
and  included  452  firms  in  Denmark,  581  in  Holland,  325  in  Nor- 
way, 623  in  Sweden,  353  in  Spain,  186  in  Switzerland,  155  in  the 
United  States,  232  in  Brazil,  228  in  China,  92  in  Greece  and  the 
rest  scattering  throughout  23  other  countries  and  South  America 
as  a  whole. 

*NOTE. — Lend«n  Times,  Jan.   12,   1917;   changed  into  currency  at  $5  to  the   Pound. 


I 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          119 


The  price  of  food  was  an  important  subject  in  1916  and  it  grew 
more  so  with  each  passing  month.  The  Government  urged  econ- 
omy, public  men  urged  Government  restriction  and  popular  self- 
denial,  while  prices  mounted  higher.  Early  in  August  an  Order- 
in-Council  authorized,  amongst  other  things,  the  seizure  of  food 
stuffs  which  were  held  to  the  prejudice  of  national  interests.  This 
was  primarily  intended  to  enable  the  Board  of  Trade  to  prevent 
large  stocks  of  wheat,  or  frozen  meat,  or  other  goods,  such  as 

I  bacon,  cheese,  butter,  dried  fruits,  barley,  oats  and  maize,  being 
stored  away  and  not  released  until  high  prices  could  be  obtained 
for  them.  Nothing  very  strenuous  was  done,  however,  and  at  the 
Trades  Union  Congress  held  in  Birmingham  on  Sept.  8  the  following 
Resolution  was  passed:  "This  Congress  views  with  alarm  the 
enormous  increase  in  the  price  of  food  since  August,  1914,  and 
expresses  its  profound  astonishment  and  indignation  that,  in  view 
of  the  undoubted  fact  that  the  increased  price  is  to  a  large  extent 

I  due  to  the  action  of  shipowners  and  others  in  charging  exorbitant 
rates  for  transport,  the  Government  have  not  completely  taken 
over  the  direct  control  of  shipping,  railways,  and  all  means  of 
transport. ' ' 

When  Parliament  met  Mr.  Runciman,  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade,  announced  (Oct.  10)  the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Com- 
mission "to  inquire  into  the  supply  of  wheat  and  flour  in  the 
United  Kingdom;  to  purchase,  sell,  and  control  the  delivery  of 
wheat  and  flour  on  behalf  of  His  Majesty's  Government;  and  gen- 
erally to  take  such  steps  as  may  seem  desirable  for  maintaining 
the  supply."  This  was  only  a  partial  measure  but  as  a  sequel  to 
other  action  previously  taken — the  Grain  Supplies  Committee  of 
1914,  the  Indian  Wheat  Committee,  1915,  the  Co-operative  Allied 
Committee  (Britain,  France  and  Italy)  appointed  early  in  1916, 
good  results  were  expected.  Meanwhile  in  the  two  fiscal  years  of 

«war  the  United  Kingdom  wheat  crop  had  increased  from  7,804,000 
quarters  to  9,239,000  quarters  and  the  imports  of  wheat  and  wheat- 
flour  had  remained  very  nearly  stationary — 26,000,000  quarters  or 
the  equivalent.  The  price  of  wheat,  meanwhile,  had  risen  over  that 
of  the  pre-War  period  by  64  per  cent. ;  British  barley  went  up  83 
per  cent.,  and  oats  62  per  cent. 

In  September  a  Committee  'of  economic  experts,  appointed  in 
June  to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  increased  price  of  commodit- 
ies of  general  consumption  and  make  suggestions  to  meet  the  situa- 
tion, reported  no  evidence  of  any  rings,  combines  or  manipulation 
of  prices,  approved  the  Government's  restrictive  action  in  certain 
cases,  advised  special  action  as  to  milk,  meat  and  bacon,  and  de- 
clared the  average  increase  in  cost  of  living  to  the  working  classes, 
from  July,  1914,  to  Sept.  1st,  1916,  as  about  45  per  cent.  At  the 
same  time  it  was  estimated  that  war  bonuses  and  increases  in  the 
normal  rate  of  wages  granted  to  workpeople  of  the  manual  labour 
classes  in  the  two  years  had  affected  5,800,000  persons  to  the  extent 
of  £1,480,000  per  week.  These  figures  did  not  include  the  increase 
in  earnings  which  resulted  from  greater  regularity  of  employment, 
additional  overtime,  substitution  of  piecework  for  timework,  and 


120  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


other  factors  which  tended  to  raise  the  actual  earnings  quite  apart 
from  the  increase  in  rates.  It  was  found  that  freight  increases  did 
not  greatly  affect  the  price  of  meats  as  the  average  was  only  one 
pence  in  the  pound.  Various  mild  recommendations  were  made. 

Incident  to  this  price  and  food  problem  was  the  Liquor  question 
as  to  which  Prohibitionist  statements  were  that  enough  grain  to 
make  2,000  million  quartern  loaves  of  bread,  and  enough  sugar 
to  supply  the  entire  Army,  had  been  destroyed  during  the  War  in 
the  manufacture  of  Alcohol,  and  that  2,400,000  measurement  tons 
of  shipping — or  96,000,000  cubic  feet  of  shipping  space, — had  been 
used  up  by  the  Liquor  traffic  in  12  months  of  War.  During  1916 
1,000  of  the  most  distinguished  persons  in  the  United  Kingdom 
signed  a  Memorial  to  Parliament  in  favour  of  the  suspension  of 
Alcohol  manufacture  and  sale  during  the  War  and  ensuing  De- 
mobilization. They  included  8  Admirals  such  as  Sir  Edmund 
Fremantle,  8  Generals  such  as  Sir  H.  Smith-Dorrien,  many  Privy 
Councillors  headed  by  Lord  Bryce  with  members  of  Parliament 
such  as  Sir  Ivor  Herbert,  and  representatives  of  Labour,  Litera- 
ture, Science  and  Art  such  as  the  Rt.  Hon.  Thomas  Burt,  M.P., 
Thomas  Hardy,  Sir  William  Osier,  Sir  Luke  Fildes,  R.A.,  and  Sir 
J.  Forbes  Robertson. 

It  was  claimed  that  this  policy  would  save  $30,000,000  a  day  or 
enough  to  pay  for  the  War  as  well  as  thousands  of  lives.  At  the 
same  time  there  had  been  a  tremendous  improvement  in  conditions 
without  Prohibition.  Restricted  areas  and  hours  for  sale  of  liquor 
and  prohibition  of  treating  had  worked  wonders  since  the  Central 
Liquor  Control  Board  had  taken  over  control  of  the  traffic  on  May 
15,  1915.  Lord  D'Abernon,  its  head,  stated  on  Apr.  15,  1916,  that 
there  was  50%  less  public  drunkenness  and  disorder  than  before 
the  War,  that  20,000,000  were  directly  affected  by  the  Board's 
operations  and  had  shown  surprising  willingness  to  accept  war- 
time restrictions,  and  that  much  of  pre-war  drunkenness  would 
never  exist  again.  He  declared  that  "the  object  of  reform  should 
be  not  to  hit  the  brewer  and  the  distiller,  but  to  get  better  results 
from  them.  And  that  is  possible  only  if  a  broad  view  is  taken  of 
their  position,  if  their  difficulties  are  recognized  and  if  their  co- 
operation is  procured  in  modifying  the  present  position." 

Meantime,  the  Earl  of  Selborne  was  leading  a  strong  agitation 
for  better  farming  conditions  and  increased  production,  and  the 
feeding  of  England  by  her  own  people.  Elaborate  plans  were 
underway  with  the  Small-holding  Colonies  Act  of  this  year  as  a 
central  force.  On  Nov.  3  it  was  authoritatively  announced  that 
European  requirements  for  wheat  were  538,000,000  bushels  and 
the  available  world  surplus  was  only  528,000,000  bushels — includ- 
ing Russia.  Lord  Crawford's  Wheat  Commission,  appointed  in 
October,  was  instructed  "to  inquire  into  the  supply  of  wheat  and 
flour  in  the  United  Kingdom;  to  purchase,  sell,  and  control  the 
delivery  of  wheat  and  flour  on  behalf  of  His  Majesty's  Government; 
and  generally  to  take  such  steps  as  may  seem  desirable  for  main- 
taining the  supply."  Following  this  it  was  announced  on  Nov.  15 
that  a  Food  Comptroller  would  be  appointed  and  this  was  done  in 


I 


GREAT  BRITAIN:  WAR  POLICY  AND  POSITION  IN  1916          121 

the  person  of  Lord  Devonport  by  the  new  Lloyd  George  Ministry. 
There  had  been  during  these  months  more  than  one  crisis  in 
the  Coal  trade,  with  its  essential  supplies  for  the  Navy  and  muni- 
tion works,  and  its  difficult  labour  problem.  A  Departmental  Com- 
mittee inquiring  into  the  War  situation  as  to  coal  reported  (Sept. 
26,  1916)  that  production  in  the  pre-war  year  of  1913-14  was  281,- 
135,000  tons,  in  August,  1914,  to  July  31,  1915,  250,368,000  tons, 
in  1915-16  254,748,000  tons.  With  enormously  increased  demands, 
therefore,  the  output  had  decreased,  though  an  improvement  was 
now  evident.  Up  to  Mar.  31,  1916,  the  Miners  enlisting  totalled 
282,200  or  25  per  cent,  of  the  labour  employed  at  the  beginning  of 
the  War.  "In  the  antumn  of  last  year  it  became  evident  that, 
whatever  remedial  measures  were  adopted,  if  the  miners  continued 
to  be  recruited  in  large  numbers,  it  would  be  quite  impossible  to 
meet  the  home  demands  for  coal,  supply  the  Allies,  and  have  suffi- 
cient coal  for  export  to  neutral  countries  in  return  for  obvious 
necessities."  Hence  the  inclusion  of  underground  workers  in  the 
"barred"  classes.  Transport  difficulties  had,  also,  been  serious. 
Hence,  the  taking  over  by  the  Government  on  Dec.  1  of  the  Coal 
mines  and  the  temporary  solution  of  some  serious  labour  troubles. 
Hence,  also,  the  commandeering,  a  little  later,  of  private  railway 
waggons  for  public  service. 

War  charities,  gifts,  allowances,  during  these  years  were  won- 
derful in  amount  and  in  organization.  There  seemed  plenty  of 
money  available — the  wealthy  classes  lived  less  luxuriously,  the 
poorer  classes  made  more  money,  the  War  Savings  Committee  was 
constantly  at  work,  the  appeals  to  patriotism  were  unceasing.  There 
was,  of  course,  still  much  extravagance  and  self-indulgence  but 
upon  the  whole  the  response  was  splendid,  with  an  estimated  300 
million  dollars  contributed  by  the  public  to  these  special  calls,  while 
also  taking  thousands  of  millions  in  War  loans  and  paying  in- 
creased taxes  in  every  direction.  One  Fund  is  typical  of  many — 
the  Prince  of  Wales'  National  Relief  Fund  which  collected  up  to 
Dec.  31st,  1916,  £6,020,204  or  $30,000,000 ;  another  was  the  London 
Times'  Red  Cross  and  Order  of  St.  John  Fund,  which  started  with 
$1,000,000  on  Sept.  22,  1914,  and  on  Nov.  15,  1916,  stood  at  $25,- 
400,000,  and  on  Dec.  29  at  $28,700,000.  The  "Our  Day"  Red  Cross 
collection,  in  which  various  parts  of  the  Empire  joined  during 
October,  brought  in  $2,500,000— to  which  H.M.  the  King  gave 
$25,000,  J.  P.  Morgan  of  New  York  $50,000.  Of  the  other  Funds 
there  were  many — one  being  an  Emergency  Fund  started  by  the 
Quakers  to  "aid  innocent  Alien  enemies  in  Great  Britain"  which 
was  stated  to  be  the  only  one  of  the  kind  in  existence.  There  were 
at  least  50  Funds  calling  for  public  support  and  receiving  it. 

Meanwhile  the  country  was  being  dotted  over  with  all  kinds  of 
Hospitals — wounded  and  convalescent,  Colonial  and  British. 
Money  and  houses  and  parks  and  voluntary  nursing  were  given 
generously.  An  illustration  of  the  large  needs  of  these  institutions 
was  the  appeal  of  the  Charing  Cross  Hospital  in  Surrey  during 
August  for  £80,000.  In  France  the  Royal  Army  Medical  Corps 
and  British  Hospitals  were  everywhere  with  a  result  of  rapid 
recovery  from  wounds  and  a  general  good-health  unprecedented  in 


122  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


war.  Sir  William  Osier  stated  in  an  interview  (Mar.  15)  that  "the 
handling  of  the  sick  and  wounded  by  all  the  Allied  nations  has  been 
extraordinary  from  the  start. ' '  The  fact  that  nearly  all  the  fighting 
had  been  done  in  thickly  populated  country,  highly  cultivated  and 
thoroughly  infected  with  septic  germs  had  made  the  problem  very 
difficult.  In  the  result,  however,  there  was  practically  no  dysentery, 
typhoid  or  cholera  amongst  the  Allies  on  the  Western  front ;  in  the 
American-Spanish  war  there  had  been  20,000  typhoid  cases 
amongst  100,000  men  and  in  the  American  Civil  War  29,336 
deaths  from  this  cause  in  the  Northern  Armies. 

Under  the  new  system  and,  similarly  in  the  Dominion  Services, 
the  field  ambulances  consisted  not  only  of  stretcher-bearers  to  carry 
the  men  back  of  the  lines,  but  were  in  themselves  small  temporary 
hospitals  for  minor  cases.  Behind  them  were  the  Casualty  clear- 
ing stations  or  temporary  stations  for  the  wounded,  then  came 
permanent  hospitals,  where  operations  that  could  not  be  delayed 
were  performed.  Early  in  1916  a  dearth  of  medical  men  became 
noticeable  and  a  movement,  headed  by  Lord  Derby,  was  started 
to  mobilize  doctors.  In  June  Sir  Alfred  Keogh  issued  an  appeal 
to  the  physicians  to  do  this  voluntarily,  pointed  out  that  12,000 
already  were  with  the  Army  and  4,000  more  were  called  for  with 
only  30,000  all-told  upon  the  Medical  register.  Meanwhile  all  kinds 
of  humanizing  influences  were  at  work  in  factories  and  public 
employments;  sanitation  was  improved  in  England  and,  at  the 
Front,  its  efficiency  was  remarkable,  while  Governmental  influences, 
special  legislation  and  social  organizations  were  hard  at  work  to 
check  in  London  the  evil  diseases  which  are  always  rife  where 
large  bodies  of  soldiers  gather. 

The  British  '  ^ke  wor^  an^  place  of  the  British  Navy  in  this 
Navy  and  Army  world-war  were  as  wide  as  the  sweep  of  the  seas ;  as 
in  the  war:  effective  as  brains  and  experience,  great  ships  and 
submarines  and  many  of  them,  splendid  sailors  and  absolute  national 
confidence  and  support,  could  make  them.  In  only 
one  respect  was  there  question — the  diplomatic  difficulties,  the  neu- 
tral protests,  which  had  made  the  blockade  of  Germany  during 
1915  not  as  forceful  or  complete  as  it  should  have  been.  Otherwise 
the  work  of  the  Navy  was  wonderful. 

The  silence  of  those  shadowy,  sombre  ships  patrolling  stormy 
seas,  covered  conditions  which  the  neutral  world  took  long  to 
fully  recognize — success  in  a  gigantic  pressure  upon  German  life 
and  trade,  business  and  morale;  success  in  an  omniscient  watch- 
fulness over  enemy  ships  passing  along  the  ocean  highways;  suc- 
cess in  two  terrific  campaigns  of  unknown  detail  against  the 
submarine;  success  in  guarding  the  transport  of  millions  of  sol- 
diers to  France  without  the  loss  of  a  man,  and  to  many  other  parts 
of  the  world  with  trivial  losses;  success  in  guarding  the  shores  of 
Britain  and,  up  to  the  close  of  1916,  in  keeping  the  seas  reasonably 
clear  of  the  great  new  war  monster  which  German  skill  had  created ; 
success  in  the  absolute  destruction  of  German  sea-trade,  the  pro- 
tection of  an  increased  British  trade  and  the  tying  up  of  German 
shipping  with  the  practical  internment  of  the  second  greatest  fleet 


BRITISH  NAVY  AND  ARMY;  SUBMARINES  AND  AEROPLANES      123 

in  the  world — a  fleet  which  had  cost  Germany  1,500  millions  of 
dollars;  success  in  controlling  the  English  channel  and  North  Sea, 
protecting  the  shores  of  France,  helping  Russia  in  the  Baltic,  or 
the  White  Sea,  or  the  Persian  Gulf,  carrying  2,000,000  troops  to  all 
parts  of  the  world;  success  in  guarding  the  Suez  Canal  route  for 
commerce,  holding  Greece  from  the  German  side,  enabling  the 
United  States  to  become  a  great  factory  and  granary  for  the  Allies. 

To  these  4,000  sentinels  of  the  deep,  which  in  varied  degrees  of 
power  and  size  patrolled  the  world's  waters,  guarded  the  trade 
routes,  convoyed  countless  shipping,  hunted  for  submarines,  inter- 
cepted and  examined  an  average  of  80  neutral  ships  every  week,  no 
tribute  could  be  too  high  from  those  whose  lives,  liberties  and  inter- 
ests were  thus  safe-guarded.  From  the  350,000  officers  and  men 
of  the  Navy  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  but  especially  in  home  waters, 
the  wearing  monotony,  the  weary  waiting,  the  prolonged  nerve- 
strain  of  that  ceaseless  watch  in  the  North  Sea  took  a  silent  toll  of 
heart  and  body.  In  the  four  corners  of  the  ocean-world  the  British 
fleet  stood  for  a  stern  courtesy  and  integrity  of  action  which  in- 
jured no  one  in  person  and  carried  only  the  absolute  minimum  of 
inconvenience  in  business,  while  asserting  a  supremacy  of  power 
which  eventually  was  accepted  by  the  whole  world.  It  was  war 
carried  on  like  the  Knights  of  old  with  chivalry  toward  the  weak 
and  courage  toward  the  strong.  It  was  the  exact  opposite  of  the 
German  system  with  its  raids  upon  defenceless  coast  towns  of  Eng- 
land, its  strewing  of  the  open  seas  with  floating  mines,  its  torpedo- 
ing and  sinking  of  passenger  boats  and  fishing  craft,  its  shelling  of 
defenceless  crews  or  the  throwing  of  passengers  into  open  boats 
on  stormy  seas. 

What  this  British  command  of  the  sea  meant,  was  illustrated 
in  another  way  by  the  statement  in  New  York  (Apr.  24)  of  Emile 
Lesage  that  in  a  journey  around  the  world  he  had  not  met  one 
German  fellow-traveller !  As  to  trade  the  situation  was  not  hard  to 
imagine  had  German  cruisers  been  free  of  the  seas  when  one  chance 
raider  could  destroy  20  British  merchant  ships  before  it  was  caught. 
As  to  conditions  associated  with  the  Navy  T.  J.  McNamara,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Admiralty,  stated  in  March  that  there  were  from  600,- 
000  to  900,000  persons  engaged  on  ship  construction  and  repairs 
in  the  Royal  dockyards  and  naval  establishments,  who  thus  con- 
tributed to  the  maintenance  and  fighting  efficiency  of  the  Fleets. 
What  this  British  labour  meant  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  despite  all 
losses — including  those  of  the  Battle  of  Jutland,  Mr.  Balfour  was 
able  to  say  at  Glasgow  on  Sept.  5  that ' '  since  the  War  broke  out  the 
Fleet  has  not  only  increased  absolutely  in  numbers,  in  power,  and 
in  efficiency,  but  to  the  best  of  my  belief,  as  compared  with  the 
capital  ships  of  our  opponents,  it  has  increased  relatively  also. 
If  we  were  strong  in  capital  ships  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  we 
are  yet  stronger  now.  If  we  were  well  provided  with  cruisers  and 
destroyers  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  there  is  absolutely  no  com- 
parison between  our  strength  at  that  time  and  our  strength  now." 

The  Battle  of  Jutland,  or  Skagger  Rack  as  the  Germans  called 
it,  was  an  extraordinary  victory — one  which  was  announced  in  the 
press  of  the  world  on  the  following  day,  with  characteristic  Ger- 


124 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


man  prevision  and  unscrupulous  statement,  as  a  great  British  dis- 
aster. The  British  Admiralty  took  its  time  to  obtain  and  announce 
the  exact  facts ;  when  it  did  so  the  hostile  or  indifferent  or  ignorant 
part  of  all  nations  was  inclined  to  consider  the  statements  as  ex- 
planatory, as  excuses,  as  a  covering  up  of  real  defeat.  First  im- 
pressions are  powerful  and  this  first  impression  held  its  place 
amongst  the  historic  incidents  of  the  War.  In  these  early  despatches 
the  British  admitted  losses  were  over  14  ships  of  100,000  tons  and 
6,000  sailors;  German  admitted  losses  were  about  14,000  tons  and 
a  few  hundred  men.  Details  cannot  be  given  here  but  it  was  the 
greatest  Naval  battle  in  history  and  was  fought  off  the  coast  of  Den- 
mark with  freedom  in  the  North  Sea  and  escape  from  Kiel  as  the 
German  objective ;  the  holding  of  this  great  Fleet  in  control,  driv- 
ing it  back  to  its  base,  preventing  escape  of  cruisers  or  raiding 
vessels,  and  destroying  as  many  ships  as  possible,  as  the  British 
objective. 

This  was  on  May  31  and  only  gradually  did  the  full  report  of 
the  struggle  sift  into  the  intelligence  of  the  world.  Admiral  Sir 
David  Beatty,  who  commanded  the  advance  squadron  that  held  up 
the  great  German  fleet  until  the  main  British  ships  could  come  upon 
the  scene,  said  to  the  officers  and  men  of  the  Tiger,  Princess  Royal 
and  Lion  on  their  return  to  the  base — not  made  public  until  June 
10 — that  "you  can  take  it  from  me  now  that  the  damage  we  in- 
flicted on  the  Germans  was  far  greater  than  that  which  they 
inflicted  on  us.  They  lost  two  battleships  and  two  battle-cruisers 
of  the  most  modern  type,  including  the  Lutzow,  four  light  cruisers 
and  so  many  destroyers  that  we  have  not  managed  to  count  them." 
The  strategy  of  the  engagement  was  thus  described  by  Admiral 
Sir  Cyprian  Bridge  (July  7)  : 

It  was  a  brilliant  achievement  for  the  British  Navy.  To  put  the  situation 
succinctly,  it  may  be  said  that  before  the  battle  the  British  fleet  at  sea  was 
divided  into  two  parts,  one  force  under  Sir  David  Beatty,  and  the  other,  the 
Battle  Fleet,  or  main  body,  under  the  commander-in-chief,  Sir  John  Jellicoe. 
This  distribution  of  the  ships  was  the  dominating  factor  in  bringing  on  the 
battle.  Had  the  whole  British  fleet  been  massed  and  close  together  it  is  more 
than  likely  that  no  battle  would  have  occurred  at  all.  With  the  British  fleet 
divided  the  Germans  were  encouraged  to  give  battle  to  Beatty.  Sir  David, 
determined  to  get  them  into  a  fight,  arranged  the  management  of  the  action 
so  that  he  could  draw  them  nearer  and  near  to  Jellicoe 's  main  body,  which 
was  coming  up  in  support.  He  thus  greatly  shortened  the  interval  between 
the  first  collision  and  eventual  participation  in  the  action  by  Jellicoe 's  battle- 
ships. .  .  .  The  gunnery  of  the  British  fleet  was  the  more  accurate  of  the 
two.  This  was  due  not  only  to  very  thorough  training,  but  also  to  the  cool 
and  deliberate  manner  in  which  the  guns  were  fired.  The  Germans,  in  the 
earlier  stages  of  the  battle,  fired  more  rapidly  but  after  their  early  shots  they 
showed  no  accuracy  of  aim.  As  to  the  whole  engagement,  after  reading 
Admiral  Jellicoe 's  report,  I  can  say,  unhesitatingly,  that  it  was  one  of  the  most 
decisive  the  British  ever  fought.  In  fact,  there  are  only  three  others,  to  my 
mind,  which  outvie  it  in  respect  to  strategy  and  final  result.  These  are  Lord 
Hawke's  battle  of  Quiberon,  Nelson's  battle  of  the  Nile,  and  Nelson's  Trafal- 
gar. 

Admiral  Jellicoe 's  published  dispatch  (July  6)  finally  gave 
the  full  facts  and  recorded  6  British  battleships  of  104,700  tons 
and  8  destroyers  lost ;  10  German  battleships  and  cruisers  of  uncer- 
tain tonnage  with  9  destroyers  lost.  To  Sir  John  Jellicoe  and  his 


BRITISH  NAVY  AND  ARMY;  SUBMARINES  AND  AEROPLANES      125 

Fleet  the  Admiralty  issued  a  letter  of  thanks  describing  this  first 
fleet  action  of  the  War  as  "severely  punishing"  an  enemy  who  had 
to  withdraw  to  his  ports  and  as  having  proved  the  gallantry  and 
devotion  of  officers  and  crews,  showed  a  handling  of  ships  with 
skill  and  determination,  and  exhibited  engineering  zeal  and  effi- 
ciency— with  naval  commanders  proving  initiative  and  tactical  sub- 
ordination. At  the  close  of  the  year  Admiral  Jellicoe  became  First 
Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  and  Admiral  Beatty  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Grand  Fleet.  Meanwhile  every  kind  of  editorial, 
serious  or  regretful,  joyful  or  apologetic,  as  the  case  might  be,  had 
appeared  in  the  United  States  press.  In  Canada  and  Australia 
and  South  Africa,  excuses  were  abundant  but  not  even  a  dim 
prescience  that  it  was  a  great  victory  in  strategy,  conduct  and 
enemy  losses.  The  news  was  contradicted  in  a  day  or  so  but,  of 
course,  many  erroneous  impressions  remained.  On  Aug.  4  follow- 
ing Mr.  Balfour  as  1st  Civil  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  issued  a  mes- 
sage reviewing  the  war  situation.  To  the  Battle  of  Jutland  he 
referred  as  follows : 

Before  Jutland,  as  after  it,  the  German  fleet  was  imprisoned;  the  battle 
was  an  attempt  to  break  the  bars  and  burst  the  confining  gates;  it  failed — 
and  with  its  failure  the  German  High  Seas  Fleet  sank  again  into  impotence. 
.  .  .  The  object  of  a  naval  battle  is  to  obtain  the  command  of  the  sea,  or 
to  keep  it,  and  it  is  certain  that  Germany  has  not  obtained  it,  and  that  we 
have  not  lost  it.  The  tests  of  this  assertion  are  easy  to  apply.  Has  the  grip 
of  the  British  blockade  relaxed  since  May  31? 

The  first  great  function  of  the  Navy  in  1916  was  this  holding 
of  the  seas  against,  and  free  from,  the  German  fleets  and  it  was 
duly  accomplished;  the  second  was  to  enforce  and  tighten  the 
blockade  upon  German  trade  and  supplies;  the  third  was  to  meet 
and  defeat  the  submarine  menace.  In  March,  1915,  the  blockade  had 
commenced  as  a  reply  to  the  first  submarine  campaign;  it  was 
followed  up  in  the  creation  by  the  Foreign  Office  of  a  series  of 
Agreements  with  bodies  of  traders  in  countries  contiguous  to  Ger- 
many, with  a  view  to  preventing  things  the  enemy  most  needed 
from  reaching  him,  in  return  for  permission  to  ship  him  other 
articles  of  no  value  for  munition  purposes  and  of  little  value  for 
nutrition.  It  was  complicated  by  neutral  pleas  and  threats  and  by 
British  diplomatic  courtesy  in  dealing  with  conditions  admittedly 
difficult  for  neutral  traders  and  countries;  it  resulted  during  the 
first  year  of  operation  in  such  evidences  of  efficiency  as  the  reduc- 
tion of  coal  exports  to  the  Scandinavian  countries  and  Holland  by 
1,700,000  tons,  while  Germany's  supply,  direct  or  through  Bel- 
gium, was  cut  off  to  a  total  of  11,000,000  tons.  On  the  other  hand 
the  Netherlands'  import  of  oil-seed  rose  from  2,800  tons  in  1913 
to  36,000  in  1915,  British  exports  of  palm-oil  rose  from  21,000 
cwt.  to  162,000  cwt.,  Sweden  and  the  Netherlands  took  seven  times 
their  usual  quantity  of  raw  cotton,  British  exports  of  cocoa — 
destination  not  given — rose  from  15  to  61  million  pounds  and  so 
on.  Much  public  discussion  followed  with  criticism  of  the  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Admiralty  and,  more  especially,  the  Foreign 
Office,  for  alleged  lack  of  the  stern,  severe  enforcement  which  the 


126  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Navy  could  carry  out  if  permitted.    Early  in  1916  the  Government 
had  issued  an  official  summary  of  what  had  been  done : 

1.  German  exports  to  oversea  countries  have  been  almost  entirely  stop- 
ped.   Such  exceptions  as  have  been  made  are  in  cases  where  a  refusal  to  allow 
the  export  of  the  goods  would  hurt  the  Neutral  concerned  without  inflicting 
any  injury  upon  Germany. 

2.  All   shipments   to   neutral   countries   adjacent   to    Germany   are    care- 
fully scrutinized  with  a  view  to  the  detection  of  a  concealed  enemy  destina- 
tion.    Wherever  there  is  reasonable  ground  for  suspecting  such   destination, 
the   goods   are   placed   in   the   Prize    Court.      Doubtful   consignments   are    de- 
tained until  satisfactory  guarantees  are  produced. 

3.  Under  agreements  in  force  with  bodies  of  representative  merchants  in 
several    neutral    countries    adjacent    to    Germany,    stringent    guarantees    are 
exacted  from  importers,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  all  trade  between  the  neutral 
country  and  Germany,  whether  arising  overseas  or  in  the  neutral  country  itself, 
is  restricted. 

4.  By  agreements  with  shipping  lines  and  by  a  vigorous  use  of  the  power 
to  refuse  bunker  coal,  a  large  proportion  of  the   neutral  mercantile  marine 
which  carries  on  trade  with  Scandinavia  and  Holland  has  been  induced  to 
agree  to  conditions  designed  to  prevent  goods  carried  in  these  ships  from  reach- 
ing the  enemy. 

5.  Every  effort  is  being  made  to  introduce  a  system  of  rationing  which 
will  ensure  that  the  neutral  countries  concerned  only  import  such  quantities  of 
the  articles  specified  as  are  normally  imported  for   their   own  consumption. 

During  1916  still  more  vigorous  action  was  taken,  neutrals 
were  more  closely  watched,  the  United  States  more  firmly  treated. 
The  increased  effectiveness  which  followed  was  slow  in  coming, 
however,  and  the  Northcliffe  press  in  England  found  much  to 
criticize.  As  an  illustration  of  the  leakages  it  may  be  said  that  on 
Jan.  26  Lord  Devonport  asked  the  Government  whether  they  were 
aware  that  large  and  frequent  shipments  of  iron  ore  and  other 
metals  were  arriving  at  Dutch  ports  and  stated  that  in  16  months, 
to  the  end  of  1915,  cargoes  had  arrived  at  Rotterdam  bringing  ore  to 
a  total  of  1,500,000  tons.  '  *  The  ore  had  come  in  an  unbroken  stream, 
and,  strange  to  say,  was  allowed  to  pass  through  Holland  into  Ger- 
many without  interference,  or  inquiry,  or  protest  on  the  part  of 
our  Government.  There  was  no  doubt  that  it  did  pass  into  Ger- 
many. ' '  In  the  Commons  on  the  same  day  Mr.  Shirley  Benn  moved 
that  "this  House,  having  noted  the  volume  of  the  imports  into 
neutral  countries,  bordering  on  enemy  territory,  of  goods  essential 
to  the  enemy  for  the  prosecution  of  the  War,  urges  the  Govern- 
ment to  enforce  as  effective  a  blockade  as"  possible." 

Sir  Edward  Grey  admitted  leakages  but  said  everything  pos- 
sible was  being  done  and  the  motion  did  not  come  to  a  vote.  A 
stormy  meeting  in  London  on  Feb.  14  was  addressed  by  Lord 
Devonport,  T.  Gibson  Bowles  and  others  and  the  former  declared 
that  "we  are  not  maintaining,  indeed  we  have  not  established,  a 
thorough  blockade,  such  as  the  strength  of  our  sea-power  justifies 
and  having  regard  to  our  legitimate  legal  rights  under  International 
law."  On  Feb.  22  the  Government  announced  in  the  Lords,  and 
in  response  to  a  proposed  Resolution  by  Lord  Sydenham  asking 
for  more  effective  measures,  that  the  transfer  of  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  the  Blockade  to  a  new  Cabinet  Minister — Lord  Robert  Cecil 
—had  been  arranged.  From  this  time  onwards  conditions  gradually 
improved  and  the  pressure  on  Germany  steadily  increased  with 


BRITISH  NAVY  AND  ARMY;  SUBMARINES  AND  AEROPLANES      127 

results  obvious  in  letters,  newspapers,  captured  documents  and 
public  utterances. 

The  Submarine  policy  against  Britain  was  effective  mainly 
where  it  broke  every  International  law  or  precedent  in  making 
direct  war  on  civilians  and  indirect  war  on  neutrals.  It  was  not 
seriously  injurious  to  the  battleships  and  fleets  of  Britain  or  even 
to  armed  merchant  vessels,  but  in  certain  periods  of  the  year,  before 
British  measures  had  time  to  dispose  of  the  menace,  it  did  sink  a 
lot  of  shipping.  Up  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  40  unarmed  British  steam 
vessels  and  14  unarmed  neutrals  were  torpedoed  and  sunk  without 
warning  and  hundreds  of  others  with  warning;  following  this 
many  of  the  merchant  ships  were  armed.  In  March,  1916,  the 
British  Government  issued  official  instructions  in  this  respect 
which  claimed  "(1)  the  right  of  the  crew  of  a  merchant  vessel 
forcibly  to  resist  visit  and  search,  and  to  fight  in  self-defence,  as 
well  recognized  in  International  law,  and  expressly  admitted  by 
the  German  prize  regulations  issued  in  June,  1914."  The  arm- 
ament was  supplied  solely  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  attack  by 
an  armed  vessel  of  the  enemy  and  "must  not  be  used  for  any 
other  purpose  whatsoever." 

Early  in  1916  the  losses  of  submarines  compelled  a  slackening 
in  the  German  warfare  and  it  was  generally  believed  that  from  80 
to  100  had  been  captured  or  destroyed,  though  it  was  British  policy 
not  to  make  any  announcement — further  than  the  declaration  by 
Lord  R.  Cecil  on  Apr.  7  that  "Germany  slackened  her  Submarine 
warfare  for  some  time  when  the  operations  of  the  British  Navy 
deprived  her  of  the  necessary  number  of  submarines."  As  to 
British  shipping  affected,  the  loss  at  the  close  of  1915  had  been  741 
steamers  and  334  sailing  ships  with  a  tonnage  of  1,534,901 ;  the 
additions  to  the  British  register  during  this  period  were  807  vessels 
of  1,523,750  tons.  At  the  beginning  of  1916  there  were  420  British 
merchant  vessels  under  construction  with  an  aggregate  gross  ton- 
nage of  1,627,316;  on  Sept.  30  following  469  vessels  were  being 
built  with  a  tonnage  of  1,789,054.  This  result  was  achieved  in 
addition  to  immense  naval  construction,  proceeding  in  haste,  spe- 
cial constructive  work  of  a  secret  nature  in  connection  with  sub- 
marines, and  the  building  of  super-dreadnaughts  and  "mystery 
ships."  At  the  close  of  the  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  the  situa- 
tion in  merchant  ships  compared  with  1915  (Lloyd's  Register  of 
Shipping)  was  as  follows: 


June  30,   1916 


Description 


British  Other  Countries  Total 

No.        Tonnage  No.        Tonnage  No.        Tonnage 

Iron  and  Steel    ..Steam    5,822    13,322,424  3,405   8,737,324  9,227   22,059,748 

Iron  and  Steel   ..Sail    203         229,805  518       889,112  721      1,118,917 

Wood     and     com- 
posite    Steam   and   Sail.         81           10,948  3               525  84           11,473 


Total    6,106  13,563,177  3,926  9,626,961  10,032  23,190,138 

June  30,   1915    .  .      Description                   British  Other  Countries  Total 

No.  Tonnage  No.  Tonnage  No.  Tonnaee 

Iron  and  Steel    ..Steam     5,624  13,073,336  4,008  9,981,172  9,632  22,924,508 

Iron  and  Steel    ..Sail    • 186  214,545       626  1,022,180  812  1,236,725 

Wood      and     com- 
posite     Steam    and   Sail.          89  12,067            9             1,577  98  13,644 


Total    5,899   13,299,943   4,643  11,004,929  10,542   24,174,877 


128  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


There  had  been  a  net  loss,  therefore,  in  British  and  Neutral 
shipping  together  of  nearly  1,000,000  tons  but  a  positive  gain  in 
British  tonnage.  Another  period  of  Submarine  activity  followed 
but  with  not  very  different  net  results  and,  on  Nov.  16,  Winston 
Churchill  stated  in  the  Commons  that ' '  at  the  beginning  of  the  War 
Great  Britain  had  over  18,000,000  tons  in  ships  exceeding  1,000 
tons.  She  has  almost  the  same  amount  to-day."  In  a  later  state- 
ment Lord  Curzon  (Feb.  13,  1917)  confirmed  this  statement  deal- 
ing, however,  with  ships  of  1,600  tons  and  a  total  of  16,000,000. 
The  net  result,  therefore,  of  Germany's  ruthless  policy  and 
practice  had  been  to  prevent  the  increase  in  British  and  neutral 
shipping  necessary  to  meet  increased  war  requirements.  Up 
to  Mar.  23,  1916,  Admiral  Sir  Cyprian  Bridge  estimated 
the  total  loss  of  British  steam  shipping  as  5  per  cent,  in 
numbers  and  6  per  cent,  in  tonnage.  As  the  destroyed  British 
tonnage  was  being  steadily  replaced  it  was  obvious  that  the 
world  shortage  in  shipping  was  not  due  to  Submarine  activities  but 
to  other  causes.  The  Liverpool  Journal  of  Commerce  in  November 
estimated  the  British  shortage  at  4,000,000  tons  and  apportioned 
the  causes  as  follows:  (1)  Hindrance  of  new  construction  1,700,000 
gross  tons,  (2)  War  losses  1,520,000  tons,  and  (3)  excessive  de- 
preciation 1,000,000  tons.  Government  control  covered  nine  out 
of  every  ten  merchant  ships  and  this  control  used  57  per  cent,  of 
them  for  War  purposes.  According  to  figures  stated  by  Lord 
Beresford  at  the  close  of  the  year  the  aggregate  tonnage  lost  by  the 
British  during  the  War  was  4,000,000,  while  3,200,000  tons  had 
been  launched  to  replace  the  losses.  The  net  loss,  therefore,  was 
800,000  tons,  or  5  per  cent,  of  the  gross,  and  under  special  build- 
ing plans  then  being  carried  out  it  was  expected  that  5,000,000  tons 
would  be  completed  within  a  year. 

The  Submarine  menace  proved,  however,  very  clearly  that  with- 
out British  sea-power  during  these  years  no  united  Allied  action 
would  have  been  possible ;  there  could  have  been  no  British  offensive 
in  France,  or  British  Armies  there,  or  in  Egypt,  Persia,  Gallipoli 
or  Salonika;  there  would  have  been  no  aid  in  supplies  and  muni- 
tions to  Russia,  or  Italy,  or  France;  no  trade  in  foodstuffs  and 
munitions  between  the  United  States  and  England.  The  under- 
water craft  had  steadily  improved  in  effectiveness,  in  speed,  and  in 
distance  capacity.  The  net  result  of  it  all  was  the  destruction  of  a 
small  percentage  of  British  shipping  and  a  large  one  of  neutral 
shipping — apart  from  the  United  States;  the  introduction  of  a 
new  terror  of  the  sea  and  a  new  barbarism  in  war;  the  enforced 
recognition  by  the  world  of  the  services  of  the  British  Navy  to 
civilization  and  humanity. 

The  detailed  campaigns  and  battles  of  the  British  Army  in  1916 
cannot  be  dealt  with  here ;  a  general  picture  may  be  sketched  into 
the  narrative  and  that  is  all.  That  there  should  be  a  British  Army 
of  5,000,000  volunteer  soldiers  was,  in  itself,  one  of  the  great  ele- 
ments in  the  War ;  that  it  should  be  fighting  in  France  and  Greece 
and  Mesopotamia  and  Egypt  and  the  borders  of  Palestine,  were 


BRITISH  NAVY  AND  ARMY;  SUBMARINES  AND  AEROPLANES      129 


incidents  in  the  result;  that  the  Kaiser's  "contemptible  little 
army,"  which  defied  his  hosts  at  Mons,  should  have  grown  into 
armies  which  could  meet  and  defeat  the  finest  products  of  Prus- 
sian science,  skill  and  life-long  training,  was  a  tremendous  fact  in 
the  struggle.  The  Gallipoli  campaign  had  come  and  gone  and  been 
replaced  in  1916  by  the  Salonika  preparations  for  an  offensive 
which,  in  the  main,  was  delayed  during  the  entire  year;  the  cam- 
paign of  the  Indian  Expeditionary  Force  against  Kut,  with  Bagdad 
as  the  objective,  was  held  up  by  the  capture  of  General  Towns- 
hend's  Army  of  2,970  British  troops  and  6,000  Indian  soldiers 
on  Apr.  29,  but  at  the  close  of  .1916  this  force  was  replaced  by  an 
Army  which  threatened  to  re-capture  the  place  and  had  defeated 
the  Turks  in  several  engagements;  the  Egyptian  forces  were  suc- 
cessful in  guarding  the  Suez  Canal  against  all  injury,  in  protect- 
ing the  shipping  passing  through  it,  and  in  defeating  various  tribal 
raids  and  Turkish  tentative  efforts.  f 

Of  the  Army  on  the  Western  front  many  volumes  were  and 
will  be  written.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  the  British  held  90 
miles  and  along  this  line,  according  to  Major-General  F.  B.  Maur- 
ice, Director  of  Military  Operations  at  the  War  Office,  there  were 
as  many  Germans  facing  the  British  troops  as  there  were  on  the 
230  miles  extending  from  Rheims  to  the  Swiss  border.  Both 
climatic  and  ground  conditions  were  much  worse  in  this  section  of 
the  front.  Later  in  the  year  the  British  holdings  on  the  front  were 
further  extended  with  the  fact,  generally  known,  of  1,500,000  men 
available.  Back  of  this  line  were  3,000  miles  of  railway  built  by 
British  labour  which  ensured  a  perfect  supply  of  munitions,  easy 
withdrawal  of  wounded,  and  the  rapid  movement  of  troops.  Dur- 
ing the  Battle  of  Verdun  British  troops  relieved  one  of  the  French 
Armies  in  Artois — supposed  to  be  a  most  difficult  sector — and  from 
Loos  to  the  Somme  dealt  effective  trench-warfare  blows  and  occu- 
pied and  held  such  places  as  the  Labyrinth  which  French  valour 
had  already  captured.  To  them  Le  Bulletin  des  Armees  paid  this 
tribute  early  in  May :  ' '  The  list  of  the  successes  and  valorous  traits 
of  the  British  Army  is  a  long  one.  It  is  made  up  of  daily  combats 
during  twenty  months  of  war,  thousands  of  heroic  or  brilliant 
episodes,  victories  like  that  of  Loos,  and  successes  like  those  recently 
scored  on  the  Ypres-Commines  canal  and  at  St.  Eloi."  The  Com- 
mander-in-Chief  during  1916  was  Lieut.-General  Sir  Douglas  Haig 
who,  in  December,  was  made  a  Field  Marshal,  and  under  him  were 
Major-Gen.  Leonard  Kiggell,  Chief  of  the  General  Staff,  Sir 
Charles  Monro,  Sir  Archibald  Murray,  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  Sir 
E.  H.  H.  Allenby,  Sir  Eobert  Gough  and  other  Generals.  There 
were  many  small  engagements  which  would  in  other  wars  have 
been  deemed  great  battles,  but  the  overshadowing  British  conflict 
of  the  year  was  that  of  the  Somme.  In  his  despatch  of  Dec.  23 
General  Haig  gave  the  following  reasons  for  this  offensive : 

By  the  end  of  May  the  pressure  of  the  enemy  on  the  Italian  front  had 
assumed  such  serious  proportions  that  the  Eussian  campaign  was  opened  early 
in  June,  and  the  brilliant  successes  gained  by  our  Allies  against  the  Austrians 
at  once  caused  a  movement  of  German  troops  from  the  Western  to  the  Eastern 


130  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

front.  This,  however,  did  not  lessen  the  pressure  on  Verdun.  The  heroic 
defence  of  our  French  Allies  had  already  gained  many  weeks  of  inestimable 
value  and  had  caused  the  enemy  very  heavy  losses;  but  the  strain  continued 
to  increase.  In  view,  therefore,  of  the  situation  in  the  various  theatres  of  war, 
it  was  eventually  agreed  between  General  Joffre  and  myself  that  the  combined 
French  and  British  offensive  should  not  be  postponed  beyond  the  end  of  June. 
The  object  of  that  offensive  was  threefold: 

(1)  To  relieve  the  pressure  on  Verdun. 

(2)  To  assist  our  Allies  in  the  other  theatres  of  War  by  stopping  any 
further  transfer  of  German  troops  from  the  Western  front. 

(3)  To  wear  down  the  strength  of  the  forces  opposed  to  us. 

Only  the  briefest  reference  can  be  made  to  the  details  of  the 
prolonged  Battle  which  followed  and  lasted  from  July  1  into 
November.  It  included  amongst  the  more  notable  captures  the 
Liepsic  Salient,  Montaubau  and  Mametz,  Fricourt,  La  Boisselle, 
Contalmaison,  Ovillers,  Trones  Wood  and  High  Wood,  Bazentin, 
Guillemont,  Delville  Wood,  Longueval,  Poziers  and  Thiepval, 
Ginchy,  Flers  and  Martyipuich,  Raucourt,  Morval  and  Combles,  the 
Regina  Trench,  St.  Pierre  Devion,  Beaucourt  and  Beaumont- 
Hamel.  The  two  latter  places  were  taken  on  Nov.  14  and  marked 
the  practical  end  of  the  Battle,  or  rather  offensive  action.  Weather 
conditions  had  intervened  frequently  to  prevent  advances  and 
they  then  terminated  any  large  movement.  Sir  Douglas  Haig  in 
his  Report  declared  that  "the  three  main  objects  with  which  we 
had  commenced  our  offensive  in  July  had  already  been  achieved  at 
the  date  when  this  account  closes.  Verdun  had  been  relieved; 
the  main  German  forces  had  been  held  on  the  Western  front ;  and 
the  enemy's  strength  had  been  very  considerably  worn  down.  Any 
one  of  these  three  results  is  in  itself  sufficient  to  justify  the  Somme 
Battle.  The  attainment  of  all  three  of  them  affords  ample  com- 
pensation for  the  splendid  efforts  of  our  troops  and  for  the  sacri- 
fices made  by  ourselves  and  our  Allies. ' ' 

Mr.  Lloyd  George,  Secretary  of  War,  declared  in  the  House  on 
Aug.  22  of  this  Battle  that ' '  it  relieved  the  pressure  on  Verdun  and 
prevented  the  enemy  from  pouring  ,his  forces  into  the  Russian 
theatre  to  support  the  Austrians  against  General  Brusiloff 's  thrust. 
The  German  accounts  of  our  losses  on  the  Somme  are  ludicrously 
exaggerated.  Our  losses,  though  deplorable,  have  been  relatively 
low  as  compared  with  those  of  the  Germans.  The  French  and  our- 
selves have  captured  positions  on  the  Somme  front  whence  the 
course  of  the  campaign  is  visible,  and  I  think  in  the  dim  distance 
we  can  see  the  end."  According  to  the  most  reliable  estimates 
obtainable  the  first  three  months  of  this  offensive  on  both  its  French 
and  British  sides  captured  over  600  guns,  and  put  from  400,000  to 
500,000  of  the  enemy  out  of  action.  General  Haig  gave  the  total 
British  captures  as  38,000,  including  800  officers,  514  machine  guns, 
and  261  larger  guns.  For  the  four  months  of  the  struggle  the  New 
York  Tribune  estimated  the  British  losses  at  415,000.  Mr.  Bonar 
Law  stated  a  little  later  that  the  French  military  authorities  put 
the  German  losses  at  690,000,  while  the  Germans  claimed  tne  Allied 
losses  to  be  800,000  men.  During  the  conflict  each  of  the  places 


BRITISH  NAVY  AND  ARMY;  SUBMARINES  AND  AEROPLANES      131 

.entioned  above  was  a  huge  fortress,  above  and  below  the  ground, 
buttressed  by  concrete  and  built  to  defy  every  artillery  or  military 
attack  which  was  deemed  possible.  Yet  400  miles  of  trenches  were 
captured  with  40  of  their  fortresses,  of  which  some  were  more 
formidable  than  those  of  Liege  or  Namur,  and  were  regarded  by 
the  Germans  as  impregnable. 

A  word  must  be  said  here  as  to  the  famous  ' '  Tank ' '  which  first 
came  into  service  at  the  Battle  of  the  Somme.  It  was  a  huge, 
ungainly,  powerful  machine  which  rolled  over  and  through  all 
kinds  of  rough,  chopped-up,  trench-filled,  ruin-covered  ground  as 
easily  as  a  waggon  across  a  lawn,  strewing  death  as  it  went  along 
and  apparently  immune  to  the  force  of  any  ordinary  gun  or  pro- 
jectile. It  was  described  as  a  triumph  of  British  science  and  inven- 
tiveness, a  combination  of  the  ancient  testudo  and  battering-ram 
with  modern  electrical  force,  a  sort  of  ugly  land  iron-clad  ship. 
It  did  much  to  win  points  of  vantage  and  to  injure  German  morale; 
it  climbed  over  walls  and  lesser  obstructions,  it  rammed  houses  and 
trees  and  larger  walls  and  then  climbed  over  the  ruins,  it  crossed 
trenches  and  wallowed  through  vast  muddy  shell-holes,  it  was  filled 
with  engines,  guns,  ammunition  and  men.  Credit  for  its  invention 
was  given  chiefly  to  Lieut.-Col.  E.  D.  Swinton  of  the  General  Staff 
in  London ;  Winston  Churchill,  then  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
was  said  to  have  first  taken  up  the  idea;  Americans  claimed  that 
the  whole  thing  was  an  adaptation  of  the  caterpillar  tractor. 

Meanwhile,  in  the  death  of  Field-Marshal  Lord  Kitchener, 
Secretary  of  State  for  War,  by  the  sinking  of  H.M.S.  Hampshire, 
west  of  the  Orkneys  on  June  5,  the  Germans  had  won  the  equivalent 
of  a  great  battle — perhaps  several  of  them.  The  genius  of  this 
master  of  organization,  this  maker  of  the  greatest  of  British  Armies, 
was  about  to  be  placed  at  the  service  of  Russia  and  with  such  enor- 
mous material  in  man-power  available  no  one  can  estimate  the  pos- 
sible results.  As  it  was,  Dr.  Carl  Peters  was  not  far  wrong  when 
he  stated  in  the  Hamburg  Nachrichten  that :  "  I  regard  as  our  great- 
est success  in  this  War  the  drowning  of  Lord  Kitchener. ' '  How  it 
was  that  his  ship  had  no  consort  and  that  one  of  England's  great- 
est war  assets  was  allowed  to  leave  its  shores  in  a  solitary  cruiser, 
was  not  explained,  though  a  lot  of  explanation  will  be  asked  in 
the  future. 

An  important  feature  of  the  War  in  1916,  as  in  the  preceding 
period,  was  the  continued  loss  of  men  of  noble  families  and  historic 
names.  The  British  aristocracy  was  being  depleted  in  two  ways — 
one  by  the  death  of  its  members  and  sons,  the  other  by  the  heavy 
war  taxation  and  old-time  death  duties — which  wiped  out  the  value 
of  properties  or  compelled  their  sale  and  made  necessary  many 
transfers  of  exquisite  or  valuable  art  collections  to  newer  families 
or  United  States  connoisseurs.  Many  great  estates  were  partly 
broken  up,  with  Lord  Crewe,  Lord  Arundell,  Earl  Howe,  the  Duke 
of  Bedford,  the  Marquess  of  Huntley,  Lord  Tweedmouth  and  others 


132  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

selling  properties  of  more  or  less  importance.    Amongst  the  sons  of 
famous  families  who  fell*  during  this  year  were  the  following : 

Lieut.   Ivan   Campbell    Grandson  of The   8th  Duke  of  Argyll. 

Viscount    Weymouth    Son  and  Heir  of  .The   Marquess   of   Bath. 

Lieut.    Raymond    Asquith    Eldest   Son   of    .  .  The  Premier. 

Lieut.  The  Hon.  G.  J.  Goschen Son  and  Heir  of. Viscount  Goschen. 

Lieut.  The  Hon.  Harold  Tennyson,  E.N.  Son    of    Lord  Tennyson. 

Capt.    Lord   Desmond   Fitzgerald    Brother   of    The  Duke  of  Leinster. 

Capt    The  Hon.  R.  S.  A.  Palmer    .  .  .  .Son    of    The  Earl  of  Selborne. 

Capt.  The  Hon.  J.  C.  W.  Saville-Fol- 

jambe Brother  of  The  Earl  of  Liverpool. 

Lieut.-Com.  The  Hon.  H.  C.  R.  Field- 
ing   Son  of  The  Earl  of  Denbigh. 

Capt.  The  Hon.  J.  B.  Campbell Son  and  Heir  of. Lord    Stratheden    and    Campbell. 

Lieut.-Col.   Arthur   Lister    Nephew   of    Lord  Lister. 

Lieut.  The  Viscount  Clive Son    of    The  Earl  of  Powis. 

Lieut.  The  Hon.  V.  S.  T.  Harmsworth .  Son    of    Lord  Rothermere. 

General  the  Earl  of  Longford,  Capt.  Lord  Petre  and  Major 
Lord  Llangattock,  were  amongst  the  Peers  killed,  while  Lord  Tenny- 
son not  only  lost  a  son  but  a  second  son  was  wounded  twice  dur- 
ing the  year.  Up  to  Aug.  31,  1916,  ten  Peers  had  been  killed,  18 
wounded  and  11  taken  prisoners;  240  altogether  (out  of  about 
600  members  of  the  House  of  Lords)  were  on  active  service  and  28 
had  been  mentioned  in  despatches.  The  House  of  Commons  record 
showed  to  the  same  date  215  members  who  were  or  had  been  at 
the  Front,  with  8  killed,  14  wounded  and  4  prisoners  of  war,  while 
31  had  been  mentioned  in  despatches.  Debrett's  list  or  roll  of 
honour,  at  the  close  of  1916,  of  the  sons  of  families  mentioned  in 
its  pages,  who  had  lost  their  lives,  was  1,450  including  one  member 
of  the  Royal  family,  14  peers,  21  baronets,  9  members  of  Parlia- 
ment, 200  knights,  114  sons  of  peers,  110  sons  of  baronets  and  150 
sons  of  knights. 

So  far  as  Great  Britain  and  practical  war-results  were  con- 
cerned the  Zeppelin  policy  and  raids  up  to  the  close  of  1916  were 
distinct  failures.  While  killing  127  non-combatants,  92  women  and 
57  children  up  to  Mar.  1  of  this  year  they  had  served  no  military 
or  strategical  purpose  though  costing  Germany  large  sums  of 
money  to  build  and  maintain.  It  would  seem,  also,  that  no  single 
detail  in  the  War  so  helped  recruiting  and  so  strengthened  Lord 
Kitchener's  hand  as  did  the  24  raids  up  to  this  time.  As  with 
Zeppelins  so  with  enemy  Aeroplane  raids.  On  Feb.  22  it  was  stated 
in  London  that  80  Zeppelins  were  then  in  commission  and  that  25 
had,  so  far,  been  destroyed  by  the  Allies.  Meantime  Britain  had 
been  making  gigantic  efforts  to  meet  the  situation,  defend  rural 
England  and  London  itself,  supply  the  Navy  with  Aeroplane  scouts 
and  give  the  Army  eyes  which  would  see  the  enemy-side  and  act, 
also,  as  guards  over  the  British  trenches. 

At  first  she  was  greatly  behind  others  in  this  branch  of  de- 
fence and  offence ;  then  matters  slowly  improved  and,  as  young 
men  of  eagle  sight  and  courage  poured  into  the  Royal  Flying  Corps 
and  the  War  Office  put  its  constructive  energy  into  the  effort,  the 
progress  became  phenomenal.  Speaking  at  Edinburgh  on  Sept. 
12,  1916,  Lord  Montagu  dealt  with  the  slowest  part  of  this  develop- 
ment when  he  pointed  out  that  in  40  Zeppelin  raids,  with  120 
airships  in  defence,  the  first  Zeppelin  had  only  just  been  brought 

*NOTE. — See  also  Page  123  in  1915  volume. 


I 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN          133 


down  on  British  soil.*  As  to  the  Army  it  was  different  and  the 
military  branch  in  France  had  recently  brought  down  27  Fokkers 
— the  new  and  improved  German  machine — and  were  then  masters 
of  the  air.  It  was  stated  a  little  before  this  that  during  a  specific 
period  the  Allies  had  crossed  the  German  lines  1,227  times  and  the 
Germans  had  come  back  310  times.  The  French  had  been  the  first 
to  specialize  in  these  machines  and  they  had  one  of  different 
qualities  for  each  of  varied  kinds  of  work — a  line  which  the  British 
quickly  imitated.  Then  came  air-squadrons  and  great  air  battles, 
or  bombardment  expeditions  to  German  military  centres  with  big 
planes  carrying  machine-guns  and  bombs.  A  special  British  devel- 
opment was  the  artillery  observation  machine  equipped  with  wire- 
less and  reporting  the  effect  of  artillery  fire  on  enemy  lines.  Lieut. 
Floyd  Faulkner,  R.F.C.,  of  Toronto,  stated  in  New  York  on  Dec. 
31  that: 

The  machines  used  on  the  battle-front  are  much  in  advance  of  any  used 
over  here.  A  new  machine,  whose  name  may  not  be  mentioned,  makes  138 
miles  an  hour  and  is  only  arriving  at  the  Front  now.  It  can  ascend  straight 
up  without  banking,  and  has  reached  15,000  feet  in  seven  and  a  half  minutes. 
This  makes  it  the  ideal  machine  for  Zeppelin  work,  as  it  can  get  height  quickly 
enough  to  catch  the  dirigibles.  It  is  the  greatest  fighting  machine  in  the 
world,  and  will  guarantee  that  we  maintain  the  supremacy  of  the  air,  so  neces- 
sary in  this  war. 

Meanwhile  there  had  been  much  discussion  in  England  over 
the  failure  of  the  Aerial  Service,  up  to  the  middle  of  the  year,  in 
eliminating  the  Zeppelin.  It  was  forgotten  that  British  attacks 
and  skill  in  defence,  if  they  did  not  capture  or  destroy  the  enemy, 
did  drive  the  Zeppelins  away,  prevent  serious  damage  and  save 
the  historic  buildings,  great  munition  plants  and  famous  cities  of 
the  country.  An  Air  Board  had  been  established  on  May  24  with 
Lord  Curzon  as  President,  and  Lord  Sydenham,  Admirals  Tudor 
and  Vaughan-Lee,  Generals  Sir  D.  Henderson  and  Brancfeer,  Major 
Baird,  M.P.,  as  members.  It  was  to  think  out  and  formulate  a 
policy  of  defence  and  took  the  place  of  a  Committee  which  had 
little  real  power.  Difficulties  between  the  military  and  naval  wings 
of  the  service  still  continued,  however,  and  it  was  not  till  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  year  that  organization,  initiation,  construction  and 
training  of  men  had  combined  to  evolve  a  wonderfully  complete 
and  effective  system, — which  between  June  1  and  Dec.  1  resulted 
in  the  destruction  of  666  German  machines  compared  with  the  loss 
of  203  British  and  198  French.  In  December,  1916,  Lord  Cowdray 
of  Midhurst  became  Chairman  of  the  Air  Board. 

Ireland  has  always  been  a  difficult  point  in  times 
Ireland  and  the  Of  British  war ;  it  was  a  frequent  source  of  interest 
Rebellion6 in  to  Napoleon  over  a  century  ago.  It  was,  however, 
Dublin  hoped  that  years  of  conciliation,  the  evolution  of  loyal 

leaders,  the  certain  coming  of  Home  Rule,  would,  in 
1914-16,  have  worked  very   different  results.     Germany  thought 

*NOTB. — Prof.  J.  C.  McLennan  of  Toronto  on  his  return  from  England  stated  (Nov. 
17)  that  "we  have  now  in  the  north  of  Scotland  a  factory  where  dirigibles  can  be  manu- 
factured that  will  dispose  of  the  German  Zeppelins.  They  were  used  when  the  last  two 
German  craft  were  brought  down  with  a  special  kind  of  bullet." 


134 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


otherwise  and,  as  it  turned  out,  Ireland  was  the  one  section  of  the 
British  Empire  which,  in  some  part,  realized  the  expectations  of 
German  leaders.  As  it  was  put  in  a  pamphlet  supposed  to  be 
written  by  Count  Zu  Reventlow  and  secretly  circulated  amongst 
Irishmen  and  other  assumed  enemies  of  England:  ''Britain's 
maritime  supremacy  cannot  be  destroyed  until  Ireland  is  a  free 
country.  So  long 'as  Ireland  remains  a  British  Colony — or,  rather 
a  British  fortress — Britain  can  at  any  time  shut  off  the  whole  of 
Northern  and  Eastern  Europe  from  all  access  to  the  ocean  even 
as  by  means  of  Gibraltar,  Port  Said,  and  Aden  she  can  close  the 
Mediterranean.  Ireland  is  the  key  of  the  Atlantic.  Release  Ire- 
land from  bondage  and  the  Atlantic  is  at  once  opened  up  to 
Europe.*" 

To  succeed  in  this  aspiration  the  Germans  depended  upon  (1) 
underground  discontent  and  real  anti-British  sentiment;  (2)  econ- 
omic conditions  which,  though  better  than  ever  before  in  rural 
Ireland,  were  not  so  good  in  centres  like  Dublin;  (3)  organizations 
such  as  the  Sinn  Feiners  who  were  allowed  by  mistaken  British 
conciliators  to  burrow  their  way  to  a  strength  and  audacity  far 
greater  than  was  supposed  possible.  Sinn  Fein  owed  its  origin  to  a 
pamphlet  published  in  1904  by  Arthur  Griffith,  a  journalist,  which 
urged  Irish  independence  based  upon  the  experience  of  Hungary. 
Its  work  at  first  was  quietly  educative  with  the  "intellectuals"  as 
the  dominant  spirits  and  a  certain  association  with  the  Clan-na-Gael 
and  other  Irish- American  Societies.  Then  came  the  industrial  trou- 
bles of  1913,  the  forming  of  the  Citizen  Army  by  James  Connolly, 
and  that  of  the  Irish  National  Volunteers  by  the  Sinn  Feiners  and 
others — the  latter  numbering  in  1914,  65,000.  Following  Mr.  Red- 
mond's advocacy  of  recruiting  in  September,  1915,  the  Sinn  Fein- 
ers had  broken  away  from  the  more  moderate  majority  and  formed 
the  Irish  Volunteers  which  soon  numbered  13,000. 

Augustine  Birrell,  Secretary  for  Ireland  at  this  time,  was  a 
man  quite  unfitted  for  the  post — a  man  of  literature,  a  student,  a 
philosopher  with  his  head  in  the  clouds,  a  dreamer  of  peaceful 
dreams,  a  believer  in  the  best  side  of  human  nature.  There  had 
been  many  signs  and  portents  of  storm  during  1915;  disloyal 
papers  were  printed  and  suppressed  and  revived  again  under 
other  names,  or  else  allowed  to  run  their  way  without  interference ; 
speeches  were  permitted  which  in  time  of  war  were  simply  trea- 
son; efforts  to  prevent  recruiting  and  to  misrepresent  war  issues 
and  conditions  were  allowed  to  pass  as  of  no  consequence.  There 
was  much  distress  in  Dublin — poor  pay  and  poor  housing  and  poor 
living — but  nothing  was  done,  perhaps  at  such  a  time  little  could  be 
done,  to  remedy  it. 

Meanwhile  Larkin,  the  Labour  demagogue,  embodied  these 
miseries  and  discontents,  Connolly,  once  a  Labour  organizer  in 
Scotland  and  the  Countess  Markieviecz,  the  clever  Irish  wife  of 
a  Polish  youth,  were  his  chief  followers;  the  Irish  Review  was  the 
centre  of  the  little  band  of  ' '  Intellectuals, ' '  poets,  dreamers,  and  so- 

*NOTK. — From  extracts  in  New  York  World  and  London  Times,  Jan.  23,  1916. 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN          135 

led  patriots,  to  whom  rebellion  was  an  ideal  and  force,  in  this 
connection,  an  influence  for  freedom ;  back  of  them  all  was  Devory, 
an  Irish-American,  working  with  money  and  supplies  from  the 
United  States,  and  Sir  Roger  Casement  in  Germany  working  for 
and  expecting  German  military  aid  in  the  creation  of  a  real  insur- 
rection. The  sentiment  beneath  the  movement  was  that  of  the 
Gaelic  Sinn  Fein — "Ourselves  alone."  As  afterwards  appeared 
plotting  also  proceeded  amongst  Irish  bot-heads  in  the  United 
States,  led  by  the  Irish  World,  and  amongst  German- Americans 
whose  roots  of  action  were  in  the  German  Embassy;  they  had  the 
natural  support  of  the  German  Government  but  it  was  given  in  a 
feeble  and  futile  way. 

The  Sinn  Feiners  were  active  and  systematic  in  their  policy. 
They  obtained  guns  or  rifles  from  somewhere,  they  did  their  best 
to  undermine  Mr.  Redmond  and  the  loyal  Irish  leaders,  they  urged 
the  non-consumption  of  British  goods,  resisted  recruiting  and  tore 
down  posters,  promoted  small  riots,  vilified  the  British  Army  and 
Government  unceasingly.  Liberty  Hall,  the  headquarters  in  Dublin, 
became  an  armoury  for  drilling  and  organizing  an  Army  of  free- 
dom, while  the  Countess  Markieviecz  had  a  printing  press  in  her 
home  and  issued  pro-German  literature.  Sir  Maurice  O'Connell,  a 
descendant  of  the  Irish  Liberator,  wrote  The  Times  in  March  that 
recruiting  was  dead  in  Kerry  and  the  villages  "rotten  with  sedi- 
tion;" H.  de  Vere  Stacpoole,  the  author,  at  the  same  time  declared 
that  wherever  you  went  in  Dublin  you  would  find  "seditious  rags 
— some  printed  openly,  some  in  cellars,  and  all  working  on  the  same 
lines  with  a  uniformity  that  is  disturbing — all  sowing  pro-German- 
ism and  anti-Englishism,  all  playing  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. ' ' 
Sinn  Feiners,  armed  to  the  teeth,  were  everywhere  guarding  secret 
meetings  and  speaking  in  Gaelic. 

Sir  Mathew  Nathan,  Under-Secretary  for  Ireland,  frankly  ad- 
mitted in  his  evidence,  after  the  event,  (May  18)  that  the  strength 
and  issues  of  the  movement  were  known  to  the  authorities — that 
there  were  altogether  15,200  rebels — 3,000  in  Dublin  alone,  and 
12,000  in  the  provinces;  that  the  plotters  had  many  rifles  and 
pistols  at  their  disposal;  that  they  were  openly  and  constantly 
violating  the  statute  requiring  permits  for  the  bearing  of  arms,  and 
the  statute  against  unlawful  assembly,  by  openly  and  regularly 
drilling,  instituting  sham  fights  and  training  women  to  take  care  of 
wounded;  that  they  were  counting  upon  German  aid  and  already 
had  been  supplied  with  a  certain  quantity  of  German  arms;  that 
three  days  before  the  Rebellion  started  information  had  been  ob- 
tained that  the  rebels  reckoned  upon  a  combined  German  attack 
against  Great  Britain  by  land,  sea  and  air;  that  large  amounts  of 
money  were  pouring  into  their  coffers  from  America. 

Of  these  facts  there  was  every  proof  before  the  Rebellion  itself. 
The  organ  of  the  Sinn  Feiners — The  Irish  Volunteer — on  Feb.  26 
stated  that  "since  the  Howth  landing  there  has  never  been  a  moment 
at  which  Headquarters  was  not  in  a  position  to  supply  guns  for 
money  down."  On  Mar.  17,  1,100  Irish  Volunteers  marched  in 


136  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

procession  at  Cork,  largely  armed  with  rifles,  while  in  Dublin  they 
marched  in  similar  fashion  1,600  strong.  At  a  meeting  in  April 
Prof.  John  MacNeill,  President  of  the  Irish  Volunteers,  stated  that 
"there  was  one  thing  they  were  determined  on,  that  Irish  Volun- 
teers meant  armed  Irish  Volunteers.  They  were  bound  in  honour, 
for  the  sake  of  their  country,  in  order  to  protect  her  against  an 
intolerable  tyranny,  to  preserve  their  arms.  The  Irish  Volunteers 
were  now  stronger  in  every  way  than  they  were  12  months  ago ;  they 
were  becoming  stronger  every  day.  If  the  Government  desired  to 
suppress  the  Irish  Volunteers  there  was  one  possible  way  to  do  it. 
Let  them  move  their  military  forces  against  them.  Let  them  call 
out  the  forces  of  the  Crown  and  they  will  be  met. ' ' 

As  to  the  general  situation  Mr.  Justice  Kenny  stated  in  Dublin 
on  Apr.  11  that:  "We  read  in  our  daily  papers  of  anti-recruiting 
meetings,  of  the  seizure  of  seditious  literature,  of  the  police  in  the 
execution  of  their  right  of  search,  being  met  and  repulsed  by  men 
armed  with  rifles  and  bayonet ;  of  street  disturbances  in  which  fire- 
arms appear  to  be  freely  used,  and  you  have  in  the  public  thor- 
oughfares of  this  city  what  I  regard  as  the  most  serious  attempt  to 
paralyze  the  recruiting  movement — namely,  the  display  of  large 
and  attractive  posters  outside  shop  doors  which  must  necessarily 
have  a  most  mischievous  and  deterrent  influence  on  certain  classes 
of  the  population."  With  such  conditions  some  kind  of  an  insur- 
rection was  inevitable  and  that  Mr.  Birrell  and  his  advisers  would 
not  see  it  and  did  not  prevent  it  helped  to  make,  one  more  tragic 
page  in  Irish  history.  On  Apr.  20-21  an  attempt  was  made  to  land 
arms  and  ammunition  in  Ireland  by  a  vessel  under  the  guise  of  a 
neutral  merchant  ship,  but  in  reality  a  German  auxiliary,  in  con- 
junction with  a  German  submarine.*  The  auxiliary  sank  itself 
when  approached  by  a  British  vessel  and  Sir  Roger  Casement 
escaped  from  the  submarine  and  landed,  only  to  be  arrested  a  little 
later  with  one  of  his  two  companions. 

On  Apr.  24,  in  Dublin,  the  rising  was  commenced  by  a  large 
body  of  Sinn  Feiners,  armed  and  garbed  in  a  sort  of  uniform,  who 
occupied  Stephen's  Green,  took  forcible  possession  of  the  Post 
Office,  seized  the  Ammunition  magazine  in  Phoenix  Park,  cut  the 
telegraph  and  telephone  wires,  occupied  a  number  of  houses,  barri- 
caded the  streets  in  the  vicinity  of  Dublin  Castle,  captured  the 
Four  Courts  and  other  important  buildings,  attacked  the  3rd  Royal 
Irish  Regiment  and  held  them  up  from  relieving  the  Castle.  The 
6th  Reserve  Cavalry  Regiment  was  surrounded  in  Charles  Street 
aiid  besieged  for  3i/£  days  until  relieved.  British  troops  were 
rushed  in  from  various  points,  though  less  than  5,000  seem  to  have 
been  available,  but  on  the  28th, .when  General  Sir  John  Maxwell 
arrived  to  take  command,  the  Castle  was  safe,  the  North  Wall 
Docks  protected,  and  the  Custom  House  held,  though  the  rebels 
held  many  other  points  of  vantage — due,  it  was  afterwards  stated, 
to  the  fact  that  armed  bodies  of  civilians  had  been  continually 
allowed  to  parade  in,  and  march  through,  the  streets  of  Dublin  and 

*NoTB. — Official  Admiralty  statement. 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN          137 

throughout  the  country  without  interference,  thus  making  it  easy 
to  spring  a  surprise  when  action  was  decided  upon. 

During  these  days  there  had  been  many  deaths,  citizens  killed 
on  the  streets,  property  looted  and  destroyed,  disorder  rampant. 
Snipers  were  everywhere  and  caused  many  casualties;  in  one  of 
the  struggles  two  priests  helping  the  wounded  were  shot.  Finally 
a  cordon  of  troops  was  drawn  around  the  Sackville  Street  district 
in  which  centred  the  insurrection ;  several  conflicts  took  place  with 
severe  casualties — as  many  as  234  in  one  instance ;  many  buildings 
had  to  be  burned  down  or  destroyed  by  cannon  and  Liberty  Hall 
itself  bombarded  until  on  Apr.  29  P.  H.  Pearse,  the  rebel  leader, 
and  the  Countess  Markieviecz,  surrendered  unconditionally  and 
hundreds  of  others  followed  suit. 

In  the  course  of  this  medley  of  conflict  some  mistakes  were  un- 
avoidable. The  summary  shooting  of  Sheehy-Skeffington  was  one  and 
was  made  much  of  by  the  anti-British  press  and  in  the  United 
States.  His  sympathy  with  the  rebellion  was  not  denied;  the 
worst  that  can  be  said  was  that  a  British  officer's  nerves  gave  way 
during  a  crisis,  and  that  an  arbitrary  and  improper  deed  was  done. 
General  Maxwell,  in  a  statement  issued  on  May  19,  declared  that 
"as  the  troops  moved  along  the  street  the  rebels  would  escape  by 
back  doors  and  fire  again  from  behind  houses,  necessitating  the 
searching  and  occupying  of  every  house.  These  rebels  wore  no 
uniforms,  and  a  man  who  was  shooting  at  a  soldier  one  minute 
might,  for  all  we  knew,  be  walking  quietly  beside  him  in  the  street 
at  another.  ...  It  was  impossible  from  Headquarters  to  exer- 
cise direct  control  of  this  sort  of  fighting  because  the  telegraph  and 
telephones  were  out  of  commission,  and  nearly  everything  had  to 
be  left  to  the  troops  on  the  spot.  Possibly,  unfortunate  incidents, 
which  we  regret  now,  may  have  occurred."  Careful  investigation 
followed  and  the  guilty  officer  was  adjudged  insane. 

By  May  1st  the  trouble  was  over  in  Dublin.  During  the  fight- 
ing great  anxiety  was  caused  by  disquieting  reports  from  other 
parts  of  Ireland,  and  chiefly  from  the  Counties  of  Dublin,  Meath, 
Louth,  Galway,  Wexford,  Clare,  and  Kerry.  Small  risings  did 
occur  at  Ardee  and  Swords  and  Lusk.  In  other  places  police  posts 
were  attacked,  and  to  deal  with  these  scattered  outbreaks  mobile 
columns  were  organized,  each  with  an  18-pounder  gun  and  an 
armoured  car.  Many  arrests  were  made  and  arms  were  surrendered 
or  seized.  In  Dublin  179  buildings  altogether  were  destroyed  and 
$9,000,000  of  damage  said  to  have  been  done  and,  according  to  Mr. 
Asquith  in  the  Commons  (May  11),  the  Military  casualties  were 
521  of  whom  124  were  killed,  and  the  Civilian  casualties,  known 
at  that  date,  were  794,  of  whom  180  were  killed. 

Meanwhile,  the  men  who  were  to  suffer  as  leaders  of  the  insurrec- 
tion had  come  out  before  the  world  in  a  Proclamation  which  had 
been  distributed  by  Sinn  Fein  organizations  throughout  Ireland  on 
Apr.  24.  They  were,  in  the  main,  typical  of  a  class  rare  in  most 
countries  but  not  uncommon  in  Ireland — emotional,  sentimental, 
idealistic,  and  without  practical  knowledge  or  experience.  Mac- 
Donagh  was  a  poet  of  capacity  but  with  signs  of  moral  degenera- 


138  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tion,  Plunkett  and  Pearse  and  Stephens  were  in  the  circle  of 
writers  who  made  the  Irish  Review  a  centre  of  thought,  and  amongst 
whom  were  Maude  Gonne,  the  advocate  of  an  Irish  Republic,  Kuno 
Meyer,  afterwards  known  for  his  German  operations  in  the  United 
States,  W.  B.  Yeats,  the  genius  of  the  Gaelic  agitation,  and  T.  M. 
Kettle,  a  loyalist  who  afterwards  fell  at  the  Front.  The  Proclama- 
tion was  clearly  the  product  of  men  who  did  not  realize  what  they 
were  doing;  who  recklessly  sacrificed  friends  and  followers  and 
innocent  or  ignorant  citizens  upon  an  altar  of  ancient  animosities; 
who  had  so  long  been  nurturing  these  feelings  in  private  or  cultivat- 
ing them  in  poetic  or  literary  effusions  as  to  have  lost  all  mental 
ballast  or  sense  of  proportion;  who  seemed  to  know  nothing  of 
England 's  power  and  Germany 's  position  of  impotence  in  this  con- 
nection ;  who,  therefore,  easily  allowed  an  ideal  of  impossible  liberty 
to  become  the  tool  of  an  unscrupulous  tyranny.  The  Proclamation 
follows  in  full  and  was  addressed  by  ' '  The  Provisional  Government 
of  the  Irish  Republic  to  the  People  of  Ireland ' ? : 

Irishmen  and  Irishwomen.  In  the  name  of  God  and  the  dead  generations 
from  which  she  receives  her  old  traditions  of  nationhood,  Ireland,  through  us, 
summons  her  children  to  her  flag  and  strikes  for  her  freedom.  Having  organ- 
ized and  trained  her  manhood  through  her  secret  revolutionary  organization, 
the  Irish  Eepublican  Brotherhood,  and  through  her  open  military  organization, 
the  Irish  Volunteers,  and  the  Irish  Citizen  Army,  having  patiently  perfected 
her  discipline,  having  resolutely  waited  for  the  right  moment  to  reveal  itself, 
she  now  seizes  that  moment,  and,  supported  by  her  exiled  children  in  America 
and  by  gallant  allies  in  Europe,  but  relying  in  the  first  on  her  own  strength, 
she  strikes  in  full  confidence  of  victory. 

We  declare  the  right  of  the  people  of  Ireland  to  the  ownership  of  Ireland 
and  the  unfettered  control  of  Irish  destinies  to  be  sovereign  and  indefeasible. 
The  long  usurpation  of  that  right  by  a  foreign  people  and  Government  has  not 
extinguished  the  right,  nor  can  it  ever  be  extinguished  except  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Irish  people.  In  every  generation  the  Irish  people  have  asserted 
their  right  to  national  freedom  and  sovereignty;  six  times  during  the  past  300 
years  have  they  asserted  it  in  arms.  Standing  on  that  fundamental  right,  and 
again  asserting  it  in  arms  in  the  face  of  the  world,  we  hereby  proclaim  the  Irish 
Republic  as  a  sovereign  independent  State,  and  we  pledge  our  lives  and  the 
lives  of  our  comrades  in  arms  to  the  cause  of  its  Army,  of  its  welfare  and  of 
its  exaltation  among  the  nations. 

The  Irish  Eepublic  is  entitled  to,  and  hereby  claims,  the  allegiance  of 
every  Irishman  and  Irishwoman.  The  Republic  guarantees  religious  and  civil 
property,  equal  rights  and  equal  opportunities  to  all  its  citizens,  and  declares 
its  resolve  to  pursue  the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  whole  nation  and  of 
all  its  parts,  cherishing  all  the  children  of  the  nation  equally  and  obliviously  to 
the  differences  carefully  fostered  by  an  Alien  Government  which  have  divided  a 
minority  from  the  majority  in  the  past. 

Until  our  arms  have  brought  the  opportune  moment  for  the  establishment 
of  a  permanent  national  Government  representative  of  the  whole  people  of 
Ireland  and  elected  by  the  suffrages  of  all  her  men  and  women  the  Provisional 
Government  here  constituted  will  administer  the  civil  and  military  affairs  of 
the  Republic  in  trust  for  the  people.  We  place  the  Irish  Republic  under  the 
protection  of  the  Most  High  God,  Whose  blessing  we  invoke  on  our  arms,  and 
we  pray  that  no  one  who  serves  that  cause  will  dishonour  it.  In  this  supreme 
hour  the  Irish  nation  must  by  its  valour  and  discipline,  and  by  the  readiness  of 
its  children  to  sacrifice  themselves  for  the  common  good,  prove  itself  worthy 
of  the  august  destiny  to  which  it  is  called.  Signed  on  behalf  of  the  Provisional 
Government:  — 

THOMAS  J.  CLARKE.  THOMAS  MACDONAGH. 

SEAN  MACDERMOTT.  EAMORNE  KENT. 

P.  H.  PEARSI.  JOSEPH  PLUNKETT. 

JAMES  CONNOLLY. 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN         139 

All  of  the  seven  men  who  signed  this  document — P.  H.  Pearse 
was  the  President  of  the  so-called  Irish  Republic — were  promptly 
tried  and  executed  and,  to  the  considerable  class  in  Ireland  and 
amongst  the  Irish  in  the  United  States  who  did,  undoubtedly,  hate 
Great  Britain,  they  became  the  martyrs  of  a  great  cause,  the  cen- 
tral figures  in  a  tragic  fight  for  freedom.  Without  direct  associa- 
tion with  this  school  of  thought  John  Dillon  embodied  it  in  the 
Commons  (May  16)  when  he  described  the  Government  in  respect 
to  these  executions  as  " letting  loose  a  river  of  blood."  As  to  this 
John  Healy,  Editor  of  the  Irish  Times,  who  saw  the  whole  emente, 
differed  and  declared  on  May  2  that  "  there  must  be  no  mistake 
about  the  uprising.  It  was  brutal,  bloody,  savage  business.  It 
was  marked  by  many  cases  of  shocking  and  callous  cruelty.  Inno- 
cent civilians  were  butchered  in  cold  blood.  Unarmed  policemen 
and  soldiers  were  shot  down.  As  the  result  of  promiscuous  looting 
and  incendiarism  one  of  the  finest  public  buildings  in  Ireland,  and 
the  most  important  commercial  centre  of  Dublin,  are  in  ashes.  The 
full  toll  of  death  will  never  be  known." 

Up  to  May  23,  following,  15  rebels  were  sentenced  to  death  and 
executed,  70  were  so  sentenced  but  with  commutation,  6  received 
penal  servitude  for  life,  including  John  MacNeill,  and  90  others  for 
a  term  of  years,  21  had  various  terms  of  imprisonment  awarded 
and  576  were  interned  but  afterwards  (December)  released.  Sir 
Roger  Casement  was  tried  at  length  for  treason  in  time  of  war, 
every  advantage  and  elaboration  of  detailed  defence  -was  allowed 
him,  he  was  found  guilty  and  on  June  29  sentenced  to  death  and 
duly  executed  on  Aug.  23 — after  being  degraded  from  his  order 
of  Knighthood — despite  strong  efforts  by  Bernard  Shaw,  United 
States  sympathizers,  the  Manchester  Guardian,  Cardinal  Logue 
and  43  representatives  of  Irish  University  and  intellectual  life. 
The  London  Times  of  the  next  day  had  an  official  statement  on  the 
subject : 

All  the  circumstances  in  the  cause  of  Koger  Casement  were  carefully  and 
repeatedly  considered  by  the  Government  before  the  decision  was  reached 
not  to  interfere  with  the  sentence  of  the  law.  He  was  convicted  and  punished 
for  treachery  of  the  woist  kind  to  the  Empire  he  had  served  and  as  a  willing 
agent  of  Germany.  The  Irish  rebellion  resulted  in  much  loss  of  life,  both 
among  soldiers  and  civilians;  Casement  invoked  and  organized  German 
assistance  to  the  insurrection.  In  addition,  though  himself  for  many  years 
a  British  official,  he  undertook  the  task  of  trying  to  induce  soldiers  of  the 
British  Army,  prisoners  in  the  hands  of  Germany,  to  forswear  their  oath  of 
allegiance  and  join  their  country's  enemies.  Conclusive  evidence  has  come 
into  the  hands  of  the  Government  since  the  trial  that  he  had  entered  into  an 
agreement  with  the  German  Government  which  explicitly  provided  that  the 
brigade  which  he  was  trying  to  raise  from  among  the  Irish  soldier  prisoners 
might  be  employed  in  Egypt  against  the  British  Crown.  Those  among  the 
Irish  soldiers,  prisoners  in  Germany,  who  resisted  Casement's  solicitations  of 
disloyalty  were  subjected  to  treatment  of  exceptional  cruelty  by  the  Germans; 
some  of  them  have  since  been  exchanged  as  invalids  and  have  died  in  this 
country,  regarding  Casement  as  their  murderer. 

The  immediate  result  of  these  events  was  to  intensify  local  pre- 
judices against  England,  though  the  stern  treatment  meted  out  to 
the  rebels  may  have  done  good  for  a  time  in  controlling  the  wild 
or  dangerous  element  of  the  population  which,  however,  grew 


140  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

somewhat  larger  toward  the  close  of  the  year.  A  certain  school  of 
thought  was  not  reached  by  either  pre-war  conciliation  or  after- 
rebellion  coercion — of  such  was  Dr.  O'Dwyer,  Bishop  of  Limerick, 
who  was  presented  with  the  Freedom  of  that  borough  (Sept.  21), 
and  in  his  reply  said*:  "We  are  a  subject  province.  We  are  like 
Egypt,  governed  by  English  Satraps  of  an  inferior  kind,  but  in 
no  sense  are  we  constituents  of  the  British  Empire.  .  .  .  Sinn 
Fein  is,  in  my  judgment,  the  true  principle,  and  alliance  with  Eng- 
lish politicians  is  the  alliance  of  the  lamb  and  the  wolf ;  and  it  is  at 
this  point  precisely  that  I  differ  from  the  present  political  leaders, 
and  believe  that  they  have  led,  'and  are  leading,  the  National  cause 
to  disaster."  Other  results  were  the  stirring  up  of  old-time  dis- 
trust in  England,  the  increase  of  Irish  hostility  to  Britain-  in 
America,  the  promotion  of  feeling  elsewhere  such  as  that  in  Aus- 
tralia which  helped  to  defeat  Conscription,  So  far,  indeed,  Ger- 
many had  advanced  its  aims ;  it  seems  hardly  probable  that  a  suc- 
cessful Revolution  was  hoped  for. 

To  the  Irish- Americans  of  a  certain  type  the  Rebellion  gave  new 
opportunities.  President  Wilson  was  pressed  to  intervene  on  be- 
half of  J.  C.  Lynch,  a  naturalized  American  who  was  one  of  the 
few  instigators  of  the  rising  from  the  United  States  side  who  took 
a  personal  part,  and  whose  death  sentence,  finally,  was  commuted; 
the  United  States  Senate  by  a  vote  of  46  to  19  actually  passed  a 
Resolution  (July  28)  asking  the  British  Government  to  "exercise 
clemency  in  the  treatment  of  Irish  prisoners;"  on  June  10  12,000 
Irishmen,  and  some  Germans,  met  in  New  York  to  pay  tribute  to 
the  executed  rebels  and  the  speakers  included  W.  Bourke  Cochran, 
well-known  in  Canadian  Club  circles,  Representative  Fitzgerald  of 
Brooklyn,  Banbridge  Colby,  Rev.  A.  A.  Berle  and  J.  A.  O'Leary, 
President  of  the  American  Truth  Society. 

Mr.  0  'Leary  was  interesting :  ' '  When  Christ  died  to  redeem  his 
fellow-man  he  became  an  American.  When  Patrick  Pearse  and 
his  Irish  Volunteers  on  Apr.  23,  1916,  struck  for  the  liberty  of  their 
native  land  they  became  Americans  of  the  purest  type."  Mr. 
Cochran  was  still  more  so:  "This  meeting  is  a  protest  against 
barbarity  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  civilization.  .  .  . 
The  execution  of  the  patriot  Pearse  and  his  followers  is  a  monument 
to  the  treachery  of  the  British  Government  and  the  cowardice  of 
British  soldiers.  .  .  .  Men  quick  to  butcher  unarmed  men  are 
always  quick  to  flee  from  those  who  are  armed."  Meantime  the 
Hearst  newspapers  were  glorifying  the  rebellion  and  Mr.  Hearst 
described  Casement's  speech  in  his  trial  as  one  of  the  noblest  of 
human  utterances,  while  Winsor  McCay,  a  notable  Cartoonist,  com- 
pared this  leader  of  a  German  movement  in  Ireland  to  George 
Washington. 

The  question  on  every  lip  during  the  days  of  May  following 
the  rising  was  how  far  this  flash  of  folly  would  affect  Home  Rule 
and  Ireland's  future.  John  E.  Redmond,  the  Irish  leader,  whom 
Sinn  Fein  denounced  so  fiercely,  had  issued  a  statement  on  Apr.  28 

*NOTK. — Cork  Fre*  Press,  Sept.  23,  1916. 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN 


141 


expressing  a  first  feeling  of  horror,  discouragement  and  almost 
despair:  "I  asked  myself  whether  Ireland,  as  so  often  before  in 
her  tragic  history,  was  to  dash  the  ciip  of  liberty  from  her  lips; 
was  the  insanity  of  a  small  section  of  her  people  once  again  to 
turn  all  her  marvellous  victories  of  the  last  few  years  into  irre- 
parable defeat."  To  J.  C.  Walsh  of  Ireland,  a  New  York  journal, 
came  on  May  1st  a  cable  from  Mr.  Redmond  as  follows:  "The  at- 
tempt to  torpedo  Home  Rule  and  the  Irish  party  has  failed.  Dam- 
age has  been  done,  life  has  been  lost,  but  the  ship  has  not  been  sunk. 
The  whole  thing  was  organized  by  those  in  Ireland  and  America 
who  have  always  been  irreconcilable  enemies  of  Home  Rule  and  of 
the  Irish  party.  Though  the  hand  of  Germany  was  in  the  thing  it 
was  not  so  much  sympathy  for  Germany  as  hatred  for  Home  Rule, 
and  of  us,  which  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  movement. ' ' 

The  Home  Rule  apparently  desired  by  him  in  recent  years  meant 
conciliation  in  Ireland,  co-operation  with  England,  constitutional 
freedom  properly  safe-guarded,  and  for  these  reasons  could  not 
appeal  to  the  dreamers  and  undisciplined  minds  of  the  Sinn  Fein. 
T.  P.  O'Connor  put  the  issue  (May  6)  as  really  favourable  to  Home 
Rule:  "It  brings  out  (1)  the  impossible  weakness  of  the  British 
Government  of  Ireland;  (2)  the  mistake  in  refusing  to  give  Mr. 
Redmond,  through  an  Irish  Parliament,  executive  responsibility 
for  maintaining  order  in  Ireland;  and  (3)  the  mistake  in  obstruc- 
tion from  London  to  Mr.  Redmond's  Irish  National  Volunteers, 
who,  if  properly  armed,  would  have  prevented  or  made  short  work 
of  this  attempt."  Following  the  suppression  of  the  rising  Mr. 
Redmond  took  action  in  trying  to  limit  the  number  of  executions 
and  to  avert  any  vengeance  upon  the  promoters.  On  May  9  the 
Nationalist  Party  met  and  urged  that  no  more  executions  should 
take  place  and  martial  law  be  at  once  abrogated.  A  Manifesto  was 
also  issued  drawing  the  attention  of  Irishmen  to  the  success  of  the 
Movement  initiated  by  Butt  and  Parnell  and  to  the  great  modern 
changes  wrought  in  Ireland : 

Rack-rents,  evictions,  the  rent  office,  the  rent  warmer,  the  bailiff,  to  a 
large  extent  the  landlord,  have  disappeared  from  the  life  of  Ireland.  Two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  land  of  the  country  has  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
people.  The  remaining  third  is  in  process  of  gradual  transfer.  .  .  .  In 
addition,  the  worst-housed,  worst-clothed,  and  worst-fed  class  in  Europe  have 
been  transformed  into  the  best-housed,  most  comfortable,  and  most  independent 
body  of  labourers  in  the  world.  In  the  congested  districts  healthy  houses  have 
taken  the  place  of  miserable  cabins,  local  government  is  in  entire  possession  of 
the  people,  and  the  Parliamentary  and  municipal  franchise  has  been  reformed. 
The  efficient  administration  of  the  Factory  Acts  and  the  rights  of  trade  union- 
ism have  been  extended  to  Ireland,  education  has  been  enormously  improved, 
and,  lastly,  Ireland  has  been  enabled  to  share  to  the  full  in  all  the  program 
of  social  reform.  Old  Age  Pensions  have  brought  comfort  and  hope  to  tens 
of  thousands  of  old  men  and  women.  The  National  Insurance  Act  has  given 
to  the  workers  of  Ireland  the  same  guarantees  as  to  those  of  England  against 
illness,  unemployment,  sickness  and  disease.  Finally,  the  Irish  Party  has 
achieved  the  last  and  the  greatest  of  the  objects  of  every  Irish  movement  since 
the  Union  by  placing  on  the  Statute  Book  the  greatest  and  largest  measure  of 
Irish  self-government  ever  proposed  and  ever  achieved. 

On  May  11  Mr.  Asquith  went  to  Ireland,  met  the  leaders  and 
people  and  studied  the  situation  on  the  spot,  and  a  little  later  the 


142  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Government  appointed  Lord  Hardinge  of  Penshurst,  Mr.  Justice 
Shearman,  and  Sir  MacKenzie  Chalmers,  as  a  Royal  Commission 
to  probe  into  the  causes  of  the  trouble.  Mr.  Birrell,  upon  his  resig- 
nation (May  3),  had  publicly  admitted  his  error  in  holding  "an 
untrue  estimate  of  the  Sinn  Fein  movement — not  of  its  character, 
or  the  probable  numbers  of  persons  engaged  in  it,  nor  of  the  local- 
ities where  it  was  most  to  be  found,  nor  of  its  frequent  disloyal- 
ties; but  of  the  possibility  of  disturbances  of  the  kind  which  have 
broken  out,  of  the  mode  of  fighting  which  has  been  pursued,  and 
of  the  desperate  folly  displayed  by  the  leaders  and  their  dupes." 
The  Commission's  hearing  of  Lord  Wimborne,  Mr.  Birrell  and 
other  officials  revealed  a  bewildering  lack  of  organized,  efficient 
government. 

The  Report  was  made  public  on  July  3rd  and  acquitted  Lord 
Wimborne,  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  of  all  blame — he  had  resigned 
but  was  afterwards  re-appointed;  it  stated  that  "there  is  always 
a  section  of  opinion  in  that  country  bitterly  opposed  to  British  con- 
nection, and  that  in  times  of  excitement  this  section  can  impose  its 
sentiments  on  largely  increased  numbers  of  the  people,"  and  de- 
clared that  "the  main  cause  of  the  rebellion  appears  to  be  that 
lawlessness  was  allowed  to  grow  up  unchecked,  and  that  Ireland 
for  several  years  past  had  been  administered  on  the  principle  that 
it  was  safer  and  more  expedient  to  leave  the  law  in  abeyance  if  a 
collision  with  any  faction  of  the  Irish  people  could  thereby  be 
avoided."  Mr.  Birrell  was  distinctly  blamed:  "We  are  of  the 
opinion  that  the  Chief  Secretary,  as  the  administrative  head  of 
Your  Majesty's  Government  in  Ireland,  primarily  was  responsible 
for  the  situation  that  was  allowed  to  arise  and  the  outbreak  that- 
occurred.  ' ' 

Following  this  came  a  vigorous  attempt  to  settle  the  Irish  ques- 
tion by  bringing  the  suspended  Home  Rule  Bill  into  immediate 
operation  under  certain  compromise  conditions.  Mr.  Lloyd  George 
was  asked  to  undertake  the  work  of  negotiation  and  settlement,  and 
at  the  end  of  May  began  his  work.  The  new  Conciliator  saw  every- 
one of  standing  in  the  matter  and  used  all  his  energy  and  enthus- 
iasm. He  submitted  to  Mr.  Redmond  and  Sir  Edward  Carson  cer- 
tain proposals,  and  the  two  leaders  went  at  once  to  Ireland  to  con- 
sult their  supporters.  The  substance  of  the  proposals  were  first 
made  public  after  a  meeting  of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  Party  held 
in  Dublin  on  June  10.  They  were  accepted  by  the  Nationalists 
under  Mr.  Redmond  and  by  the  Ulster  Unionists  subject  to  Sir 
Edward  Carson's  approval  of  details.  In  concise  terms  they  were 
as  follows: 

(1)  To  bring  the  Home  Rule  Act  into  immediate  operation. 

(2)  To  introduce  at  once  an  Amending  Bill  as  a  strictly  War  Emergency 
Act  for  the  period  of  the  War  and  a  short  specified  interval  after  it. 

(3)  During  that  period  the  Irish  members  to  remain  at  Westminster  in 
their  full  numbers. 

(4)  During  this  War  emergency  period  six  Ulster  counties  to  be  left  as 
at  present  under   the   Imperial  Government. 

(5)  Immediately  after  the  War  an  Imperial  Conference  of  representatives 
from  all  the  Dominions  of  the  Empire  to  be  held  to  consider  the  future  gov- 


IRELAND  AND  THE  WAR  ;  THE  REBELLION  IN  DUBLIN         143 

eminent  of  the  Empire,  including  the  question  of  the  government  of  Ireland. 
(6)     Immediately  after  this  Conference,  and  during  the  interval  provided 
for  by  the  War  Emergency  Act,  the  permanent  settlement  of  all  the  outstand- 
ing problems  to  be  proceeded  with. 

Then  something  happened.  Lords  Balfour  of  Burleigh,  Cromer, 
Halsbury,  Midleton  and  Salisbury  denounced  the  agreement  as  un- 
timely in  the  midst  of  war  and  Lord  Selborne  resigned  from  the 
Government;  the  Amending  Bill  was  delayed  and  Mr.  Asquith 
made  it  clear  that  the  Government  could  not  agree  to  the  retention 
of  the  Irish  members  in  the  Imperial  Parliament  in  undiminished 
numbers,  after  the  next  election,  except  to  deal  with  any  pro- 
posed alteration  of  the  Home  Rule  Act  or  of  the  Amending  Bill. 
Mr.  Redmond's  reply  was  that  in  these  circumstances  the  Bill 
would  be  vigorously  opposed  by  his  party,  and  he  failed  to  respond 
to  Sir  Edward  Carson's  appeal  for  a  settlement  which  would  give 
Nationalist  Ireland  a  chance  of  winning  over  Ulster  by  good 
government.  Mr.  Asquith  was  constrained  to  state  that  he  could 
not  introduce  any  Bill  about  which  the  parties  were  not  in  sub- 
stantial agreement,  and  there  the  whole  question  was  hung  up. 

Recruiting  in  Ireland  under  all  these  conditions  was,  naturally, 
not  good  in  1916.  Its  population  was  4,381,000  and  of  that  1,102,- 
000  was  Protestant  and,  in  the  main,  apart  from  these  movements 
and  uprisings.  None-the-less  the  men  of  the  North  did  not  come 
forward  in  sufficient  numbers  to  counter-balance  the  troubled 
South  and  much-harassed  Dublin.  On  Jan.  10,  in  connection  with 
the  exclusion  of  Ireland  from  compulsory  military  service,  it  was 
stated  in  the  Commons  that  the  men  between  19  and  41  years  of 
age  available  for  military  service  in  the  four  Provinces  of  Ireland 
on  Aug.  15,  1915,  were  approximately  as  follows:  Leinster,  174,- 
597 ;  Ulster,  169,489 ;  Munster,  136,637 ;  Connaught,  81,392 ;  while 
up  to  Oct.  15  the  official  returns  showed  enlistments  as  follows: 
Leinster,  15,636;  Ulster,  66,674;  Munster,  21,079;  other  areas, 
21,412 — a  total  of  562,115  men  available  and  124,801  enlisted. 

To  an  interviewer  on  Mar.  1  Mr.  Redmond  stated :  ' '  At  the  pre- 
sent moment  we  have  at  the  Front  an  entire  Irish  Army  Corps,  in 
addition  to  the  old,  historic  Irish  regiments  which  were  in  existence 
when  the  War  commenced.  I  have  made  a  careful  inquiry  into  the 
number  of  Irishmen  enlisting  in  Great  Britain  and  find  that  of  all 
ranks,  in  the  English  and  Scotch  regiments,  there  are,  at  the  lowest 
possible  estimate,  few,  if  any,  short  of  200,000  Irishmen.  Thus,  it 
becomes  apparent  that  we  have  with  the  colours,  to-day,  at  least 
350,000  Irishmen,  and  if  to  these  are  added  the  20  per  cent.,  or 
even  50  per  cent.,  of  Irishmen  in  the  Canadian,  Australian  and 
New  Zealand  contingents,  we  find  that  there  can  be  no  exaggera- 
tion in  the  statement  that  Ireland  has  given  to  the  service  of  the 
Allies  a  full  half -million  men."  Mr.  Redmond  made  no  bones  as 
to  his  hostility  to  the  Coalition  Government  and  opposition  to  Con- 
scription. At  Waterford  on  Oct.  6  he  said:  » 

Since  the  War  commenced  the  conduct  of  the  Government  towards  this 
country  has  been  marked  by  the  most  colossal  ineptitude  and  want  of  sympathy 
and  stupidity,  so  much  so  that  their  conduct  would  have  chilled  the  confidence 


144  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  any  people,  much  less  the  people  of  Ireland.  The  whole  of  history  has 
taught  us  how  dangerous  it  is  to  trust  English  statesmen.  .  .  .  The  Gov- 
ernment postponed  the  putting  of  the  Home  Eule  Act  on  the  statute-book 
until  the  Irish  people  were  absolutely  sick  with  disgust.  They  refused  the 
offer  of  the  National  Volunteers;  they  did  everything  to  show  that  they  could 
not  bring  themselves  to  trust  the  Nationalists  of  Ireland;  they  cloaked  and 
made  little  of  Irish  valour  in  the  field,  and  then  they  formed  a  Government 
with  Sir  Edward  Carson,  by  an  extraordinary  irony,  as  Attorney  General. 
Finally,  they  suppressed  the  recent  Eising  with  gross  and  panicky  violence,  they 
closed  their  ears  to  the  plea  for  clemency,  and  now  they  have  reconstituted 
Dublin  Castle. 

As  to  Conscription  its  enforcement  would  be  a  scandal  and 
cause  unquestioned  violence ;  at  the  same  time  only  6,000  men,  he 
noted,  had  enlisted  since  the  Rising — a  period  of  five  months. 
Meanwhile,  Irish  troops  had  greatly  distinguished  themselves  at 
the  Front,  with  Loos  and  Hulluch,  Guillemont  and  Ginchy,  as  bril- 
liant spots  of  Irish  colour  in  a  mass  of  brave  achievement.  Major 
William  Redmond,  M.P.,  wrote  from  the  trenches  on  Oct.  10  urg- 
ing Ireland  to  keep  the  Irish  Division,  "which  has  never  lost  a 
trench, ' '  in  the  field,  to  reinforce  the  gaps  and  save  it  as  a  national 
unit.  In  the  Commons  on  Oct.  18  Mr.  Redmond  moved  a  Resolu- 
tion declaring  that  "the  system  of  government  at  present  main- 
tained in  Ireland  is  inconsistent  with  the  principle  for  which  the 
Allies  are  fighting  in  Europe  and  has  been  mainly  responsible  for 
the  recent  unhappy  events  and  for  the  present  state  of  feeling  in 
that  country."  It  was  lost  by  303  to  106. 

In  his  speech  the  Irish  leader  stated  that  Ireland  had  157,000 
men  in  the  Army  and  10,000  in  the  Navy,  but  that  there  was  danger 
of  the  Irish  battalions  at  the  Front  not  being  kept  up  to  their  full 
strength.  "Personally  I  would  do  anything  possible  to  avert  that 
catastrophe.  .  .  .  Several  of  my  colleagues  are  themselves  in 
the  Army.  One  who  joined  at  the  commencement  of  the  War  died 
in  the  service  very  soon  after.  An  ex-colleague  of  ours,  a  bril- 
liant young  Irishman,  Prof.  Kettle,  died  the  other  day  on  the 
Somme.  At  least  20  Irish  Nationalist  members  have  sons  in  action. 
One  of  my  Hon.  friends  here  has  four  sons  in  the  Army.  Two  of 
my  colleagues  in  this  party  have  had  their  sons  killed  in  this  War. ' ' 
He  wanted  Ireland  to  do  its  full  duty  but  he  deprecated  Govern- 
ment distrust,  Ulster  hostility  and  Tory  politics.  As  to  recruit- 
ing H.  E.  Lord  Wimborne  stated  on  Oct.  10  that  before  the  War 
there  were  with  the  colours  and  reserves  34,822  Irish  Catholics  and 
16,224  Protestants;  since  mobilization  57,583  Catholics  and  46,167 
Protestants  had  joined  the  Army  from  Ireland  with  2,798  un- 
classed,  or  a  total  of  157,594.  The  following  official  statistics  were 
published*  on  Nov.  13: 


Province, 
Oct.  15,  1916 

Ulster 

Men  of  Mili- 
tary Age  in 
National 
Register 
169,477 
136,637 
101,936 

58,385 

Men  con-    Men  Joined 
sidered            since 
indispen-      National 
sable          Register 
79,214            14,922 
59,939              5,461 
46,409              4,165 

14,596              7,171 

Estimated 
Number  of 
Physically 
Unfit 
30,136 
28,495 
20,544 

14,648 

Estimated  Men  Joined 
Number         since 
Available  outbreak  of 
for  Service       War 
45,205            66,674 
42,742            21,079 
30,818           15,636 

21,970            21,412 

Munster    
Leinster    
D.M.P.    area     (es- 
timated)     

Total 

466,435 

200,158 

31,719 

93,823 

140,735 

124,801 

*NoTB. — Parliamentary  Paper  No.  8390. 


tf. 


I  I 


W     to 

W  '3 


s  s 


H     so 

B   * 


w    £  ® 
5      S 

S     -E 
Sill 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      145 


This  great  Commonwealth  of  the  Empire,  with  its 
Australia  in         population  of  4,954,086    scattered    chiefly    along  the 
Mr  Hughes  and  •  coasts  °f  a  country  which  covered  2,974,581  square 
conscription        miles,  paid  a  response  to  the  call  of  war  which  was 
excellent  in  numbers  and  splendid  in  the  qualities  of 
dash  and  courage  and  endurance.     Late  in  1916  there  was  slow- 
ness in  recruiting  but  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  the  troops  sent 
to  the   Front — Egypt,   Mesopotamia   and   Gallipoli — had  totalled 
129,195;  by  Feb.  14  20,848  more  men  had  gone  and  60,000  troops 
were  in  camps  of  training  getting  ready  for  service;  in  addition 
to  these  and  the  9,500  a  month  pledged  for  monthly  reinforce- 
ments the  Government  had  undertaken  to  raise  another  50,000  men 
new  units — making  a  total  of  300,000  men  to  be  supplied  by 
Tune,  1916.     By  Sept.  20  the  total  of  voluntary  enlistment  was 
519,000  or  about  one  in  15  of  the  population.   On  Oct.  1  all  men  in 
Lustralia  between  the  ages  of  21  and  35  were  called  to  the  colours 
ider  the  Home  Defence  Act ;  but  they  could  not  be  sent  abroad  on 
jtive  service  without  approval  by  the  people  in  a  Referendum. 

The  system  of  training  was  similar  to  that  adopted  in  England 
id  Preparatory  Schools  for  officers  were  held  at  all  Military 
ips — though  at  first  the  training  had  been  in  State  schools.  A 
Central  Flying  School  had,  at  the  beginning  of  this  year,  been  estab- 
ied  for  some  time  at  Laverton  with  a  training  personnel  of  28, 
aerodrome  700  acres  in  extent,  and  various  necessary  buildings. 
Squadron  of  the  Australian  Flying  Corps — 28  officers  and  200 
)f  other  ranks — was  under  training  and  a  contingent  of  the  Corps 
i  ad  already  served  in  Mesopotamia.  Action  was  taken  with  the 
dew  to  forming  a  large  reserve  force  after  the  War  and  to  keep 
ip  the  glorious  traditions  of  the  units  by  maintaining  their  iden- 
tity, and  for  this  purpose  Colonel  the  Hon.  Kenneth  MacKay,  C.B., 
>f  New  South  Wales,  was  appointed  to  formulate  a  scheme.  In  the 
latter  of  medical  work  736  registered  Australian  practitioners  out 
)f  2,400  were  wholly  engaged  on  military  duty  and  many  others 
irtly  so,  while  the  total  of  medical  officers,  staff  nurses,  sisters, 
mtists,  etc.,  was  874  with  6,090  men  or  women  in  other  ranks. 

As  to  Hospitals  the  principal  one  in  England  was  at  Harefield 
*ark  with  arrangements  for  treatment,   also,  in  various  British 
iospitals  and  5,547  Australians  under  treatment  at  the  beginning 
>f  1916.     In  Egypt  special  efforts  had  been  made  and  there  were 
that  country  and  other  Mediterranean  points  3  Australian  gen- 
ii hospitals,  15  others  of  different  grades,  8  field  ambulances,  4 
lorse  ambulances  and  2  hospital  ships.     In  Australia  itself  there 
;re  37  war  hospitals  and  convalescent  or  rest  homes.    The  Royal 
[ilitary  College  was  doing  good  service  with  84  students  from 
Australia  and  New  Zealand   in   training   at  this   time   and   105 
graduates  holding  commissions  on  active  service. 

The  Royal  Australian  Naval  College  also  had  87  cadets  under 
training  with  120  expected  for  the  1916  term.  There  were  11  ships 
of  war  commissioned  by  Australia,  serving  at  sea  in  connection  with 
the  War,  and  carrying  3,500  officers  and  men;  all  the  troops  had 
been  transported  overseas  without  a  mishap;  ship-building  was 
10 


146  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

carried  on  at  the  Cockatoo  Island  Naval  Dockyard  from  which  the 
Brisbane  cruiser  and  3  destroyers  had  been  launched.  It  may  be 
added  here  that  in  the  second  year  of  war  H.M.A.S.  Australia  was 
attached  to  the  Grand  Fleet  in  the  North  Sea  and  performed  useful 
patrol  duty,  as  did  the  light  cruisers  Sydney  and  Melbourne  which 
cruised  as  far  north  as  Nova  Scotia  and  south  to  Montevideo; 
H.M.A.S.  Pioneer  served  in  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  others  on 
the  Australian  station. 

Meanwhile  Recruiting  and  the  need  for  men  gradually  became 
the  central  subject  of  Australian  discussion.  The  male  inhabitants 
were  under  compulsory  training  as  (1)  Cadets  and  (2)  as  members 
of  the  Citizen  Force  from  the  age  of  12  to  26  years,  but  the  system 
had  not  had  time  to  get  into  full  operation.  Australia  was  far  from 
the  scene  of  struggle  and  the  masses,  even  in  1916,  were  not  fully 
conscious  of  its  vital  nature;  Labour  interests,  organizations  and 
policy  had  been  directed  to  make  things  comfortable  for  the  work- 
men rather  than  to  instruct  them  in  great  or  world- wide  issues; 
the  climate  was,  in  the  main,  genial,  hours  of  labour  few  and 
wages  pretty  good,  so  that  no  personal  causes  disturbed  this  inertia ; 
the  Unions  resented  dictation  even  in  the  form  of  social  influence 
or  the  pressure  of  industrial  employers.  A  Call  to  Arms  had  been 
issued  by  the  Premier — Hon.  Wm.  Morris  Hughes — late  in  Decem- 
ber, 1915,  and  sent  to  every  male  person  between  the  ages  of  18 
and  45,  with  a  card  which  was  to  be  filled  out,  signed  and  returned, 
under  penalties  up  to  $2,500  or  one  year's  imprisonment,  or  both. 
Questions  asked  included  particulars  as  to  residence,  age,  health, 
family  or  otherwise,  occupation  and  willingness  to  enlist  at  once, 
at  a  later  date  or  not  at  all — if  the  last  answer  reasons  were  to  be 
given. 

Early  in  the  New  Year  Mr.  Hughes  left  for  what  was  to  prove 
a  famous  visit  to  England  and  passed  through  Canada  on  his  way. 
He  reached  Vancouver  on  Feb.  12  and  at  Ottawa  on  the  18th  was 
given  a  Dinner  by  Sir  Robert  Borden  at  the  Rideau  Club  with 
speeches  by  the  Premier  and  Sir  W.  Laurier.  In  his  response  Mr. 
Hughes  declared  that  ' '  this  is  not  England 's  war  any  more  than  it 
is  Canada's  war  or  Australia's  war.  This  War  is /for  every  prin- 
ciple that  has  made  government  in  Canada  or  Australia  possible. 
There  is  no  alternative  for  any  freeman."  During  the  day  the 
Australian  Premier  received  the  unique  honour  of  being  sworn  in 
as  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Privy  Council  with  H.R.H.  The  Duke 
of  Connaught  officiating.  His  subsequent  admission  to  the  British 
Privy  Council  made  Mr.  Hughes  the  only  statesman  who  had  ever 
held  membership  in  three  of  His  Majesty's  Councils.  After  the 
Ottawa  ceremony  he  attended  a  meeting  of  the  Canadian  Cabinet 
as  Sir  Robert  Borden  had  of  the  British  Cabinet  a  few  months 
before  and  as  he  was  to  do  later  on.  To  the  Canadian  Club  at 
Ottawa  on  the  19th  the  Australian  Premier  spoke  with  the  eloquence 
which  afterwards  took  London  by  storm.  He  eulogized  the  com- 
pulsory training  system  of  the  Commonwealth  and  declared  it 
the  duty  of  a  freeman  to  be  "  able  as  well  as  willing  to  defend  his 
country. ' ' 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      147 

From  the  time  Mr.  Hughes  arrived  at  Liverpool  on  Mar.  7th 
until  he  sailed  for  home  his  visit  was  a  succession  of  Imperial  com- 
pliments, popular  and  press  demonstrations  of  personal  interest 
or  political  approval,  and  strenuous  work  and  speech-making  on 
his  own  part.  He  had  seen  Mr.  Massey,  Premier  of  New  Zealand, 
before  leaving  home  waters  and  his  treatment  in  Canada  touched 
a  popular  note  in  England,  his  earnest,  outspoken,  energetic  per- 
sonality reached  the  heart  of  the  public,  he  stood  as  indirectly 
representing  three  great  Dominions,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  he 
voiced  many  of  their  aspirations  and  views  in  succeeding  speeches. 
On  Mar.  9  the  Australian  Premier  had  an  audience  of  the  King 
at  Buckingham  Palace  and  was  sworn  of  the  Privy  Council,  at- 
tended a  meeting  of  the  British  Cabinet  and  was  entertained  at 
luncheon  by  the  Empire  Parliamentary  Association  with  Mr.  Bonar 
Law  in  the  chair  and  many  well-known  persons  present.  Mr. 
Hughes  in  his  speech  instantly  caught  the  attention  of  his  hearers 
and  the  interest  of  the  public. 

He  began  by  dealing  with  those  who  had  formerly  "  browsed  in 
the  Elysian  fields  of  Pacificism,"  who  had  lived  in  a  world  of 
their  own,  to  whom  the  Hague  Tribunal  was  a  Pantheon — hedged 
about  by  ten  million  bayonets !  The  practical  keynote  he  struck  at 
once:  "What  is  to  be  our  commercial  and  industrial  policy  after 
the  War?  Are  we  to  allow — to  use  the  shibboleths  of  an  economic 
doctrine  which  has  been  regarded  with  almost  sacred  veneration  in 
Britain  for  three-quarters  of  a  century — 'Trade  to  flow  along  its 
natural  channels'  after  the  War,  or  are  we  to  follow  the  example 
of  all  other  nations  and  pursue  a  policy  which  will  enable  us  to 
exercise  such  control  over  trade  as  consideration  for  national  safety 
and  the  country  demands?  This  is  a  question  of  transcendent  im- 
portance, for  upon  it  not  only  the  welfare  of  these  islands  de- 
pends, and  their  future  relations  with  Britain  overseas,  but  the 
future  of  Germany  herself.  .  .  .  After  this  war  I  hope  Great 
Britain  will  have  a  policy  compatible  with  her  national  safety  and 
her  national  greatness.  We,  in  Australia,  have  done  something  to 
show  our  earnestness  in  tearing  out  the  cancer  of  German  influence: 
We  have  annulled  every  contract,  we  have  cancelled  every  trade- 
mark and  design  belonging  to  Germany.  We  have  given  notice  to 
every  Company  that  they  must  within  three  months  from  Jan.  16 
put  out  every  German  shareholder,  whether  naturalized  or  not. 
You  must  make  it  plain  to  the  world  that  you  are  destroying  the 
control  of  British  trade  by  Germans." 

On  Mar.  15  Mr.  .Hughes  was  banquetted  by  the  Imperial  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  and  declared  that  before  the  War  national  safety 
had  been  endangered  by  the  policy  of  laissez  faire  and  the  entire 
fabric  of  British  industry  honey-combed  by  German  enterprise ;  that 
German  influence  in  British  trade  and  national  life  must  be  ruth- 
lessly destroyed;  as  to  the  Empire  he  wanted  it  "organized  for 
trade,  for  industry,  for  economic  justice,  for  national  defence,  for 
preservation  of  the  world 's  peace  " ;  as  to  the  Navy  the  least  he  could 
say  was  that  it  had  saved  Britain.  "But  the  truth  is  that  it  has 
saved  the  civilized  world !  Behind  that  impregnable  wall  of  triple 


148  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


steel  we  have  had  an  opportunity  to  remedy  our  lack  of  prepara- 
tion. Had  we  been  as  well  prepared  on  land  the  peace  of  the 
world  would  probably  have  remained  unbroken."  At  a  Pilgrim's 
Club  banquet  (Mar.  17)  Mr.  Hughes  addressed  an  audience  largely 
American  with  Lord  Bryce  in  the  chair.  He  told  them  of  the 
certainty  of  success  if  the  British  Empire  organized  its  war-strength 
and  described  the  incident  at  Gallipoli  where  the  8th  Australian 
Light  Horse  charged  in  three  waves  into  the  face  of  certain  death 
and  eclipsed  the  charge  of  the  Light  Brigade  at  Balaclava. 

On  Mar.  20  the  Australian  Premier  was  dined  at  the  City  Carl- 
ton  Club  with  Mr.  Balfour  presiding,  and  his  motto  was  that  after 
the  War  "we  must  exploit  every  opportunity,  develop  every  re- 
source." He  dealt  with  the  stupendous  folly  that  gave  Germany 
a  monopoly  of  tungsten  powder  essential  for  hardening  steel,  per- 
mitted the  dyes  which  were  essential  for  the  textile  industry  to 
pass  into  German  control,  accepted  a  cheap  German  sugar  and 
allowed  Empire  sugar-lands  to  lie  idle.  "This  War  has  rung  the 
death  knell  of  a  policy  of  cheapness  that  took  no  thought  for  the 
social  and  industrial  welfare  of  the  workmen,  that  mistook  mere 
wealth  for  greatness."  The  new  trade  policy  must  be  announced 
at  once.  A  passing  illness  followed  but  on  Apr.  18  Mr.  Hughes 
was  able  to  accept  the  Freedom  of  the  City  of  London  and  utter 
one  of  the  most  eloquent  tributes  to  Empire  ever  heard  in  the 
historic  Guildhall. 

At  a  succeeding  Mansion  House  luncheon  he  declared  that  the 
War  had  saved  the  nation  and  the  Empire  from  moral  and  physical 
degeneration  and  decay,  its  people  from  becoming  flabby  and  los- 
ing the  ancient  qualities  of  the  race.  To  the  representatives  of 
British  organized  Labour  he  spoke  on  the  19th  as  the  Labour 
leader  of  a  new  Commonwealth:  "We  did  not  desire  war.  No  men 
desired  it  less,  or  hated  it  more.  But  we  recognized  that  war  was, 
like  death  and  disease,  one  of  the  great  facts  of  life,  and  so  to  be 
faced.  To  be  faced,  mark  you,  not  to  be  provoked ;  indeed,  by  all 
means  short  of  surrendering  our  honour  and  our  free  institutions 
to  be  avoided ;  and  in  the  fullness  of  time  to  be  stamped  out  like 
disease — but  in  the  meantime  to  be  faced.  And  the  Australian 
Labour  Party  had  not  only  faced  the  possibilities  of  war,  for  many 
years  before  this  war  broke  out,  but  prepared  for  it.  We  had 
adopted  as  planks  of  our  platform  a  system  of  universal  military 
training  for  home  defence,  and  an  Australian  Navy." 

In  Australia,  he  added,  Labour  had  endeavoured  to  build  up  a 
constructive  fiscal  policy  for  the  economic  and  social  welfare  of 
the  people.  Britain  must  do  the  same  and  change  its  present 
fiscal  system.  '  *  If  you  ask  how  far  that  change  will  go  and  by  what 
means  it  will  achieve  its  purpose,  my  reply  is  that  it  will  go  as  far 
as  is  necessary  to  do  at  least  three  things ;  to  ensure  national  safety ; 
to  conserve  and  extend  trade  and  industries;  to  lift  up  the  masses 
of  the  people  to  a  level  which  will  ensure  to  every  worker,  using 
that  term  in  its  very  widest  meaning  reasonable  remuneration  and 
conditions  .of  labour."  Speaking  in  Glasgow  on  Apr.  28,  after 
receiving  in  Edinburgh  the  Freedom  of  that  City  and  an  LL.D. 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MB.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      149 


rom  the  University,  Mr.  Hughes  described  how  the  lead,  copper, 
and  zinc  markets  were  absolutely  controlled  by  Germans  before 
the  War.  They  had  large  holdings  in  the  companies,  and  their 
agents  were  the  sole  buying  agents  for  the  raw  material. 

»  Meantime  Mr.  Hughes  had  attended  the  Allies'  Economic  Con- 
rence  as  a  representative  of  Great  Britain  and,  after  his  de- 
parture for  Australia,  received  the  unique  tribute  of  a  Memorial 
signed  by  a  group  of  300  public  men,  thinkers,  writers,  Admirals, 
soldiers,  financiers,  etc.,  declaring  that:  "The  Australian  Prime 
Minister  possesses  that  insight  into  the  necessities  of  the  times, 
that  broadness  of  outlook  freed  from  inner  political  traditions  and 
perplexities,  that  quickness  of  thought  and  adaptability  to  change, 
and  the  consequent  readiness  of  action ;  above  all,  that  freshness 
and  strength  of  will  which  fit  him  in  a  quite  pre-eminent  degree 
to  take  a  leading  part  in  the  solution  of  the  grave  economic  pro- 
blems arising  out  of  the  War. ' '  The  Memorial  urged  that  * '  in  such 
constitutional  manner  as  the  Government  may  see  fit,  Mr.  Hughes 
be  invited  to  return  to  this  country  to  take  his  seat  in-  the  Inner  War 
Council  of  the  Empire,  to  our  common  utility  and  inspiration." 

On  June  27,  the  Australian  Premier  had  purchased  15  cargo 
steamers  with  an  average  capacity  of  7,000  tons  at  a  price  of  $10,- 
000,000,  which  he  proposed  to  run  as  a  state-owned  line  for  the  relief 
of  the  transport  problems  of  the  hour.  He  arrived  in  Australia 
again  on  Aug.  7  after  a  passing  visit  to  South  Africa  and  was 
given  a  series  of  enthusiastic  non-party  receptions.  The  keynote 
of  his  speeches  was  the  fact  that  no  community  of  5,000,000  can 
hold  a  continent  capable  of  supporting  200,000,000  unless  they  are 
ready  to  defend  their  shores.  As  a  natural  outcome  of  condi- 
tions in  recruiting,  of  his  speeches  in  Britain  and  upon  his  return, 
a  policy  of  Conscription  was  proposed  and  presented  to  the  coun- 
try. Events  had  been  gradually  leading  up  to  this  action.  The  Age, 
perhaps  the  chief  popular  organ  of  Australian  thought,  had  de- 
clared on  Apr.  5  that  "the  farcically  inept  voluntary  system  must 
be  discarded  and  compulsory  national  service  adopted  and  en- 
forced. ' ' 

The  Hon.  G.  F.  Pearce,  Minister  of  Defence,  had  been  making 
speeches  urging  enlistment  and  on  Apr.  8  declared  that  "we  are 
being  defended  by  the  conscript  armies  of  France,  Russia,  and 
Italy,  and  sooner  than  have  German  rule  here  I  would  have  Con- 
scription." Labour  bodies  grew  rapidly  suspicious,  then  openly 
hostile,  with  various  Unions  and  Conferences  passing  Resolutions 
against  Conscription,  with  organs  such  as  the  Sydney  Worker  and 
Melbourne  Labour  Call  fiercely  attacking  Mr.  Hughes  and  his 
Labour  Government.  A  Party  split  was  inevitable  and  this  came 
in  August  when  the  Premier  was  expelled  from  the  Political 
Labour  League  of  his  own  State — New  South  Wales.  As  this  situa- 
tion developed  the  Liberal  party,  led  by  Rt.  Hon.  J.  H.  Cook  and 
Sir  W.  H.  Irvine,  leaned  toward  the  Premier  who  on  Aug.  30  out- 
lined his  policy  in  the  House  of  Representatives: 

In  view  of  certain  urgent  and  grave  communications  from  the  War 
Council  of  Great  Britain,  and  of  the  present  state  of  the  War,  and  the  duty  of 
Australia  in  regard  thereto,  and  as  a  result  of  long  and  earnest  deliberation, 


150 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


the  Government  has  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  voluntary  system  of 
recruiting  cannot  be  relied  upon  to  supply  that  steady  stream  of  reinforce- 
ments necessary.  .  .  .  The  will  of  the  nation  must  be  ascertained.  Auto- 
cracy forces  its  decrees  upon  the  people — democracy  ascertains  and  then  car- 
ries out  the  wishes  of  the  people.  In  these  circumstances  the  Government 
considers  that  there  is  but  one  course  to  pursue,  namely,  to  ask  the  electors 
for  their  authority  to  make  up  the  deficiency  by  compulsion.  Set  out  briefly, 
the  policy  of  the  Government  is  to  take  a  Referendum  of  the  people  at  the 
earliest  possible  moment  upon  the  question  whether  they  approve  of  com- 
pulsory overseas  service  to  the  extent  necessary  to  keep  our  Expeditionary 
Forces  at  their  full  strength.  If  the  majority  of  the  people  approve,  com- 
pulsion will  be  applied  to  the  extent  that  voluntaryism  fails.  Otherwise  it  will 
not. 

The  Liberal  leaders  considered  this  proposal  inadequate  but 
decided  to  support  the  Government  policy  and  the  Referendum 
Bill  which  was  introduced  on  Sept.  13  included  the  following  ques- 
tion to  be  asked  the  people  on  Oct.  28 :  "  Are  you  in  favour  of  the 
Government  having  in  this  grave  emergency  the  same  compulsory 
powers  over  citizens  in  regard  to  requiring  their  military  service 
for  the  term  of  war  outside  the  Commonwealth  as  now  apply  to 
military  service  within  the  Commonwealth  T '  Many  influential 
papers  expressed  keen  disappointment  that  the  Premier  had  not 
declared  outright  for  Conscription.  After  heated  debate  the  vote 
in  the  House  on  the  2nd  reading  (Sept.  22)  was  46  to  10  and  it 
then  passed  all  stages  to  the  Senate  where  it  was  approved  by  a 
final  vote  of  17  to  9.  The  Government's  announced  plan  of  opera- 
tion, if  successful,  was  that  voluntary  recruiting  should  be  con- 
tinued and  the  deficiency  be  made  up  by .  Conscription ;  men  to  be 
called  up  monthly,  as  required,  but  no  compulsory  calling  of 
men  under  21  years  of  age ;  absolute  exemptions  for  only  sons  and 
single  men  who  were  the  sole  supports  of  dependents. 

Mr.  Hughes  took  a  strenuous  part  in  the  ensuing  struggle,  his 
eloquent  speeches  were  worthy  of  his  Imperial  reputation,  his  facts 
were  hard  to  gainsay  or  refute.  Yet  the  issue  was  taken  and 
every  foot  of  the  fighting  was  contested  keenly  either  by  clever 
evasion,  innuendo,  or  direct  attack.  The  women  were  appealed  to 
on  the  side  of  their  natural  shrinking  from  war  and  the  horrors  of 
battle  in  a  country  where  the  shriek  of  the  cannon-ball  had  never 
been  heard  and  where  there  was  no  apparent  danger  of  actual  inva- 
sion ;  every  Pacifist  doctrine,  every  instinct  of  irresponsibility,  every 
ideal  of  the  Peace-lover  or  the  ease-lover,  were  appealed  to ;  easily 
aroused  prejudices  amongst  the  Irish  electorate  were  fanned  by 
misrepresentations  of  the  troubles  in  Ireland;  the  Labour  party, 
already  suspicious  of  their  leader's  Imperialism,  ignorant  of  Eng- 
land and  Empire,  devoted  to  local  and  personal  questions  of  wage 
and  social  development,  were  stirred  up  by  the  wildest  talk  of 
militarism,  autocracy  and  even  British  bribery  of  Mr.  Hughes. 

Business  men  were  told  they  would  be  deprived  of  the  necessary 
workers  to  run  their  business ;  farmers  were  warned  that  a  labour 
famine  and  wasted  crops  would  follow,  though  one  of  the  pledges 
was  that  recruits  would  be  kept  available  for  harvesting ;  the  Aus- 
tralian branch  of  the  anarchistic  society.  Industrial  Workers  of 
the  World,  carried  on  a  conspicuous  campaign  of  lies,  disloyalty  and 
absolute  treason  with  30  conflagrations  started  in  Sydney  alone  by 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR  ;  MR.  HUGPIES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      151 

the  use  of  chemicals,  and  threats  of  general  anarchy  if  Conscrip- 
tion prevailed.  On  Sept.  18  the  Prime  Minister  issued  a  Manifesto 
which  appealed  to  the  people  as  boasting  their  freedom  and  now 
called  upon  them  to  prove  themselves  worthy  to  be  free.  A  supreme 
effort  was  the  price  of  victory;  Australia  was  called  upon  to  help 
in  that  effort: 

What  we  are  expected  to  do  in  this  great  hour  has  been  stated  in  precise 
terms.  We  are  to  keep  our  five  Divisions  up  to  their  full  strength.  This  is  a 
task  neither  beyond  our  power  nor  beyond  our  due  obligation.  For  September 
of  this  year  32,500  men  are  required,  and  for  each  subsequent  month  16,500 
men.  This  is  the  task  before  us,  and  from  it  we  ought  not,  must  not,  dare  not, 
shrink.  Our  only  hope  of  national  safety,  of  retaining  our  liberties,  lies  in 
decisive  victory  by  Britain  and  her  Allies  over  the  hosts  of  military  despotism. 
While  our  lives  and  liberties  are  at  stake  how  can  we  do  more  than  enough? 
But  we  are  not  asked  to  do  more  than  our  share.  Up  to  date  we  have  sent 
over  220,000  men  oversea,  and  have  44,000  in  camp.  The  total  number  of  the 
British  forces,  excluding  Dominion  and  Indian  troops,  is  well  over  5,000,000. 
If  Australia  had  done  as  well  as  Britain  she  would  have  an  Army  of  over 
500,000,  instead  of  one  under  300,000.  But  this  is  not  all,  for  Britain  has 
nearly  4,000,000  men  helping  to  win  the  War  by  working  at  munitions  and 
other  work!  That  is  to  say,  that  Britain  has  put  nine  millions  of  men  into 
this  fight.  And  she  is  calling  up  more  men! 

He  declared  the  supreme  duty  which  a  democrat  owed  his 
country  was  to  fight  for  it  and  quoted  Juares,  the  French  Social- 
ist, and  Lincoln,  the  United  States  patriot,  to  prove  that  democracy 
must  in  this  submit  to  compulsion  when  necessary.  "Were  Aus- 
tralia to  fail  on  Oct.  28  Democracy  and  Labour  would  have  failed. 
But  Australia  must  not  fail."  At  Melbourne  on  the  same  day,  at 
Sydney  on  the  21st,  at  Adelaide  and  other  centres,  he  took  a  strong 
militant  position.  To  the  great  meeting  in  Melbourne  he  spoke  of 
this  as  the  gravest  crisis  in  the  history  of  the  Commonwealth.  The 
Australian  reserves  would  be  exhausted  by  the  end  of  January  and 
more  trained  troops  would  not  be  available  unless  his  proposal  were 
accepted.  There  were  to  be  many  exceptions;  family  and  in- 
dustrial life  would  be  well  looked  after. 

As  to  the  issue :  ' '  Let  every  man  who  hesitates,  who  talks  about 
liberty,  who  sees  in  this  some  dreadful  menace  to  democracy, 
know  that  it  is  on  the  battlefields  of  France  his  fate  is  being 
decided.  But  for  the  Allied  Armies  and  the  British  Navy  we  were 
doomed  men.  We  may  bleat  and  we  may  struggle,  but  we  are 
like  sheep  before  the  butcher,  and  nothing  can  save  us."  As  to 
Pacifists  he  was  explicit:  "I  say  that  any  people  who  will  not 
fight  for  their  country  deserve  not  to  retain  the  rights  that  country 
gives  them.  If  they  will  not  fight  the  enemy  outside  their  gate 
they  will  not  fight  in  their  times  of  trial  the  enemy  within  their 
gate.  .  .  .  Nearly  300,000  men  have  enlisted.  Why  should 
some  take  on  their  shoulders  the  burden  that  belongs  to  all?  If 
life  be  such  a  sacred  thing  that  no  Government  or  no  individual 
has  a  right  to  lay  hands  upon  it,  why  should  these  300,000  be 
chosen  to  die,  that  we  may  live,  unmolested,  allowing  the  roll  and 
thunder  of  battle  to  pass  over  us  undisturbed?" 

Despatches  were  obtained  and  published  from  British  leaders 
and  officers  at  the  Front  such  as  Arthur  Henderson,  G.  N.  Barnes 


152 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


and  John  Hodge,  Generals  Haig  and  Birdwood,  Aristide  Briand, 
Premier  of  France,  Gen.  Joffre,  and  others.  Mr.  Henderson,  the 
Labour  leader,  said  (Oct.  20)  :  "I  say  to  the  workers  of  Aus- 
tralia as  I  said  to  the  trades  unionists  of  the  Mother  Country: 
Between  the  issue  of  compulsion  and  defeat  there  can  be  no  room 
for  doubt;  we  applied  compulsion  to  extend  trade  unionism,  to 
secure  more  drastic  social  re-organization,  to  improve  the  health  of 
the  people,  to  secure  greater  equality  in  the  distribution  of  wealth ; 
we  must  not  object  to  use  the  same  means  to  save  not  only  our  nation 
or  Empire  but  small  nations  everywhere. ' '  As  the  campaign  devel- 
oped Mr.  Hughes  had  the  support  of  all  the  State  Ministries  except- 
ing Queensland  and  all  the  leading  papers  of  Australia  with  the 
strenuous  opposition  of  the  Labour  organizations  of  Queensland, 
New  South  Wales  and  Victoria;  Mr.  Holman,  Premier  of  New 
South  Wales,  and  two  of  his  Ministers,  with  Senator  E.  J.  Russell 
of  the  Commonwealth  Government,  were  expelled  from  the  Labour 
organizations;  F.  G.  Tudor,  W.  G.  Higgs,  Albert  Gardiner  and 
E.  J.  Russell  retired  from  Mr.  Hughes'  Government  as  opposed  to 
Conscription. 

Australian  soldiers  at  the  Front  and  in  Australia  were  allowed 
to  vote  and  to  them  Mr.  Hughes  issued  a  Manifesto  declaring  that 
their  votes  would  be  taken  first  and  should  lead  Australia:  "Sol- 
diers, if  the  people  of  Australia  vote  'No'  they  encourage  the 
enemy,  they  abandon  you,  they  desert  France  that  has  shed  its 
blood  in  the  common  cause,  they  desert  Belgium,  they  leave  un- 
avenged those  foul  outrages  inflicted  upon  women,  children,  and 
helpless  non-combatants  of  the  Allied  nations,  they  repudiate  the 
debt  they  owe  to  Britain,  they  cover  Australia  with  the  mantle  of 
eternal  shame."  To  the  Women  he  appealed  on  Oct.  14  in  part 
as  follows :  '  *  Our  enemy  stands  for  military  despotism.  We  stand 
as  a  free  democracy,  whose  ideals  rest  upon  reason  and  righteous- 
ness. .  .  .  For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  world  this 
issue  is  submitted  to  the  votes  of  a  nation.  For  the  first  time  in 
history  the  voice  of  woman  is  to  speak  directly  on  the  greatest 
question  that  can  confront  any  community."  All  the  denomina- 
tional churches  of  Australia  appealed  for  support  to  the  policy 
and  were  joined  by  Archbishop  Clune  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  On  Oct.  27,  the  last  day  of  the  contest,  final  appeals  were 
issued  by  Mr.  Hughes  and  by  Mr.  Cook  who  had  been  speaking  for 
a  month  in  favour  of  Conscription.  The  result  of  the  vote  on  Oct. 
28  took  time  to  obtain  but  finally  it  was  as  follows : 

The  number  of  votes  cast  "Yes"  or  in  favour  of  Conscription  was  1,084,918 
The  number  of  votes  cast  ' '  No  "  or  against  Conscription  was 1,146,198 


The  majority  recorded  against  Conscription  was.  .  .  . 
THE   VOTE   BY   STATES. 

New  South  Wales   

Victoria    

Queensland     

South  Australia 

Western   Australia    

Tasmania 

Northern   Territory   and   Papua    ........'. 


YES! 

356,209 

353,829 

143,051 

87,368 

83,888 

48,437 

2,136 


61,280 

No! 

472,705 
328,022 
152,101 
113,591 

40,807 

37,703 
1,269 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR  ;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      153 


All  the  tremendous  influences  in  favour  of  Conscription  had 
been  ineffectual — combined  parties,  united  churches,  educated 
classes,  financial  support,  had  failed  against  organized  Labour's 
fears  and  suspicions,  the  farmers'  belief  that  they  would  be  de- 
prived of  labour,  the  moral  weakness  of  women  in  facing  such  an 
issue,  and  the  Irish  vote,  which  went  against  the  policy.  The 
bringing  in  of  the  British  Government  as  wanting  Conscription 
and  even  the  approval  letters  of  leaders  and  soldiers  may  have  had 
the  opposite  effect  from  that  desired  upon  a  people  very  sensitive 
as  to  self-government  and  outside  control.  Mr.  Hughes'  bitter 
attacks  upon  opponents  also  had  a  bad  influence.  The  posters  of 
the  contest  were  an  interesting  study  and  in  themselves  a  great 
factor  in  the  result.  The  Conscriptionists  were  fond  of  bringing 
the  Kaiser  in  as  urging  Australia  to  vote  *  *  No ' ' ;  one  placard  which 
influenced  thousands  of  women  voters  the  other  way  depicted  a 
woman  with  woe  on  her  face,  condemning  her  son  and  the  sons  of 
others  to  die,  by  placing  her  vote  in  favour  of  Conscription  in  the 
ballot  box.  A  solid  German  vote  in  South  Australia  also  had  weight. 

It  did  not  appear  that  the  negative  vote  meant  disloyalty  or  op- 
position to  the  War  as  such;  the  fight  may  indeed  have  awakened 
many  as  to  the  vital  issues  involved ;  a  majority  probably  believed 
the  Voluntary  system  would  be  found  sufficient.  Mr.  Hughes  on 
Nov.  13  expressed  this  view  but  added:  "The  decision  of  the 
people  will  profoundly  affect  the  future,  not  only  of  this  young 
Commonwealth,  but  democratic  Government  generally.  This 
refusal  on  the  part  of  a  free  people  to  make  a  sacrifice  to  defend 
their  freedom  will  be  used  as  a  proof  of  the  unwisdom  of  submit- 
ting great  national  issues  directly  to  the  people."  On  Nov.  22  the 
Government's  tentative  action  in  calling  up  single  men  between 
21  and  35  was  reversed  and  on  Dec.  10  Donald  McKinnon,  M.L.A., 
was  appointed  Director-General  of  Kecruiting,  with  an  influential 
committee  of  one  representative  from  each  State.  In  November  a 
new  Labour  Party  was  formed  to  oppose  Mr.  Hughes  made  up  of 
19  Labour  Senators  and  24  members  of  the  House,  with  Hon.  F.  G. 
Tudor,  as  Leader  in  the  latter  body,  and  Hon.  Albert  Gardiner  in 
the  Senate.  Messrs.  Hugh  Mahon  and  King  O'Malley  retired 
from  the  Government  which  Mr.  Hughes  then  re-organized — with 
13  Representatives  and  11  Senators  as  direct  Labour  supporters 
and  34  Liberals  and  5  Liberal  Senators  as  indirect  supporters,  and 
26  Labour  Eepresentatives  and  19  Senators  in  direct  opposition — 
as  follows: 

Prime   Minister   and   Attorney-General    Et.  Hon.  W.  M.  Hughes. 

Minister  of  Defence   Hon.  G.  F.  Pearce. 

Minister  for  the  Navy Hon.  Jens  A.  Jenson. 

Postmaster-General Hon.  Wm.  Webster. 

Treasurer Hon.  Alex.  Poynton. 

Minister  of  Trade  and  Customs    Hon.  W.  O.  Archibald. 

Minister  of  Home  Affairs   Hon.  F.  W.  Bamford. 

Minister  of  Works    Hon.  P.  J.  Lynch. 

Vice-President  of  Executive   Council Hon.  W.  G.  Spence. 

Hon.    Minister    Hon.  E.  J.  Eussell. 

Hon.    Minister    :  .  Hon.  W.  H.  Laird  Smith. 

Solicitor-General     Hon.  E.  B.  Garran,  C.M.G. 

. 


154  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Meantime  Australian  soldiers  had  been  winning  new  honours  in 
France.  On  Mar.  31  the  last  detachment  of  Australians  and  New 
Zealanders  for  this  front  had  left  Alexandria ;  all  had  been  trans- 
ported to  Marseilles  and  Havre  without  a  single  mishap.  Their 
popular  Commander,  Lieut.-General  Sir  Wm.  Birdwood,  addressed 
them  before  leaving  Egypt  in  a  Message  which  enclosed  a  reprint 
of  Lord  Kitchener's  first  message  to  the  troops  going  to  France: 
"You  have  made  for  yourselves  a  national  reputation  as  good 
fighters,  which  has  earned  for  you  the  esteem  of  your  comrades, 
alongside  of  whom  we  will  shortly  be  fighting.  The  training  that 
you  have  had  will,  I  hope,  enable  you  to  utilize  your  fighting  qual- 
ities to  advantage.  But,  in  addition  to  these  two  qualifications, 
there  is  still  a  third  which  is  essential  to  success — Discipline ;  and 
it  is  the  greatest  of  the  three,  for  without  discipline  the  best  fight- 
ing troops  in  the  world  will  fail  at  the  last  to  achieve  success. ' ' 

Many  Anzacs  (Australian  and  New  Zealand  Army  Corps) 
still  remained  in  Egypt,  or  were  reinforced  from  home  as,  on  May 
16,  they  carried  out  a  successful  expedition  against  the  enemy  at 
Bayoud.  At  the  Katia  oasis  in  the  desert,  early  in  August,  Gen- 
eral Chauvel's  Anzac  Mounted  Division  attacked  the  Turks  with 
great  success — the  London  News  correspondent  stating  that  "these 
magnificent  troops  fought  with  a  tenacity,  courage  and  endurance 
worthy  of  comparison  with  the  greatest  things  done  by  them  on 
Gallipoli.  The  part  ttiey  took  in  overthrowing  the  attempt  to 
reach  the  Suez  Canal  will  stand  out  as  one  of  the  finest  things  done 
by  the  Colonials  during  the  War,  and  will  illumine  the  pages  of 
the  Anzacs'  short  but  illustrious  military  history.  Fatigue  is  not 
counted  a  hardship  by  these  hardy  men."  Finally,  this  Battle  of 
Romani,  was  made  secure  as  a  victory  when  the  New  Zealanders 
threw  the  Turks  off  Mount  Royston  and  drove  them  towards  Katia. 
The  troops  operating  in  the  Sinai  Peninsula  also  included  Aus- 
tralian and  New  Zealand  mounted  men  who  took  part  in  the  cap- 
ture of  El  Arish,  a  town  on  the  coast  road  from  Egypt  to  Judea, 
100  miles  east  of  the  Canal  and  an  important  stronghold  of  the 
Turks.  A  day  or  two  later  Bir-el-Maghdabah,  some  15  miles  south- 
east of  that  spot,  was  captured  and  it  appeared  that  the  whole 
Sinai  Peninsula  was  being  systematically  cleared  of  Turks  by 
Anzacs  and  British  troops. 

In  France,  under  date  of  July  20,  C.  E.  W.  Bean,  the  Aus- 
tralian press  representative,  stated  that  on  the  21st  ' '  an  Australian 
force  attacked  the  German  trenches  south  of  Armentieres.  The 
Australians  on  the  left  seized  the  German  front  line  and  passed 
beyond  it  to  further  trenches  of  the  first  system.  In  the  centre 
the  Australians  carried  the  whole  of  the  first  system  and  reached 
more  or  less  open  country.  On  the  right  the  troops  had  to  cross 
a  much  wider  stretch  between  trenches  where  the  Germans  held  a 
very  strong  fortified  salient.  From  some  captured  trenches  here 
they  were  subsequently  driven  out.  .  .  .  Our  troops  in  this 
attack  had  to  face  shell  fire  heavier  and  more  continuous  than  was 
ever  known  in  Gallipoli.  At  least  200  prisoners  were  captured, 
and  several  machine-guns  brought  in." 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      155 

On  July  23  the  Australians  advanced  toward  Pozieres  and 
after  capturing  the  first  line  with  a  bayonet  charge  they  started 
toward  the  second  line  which  was  strongly  held  with  machine  guns. 
"Not  even  the  German  gunners  could  keep  back  this  line  of  keen, 
ardent  men,  these  clean-shaven,  hatchet-faced  lads  who,  without 
such  heavy  casualties  as  might  have  been  expected,  took  the  terri- 
tory and  two  more  lines  of  trenches  in  front  of  them.  Then,  leav- 
ing some  of  their  number  to  make  sure  of  the  ground  behind  they 
went  on  again  and  carried  their  objective  with  an  irresistible 
rush."  They  had  reached  the  ruins  of  Pozieres  and  held  half  the 
village  while  a  British  curtain  of  fire  was  in  front  and  a  German 
one  behind — holding  them  to  the  deadly  conflict  with  the  Germans 
in  the  other  half  of  the  village.  Digging,  bombing,  fighting  hand 
to  hand,  rushing  and  tumbling  amid  piles  of  debris  and  constant 
roar  of  great  guns,  they  won  their  way  and  held  the  place. 

For  this  action  warm  tributes  were  paid  by  the  French  press; 
a  practical  result  was  the  capture  of  7,000  prisoners.  But,  as  The 
Times  correspondent  of  Nov.  9  described  it,  the  fighting  did  not 
end  there.  "There  has  been  no  sterner  or  more  determined  strug- 
gle than  that  which  went  on  day  after  day,  week  after  week,  up 
the  slope  from  Ovillers-la-Boisselle  to  Pozieres  and  on  beyond  to 
Mouquet  Farm  on  the  left  and  to  the  further  first  stages  of  the 
descent  of  the  rjdge  towards  Courcelette.  What  the  Australians 
did  would  have  been  impossible  for  any  troops  who  did  not  possess 
both  perfect  courage  and  determination  and  a  magnificent  physi- 
que." To  Oct.  31  the  official  figures  of  casualties  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  War  included  16,666  killed,  30,895  wounded,  3,394 
missing,  654  prisoners  of  war  and  302  unspecified — a  total  of 
51,911.  There  were  many  War  honours  during  the  year,  includ- 
ing the  C.B.  for  Maj.-Gen.  John  Monash,  Brig.-Gen.  H.  G.  Chauvel, 
C.M.G.,  and  Brig.-Gen.  F.  G.  Hughes ;  the  V.C..  to  A.  S.  Blackburn, 
C.  C.  Castleton,  Martin  O'Meara,  John  Leak,  Wm.  Jackson  and 
Thos.  Cook ;  the  C.M.G.  to  Brig.-Gen.  G.  de  L.  Ryrie  and  10  other 
officers,  the  D.S.O.  for  45  officers  and  a  large  number  of  Distin- 
guished Conduct  and  Military  Medals. 

Australian  financial  conditions  of  the  year  were  satisfactory. 
According  to  the  War  Census  of  1915  the  wealth  of  Australia 
totalled  $4,700,000,000  and  the  annual  income  $1,075,000,000  while 
the  Savings  Bank  deposits  were  stated  to  be  the  highest  per  capita 
in  the  world.  The  number  of  fit  men  between  18  and  44  and  not 
enlisted  was  over  400,000.  War  loans  were  splendidly  taken  up. 
The  first  one,  which  had  closed  on  Aug.  31,  1915,  asked  for  £5,- 
000,000  and  realized  £13,389,440;  the  second,  closing  on  Jan.  31, 
1916,  was  for  £10,000,000  and  realized  £21,651,720 ;  the  third  closed 
on  Sept.  1st  and  asked  for  £18,000,000  realizing  £23,495,690— a  total 
of  over  $290,000,000.  In  June  the  Government  floated  a  £4,000,000 
domestic  Loan  in  London  at  par,  5^  per  cent,  interest,  and  re- 
deemable in  1920-22.  It  was  fully  subscribed.  Meanwhile  the  Im- 
perial Government  had  granted  a  War  credit  of  £25,000,000  or 
£2,000,000  a  month. 


156  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Revenues  slowly  increased  and  the  total  for  9  months  ending 
Mar.  31,  1916,  was  £12,438,963  or  $6,300,000  more  than  in  the  same 
period  of  1915.  The  Budget  for  the  year  of  June  30,  1916,  showed 
total  receipts  for  the  financial  year  of  £91,052,000,  of  which  the 
ordinary  revenue  was  £30,627,000.  The  War  loans  raised  in  Aus- 
tralia amounted  to  £35,257,000  and  those  from  the  British  Gov- 
ernment to  £22,400,000.  Outstanding  Treasury  bills  amounted  to 
£2,768,000.  The  total  receipts  for  the  new  financial  year  were 
estimated  at  £127,836,000,  including  revenue,  £38,929,000;  War 
loans  to  be  raised  in  Australia,  £45,931,000;  loan  from  the  British 
Government,  £13,000,000;  balance  to  War  loans  from  the  previous 
year,  £17,075,000. 

The  expenditure  for  the  past  financial  year  was  £73,978,000, 
including  ordinary  expenditure,  £24,065,000;  War  expenditure 
from  revenue,  £3,563,000;  and  War  expenditure  from  loans,  £37,- 
632,000.  The  Commonwealth  Note  issue  at  the  former  date  was 
£43,324,730  with  a  gold  reserve  of  £15,741,911  or  35%.  In  Parlia- 
ment at  the  close  of  the  year  the  Government's  financial  policy 
included  a  levy  on  wealth  for  repatriation  of  soldiers  which  was 
estimated  to  bring  £3,333,000,  an  Entertainment  tax  of  £2,000,000, 
a  War-time  profits  tax  of  £2,000,000,  and  a  25%  increased  Income 
tax  of  £1,000,000— a  total  in  round  figures  of  $41,500,000.  On  Nov. 
11  the  Government  issued  regulations  providing  for  a  Moratorium 
as  to  mortgages  or  agreements  to  purchase. 

Trade  during  the  year  was  hampered  by  restricted  transporta- 
tion and  high  freights  but,  for  the  period  ending  June  30,  1916, 
it  had  increased  from  £125,024,413  in  1914-15  to  £152,283,687  or 
$761,418,435.  At  a  Brisbane  Congress  of  the  Associated  Chambers 
of  Commerce  of  Australia,  held  in  July,  Resolutions  were  passed 
in  favour  of  the  following  after- war  policy :  Preference  within  the 
Empire  and  a  modified  degree  of  preference  for  Allied  nations; 
fair  and  reasonable  treatment  of  neutral  nations  and  a  surtaxed 
tariff  against  enemy  nations;  a  lower  scale  of  tonnage  dues  and 
port  charges  to  apply  in  all  British  ports  to  British-owned  ves- 
sels; permanent  measures  to  be  adopted  against  the  dumping  of 
enemy  and  other  goods  within  the  Empire.  In  September  it  was 
stated  that  a  Commission  would  be  appointed  to  visit  Canada  and 
the  United  States  and  to  report  upon  methods  of  manufacture  and 
production  and  conditions  of  employment. 

The  Wheat  yield  of  1915-16  was  164,400,000  bushels  compared 
with  24,800,000  in  1914-15  and  103,300,000  in  1913-14.  The  Gov- 
ernment took  over  the  marketting  of  the  last  year's  crop.  No  one 
was  allowed  to  sell  wheat  to  anyone  but  the  Government  which  gave 
a  certificate  when  the  grain  was  delivered  at  any  country  railway 
station,  and  this  certificate  entitled  the  holder  to  obtain  an  advance 
from  his  Bank  of  2s.  6d.  per  bushel.  The  arrangement  was  prim- 
arily due  to  lack  of  transportation  facilities.  A  Wheat  Board  was 
appointed  by  the  Government  and  its  operations,  up  to  the  middle 
of  the  year,  totalled  receipts  of  £11,994,000,  certificates  paid  of 
£22,750,000,  an  Imperial  Government  advance  of  £8,992,000  and  a 
net  Government  indebtedness  of  £9,044,000. 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      157 

During  this  year  energetic  Government  action  was  taken  in 
the  matter  of  Munitions.  In  the  early  summer  of  1915  a  Federal 
Munitions  Committee  had  been  appointed  and  co-operation  with 
the  different  States  resulted  in  each  of  these  forming  Munitions 
Committees  which  at  once  got  actively  to  work.  Munition  Bills 
were  passed  by  the  Federal  Parliament,  giving  the  Government 
power  to  manufacture,  and  contract  for  the  manufacture  of,  muni- 
tions, and  the  different  States  also  approved  similar  regulations 
and  powers.  The  work  was  entered  upon  in  a  public,  official,  and 
thoroughly  systematic  manner.  The  great  difficulty  encountered 
from  the  first  lay  in  the  fact  that  Australia,  unlike  Canada  and 
unlike  the  United  Kingdom,  was  not  a  mechanical  or  manufactur- 
ing country. 

The  leading  engineers  of  the  Commonwealth  were  called  into 
conference  to  supply  all  possible  information  on  which  actual  pro- 
gress could  be  based;  a  Metal  Exchange  was  established  by  the 
Federal  Government  to  arrange  for  the  control  of  metals  produced 
in  the  country,  so  that  all  supplies  would  be  readily  available  as 
required;  the  Munitions  Committee  proceeded  with  the  formation 
and  enrollment  of  a  Munition  Workers '  Corps,  to  include  all  men  of 
military  age  who  were  indispensable  for  the  manufacture  of  muni- 
tions, and  these  men  were  given  certificates  to  indicate  that  they 
were  performing  their  full  share  of  work  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try. After  consultation  with  the  British  War  Office,  the  Federal 
Munitions  Committee  decided  that  Australia  could  best  serve  the 
needs  of  the  Empire  by  the  manufacture  of  18-pound  high-explosive 
shell  bodies. 

A  price  of  $5.05  per  shell,  including  the  cost  of  the  steel,  was 
set,  and  all  contractors  willing  to  accept  this  price  were  given  open 
contracts  to  supply  all  the  shells  they  could  manufacture  up  to 
June  30,  1916,  with  the  provision  that  this  price  might  be  revised, 
if  so  decided  by  the  Government,  on  or  after  Mar.  31,  1916.  It  was 
also  arranged  that  the  British  Government  should  give  three 
months'  notice  when  no  more  shells  were  required.  Many  tenders 
came  from  State  Governments  with  a  minimum  of  profit  asked  or 
proceeds  to  go  to  public  purposes.  Several  private  firms  tendered 
with  the  undertaking  that  profits  would  be  refunded.  During  1916 
a  large  production  was  underway  with,  later  on,  the  making  of  all 
kinds  of  munitions,  including  machine  guns,  aeroplane  engines  and 
an  anti-gas  apparatus. 

Of  miscellaneous  matters  it  may  be  said  that  Federal  and  State 
representatives  agreed  upon  a  Land  Settlement  plan  for  soldiers 
which  included  grants  of  land  by  the  States;  provision  of  funds 
by  the  Federal  Government,  by  way  of  loans  to  the  States,  for 
making  advances  through  the  agricultural  banks  or  similar  Gov- 
ernment institutions,  for  improvements,  for  stock  and  for  imple- 
ments ;  the  State  institutions  to  advance  to  the  soldier  settlers  such 
money  at  cost,  plus  reasonable  working  charges ;  a  special  Repatri- 
ation Fund  to  be  collected  by  citizens  to  help  the  soldiers  in  sub- 
sidiary matters;  training  farms  to  be  established  with  42,000 
families  expected  to  be  settled  on  the  land  in  three  years.  A  strik- 
ing event  was  Anzac  Day — the  first  anniversary  of  the  landing  of 


158  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Australian  and  New  Zealand  contingents  in  Gallipoli — which 
was  celebrated  in  London  on  Apr.  25  and  throughout  the  Common- 
wealth and  Dominion.  The  King  and  Queen  were  present  at  an 
impressive  service  in  Westminster  Abbey,  held  in  remembrance  of 
''those,  our  brothers,  who  died  at  Gallipoli  for  their  King  and 
Empire,  in  the  high  cause  of  Freedom  and  Honour."  Great  de- 
monstrations took  place  in  Australian  and  New  Zealand  centres 
while  from  London  came  an  eloquent  tribute  by  Mr.  Hughes  and 
a  message  from  the  King : 

Tell  my  people  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  that  to-day  I  am  joining 
with  them  in  their  solemn  tribute  to  the  memory  of  their  heroes  who  died  in 
Gallipoli. 

They  gave  their  lives  for  a  supreme  cause  in  gallant  comradeship  with  the 
rest  of  my  sailors  and  soldiers  who  fought  and  died  with  them.  Their  valour 
and  fortitude  have  shed  fresh  lustre  on  the  British  Arms. 

May  those  who  mourn  their  loss  find  comfort  in  the  conviction  that  they 
did  not  die  in  vain,  but  that  their  sacrifice  has  drawn  our  peoples  more  closely 
together,  and  added  strength  and  glory  to  the  Empire. 

In  England  Australia  had  long  been  represented  by  Rt.  Hon. 
Sir  George  H.  Reid  as  High  Commissioner.  He  had  resigned  in 
1915,  on  Jan.  11,  1916,  he  was  elected  unopposed  as  M.P.  for  St. 
George's  Hanover  Square,  and  on  the  19th  was  entertained  at 
luncheon  by  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  with  Lord  Milner  in  the 
chair.  His  successor  as  High  Commissioner,  Rt.  Hon.  Andrew 
Fisher,  arrived  in  London  on  the  31st  and  in  an  interview  declared 
that  as  to  "the  future  defence  of  British  interests  in  the  Pacific, 
the  effective  existence  of  a  Navy,  Australian-owned,  manned, 
and  maintained;  the  raising  and  equipment  of  Australian  and 
New  Zealand  local  forces ;  and  the  manufacture  of  arms  and  muni- 
tions on  the  scale  seen  during  the  past  year ;  are  indications  that  no 
undue  anxiety  need  be  felt."  He  was  banquetted  on  Feb.  4  by 
the  Australian  Agents- General  in  London  with  tributes  to  Aus- 
tralia from  Mr.  Bonar  Law  and  Lord  Kitchener.  The  Hon.  T.  J. 
Ryan,  Premier  of  Queensland,  visited  London  in  April-May. 

In  Canada,  on  their  way  to  England,  there  were  several  promin- 
ent Australian  visitors  during  the  year  besides  Mr.  Hughes  and  in- 
cluding Hon.  P.  McM.  Glynn,  K.C.,  R.  J.  Burchell,  M.P.,  Senator 
Hugh  de  Largie,  Hon.  Josiah  Thomas,  M.P.,  Hon.  David  Watkins, 
M.P.,  Senator  Stephen  Barker,  A.  C.  Palmer,  M.P.,  A.  J.  Hampson, 
M.P.,  Sir  Wm.  McMillan,  a  Free  Trade  and  Confederation  leader, 
and  Brig.-Gen.  V.  C.  M.  Sellheim,  of  the  Australian  Army.  An 
Australian  Cadet  party  under  Lieut.  J.  J.  Simon,  after  many 
months  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  visited  Stratford,  Guelph, 
Berlin  and  other  Ontario  points  early  in  the  year  and  were  at 
Victoria  on  Jan.  19  where  they  were  given  a  farewell  luncheon  by 
the  Provincial  Government. 

The  latest  official  statistics  for  Australia  are  for  the  close  of 
1915.  During  that  year  the  immigrants  into  the  country  were 
5,796  as  against  37,445  in  1913  and  the  total  population  showed  a 
decrease  of  8,964  for  the  first  time  in  many  years ;  the  total  deposits 
in  the  cheque-paying  Banks  of  Australia  were  £174,979,336  or 
approximately  $870,000,000— an  increase  in  the  year  of  $55,000,- 
000;  the  total  on  deposit  in  Savings  Banks  was  £91,577,667  or, 


AUSTRALIA  IN  THE  WAR;  MR.  HUGHES  AND  CONSCRIPTION      159 


approximately,  $457,000,000 — an  increase  in  the  year  of  $40,000,- 
000;  the  1915  taxation  by  the  Commonwealth  Government  was 
£16,870,596  and  by  the  State  Governments  £7,000,395 — a  total  per 
head  of  about  $4.60;  the  Public  Debt  of  the  Commonwealth  was 
only  £37,428,830  but  that  of  the  six  States  was  £342,925,669— a 
total  of  $1,900,000,000  or  $380  per  head— against  which  the  Rail- 
ways were  held  as  assets  and  other  public  properties  owned;  the 
total  Commonwealth  subsidies  to  the  States  were  £6,273,775  while 
the  revenue  of  the  Commonwealth  and  States  totalled  £69,000,000 
or  $345,000,000;  the  mileage  of  Government-owned  Railways  was 
20,062  in  1914-15,  the  cost  to  the  country  £193,227,301,  the  gross 
revenues  £20,966,059  and  the  working  expenses  £15,409,210.  As  to 
industries  the  number  of  factories  in  1914  was  15,427,  the  hands 
employed  331,579,  the  wages  paid  £34,090,428,  the  value  of  the 
output  £166,405,922  or  $830,000,000;  the  value  of  minerals  pro- 
duced (1915)  was  £22,382,652,  Agricultural  and  pastoral  produc- 
tion £96,317,000,  dairy,  poultry,  etc.,  £21,562,000,  forestry  and  fish- 
eries £6,419,000 — forming,  with  manufacturing  as  above,  a  net 
total  production  for  Australia  of  $1,046,000,000. 

It  may  be  added  that  in  1915  the  number  of  Trades  Unions  in 
the  Commonwealth  was  415  with  528,031  members  and  that  on 
June  30,  1916,  15,742  were  reported  as  unemployed ;  that  the  total 
expenditure  of  the  States  on  Education  in  the  calendar  year  was 
£4,475,762.  Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  suppression  of  the 
Industrial  Workers  of  the  World  or  I.W.W., — the  anarchistic, 
socialist  organization  which  had  spread  out  from  the  United  States 
into  this  and  other  countries ;  the  British  purchase  in  November  of 
500,000  tons  of  wheat  at  a  price  of  $20,000,000 ;  and  the  Coal  strike 
which  began  early  in  November  with  the  miners'  demand  for  a 
bank-to-bank  clause  and  the  employers'  offer  of  a  compromise,  fol- 
lowed by  the  Government  seizure  of  available  coal  supplies  and 
further  disorganization  of  transports  and  shipping;  repeated  Gov- 
ernment and  Labour  conferences  and,  finally,  the  appointment  of  a 
Tribunal  by  the  Government  under  War  legislation  and  with 
arbitrary  powers  to  deal  with  the  crisis.  On  Nov.  30,  it  was  set- 
tled by  the  granting  of  an  8-hour  day,  a  bank-to-bank  clause,  and 
an  increased  price  to  compensate  owners. 

During  the  year  the  Government  took  important  measures 
against  German  influence  in  commerce  and  industry,  and  adopted 
an  elaborate  scheme  for  the  defence  of  Australia,  involving  the 
formation  of  a  Council  of  Defence,  the  organization  of  a  General 
Staff,  and  the  establishment  of  a  National  Arsenal  The  anti-Con- 
scriptionist  Labour  party  in  December  tried  to  force  a  Dissolution 
and  the  Senate,  for  the  first  time  in  Commonwealth  history,  reduced 
a  Supply  Bill  by  one  month  and  thus  attacked  the  prerogative  of 
the  Lower  House;  at  the  same  time  (Dec.  9)  the  Inter-State  Labour 
Conference  expelled  Mr.  Hughes,  the  members  of  his  Cabinet  and 
other  leaders  who  had  supported  Conscription.  On  Apr.  3,  in 
connection  with  an  Australian  combination  of  Metal  Companies 
then  under  organization,  Mr.  Mahon,  Federal  Attorney-General, 
declared  that  they  would  probably  produce  85  per  cent,  of  the  zinc 
of  the  Empire  and  entirely  replace  the  old-time  German  monopoly. 


160  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


About  this  time  the  Commonwealth  Government  closed  by  pro- 
clamation all  hotel  bars  at  six  o'clock  and  several  States,  during 
the  year,  passed  moderate  Temperance  legislation;  out  of  a  total 
length  of  1,063  miles  the  new  Transcontinental  Railway,  on  June 
30,  1916,  had  770  miles  completed  at  a  cost  of  $25,000,000 ;  in  July 
Canadian  architects  were  given  an  opportunity  of  competing  in 
plans  for  the  construction  of  the  new  Australian  Parliament  Build- 
ings with  Jan.  31,  191 7,  as  the  limit  of  time ;  statistics  showed  that 
in  the  first  15  months  of  War,  equipment  of  the  Australian  Ex- 
peditionary Force  cost  £75,000,000  or  $375,000,000;  the  First 
Report  of  the  Advisory  Council  of  Science  and  Industry — Chair- 
man, Senator  Albert  Gardiner  and  Deputy  Chairman,  Prof.  D. 
Orme  Masson,  D.SC.,  F.R.S. — was  an  important  document  dealing  with 
the  many  scientific  yet  practical  issues  brought  home  to  Australia 
by  the  War.  The  total  of  Australian  voluntary  subscriptions  to 
the  various  Patriotic  Funds  of  the  War  to  the  close  of  1916  was 
about  $25,000,000. 

New  Zealand  These  two  Island  countries — one  within  the  British 

and  Newfound-  Pacific  orbit,  and  the  other  within  the  American  orbit 
land  in  the  — were  aiike  during  1916  in  devotion  to  War  success 
and  Empire  support.  In  New  Zealand  during  the  year 
there  was  little  politics  and  much  war-work.  Sir  Joseph  Ward's 
Budget  of  June  16  stated  the  revenue  at  £14,510,137  and  the  ex- 
penditure at  £12,493,107 — the  surplus  to  be  invested  in  Imperial 
Treasury  Bills  in  addition  to  £1,325,000  already  invested,  or  a  total 
of  $16,500,000.  There  was  much  direct  taxation  in  New  Zealand 
and  in  1914-15  the  Land  Tax  had  brought  $4,000,000,  the  Income 
tax  $2,700,000  and  the  Death  duties  $3,880,000.  The  Government's 
announced  policy  included  a  tax  of  45  per  cent,  on  war  profits,  an 
additional  income  tax  of  5  per  cent.,  the  issue  of  new  War  bonds 
and  the  borrowing  of  £12,000,000  for  war  purposes. 

The  Finance  Minister  in  his  address  stated  that:  "New 
Zealand's  wonderful  natural  advantages  are  able  to  meet  all  the 
demands  upon  her  finances,  and  to  provide  a  sinking  fund  for  the 
repayment  of  all  loans,  including  those  raised  or  to  be  raised  for 
war  purposes."  As  to  trade  the  exports  of  the  year  1915-16  (Mar. 
31)  totalled  £32,000,000  or  an  increase  of  £5,500,000.  The  Imperial 
Government  purchased  the  whole  of  the  wool  clip  of  1916  and,  as 
in  1915,  the  frozen  meat  supply  was  also  taken  over,  though  at  an 
increased  price.  In  October  the  Rt.  Hon,  W.  N.  Massey,  Prime 
Minister,  and  Sir  Joseph  Ward,  left  for  England  upon  invitation 
of  the  Imperial  Government,  with  the  Hon.  James  Allen  remain- 
ing as  Acting-Premier.  At  a  luncheon  in  London  on  Oct.  27  Mr. 
Massey  was  explicit  as  to  German  pre-war  plans.  While  the  Ger- 
man Army  and  Navy  had  grown  unchecked  to  enormous  propor- 
tions : 

We  allowed  them  to  send  their  spies  into  every  corner  of  the  Empire.  We 
allowed  them  to  see  our  harbours  and  our  ports  and  our  preparations,  such  as 
they  were.  We  invited  their  officers  to  see  our  military  and  naval  reviews.  We 
allowed  their  ironmasters  to  see  our  arsenals  and  all  our  latest  machinery,  and 


NEW  ZEALAND  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND  IN  THE  WAR  161 


consequently  be  able  to  calculate  for  themselves  our  possible  output  of  muni- 
tions. We  hid  little  or  nothing  from  them.  German  waiters  listened  to  our 
conversations  in  clubs  and  hotels,  and  reported  the  more  important  of  them  to 
the  German  authorities.  German  governesses  won  the  confidence  of  the 
families  where  they  were  employed,  only  in  many  cases  to  act  the  part  of 
female  Iscariots.  We  allowed  their  ships  to  trade  to  British  ports  without 
'  t  or  hindrance.  We  allowed  them  to  carry  passengers  and  goods  between 
ritish  ports  when  we  knew  they  were  competing  unfairly  with  British  ships, 
ecause,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  many  of  them  were  subsidized  by  the  German 
Jovernment.  We  allowed  German  bounty-assisted  goods  to  come  into  competi- 
'  n  with  British-manufactured  goods,  very  much  to  the  disadvantage  of  our 
n  people  and  our  fellow-citizens.  We  allowed  German  bounty-assisted  sugar 
ractically  to  stifle  the  production  of  sugar  within  the  Empire,  and,  bitterest 
thought  of  all,  when  she  was  preparing  the  great  Army  which  took  the  field  in 
August,  1914,  and  which  was  intended  to  crush  France  and  smash  Britain, 
she  was  financing  her  great  undertaking  partly  from  profits  made  from  Aus- 
a  and  Canada  and  every  part  of  the  Empire. 

He  took  the  same  line  as  Mr.  Hughes  of  Australia  regarding 
Free-trade  and  urged  British  trade  for  British  people  as  a  sub- 
stitute. As  to  returning  soldiers  New  Zealand,  he  stated,  had  set 
apart  500,000  acres  of  the  best  Crown  lands  and  purchased  100,000 
acres  of  private  property  for  settlements.  Land  Boards  had  the 
.etails  in  hand  and  the  Government  would,  if  necessary,  advance 
up  to  $2,500  to  each  soldier  for  purchase  of  stock,  material  and  sup- 
lies.  Sir  Joseph  Ward  stated  the  financial  situation  as  follows: 
"We  owed  at  the  end  of  last  year  £110,000,000,  including  our  ex- 
penditure of  over  £12,000,000  for  the  War.  The  capital  value  of 
land  and  improvements  in  New  Zealand  at  the  end  of  1915  was 
£365,000,000  and  that  is  quite  apart  from  the  value  of  public 
assets.  And,  I  think  it  is  a  good  set  off  against  the  whole  indebted- 
ness of  £110,000,000.  We  have  made  provision  for  nearly  all  our 
loans,  for  nearly  14  years,  that  are  falling  due,  and  for  some  months 
we  have  relieved  the  Imperial  Treasury  from  sending  us  any  con- 
tribution for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  War.  We  put  a  loan 
on  the  market  of  New  Zealand  of  £8,000,000  just  before  we  left, 
and  the  total  subscribed  was  £10,500,000.  We  pay  ±y2  per  cent, 
and  get  the  money  at  par.  We  have  provided  a  sinking  fund  for 
our  War  loans,  all  our  ordinary  loans,  and  for  the  repayment  for 
the  gift  battleship  New  Zealand."  Following  the  precedent  set  for 
Sir  R.  L.  Borden  and  W.  M.  Hughes,  a  British  Cabinet  meeting  was 
attended  by  Mr.  Massey  and  Sir  J.  G.  Ward  on  Oct.  25  and,  on 
Nov.  6,  the  Freedom  of  the  City  of  London  was  conferred  upon 
the  New  Zealand  Premier. 

Meantime  recruiting  slackness  and  Government  policy  had 
been  tending  toward  Conscription  with,  however,  Census  results 
from  1915  which  showed  109,000  men  willing  to  enlist  under  cer- 
tain conditions.  During  the  War  Session,  which  opened  in  May, 
a  Military  Service  Bill  was  passed  which  applied  to  all  physically- 
fit  men  of  20  to  45  years,  inclusive,  but  was  not  to  be  put  in  force 
until  the  supply  from  voluntary  enlistment  *  was  insufficient.  It 
passed  the  Lower  House  with  only  five  votes  in  opposition  and  the 
Upper  House  unanimously.  Arrangements  were,  also,  made  for 
the  formation  of  a  National  Reserve  to  be  composed  of  middle-aged 
men  and  others  who,  though  unfit  in  certain  details  for  military 
11 


162 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


service,  were  still  in  good  health  and  able  to  bear  arms.  On  Aug. 
1st,  in  Parliament,  Mr.  Massey  reviewed  the  share  of  New  Zealand 
in  the  War,  and  after  reference  to  the  men  under  enlistment  added : 
"We  have  further  contributed  about  400  nurses  who  have  gone 
with  the  New  Zealand  troops  to  different  hospitals.  Coming  to 
supplies,  about  10,000  horses  have  been  sent  to  Egypt  for  the  use 
of  the  troops  as  required,  while  vast  supplies  of  frozen  meat  and 
general  produce  have  been  forwarded  from  the  Dominion  to  the 
British  Government  for  the  use  of  the  troops,  all  of  which  have,  of 
course,  been  paid  for.  On  the  other  hand,  New  Zealand  itself  is 
paying  every  shilling  of  the  expenditure  in  connection  with  her  own 
Force,  including  transport,  food  and  clothing  expenses.  We  are 
also  paying  for  all  munitions,  rifles  and  general  equipment  of  our 
troops.  In  short,  our  expenditure  at  the  present  time  is  a  little 
over  a  million  pounds  a  month,  and  is  gradually  increasing. ' ' 

On.  Aug.  19  there  were  65,000  men  under  arms.  In  March  ar- 
rangements were  made  to  establish  a  separate  New  Zealand  Divi- 
sion at  the  Front  with  three  brigades  instead  of  retaining  the 
famous  Anzac  condition  of  a  combination  with  the  Australian 
troops.  General  Sir  A.  J.  Godley  was  in  command  and  it  was 
understood  that  the  Division  would  contain  20,000  men.  The 
fighting  done  by  New  Zealanders  in  Egypt  before  going  to  this 
front  had,  however,  been  mixed  closely  with  that  of  the  Australians 
and  so  it  continued  to  be  there  and  in  the  Desert,  and  the  Sinai 
Peninsula.  In  October  Mr.  Bonar  Law,  Secretary  of  State  for  the 
Colonies,  received  this  message  from  Sir  Douglas  Haig:  "New 
Zealand  Division  has  fought  with  greatest  gallantry  in  Somme 
battle  for  23  consecutive  days,  carrying  out  with  complete  success 
every  task  set,  and  always  doing  more  than  was  asked  for. 
Division  has  won  universal  confidence  and  admiration.  No  praise 
can  be  too  high  for  such  troops."  As  to  this  fighting  the  London 
Times  correspondent  wrote  on  Nov.  9:  "In  the  fine  share  which 
they  took  in  the  capture  of  Flers,  and  still  more  in  the  hard 
fighting  which  went  on  to  the  north  and  northwest  of  that  stricken 
village,  when  they  forced  their  way  with  bomb  and  bayonet  along 
the  German  third  main  line,  and  cleaned  out  the  labyrinth  of 
strong  trenches  and  sunken  roads  up  to  and  beyond  the  level  of 
Eaucourt  TAbbaye,  the  New  Zealanders  did  practically  faultless 
work.  They  were  a  tower  of  strength  to  the  troops  on  both  their 
right  hand  and  their  left,  always  doing  what  they  were  expected 
to  do,  and  always  being  where  they  ought  to  have  been."  Some 
of  the  chief  Honours  bestowed  during  1916  upon  New  Zealand 
officers  were  as  follows : 


C.B.       Lieut. -Col.    Alexander    Chart- 
ers. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  J.  G.  Hughes,  D.S.O. 
C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.   Wm.   Meldrum. 
C.M.G.  Col.  Charles  Begg. 
C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H.  Parkes,  M.D. 


C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  Frank  Symon. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  Robert  Young. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  James  J.  E^son. 

D.S.O.  Major  Norris  S.  Falla. 

D.S.O.  Major  N.  F.  Hastings. 

D.S.O.  Capt.  Bertram  Finn. 


A  large  number  of  Military  Crosses,  Distinguished  Conduct  and 
Military  Medals  were  also  won.     It  may  be  added  that  a  party  of 


V 


NEW  ZEALAND  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND  IN  THE  WAR  163 


New  Zealand  politicians  passed  through  Canada  in  June,  1916,  on 
their  way  to  attend  the  Empire  Parliamentary  meeting  in  London, 
including  Sir  James  Carroll,  M.P.,  an  ex-Minister  in  two  Cabinets, 
Hon.  W.  C.  F.  Carncross,  M.L.A.,  Hon.  E.  P.  Lee,  M.P.,  and  Hon.  C. 
J.  Parr,  C.M.G.,  M.P.  They  were  variously  entertained  and  saw 
something  of  Canadian  life  and  soldiers.  Contributions  to  Patriotic 
Funds  in  New  Zealand  during  1916  maintained  a  high  level  and 
including  $75,000  a  month  given  to  Belgian  Relief ;  up  to  the  close 
of  1915  they  had  totalled  £1,586,249  or  nearly  $8,000,000. 

The  trade  of  New  Zealand  increased  during  the  year  far  beyond 
its  average  with  Imports  (Mar.  31)  of  £21,308,431  and  Exports  of 
£33,468,391;  the  Bank  deposits  rose  from  £24,030,250  in  the  year 
of  Mar.  31,  1914,  to  £31,274,053  in  1916,  while  discounts  and 
advances  remained  almost  stationary — £23,733,892;  the  revenue 
from  Land  and  Income  taxes  which  was  estimated  by  Sir  Joseph 
Ward  at  £619,000  for  the  fiscal  year  1916  actually  realized  £2,570,- 
000 ;  the  total  raised  for  War  expenditure  up  to  the  middle  of  the 
year  was  $55,000,000  and  part  of  it  was  being  paid  out  of  current 
revenues,  and  by  October  the  expenditure  was  $5,000,000  a  month ; 
in  March,  1915,  the  Government  had  put  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Imperial  authorities  all  the  meat  produced  in  the  Dominion  at  a 
low  price  and  by  September,  1916,  the  shipments  had  totalled 
100,000  quarters  of  beef,  4,000,000  carcases  of  mutton,  and  5,500,- 
000  carcases  of  lamb,  entailing  payment  to  the  New  Zealand  pro- 
ducers of  something  like  £11,750,000.  To  this  was  added  about 
£1,000,000  for  cheese,  which  was  also  supplied  through  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Newfoundland  was  prosperous  during  1916.  Its  possession  at 
Bell  Island  of  iron  deposits  valued  at  $3,500,000,000  was,  in  itself, 
a  great  asset  at  this  time;  the  seal,  cod  and  herring  fisheries  had 
an  average  season  which  increased  prices  ran  up  to  about  $12,000,- 
000  in  value ;  the  pulp  and  paper  mills  were  active  but  there  were  no 
industrial  war  orders — except  as  Bell  Island  fed  the  Nova  Scotia 
industries ;  a  number  of  new  sailing  vessels  were  added  to  the  fleet ; 
there  was  an  increased  trade  and  for  the  year  of  June  30,  1916,  the 
Imports  were  $16,427,000  and  the  Exports  $18,969,000;  Govern- 
ment revenues  increased  and  an  issue  of  $5,000,000  3-year  bonds 
was  floated  in  New  York.  The  expenditure  by  the  Colony  up  to 
the  close  of  1916  upon  the  Newfoundland  Regiment  was  $2,375,000 
together  with  a  yearly  contribution  of  $90,000  to  the  Admiralty 
toward  the  upkeep  of  the  Island's  Naval  Reserve.*  The  New- 
foundland Patriotic  Fund  receipts  totalled  $120,000,  the  Women's 
Patriotic  Fund  collected  $60,000  for  the  purchase  of  materials  to 
be  made  into  shirts,  socks  and  other  comforts  for  the  troops ; 
machine-gun  and  aeroplane  Funds  raised  $53,000;  other  special 
War  Funds  received  $50,000. 

The  sons  of  Newfoundland  greatly  distinguished  themselves 
during  the  year  with,  it  was  claimed  by  the  Newfoundland  Society 
of  Montreal,  12,000  natives  of  the  Island  enlisted  in  Canadian  or 

*NOTE. — Figures  obtained  by  courtesy  of  W.  M.  Nicholson,  Canadian  Trade  Com- 
missioner to  Newfoundland. 


164  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

British  or  in  the  Island  forces.  At  the  opening  of  the  Legislature 
on  Mar.  16  Sir  W.  E.  Davidson,  the  Governor,  announced  that  both 
the  Naval  and  Military  forces  would  be  increased ;  up  to  Dec.  31st, 
3,180  men  had  enlisted  locally  in  the  Newfoundland  Regiment,  with 
206  more  enlisted  and  under  training  at  St.  John's,  while  there 
were  1,551  Naval  enlistments  or  a  total  of  4,937  out  of  a  population 
of  242,000.  During  the  War  up  to  this  time  the  total  casualties 
of  the  Regiment  were  235  men  killed,  590  wounded  and  143  miss- 
ing. They  had  seen  the  most  strenuous  service  of  the  War  in  Gal- 
lipoli  (88th  Brigade  of  the  29th  Division),  endured  a  climate  to 
which  they  were  utterly  unsuited,  and  proved  their  metal  in  many 
a  fight  where,  as  Brig.-Gen.  D.  E.  Cayley  reported,  they  showed  "a 
splendid  spirit  and  readiness  of  resource."  The  Regiment  claimed 
to  have  reached  the  nearest  point  to  Constantinople — a  hill  which 
they  called  Caribou — and  they  had  the  honour  of  being  the  last 
unit  to  leave  the  Peninsula. 

Afterwards  they  were  sent  to  France  and  took  part  in  the  Bat- 
tle of  the  Somme.  On  July  1,  at  a  point  near  Beaumont-Hamel, 
the  Newfoundlanders  drove  forward  after  British  troops  in  two 
advances  had  been  wiped  out  by  the  deadly  machine-gun  fire.  The 
first  line  of  German  trenches  was  reached  but  the  Regiment  had 
suffered  so  severely  that  it  could  not  advance  further.  It  was  said 
long  afterwards  that  over  100  were  killed,  large  numbers  wounded, 
and  150  officers  and  men  missing  who  were  never  traced.  Amongst 
the  officers  killed  were  four  cousins  of  a  well-known  Island  family 
— E.  S.,  W.  D.,  B.  P.,  and  G.  W.  Ayre.  Capt.  Bruce  Reid,  son  of 
Sir  W.  D.  Reid,  who  originally  had  helped  to  equip  the  Regiment, 
also  was  killed. 

He  had  joined  as  a  private  and  been  promoted  for  bravery  in 
Gallipoli  and  two  days  before  the  fatal  battle  wrote  to  his  father: 
' '  I  want  you  to  know  that  whatever  happens  to  me  in  the  next  few 
days  that  you  need  not  worry  about  me:  I  am  glad  that  I  joined 
up,  and  if  it  is  my  luck  to  go  under  I  shall  go  endeavouring  to  do 
my  part  as  any  man  who  is  worth  his  salt  would  do  at  a  time  like 
this."  Field  Marshal  Sir  Douglas  Haig  cabled  to  the  Governor  of 
the  Island  that:  ''Newfoundland  may  well  feel  proud  of  her  sons 
for  the  heroism  and  devotion  to  duty  they  displayed  on  July  1, 
which  has  never  been  surpassed.  Please  convey  my  deepest  sym- 
pathy and  that  of  the  whole  of  our  arms  in  France  in  the  loss  of 
the  brave  officers  and  men  who  have  fallen  for  the  Empire,  and 
our  admiration  for  their  heroic  conduct.  Their  efforts  contributed 
to  our  success  and  their  example  will  live."  Other  tributes  fol- 
lowed, the  London  Daily  Mail  correspondent  declaring  on  July  14 
that  "you  have  done  better  than  the  best."  Three  months  later 
the  Regiment  had  another  chance  at  an  unnamed  position  and  the 
correspondent  of  the  London  Times  (Nov.  11)  described  the  result: 

Less  than  half  the  normal  strength  of  the  battalion  went  into  action  over 
the  parapets  and  reached  a  German  trench  400  yards  away.  The  trench  was 
held  in  strength  by  the  enemy,  who  stayed  to  meet  them.  When  the  trench  was 
ours  there  was  hardly  a  Newfoundlander's  bayonet  which  was  not  red  with 
German  blood,  The  trench  was  full  of  enemy  dead.  Those  who  were  not  dead 


I 


NEW  ZEALAND  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND  IN  THE  WAR  165 

were  prisoners.  Then  came  the  counter-attacks.  The  little  force  spread  out, 
held  the  trench,  which  was  normally  a  front  for  two  battalions,  and  beat  off 
counter-attack  after  counter-attack.  When  night  fell  the  Newfoundlanders 
were  very  tired,  but  very  satisfied. 

Amongst  the  casualties  of  this  period  were  Pte.  H.  H.  Good- 
ridge,  son  of  an  ex-Premier  of  Newfoundland,  and  Capt.  James  J. 
Donnelly,  whc  had  won  the  Military  Cross  in  the  Dardanelles. 
Honours  bestowed  upon  troops  from  the  Island  during  this  year 
included  an  M.C.  for  Capt.  J.  W.  March  and  a  Bar  to  the  Military 
Cross  for  Capt.  Bertram  Butler,  M.C.  Sir  Edward  Morris,  Premier 
of  Newfoundland,  was  in  London  during  July  and  in  France  not 
long  after  the  first  Newfoundland  brush  with  the  enemy.  In  Paris 
he  met  the  President  and  M.  Briand,  the  Premier,  and  paragraphs 
afterwards  appeared  in  various  Canadian  papers  saying  that  when 
peace  came  Newfoundland  would  get  the  long-desired  French 
islands  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  lying  off  the  south  coast  of  the 
colony.  Meantime  the  Island  Government  had  appointed  a  Pen- 
sions and  Disabilities'  Board  which  was  to  provide  for  the  soldiers 
discharged  on  account  of  medical  unfitness,  and  the  dependents  of 
those  who  died  on  active  service. 

The  Board  was,  also,  to  deal  with  cases  in  the  Newfoundland 
Naval  Reserve,  to  the  extent  of  levelling  up  to  the  same  scale  as 
that  provided  for  the  soldiers,  the  allowances  made  by  the  Admir- 
alty. The  Hon.  P.  T.  McGrath,  President  of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cil, was  appointed  Chairman  and  the  members  included  J.  A.  Clift, 
K.C.,  representing  the  Opposition,  and  Hon.  M.  P.  Cashin,  the  Gov- 
ernment, in  the  Lower  House,  while  the  Hon.  M.  G.  Winter  and 
C.  P.  Ayre  represented  business  interests.  In  August,  it  may  be 
added,  a  cheque  for  £1,000  was  received  from  Lord  Rothermere, 
Chairman  of  the  Anglo-Newfoundland  Development  Co.,  for  the 
Island  War  Contingent  Comforts.  On  Apr.  7  Hon.  A.  B.  Morine, 
K.C.,  who  had  returned  to  Newfoundland  and  re-entered  politics 
after  some  years'  absence  in  Canada,  announced  his  final  retire- 
ment from  the  Assembly  and  intention  to  live  permanently  in  the 
Dominion. 

Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  retirement  of  Hon. 
James  Kent  from  the  Opposition  Leadership ;  on  Dec.  13  the  Pro- 
hibition Act  became  operative  and  stopped  the  import,  manufacture, 
or  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  of  every  kind  within  the  Colony, 
except  for  medicinal,  manufacturing,  or  sacramental  purposes 
while  the  appointment  of  a  Public  Controller  to  look  after  medicinal 
prescriptions  and  the  cutting  off  of  50  bars  and  $400,000  of  revenue 
was  announced;  following  his  re-election  the  Hon.  R.  A.  Squires, 
K.C.,  Minister  of  Justice,  and  Grand  Master  of  the  Island  Orange 
Order,  addressed  the  Orange  Royal  Black  Chamber  of  British 
America  (Toronto,  July  25)  and  expressed  the  hope  that  "genera- 
tions now  unborn  may  not  look  upon  the  tragedy  of  the  20th  cen- 
tury as  a  mere  waste  of  human  life  and  effort  but,  rather,  as  a 
great  convulsion  of  Nature  out  of  which  has  sprung  a  nobler  and  a 
truer  civilization  and  the  era  of  permanent  peace. ' ' 

An   arrangement  was  made  by  which  the  British   Admiralty 

••• 


166  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

aided  the  shipping  shortage  of  Newfoundland  and  supplied  a  num- 
ber of  steamers  to  take  paper  and  pulp  to  England,  and  on  their 
return  to  bring  cargoes  of  salt  for  the  fisheries  and  of  coal;  the 
appointment  (Oct.  25)  of  Hon.  J.  A.  Robinson,  M.L.C.,  as  Post- 
master-General was  announced  and  the  death  in  Montreal  on  July 
20  of  Hon.  E.  M.  Jackman,  for  nine  years  Minister  of  Finance  in 
the  Island;  on  Sept.  20  Sir  Edward  Morris  told  a  London  audi- 
ence that  there  were  large  deposits  of  minerals  in  Newfound- 
land including  iron,  copper,  asbestos,  and  oil,  but  that  capital  was 
necessary  and  that  Lord  Northcliffe  had  made  a  splendid  beginning 
in  that  direction. 

India,  while    still  a   mighty    problem  in    myriad 
India  and  forms,  became  during  1916  a  settled  equation  as  to 

fn°thlwli0a  t?le  War-  In  that  connection,  and  so  far  as  the  dim 
during  1916  light  of  censored  news  would  permit  to  be  seen,  the 
record  was  marvellous — a  splendid  tribute  to  the  past 
policy  and  present  prestige  of  Great  Britain,  a  remarkable  illus- 
tration of  passive  unanimity  or  general  acceptance,  amongst  300 
million  persons,  of  the  view  that  Britain  was  going  to  win  the 
War  and  that  India's  place,  in  some  vague  and  shadowy  way,  was 
with  the  King-Emperor  and  against  his  enemies.  In  such  a  great 
mass  of  population,  with  its  infinite  variety  of  languages,  races, 
castes,  creeds,  opinions,  hatreds,  superstitions,  customs;  its  conflict- 
ing racial  qualities  of  courage  and  endurance,  physical  feebleness 
and  sinuous  strength,  its  autocratic  rule  or  exotic  democracy,  its 
Oriental  subtleties  and  deceitfulness  or  friendships  to  the  death ; 
there  could  be  no  concentrated  public  opinion,  no  concrete  patriot- 
ism of  the  Western  type.  Hence  the  futility  of  comparisons  where 
there  are  no  similar  bases  and  no  elements  of  agreement. 

It  is  true  that  England  had  gradually  equipped  the  vast  coun- 
try with  railways,  canals  and  roads,  and  had  built  up  for  it  a  great 
trade,  growing  industries  and  a  splendid  financial  system;  had 
eliminated  much  of  starvation  and  suffering,  through  failure  of 
crops,  by  constructing  irrigation  works  at  enormous  cost ;  had  given 
to  its  millions  internal  peace  and  protected  the  people  against  the 
tyrannical  turmoil  of  earlier  days  or  the  frequent  invasion  of  their 
frontiers;  had  built  up  a  splendid  educational  system  of  schools, 
technical  training  and  universities  and  had  provided  a  Judicial 
system  of  remarkable  strength  and  honesty  while  establishing  a 
Civil  Service  which  was  incomparable  for  honour  and  integrity.  But 
there  was  and  could  be  no  concrete  presentation  of  these  results  to 
the  average  ignorant  native;  one  half-educated  and  wholly-vain 
Hindu  product  of  an  English  College  in  Calcutta  could  teach  more 
sedition  in  a  day  than  a  year's  work  of  all  these  influences  could 
suppress;  one  flashy  native  paper,  under  a  freedom  utterly  un- 
fitted to  the  Oriental  mind,  could  do  more  mischief  in  a  week  than 
a  great  statesman  could  remedy  in  a  year.  Yet  in  this  fundamental 
crisis  of  British  life  and  rule  the  minor  things  seemed  to  be  swept 
away;  the  broad  benefits  of  British  liberty  and  government  to  be 
vaguely  but  sufficiently  understood  by  such  portion  of  these  teem- 
ing millions  as  had  anything  to  do  or  say  about  it. 


INDIA  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA  IN  THE  WAR  DURING  1916        167 

As  a  matter  of  fact  one-fifth  of  the  population  was  under  the 
direct  rule  of  Native  Princes  with  only  an  indirect  guidance  by  the 
British  .Resident  at  each  Court.  By  the  constitutional  reforms  of 
Lord  Morley  and  Lord  Minto  the  Legislative  Councils  in  India,  of 
which  there  were  now  ten,  one  attached  to  the  central  Government, 
and  one  in  each  of  the  big  Provinces,  had  been  greatly  enlarged 
and  their  functions  materially  extended.  The  size  of  the  Councils 
was  nearly  trebled,  and  in  place  of  39  elected  members  there  were 
over  170 ;  while  the  electorates  of  the  former  Councils  had  only  the 
right  to  recommend  the  candidate  of  their  choice  for  appointment 
by  the  head  of  the  Government,  an  elected  member  of  the  new 
Councils  sat  as  of  right. 

Not  only  were  local  administrative  bodies  permitted  to  elect 
representatives  to  the  Councils,  but  the  privilege  was  also  granted 
to  the  landholding  and  commercial  communities,  to  the  Universities, 
and  to  special  Mohammedan  electorates.  The  functions  of  the 
Councils,  too,  were  widened,  and  they  were  no  longer  confined  to 
the  work  of  making  laws;  the  members  were  given  a  voice  in  set- 
tling the  budget  of  the  year  in  place  of  the  right  to  criticize  after 
it  had  been  settled ;  they  could  put  questions  to  the  Executive  Gov- 
ernment and  move  resolutions  on  matters  of  public  interest.  Still 
wider  was  the  sphere  of  influence  which  local  self-government  had 
attained.  The  country  was  covered  with  a  network  of  local  and 
municipal  boards  and  corporations,  constituted  on  a  representative 
basis  and  exercising  self-governing  powers.  These  bodies  were  not 
free  from  official  control,  but  the  policy  was  to  relax  it  as  the  level 
of  public  morality  and  public  spirit  rose.*  Lord  Hardinge,  who 
retired  in  March,  1916,  from  the  Viceroyalty  and  was  succeeded  by 
Lord  Chelmsf ord,  did  certain  things  of  great  importance  to  India : 

(1)  He  supported  boldly  and,  in  the  main,  successfully  the  claims   of 
British  Indians  in  South  Africa. 

(2)  Urged  a  plan  of  reciprocal  action  and  conciliation  in  the  differences 
between  India  and  other  parts  of  the  Empire  as  to  migration. 

(3)  Eequested  the  British  Government  to  allow  Indian  forces  to  take  an 
active  part  in  the  world-war. 

(4)  Approved   the   Legislative   Council's   request   for   representation    of 
India  in  the  Imperial  Conferences. 

(5)  Recommended  abolition  of  the  system  of  recruiting  Indian  labour 
by  contracts  of  indenture  which  often  touched  the  slave-line  when  the  Coolies 
reached  Jamaica,  Trinidad,  British  Guiama,  Figi  or  Dutch  Surmain. 

Speaking  to  his  Council  for  the  last  time  on  Mar.  25  Lord  Hard- 
inge said :  ' '  During  the  past  few  months  I  have  seen  mention  made, 
in  speeches  at  meetings  in  the  country  and  in  the  Press,  of  self- 
government,  Colonial  self-government,  and  Home  Rule  for  India.  I 
have  often  wondered  whether  those  speakers  and  writers  fully  real- 
ize the  conditions  prevailing  in  the  Dominions,  such  as  Canada  or 
Australia,  which  render  self-government  possible.  I  do  not  for  a 
moment  wish  to  discountenance  self-government  for  India  as  a 
national  ideal,  but  we  should  do  our  utmost  to  grapple  with  reali- 
ties, and  lightly  to  raise  extravagant  hopes  or  encourage  unrealiz- 
able demands  can  only  tend  to  delay  and  will  not  accelerate  poli- 

*  NOTTS. — See  Statement  made  to  United  States  press  representatives  by  Lord  Isling- 
ton, Under-Secret  ary  for  India,  June  4,  1916. 


168 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


tical  progress.     I  know  this  is  the  sentiment  of  wise  and  thought- 
ful Indians. "    As  to  the  War  he  spoke  clearly : 

We  do  not  feel  the  shock  of  battle  here  as  the  nations  feel  it  in  Europe, 
but  we  have  had  ample  evidence  of  German  designs  to  create  trouble  in  India, 
which  have  so  far  proved  abortive,  based  as  they  were  on  the  fallacy  that 
India  would  be  disloyal  to  the  Empire.  During  the  past  20  months  of  war, 
the  people  of  this  land  have  displayed  a  loyalty  and  patriotism  deeply  appre- 
ciated by  the  Empire  at  large,  that  have  been  beyond  all  praise  and  have 
entirely  justified  the  confidence  and  trust  that  I  reposed  in  them.  Heads  of 
Government  have  told  me  that  never  in  their  experience  have  the  relations 
between  the  Government  and  the  people  been  closer  or  of  greater  confidence, 
and  I  readily  believe  it.  When  I  hear  pessimistic  prophecies  or  apprehensions 
as  to  the  future  of  India,  I  ask  myself  who,  20  years  ago,  would  have  predicted 
the  magnificent  loyalty  of  the  ruling  Princes  and  the  people  of  India  which  we 
have  seen  since  the  outbreak  of  the  Wrar?  None  ever  doubted  the  valour  of 
the  Indian  Army,  British  and  Indian,  but  who  would  have  said  20  years  ago 
that  it  would  be  possible  to  send  out  of  India  to  the  different  theatres  of  war 
army  after  army  of  brave  and  experienced  soldiers?  When  it  is  remembered 
that  the  largest  expedition  that  ever  left  the  shores  of  India  before  the  present 
war  numbered  only  18,000  men,  and  that  since  the  outbreak  of  the  War  India 
has  despatched  about  300,000  soldiers  overseas,  and  has  contributed  several 
million  pounds'  worth  of  war  materials  to  the  Empire,  I  think  we  have 
everything  to  be  proud  of. 

On  his  return  to  London  Lord  Hardinge  reiterated  his  tributes 
to  Indian  loyalty  and  stated  in  a  press  interview  on  May  20  that: 
"We  sent  out  of  the  country  no  less  than  300,000  men  to  the  various 
fields  of  the  Imperial  battle-line  in  France,  Egypt,  China,  Mesopo- 
tamia, East  Africa,  Gallipoli  and  even  the  Kamerun.  These  con- 
sisted of  both  Indian  and  British  troops.  When  it  is  remembered 
that  the  British  Army  of  occupation  usually  numbers  some  73,000 
men  and  that  at  one  time,  for  a  few  weeks,  there  remained  only  a 
handful  of  British  troops,  something  between  10,000  and  15,000 
men  in  a  country  with  a  population  of  over  315,000,000,  one  can 
realize  that  such  a  course  of  action  would  have  been  foolhardy  in 
the  extreme  had  there  been  any  real  foundation  for  the  reports  of 
widespread  and  serious  disaffection,  spread  from  enemy  sources." 
Mr.  Austen  Chamberlain,  Secretary  of  State  for  India,  in  a  press 
interview  on  Apr.  14  had  anticipated  some  of  these  statements: 
"India,  instead  of  being  a  cause  of  anxiety,  has  been  a  substantial 
help  to  the  Empire  in  time  of  need.  She  was  able  to  send  troops 
to  aid  in  the  great  battle  of  Ypres  and  in  those  critical  days  when 
the  Germans  were  striving  to  reach  Calais.  She  has,  also,  sent 
troops  to  Egypt,  Gallipoli,  East  Africa,  Mesopotamia,  Persia,  and 
China.  No  less  than  twenty-one  regiments  of  Indian  cavalry  and 
eighty-six  battalions  of  Indian  infantry,  in  addition  to  the  troops 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  Government  by  the  rulers  of  the  Indian 
native  States,  have  been  fighting  the  battles  of  the  Empire  far 
beyond  the  Indian  borders.  These  have  been  despatched,  com- 
pletely equipped,  and,  in  addition,  drafts  more  than  filling  up  the 
vacancies  caused  by  casualties,  have  been  regularly  forwarded." 

In  Paris  on  Anr.  18  the  Sultan  Aga  Khan,  Spiritual  head  of 
many  millions  of  tne  Islamiah  Moslems  of  India  and  other  parts  of 
Asia,  told  the  press  that :  ' '  People  attach  over-much  importance  to 
reports  of  Indian  sedition,  which  is  really  due  to  an  insignificant 


INDIA  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA  IN  THE  WAR  DURING  1916        169 

handful  of  agitators.  The  country  as  a  whole  is  contented  and 
loyal,  and  fully  satisfied  with  English  rule,  the  benefits  of  which 
it  appreciates.  The  attempts  by  German  gold  to  stir  up  religious 
ill-feeling  among  the  Indian  Moslems  have  been  perfectly  fruitless. 
My  people  cheerfully  fight  their  Turkish  co-religionists  in  Mesopo- 
tamia or  Gallipoli,  just  as  fellow-Christians  kill  each  other  in 
France."  On  Oct.  13,  in  this  general  connection,  H.  E.  Lord 
Chelmsford  said  a  significant  thing  at  Simla  to  a  correspondent  of 
the  U.  S.  Associated  Press:  "Go  wherever  you  please  throughout 
the  length  and  breadth  of  India.  Study  our  work  and  study  our 
difficulties.  No  sentry  will  bar  the  way  and  no  secret  agent  will 
shadow  you.  Talk  to  whom  you  please ;  see  what  you  please ;  do 
what  you  please,  and  then  write  what  you  please.  In  India  we  have 
nothing  to  conceal." 

Despite  these  conditions  and  facts  a  hostile  under-current 
found  expression  and  encouragement  from  time  to  time  in  the 
subtle,  veiled  utterances  of  a  Lajpat  Rai,  a  Sir  Babindranath 
Tagore,  or  some  other  Hindu  visitor  to  America ;  in  the  attempted 
circulation  of  writings  such  as  those  of  W.  J.  Bryan  or  Mrs.  Annie 
Besant  in  India;  in  the  ever-present  Bengali  love  for  plots  and 
sedition  and  conspiracy ;  in  the  work  of  German  missionaries  illus- 
trated in  the  sermon  preached  by  Dr.  Conrad  at  Berlin  (Jan.  17) 
before  the  Kaiser  and  66  of  these  apostles  of  German  Kultur  who 
had  been  expelled  from  India  and  of  whom  the  speaker  said  that 
' '  all  our  missionaries  prayed  in  India  for  the  victory  of  the  German 
Armies,  but  they  gave  of  their  very  best  to  the  country;"  in  the 
extreme  demands  of  a  certain  class  of  agitators.  A  remarkable 
document  was  presented  in  the  Autumn  of  this  year  to  Lord 
Chelmsford  and  signed  by  19  out  of  22  elected  non-official  members 
of  the  Imperial  Legislative  Council.  This  Memorandum  asked  for : 

(1)  In  all  the  Executive  Councils,  Provincial  and  Imperial,  half  the  num- 
ber of  members  should  be  Indians.     The  statutory  obligation,  now  existing, 
that  three  of  the  members  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Councils  shall  be  selected 
from  the  public  services  in  India  and  similar  provisions  with  regard  to  Pro- 
vincial Councils  should  be  removed.     The  elected  representatives  of  the  people 
should  have  a  voice  in  the  selection  of  the  Indian  members  of  the  Executive 
Councils  and  for  that  purpose  a  principle  of  election  should  be  adopted. 

(2)  All    the    Legislative    Councils    in    India    should    have    a    substantial 
majority  of  elected  representatives.     The  franchise  should  be  broadened  and 
extended  directly  to  the  people,  Mohammedans  or  Hindus. 

(3)  The  total  number  of  the  members  of  the  Supreme  Council  should  be 
not  less  than  150  and  of  the  Provincial  Councils  not  less  than   100  for  the 
major  provinces  and  not  less  than  60  to  75  for  the  minor  provinces. 

(4)  The   Budget  should  be  passed  in   the   shape   of  money  bills,  fiscal 
autonomy  being  conceded  to  India. 

(5)  The  Imperial  Legislative  Council  should  have  power  to  legislate  on 
all   matters   and   to    discuss   and   pass   resolutions   relating   to   all   matters   of 
Indian  administration,  and  the  Provincial  Councils  should  have  similar  powers 
with  regard  to  provincial  administration,  save  and  except  that  the  direction 
of  military  affairs,  of  foreign  relations,  declarations  of  war,  the  making  of 
peace,  and  the  entering  into  treaties  other  than  commercial,  should  be  vested 
in  the  Government  of  India.     As  a  safeguard,  the  Governor-GeneraHn-Council, 
or  the  Governor-in-Council,  as  the  case  may  be,  should  have  the  right  of  veto, 
but,  subject  to  certain  conditions  and  limitations. 


170  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

(6)  The  Council  of  the  Secretary  of  State  should  be  abolished.      The 
Secretary  of  State  should  as  far  as  possible  hold  in  relation  to  the  Government 
of  India  a  position  similar  to  that  which  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies 
holds  in  relation  to  the  Colonies. 

(7)  In  any  scheme  of  Imperial  federation,  India  should  be  given,  through 
her   chosen    representatives,    a   place    similar    to    that    of   the   Self-governing 
Dominions. 

(8)  The  Provincial  Governments  should  be  made  autonomous  as  stated 
in  the  Government  of  India's  despatch,  dated  Aug.  25,  1911. 

(9)  The  United  Provinces  as  well  as  the  other  major  provinces  should 
have    a    Governor    brought    from    the    United    Kingdom    with    an    Executive 
Council. 

(10)  A   full   measure   of  local   self-government   should   be   immediately 
granted. 

(11)  The  right  to  carry  arms  should  be  granted  to  Indians  on  the  same 
conditions  as  to  Europeans. 

(12)  Indians  should  be  allowed  to  enlist  as  volunteers  and  units  of  a 
Territorial  Army  established  in  India. 

(13  Commissions  in  the  Army  should  be  given  to  Indian  youths  under 
conditions  similar  to  those  applicable  to  Europeans. 

Meantime,  what  of  the  War?  The  general  facts  of  India's 
participation  are  obvious.  There  were  300,000,  perhaps  by  the  close 
of  1916,  500,000,  of  her  troops  in  the  various  theatres  of  conflict; 
many  millions  of  money  had  been  offered  by  Indian  Princes  and 
accepted  for  specified  campaign  or  other  purposes;  the  Hindus 
raised  and  equipped  the  Bengal  Ambulance  Corps,  composed  en- 
tirely of  Hindu  doctors,  stretcher-bearers,  and  hospital  orderlies, 
and  hospital  ships  were  supplied  for  the  British  wounded.  Lord 
Chelmsford  told  his  Council  on  Sept.  7  that  the  Mesopotamia 
campaign,  in  which  6,000  Indian  troops  were  captured  at  Kut  and 
regarding  the  responsibility  for  which  there  was  grave  doubt  as 
between  Lord  Hardinge  in  India  and  the  British  Cabinet  at  home, 
was  to  be  investigated  by  a  Royal  Commission ;  that  India  had  in 
the  past  two  years  supplied  and  kept  up  to  strength  large  forces 
in  France,  and  had  also  sent  troops  and  supplies  to  East  Africa, 
Egypt,  Mesopotamia,  Muskat,  and  Aden  and  had,  also,  to  maintain 
troops  on  the  frontiers  and  conduct  certain  important  operations 
there;  that  2,600  combatant  officers  had  been  withdrawn  from 
India,  and,  in  order  to  replace  these,  the  Indian  Army  Reserve  of 
Officers  had  been  raised  from  40  to  2,000 ;  that  recruiting  had  been 
excellent,  the  number  of  recruits  since  the  opening  of  the  War 
having  exceeded  the  entire  strength  of  the  Indian  Army  as  it 
existed  on  Aug.  1,  1914 ;  that  16  new  transport  corps  or  cadres  had 
been  formed  and  that  the  Marine  had  done  splendid  work  with  171 
vessels  chartered  and  fitted  as  transports  and  78  steamers  and  many 
smaller  craft  purchased  for  Mesopotamia. 

As  to  the  Mesopotamia  and  other  forces  a  new  arrangement  fol- 
lowing the  Kut  episode  was  made  by  which  the  Chief  of  the  Gen- 
eral Staff  assumed  responsibility  for  supplies  and  transport — 
hitherto  held  by  the  Indian  Government — as  well  as  for  the  direc- 
tion of  operations.  Meanwhile,  Indian  troops  had  been  winning 
reputation  with  six  Native  officers  and  soldiers  earning  the  Vic- 
toria Cross  up  to  August,  1916,  and  20  gaining  the  Military  Cross ; 
on  July  14  the  Deccan  Horse  charged  somewhere  in  the  Somme 


I 


INDIA  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA  IN  THE  WAR  DURING  1916        171 


battle  beside  the  Dragoon  Guards  in  what  was  described  as  a  glor- 
ious fight;  elsewhere  they  shared  in  the  gallant  defence  of  Kut-el- 
Araara,  helped  in  holding  Egypt  against  the  Turks,  and  Aden 
against  vigorous  attack.  The  War-time  finance  of  India  was  an 
interesting  subject,  and  in  view  of  the  spontaneous  generosity  of 
Indian  Princes,  etc.,  it  was  currently  supposed  that  large  sums  were 
being  spent  by  the  Indian  Government  on  the  War.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  the  Military  and  Naval  expenditure  of  India  was  £19,896,113 
in  1913-14  arid  £20,500,000  (according  to  Budget  estimates)  in 
1914-15,  or  practically  the  same  as  in  the  previous  five  years.  The 
Hon.  M.  de  P.  Webb,  C.I.E., — an  authority  on  Indian  affairs — stated* 
in  November,  1916,  that :  '  *  Although  India  has  sent  forward  several 
Expeditionary  forces  and  large  supplies  of  munitions  and  mater- 
ials, Great  Britain  is  paying  for  everything  over  and  above  India's 
normal  peace-time  outlay  on  military  and  naval  services.  These 
payments  (September,  1914,  to  Mar.  31,  1917)  will  amount,  approxi- 
mately, to  £50,000,000."  The  Finance  Minister  of  India  in  these 
War  years  was  Sir  Win.  Meyer — who  bore  a  significant  name  and 
whose  parentage  was  not  recorded  in  Who's  Who — with  a  self- 
announced  policy  of  "restricting  war  expenditure  to  the  mainten- 
ance of  efficiency  and  the  protection  of  this  country. ' ' 

In  medical  men  and  equipment  Lord  Chelmsford  stated  on 
Oct.  20  that  India  had  done  more  than  well.  "There  were  now 
serving  Overseas  40  field  ambulances,  six  clearing  hospitals,  35  sta- 
tionary hospitals,  and  18  general  hospitals.  The  personnel  pro- 
vided amounted  to  258  officers  of  the  R.A.M.C.,  704  Indian  medical 
service  officers,  40  lady  nurses,  475  assistant  surgeons,  854  sub- 
assistant  surgeons,  724  British  nursing  orderlies,  2,345  Indian 
ranks,  and  nearly  20,000  Indian  followers.  In  Munitions,  also, 
great  progress  was  made.  It  was  stated  in  January  of  this  year 
that  Government  factories  were  going  full  blast,  while  all  the  work- 
shops of  the  great  railway  systems  of  the  country  were  similarly 
engaged,  and  most  of  the  big  private  firms  were  lending  their  aid. 
Exact  facts  are  not  available  but  it  would  appear  that  progress 
continued  steadily.  It  was  known  early  in  the  year  that  200  firms 
and  associations  had  lent  their  machinery  to  the  Government  free 
of  charge.  To  the  Central  Indian  War  Relief  Fund  $3,300,000  was 
subscribed  up  to  the  close  of  1916  and  many  other  Funds  were  con- 
tributed to  with  generosity.  India  also  exported  large  quantities  of 
raw  materials  to  the  Allies,  especially  jute  and  saltpetre,  while 
Burma  supplied  wolfram  (Tungsten  ore).  On  Dec.  20  a  Message 
from  the  new  Prime  Minister  (Mr.  Lloyd  George)  was  despatched 
to  the  Viceroy  of  India  as  follows : 

On  taking  up  the  high  office  with  which  His  Majesty  the  King-Emperor 
has  charged  me,  I  send  to  your  Excellency,  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  this 
country,  a  message  to  the  Princes  and  peoples  of  India.  We  are  determined 
that  the  sacrifices  already  made  shall  not  be  in  vain  and  that  the  great 
struggle  on  which  we  have  entered  shall  be  waged  to  a  triumphant  issue.  We 
realize  that  yet  further  efforts  are  needed  both  in  men  and  money  and  that 
the  whole  might  of  the  Empire  must  be  thrown  into  the  struggle.  The  splen- 

*NOTE. — Article  in  British  Empire  Review. 


172  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

did  contributions  to  the  common  cause  already  made  by  the  Princes  and 
peoples  of  India  give  us  sure  confidence  that  their  determination  is  no  less 
high  than  ours,  and  that  however  long  the  path  to  final  victory,  we  shall  tread 
it  side  by  side 

The  War  continued,  all  through  the  year,  to  be  a  pivotal  sub- 
ject of  thought  and  work  amongst  the  ruling  classes.  On  Nov.  1, 
for  instance,  Lord  Chelrnsford  met  in  conference  46  of  the  principal 
Chiefs  of  the  native  States  of  India,  including  the  rulers  of  Kash- 
mir, Kutch,  Cochin,  Gwalior,  Kolhapur,  Jaipur,  Baroda,  Bikaner, 
Junager  and  Patiala  and  the  Begum  of  Bhopal.  To  these  Princes 
of  the  Empire  His  Excellency  said :  * '  Your  Highnesses  have  stood 
as  true  pillars  of  the  Empire,  and  both  by  personal  service  in 
the  field  and  lavish  contributions  of  money  and  material  you  have 
earned  a  place  in  the  hearts  of  the  British  people  which  will  re- 
main for  all  time."  As  to  the  future:  "It  may  be  that  in  time  to 
come  some  constitutional  assemblage  may  grow  out  of  these  Cou 
ferences  which  will  take  its  place  in  the  government  of  this  great 
Empire,  but  for  the  moment  I  would  ask  you  to  content  yourselves 
with  the  prosaic  but  useful  task  of  advising  the  Government  of 
India  in  certain  specific  matters."  Nearly  every  section  of  the 
India  Office  at  home  had,  by  this  time,  become  a  War  department 
dealing  with  passports  to  India,  the  movements  of  Indian  troops 
from  one  area  to  another,  the  presence  of  large  numbers  of  wounded 
and  invalided  officers  of  the  Indian  Army,  stores  and  the  supply 
of  war,  railway  and  other  material  to  India,  the  "blockade"  con- 
trol of  exports  of  jute,  rice,  cotton,  etc.,  from  India  to  neutrals. 

These  references  to  Indian  conditions  may  conclude  with  the 
statement  that  during  1916  Canada  was  visited  by  various  mis- 
sionaries or  business  men  from  that  Empire — including  W.  G. 
Brodie,  Calcutta,  E.  C.  Carter  of  the  Indian  Y.M.C.A.,  Eev.  E. 
H.  A.  Haslam  of  the  Punjaub,  Bishop  J.  W.  Robinson  of  the  U. 
S.  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  at  Bangalore,  M.  A.  Brooks  of  the 
Y.M.C.A.,  N.  M.  Marshall,  Bombay,  Rev.  Dr.  E.  V.  Kelly  of  the 
Baptist  College,  Rangoon — who  one  and  all  spoke  with  enthusiasm 
of  the  loyalty  of  India  as  not  passive  but  active.  Rustom  Rustom- 
jee  of  Bombay,  the  eminent  Parsee  speaker  who,  in  1915  and  1916, 
addressed  many  meetings  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  sum- 
marized at  Winnipeg  (Apr.  6)  the  situation  as  follows: 

India  has  a  population  numbering  more  than  322  millions  of  people.  It  is 
composed  of  several  sets  of  peoples,  with  different  ideals,  aspirations  and  am- 
bitions There  are  700  Indian  Princes,  ruling  more  than  65  millions  of  people. 
Gentlemen,  these  Princes  of  India  have  never  swerved  to  the  right  or  to  the 
left  from  devotion  and  loyalty  to  the  British  Crown  ever  since  its  power  was 
consolidated  in  1857.  The  next  most  important  element  in  India  is  a  seething 
mass  of  Indian  agriculturists,  upwards  of  200  millions  in  number.  These 
men  are  loyal.  Their  loyalty  has  been  proverbial,  and  yet  they  are  so  ignorant 
they  do  not  know  and  do  not  care  to  know  anything  about  the  Government,  so 
long  as  it  is  kind  and  ready  to  remit  the  land  tax  whenever  the  rains  fail. 
After  the  agriculturists  come  72  million  Mohammedans,  comprising  the  third 
integral  part  of  the  population  of  India.  All  through  this  period  of  stress  and 
storm,  not  a  single  Mohammedan  has  been  found  guilty  of  sedition  or  dis- 
affection. In  India,  the  rapidly  growing  number  of  educated  Hindus  are 
divided  into  two  parties — the  constitutionalists,  and  the  extremists  or  nation- 
alists. The  former  are  strong  and  influential,  and  the  first  article  in  their 
creed  is  the  permanence  and  consolidation  of  British  sovereignty  in  India;  and 


INDIA  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA  IN  THE  WAR  DURING  1916        173 

their  programme  of  work  is  the  gradual  improvement  of  the  British  adminis- 
tration and  the  bettering  of  conditions  of  the  sons  of  the  soil.  The  extremists 
form  a  minority,  clamouring  for  Home  Eule  for  India.  They  make  a  great 
deal  of  noise. 

In  South  Africa  during  191G  many  roads — political  and  mili- 
tary—led to  German  East  Africa.  That  great  sweep  of  384,000 
square  miles  of  tropical  country  with  about  8,000,000  native  popula- 
tion was  more  or  less  prepared  by  its  small  German  population  and 
compact  forces  for  a  war  in  which  France  and  its  French  colonies 
were  involved ;  but  it  was  not  prepared  to  fight  the  British  colonies 
—Uganda  and  British  East  Africa  in  the  north  and  Northern 
Rhodesia  and  South  Africa  on  the  south,  with,  later  on,  the  Portu- 
guese and  Belgian  possessions — plus  British  sea-power  and  the 
blockade  of  its  300  miles  of  coast  line  which  was  proclaimed  on  Feb. 
28,  1915.  The  South  African  authorities  had  taken  their  time  in 
the  matter.  They  had  first  of  all  to  deal  with  the  local,  German- 
inspired,  rebellion  which  was  crushed  and  then  in  1915  General 
Botha,  Prime  Minister  of  South  Africa,  conquered  German  South- 
west Africa  with  its  322,000  square  miles  of  territory. 

Strengthened  in  political  power  and  personal  prestige  by  this 
situation,  holding  a  balance  with  rare  skill  in  the  difficult  racial 
conditions  of  the  Union,  General  Botha  then  turned  to  the  Eastern 
possessions  of  Germany  where,  upon  the  frontier,  a  brigade  of  In- 
dian troops  under  Major-General  Tighe,  and  a  battalion  of  South 
African  Militia  had  been  holding  British  East  Africa  against  attacks 
from  2,500  German  troops  aided,  as  they  soon  were,  by  native  en- 
listments to  a  total  of  14,000  men  or  more.  At  the  beginning  of 
1916  the  Germans  held  Taveta  in  British  territory  and,  later  on, 
acquired  control  of  the  Lake  Tanganyika  region  but  by  that  time 
General  Tighe  had  two  brigades  under  him  with  additional  forces 
on  the  way  from  South  Africa.  When  the  Union  took  up  the  cam- 
paign in  earnest  it  was  natural  that  Lieut.-Gen.  Jan  Christian 
Smuts,  Minister  of  Defence,  who  had  commanded  one  of  the  Armies 
in  Southwest  Africa,  should  be  placed  in  command  of  forces  which 
then  included  the  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  South  African  Brigades  and 
the  King's  African  Rifles  (Negro)  as  well  as  the  Indian  forces. 

An  attack  upon  and  capture  of  the  Kilimanijaro  region  followed 
with  an  advance  over  the  Usambara  highlands  and  the  occupation 
of  Tanga  on  July  7 ;  Bagamoyo  was  then  captured  and,  on  Sept.  4, 
Dar-es-Salaam,  the  capital  of  German  East  Africa,  was  occupied 
after  a  combined  naval  and  military  attack.  Meantime,  in  other 
parts  of  this  difficult  and  most  inaccessible  country,  Belgian  and 
Portuguese  troops  were  skirmishing  and  advancing  from  time  to 
time  while  General  Van  Deventer  with  a  Union  column,  and  Gen- 
eral Northey  with  a  Rhodesian  column,  carried  out  advances  along 
other  lines  agreed  upon.  A  series  of  fights  with  the  ever-retreating 
Germans  and  their  native  auxiliaries  followed,  the  most  of  their 
artillery  was  captured,  the  junction  of  Generals  Smuts  and  Deven- 
ter  near  Kissaki  still  further  hampered  their  movements  and  sup- 
plies, while  fresh  troops  were  sent  from  the  Coast  to  take  them  in 
the  rear. 


174  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Many  small  places  were  occupied  until  by  the  close  of  the  year 
only  one  small  German  force  was  left  and  it  was  confined  to  an 
unhealthy  strip  of  territory  in  the  southeast  corner,  covered  with 
thick  brush  and  very  swampy,  with  malaria  or  surrender  inevit- 
able. Practically  the  last  of  Germany 's  Colonies  had  been  captured 
by  the  troops  of  a  Dutch-governed  Union  from  which  the  Kaiser 
had  expected  great  things  of  a  different  nature;  in  two  years  vast 
regions  three  times  the  size  of  Germany  itself  had  been  taken  pos- 
session of  by  Generals  Botha  and  Smuts;  British  liberty  of  life 
and  institutions  and  British  sea-power,  which  made  these  expedi- 
tions possible,  had  won  again.  As  to  General  Smuts  he  had  entered 
this  last  campaign  with  a  high  reputation  to  which  The  Times  re- 
ferred upon  his  appointment  (Feb.  10)  as  including  "great  intel- 
lectual powers,  industry  and  an  almost  uncanny  insight  into  the 
essentials  of  any  problem ; "  he  came  out  of  it  with  enhanced  prestige. 
It  had  been  a  prolonged  campaign  in  great  regions  of  bewildering 
physical  difficulties — jungle,  swamps,  mountains,  deserts  as  well 
as  floods,  malaria,  drouth,  tropical  rains  and  heat,  wild  beasts  and 
wilder  poisonous  insects  of  varied  nature,  and  savage  natives,  made 
worse  by  their  harsh  and  hardened  masters. 

In  a  country  such  as  the  Union,  where  General  Hertzog,  with 
clearly  anti-British  tendencies,  held  a  strong  portion  of  the  Boer 
vote  and  where  General  De  Wet,  on  his  release  from  gaol  for  his 
rebel  leadership,  had  not  adhered  to  his  pledge  as  to  making  dis- 
turbing or  disloyal  speeches,  the  greater  prestige  won  by  General 
Smuts  was  a  very  important  factor  in  politics.  The  response  to  his 
recruiting  appeal  early  in  1916  had  been  the  prompt  enrollment  of 
10,000  men  for  service  in  the  East  and  Overseas ;  in  May  some  of 
the  troops  who  had  marched  through  German  Southwest  Africa 
were  serving  as  a  Battalion  in  Egypt  and  winning  distinction  be- 
side the  Anzacs ;  an  estimate  of  the  total  troops  who  had  left  South 
Africa  to  take  part  in  the  Empire's  wars  at  this  time  was  50,000 
and  amongst  them  was  Jasper  Kruger,  a  nephew  of  the  late  Trans- 
vaal President,  who  had  volunteered  for  service  in  France  and  was 
trained  in  England;  in  August  General  Botha  returned  from  a 
visit  to  the  Front  in  East  Africa  with  an  urgent  appeal  for  900 
recruits  a  month  to  keep  General  Smuths'  force  effective  but  this 
was  held  over  as  not  absolutely  essential  so  as  to  obtain  the  men 
needed  to  bring  up  the  Brigade  in  France  to  its  full  strength  after 
the  Delville  Wood  losses.  Meanwhile  South  Africa  had  won  honours 
in  France  as  well  as  Canada,  Australia  and  India.  The  South 
African  Brigade  during  the  British  advances  at  the  Somme  was 
given  Delville  Wood  to  storm  and  hold — one  of  the  most  difficult 
propositions  of  the  struggle.  To  them  it  was  what  Pozieres  proved 
to  the  Australians  and  Courcelette  to  the  Canadians.  The  London 
Times  correspondent  of  Nov.  9th  described  the  battle  as  follows: 

Their  defence  of  the  Wood  is  one  of  the  classic  episodes  of  the  War, 
and  perhaps  no  war  has  ever  produced  a  finer  incident  than  that  charge  of 
July  18.  After  a  long  day's  shelling  the  Highlanders,  having  fought  for 
four  days,  shattered  in  numbers  and  worn  in  body  and  soul,  still  clung  to 
the  trench  which  they  had  won  four  days  before,  when  out  of  the  fringes  of 


INDIA  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA  IN  THE  WAR  DURING  1916        175 

the  wood  came  the  South  Africans,  borne  back  by  overwhelming  numbers 
of  the  enemy.  Posts  of  the  South  Africans  still  held  in  the  Wood,  and  those 
who  were  forced  back,  when  they  came  to  the  Highlanders'  trenches,  dropped 
into  them,  and,  when  the  supreme  moment  came  and  the  great  tide  of  Germans 
rolled  towards  them,  the  ragged  regiments  of  Scot  and  South  African  together 
went  forward  to  meet  it  in  the  open,  rather  than  be  smothered  in  the  trench; 
and,  outnumbered  by  five  or  six  to  one,  dead  tired  as  they  were  against  fresh 
troops,  they  broke  the  enemy  and  drove  him  back  and  dug  in  on  a  new  line 
in  advance,  which  the  enemy  for  all  his  numbers,  did  not  dare  to  attack  again. 

The  casualties  were  said  to  have  been  fully  one-half  of  the 
Brigade.  Their  one  grievance  at  this  time  arose  from  a  lower  rate 
of  pay  than  other  Colonial  troops — the  Imperial  rate  of  one  shilling 
a  day  compared  with  three  or  four  shillings  in  other  cases  and 
three  paid  to  their  own  comrades  in  East  Africa.  Later  on  the 
10,000  South  African  natives  whom  the  Government  undertook 
to  recruit  under  military  conditions  as  labourers  in  France,  on 
docks  and  behind  the  lines  generally,  were  to  receive  2  shillings. 
The  fact  was  that  General  Hertzog  and  his  Nationalists  kept  the 
pay  down  so  as  to  discourage  recruiting  for  Europe  and  the  Gov- 
ernment did  not  desire  to  take  direct  issue  with  them  on  a  detail 
or  minor  point.  Even  upon  the  broad  issue  of  paying  the  troops 
at  all  the  Government  had  to  fight. 

In  the  House  of  Assembly  on  Mar.  17  General  Hertzog  moved 
that  no  South  African  money  should  be  paid  out  in  connection 
with  the  War,  and  declared  that  the  country  would  rue  participa- 
tion in  any  phase  of  the  European  struggle.  General  Botha  warmly 
reiterated  the  Government's  policy  to  see  the  War  through.  He 
hoped  that  it  would  not  be  said  that  South  Africa  was  the  only 
country  under  the  British  flag  which  had  backed  out  of  its  share  in 
the  War.  Sir  Thomas  Smartt,  Leader  of  the  Opposition,  repeated 
the  Unionists '  assurance  of  support  to  the  Government 's  war  policy. 
Eventually  the  motion  was  altered  to  refer  to  East  Africa  only, 
and  it  was  then  negatived  by  79  votes  against  21.  Besides  the  force 
of  labourers  mentioned  it  was  arranged  to  recruit  other  black  troops 
toward  the  end  of  the  year — from  what  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston 
described  as  a  reservoir  of  1,500,000  splendid  soldiers — for  service 
in  Egypt  and  Mesopotamia.  It  was  said  that  40,000  Zulus  alone — 
the  best  and  bravest  of  the  natives — were  anxious  to  fight  for 
Britain.  The  following  South  African  honours  were  awarded  dur- 
ing the  year :  V.C.,  Pte.  Wm.  F.  Faulds ;  D.S.O.,  Lieut.-Col  Edward 
F.  Thackeray,  C.M.G.,  and  Capt.  L.  W.  Tomlinson;  Knighthood, 
Sir  W.  W.  Hoy,  General  Manager  of  Union  Railways. 

As  to  general  conditions  Hon.  Henry  Burton,  Minister  of 
Finance,  had  a  revenue  of  £16,620,000  and  expenditures  of  £16,- 
257,000  in  the  year  1915-16,  while  for  the  year  beginning  Apr.  1, 
1916,  his  estimated  revenue  was  £16,336,000  and  expenditures 
£17,758,000  with  a  deficit  of  £1,422,000  which  was  to  be  met  by  a 
war-levy  on  gold  mines,  additional  postal  charges,  increased  Income 
tax,  excise  duties  and  customs,  an  export  duty  on  diamonds;  the 
output  of  the  Rand  gold  mines  reached  in  1915  the  large  figure  of 
£38,639,095  or  40  per  cent,  of  the  world's  total,  with  an  expenditure 
in  the  country  of  £25,000,000  of  working  costs  and  dividends  of 
£7,824,000 ;  the  trade  of  the  Union  included  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  Im- 


176  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ports  of  $33,833,542  and  Exports  totalling  £16,859,373— without 
the  gold  which  in  1913  amounted  to  £37,589,000  and  in  1915  to  a 
slightly  larger  figure  of  production ;  the  increased  cost  of  living  in 
1915  over  1913  was  stated  in  official  figures  regarding  standard 
items  of  consumption  as  £2  Is.  lid.  monthly  or  8  -24  per  cent. 

The  trade  of  the  Union  with  the  British  Empire  was  67  per 
cent,  of  the  whole  and  in  1916  a  Preference  or  rebate  on  goods  was 
given  the  United  Kingdom,  Australia,  Canada  and  New  Zealand; 
in  addressing  the  Johannesburg  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Apr.  11) 
E.  Chappell,  the  President,  declared  that  everything  in  South 
Africa  at  the  outbreak  of  war  had  depended  upon  keeping  the  gold 
mining  industry  in  full  working  order  and  that  the  successful  re- 
sult, the  maintenance  of  general  business,  and  the  carrying  on  of 
their  campaigns  had  all  turned  upon  the  question  of  sea-power  and 
the  strength  of  the  British  Navy;  the  output  of  diamonds  in  1915 
was  only  £400,000  compared  with  £11,389,000  in  1913  and  that  of 
coal  (1915)  was  £2,121,836;  the  earnings  of  the  Railways  in  1915 
were  £12,197,890  and  the  expenditures  £7,271,877,  the  population 
of  the  Union  was  5,046,585  and  the  deposits  in  the  Banks  £51,316,- 
926.  The  Government  assumed  the  administration  of  Southwest 
Africa  during  the  year  and  the  Public  Debt  increased  from  117 
to  151  millions  sterling  or  $170,000,000. 

The  picture  of  the  greatest  free  Empire  in  the 
The  British  world's  history,  fighting  in  the  greatest  of  world- 
ulm'iin  the*  wars  with  a  purely  voluntary  system  as  to  men  and 
war  money,  and  the  nations  within  its  bounds,  was  one 

which  posterity  will  appreciate  more  than  did  the 
peoples  of  the  period  involved.  Even  when  limited  compulsion  was 
resorted  to  in  Britain,  after  the  greater  demands  for  men  had  all 
been  met,  it  was  evolved  and  carried  out  by  leaders  who  beyond 
all  question  represented  the  masses — their  democratic  aspirations 
and  policy  as  well  as  their  War  loyalty.  The  Dominions  were 
treated  as  absolutely  free  entities  doing  what  they  desired  in  their 
own  way  and  at  their  own  time — as  equals  working  for  a  common 
end  in  a  union  of  free  peoples.  It  was  an  inspiring  sight  and  not 
all  the  draggled  ends  of  local  controversies  such  as  Registration  or 
Conscription  or  Home  Rule  could  detract  seriously  from  the  gen- 
eral result  or  mar  the  picture  as  a  whole.  With  its  ever-increasing 
area  of  14,000,000  square  miles  and  population  of  434  millions, 
with  an  Imperial  wealth  of  at  least  160,000  million  dollars,*  a  total 
popular  income  in  British  countries  of  about  20,000  millions,! 
normal  public  revenues  in  the  countries  concerned  of  3,500  mil- 

*NOTS. — The  usual  figures  given  in  press,  etc.,  deal  only  with  Great  Britain.  See 
1914  volume,  page.  20. 

fNoTE. — The  generally  accepted  estimate  is  as  follows: 

United  Kingdom    $12,500,000,000 

Canada 1,750,000,000 

Australia     1,250,000,000 

South   Africa 250,000,000 

«k     New  Zealand    275,000,000 

India     3,500,000,000 

Crown    Colonies    and    Protectorates    750,000,000 

Total     $20,275,000,000 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  AS  A  UNIT  IN  THE  WAR  177 

lions,  a  trade  of  10,000  millions  and  a  gold  accumulation  of  1,400 
millions  at  the  beginning  of  the  War,  the  British  Empire  was  in  a 
position  to  do  much  if  it  could  only  have  time  to  organize  and 
develop  its  resources ;  and  that  time .  was  given  it  by  the  Royal 
Navy.  Within  its  bounds  were  the  greater  wheatfields  of  the  world, 
the  greatest  gold  mines  and  supply  of  the  precious  metal ;  the  chief 
diamond  fields,  the  main  wool  production,  the  root  of  the  greatest 
of  all  industries — iron ;  enormous  potentialities  of  every  description 
in  land-cultivation  and  production  of  every  conceivable  kind. 

The  result  of  war  policy  and  organization  at  the  close  of  two 
years  and  five  months  of  conflict  was,  approximately,  an  armed 
military  force  of  6,000,000 — exclusive  of  casualties — and  nearly 
all  raised  by  voluntary  enlistment;  a  total  financial  expenditure  or 
war-cost  of  20,000  millions  or,  deducting  payments  out  of  revenue 
and  loans  to  Allies  and  Dominions,  about  two- thirds  of  one  year's 
income  of  the  people  of  the  Empire ;  the  voluntary  contribution  of 
money  to  Patriotic  and  War  Funds  of  at  least  300  millions;  pro- 
duction in  every  part  of  the  Empire  of  great  quantities  of  muni- 
tions and  war  supplies  with,  in  the  case  of  Britain,  a  concentrated 
and  multiplied  product  of  artillery,  guns,  etc.,  which  was  one  of 
the  marvels  of  the  period ;  the  maintenance  of  a  trade  which  covered 
all  the  seas  with  shipping  and  grew  greater  even  while  submarines 
were  taking  steady  toll  of  ships;  a  huge  British  industry  devoted 
to  the  construction  of  battleships,  airships  and  aeroplanes,  trading 
vessels,  the  invaluable  and  invincible  trawler,  destroyers,  etc.,  which 
was  effective  beyond  all  experience;  a  Navy  which  held  the  seas 
secure  from  German  warships,  German  trade,  German  travel  or 
German  soldiers  and  even  checked  the  desperate  plunging  of  the 
undersea  monster. 

What  did  the  Dominions  contribute  to  this  War?  Considering 
their  white  population  of  14,000,000  and  their  isolation  from  the 
seat  of  war  and  even  the  heart  of  the  Empire,  they  did  admirably. 
In  men*  Australia,  by  the  close  of  1916,  had  300,000  at  the  Front 
in  Egypt  and  France,  or  in  training;  Canada  had  400,000  on  the 
Western  front  or  in  England  and  Canada  training;  New  Zealand 
and  Newfoundland  had  75,000  in  active  service  or  under  prepara- 
tion ;  South  Africa,  in  its  occupation  of  Southwest  Africa,  its  cam- 
paign in  East  Africa,  its  troops  at  the  Somme  and  under  enlist- 
ment at  home,  had  about  75,000  under  arms.  If  India,  with  its 
forces  in  Mesopotamia,  East  Africa,  Egypt  and  the  Kamerun, 
were  included  another  400,000  would  be  added  to  a  total  which  was 
at  least  1,250,000  for  the  external  Empire  alone. 

Without  compulsion,  without  even  public  urgency  on  the  part 
of  the  greatly-strained  War  authorities  of  Britain,  Hindus  and 
Parsees,  Sikhs  and  Mohammedans  from  India,  Canadians  and  Aus- 
tralians and  New  Zealanders  and  South  African  English  and 
Boers,  had  fought  side  by  side  in  France;  squatters  of  Australia 
fraternized  with  Maoris  from  New  Zealand  and  Boers  from  South. 

*NOTE. — Total  number  without  considering  casualties. 

12 


178  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Africa  and  Bengali  Lancers  from  India  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyramids ; 
Indian  and  British  and  Australian  troops  fought  together  in  Meso- 
potamia or  within  the  borders  of  Palestine;  Indian  troops  helped 
Sir  Charles  Dobell  to  conquer  the  Kamerun,  and  the  negroes  of 
the  King's  Own  (South  African)  Regiment  aided  the  Boers  and 
British  to  conquer  East  Africa.  The  West  Indies,  Fiji,  Ceylon, 
Straits  Settlements,  Nyassaland  and  Uganda  and  Nigeria,  all  prof- 
fered men  and  money  to  the  cause.  And  this  amazing  conglomer- 
ation of  races  and  interests  were  fighting  voluntarily  and  were 
transported  freely  over  half  the  seas  of  the  world  by  British  Naval 
power.  Meantime  the  Malaya  and  New  Zealand,  two  Colonial  bat- 
tleships, shared  in  the  Jutland  naval  victory  and  brought  their 
respective  countries  Admiralty  cables  of  appreciation. 

In  financial  expenditure  on  the  War  Canada's  part  during  this 
period  was  $500,000,000,  Australia  about  $400,000,000,  South 
Africa  $200,000,000,  New  Zealand  $100,000,000.  The  Indian  Gov- 
ernment, as  such,  had  as  yet  contributed  little  directly  but  Indian 
rulers,  to  some  extent,  made  up  for  this  in  voluntary  gifts  to  the 
King-Emperor  which  reached  a  total  of  $30,000,000,  according  to 
an  official  statement  in  the  Commons  on  Mar.  1,  1916.  In  voluntary 
gifts  to  Patriotic  Funds  the  response  of  the  external  Empire  was 
generous.  In  Great  Britain  a  splendid  example  was  set  by  the 
raising  of  $75,000,000  for  the  relief  of  distress  growing  out  of 
the  War  or  the  re-establbhment  of  soldiers  returning  from  it,  with 
the  Prince  of  Wales  Relief  Fund  as  the  chief  means  of  service ; 
about  $30,000,000  was  raised  in  the  external  Empire  for  Patriotic 
Funds  connected  with  the  troops  and  their  families.  For  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers  or  sailors  the  British  Red  Cross  was  the  chief 
medium  of  collection  and  the  estimated  total  to  the  middle  of  1916 
was  $30,000,000 — at  least  a  third  of  which  came  from  the  Dominions 
and  dependencies. 

In  the  first  two  years  of  war  $30,000,000  was  raised  in  Britain 
for  soldiers'  comforts  of  every  kind,  with  similar  contributions 
(proportionately)  raised  in  each  of  the  Dominions,  while  through- 
out the  Empire  an  estimated  total  of  $100,000,000  was  collected  for 
the  relief  of  peoples  in  other  countries — chiefly  Belgium  and  France 
and  to  a  much  lesser  extent  for  Poland,  Roumania,  etc.  One  organ- 
ization, the  National  Committee  for  Relief  in  Belgium,  reported* 
British  contributions  to  its  cause  as  totalling  up  to  Dec.  31,  1916, 
£2,150,788  or  $10,750,000.  Of  this  $4,800,000  came  from  Australia, 
$2,440,000  from  New  Zealand,  $350,000  from  Canada,  $140,000 
from  South  Africa,  $150,000  from  India,  $37,000  from  the  West 
Indies  and  the  balance  from  a  great  number  of  small  British  terri- 
tories. So  far  as  estimates  can  be  made  Canada  collected  for  these 
various  Funds  at  least  $50,000,000,  Australia  $30,000,000,  New 
Zealand  $10,000,000  and  others  in  proportion  with  India — apart 
from  direct  gifts  to  the  King  for  military  purposes — totalling  an- 

*NOTE. — Through  courtesy  of  W.  A.  M.  Goode,  Hon.  Secretary,  Mar.  5,  1916,  who 
added  that  $120,000  more  had  come  from  Canada  since  Dec.  31st. 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  AS  A  UNIT  IN  THE  WAR 


179 


Nati 


other  $50,000,000.  The  grand  total  was  $350,000,000  at  least  and 
probably  much  more.  During  1916  the  following  specific  gifts  or 
totals  illustrate  the  process  during  the  whole  period  in  this  respect : 


South  Wales:  Australia.To    Patriotic   Fund    (Sept.    23)     

To  French  Relief  Fund   (Apr.  28)    

Government   Gift   of   4   Aeroplanes    

Popular  Gift   of  4   Aeroplanes    

For  Australian  Battle-plane  Squadron   .... 

Natives    of    Rewa     Aeroplane    Gift     

Low    Islands     2   Red   Cross   Motor  Ambulances    

Australia:    Western    .  .  i    .  .  .British  Red   Cross  Contributions    

Australia :    Victoria    Collected  for  War  Funds  by  sale  of  Buttons 

Australia:   Tasmania    Ccntributions   to   British   Red   Cross    

New   Zealand    Canterbury  Contribution  to  Red  Cross   .... 

"  $75,000    a   month   to   Belgian    Relief   Fund 

British    Honduras    Gilt   to   Belgian   Relief    

Barbadoes    Up-keep  of  Motor  Ambulances 

Windward  Islands    For   British  Red  Cross    

Bahamas War   Contribution   of  £10,000    

Bermuda War  Contribution  of  £2.450  a  year  for  15 

years    

Leeward    Islands    War  Gift  to  British  Government    

Dominica     War   Contribution   of   £10,000    

Jamaica Local   Aeroplane   Committee 

British    Red    Cross    Contribution    

"         War    Contribution    of   £60,000    a    year    for 

40  years    

Canada    Saskatchewan    Grain    Growers'    Association 

for   Army    (flour)     

Canada :   Ontario      British  Red  Cross  Contribution    

Canada:   Ontario      Cheque  for  Munition  Profits:  F.  W.  Baillie, 

Canada :  Nova   Scotia    Britis-h   Red    Cross    Contribution    

Canada :   Quebec     British  Red  Cross  Contribution 

Ceylon    The   Padikara   Madaliyar  for  the  Army    .2  Motor  Ambulances 

Women's  Gift  for  a   British  Hospital    ....  $11,250 

"         Legislative  Grant  of  £100,000  a  year  for  10 

years    

Malay    States    Local  War   Loan   for   British   Government. 

Aeroplane   Gifts    since   outbreak   of   War .  . 

Annual    War    Contribution     

Presentation   to    Royal   Flying   Corps    .... 

Kedah    SuUan's  Gift   for   Aeroplanes    

Hong    Kong War   Gift   to   British   Government    

Popalar  Contribution  to  British  Red  Cross 

Committee  for  Flying  Corps  Hospital    .... 

Prince    of    Wales    Fund    

Straits    Settlements    Legislative  Grant  of  £200,000  a  year  for  5 

Cyprus     For  use  of  Troops 1,000  tons  of  Wood-Fuel 

India   Unik-d    Provinces   War-Gift   for   Navy    .  10  Motor  Ambulances 

People  of  Bombay  to  British  Red  Cross   .  .  $25,000 

Maharajah  of  Benares  Nursing  Home     .  .    For  150  War  Patients 

Rajah  of  Faridkot  for  Ambulances    $5,400 

Durbars  of   Baroda,   Bahawalpur,   Faridkot 

and    Kharsia     Horses  for  Army 

Maharajah  of  Patiala  For  Red  Cross    .....  $6,400 

Rajah  of  Cutch    Maintenance  of  Regiment 


$13,435,000 

235,000 

30,000 

30,000 

138,000 

7,500 

5,000 

53,000 

500,000 

16,250 

19,250 

900,000 

6,875 

10,500 

10,000 

50,000 

258,750 
50,000 
50,000 
11,250 
15,000 

12,000,000 

150,000 
1,250,000 
758,000 
50,000 
240,000 


5,000,000 

15,000,000 

337,500 

2,500,000 

29  Aeroplanes 

$20,000 

1,250,000 

25,000 

50,000 

12,000 

5,000,000 


South    Africa 


.43   Armoured   Aeroplanes   from   Punjaub.  . 

.  Punjaub  Aeroplane  Fund    

.  Bengal    Chambers    of    Commerce    

.  Bengal  Women's  Fund  for  Hospitals  .... 
.Maharajah  of  Bobbilli :  War  Gift  to  King 
.Maharajah  of  Bikauer:  War  gift  to  King 

.  Natal  Mercury  Red   Cross  Fund    

.  Witbank    District    Collieries    

.Fund  for  War  Widows  and  Orphans 


$480,000 
480,000 
Motor  Battery 
and  Ambulance 
$6,600 
16,000 
250,000 
37,500 
100,000    Tons    of 
Coal 

$50,000 


Rs. 


Red  Cross  Gift  to  Wounded  Anzacs    10,000     Cigarettes 

Investment    in    Government   War    Stock   by 


Natives $25,000 

Transkei  Investment  in   British  War   Loan 

(Chiefs   and  people)     25,000 

Gold     Coast .To   Imperial  Aircraft  Flotilla    30,000 

Legislative    Grant    for   War    1,000,000 

War  Contribution  of  £200,000  in  10  yearly 

installments     1,000,000 

Nigeria     Government  Assumption   of  part  of  British 

War  Debt .  30,000,000 

.Gift  of  Residents  for  Aeroplane   7,500 


180  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Zanzibar    Additional  War  Gift  to  British  Government  $100,000 

Contribution  to   British   Red   Cross    20,000 

War    Contribution    of    £10,000     50,000 

Mauritius     Grant  to   British   Government   for   War    .  .  330,000 

Other   Contributions  to   War    Funds    100,000 

"              Aeroplanes  for  Royal  Plying  Corps    30,000 

Egypt     British    Red    Cross    Contribution    '.  .  .  425,000 

Egypt   and   Soudan    British   Red  Cross — Personal  Contributions  42,000 

East    African    Protectorate    .Valuable    gifts    for    Troops     3,531    Goats,    Cat- 
tle    and     Sheep 

Nyassaland     Contributions  to  Prince  of  Wales  Fund    .  .  $5,500 

Malta    Contributions  to  British  Red  Cross 15,600 

Burmah      War  Contributions  to  British  Government.  965,000 

Turks   and   Caicos   Islands    .War   Contribution    of  £1,000    5,000 

The    Empire    Overseas  Club:  86  Aeroplanes  from  British 

Countries     750,000 

Overseas    Club:    Tobacco    for    Soldiers    and 

Sailors 900,000 

Overseas  Club  for  Other  Funds    550,000 

One  result,  and  an  inevitable  one,  of  this  partnership  in  war 
action  and  sacrifice  was  a  strengthening  of  the  principle  of  closer 
general  union — a  more  pronounced  advocacy  of  closer  relations 
amongst  British  statesmen  who  had  hitherto  feared  to  wound 
Colonial  susceptibilities.  Speaking  in  London  on  June  14  Mr.  H. 
H.  Asquith,  with  all  his  weighty  responsibilities  as  Prime  Minister, 
made  this  statement:  "When  the  War  comes  to  an  end,  when  the 
reign  of  peace  is  re-established,  we  shall  have  to  take  stock,  as  an 
Empire,  of  our  internal  relations. "  After  a  tribute  to  the  Domin- 
ions in  the  War  Mr.  Asquith  proceeded:  "With  such  an  Imperial 
record,  it  will  never  be  possible,  in  my  judgment,  to  revert  to  our 
old  methods  of  counsel  and  of  government.  The  fabric  of  the 
Empire  will  have  to  be  refashioned  and  the  relations  not  only 
between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  but  between  the  United  King- 
dom and  our  Dominions,  v;ill  of  necessity  be  brought,  and  brought 
promptly,  under  close  and  connected  review." 

As  Mr.  Bonar  Law  put  it  at  the  West  India  Club  in  London 
(Sept.  13)  :  "This  War,  so  far  as  our  Dominions  are  concerned,  is 
being  carried  on  under  conditions  which  never  existed  in  the  world 
before.  It  required  and  does  require  great  good-will  and  good  sense 
on  the  part  of  both  the  Dominions  and  the  authorities  at  home  to 
enable  an  arrangement  to  work  by  which  one  set  of  men  should  con- 
tribute lives  and  treasure  and  have  no  voice  as  to  the  way  in  which 
those  lives  and  that  treasure  are  expended.  That  cannot  continue. 
There  must  be  a  change.  The  War  has  done  more,  I  believe,  than 
many  generations  in  other  directions  could  have  done  in  welding 
the  Empire  together.  We  feel  that  we  are  one  and  it  rests  chiefly 
with  the  men  of  the  Colonies  and  of  the  Dominions  to  find  some 
method  by  which,  in  the  future,  the  unity  which  has  characterized 
us  in  the  War  will  be  found  to  be  as  durable  when  peace  comes." 

Meanwhile  the  Dominions  were  being  consulted  upon  every 
vital  phase  of  the  War  and  upon  many  of  the  steps  taken;  the 
Prime  Ministers  of  Canada,  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  when 
visiting  England,  were  invited  to  attend  meetings  of  the  British 
Cabinet,  the  representatives  of  Australia  and  Canada  attended  the 
Paris  Economic  Conference  as  British  Empire  delegates,  the  Im- 
perial Government,  in  1915,  had  pledged  itself  to  consult  with  the 
Dominions  as  to  terms  of  peace  whenever  that  time  came.  In  a 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  AS  A  UNIT  IN  THE  WAR  181 

press  interview  on  Mar.  8,  1916,  the  Colonial  Secretary  (Rt.  Hon. 
A.  Bonar  Law)  said:  "Of  course  I  can  speak  for  myself,  only; 
but  it  is  my  hope  that  as  the  direct  result  of  the  great  war  may 
come  the  creation  of  an  Imperial  Parliament  in  which  every  one 
of  the  Dominions  will  have  its  full  share  of  representation,  allotted 
in  accordance  with  population  and  resources." 

At  a  luncheon  to  Mr.  Hughes  of  Australia  (Mar.  9),  after  the 
latter  had  attended  a  Cabinet  meeting,  the  Colonial  Secretary  was 
still  more  explicit;  "There  are  no  secrets  while  the  Australian 
Premier  is  here  and  the  Government  and  British  people  are  ready 
to  welcome  the  Colonies  to  their  counsels.  Where  the  Colonies  give 
so  much  the  present  relations  between  them  and  the  Mother-coun- 
try cannot  be  permanent.  .  .  .  The  future  will  depend  largely 
on  the  action  of  the  Dominions  themselves,  for  the  Mother-country 
will  welcome  any  scheme,  almost,  that  is  approved  by  them."  On 
Mar.  15  Mr.  H.  L.  Samuel,  Home  Secretary,  at  an  Australian  Din- 
ner said:  "I  speak  from  my  own  firm  conviction  when  I  say  that 
the  Mother-country  is  very  ready  to  admit  the  Dominions  into  a 
share  in  the  decisions  of  policy  as  soon  as  they  desire  such  admis- 
sion. It  is  for  them  to  decide  whether,  after  the  War,  we  shall  be 
able  to  take  a  forward  step  in  the  evolution  of  our  Imperial  institu- 
tions." Lord  Headley,  an  Irish  Peer,  suggested  (May  3)  a  War 
Cabinet  composed  of  8  British  statesmen  and  Messrs.  Borden, 
Hughes,  Botha  and  Massey.  In  July  occurred  a  War  visit  to 
Britain  of  members  of  Dominion  Parliaments  which  was  arranged 
by  a  Committee  of  the  Empire  Parliamentary  Association,  headed 
by  the  Rt.  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour  as  Chairman  and  Howard  d'Egville 
as  Hon.  Secretary.  The  Delegates  appointed  by  the  Dominions 
were  as  follows: 
Can  ada :  A  ustralia : 

Joseph  E.  Armstrong,  M.P.  Senator  Stephen  Barker. 

Senator  N.  A.  Belcourt,  K.C.  Reginald  Burchell,  M.P., 

Senator  William  Dennis.  The  Hon.  P.  M.  Glynn,  K.C.,  M.P. 

Hon.  Sir  George  E.  Foster,  M.P.  Alfred  J.  Hampson,  M.P. 

W.  Erskine  Knowles,  M.P.  Senator  J.  H.  Keating. 

Senator  A.  C.  P.  Landry.  Senator  Hugh  de  Largie. 

W.  Folger  Nickle,  K.C.,  M.P.  Richard  B.  Orchard,  M.P. 

Edgar  N.  Rhodes,  M.P.  A.  Clayton  Palmer,  M.P. 

Senator  J.  H.  Ross.  The  Hon.   Josiah  Thomas,   M.P. 

F.  H.  Shepherd,  M.P.  Senator  David  Watkins. 

New  Zealand:  South  Africa: 

The  Hon.  W.  C.  F.  Carncross,  M.L.C.          H,  C.  Becker,  M.L.A. 

Sir  James  Carroll,  K.C.,  M.G.,  M.P.  Senator  A.  J.  Fuller. 

E.  P.  Lee,  M.P.  Colonel  John  Hewat,  M.L.A. 

C.  J.  Parr,  C.M.G.,  M.P.  Charles  P.   Robinson,  M.L.A. 

Newfoundland:  Edward  Rooth,  M.L.A. 

The  Hon.  R.  Kirby  Bishop,  M.L.C.          Senator  H.  G.  Stuart. 

J.  A.  Clift,  K  c.,  M.P.  E.  M.  O.  Clough. 

Every  kind  of  function  and  visit  and  conference  contributed  to 
the  activities  and  better  knowledge  of  these  Delegates  during  the 
tour  and  discussions  which  followed  and  lasted  from  July  1st  to 
Aug.  1st.  The  visitors  were  welcomed  on  July  4  at  a  Parliamentary 
luncheon  with  Mr.  Balfour  presiding  and  contributing  a  charac- 
teristic speech  of  eulogy  for  "Empire  efforts  and  the  following 


182  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

statement  as  to  the  future:  "I  do  not  ask  myself  whether  it  will 
be  wise  or  easy  to  modify  the  relations  between  the  various  parts 
of  the  Empire.  I  look  forward  to  the  problem  with  absolute  con- 
fidence, whether  we  change  it  or  leave  it.  As  it  is,  this  fact  always 
remains :  that  we  are  bound  fundamentally  and  essentially,  because 
we  enjoy  the  same  common  ideal  of  liberty  and  freedom  and  the 
same  spirit  of  law  and  order."  On  the  7th  the  Delegates  were 
received  by  H.  M.  the  King  who  spoke  at  some  length  in  tribute  to 
the  Empire's  War  sacrifices  and  declared  that  visits  such  as  this 
should  be  fruitful  and  frequent :  ' '  They  will  tend  to  consolidate  the 
union  of  the  Empire,  which  is  consecrated  by  memories  of  common 
sacrifice  and  heroic  determination  to  defend  it."  Sir  George 
Foster  (Canada)  replied  for  the  Delegates. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  and  for  the  first  time  a  British  Prime 
Minister  on  assuming  office  formally  recognized  the  fact  that  he  was, 
in  many  things,  acting  for  a  world-wide  Empire  as  well  as  for  the 
United  Kingdom.  On  Dec.  19  Mr.  Lloyd  George  cabled  to  the  Prime 
Minister  of  each  of  the  self-governing  Dominions  a  Message  which 
declared  that  "there  is  no  faltering  in  our  determination  that  the 
sacrifices  which  we  and  you  have  made,  and  have  still  to  make, 
shall  not  be  in  vain,  and  that  the  fight  which  we  are  waging  together 
for  humanity  and  civilization  shall  be  fought  to  a  triumphant  issue. 
.  .  .  The  splendid  contributions  to  the  common  cause  already 
made  by  the  Dominions  give  us  sure  confidence  that  their  determina- 
tion is  no  less  high  than  curs,  and  that,  however  long  the  path  to 
final  victory,  we  shall  tread  it  side  by  side. ' '  In  reply  Sir  Robert 
Borden  for  Canada  voiced  the  opinion  of  all  the  Premiers  when  he 
declared  that  "we  shall  indeed  tread  the  path  side  by  side  in  full 
realization  that  the  sacrifice,  however  great,  is  for  a  cause  transcend- 
ing even  the  interests  and  the  destiny  of  our  Empire,  and  in 
supreme  confidence  that  that  path  alone  can  lead  to  the  ultimate 
triumph  of  democracy,  liberty,  and  civilization."  To  these  and 
many  other  British  views  of  Empire  policy  an  official  imprint  was 
given  by  the  dispatch  of  Dec.  25  from  Rt.  Hon.  W.  H.  Long,  Colon- 
ial Secretary,  to  (1)  the  various  Dominions  and  (2)  to  the  Viceroy 
of  India: 

1.  His  Majesty's   Government  invite  your   Prime  Minister  to   attend   a 
series  of  special  and  continuous  meetings  of  the  War  Cabinet,  in  order  to  con- 
sider urgent  questions  affecting  the  prosecution  of  the  War,  the  possible  con- 
ditions on  which,  in  agreement  with  our  Allies,  we  could  assent  to  its  termina- 
tion, and  the  problems  which  will  then  immediately  arise.    Your  Prime  Minister, 
for  the  purpose  of  these  meetings,  would  be  a  member  of  the  War  Cabinet. 

2.  His  Majesty's  Government  have  invited  the  Secretary  of  State   for 
India  to  represent  India  at  these  sittings  of  the  War  Cabinet,  of  which  for 
that  purpose  I  shall  be  a  member.     I  desire  the  assistance  of  two  gentlemen 
specially  selected  for  the  purpose  in  consultation  with  you  as  foreshadowed  in 
Lord  Hardinge's  speech  in  the  Legislative  Council  on  Sept.  22,  1915. 

The  Dominions'  view  of  this  question  was  a  varied  one  but 
friendly,  as  to  closer  union  in  general,  from  all  official  sources  and 
only  keenly  antagonistic  amongst  a  section  of  the  Nationalists  in 
Soujh  Africa  and  Quebec;  with  the  expressed  opposition  of  a  few 
able  newspapers  in  each  of  the  Dominions  which  still  adhered  to 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE  AS  A  UNIT  IN  THE  WAR 


183 


anti-imperialistic  opinions.  Mr.  Hughes,  Premier  of  Australia, 
throughout  his  famous  speeches  in  England  during  this  year  struck 
the  highest  note  of  Empire  unity,  the  strongest  chords  of  commercial 
policy.  Perhaps  the  frankest  statement  of  existing  conditions  and 
the  essential  need  of  change,  of  proof  that  the  Dominions  lacked 
one  great  element  of  self-government  and  could  only  obtain  it  in 
these  days  of  world-powers  and  world-wide  policies  and  ambitions, 
through  a  great  Empire,  was  the  speech  delivered  by  him  in  Lon- 
don on  June  23.  A  few  extracts  may  be  given: 

For  all  practical  purposes,  save  one,  the  Dominions  are  really  independent 
nations,  bound  to  Great  Britain  only  by  ties  of  kinship,  of  self-interest,  and 
common  ideals.  The  exception  to  which  I  refer  has  very  far-reaching  effects. 
On  the  question  whether  there  shall  be  peace  or  war  the  Dominions  have  no 
voice.  In  the  direction  of  war  when  made  they  have  no  share.  The  position 
of  a  citizen  of  Australia  is  quite  different  from  that  of  a  citizen  of  Britain, 
who,  though  not  directly  consulted  as  to  whether  war  shall  be  declared,  elects 
those  persons  who  so  decide.  War  being  declared  by  persons  over  whom  a 
citizen  of  the  Dominions  have  no  control  he  'finds  himself  involved  in  all  its 
consequences.  There  is  no  real  alternative.  .  .  .  When  Britain  declares 
war,  every  citizen  of  the  Empire  is  involved.  Obviously  this  is  incompatible 
with  the  concept  of  self-government  as  understood  here  and  in  the  Dominions. 
.  .  .  The  consequences  of  war  to  the  Dominions  are  not  limited  to  the  con- 
tributions of  men  to  fight  the  battles  of  the  Empire,  nor  to  their  mainten- 
ance, but  extend  in  such  a  way  as,  in  effect,  to  reduce  the  self-governing  powers 
of  the  Dominions,  to  merely  giving  effect  to  the  war  policy  determined  by  those 
who  controlled  it.  ...  It  will  hardly  be  denied  that  if  Britain  has  a 
right  to  compel  the  Dominions  to  incur  such  a  tremendous  burden  of  Debt  as 
this  War  will  impose  upon  all  of  them,  it  has  for  all  practical  purposes  the 
power  to  compel  them  to  impose  heavy  taxation  upon  themselves;  and  if  one 
nation  has  a  right  to  tax  another,  it  is  perfectly  clear  that  the  sovereignty  or 
quasi-sovereignty  of  the  latter  disappears.  This  is  incompatible  with  demo- 
cratic government.  Everybody  must  accept  the  Prime  Minister's  statement 
that  it  must  not  continue. 

Side  by  side  with  his  other  strenuous  speeches  for  closer  union 
the  inference  was  obvious;  as  Mr.  Hughes  had  the  support  of  the 
larger  part  of  the  Labour  party,  practically  the  whole  of  the 
Liberals,  and  the  official  approval  of  the  Australian  Natives  Asso- 
ciation, it  was  obvious  that  his  words  carried  much  Australian 
significance.  There  had  never  been  any  doubt  as  to  the  position  of 
New  Zealand.  The  late  Prime  Minister,  Sir  J.  G.  Ward,  now 
Minister  of  Finance  in  the  Coalition  Government,  had  long  been 
in  favour  of  direct  contribution  to  the  British  Navy  and  representa- 
tion in  an  Empire  Council.  Mr  W.  N.  Massey,  the  Premier  in 
1916,  was  entertained  at  a  Luncheon  in  London  during  the  July 
visit  of  the  Parliamentarians  and  declared  that  "on  the  all-ini- 
portant  question  of  the  relationship  of  the  Dominions  and  d&- 
pendencies  to  the  United  Kingdom,  something  more  would  assured^ 
be  required — something  which  would  distribute  the  responfefilM- 
ities  of  Empire  more  satisfactorily  and  equitably." 

As  to  Canada  the  views  of  its  Prime  Minister  were  well 
— and  will  be  dealt  with  further  on  in  this  volume. 
Borden  stood  for  closer  relations  in  representation,  in 
in  fiscal  policy.    So  did  most  of  his  party  outside  of 
even  there,  the  majority  of  it  would  follow  his  lead. 
ion  was  not  stable  or  settled  in  the  matter;  much  Depended /.upon 


184  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  results  of  the  War,  the  terms  of  policy  propounded,  the  strength 
of  the  Free-trade  element  and  the  Western  farmers'  influence  in 
the  Party.  The  one  chief  objection  raised  by  opponents  in  all  the 
Dominions  was  that  closer  Imperial  unity  might  jeopardize  na- 
tional autonomy;  the  answer  now  given  was  that  in  obtaining  a 
control  over  (1)  the  Foreign  policy  of  the  Empire,  (2)  the  ques- 
tion of  peace  or  war  and  treaties  affecting  that  issue,  (3)  the  pro- 
vision of  funds  and  organization  necessary  for  war,  (4)  a  voice  in 
the  fiscal  policies  of  a  re-organized  Britain,  and  (5)  a  share  in 
governing  the  great  dependencies  of  the  Empire,  each  Dominion 
was  obtaining  much  and  giving  little  ;  receiving  in  fact  the  crown 
and  apex  of  its  self  governing  powers. 

The  Empire  The  War  by  the  end  of  1916  had  worked  a  revolu- 

**on  *n  manv  theories  and  beliefs,  in  the  prejudices  of 


Economic  . 

changes  and  many  a  lifetime,  in  faiths  which  had  become  fetishes. 
Proposed  The  end  of  the  War  meant  the  opening  out  and  future 

Policies  evolution  of    a  new    world;    in    military,  economic, 

diplomatic  and  social  conditions  alike.  The  tremendous  impact  of 
the  struggle  had  destroyed  the  aloofness  of  England  and  made  her 
one  in  policy  with  some  of  the  great  nations  of  Europe  ;  it  had 
absolutely  changed  the  British  viewpoint  of  Russia  and  her  ambi- 
tions ;  it  had  shattered  the  confidence  which  the  English  masses  had 
in  the  friendship  of  the  United  States  as  a  strand  which  would  hold 
strong  in  days  of  stress  ;  it  had  brought  classes  and  masses  together 
for  a  time,  which  no  one  could  say  would  be  short  or  long,  but  was 
presently  obvious  ;  it  had  removed  a  dim  cloud  which  stood  before 
the  eyes  of  the  people  in  looking  at  the  growing  greatness  of  their 
own  Empire;  it  had  given  a  vital  shock  to  the  ideal  of  England 
standing  alone  in  Free-trade  policy  without  a  fiscal  weapon  to  pro- 
tect herself  or  control  her  rivals. 

This  latter  point  was  a  vital  one  during  the  year  under  discus- 
sion with  a  culmination  of  much  international  feeling  and  British 
thought  at  the  Paris  Economic  Confejg8$cgm  The  Resolutions*  of 
that  great  gathering  were  largely  dej^QtgflffcH  plans  and  principles 
for  trade  and  fiscal  unity  betweent{$cf  n^jons  involved  without, 
however,  any  direct  use  of  the  wor&Q  r^Rfi$fr  'o^Yet  everything  led 
up  to  and  passed  beyond  the  af^ef  iW#Fu&P®)*$$%n  of  special  tar- 
iffs, protective  of  the  trade  interests  p;|yfl8$fe)  c^jftitry,  against  the 
Teuton  Allies  ;  helpful  to  the  in^ms^jf  s^pl^^ijg^ntry  by  mutual 
preferences.  So  far  as  Greaf)  l^iflj^i&i  jft^j^nflejiftLed  the  economic 

problem  in  1916  was  serious,  qifi^oliliiii  ffcnS4OJft)  ^ac^'  De^ore  tne 
War,  become  a  hive  of  G9$ffla&iz^|£^  fjta&^&jistry  with  such 
vital  things  as  chemical  &t&6^3m^fy&&ff&6b  and  such  im- 
portant trades  as  the  to^^tatr^i^B^^i^ndb-ftJ^t^ical  apparatus, 
almost  entirely  in  GftrMa&niWfc  l^/g^a&jnMteJ  interests  of 
Australia  had  got  comjtf£tft$y  ri^4§fl;TtoQfai%c9ft&®l  #nd  so  with  a 
number  of  South  &$  m&to  §®&i  Qft§M§¥  *fefe»estfr-r  more  in  the 
latter  case  than  wa$ia<^e#aj$  feftPW-teto  J&ffl«&$>rai^ies  of  supply 
to  India  the  Gerj^^i^l^iftmW^ajIii|^n|}B^4f^ere  steadily 


NOTE.—  See  V*$&Wkt  SP-tfceWoAitt.  '"   bsttOg   TO 


THE  EMPIRE  AFTER  THE  WAR  ;  NEW  ECONOMIC  POLICIES      185 

ousting  British  industries.  It  was  a  peaceful  penetration  equivalent 
to  economic  warfare.  Was  all  this  to  continue  after  the  war  in, 
perhaps,  still  greater  degree,  with  still  cheaper  goods,  with  still 
higher  German  tariffs  against  British  goods? 

Steadily  but  surely,  in  2y%  years  of  war,  the  conviction  had 
grown  in  the  British  mind  that  there  must  be  a  change  in  British 
policy.  It  was  not  because  of  decreasing  trade — the  figures  showed 
a  war-time  total  in  Imports  of  £696,635,113  during  1914,  £851,893,- 
350  in  1915  and  £949,152,305  in  1916,  and  in  Exports  of  £430,721,- 
357,  £384,868,448  and  £506,545,443  respectively.  The  astounding 
increase,  in  this  period,  of  1,265  million  dollars  in  Imports  and  380 
millions  in  Exports — despite  the  loss  of  all  Teutonic  trade — was  a 
clear  proof  of  the  commercial  virility  of  the  British  people  and  of 
the  amazing  power  of  the  British  Navy.  But  it  was  obvious  that 
much  of  it  was  due  to  special  conditions  and,  to  retain  it  in  total  if 
not  in  detail,  would  require  immense  after-war  adjustments  in 
business  methods,  national  customers  and  tariffs.  One  of  these 
changes  would  be  in  the  reconstruction  and  up-building  of  Europe 
as  to  which  the  United  States  Foreign  Trade  Council  made  an 
arbitrary  estimate  of  $6,000,000,000  in  requirements.  Another 
would  be  found  in  meeting  the  enormous  loss  of  shipping  which — 
Allies  and  Neutral  alike — Germany  had  deliberately  undertaken 
and  which  amounted  at  the  end  of  this  year  to  at  least  5%  of  British 
and  as  much  more  of  the  other  countries  while  most  of  Germany's 
ships  remained  interned  in  her  own  or  neutral  harbours. 

The  basis  of  the  change  which  developed  in  British  thought 
can  be  easily  traced.  Mr.  Ruiiciman,  President  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  a  vigorous  free-trader  in  theory,  said  in  the  Commons 
on  Jan.  10 :  ' '  An  economic  war  should  be  well  within  the  range  of 
our  powers.  How  long  that  economic  war  is  to  be  waged  is  another 
matter.  At  any  rate  we  must  see  to  it  that  having  ended  this  War 
victoriously  we  do  not  give  Germany  a  chance  of  reconstructing  her 
commercial  position. ' '  Sir  Alfred  Mond,  one  of  the  most  vigorous 
old-time  members  of  the  Cobden  Club,  followed  with  the  admission 
that :  ' '  It  will  be  to  our  interest,  and  probably  necessary  for  politi- 
cal reasons,  to  take  steps  which  some  may  consider  economically 
unsound  in  order  to  tie  ourselves  and  our  Allies  closer  together." 
On  Feb.  2nd  a  Parliamentary  paper  was  issued  giving  the 
Report  of  a  Committee  appointed  by  Government  to  inquire  into 
measures  for  securing  certain  branches  of  British  industry  after 
the  War  and  it  included  many  detailed  recommendations — amongst 
them  the  declaration  that  Government  Departments  and  local 
authorities  should  buy  only  goods  produced  within  the  Empire  and 
the  following  Tariff  statement:  "We  are  of  opinion  that  where  the 
national  supply  of  certain  manufactured  articles,  which  are  of 
vital  importance  to  the  national  safety,  or  are  essential  to  other 
industries,  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  manufacturers  and  traders 
outside  this  country,  British  manufacturers  ready  to  undertake  the 
manufacture  of  such  articles  in  this  country  should  be  afforded 
sufficient  tariff  protection  to  enable  them  to  maintain  such  produc- 
tion after  the  War ;  and  that  (after  the  War)  it  will  be  necessary  to 


186  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

impose  some  widely  spread  import  duties,  and  we  are,  therefore, 
prepared  to  recommend  that  a  larger  proportion  of  the  revenue 
should  be  raised  by  reasonable  import  duties.  We  are  of  opinion 
that  such  import  duties  would  go  a  long  way  toward  satisfying  the 
requests  for  special  Protective  treatment  for  the  industries  which 
we  have  had  under  consideration." 

The  members  of  the  Committee  were  Sir  Algernon  Firth,  Presi- 
dent of  Associated  Chambers  of  Commerce,  A.  J.  Hobson,  Stanley 
Machin,  E.  Parkes,  M.P.,  and  Sir  Albert  Spicer,  M.P. — the  last  of 
whom  preferred  a  wider  scheme  to  a  "piece-meal  tariff"  dealing 
with  selected  industries.  The  tariff  rates  suggested  applied  to 
paper-printed  matter,  silverwares,  cutlery,  fancy  leather  goods, 
glassware,  china  and  earthenware,  toys  and  brushes,  and  ran  from 
10  to  33  1-3  per  cent,  ad-valorum  with,  in  two  cases,  prohibitive 
duties.  Following  this  the  Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce,  in 
the  heart  and  centre  of  the  free-trade  propaganda  of  sixty  years, 
on  Feb.  14  referred  back  to  its  Directors  by  988  to  527  a  Memoran- 
dum in  favour  of  Free  Trade  and  against  Protective  tariffs;  the 
Edinburgh  Chamber  of  Commerce  had  already  (Jan.  27)  declared 
that  "under  no  circumstances  ought  it  to  be  possible  for  foreign 
countries,  after  the  War,  to  dump  their  manufactures  on  our  mar- 
kets to  the  detriment  of  our  manufactures  and  consequent  unem- 
ployment of  our  workpeople;  and  for  this  purpose,  as  well  as  for 
the  encouragement  and  extension  of  inter-Imperial  trade  and 
development  of  trade  with  our  Allies,  a  discriminating  Customs 
tariff  is  necessary,  and  should  be  prepared  forthwith." 

The  Associated  Chambers  of  Commerce  met  in  London  on  Feb. 
29  and  passed  Resolutions  declaring  it  desirable  to  make  provision 
(1)  for  preferential  reciprocal  trading  relations  between  all  parts 
of  the  Empire;  (2)  for  reciprocal  trading  relations  between  the 
Empire  and  the  Allied  countries;  (3)  for  the  favourable  treatment 
of  neutral  countries;  and  (4)  for  restricting,  by  tariffs  and  other- 
wise, trade  relations  with  all  enemy  countries,  so  as  to  render 
dumping  and  a  return  to  pre-war  conditions  impossible,  and  for 
stimulating  the  development  of  home  manufacture  and  the  conse- 
quent increased  employment  of  native  labour.  The  following 
quotations — it  is  superfluous  to  quote  Conservative  opinion — in- 
dicate the  further  growth  of  the  Protective  sentiment : 

The  Earl  of  Rosebery — Liberal  and  Free-trader : 

There  are  two  points  on  which  I  think  we  should  be  prepared  to  disregard 
pre-conceived  notions.  One  is  the  question  of  tariffs,  as  to  which  we  shall  have 
to  reconsider,  I  suspect,  many  of  our  previous  formulas,  and  by  which  we  can- 
not be  hampered  in  the  prosecution  of  a  successful  foreign  trade.  The  other 
is  this.  As  you  are  aware,  the  Foreign  Office  has  always  had  the  greatest  anti- 
pathy to  their  consular  agents  engaging  in  promoting  commerce  of  particular 
firms  in  foreign  countries.  I  think  the  laissez  aller  policy  will  have  to  be 
abandoned. — At  Edinburgh,  Jan.  20. 

Lord  Joicey — Liberal  and  Free-trader : 

It  would  be  absolutely  necessary  for  us  to  impose  some  tariffs  upon 
imports  which  we  could  manufacture  to  protect  ourselves  from  the  inroads  of 
the  enemy.  He  had  been  a  Free-trader  all  his  life,  but  he  quite  realized  the 
necessity,  for  revenue  purposes,  of  imposing  these  tariffs. — At  Newcastle, 
Feb.  1. 


THE  EMPIRE  AFTER  THE  WAR;  NEW  ECONOMIC  POLICIES      187 

Harold  Cox,  ex-M.p. — Cobden  Club  leader: 

The  principle  may  be  safely  accepted  that  where  it  is  clear  that  any 
particular  commodity  is  required  either  for  the  needs  of  the  Navy  or  the  Army 
or  for  those  of  any  commercially  important  group  of  home  industries,  then 
steps  should  be  taken  to  prevent  the  supply  of  this  commodity  being  cut  off  by 
a  possibly  hostile  foreign  nation.  ...  To  that  end  the  best  means  may 
conceivably  be  the  imposition  of  a  tariff  so  as  to  encourage  the  home  produc- 
tion of  the  commodity  in  question. — In  Sunday  Times,  Feb.  6. 

Rt.  Hon.  John  Hodge,  M.P. — Labour  Leader  and  Free-trader : 

It  appears  to  those  with  whom  I  have  spoken,  as  it  does  to  myself,  that 
we  cannot  permit  Germany  the  freedom  of  our  markets  which  she  had  in  times 
past.  ...  It,  therefore,  behooves  those  who  formerly  held  Free-trade 
opinions,  to  make  it  known  to  the  Coalition  Government  that  all  those  notions 
tave  been  placed  in  the  melting-pot,  and  that  we  are  prepared  to  reconsider 
the  position  .free  from  the  trammels  of  party. — In  The  People,  Feb.  27. 

Following  the  Paris  Conference  in  June  it  was  announced  on 
July  19  that  the  Prime  Minister  had  appointed  a  Committee  to 
consider  the  commercial  and  industrial  policy  to  be  adopted  after 
the  War,  with  special  reference  to  the  conclusions  reached  at  the 
Economic  Conference  of  the  Allies,  and  to  the  following  questions : 
(1)  What  industries  are  essential  to  the  future  safety  of  the 
nation,  and  what  steps  should  be  taken  to  maintain  or  establish 
them;  (2)  what  steps  should  be  taken  to  recover  home  and  foreign 
trade  lost  during  the  War,  and  to  secure  new  markets;  (3)  to  what 
extent  and  by  what  means  the  resources  of  the  Empire  should  and 
can  be  developed ;  and  (4)  to  what  extent  and  by  what  means  the 
resources  of  supply  within  the  Empire  can  be  prevented  from  fall- 
ing under  foreign  control.  The  Committee  was  composed  as  fol- 
lows: Lord  Balfour  of  Burleigh,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G.  (Chairman),  Arthur 
Balfour,  H.  Gosling,  W.  A.  S.  Hewins,  M.P.,  Alfred  Illingworth, 
M.P.,  Sir  J.  P.  Maclay,  Bart.,  the  Et.  Hon.  Sir  A.  Mond,  Bart.,  M.P., 
Arthur  Pease,  R.  E.  Prothero,  M.P.,  Sir  Frederick  H.  Smith,  Bart., 
and  G.  J.  Wardle,  M.P.,  together  with  the  heads  of  various  Govern- 
ment Committees  on  associated  subjects.* 

Meantime  there  had  been  some  vigorous  opposition  led  by  the 
Manchester  Guardian  and  London  News  and  Leader  and  by  such 
men  as  the  Directors  of  the  Manchester  Chamber  of  Commerce — 
of  whom  30  out  of  33  resigned,  following  the  Chamber's  repudia- 
tion of  Free-trade.  In  the  Daily  News  on  July  6  was  published  a 
letter  signed  by  a  number  of  prominent  Free-traders  and  recording 
the  emphatic  opinion  that  no  reason  existed  for  changing  the  fiscal 
policy  of  Britain.  ''This  War  has  proved  the  strength  of  Free 
trade  and  the  weakness  of  Protection  at  home  and  abroad.  After 
the  War  free  trade  will  be  more  needful  than  ever  to  Great  Britain 
and  the  British  Empire,  for  it  is  only  by  returning  to  cheap  pro- 
duction and  unfettered  intercourse  with  all  nations  that  we  shall 
be  able  to  resume  our  commercial  and  manufacturing  superiority, 
and  to  find  from  our  incomes  the  huge  revenue  necessary  to  pay 
pensions  to  the  victims  of  war,  and  interest  on  a  dead-weight  debt 
of  unexampled  magnitude."  Amongst  the  signatories  were  Earl 
Beauchamp,  Lord  Ashton  of  Hyde,  Sir  Hugh  Bell,  Earl  Brassey, 

*NOTE.— The  Report  issued  in  1917  was  favourable  to  a  measure  of  Protection  and 
to  Preferential  tariffs. 


188 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Viscount  Bryce,  Lords  Courtney  of  Penwith,  Farrer  and  Evers- 
ley,  the  Earl  of  Loreburn,  Sir  John  Simon,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  John 
Burns,  F.  W.  Hirst  and  H.  W.  Massingham,  Lord  Weardale  and 
ten  not  very  well  known  members  of  the  Commons. 

Back  of  the  changed  viewpoint  of  so  many  men  and  interests 
was  the  idea  of  an  Empire  trade  and  fiscal  policy.  Mr.  Bonar  Law, 
Colonial  Secretary,  put  this  clearly  when  he  said  on  Feb.  20  in  the 
New  York  Tribune:  "The  Allies  will  very  probably  enter  into  an 
economic  entente  with  one  another  and  the  British  Empire  will  have 
to  rely  more  on  its  own  resources  and  the  War  will  have  shown  us 
how  this  can  be  done."  In  a  speech  on  June  23  he  was  more 
explicit:  "The  value  of  a  change  in  fiscal  policy  in  the  past  has 
always  depended,  in  my  opinion,  on  its  use  as  a  means  of  securing 
a  closer  union  of  the  British  Empire."  As  the  issue  developed  he 
further  amplified  the  view  which  Mr.  Chamberlain  had  first  pre- 
sented to  the  people  and,  in  addressing  the  Unionist  National  Asso- 
ciation on  Aug.  9  said:  "There  may  be  a  fight  (on  the  fiscal  issue) 
but  I  ask  you  to  remember  what  is  always  present  in  my  mind, 
that  behind  any  trade  question  in  connection  with  this  there  is  a 
bigger  question.  Behind  all  there  is  the  question  of  the  closer  union 
of  the  British  Empire. ' '  The  following  table*  of  progressive  pro- 
duction in  the  Empire  illustrates  the  scope  there  was  for  develop- 
ment: 


Staple   Articles 

Coal     ,. Value— £ 

Iron-Ore     Tons 

Pig-iron Tons 

Diamonds    Value — £ 

Gold    Value — £ 

Silver    Value — £ 

Copper    .:  .Value — £ 

Tin    Value — £ 

Wheat    Bushels 

Barley    Bushels 

Oats .  Bushels 

Maize Bushels 

Tea     : Lbs. 

Cocoa     .  .  < Lbs. 

Coffee       Lbs. 

Raw    Sugar    .    Lbs. 

Rubber    Lbs. 

Cotton    Lbs. 

Jute     Lbs. 


Average    Yearly 

during 

1899-1903  " 

105,800,000 

14,500,000 

9,000,000 

4,700,000 

23,500,00u 

1,000,000 

3,200,000 

6,700,000 

452,400,000 

103,000,000 

341,900,000 

36.300,000 

339,700,000 

57,500,000 

42,600,000 

5,833,000,000 

7,100,000 

1,066,700,000 

2,656,000,000 


Production    in    the    British    Empire 
3   periods  of   5   years   each 


1904-1908 
110,800,000 
16,200,000 
10,000,000 
7,300,000 
48,400,000 
2,200,000 
5,100,000 
9,300,000 
515,700,000 
115,300,000 
409,300,000 
41,600,000 
410,100,000 
89,900,000 
43,100,000 
6,091,000,000 
10,300,000 
1,524,200,000 
3,270,000,000 


1909-1913 
134.200,000 
17,000,000 
10,500,000 
8,900,000 
56,400,000 
4,500,000 
5,300,000 
11,100,000 
702,200,000 
124,200,000 
536,100,000 
44,000,000 
470,800,000 
163,300,000 
41,000,000 
6,940,000,000 
47,900,000 


1,754,000,000 
3,343,000,000 

In  the  Commons  on  Jan.  10  W.  A.  S.  Hewins  moved  a  Resolu- 
tion which  passed  unanimously  and  stated  that  "with  a  view  to 
increasing  the  power  of  the  Allies  in  the  prosecution  of  the  War, 
His  Majesty's  Government  should  enter  into  immediate  consulta- 
tion with  the  Governments  of  the  Dominions  in  order,  with  their 
aid,  to  bring  the  whole  economic  strength  of  the  Empire  into  co- 
operation with  our  Allies  in  a  policy  directed  against  the  enemy." 
It  was  pointed  out  during  the  debate  that  in  1913,  before  the  War, 
Germany  had  sent  48  per  cent,  of  its  exports  or  $1,026,000,000  to 
Britain  and  her  Allies.  In  many  discussions  and  speeches  and  press 
editorials  throughout  the  year  this  Empire  co-operation  in  war  and 
trade  was  accentuated  until  at  its  close  the  calling  of  a  War  Council 
brought  the  former  phase  of  the  matter  to  a  climax. 

*NOTS. — Compiled  by  John  Holt  Schooling,  a  British  statistician  and  authority  on 
Trade  subjects. 


THE  EMPIRE  AFTER  THE  WAR  ;  NEW  ECONOMIC  POLICIES      189 

It  is  true  that  the  Dominions  were  not  directly  represented  at 
the  Allies '  Paris  Conference  but  Mr.  Hughes  and  Sir  George  Foster 
were  there  as  British  Delegates ;  neither  were  they  included  on  the 
Committee  elsewhere  referred  to  and  which  was  appointed  to  report 
on  British  industries  and  the  War;  but  as  to  the  latter  The  Times 
of  July  20  asked  why  this  had  not  been  done.  "We  have  urged 
again  and  again  that  the  proper  course  was  to  determine  upon  an 
Imperial  policy  in  consultation  with  the  Dominions  before  we  went 
to  the  Paris  Conference  at  all.  This  could  easily  have  been  done, 
but  it  was  not  done."  Another  sign  of  the  times  was  the  official 
proposal — Report  of  Committee  on  Financial  Facilities  for  Trade — 
to  establish  a  British  Trade  Bank  under  Royal  charter  with  a 
capital  of  £10,000,000  for  the  purpose  of  filling  "a  gap  between 
the  Home  banks  and  the  Colonial  and  British-foreign  banks  and 
banking  houses,  and  to  develop  facilities  not  provided  by  the  pre- 
sent systems. ' '  Two  important  duties  were  specifically  mentioned : 
"If  financial  assistance  is  given  by  the  Government  to  undertak- 
ings in  connection  with  what  are  known  as  'key'  industries,  the 
business  should,  if  possible,  be  done  through  the  medium  of  this 
institution.  In  the  financial  operations  of  the  institution  the  desir- 
ability of  assisting  British  trade  and  of  placing  with  British  manu- 
facturers orders  in  connection  with  new  undertakings  should  be 
always  borne  in  mind." 

Meanwhile,  the  Dominions  expressed  themselves  upon  occasion 
as  strongly  favourable  to  Preferential  trade  and  tariffs — as.  to 
which  they  were  all  on  practical  record  by  a  British  preference 
clause  in  their  own  tariffs.  Mr.  Hughes  of  Australia,  in  the 
speeches  which  so  aroused  England,  took  strong  fiscal  ground.  Mr. 
Premier  Massey  expressed  the  New  Zealand  idea  in  a  Times 
interview  on  Oct.  17  as  follows:  "There  is,  I  believe,  a  strong 
and  growing  desire  in  all  the  outlying  parts  of  our  Empire  for 
closer  and  larger  commercial  intercourse,  not  only  with  the  Mother- 
land, but  between  themselves.  Mutual  interests  point  to  the  de- 
sirability of  increased  and  freer  interchange  of  our  respective 
products.  Obviously,  this  may  be  promoted  and  expedited  by  the 
adoption  of  the  principle  of  preferential  treatment  as  is  proved  by 
the  satisfactory  reciprocal  arrangements  which  at  present  exist  in 
certain  portions  of  the  oversea  Dominions."  Canada's  position  was 
one  of  unanimity  in  willingness  to  accept  a  British  preference,  if 
offered;  but  with  strong  objections  on  the  Liberal  side  of  politics 
to  pressing  any  fiscal  change  on  the  British  people  and  with  con- 
siderable love  for  Free-trade  ideals  in  the  rank  and  fyle  of  that 
Party. 

As  to  South  Africa  little  was  said  officially  but,  on  Apr.  3,  the 
Johannesburg  Chamber  of  Commerce  passed  Resolutions  which 
embodied  the  feeling  of  the  English  part  of  the  population  of  the 
Union  and  the  views  of  many  Boer  followers  of  Generals  Botha 
and  Smuts.  They  began  by  the  declaration  that  "a  return  to  pre- 
war conditions  in  regard  to  trading  with  enemy  nations  would  be 
contrary  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Empire"  and  recommended 
(1)  the'  desirability  of  co-operation  between  the  Imperial  Govern- 


190  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ment  and  the  Dominions  so  as  to  make  the  Empire  self-supporting ; 

(2)  that  the  Imperial  and  Dominion  Governments  should  encour- 
age the  production  and  utilization  of  raw  materials  and  manufac- 
tured goods  within  the  Empire  under  such  legislative  conditions 
as  will  prevent  their  being  controlled  by  or  on  behalf  of  foreigners ; 

(3)  that  the  Imperial  and  Dominion  Governments  should  encour- 
age for  a  period  of  years  the  continuance,  by  subsidy  or  otherwise, 
of  new  and  'Key'  industries  within  the  Empire;  and  (4)  that  the 
various   Governments  of  the  Empire  should  take  steps  for  the 
development  of  technical  instruction  and  scientific  research,  and 
their  adaptation  to  industrial  and  commercial  ends." 

They  also  urged,  for  the  Union  itself,  Preferential  arrangements 
with  all  Empire  countries  and  reciprocal  relations  with  other  coun- 
tries— but  in  no  case  on  an  equality  with  the  British  Empire ; 
prohibitive  tariffs  against  the  present  enemy  countries,  differential 
charges  against  their  shipping,  prohibition  of  entry  for  their  trade 
catalogues,  price  lists  and  advertising  matter.  They  desired,  also, 
the  internment  of  all  alien  enemies  and  their  elimination  from 
business  firms  and  companies;  that  " enemy  subjects  holding  certi- 
ficates of  British  naturalization  shall  be  required  to  obtain  within 
12  months  of  the  conclusion  of  Peace  papers  of  denaturalization 
from  the  country  of  their  origin ; ' '  and  that  no  further  immigra- 
tion of  such  persons  be  allowed  after  the  War.  On  Sept.  14  the 
South  African  Chambers  of  Commerce  closed  their  Cape  Town 
meeting,  after  discussing  various  phases  of  the  War,  by  passing 
Resolutions  along  the  line  of  the  Johannesburg  Chamber's  views. 

Not  only  were  the  Paris  Conference  conclusions  approved  in 
a  general  motion,  but  an  omnibus  Resolution  was  unanimously 
adopted  recommending,  among  other  things,  a  South  African  Cus- 
toms tariff  amendment  which  should :  ( 1 )  give  a  substantial  rebate 
on  the  products  and  manufactures  of  the  British  Empire;  (2) 
recognize  the  principle  of  reciprocal  preference  to  the  Allies;  (3) 
establish  reciprocal  tariff  relations  with  other  countries  ' '  but  in  no 
case  placing  such  countries  on  an  equality  with  the  British  Empire 
or  the  Allies;"  (4)  organize  a  special  tariff  against  enemy  coun- 
tries on  such  a  scale  and  for  such  a  period  as  the  coming  Imperial 
Conference  may  decide.  The  Resolution  also  contained  a  recom- 
mendation for  differential  charges  against  all  enemy  shipping  to 
South  African  ports. 

BRITISH   EMPIEE   WAR   NOTES. 

Jan.  1st. — The  official  statement  of  the  Rhodes  Trust  for  1914-15  stated 
that  only  18  Colonial  scholars  were  in  residence  at  Oxford.  The  full  number 
would  be  81,  or  27  from  Canada,  18  from  Australia,  3  each  from  New  Zealand, 
Newfoundland,  Jamaica  and  Bermuda,  and  24  from  South  Africa.  All  the 
others  had  enlisted  and,  of  the  18,  five  were  seeking  commissions,  4  were 
unable  to  serve  and  6  were  advised  to  continue  their  Medical  studies.  Alto- 
gether 167  had  joined  the  Army. 

Feb.  llth. — It  was  announced  that  the  New  South  Wales  Cabinet  had 
decided  that  in  purchasing  supplies  for  the  Public  service  ten  per  cent,  pre- 
ference would  be  extended  the  local  British  or  Empire  manufactures. 


BRITISH  EMPIRE  WAR  NOTES  191 

Feb.  22nd. — Lord  Lansdowne  announced  in  the  House  of  Lords  that  the 
Government  was  turning  over  all  matters  connected  with  the  blockade  of  Ger- 
many to  a  special  Cabinet  Minister  and  that  Lord  Eobert  Ceci},  M.P.,  Under- 
secretary for  Foreign  Affairs  and  a  son  of  the  late  Lord  Salisbury  and  cousin 
of  Mr.  Balfour,  had  been  appointed  Minister  of  Blockade  and  Contraband. 

Mar.  8th. — The  British  Prime  Minister,  in  answer  to  an  inquiry,  stated 
that  the  number  of  British  non-combatants  who  had  been  killed  or  drowned  by 
the  enemy  were  as  follows: 

Men 

By   bombardment    49 

In  air  raids 127 

Total     176  131  96  408 

The  number  of  non-combatants  who  had  lost  their  lives  on  British  mer- 
chant vessels  and  fishing  vessels,  by  enemy  action,  between  Aug.  4,  1914,  and 
Mar.  8,  1936,  was  approximately  2,750. 

Mar.  19th. — H.  E.  H.  The  Prince  of  Wales  arrived  in  Egypt  after  service 
on  the  Western  front  to  act  as  Staff  Captain  to  General  Murray  in  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  Forces. 

Mar.  31st. — H.  M.  The  King  addressed  a  statement  to  the  Prime  Minister 
placing  £100,000,  or  $500,000,  of  his  personal  income  at  the  disposal  of  the 
Government  for  war  purposes. 

Apr.  4th. — The  Headmaster  of  Eton,  the  Eev.  and  Hon.  E.  Lyttleton,  D.D., 
tendered  his  resignation  of  the  Headmastership  which  he  had  held  since  1905. 
It  was  accepted  and  the  disgrace  of  having  a  Pacificist  head,  with  pro-German 
affiliations,  was  removed  from  the  famous  old  School. 

Apr.  20th. — It  was  officially  announced  that  H.  M.  the  King-Emperor 
had  been  pleased  to  sanction  the  grant  of  a  salute  of  11  guns  and  the  rank 
and  status  of  a  First  Class  Chief  of  the  Bombay  Presidency,  for  life,  to  His 
Highness  Aga  Sultan  Sir  Mahomed  Shah,  Aga  Khan,  G.C.S.I.,  G.C.I.E.  This  very 
exceptional  honour  conferred  upon  His  Highness  was  the  more  noteworthy  as 
his  authority  was  spiritual  and  not  territorial.  Many  millions  of  Islamiah 
Moslems,  not  only  in  India  and  on  its  frontiers,  but  elsewhere  in  Asia  and  in 
various  parts  of  Africa,  owed  him  spiritual  allegiance,  but  there  was  no  State 
in  India  where  he  held  sway  as  ruler.  His  services  to  the  British  cause  in  the 
War  had  been  so  great  as  to  merit  any  honour  and  he  had  even  offered  to  serve 
the  King-Emperor  as  a  Private  in  the  ranks. 

June  1st. — A  despatch  from  Major-General  Sir  Charles  M.  Dobell — a 
Canadian  by  family  and  birth — gave  the  history  of  the  conquest  of  Kamerun 
with  a  Force  composed  of  British,  French  and  Belgian  troops  and  9,700  Indian 
and  West  African  native  soldiers.  The  country  covered  306,000  square 
miles  or  1%  times  the  size  of  Germany,  and  was  defended  by  a  well- 
trained,  well-led  native  force  with  plenty  of  machine  guns.  Yaunde,  the 
Capital,  was  finally  occupied  early  in  January,  1916,  with  several  detachments 
which  after  fighting  and  marching  for  17  months  amidst  the  greatest  of  tropi- 
cal and  geographical  difficulties  had  converged  on  their  objective  within  a 
few  days  of  one  another. 

June  29th. — The  Prime  Minister  announced  that  an  interim  official  History 
of  the  War  was  under  preparation  from  material  collected  by  the  Historical 
Section  of  the  Committee  of  Imperial  Defence.  There  would  be  three  sections: 
Naval — Entrusted  to  Mr.  Julian  Corbett  (Barrister-at-law  and  Lecturer  in 
History  to  the  Naval  War  College)  ;  Military — Entrusted  to  Mr.  John  Fortescue 
(Librarian  at  Windsor  Castle  since  1905) ;  and  Trade — Entrusted  to  the  Garton 
Foundation. 

July  6th. — The  King  conferred  an  Earldom  upon  Et.  Hon.  Sir  Edward 
Grey,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Secretary  for  Foreign  Affairs.  At  Sir  Edward's  request, 
and  in  view,  presumably,  of  an  Earldom  of  Grey  already  existing,  he  was 
allowed  to  take  a  lesser  dignity  and  became  Viscount  Grey  of  Falloden. 


192  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

July  31st. — Australian  Contributions  to  War  Funds  to  this  date,  estimated 
from  semi-official  sources,  were  as  follows:  Victoria,  £1,489,906;  New  South 
Wales,  £2,399,683 ;  South  Australia,  £509,000 ;  Tasmania,  £139,703 ;  Queensland, 
£923,487;  Western  Australia,  £295,782.  The  total  was  £5,757,561. 

Aug.  4th. — King  George  sent  a  despatch  to  the  King  of  the  Belgians 
promising  that  the  Allies  would  "liberate  Belgium  and  restore  her  to  the  full 
enjoyment  of  national  and  economic  independence"  and  to  the  Allied  States 
in  identic  terms  as  follows:  "On  this  day,  the  2nd  anniversary  of  the  com- 
mencement of  the  great  conflict  in  which  my  country  and  her  gallant  Allies 
are  engaged,  I  desire  to  convey  to  you  my  steadfast  resolution  to  prosecute  the 
War  until  our  united  efforts  have  attained  the  objects  for  which  we  in  com- 
mon have  taken  up  arms.  I  feel  assured  that  you  are  in  accord  with  me  in  the 
determination  that  the  sacrifices  which  our  valiant  troops  have  so  nobly  made 
shall  not  have  been  offered  in  vain,  and  that  the  liberties  for  which  they  are 
fighting  shall  be  fully  guaranteed  and  secured. — (Signed)  GEORGE  R.I. 

Aug.  12th. — The  King,  after  some  days  in  the  trenches  and  amongst  his 
soldiers  of  the  British  Army  in  France,  met  and  conferred  at  a  certain  French 
chateau  with  President  Poincare,  General  Joffre,  General  Foch  and  Sir  Douglas 
Haig.  His  Majesty  visited  many  parts  of  the  Front  and  was  frequently  under 
fire.  A  Message  to  the  troops  was  issued  on  the  15th:  "Do  not  think  that  I 
and  your  fellow-countrymen  forget  the  heavy  sacrifices  the  armies  have  made 
and  the  bravery  and  endurance  they  have  displayed  during  the  two  years  of 
bitter  conflict.  These  sacrifices  have  not  been  in  vain.  The  arms  of  the  Allies 
will  never  be  laid  down  until  our  cause  has  triumphed.  I  return  home  more 
than  ever  proud  of  you.  May  God  guide  you  to  victory." 

Sept.  15th. — Lieut.  Raymond  Asquith,  son  of  the  Prime  Minister,  was 
killed  in  action.  He  was  38  years  old,  a  graduate  of  Oxford  and  had  been 
President  of  the  famous  Oxford  Union,  a  prominent  barrister,  and  one  of  the 
most  promising  of  the  younger  men  in  British  public  life.  Lieut.  Arthur 
Asquith,  a  brother,  was  in  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve  at  this  time,  and  Lieut. 
Herbert  Asquith  had  been  wounded  at  the  Dardanelles  in  June,  1915. 

Oct.  1st. — A  despatch  from  Gen.  Sir  Archibald  Murray  described  the 
operations  of  the  Forces  in  Egypt  from  Jan.  1  to  May  31,  1916,  and  dealt 
with  a  campaign  covering  a  front  of  1,000  miles  in  the  west  and  90  in  the 
east,  with  the  construction  of  252  miles  of  railway  and  114  miles  of  road. 
During  the  period,  also,  at  Salonika  he  reported  that  200  miles  of  deep 
trenches,  710  emplacements  for  guns,  230  strong  posts,  160  miles  of  barbed 
wire  and  1,300  miles  of  telegraph  cable  had  been  completed. 

Oct.  15th. — It  was  officially  stated  in  the  Commons  that  the  number  of 
German  prisoners  of  war  in  British  hands  was  as  follows: — Military  officers, 
729;  other  ranks,  36,165;  Naval  officers,  150;  other  ranks,  1,976 — total  39,020. 
The  approximate  net  number  of  British  prisoners  of  war  interned  in  Germany 
was: — Military  officers,  923;  other  ranks,  28,770;  Naval  officers,  47;  other 
ranks,  361 — total  30,101. 

Dec.  2nd. — Major-General  Sir  Stanley  Von  Donop,  the  Master-General  of 
the  Ordnance,  under  whom .  British  munitions  and  artillery  had  assumed  such 
deplorable  conditions  and  whose  power  had  been  minimized  by  D.  Lloyd 
George's  appointment  as  Minister  of  Munitions,  was  relieved  of  his  position 
and  replaced  by  Major-General  Wm.  T.  Nurse. 

Dec.  31st. — Official  estimates  of  a  necessarily  partial  nature  showed  $500,- 
000  contributed  in  the  Union  of  South  Africa  and  sent  to  England  for  charit- 
able and  other  War  purposes  up  to  the  end  of  1916,  together  with  $2,500,000 
collected  for  the  Governor-General's  Patriotic  Fund  and  large  sums  contri- 
buted to  the  South  African  Hospital  and  Comforts  Fund,  London,  the  Red 
Cross,  Cape  Town,  the  Anglo-French  Ambulance,  Cannes,  France,  and  the 
Gifts  and  Comforts  Organization,  Cape  Town. 


THE   UNITED  STATES  AND  THE  WAR 


The  General  War-time  prosperity  gripped  the  Republic  during 

isYe^proaper-  1916  with  a  power  which  influenced  international 
sty,  Pacificism  relations,  affected  political  issues,  controlled  financial 
and  Pre-  policy  and  chloroformed  individual  convictions.  It 

pared  ness  was  Often  quite  an  indirect,  sometimes  an  almost  in- 

visible, power;  in  centres  like  New  York  it  was  a  direct,  potent, 
obvious  force.  As  F.  A.  Vanderlip,  President  of  the  National  City 
Bank,  put  it  in  a  Chicago  address  (Dec.  16)  :  "We  have  always 
known  that  nature  had  been  lavish,  that  in  a  material  way  every- 
thing was  ready  at  hand  and  needed  but  industry,  thrift  and  right- 
living  to  bring  material  success  to  the  country  and  to  all  of  its 
people.  But  on  top  of  that  comes  what  seems  almost  a  conspiracy 
of  events  to  test  our  moral  fibre — a  flood-tide  of  wealth,  of  oppor- 
tunity, which,  added  to  our  resources,  puts  upon  the  people  of 
this  country  a  responsibility  of  trusteeship  to  the  world.  We  are 
like  the  heir  of  an  enormously  wealthy  father.  None  too  well 
trained,  none  too  experienced,  with  the  pleasure-loving  qualities  of 
youth,  we  have  suddenly,  by  a  world  tragedy,  been  made  heir  to 
the  greatest  estate  of  opportunity  that  imagination  ever  pictured." 

The  year  1915  had  been  one  of  economic  recovery  in  the  United 
States  with  a  gradual  shifting  of  much  financial  power  from  Lon- 
don to  New  York  and  an  excess  of  Exports  over  Imports  totalling 
1,750  million  dollars;  that  of  1916  was  one  of  leaping  prosperity 
and  even  higher  production  and  exports  until,  by  the  close  of  the 
year,  the  excess  of  Exports  was  3,100  millions.  The  U.  S.  Secretary 
of  Commerce  stated  the  figures  for  the  fiscal  year  in  his  annual 
Report  as  follows :  Imports  of  merchandise  in  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1916,  $2,197,883,510  and  Exports  $4,333,658,865,  or  a  total 
favourable  balance  for  the  fiscal  year  of  $2,135,775,355.  For  the 
calendar  year  1916  there  was  a  larger  balance — the  Imports  being 
$2,360,000,000  or  32%  increase  over  1915,  and  the  Exports  $5,460,- 
000,000  or  55%  over  1915  and  157%  over  1914— making  the  favour- 
able total  of  $4,800,000,000.  As  to  this  trade  condition  0.  P. 
Austin  of  the  Statistical  Department  of  the  National  City  Bank, 
New  York,  estimated  (New  York  Tribune,  Nov.  19)  the  internal 
trade  of  the  United  States  at  $40,000,000,000  or  about  the  same  as 
the  normal  external  commerce  of  the  rest  of  the  world  and,  in  this 
connection,  he  calculated  the  yearly  value  of  manufactured  pro- 
ducts, the  $10,000,000,000  product  of  farms,  and  that  of  mines,  for- 
ests and  fisheries,  with  the  total  imports — though  he  did  not  appar- 
ently deduct  the  exports. 

Meanwhile  against  the  United  States  trade  balances  the  net 

import  of  gold— over  and  above  exports— was  $541,800,000  in  1916 

and  $420,529,000  in  1915  compared  with  an  unfavourable  balance 

in  1914  of  $165,000,000.    During  the  war  period  of  29  months  the 

13  [193] 


194  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

net  import  of  gold  was. 838  millions  while  at  the  end  of  1916  there 
were  2,845  millions  altogether  in  the  country.  In  this  connection 
H.  P.  Davison  of  the  Morgan  firm  told  the  New  York  Tribune 
(Nov.  4)  :  "There  is  danger — a  very  grave  danger — to  the  United 
States  in  the  continued  imports  of  gold.  Naturally  the  wealth  of 
the  world  won't  stay  here  after  peace  is  restored,  and  if  the  infla- 
tion which  gold  brings  is  too  great  there  will  be  peril  in  the  con- 
traction which  must  follow.  We  will  have  no  monopoly  of  the 
world's  business  after  the  War,  as  we  have  no  monopoly  of  genius  or 
industry."  Meanwhile,  however,  the  nation  was  turning  from  a 
borrowing  to  a  lending  people  and  the  imports  of  gold  already  made 
had  given  it  an  estimated  basis  for  a  $6,000,000,000  expansion  of 
credit. 

During  the  years  1914  and  1915  the  United  States  had  sold 
4,800  millions  more  to  the  world  than  it  had  bought  and  was  rapidly 
changing  from  a  debtor  to  a  creditor  nation;  it  held  nearly  one- 
half  of  the  world's  whole  stock  of  gold  in  its  possession  with,  also, 
1,500  millions  of  repatriated  railway  and  industrial  securities  on 
which  interest  had  been  payable  abroad.  President  L.  F.  Loree, 
of  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  Railway,  estimated  that  "foreign  hold- 
ings of  American  railway  securities,  which  on  Jan.  31,  1915,  were 
of  the  aggregate  par  value  of  $2,704,402,364,  had  been  reduced 
by  liquidation  to  $1,415,628,563  on  July  31"  while  2,500  millions 
of  interest-bearing  foreign-Government  notes  had  been  acquired. 
Such  a  condition  and  such  changes  produced  much  speculation  in 
financial  circles,  a  flood  of  theoretical  statements  in  the  press,  and 
many  indirect  results.  One  of  the  latter  was  an  increase  of  loans 
and  discounts  in  all  the  banking  institutions  totalling  2,000  millions 
— according  to  the  New  York  Tribune  financial  review  of  the  year ; 
another  was  the  receipt  in  1916  of  more  than  half-a-billion  in  gold 
over  and  above  that  shipped  out  of  the  country. 

General  and  individual  extravagance  prevailed,  higher  and 
higher  prices  and  wages  met  increased  local  and  international  de- 
mands— steel,  cotton,  tin  and  copper  being  conspicuous  instances  of 
the  advance  in  price  with  20%  as  Bradsireet's  estimate  for  the  1916 
average  increase;  materials  for  shipment  abroad  increased  in 
demand  as  did  domestic  requirements  for  supplies  and  luxuries  at 
home,  so  that  railways  ran  out  of  cars  to  meet  the  combination  and 
freights  went  still  higher.  Iron  production  increased  in  average 
daily  output  by  22%  above  the  highest  of  pre-war  figures  and 
railway  gross  earnings  were  19%  above  1915.  Money,  however, 
grew  tight  toward  the  close  of  the  year  and  the  stock  market 
suffered  severe  fluctuations,  while  the  yield  of  all  the  great  cereal 
crops  was  less  than  in  1914  and  1915— the  639,000,000-bushel 
wheat  crop  comparing  with  1,000,000,000  bushels  in  1915  and  with 
891,000,000  in  1914,  and  being,  in  fact,  the  smallest  since  1904. 
There  was  a  reduced  yield  in  other  grains  which  brought  the  total 
yield  of  the  five  great  cereal  crops  to  4,703,000,000  bushels,  as 
against  5,882,000,000  in  1915,  with  4,942,000,000  in  1914.*  Only 

*NOTE. — New  York  Post,  Financial  Summary. 


U.  S.  PROSPERITY,  PACIFICISM  AND  PREPAREDNESS 


195 


tremendous  industrial  prosperity  could  have  countered  this  short- 
age without  a  clear  depression  in  business.  The  following  estimate, 
in  detail,  of  orders  in  hand  for  Munitions  and  explosives  totalling 
$2,000,000,000  in  value  was  published  in  Julyt : 

Company  Gross  Amount 


AEtna    Explosives     $30,000,000 


American    Can 

American   Car    and   Foundry 

American    Locomotive     

American    Brake    Shoe     .... 
Baldwin   Locomotive   Works 
American    Steel    Foundries    . 

American   Woollen    Co 

Bethlehem   Steel    

Canadian  Car  and  Foundry 

Crucible    Steel     

Curtiss    Aeroplane    

Du    Pont    Powder    

Driggs-Seabury    Ordnance     . 

Electric   Boat    

General    Electric     

Hercules    Powder     

Lackawanna    Steel    

New  York   Air   Brake    

Midvale   Steel    

Pressed   Steel   Car    

Studebaker     

Westinghouse    Air    Brake    .  . 
Westmghouse   Electric    


41,000,000 
7,300,000 
50,000,000 
10,000,000 

143,000000 
18,000,000 
30,000,000 

300,000,000 

146,000,000 
90,000,000 
15,000,000 

200,000,000 
40,000,000 

100,000,000 
69,000,000 
25,000,000 
10,000,000 
20,000,000 
60,000,000 
15,000,000 
20,000,000 
18,000,000 
44,000,000 


Material 
Exposives 
Shells 
Shells 
Shells 
Shells 

Shells    and    rifles 
Forgings 
Blankets,    etc. 
Shells,    guns,    etc. 
Shrapnel 
Miscellaneous 
Aeroplanes 
Powder 
Gu,ns,    shells 
Boats,    etc. 
Various 
Cordite 

Rails,    shrapnel 
Shrapnel 

Shells,  rifles,  rails 
Miscellaneous 
Vehicles,    etc. 
Shrapnel    and    brakes 
Rifles    and   shells 


One  authority  put  the  Du  Pont  orders  at  320  millions  with  its 
stock  paying  a  200  per  cent,  profit  in  October,  1916,  while  the 
Bathlehem  Steel  plant  profits  for  this  year  were  estimated  at 
$46,000,000.  As  to  possibilities  in  this  respect,  were  the  United 
States  to  come  into  the  War,  H.  E.  Coffin,  Chairman  of  a  Commit- 
tee of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Consulting  Board,  stated  (July  30)  that 
there  were  "more  than  30,000  manufacturing  concerns,  represent- 
ing a  total  annual  business  of  about  $3,000,000,000,  which  could 
render  important  service."  Of  United  States  manufactures,  as  a 
whole,  it  may  be  added  that  the  capital  invested  (1914)  was  $22,- 
790,000,000;  the  output  $24,246,000,000  or  an  increase  in  five  years 
of  17%,  while  the  cost  of  materials  had  increased  18%  ;  the  employ- 
ees numbered  8,265,426  and  the  wages  had  increased  19%.  In 
the  War-years  these  figures  must  have  developed  largely;  during 
11  months  ending  May,  1916,  United  States  exports  of  iron  and 
steel,  alone,  increased  over  the  preceding  annual  period  by  351 
millions,  of  explosives  by  384  millions,  of  brass  by  116  millions,  of 
automobiles  by  58  millions,  of  drugs  and  chemicals  by  68  millions. 

During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1916,  the  United  States 
increased  its  exports  to  Britain  600  millions,  to  France  by  260 
millions,  and  to  Canada  by  166  millions.  Of  the  totals  in  this  trade 
at  least  25%  were  war  supplies  of  one  kind  or  another  with  an 
estimated  amount  from  January,  1915,  to  September,  1916,  of 
$1,617,000,000.  At  the  same  time  this  war-trade  was  special  and 
not  permanent;  of  the  8,000  million  dollar  total  of  the  world's 
international  absorption  of  manufactures  the  United  States  only 
supplied,  normally,  about  1,000  million  in  export.  Meantime, 
United  States  authorities  had  been  trying  to  estimate  the  total 
wealth  of  the  Republic  and  one  result  may  be  given  here — not  as 


tNoTE. — This  table 
is  approximately  correct. 


extracted  from  the  Toronto  Mail  and  Empire  of  July  21  and 


196  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

being  entirely  beyond  criticism  but  as  interesting  in  the  premises. 
It  was  that  of  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  John  Skelton  Wil- 
liams, in  a  public  address  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  on  Dec.  12  and  the  total 
given  was  $220,000,000,000  or  more  than  that  of  the  whole  British 
Empire.  The  figures  were  partly  official  and  based  upon  the  Cen- 
sus estimate  of  1900  as  88  billions  and  of  1912  as  187  billions. 

A  curious  commentary  upon  this  statement  and  upon  the  riot  of 
riches  in  New  York  at  this  time,  and  the  extravagance  of  the  people 
in  general,  was  Mr.  Williams'  further  statement  that  "the  total  of 
all  American  gifts  to  the  distressed  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa, 
has  been  less  than  one-twentieth  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  income  of 
the  American  people  since  the  War  began."  This  was  borne  out 
by  statistics  as  to  the  Belgian  Relief  Fund,  up  to  the  close  of  the 
year,  given  by  Herbert  C.  Hoover,  the  Chairman  of  the  Commis- 
sion, who  declared  on  a  visit  to  New  York*  that  '  *  the  United  States 
has  made  over  three  times  as  much  profit  out  of  the  stricken  Bel- 
gians as  it  has  given  to  succour  them.  In  other  words,  it  contri- 
buted approximately  $9,000,000  to  Belgian  Relief,  about  eight  cents 
per  capita;  it  has  "sold  to  Belgium  about  $130,000,000  worth  of 
food  on  which  there  was  an  approximate  profit  of  $30,000,000  for 
the  American  pocket."  The  New  York  Times  also  compiled  an 
approximate  statement  of  United  States  two-year  contributions  to 
War  Relief  Funds  which  totalled  $35,969,634— less  about  $2,000,000 
in  duplications : 

$10,000,000  Committee    of    Mercy     1,512,000 

6,000,000  Armenia   and  Syria    1,025,000 

5,580,000  Polish    Relief    800,000 

3,395,649  American    Ambulances     800,000 

3,159,985  Federation    of    Churches    ....  500,000 

2,750,000  Serbia,   France  and  Albania  437,000 

Meanwhile  an  important  financial  incident  had  occurred.  J. 
P.  Morgan  &  Co.,  in  particular,  and  New  York  banks  in  general, 
had  made  arrangements  to  accept  British  Treasury  bills  in  large 
amounts  running  in  estimated  totals  from  500  to  1,000  million 
dollars  and  to  be  issued  at  30  and  90  days  up  to  6  months,  saleable 
throughout  the  country,  as  in  England,  and  bearing  variable  rates 
of  interest.  The  object  was  to  facilitate  payment  for  War  supplies 
and  provide  credits  for  new  purchases.  At  'this  juncture,  like  a 
bolt  from  the  blue,  came  an  official  statement  (issued  Nov.  28) 
from  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  as  follows: 

The  Board  believes  that  at  this  time  Banks  should  proceed  with  much 
caution  in  locking  up  their  funds  in  long-term  obligations  or  in  investments 
which  are  short  term  in  form  or  name  but  which,  either  by  contract  or  through 
force  of  circumstances,  may  in  the  aggregate  have  to  be  renewed  until  normal 
conditions  return. 

While  the  loans  may  be  short  in  form,  and  severally  may  be  collected  at 
maturity,  the  object  of  the  borrower  must  be  to  attempt  to  renew  them  col- 
lectively, with  the  result  that  the  aggregate  amount  placed  here  will  remain 
until  such  time  as  it  may  be  advantageously  converted  into  a  long-term 
obligation.  It  would,  therefore,  seem,  as  a  consequence,  that  liquid  funds  of 
our  Banks,  which  should  be  available  for  short  credit  facilities  to  our  mer- 
chants, manufacturers,  and  farmers,  would  be  exposed  to  the  danger  of  being 
absorbed  for  other  purposes  to  a  disproportionate  degree,  especially  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  many  of  our  Banks  and  Trust  companies  are  already  carrying 

*NOTE. — N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Jan.   17,  1917. 


Belgian    Relief    

Germany  and  Her  Allies   .  .  . 

Jewish   War   Belief    

American  Red   Cross    

Rockefeller   Foundation 
War   Relief   Clearing  House. 


U.  S.  PROSPERITY,  PACIFICISM  AND  PREPAREDNESS 


197 


substantial  amounts  of  foreign  obligations,  and  of  acceptances  which  they 
are  under  agreement  to  renew.  The  Board  deems  it,  therefore,  its  duty  to 
caution  the  member  Banks  that  it  does  not  regard  it  in  the  interest  of  the 
country  at  this  time  that  they  invest  in  foreign  Treasury  bills  of  this  character. 

This  institution  was  a  Government  one  subsidiary  to  the  United 
States  Treasury  and  with  the  following  members :  W.  P.  G.  Harding 
(Governor),  Paul  M.  Warburg,  F.  A.  Delano,  Adolph  C.  Miller 
and  C.  S.  Hamlin.  Mr.  Warburg,  the  ablest  financial  member  of 
the  Board,  was  charged  by  a  part  of  the  press  with  views  favour- 
able to  Germany  and  with  personal  relations  which  made  such 
feelings  natural,  but  his  public  utterances  did  not  strengthen  that 
impression.  As  the  more  important  Banks  of  the  country  were 
under  control  of  the  Board  in  connection  with  their  reserves — 
which  it  held  to  the  extent  of  $630,000,000 — such  an  expression  of 
opinion  was  important.  At  first  it  appeared  that  Messrs.  Morgan 
would  continue  the  projected  issue  of  notes  but  on  Dec.  1st  it  was 
announced  that  this  would  not  be  done:  "We  have  been  instructed 
by  the  British  and  French  Governments  to  withdraw  their  Treas- 
ury bills  from  sale.  This  action  is  taken  because  these  Governments 
desire  to  show  every  regard  to  the  Federal  Reserve  Board,  a  gov- 
ernment body  of  which  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency  are  ex-officio  members.  We  may  add 
that  the  sale  in  limited  amount  of  these  Treasury  bills,  payable  in 
dollars  in  New  York,  had  never  been  an  essential  part  of  the  Allied 
Government's  financial  plans,  but  had  for  some  time  been  under 
consideration,  with  a  view  to  furnishing  a  credit  medium  that  would 
accommodate  the  American  banking  demand  for  an  instrument  of 
short  maturity  and  such  limited  volume  that  the  Governments 
could  always  undertake  to  lay  down  gold  in  New  York  sufficient  to 
meet  the  maturing  bills.  It  was  believed  further  that  these  bills 
would  have  furnished,  at  the  end  of  the  War,  an  excellent  measure 
of  protection  to  the  American  financial  situation. ' ' 

There  was  much  criticism  of  the  public  nature  of  this  action  of 
the  Board  as  hampering  British  orders  and  credits,  American  trade 
and  finance,  while  giving  ignorant  masses  of  people  a  wrong  impres- 
sion of  Allied  financial  standing.  F.  A.  Vanderlip  was  explicit  in 
this  view  and,  as  head  of  a  great  New  York  Bank,  his  statement  at 
a  Chicago  bankers'  meeting  on  Dec.  16  was  significant:  "In  my 
judgment,  the  Federal  Reserve  Board  have  ruled  unwisely  in  tak- 
ing the  attitude  they  have  concerning  the  inadvisability  of  invest- 
ment by  member  Banks  in  very  short-term  obligations  of  the  bel- 
ligerent Governments.  I  believe  that  such  action  on  the  part  of 
the  Banks  would  be  wise  from  the  strictly  banking  view-point.  I 
believe  that  it  would  be  wise,  because  such  investment  would  tend 
to  restrict  further  gold  importations  which  may  lead  to  dangerous 
domestic  inflation,  and  would  provide  credits  which  would  be  better 
than  gold  when  eventually  the  exchanges  turn  against  us." 

In  a  little  pamphlet  circulated  at  this  time  in  California  and 
written  by  J.  S.  Macdonnell  of  the  First  National  Bank,  Pasadena, 
it  was  pointed  out  that  Great  Britain  held  in  securities  of  the 
various  Americas  about  $20,000,000,000  value  while  there  were 


198  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

also  about  $30,000,000,000  securities  held  within  Great  Britain  as 
evidences  of  continuous  energy  and  success.  "That  ought  to  jus- 
tify a  loan  of  $1,000,000,000  for  temporary  purposes — even  unse- 
cured." Following  the  incident  came  a  curtailment  or  cancella- 
tion of  British  and  French  orders — though  this,  also,  was  due  in 
part  to  the  tremendous  development  of  Allied  home  industries. 
The  year  closed  financially  with  the  official  statement  from  Wash- 
ington that '  *  the  New  York  Federal  Reserve  Bank  has  been  author- 
ized to  appoint  the  Bank  of  England  as  its  London  correspondent ; ' ' 
the  estimate  of  the  United  States  Foreign  Trade  Council  that 
6,000*  million  dollars  worth  of  recuperative  work  would  be  required 
in  Europe  after  the  War ;  the  arrangement  by  the  Corn  Exchange 
Bank,  New  York,  for  a  commercial  credit  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment of  $25,000,000  for  the  purchase  of  wheat;  the  year's  state- 
ment of  the  International  Mercantile  Marine  Co.,  New  York, 
which  controlled  $100,000,000  worth  of  ships,  and  showed  a  net 
operating  income  of  $40,000,000. 

So  much  for  Prosperity  produced  by  war.  What  was  the  situa- 
tion as  to  Preparedness  for  eventualities ;  readiness  to  meet  -the 
varied  issues  and  stormy  situations  of  the  period  ?  Aside  from  the 
party  leaders  and  politics  there  were  two  distinct  and  powerful 
schools  of  thought  in  the  Republic.  One  was  in  favour  of  increas- 
ing the  Army  or  Navy,  or  both  of  them,  and  preparing  generally 
for  war  or  peace  as  destiny  might  decide ;  the  other  was  in  favour  of 
Peace,  of  pacific  inaction,  of  refusal  to  engage  in  Militarism,  whe- 
ther defensive  or  offensive.  The  need  for  a  decision  was  obvious 
in  the  futility  of  the  Mexican  policy  and  the  helplessness  of  the 
United  States  if  conflict  came  with  a  country  like  Germany — and 
the  bar  of  the  British  fleet  were  lifted.  The  authorized  strength  of 
the  Army  on  June  30,  1916,  was  123,038;  the  actual  strength  was 
107,641.  Then  came  the  Mexican  troubles  and  strenuous  efforts  at 
enlistment  for  the  State  Militia  and  its  transition  into  a  National 
Guard,  with  a  strength  on  Aug.  31  of  140,259  officers  and  men — 
Secretary  of  War  Report.  Meantime  the  War  College  Staff  had 
submitted  to  the  War  Secretary,  at  the  close  of  1915,  a  statement 
showing  160,000  equipped  and  trained  troops,  185,000  partially- 
trained  troops  and  30,000  harbour-defence  troops,  as  being  avail- 
able at  the  close  of  the  first  year  of  a  serious  war  in  which  the 
United  States  were  engaged.  While  such  operations  were  in  pro- 
gress hostile  Expeditions  could  be  landed  in  accordance  with  the 
following  table — provided  sea-power  lay  with  the  possible  enemy: 


Re- 

Strength 
Nation         of  Army 
(pre-war) 

Tonnage 
Available 

Days 
First  Expedition      Second  Expedition    needed 
Men       Animals         Men      Animals  to  cross 

turn 
and 
re- 
cross 

Austria      ....      4,320,000 

762,756 

72,000 

14,000 

108,000 

21,600 

20 

7 

40 

•4 

France     

5,000,000 

1,705  931 

160,931 

32,186 

243,295 

48,279 

15 

8 

30 

•0 

Germany     .  .  . 

5,000.000 

7,688a47 

387,000 

81,270 

440,000 

94,600 

15 

8 

30 

•8 

Britain    

695^000 

13,000,000 

170,000 

90,000 

14 

o 

27 

•o 

Italy    

2,600,000 

1,065,321 

91,000 

13,650 

136,000 

20,475 

18 

3 

35 

•o 

Japan      

2,212,000 

1,013,985 

95,745 

24,416 

142,622 

36,623 

22 

5 

41 

•o 

Russia     5,000,000 

428,019 

37,630 

7,940 

66.444 

11.918 

20 

5 

40 

•o 

According  to  the  National  Security  League,  of  which  J.  H. 
Choate  was  Hon.  President  and  S.  S.  Menken,  President,  with  a 


U.  S.  PROSPERITY,  PACIFICISM  AND  PREPAREDNESS  199 

National  Committee  of  16  State  Governors  and  others  equally 
prominent,  the  total  available  American  troops  on  an  emergency 
call  of  30  days  would  be  40,000  of  the  regular  Army  and  60,000 
Militia.  Yet  the  male  population  of  the  United  States  (1910  Cen- 
sus) of  fighting  age — between  18  and  39 — was  16,598,000.  Speaking 
of  the  situation  on  Mar.  3rd,  at  St.  Louis,  Hon.  J.  P.  Mitchel,  Mayor 
of  New  York,  said,  after  referring  to  90,000  men  as  possibly  avail- 
able on  a  declaration  of  war: 

Behind  these  we  have  no  reserves  at  all.  On  the  basis  on  which  wars  are 
waged  to-day,  and  in  view  of  modern  means  of  transportation,  which  would 
permit  the  landing  of  350,000  men  within  three  weeks  from  first  embarkation 
in  Europe,  military  authorities  tell  us  that  the  United  States  should  have  not 
less  than  500,000  equipped  and  trained  troops  ready  to  take  the  field  instantly 
at  the  outbreak  of  a  war,  with  ample  trained  reserves  behind  them.  That 
the  Government  is  woefully  and  pitiably  lacking  in  ordnance,  in  field  guns,  in 
all  the  equipment  that  modern  warfare  has  made  essential  to  successful  oper- 
ations, is  known  to  every  military  man  and  every  military  authority  within  this 
country.  We  have  no  ammunition  trains.  The  estimate  of  field  guns  neces- 
sary to  the  operation  of  500,000  troops  is  1,292.  We  have  about  623  completed 
field  guns,  and  about  225  under  manufacture  or  contract,  and  these  will  not  be 
finished  for  some  twelve  months.  For  these  guns  completed  and  under  con- 
struction, we  have  approximately  27  per  cent,  of  the  estimated  necessary 
ammunition.  Our  Government  possesses  not  one  of  the  new  powerful,  large- 
calibre  mobile  siege  guns  which  have  been  winning  the  battles  in  the  field  on 
either  side  in  Europe.  The  Government  has  in  its  possession  not  more  than 
700,000  rifles.  It  is  equally  a  matter  of  common  knowledge  that  these  muni- 
tions require  a  long  time  for  their  production. 

As  to  the  Navy  the  General  Board  of  the  Department  had  re- 
ported in  1913  the  "absence  of  any  definite  naval  policy  on  our 
part  except  in  the  General  Board,  and  the  failure  of  the  people, 
the  Congress  and  the  Executive  Government  to  recognize  the  neces- 
sity for  such  a  policy."  In  battleships,  scout  cruisers,  aircraft, 
gunboats  and  personnel  the  Navy  was  stated  to  be  very  deficient. 
"No  nation  in  time  of  peace  keeps  all  the  ships  of  its  Navy  fully 
manned  and  in  full  commission.  But  all  leading  nations  except 
ourselves  provide  an  active  list,  officers  and  men,  sufficient  to  keep 
the  best  of  their  fleet  in  full  commission."  The  country  had  not 
(according  to  the  National  Security  League)  for  years  been  build- 
ing battleships,  cruisers,  scouts  or  destroyers,  to  match  the  greater 
Naval  Powers  in  speed  or  in  proportionate  numbers.  According  to 
elaborate  tables  presented  by  Sidney  Ballou  to  the  Navy  League  of 
the  United  States,  Apr.  10,  1916,  the  fighting  value  of  all  armoured 
ships  calculated  upon  the  F.  T.  Jane  method  was  as  follows :  Great 
Britain,  754;  Germany,  373;  United  States,  344;  France,  313; 
Japan,  240. 

Meanwhile  the  Secretary  for  the  Navy  (Josephus  Daniels)  had 
recommended  to  the  1916  Congress  the  extra  expenditure  of  $100,- 
000,000  a  year  for  five  years,  with  current  appropriations  of  $28,- 
000,000,  to  continue  authorized  construction  and  $57,000,000  to 
begin  the  work  along  lines  suggested — the  total  estimates  being 
$217,652,000.  On  June  27  a  Conference  of  National  Defence 
organizations  met  at  Washington  and  passed  Resolutions  declaring 
(1)  that  the  increase  of  the  Regular  Army  contemplated  by  the 
Army  Reorganization  Bill — which  was  the  outcome  of  Secretary 


200  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

Baker's  policy — was  chiefly  an  increase  on  paper,  and  one  which 
could  not  become  fully  effective  for  five  years  and  that,  while  creat- 
ing the  impression  that  the  Regular  Army  would  be  a  force  of 
178,000  men,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  total  mobile  regular  force  was 
not  likely  to  exceed  50,000  during  the  coming  year;  (2)  that  such 
was  the  unpreparedness  of  the  citizen-soldiers  who  were  being  mobil- 
ized for  service  on  the  Mexican  border  that  the  Government  which 
sent  them  and  the  nation  which  permitted  them  to  be  sent  into  the 
field  without  sufficient  training  and  equipment  could  not  escape  the 
charge  of  blood-guiltiness;  (3)  that  the  Navy,  as  the  first  line  of 
defence,  should  be  restored  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  to  the 
first  rank  in  the  Pacific  and  the  second  in  the  Atlantic  and  that 
Dreadnaughts  and  battle-cruisers,  with  the  necessary  auxiliaries 
including  aircraft,  scouts,  destroyers  and  sea-going  submarines, 
should  be  laid  down  at  once  to  the  full  capacity  of  the  building 
facilities  of  the  United  States. 

The  President  in  this  defence  connection  had  presented  a  mes- 
sage to  Congress  at  the  end  of  1915,  urging  greater  preparedness  in 
Naval  and  Military  policy  and  he  had  followed  this  up  by  an  early 
1916  tour  of  the  West  in  which  he  made  20  speeches,  urged  immedi- 
ate action,  and  found  little  enthusiasm.  Shortly  after  his  return 
(Feb.  9)  L.  M.  Garrison,  Secretary  for  War,  wrote  to  Mr.  Wilson 
that:  "I  consider  reliance  upon  the  Militia  for  national  defence 
an  unjustifiable  imperilling  of  the  nation's  safety."  To  this  the 
President 's  reply  urged  patience  and  the  Secretary  at  once  resigned. 
His  policy  had  been  one  of  preparation  to  put  500,000  men  in  the 
field  against  an  existing  maximum  of  50,000  a  year  in  recruits, 
great  popular  antagonism  to  Conscription  and  much  indifference 
in  Congress. 

A  measure  presented  by  James  Hay  to  the  House  in  March  pro- 
vided for  an  Army  of  140,000,  tentative  reserves  of  60,000  and  a 
Federalized  National  Guard  of  425,000  men;  G.  E.  Chamberlain 
in  the  Senate  proposed  a  Federal  Volunteer  Army  of  178,000  in- 
creased by  recruiting  to  250,000  in  time  of  war ;  a  Conference  Com- 
mittee of  the  Houses  fixed  upon  186,000  officers  and  men  as  the 
maximum  peace  strength ;  this  was  accepted  by  the  Senate  but 
rejected  in  the  House  by  221  to  142,  as  was  a  proposal  to  increase 
the  Hay  number  of  140,000  to  178,000.  The  Hay  Bill  passed  in 
due  course.  As  to  the  Navy,  after  much  divergence  of  opinion  be- 
tween the  two  Houses,  a  Bill  was  passed  largely  increasing  the 
1915  proposals  of  the  President  and  Mr.  Daniels  to  a  total  of  10 
battleships,  6  battle-cruisers,  10  scout-cruisers,  50  destroyers,  58 
coast  submarines,  9  fleet  submarines,  etc.,  to  be  completed  in 
three  years  at  a  cost  of  $600,000,000  with  a  Naval  vote  of  $315,- 
000,000  for  the  coming  year.  At  the  same  time  the  provision  for 
increasing  personnel  was  inadequate  and  there  was  no  provision 
for  dry-docks  fitted  for  a  battle  cruiser.  The  total  "prepared- 
ness" or  defence  vote  of  Congress  in  1916  was  nearly  $700,000,000. 

These  debates  evoked  many  strong  statements.  Major-Gen. 
Leonard  Wood  told  the  House  Committee  on  Jan.  27  that  the 
United  States  should  have  a  regular  Army  of  220,000  with  at  least 


U.  S.  PROSPERITY,  PACIFICISM  AND  PREPAREDNESS  201 

2,000,000  reserves  behind  them,  and  that  the  United  States  Navy 
was  fourth  in  fighting  efficiency  and  could  not  maintain  control  of 
the  seas  or  defend  American  coasts.  G.  Von  L.  Meyer,  ex-Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  stated  in  New  York  on  Mar.  4  that  if  war  were  de- 
clared to-morrow  morning  the  Navy  would  be  absolutely  impotent 
in  checking  an  invasion  of  the  coast.  "Our  Navy  has  no  organiza- 
tion prepared  to  act  on  a  war  footing;  it  has  no  tested  war  plan, 
mobilization  plan,  or  general  staff;  it  has  a  shortage  of  enlisted 
men  and  officers  on  practically  every  fighting  ship,  and  no  enlisted 
reserves ;  we  have  no  fast  cruisers,  with  the  exception  of  three  that 
are  obsolete ;  we  are  lacking  in  armed  hydro-planes  and  the  lament- 
able condition  of  our  submarine  flotilla  was  demonstrated  in  the 
Fall  manoeuvres. ' '  David  Jayne  Hill,  former  U.  S.  Ambassador  to 
Germany,  declared  in  Washington  on  Apr.  10  that  the  President's 
foreign  policy  had  caused  a  complete  loss  of  prestige  to  the  nation, 
and  rendered  its  Government  a  practically  negligible  quantity  as 
an  international  influence.  "The  pressing  question  of  the  hour 
is,  have  we  as  a  people  abandoned  the  essential  policies  of  a  self- 
respecting  nation  ? "  He  demanded  protection  for  every  American 
citizen  on  land  or  sea. 

Elihu  Root  advocated  universal  military  training  and  in  a 
letter  to  General  S.  B.  M.  Young  (Oct.  4)  declared  the  volunteer 
system  obsolete  and  the  National  Guard  as  inadequate  and  in- 
capable of  serious  improvement.  On  Dec.  7  Major-Gen.  H.  L. 
Scott's  Report,  as  Chief  of  Staff,  handled  the  failure  in  Mexican 
recruiting  without  gloves:  "Public  interest  in  the  Army  and 
Navy  and  the  national  defence  generally  had  been  aroused  to  a 
comparatively  high  degree,  and  in  what  was  considered  by  the 
Government  a  grave  emergency  the  National  Guard  was  mobilized 
for  service  on  the  Southern  frontier  to  protect  the  lives  of  Ameri- 
can men,  women  and  children.  Recruiting  was  found  so  difficult 
that  many  of  its  organizations  have  not  yet,  over  three  months  after 
the  call,  been  raised  even  to  minimum  peace  strength,  and  likewise 
the  units  of  the  regular  Army  have  not  been  recruited  to  the 
minimum  peace  strength  authorized.  .  .  .  The  failure  should 
make  the  whole  people  realize  that  the  volunteer  system  does  not, 
and  probably  will  not,  give  us  either  the  men  we  need  for  training 
in  peace  or  for  service  in  war."  To  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Military  Affairs  General  Scott  (Dec.  18)  renewed  his  statement 
that  Voluntaryism  in  the  United  States  was  and  always  had  been 
a  failure;  that  universal  training  was  imperative  and  that: 

The  conclusion  of  the  War  College  Division,  which  is  concurred  in  by 
the  remainder  of  the  General  Staff,  is  that  our  system  should  be  able  now  to 
furnish  in  round  numbers  1,500,000  trained  and  organized  troops  at  the  out- 
break of  war  and  1,500,000  additional  in  ninety  days  thereafter.  This  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  one  of  the  Powers  involved  in  the  War  and  whose  territory 
extends  the  whole  length  of  our  northern  frontier  has  increased  its  Army  from 
a  relatively  small  force  to  a  strength  approximating  that  of  the  other  great 
European  powers.  The  Navy  of  this  Power  absolutely  controls  the  sea,  and 
its  merchant  marine  is  sufficient  in  extent  to  transport  without  delay  over 
1,000,000  soldiers,  with  the  necessary  equipment  for  such  an  Army. 
It  should  be  pointed  out,  also,  that  our  northern  neighbour  is  in  alliance  with  a 
powerful  Oriental  nation — another  island  empire — which  for  the  same  reason, 


202  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

when  acting  in  alliance  with  a  Power  which  has  control  of  the  sea,  has  ability 
to  send  its  Army  of  2,250,000  to  any  part  of  the  world  without  danger  of 
invasion. 

As  to  the  recent  mobilization  of  troops  for  Mexico  General 
Leonard  Wood,  in  following,  told  the  Committee  that :  "  It  is  a  most 
terrible  and  deep  failure.  Nothing  could  be  more  pronounced  than 
the  complete  inefficiency.  There  is  not  a  single  regiment  now  on 
the  border  at  war  strength ;  not  one.  There  is  a  shortage  of  equip- 
ment and  a  shortage  of  men.  Thirty  per  cent,  of  all  the  men  in 
the  Militia  were  physically  unfit  and  had  to  be  dropped.  .  .  . 
The  mounted  troops  were  not  equipped.  They  did  not  have  horses. 
As  far  as  the  field  artillery  goes,  some  had  no  training,  some  had 
only  a  trifle.  Our  complement  should  have  been  152,000  men.  To- 
day we  are  short  47,000;  in  other  words,  35  per  cent."  Newton  D. 
Baker,  the  new  Secretary  for  War,  told  the  House  on  Dec.  19  that 
he  had  not  made  up  his  mind  whether  compulsory  military  service 
or  a  system  of  selective  conscription  was  the  best  solution  to  the 
country's  preparedness  problem.  "The  needs  of  the  country  will 
be  best  served,  I  think,  by  a  method  of  selection  of  soldiers  not 
voluntary."  He  would  not  admit  that  the  Militia  had  been  tried 
and  found  wanting,  declared  the  mobilization  experiment  '  *  very 
encouraging,"  and  hoped  for  a  more  efficient  National  Guard 
under  Federal  instead  of  State  control. 

Meanwhile  there  had  been  an  immense  amount  of  discussion  as 
to  the  general  subject  of  preparation,  pacificism  and  the  present 
war.  Mr.  Garrison,  before  his  retirement  from  the  Cabinet,  put 
the  essentials  very  clearly — National  Guard  Magazine  for  Feb- 
ruary :  '  *  Strength  of  mind,  of  body  and  of  spirit,  are  pre-reauisites 
for  progress  along  right  lines.  The  essential  basis  of  civilization 
is  maintained  by  the  triumph  of  what  is  right  over  what  is  wrong, 
and  its  progress  can  only  be  continued  and  assured  so  long  as  those 
who  sustain  the  right  are  stronger  than  those  who  assert  the  wrong. 
Weakness  inevitably  results  in  overthrow,  as  the  abundant  instances 
of  history  demonstrate,  both  with  respect  to  individuals,  cities  and 
nations.  .  .  .  Before  leaving  this,  one  is  impelled  to  query  upon 
what  proper  consideration  there  is  based  any  distinction  between 
the  right  or  necessity  or  desirability  of  using  mental  force  to  repel 
error,  moral  force  to  repel  evil,  and  physical  force  to  repel  wrong. ' ' 
To  those  who  claimed  that  war  would  never  come  to  the  United 
States  he  pointed  out  that  "wars  have  come  upon  nations  from 
the  earliest  date  of  recorded  history  to  this  moment ;  there  is  no 
basis  of  fact  for  such  a  position." 

As  to  the  advocates  of  non-resistance  he  was  explicit:  "They 
base  this  counsel  upon  the  expressed  fear  that  if  we  possess  force, 
we  will  be  induced  to  use  it  when  we  should  not.  This  position 
ignores  the  responsibilities  which  we  have  undertaken  and  which 
we  must  maintain  at  any  self-sacrifice.  It  ignores  the  fact  that  if 
nations  which  possess  force  are  likely  to  use  it  when  they  should 
not,  some  nation  which  has  such  force  is  likely  to  use  it  against  us 
when  it  should  not.  It  assumes  that  our  nation  may  not  be  trusted 
with  force  for  fear  that  it  may  misuse  it."  During  these  months, 


U.  S.  PROSPERITY,  PACIFICISM  AND  PREPAREDNESS  203 

while  politicians  talked  or  acted  and  the  masses  lay  more  or  less 
inert,  a  number  of  organizations  became  very  active. 

Universal  obligatory  military  service  was  urged  by  the  National 
Security  League  and  its  Congress  in  Washington  on  Jan.  22;  the 
National  Defence  Conference  of  Mayors  at  St.  Louis  on  Mar.  4 
expressed  approval  of  "the  adoption  of  universal  military  train- 
ing under  Federal  control  throughout  the  United  States:"  Presi- 
dent Hibben  of  Princeton,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Col.  Roosevelt,  T.  A. 
Edison,  Dr.  C.  W.  Eliot,  supported  the  policy  as  did  Mayor 
Mitchel  of  New  York,  Hon.  H.  L.  Stimson  and  Senator  J.  W. 
Wadsworth.  On  Dec.  17  figures  were  produced  by  the  National 
Association  for  Universal  Military  Training,  after  a  country-wide 
newspaper  inquiry,  which  showed  that  93  per  cent,  of  those  polled 
throughout  the  country  favoured  their  principle,  and  that  87 y2 
per  cent,  favoured  its  adoption  by  law  in  accordance  with  the 
Association's  plan. 

Meantime,  the  Pacifists  had  proven  their  power.  Out  of  the 
welter  of  nationalities  and  political  uncertainties,  and  war-time 
lines  and  trenches  of  thought,  had  come  a  new  Republic  in  which 
even  the  dominant  Anglo-Saxon  was  uncertain  of  his  foot-hold,  be- 
wildered by  new  viewpoints,  doubtful  as  to  the  national  unity  of 
which  he  had  always  been  so  proud.  Into  this  chaos  of  conflicting 
sentiment  came  the  pleasant  lover  of  the  easy  ways  of  peace,  backed 
by  the  selfish  capitalist  who  cared  more  for  profits  than  patriot- 
ism, the  racial  unit  who  wanted  to  help  Germany  and  the  workmen 
of  limited  horizon  who  could  always  find  leaders  to  point  the  way 
to  higher  wages  rather  than  National  self-sacrifice.  The  horrors  of 
all  war  and  the  impartial  wickedness  of  all  combatants — outside  of 
America — and  the  duty  of  avoiding  these  horrors  and  evils  ap- 
pealed to  such  men  as  Henry  Ford,  who  stated  on  Jan.  2  that  if 
the  people  wanted  armament  they  would  eventually  get  war.  His 
' '  expedition ' '  had  just  passed  through  Germany  in  sealed  cars  and 
a  little  later  it  met  at  The  Hague  and  elected  a  Permanent  Peace 
Board  to  sit  in  Europe  with  W.  J.  Bryan,  Henry  Ford,  Miss  Jane 
Addams,  Rev.  Dr.  C.  F.  Aked  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Fels  as  members 
at  substantial  salaries. 

Mr.  Ford  in  a  special  article  (New  York  Times,  Apr.  23)  de- 
clared that  "we  Americans  have  three  duties  before  us.  We  must 
keep  out  of  this  war,  for  we  have  no  right  in  it  no  matter  what  the 
Wall  Street  Tories  and  ' patriots'  tell  us  through  their  newspaper 
spokesmen ;  we  must  do  all  in  our  power  to  help  the  nations  at  war 
find  a  common  ground  for  an  early  peace;  we  must  take  the  lead 
in  suggesting  the  limitation  of  armament  that  will  lead  to  dis- 
armament." His  Peace  Party,  or  Neutral  Conference,  issued  a 
manifesto  in  June  signed  by  L.  P.  Lochner,  General-Secretary,  and 
declaring  in  elaborate  detail  the  terms  on  which  the  belligerent 
nations  must  come  together  and  principles  which  they  should  fol- 
low— along  lines  which  included  such  an  extraordinary  jumble  of 
proposals  as  the  following:  "The  recognition  of  the  principle  of 
the  open  door  in  all  the  colonies,  protectorates,  and  spheres  of 
influence ;  the  German  colonies  to  be  returned  and  the  exchange 


L'04  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  colonies  made  possible  by  satisfactory  compensation ;  Germany 's 
access  to  the  Near  East  guaranteed  with  Freedom  of  the  Seas  and 
Parliamentary  Control  of  Foreign  Policy."  Mr.  Ford  and  his 
followers  are  mentioned  here  because  they  represented  a  much 
larger  school  of  thought  than  outsiders  realized  and  when,  on  Sept. 
15,  it  was  announced  that  the  Pacifist  leader  would  support  Mr. 
Wilson,  there  were  many  who  regarded  it  as  very  significant — 
especially  when  he  undertook  to  spend  $500,000  in  advertising  the 
fact  that  the  President  had  kept  the  Nation  out  of  war. 

Meanwhile,  and  all  through  the  nation,  meetings  were  being 
held  and  organizations  formed  to  promote  peace  or  urge  prepared- 
ness, to  oppose  militarism,  to  support  or  oppose  compulsory  service, 
or  the  training  of  youth  in  arms.  There  was  an  infinite  variety  of 
motive  and  opinion  back  of  these  organizations.  For  instance,  the 
American  Peace  and  Arbitration  League,  with  Messrs.  Wilson,  Taft 
and  Roosevelt  as  Hon.  Presidents,  published  a  speech  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  Princeton  University  urging  military  preparedness  as  the 
best  pathway  to  permanent  peace;  its  platform  included  submis- 
sion of  disputes  to  The  Hague  or  a  Joint  Commission  with  (1) 
adequate  armament  for  National  Security  and  Defence,  and  (2) 
the  gradual  and  proportionate  limitation  of  the  world  burden  of 
maximum  armament  by  International  agreement  between  the 
nations  concerned.  The  Women's  Peace  Party,  launched  in  1915, 
enunciated  the  Ford  policy  of  "early  peace"  and  a  Convention  of 
neutral  nations  to  compel  it ;  limitation  of  armaments  and  national- 
ization of  their  manufacture ;  education  of  youth  in  ideals  of  peace, 
an  international  police  in  place  of  armies  and  navies,  etc.  Its 
Chairman  was  Jane  Addams  of  Chicago. 

The  American  School  Peace  League  organized  the  teachers  in 
support  of  Pacificism,  while  the  Church  Peace  Union,  founded  by 
Andrew  Carnegie,  had  a  similar  mission  amongst  the  churches. 
The  American  Peace  Society,  of  which  Louis  P.  Lochner  was  a 
Director,  developed  the  general  idea  of  peace  and  circulated  liter- 
ature wherever  an  opening  arose ;  the  International  Peace  Forum, 
with  Mr.  Carnegie  as  Vice-President,  proposed  to  mould  public 
opinion  in  the  appalling  nature  and  consequences  of  war;  the 
Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace,  with  its  $10,000,000 
of  capital  devoted  to  "hastening  the  abolition  of  international 
war, ' '  dealt  with  the  academic  and  scientific  side  of  the  question — 
international  study  and  education,  with  conciliation,  wherever  pos- 
sible. The  League  to  enforce  Peace  was  a  different  kind  of  organ- 
ization which  proposed  to  carry  the  United  States  into  a  militant 
union  of  nations  in  an  organization  which  would  not  permit  the 
peace  of  the  world  to  be  broken.  These  organizations  and  others 
of  a  more  indirect  character,  the  many  and  influential  branches 
of  the  German  and  Irish  National  Associations,  all  impressed 
upon  a  ready  public  mind  the  wickedness  of  war,  while  the  great 
majority  urged,  also,  the  desirability  of  keeping  out  of  it  at  almost 
any  cost. 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      205 

united  states  President  Wilson  in  his  policy  as  a  whole  un- 

Leadersand  doubtedly  represented  the  masses  of  the  American 
the  war:  The  people.  Whatever  his  personal  views — whether  paci- 
ficism,  opportunism  or  "pure  Americanism" — he  was 
able  to  hold  men  of  one  extreme,  such  as  Bryan,  and 
Republicans  of  the  opposite  school,  in  sufficient  number  to  ensure 
his  position.  He  had  to  deal  with  a  people  profoundly  immersed 
in  business  and  pleasure,  with  politics  regarded  as  either  a  pro- 
fessional game  or  a  side  issue,  and  with  a  nation  which  Norman 
Angell  declared*  at  this  time  was  "not  interested  in  its  foreign 
problem.  It  is  far  more  interested  in  baseball. ' ' 

He  had  to  deal  with  great  numbers  of  patriotic,  high-principled 
and  intelligent  individuals,  above  the  masses,  who  preached  peace 
as  the  Jesuit  priests  and  the  Puritans  of  old  once  preached  reli- 
gion and  saw  nothing  in  life  but  social  or  moral  reform ;  with  large 
numbers  who  practically  believed  money  and  morals  to  be  the  funda- 
mentals of  democracy;  with  many  millions  of  people  coming  from 
the  countries  at  war  who  were  in  the  main  profoundly  glad  to 
be  out  of  it  and,  in  the  case  of  the  German  element,  profoundly 
anxious  to  keep  the  United  States  out  of  it;  with  10  per  cent,  of 
the  population  coloured  people  who  cared  nothing  at  all  for  any- 
thing outside  of  their  own  interests  and  limited  circle ;  with  those 
who  believed  there  were  greater  grievances  against  Britain  than 
Germany  and  who  apparently  put  cotton  and  beef  above  human 
life;  with  those  who  thought  the  first  militant  duty  of  the  United 
States  was  in  the  protection  of  American  lives  and  property  in 
Mexico;  with  the  pro-German  class  which  wanted  an  immediate 
embargo  upon  all  shipments  of  munitions  to  the  Allies  and  the 
warning  of  Americans  off  Atlantic  shipping — so  as  to  give  the 
submarine  a  free  swing. 

A  great  leader  of  militant  views  might  have  led  his  people, 
formed  public  opinion,  organized  public  action,  despite  these  diffi- 
culties ;  Mr.  Wilson  was  content  to  represent  and  embody  a  passive 
and  negative  opinion  of  inaction — too  proud  and  too  great  to 
fight  unless  absolutely  compelled.  American  History  may,  in 
point  of  fact,  crown  him  with  laurel  as  the  President  who  had 
the  courage  to  try  and  keep  a  peace-loving  people  out  of  war.  It  is 
possible  that  no  other  policy  could  have  been  carried  through  up 
to  the  end  of  1916 ;  that  the  masses  would  not  have  paid  the  money 
or  given  the  men  for  a  great  war  in  which  they  thought  they  had 
no  concern.  When  a  famous  old  New  England  journal  such  as 
the  Springfield  Republican  could  advance  the  following  reasons 
for  not  going  into  the  conflict,  it  is  obvious  that  President  Wilson 
faced  a  National  opinion  which  had  other  elements  than  those 
dominating  New  York  and  Boston:  "(1)  The  bedevilling  of 
American  politics  for  a  generation  at  least,  because  of  the  large 
number  of  people  in  the  United  States  who  sympathize  with  Ger- 
many, and  the  formation  of  secret  organizations  followed  by 
chronic  riots  in  New  York,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Milwaukee, 

*NOTE. — The  Annals,  American  Academy  of  Political  Science,  July,  1916. 


206  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Chicago  and  St.  Louis,  where  pro-Teuton  sympathy  is  strongest  and 
most  aggressive;  (2)  the  blowing  up  of  the  Panama  canal  locks, 
the  blowing  up  or  burning  of  the  national  Capitol  building  and 
various  state  Capitols,  and  raids  of  the  most  recently-built  German 
cruiser  submarines  to  attack  shipping  at  the  harbours  of  Boston, 
New  York  and  Philadelphia,  with  many  American  boys — your 
boy — being  sent  to  die  in  the  trenches  of  France  and  Flanders  so 
that  the  map  of  Europe  may  be  drawn  to  suit  London,  Paris,  Eome 
and  Petrograd." 

At  New  York  on  Jan.  27  President  Wilson  opened  a  campaign 
for  what  he  called  Preparedness,  or  better  National  Defence  condi- 
tions, but  it  was  vastly  different  from  that  voiced  by  Mr.  Roosevelt. 
He  said  that  in  the  past  few  months  he  had  learned  something  as 
to  the  necessity  for  action  in  this  respect;  declared  that  " there  is 
something  deeper  than  peace  and  that  is  the  perpetuation  of 
national  independence  and  individual  liberty  and  political  free- 
dom"; urged  "a  degree  of  military  training  with  industrial  educa- 
tion," but  added  the  proviso  that  in  special  schools  where  this 
teaching  prevailed  "the  military  training  should  be  subordinate 
to  the  higher  objects  of  civil  life."  He  concluded  with  a  warning 
against  those  "who  saw  red  when  all  the  world  seemed  to  run 
with  blood"  and  eulogized  the  patriotism  and  good  sense  and 
unhurried  resolution  of  the  American  people.  "This  is  a  peace- 
loving  nation.  We  realize  that  everything  we  hold  most  dear 
depends  upon  the  preservation  of  peace  and  the  supremacy  of  those 
principles  of  justice  and  fair  dealing  upon  which  the  supremacy 
of  peace  depends.  I  myself  need  hardly  tell  you  that  I  am  an 
ardent  and  determined  and  devoted  partisan  of  peace." 

At  Cleveland  on  the  29th  he  was  emphatic  as  to  the  need  for 
stronger  Army  and  Navy  forces  and  for  Congressional  action  in 
this  respect,  and  then  came  the  keynote  of  all  his  speeches:  "Amer- 
ica has  done  more  than  care  for  her  own  people  and  think  of  her 
own  fortunes  in  these  great  matters.  She  has  said  ever  since  the 
time  of  President  Monroe  that  she  was  the  champion  of  freedom 
and  the  separate  sovereignty  of  peoples  throughout  the  Western 
Hemisphere.  She  is  trustee  for  those  ideals  and  she  is  pledged, 
deeply  and  permanently  pledged,  to  keep  those  momentous  prom- 
ises. She  not  only,  therefore,  must  play  her  part  in  keeping  this 
conflagration  from  spreading  to  the  people  of  the  United  States; 
she  must  also  keep  this  conflagration  from  spreading  on  this  side 
of  the  sea."  He  once  more  urged  neutrality  in  spirit  and  feeling 
as  well  as  practice. 

At  Pittsburg  on  the  same  day  he  held  the  scales  between  Paci- 
fists who  wanted  no  preparation  and  the  passion  of  people  who 
wanted  too  much.  "I  believe  that  there  should  be  provided,  not 
a  great  militant  force  in  this  country,  but  a  great  reserve  of  ade- 
quate and  available  force  which  can  be  called  on  upon  occasion. 
I  have  proposed  that  we  should  be  supplied  with  at  least  a  half 
million  men  accustomed  to  handle  arms  and  live  in  camps.  And 
that  is  a  very  small  number  as  compared  with  the  gigantic  pro- 
portions of  modern  armies.  And,  therefore,  it  seems  to  me  that  no 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      207 

man  can  speak  of  proposals  like  that  as  if  they  pointed  directly  to 
Militarism."  In  Milwaukee  (Jan.  30)  the  President  spoke  to  a 
mixed  racial  audience  and  expressed  himself  in  favour  of  Govern- 
ment manufacture  of  munitions  for  itself.  He  said  that  he  knew 
the  people  wanted  him  to  keep  the  nation  out  of  war.  There  was 
prolonged  applause.  'I  pledge  you,'  he  continued  solemnly,  'that, 
God  helping,  I  will  keep  it  out  of  war.'  ' 

At  Chicago  on  the  31st  he  declared  that  * '  this  War  was  brought 
on  by  rulers,  and  not  by  the  people ;  and  I  thank  God  there  is  no 
man  in  America  who  can  bring  war  on  without  the  consent  of  our 
people."  The  superiority  of  Americans  over  all  other  peoples  was 
urged :  ' '  Those  looking  at  us  from  a  distance  don 't  feel  the  strong 
pulses  of  ideals  and  principles  that  are  in  us.  They  don't  feel  the 
conviction  of  America  that  our  mission  is  a  mission  of  peace,  and 
that  righteousness  cannot  be  maintained  as  a  standard  in  the  midst 
of  arms."  Following  this,  at  St.  Louis,  he  declared  that  "the 
American  Navy  ought  to  be  incomparably  the  greatest  Navy  in 
the  world."  The  net  result  of  the  tour  was  its  effect  upon  Con- 
gress and  the  eventual  passage  of  legislation  strengthening  both 
Army  and  Navy. 

Meanwhile  the  advocacy  of  an  official  warning  to  Americans  to 
keep  off  armed  merchant  ships  of  belligerent  nations  had  made 
headway  in  Congress.  Senator  T.  P.  Gore  was  the  exponent  of  this 
feeling  and  it  was  one  which,  put  into  practice,  would  certainly 
have  averted  much  danger  of  war  over  the  Submarine  issue.  It 
was  a  part  of  the  Bryan  policy  and  had  many  supporters  amongst 
the  Democrats  in  both  Houses — including  leaders  such  as  Messrs. 
Clark,  Kitchen  and  Flood.  Mr.  Bryan  went  even  further  and 
toward  the  end  of  February  telegraphed  his  followers  urging  legis- 
lation to  refuse  passports  to  all  Americans  travelling  on  belliger- 
ent ships,  to  which  Senator  Cabot  Lodge  (Rep.)  responded  with 
the  statement  that  "it  would  proclaim  America  to  the  world  as  a 
nation  of  cowards  to  tell  our  citizens  they  must  not  exercise  their 
rights,  and  if  they  did  so  we  would  not  protect  them.  A  nation 
that  will  not  protect  its  citizens  cannot  protect  itself ;  and  if  demo- 
cracy fails  to  protect  itself,  how  can  it  hope  to  live?"  Mr.  Gore 
introduced  a  Resolution  in  the  Senate  (Feb.  25)  declaring  that  no 
American  should  travel  abroad  at  this  juncture  in  a  belligerent 
ship  and,  for  a  few  days,  the  situation  was  tense  with  the  press  of 
the  country,  however,  largely  opposed  to  the  proposed  action.  At 
this  point  Mr.  Wilson  wrote  an  important  letter  to  Senator  W.  J. 
Stone,  Chairman  of  the  Foreign  Relations  Committee,  from  which 
the  following  extract  is  taken : 

You  are  right  in  assuming  that  I  shall  do  everything  in  my  power  to  keep 
the  United  States  out  of  war.  I  think  the  country  will  feel  no  uneasiness 
about  my  course  in  that  respect.  Through  many  anxious  months  I  have  striven 
for  that  object,  amidst  difficulties  more  manifold  that  can  have  been  appar- 
ent upon  the  surface,  and  so  far  I  have  succeeded.  I  do  not  doubt  that  I 
shall  continue  to  succeed.  ^  .  .  But,  in  any  event,  our  duty  is  clear.  No 
nation,  no  group  of  nations,  has  the  right  while  war  is  in  progress  to  alter  or 
disregard  the  principles  which  all  nations  have  agreed  upon  in  mitigation  of 
the  horrors  and  sufferings  of  war,  and  if  the  clear  rights  of  American  citizens 
should  ever  unhappily  be  abridged  or  denied  by  any  such  action,  we  should,  it 


208  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

seems  to  me,  have  in  honour  no  choice  as  to  what  our  own  course  should  be. 
For  my  own  part,  I  cannot  consent  to  any  abridgement  of  the  rights  of 
American  citizens  in  any  respect.  The  honour  and  safety  of  the  nation  are 
involved.  .  .  .  Once  accept  a  single  abatement  of  right  and  many  other 
humiliations  would  certainly  follow,  and  the  whole  fine  fabric  of  international 
law  might  crumble  under  our  hands  piece  by  piece. 

At  the  same  time  Mr.  Wilson  wrote  to  Congressman  E.  W. 
Pou  asking  for  an  early  vote  in  the  Lower  House  upon  this  ques- 
tion which  he  regarded  as  a  censure  upon  the  Administration.  The 
result  of  it  all  was  that  the  Senate  voted  down  the  Gore  motion  by 
68  to  14  and  the  House  a  similar  one  of  Mr.  McLemore  by  276  to 
143.  The  President  was  supreme  and  the  fight  had  been  won  against 
what  the  New  York  Herald,  the  New  York  Sun  and  other  papers, 
with  many  people  in  and  out  of  Congress,  claimed  to  be  the  hand 
of  Germany  and  its  friends.  The  Sussex  message  followed  and 
won  the  Presidential  wide  approval  for  sturdy  rhetorical  support  of 
United  States  rights  and,  at  Charlotte  on  May  20,  he  discussed 
United  States  ideals  and  declared  * '  untainted  Americanism ' '  as  the 
one  great  essential.  Three  days  before  he  had  been  more  explicit 
than  usual  in  jumbling  up  all  the  nations  concerned  in  one  com- 
mon mass  of  wrong-doing : 

There  are  two  reasons  why  the  chief  wish  of  Americans  is  for  peace. 
One  is  that  they  love  peace  and  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  present  quarrel; 
the  other  is  that  they  believe  that  the  present  quarrel  has  carried  those  engaged 
in  it  so  far  that  they  cannot  be  held  to  the  ordinary  standards  of  responsibility, 
and  that,  therefore,  as  some  men  have  expressed  it  to  me,  since  the  rest  of  the 
world  is  mad  why  should  we  not  simply  refuse  to  have  anything  to  do  with 
the  rest  of  the  world  in  the  ordinary  channels  of  action?  Why  not  let  the 
storm  pass,  and  then,  when  it  is  all  over,  have  a  reckoning! 

On  May  29  Mr.  Wilson  addressed  at  Washington  the  League  to 
Enforce  Peace,  of  which  W.  H.  Taft  was  President,  and  used 
preliminary  words  similar  to  those  frequently  expressed  but  which 
always  aroused  criticism  from  the  small  minority  who  believed  the 
duty  of  the  United  States  lay  in  the  War:  "With  its  causes  and 
its  objects  we  are  not  concerned.  The  obscure  foundations  from 
which  its  stupendous  flood  has  burst  forth  we  are  not  interested  to 
search  for  or  explore. ' '  Apart  from  the  War,  however,  he  asserted 
American  rights  in  the  result :  ' '  We  are  not  mere  disconnected 
lookers-on.  The  longer  tjie  WTar  lasts  the  more  deeply  do  we  be- 
come concerned  that  it  should  be  brought  to  an  end  and  the  world 
be  permitted  to  resume  its  normal  life  and  course  again.  And 
when  it  does  come  to  an  end,  we  shall  be  as  much  concerned  as  the 
nations  at  war  to  see  peace  assume  an  aspect  of  permanence." 

Mr.  Wilson  further  described  the  fundamentals  of  American 
belief  as  (1)  that  every  people  has  a  right  to  choose  the  sovereignty 
under  which  they  shall  live;  (2)  that  the  small  states  of  the  world 
have  a  right  to  enjoy  the  same  respect  for  their  sovereignty  and 
for  their  territorial  integrity  that  great  and  powerful  nations 
expect  and  insist  upon;  (3)  that  the  world  has  a  right  to  be  free 
from  every  disturbance  of  its  peace  that  has  its  origin  in  aggres- 
sion and  disregard  for  the  rights  of  people  and  nations.  "So 
sincerely  do  we  believe  these  things, ' '  the  President  went  on,  ' '  that 
I  am  sure  I  speak  the  mind  and  wish  of  the  people  of  America 


la 

£ 


.2' 

ll 


I 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      209 

when  I  say  that  the  United  States  is  willing  to  become  a  partner 
in  any  feasible  association  of  nations  formed  in  order  to  realize 
these  objects  and  make  them  secure  against  violation."  On  the 
following  day  he  told  the  same  organization  that  "we  are  ready  to 
fight  for  our  rights  when  those  rights  are  coincident  with  the  rights 
of  man  and  humanity. ' ' 

Then  came  the  Elections  with  a  Democratic  platform  of  policy' 
set  forth  at  the  St.  Louis  Convention  of  June  14-16,  which  re-nom- 
inated President  "Wilson,  and  announced  the  details  of  Party  pol- 
icy as  to  trade  and  tariffs,  preparedness  and  defence,  Mexico  and 
theoretical  international  relations,  Conservation  and  Labour  and 
other  domestic  matters.  The  spirit  of  the  Convention  was  obvious 
from  the  start  when  Martin  H.  Glynn,  Temporary  Chairman,  de- 
clared that  Peace  was  what  Woodrow  Wilson  stood  for  and  the 
maintenance  of  peace  the  platform  upon  which  he  would  be  re- 
elected:  "As  a  result  of  this  policy  America  stands  serene  and 
confident,  mighty  and  proud,  a  temple  of  peace  and  liberty  in  a 
world  aflame,  a  sanctuary  where  the  lamp  of  civilization  burns 
clear  and  strong,  a  living,  breathing  monument  to  the  statesman- 
ship of  the  great  American  who  kept  it  free  from  the  menace  of 
European  war.  Wealth  has  come  to  us,  power  has  come  to  us,  but 
better  than  wealth  or  power  we  have  maintained  for  ourselves  and 
for  our  children  a  Nation  dedicated  to  the  ideals  of  peace  rather 
than  to  the  gospel  of  selfishness  and  slaughter." 

Senator  0.  M.  Jones,  following,  in  his  Chairman's  address, 
stated  that  "when  the  Lusitania  was  sunk  the  militant  voice  of 
Theodore  Roosevelt  cried  out  for  war,  and  if  he  had  been  President 
of  the  United  States  at  that  time,  to-day  500,000  brave  American 
sons  would  be  contending  around  the  fort  of  Verdun  in  this  mighty 
maelstrom  of  blood — thousands  would  have  been  buried  in  the 
ditches.  Our  President,  patient,  patriotic,  farsighted,  the  real 
statesman,  handled  this  question  with  the  greatest  ability,  and  won 
for  America  its  greatest  diplomatic  victory."  Neither  in  this  nor 
other  speeches  eulogizing  the  Peace-maker  and  Democracy  was 
there  any  differentiation  between  the  nations  involved  or  any 
recognition  of  any  high  principle  or  policy  in  Britain  and  her 
Allies.  The  following  clauses  in  the  Platform  were  the  vital  ones 
as  to  the  War  and  the  attitude  of  the  Republic : 

1.  We  condemn  as  subversive  of  this  Nation's  unity  and  integrity,  and 
as   destructive   to   its  welfare,  the   activities   and   designs   of  every  group   or 
organization,  political  or  otherwise,  that  has  for  its  object  the  advancement 
of  the  interest  of  a  foreign  Power,  whether  such  object  is  promoted  by  in- 
timidating    the     Government,    a    political    party,    or    representatives    of     the 
people,  or  which  is  calculated  and  tends  to  divide  our  people  into  antagonistic 
groups. 

2.  We  favour  the  maintenance  of  an  Army  fully  adequate  to  the  require- 
ments of  order,  of  safety,  and  of  the  protection  of  the  Nation's  rights;   the 
fullest  development  of  modern  methods  of  sea-coast  defence  and  the  mainten- 
ance of  an  adequate  reserve  of  citizens  trained  to  arms  and  prepared  to  safe- 
guard  the   people   and   territory   of   the   United    States    against   any   danger 
of  hostile  action  which  may  unexpectedly  arise;  and  a  fixed  policy  for  the  con- 
tinuous development  of  a  Navy  worthy  to  support  the  great  naval  traditions 
of  the  United  States  and  fully  equal  to   the  international  tasks  which  this 
Nation  hopes  and  expects  to  take  a  part  in  performing. 

14 


210  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

3.  We  hold  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  United  States  to  use  its  power,  not 
only  to  make  itself  safe  at  home,  but  also  to  make  secure  its  just  interests 
throughout  the  world,  and,  both  for  this  end  and  in  the  interest  of  humanity, 
to  assist  the  world  in  securing  settled  peace  and  justice,  to  maintain  inviolate 
the  complete  security  of  the  highway  of  the  seas  for  the  common  and  un- 
hindered use  of  all  nations. 

4.  The  Monroe  doctrine  is  reasserted  as  a  principle  of  Democratic  faith. 
That   doctrine   guarantees   the    Independent   Eepublics   of   the   two    Americas 
against   aggression   from   another    continent.      It   implies,   as  well,   the    most 
scrupulous  regard  upon  our  part  for  the  sovereignty  of  each  of  them. 

5.  The  American  Government  should  protect  American  citizens  in  their 
rights  not  only  at  home  but  abroad,  and  any  country  having  a  Government 
should  be  held  to  strict  accountability  for  any  wrongs  done  them,  either  to 
person  or  to  property. 

Speaking  at  this  time  (June  13)  Mr.  Wilson  began  his  "Presiden- 
tial campaign  by  telling  the  West  Point  Military  students  that 
the  United  States  was  going  to  have  a  hand  in  the  results  of  the 
War:  "It  is  not  going  to  be  by  accident  that  the  results  are  worked- 
out,  but  by  the  purpose  of  the  men  who  are  strong  enough  to  have 
guiding  minds  and  indomitable  wills  when  the  time  for  decision 
and  settlement  comes."  A  succession  of  speeches  followed  this — 
all  clever  in  diction  and  thought,  appealing  to  Americanism  as  an 
ideal  and  abstraction  of  justice,  liberty  and  humanity  and  to 
"America  first,"  in  all  things,  as  the  essence  of  public  policy  and 
private  practice.  They  evaded,  as  a  rule,  the  great  world-issues  of 
the  moment  and  put  Europe  aside  as  beyond  the  need  of  American 
consideration  or  policy  unless  Europe  forced  itself  into  contact 
with  the  United  States.  There  were  some  exceptions,  as  when 
2,000  young  Democrats  came  to  his  home  at  Long  Branch  and, 
amid  cries  of  "We  want  Peace"  he  warned  them  that  Republican 
success  was  dangerous :  ' '  There  is  only  one  choice  as  against  peace, 
and  that  is  war.  Some  of  the  supporters  of  that  party,  a  very  great 
body  of  the  supporters  of  that  party,  outspokenly  declare  they 
want  war. ' ' 

At  Omaha  (Oct.  5)  he  told  7,000  persons,  as  a  climax  to  a 
great  Pacifist  demonstration  and  amid  street  and  other  cries  of 
"He  kept  us  out  of  war,"  that  "the  causes  of  the  European  war 
are  not  plainly  known.  But  Europe  should  understand  us.  We 
are  holding  off  because  when  we  use  the  force  of  this  nation  we 
want  to  know  what  we  are  using  it  for."  At  Cincinnati  (Oct.  26) 
the  President  made  the  very  definite  statement  that  "this  present 
War  is  the  last  war  of  this  or  any  kind  involving  the  world  that 
the  United  States  can  keep  out  of.  I  believe  that  the  business  of 
neutrality  is  over,  not  because  I  want  it  to  be  over,  but  war  now 
has  such  a  scale  that  the  position  of  neutrals  becomes  intolerable. ' ' 
At  Buffalo  on  Nov.  1st  he  once  more  told  an  immense  audience 
that  the  United  States  had  no  place  or  concern  in  the  War:  "We 
are  not  going  to  be  drawn  into  quarrels  which  do  not  torch  the 
thing  towards  which  America  has  set  her  face.  America  is  not 
interested  in  seeing  one  nation  or  one  group  of  nations  prevail 
against  another.  .  .  .  We  are  not  only  not  afraid  to  fight  but 
not  disinclined  to  fight  when  we  can  find  something  as  big  as 
American  ideals."  In  New  York  on  the  next  day  he  urged  the 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      211 

destruction  of  financial  privilege,  the  unity  of  races  in  the  Republic, 
and  proclaimed  success  for  his  policy  on  Nov.  7 :  * '  This  tide  of 
humanity  swelling  in  America  is  sweet  with  the  purposes  of  peace ; 
it  is  wholesome  with  the  judgments  of  justice."  Upon  one  occasion 
only  the  President  threw  his  uniform  language  of  racial  concilia- 
tion to  the  winds  and  that  was  in  his  emphatic  reply  on  Sept.  29  to 
the  accusation  of  J.  A.  0  'Leary,  President  of  the  American  Truth 
Society,  that  he  was  pro-British :  "Your  telegram  received.  I  would 
feel  deeply  mortified  to  have  you  or  anybody  like  you  vote  for  me. 
Since  you  have  access  to  many  disloyal  Americans,  and  I  have  not, 
I  will  ask  you  to  convey  this  message  to  them." 

Such  were  the  principles  of  peace,  the  doctrines  of  international 
relationship,  upon  which  President  Wilson  sought  re-election  and 
for  which,  in  the  main,  he  obtained  it.  The  Republican  attitude 
was  neither  so  clear  nor  so  positive.  Nothing  could  be  more  so 
than  the  utterances  of  Theodore  Roosevelt  but  nothing  could  be 
more  vague  upon  the  War  issue  than  the  expressions  of  the  finally- 
selected  candidate — Charles  E.  Hughes.  Mr.  Roosevelt  neither 
changed  his  policy  nor  his  vehement  expressions  of  opinion  when 
the  Elections  loomed  up;  he  simply  spoke  with  his  usual  freedom 
and  force.  On  Jan.  14  he  issued  a  statement  declaring  that  "  there 
is  a  hundred  times  the  justification  for  interfering  in  Mexico  that 
there  was  for  interfering  in  Cuba.  We  did  nothing  when  our 
citizens  were  murdered  on  the  high  seas  by  Germany.  Apparently 
we  intend  to  do  nothing  about  the  citizens  that  have  been  murdered 
by  Mexico."  In  an  interview  given  out  on  the  19th  he  added:  "We 
should  have  interfered  years  ago.  We  should  act  through  the 
regular  Army  for  this  kind  of  police  work  is  not  the  work  for 
volunteers.  .  .  .  But  in  noting  the  effect  of  watchful  waiting 
in  Mexico,  do  not  forget  the  effect  in  the  world-war  of  our  policy 
of  being  too  proud  to  fight.  The  despatches  from  Washington  indi- 
cate that  the  pressure  of  the  English  fleet  has  caused  Germany  and 
Austria  to  believe  it  unsafe  to  carry  on  further  their  submarine 

warfare  against  helpless  passenger  ships Eight  months 

have  gone  by  since  the  Falaba  and  the  Lusitania  were  sunk.  Ship 
after  ship  has  been  sunk  until  the  total  of  lives  lost  exceeds  2,200 
and  President  Wilson  has  done  nothing  except  to  write  Notes, 
each  Note  being  followed  by  a  fresh  outrage."  In  a  speech  at 
Brooklyn  on  Jan.  30  Mr.  Roosevelt  handled  the  issues  of  the  day 
without  gloves : 

Unfortunately  it  is  evident  that  many  of  our  public  men  are  afraid  of 
Germany,  afraid  of  the  professional  German-American  vote,  and  are  willing  to 
sacrifice  the  honour  of  their  country  to  their  fears.  There  is  practically  no 
French-American  or  English-American  vote  and  these  politicians,  therefore, 
feel  that  they  can  act  against  England  and  France  with  safety — and  their 
motto  is :  '  Safety  First. '  I  ask  Americans  of  German  descent  to  stand 
against  England  when  it  is  wrong.  I  ask  that  all  alike  stand  as  Americans 
and  nothing  else.  I  stand  for  ample  preparedness  in  order  to  avert  war  and 
in  order  to  avert  disgrace  and  disaster,  if  war  should  come.  I  ask,  moreover, 
that  this  nation  in  the  great  crisis  of  this  world-war  refuse  to  be  tricked  or 
bullied  by  foes  without  or  by  politicians  within.  I  ask  that  our  people 
remember  that  while  their  first  duty  is  to  the  United  States  they  have  a 
second  d«ty  to  humanity  at  large.  I  ask  that  we  stand  for  property  rights, 


212  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

but  that  we  put  human  rights  ahead  of  property  rights,  and  finally  that  we 
show  that  we  have  it  in  us  to  dare  to  risk  something  and  to  suffer  some 
discomfort  and  some  loss,  and,  if  necessary,  some  danger  on  behalf  of  a  lofty 
ideal. 

In  a  volume  of  Essays  published  at  this  time  Mr.  Roosevelt 
argued  that  President  Wilson  had  missed  his  opportunity  for 
leadership  and  that  his  "too  proud  to  fight"  speech*  had  misguided 
the  people.  "This  policy  made  our  great  democratic  Common- 
wealth false  to  its  duties  and  its  ideals  in  a  tremendous  world- 
crisis  at  the  very  time  when,  if  properly  led,  it  could  have  rendered 
an  inestimable  service  to  all  mankind,  and  could  have  placed  itself 
on  a  higher  pinnacle  of  worthy  achievement  than  ever  before. ' '  On 
Mar.  9  he  denied  any  special  desire  for  the  Presidency  and  de- 
nounced the  Wilson  foreign  policy  in  strong  words:  "The  Ameri- 
can people  should  desire  public  servants  and  public  policies  signi- 
fying more  than  adroit  cleverness  in  escaping  action  behind  clouds 
of  fine  words,  and  with  complete  absorption  of  every  faculty  in 
devising  constantly  shifting  hand-to-mouth  measures  fov  escape 
from  our  international  duty  by  the  abandonment  of  our  national 
honour — measures  due  to  sheer  dread  of  various  foreign  Powers, 
tempered  by  a  sometimes  harmonizing  and  sometimes  conflicting 
dread  of  various  classes  of  voters,  especially  hyphenated  voters,  at 
home. ' ' 

A  succession  of  similar  utterances  and  writings  along  the  same 
lines  followed  and  on  Apr.  23,  in  denouncing  alleged  peace-at-any- 
price  policies  and  a  lack  of  national  preparedness  which  would 
involve  useless  bloodshed  and  possible  disaster,  the  ex-President 
said:  "In  the  event  of  war  my  four  sons  will  go,  and  one,  and 
perhaps  both,  of  my  sons-in-law ;  I  will  go  myself ;  the  young  kins- 
folk and  friends  of  my  sons  will  go ;  so  my  words  are  spoken  with 
my  eyes  open."  Preparedness  was  urged  in  all  these  speeches  as 
well  as  just  appreciation  of  the  real  issues  of  the  War.  At  Chicago 
(Apr.  29)  Mr.  Roosevelt  said:  "Our  prime  duty,  infinitely  our 
most  important  duty,  is  the  duty  of  preparedness.  Unless  we  pre- 
pare in  advance  we  cannot,  when  the  crisis  comes,  be  true  to  our- 
selves. We  have  been  sinking  into  the  position  of  the  China  of  the 
Occident;  and  we  will  do  well  to  remember  that  China — pacifist 
China — has  not  only  been  helpless  to  keep  its  own  territory  from 
spoliation  and  its  own  people  from  subjugation  but  has  also  been 
helpless  to  exert  even  the  most  minute  degree  of  influence  on  behalf 
of  right  dealing  among  other  nations.  .  .  .  The  preparedness 
of  a  big,  highly  efficient  Navy  and  a  small,  highly  efficient  regular 
Army  will  meet  our  immediate  needs,  and  can  be  immediately 
undertaken.  But  ultimately,  and  to  meet  our  permanent  needs, 
I  believe  with  all  my  heart  in  universal  training  and  universal  ser- 
vice on  some  modification  of  the  Swiss  and  Australian  systems 
adapted  to  the  needs  of  our  American  life." 

At  Detroit  (May  19)  he  declared  that  "for  16  months  the 
American  Government  has  been  employed  in  sending  ultimatum 

*NOTE. — See  the  study  of  United  States  Policy  in  The  Canadian  Annual  Review 
for  1915. 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      213 

after  ultimatum  to  Germany  while  Germany  in  equally  monotonous 
succession  sank  ship  after  ship.  While  the  Notes  were  being  writ- 
ten the  loss  of  life  among  non-combatants  on  ships,  which  were  tor- 
pedoed and  about  which  Notes  were  being  written,  was  greater 
than  the  total  number  of  lives  lost  in  both  the  Union  and  Con- 
federate Navies  during  the  entire  Civil  War.  ...  I  firmly 
•  believe  that  if  at  the  outset  we  had  clearly  made  it  evident  that 
our  words  would  be  translated  into  deeds  Germany  would  have 
yielded,  the  Lusitania  and  other  ships  would  not  have  been  sunk, 
and  all  this  lamentable  loss  of  life  would  have  been  avoided."  In 
an  address  at  Kansas  City  on  May  30  Mr.  Eoosevelt  was  emphatic 
as  to  Pacifists.  "  'In  actual  practice,'  he  said,  'the  professional 
pacifist  is  merely  the  tool  of  the  sensual  materialist,  who  has  no 
ideals,  whose  shrivelled  soul  is  wholly  absorbed  in  automobiles, 
and  the  movies,  and  money-making,  and  in  the  policies  of  the  cash 
register  and  the  stock-ticker,  and  the  life  of  fatted  ease.'  ' 

Then  came  the  Elections.  The  spirit  of  the  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Chicago  on  June  7-10  was  divided  between  the  claims 
of  the  Peace-lovers  in  the  land,  the  influence  of  the  German  element 
in  the  Party  and  the  country,  the  old-time  and  proud  war -record 
of  a  party  once  led  by  Lincoln  and  still  forced  to  recognize  Roose- 
velt as  one  of  its  later  leaders.  The  platform  chosen  was  not  as 
clear  along  traditional  lines  of  policy  in  respect  to  peace  and  war  as 
was  the  Democratic  one  at  St.  Louis.  While  it  denounced  the 
President's  policy  in  Mexico  it  did  not  advocate  armed  interven- 
tion; while  urging  preparedness  for  war  the  words  and  phrases 
used  were  general;  it  declared  for  tariff  duties  "reasonable  in 
extent"  and  for  a  Tariff  Commission.  The  War  and  Peace  refer- 
ences were  as  follows : 

(1)  We  declare  that  we  believe  in  and  will  enforce  the  protection  of 
every  American  citizen  in  all  the  rights  secured  to  him  by  the  constitution, 
treaties  and  the  law  of  nations,  at  home  and  abroad,  by  land  and  sea. 

(2)  We   desire   peace,   the   peace   of  justice   and   right,   and  believe   in 
maintaining  a  straight  and  honest  neutrality  between  the  belligerents  in  the 
great  war  in  Europe.    We  must  perform  all  our  duties  and  insist  upon  all  our 
rights  as  neutrals,  without  fear  and  without  favour.     We  believe  that  peace 
and  neutrality,  as  well  as  the  dignity  and  influence  of  the  United  States,  can- 
not be  preserved  by  shifty  expedients,  by  phrase-making,  by  performances  in 
language,   or   by   attitudes   ever   changing   in   an   effort   to   secure   groups   or 
voters. 

(3)  We  believe  in  the  pacific  settlement  of  international   disputes  and 
favour  the  establishment  of  a  World  Court  for  that  purpose. 

(4)  In  order  to  maintain  our  peace  and  make  certain  the  security  of  our 
people  within  our  own  borders,  the  country  must  have  not  only  adequate,  but 
thorough  and  complete  national  defence,  ready  for  any  emergency.     We  must 
have  a  sufficient  and  effective  regular  Army  and  a  provision  for  ample  re- 
serves, already  drilled  and  disciplined,  who  can  be  called  at  once  to  the  colours 
when  the  hour  of  danger  comes.    We  must  have  a  Navy,  so  strong  and  so  well 
proportioned  and  equipped,  so  thoroughly  ready  and  prepared,  that  no  enemy 
can  gain  command  of  the  sea  and  effect  a  landing  in  force  on  either  our  west- 
ern or  our  eastern  coast. 

(5)  We  can  perform  our  rightful  part  in  promoting  permanent  interna- 
tional peace  only  by  a  willingness  and  a  prepared  ability  to  defend  our  own 
rights  and  the  rights  of  other  nations. 

(6)  Failure  to  deal  firmly  and  promptly  with  the  menace  of  the  Mexi- 
can disorders  has  brought  conditions  worse  than  warfare,  and  has  weakened 


214  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

our  national  self-respect.  Every  resource  of  Government  should  forthwith  be 
used  to  end  those  conditions,  and  protect  from  outrage  the  lives,  honour,  and* 
property  of  American  men  and  women  in  Mexico. 

During  this  Convention— which  nominated  Mr.  Hughes  as  more 
likely  to  hold  the  votes  of  the  Party  than  Col.  Roosevelt — the 
latter  declined  the  nomination  of  the  Progressive  National  Con- 
vention, whose  banner  he  had  carried  in  1912  and  which  was 
sitting  at  the  same  time  as  the  straight  party  gathering.  In  his 
letter  of  June  22  to  its  Committee  Col.  Roosevelt  urged  support 
for  Mr.  Hughes  as  possessing  an  ' '  instinct  for  efficiency,  unbending 
integrity,  and  trained  ability."  As  to  certain  current  rumours 
which  grew  weighty  with  iteration  he  said:  "It  is  urged  against 
Mr.  Hughes  that  he  was  supported  by  the  various  so-called  German- 
American  alliances.  I  believe  that  the  attitude  of  these  profes- 
sional German-Americans  was  due,  not  in  the  least  to  any  liking  for 
Mr.  Hughes,  but  solely  to  their  antagonism  to  me.  ...  I  need 
hardly  repeat  what  I  have,  already  said  in  stern  reprobation  of  this 
professional  element."  A  succession  of  speeches  for  Mr.  Hughes 
followed  of  which  the  keynote  was  given  at  Lewiston  (Aug.  31)  : 
'  *  Since  1912  we  have  had  four  years  of  a  policy  which  has  been  an 
opiate  to  the  spirit  of  idealism.  It  has  meant  the  relaxation  of  our 
moral  fibre.  Horror  of  war,  combined  with  a  sordid  appeal  to  self- 
interest  and  to  fear,  have  paralyzed  the  nation's  conscience." 

At  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  (Sept.  30)  he  dealt  with  Mr.  Wilson's 
submarine  policy:  "On  Feb.  10  (1915)  President  Wilson  issued  his 
Strict  Accountability  note.  On  Mar.  28  the  Falaba  was  torpedoed. 
If  he  had  then  made  good  his  words;  if  he  had  immediately  held 
Germany  to  strict  accountability,  not  one  of  the  subsequent  sinkings 
would  have  taken  place.  The  Lusitania,  the  Arabic,  the  Persia,  the 
Sussex  and  the  other  vessels  would  be  afloat,  and  2,300  men,  women 
and  children  would  be  alive. ' '  At  New  York  on  Oct.  3,  on  a  plat- 
form from  which  Mr.  Hughes  and  W.  H.  Taft  also  spoke,  Mr.  Roose- 
velt declared  that  "under  the  administration  of  Charles  E.  Hughes 
the  laws  of  humanity  and  the  rights  of  non-combatants  shall  be 
rigidly  respected."  During  these  speeches  Mr.  Roosevelt  de- 
nounced in  every  possible  form  the  German- American  "hyphen- 
ates"— at  Chicago  on  Oct.  26  describing  them  as  "fifty-fifty  loyal- 
ists" to  two  countries  and  as  guilty  of  "moral  treason"  to  the 
United  States.  At  New  York,  again,  (Nov.  3)  he  declared  that  if 
the  President  was  re-elected  "we  would  show  ourselves  for  the  time 
being  a  sordid,  soft  and  spineless  nation;  content  to  accept  any 
and  every  insult ;  content  to  pay  no  heed  to  the  most  flagrant 
wrongs  done  to  the  small  and  weak ;  anxious  only  to  gather  in  every 
dollar  that  we  can,  to  spend  it  in  luxury,  and  to  replace  it  by  any 
form  of  money-making  which  we  can  follow  with  safety  to  our  own 
bodies." 

Meantime  Mr.  Hughes  had  been  speaking  in  all  the  chief  cen- 
tres of  the  Republic.  Lacking  Col.  Roosevelt's  fiery  vigour  and 
President  Wilson's  urbane  smoothness  of  diction,  he  was  further 
hampered  by  an  apparent  desire  to  hold  the  scales  even  between 
German-Americans  and  other  racial  entities  of  the  Republic. 


U.  S.  LEADERS,  THE  WAR,  AND  THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS      215 

Whatever  his  chief  supporter  might  say  he  must  hold  aloof  from 
entangling  utterances!  Upon  other  subjects  he  was  clear  in  state- 
ment— as  in  his  reference  to  the  Labour  legislation  of  the  Adminis- 
tration (Milwaukee,  Sept.  20)  which  had  averted  the  great  Eailway 
strike  by  granting,  through  Congress,  practically  everything  de- 
manded :  "  I  won 't  stand  for  any  abuses.  I  don 't  care  what  power 
it  is,  whether  it  is  the  power  of  Labour  or  the  power  of  Capital,  I 
am  opposed  to  surrendering  American  government  to  any  demands 
of  force."  Through  all  his  chief  utterances  in  a  30,000-mile  tour 
with  its  500  speeches  ran  the  note  of  his  Acceptance  speech  of  Aug. 
1st — ' '  America  first  and  America  efficient. ' ' 

Mr.  Hughes'  references  to  the  War  always  held  matters  even 
between  the  belligerents,  as  at  Philadelphia  (Oct.  9)  :  "We  propose 
to  protect  American  lives  on  land  and  sea.  We  do  not  propose  to 
tolerate  any  improper  interferences  with  American  property,  with 
American  mails  or  with  legitimate  commercial  intercourse.  »  No 
American  who  is  exercising  only  American  rights  shall  be  put  on 
any  Blacklist  by  any  foreign  nation.  We  propose  to  protect 
American  lives,  American  property  and  American  trade  according 
to  our  rights  under  International  law."  His  attitude  upon  the 
Lusitania  episode  was  as  ' '  neutral ' '  as  any  Democrat  could  desire ; 
his  references  as  to  what  he  would  have  done  if  in  power  were  very 
vague.  The  clearest  was  at  Louisville  on  Oct.  12  when  he  answered  a 
question  thus:  "When  I  said  'strict  accountability'  every  nation 
would  have  known  that  that  was  meant ;  when  that  notice  was  pub- 
lished with  respect  to  the  action  threatened  I  would  have  made  it 
known  in  terms  unmistakable  that  we  would  not  tolerate  a  continu- 
ance of  friendly  relations  through  the  ordinary  diplomatic  chan- 
nels if  that  action  were  taken — and  the  Lusitania,  sir,  would  never 
have  been  sunk.!' 

Meanwhile  the  Democrats  had  been  continuously  charging  Mr. 
Hughes  with  courting  the  German  vote  by  what  he  said  and  didn't 
say;  in  New  York  on  Oct.  24  he  declared  that,  if  his  Party  were 
elected,  ' '  we  shall  not  tolerate  the  use  of  our  soil  for  the  purpose  of 
alien  intrigues.  We  shall  not  permit  foreign  influences  or  threats 
from  any  quarter  to  swerve  our  action."  The  American  ideals 
expressed  in  all  his  campaign  speeches  were  much  the  same  as  Mr. 
Wilson 's ;  the  aloofness  from  Europe  and  the  War  in  thought  and 
phrase  was  exactly  similar;  there  was  no  difference  in  the  two 
candidates'  desire  to  avoid  recognition  of  any  world-principle  or 
moral  issue  being  at  stake  in  the  War;  the  love  of  peace  professed 
by  each  was  identical.  As  Mr.  Hughes  put  it  at  Ogdensburg  (Oct. 
28)  :  "We  do  not  want^war.  I  am  amazed  at  the  audacity  of  the 
assertion  that  a  vote  for  me  is  a  vote  for  war.  I  am  a  man  devoted 
to  peace."  Neither  candidate  hinted  at  any  intention  to  take  part 
in  the  War ;  even  Mr.  Roosevelt  did  not  go  further  than  to  say  what 
he  would  have  done  in  the  past.  a 

The  result  of  the  contest  was  a  triumph  for  Mr.  Wilson,  a  deci- 
sive victory  for  his  general  policy  and  attitude  in  the  War,  a  vindi- 
cation of  his  belief  that  the  people  wanted  peace  and  prosperity  and 
were  behind  his  Administration  in  its  keeping  of  the  nation  neutral 


216  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

in  spirit  and  in  fact.  At  first  it  was  believed  and  announced  in  the 
press  that  the  President  was  defeated  ;  finally  certain  States  swung 
into  his  column  and  the  popular  vote  was  found  to  be  9,116,296  for 
Mr.  Wilson  and  8,547,474  for  Mr.  Hughes.  In  1912  the  former  had 
only  received  6,293,019  votes  with  the  Republicans  divided  between 
Taft  and  Roosevelt,  and  he  now  came  back  to  Washington  with  a 
clear  public  mandate  from  a  country  normally  Republican.  It  was 
said  that  the  women's  vote,  of  which  2,000,000  were  polled,  elected 
Mr.  Wilson  and  that  this  was  due  (1)  to  his  distinct  promise  to 
fight  for  the  further  extension  of  their  franchise  and  (2)  to  their 
Pacifist  tendencies  of  thought.  The  Progressives  of  the  Western 
States  did  not  follow  Mr.  Roosevelt  's  lead  back  into  Republicanism 
as  expected  ;  while  the  President  's  policy  in  the  Railway  strike  crisis 
and  the  declaration  of  the  Labour  leader,  Samuel  Gompers,  (Nov.  5) 
that  '  '  in  this  campaign  Woodrow  Wilson  stands  for  all  that  is  true 
to  labour,  justice,  patriotism,  freedom  and  humanity,"  had  much 
to  do  with  the  result. 

It  did  not  appear  that  Mr.  Hughes  controlled  the  German- 
American  vote,  though  that  vote  did  ensure  his  nomination  at 
Chicago  in  order  to  defeat  Roosevelt  or  Root.  In  and  .n  round 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  St.  Paul  and  Des  Moines,  however, 
the  German  organizations  were  active  and,  in  the  main,  against  Mr. 
Wilson  ;  as  a  whole  the  German  press  of  the  United  States  opposed 
the  President  and  favoured  Mr.  Hughes  because  his  views  and 
record  were  colourless  and,  no  doubt  also,  because  the  opportunity 
offered  to  show  their  strength  with  a  voting  power  stated  at 
1,200,000.  At  a  great  Hughes  meeting  in  New  York  on  Oct.  22 
Henry  Weissman,  President  of  the  New  York  German-  American 
Alliance,  was  in  the  chair  and,  after  denouncing  President  Wilson 
in  set  terms,  he  declared  that  it  was  not  he  who  had  kept  the  United 
States  out  of  war  but  the  Kaiser!  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however, 
the  leaders  and  their  press  could  not  deliver  all  the  goods  and  Mr. 
Hughes  lost  votes  in  Milwaukee,  Illinois  and  Cincinnati  though 
successful  in  other  German  centres;  details  indicated  losses  and 
gains  in  general  without  any  apparent  rush  of  the  German  vote 
one  way  or  the  other. 


controversies  ^ke  ^ssues  between  the  American  Republic  and 

with  Germany;    the   Central  Powers  at  the  beginning  of  this  year 
President  were  still  unsettled  and  turned  upon  how  far  the  lat- 

DM^mac  ter  wou^  stand  by  such  limited  pledges  as  had  been 

made  with,  also,  negotiations  still  pending  as  to  the 
Lusitania,  etc.  The  attitude  of  the  Wilson  Administration  had 
been  one  of  persistent  protest  against  German  infractions  of  neu- 
tral rights.  The  first  was  against  the  German  announcement  as  to 
sinking  all  merchant  vessels  belonging  to  the  Allies  which  was  met, 
Feb.  10,  1915,  by  the  United  States  Government's  statement  that 
it  would  be  an  '  '  indefensible  violation  '  '  of  neutral  rights  for  which 
the  German  Government  would  be  held  "  to  a  strict  accountability  ;  '  ' 
then  followed  the  sinking  of  the  Faldba,  Gulflight  and  Lusitania 
and  on  May  13  the  President's  declaration  that  "manifestly  sub- 


UNITED  STATES  CONTROVERSIES  WITH  GERMANY 


217 


marines  cannot  be  used  against  merchantmen,  as  the  last  few  weeks 
have  shown,  without  an  inevitable  violation  of  many  sacred  prin- 
ciples of  justice  and  humanity";  then  the  Armenia  and  Orduna 
were  sunk — the  latter  without  warning — and  on  July  21  the  Ger- 
man Government  were  advised  that  another  such  action  would  be 
regarded  as  "deliberately  unfriendly";  the  sinking  of  the  Arabic 
followed  and  then  came  a  German  assurance  (Sept.  1)  that  "liners 
will  not  be  sunk  by  our  submarines  without  warning  and  without 
safety  of  the  lives  of  non-combatants,  provided  that  the  liners  do 
not  try  to  escape  or  offer  resistance."  The  sinking  of  the  Ancona 
and  Persia  succeeded  with  lives  of  Americans  lost  on  all  these  occa- 
sions. 

The  latter  action,  by  which  400  lives  were  lost,  aroused  much 
strong  comment  in  the  United  States  press  early  in  1916  but  before 
the  agitation  could  develop  Mr.  Secretary  Lansing  announced  on 
Jan.  7  at  Washington  that  Germany  had  presented  the  following 
general  statement,  renewing  a  preceding  pledge,  through  Count 
Von  Bernstorff:  "German  submarines  are  permitted  to  destroy 
enemy  merchant  vessels  in  the  Mediterranean,  i.e.,  passenger  as 
well  as  freight  ships,  as  far  as  they  do  not  try  to  escape  or  offer 
resistance — only  after  passengers  and  crews  have  been  accorded 
safety.  ...  If  commanders  of  German  submarines  should  not 
have  obeyed  the  orders  given  to  them  they  shall  be  punished;  fur- 
thermore, the  German  Government  will  immediately  make  repara- 
tion for  damage  caused  by  death  or  injuries  to  American  citizens. ' ' 
The  Administration  regarded  this  as  a  concession  and  so  did  a  part 
of  the  press.  On  Jan.  18  the  Secretary  of  State  (Hon.  Robert 
Lansing)  directed  to  the  United  States  Ambassadors  abroad  a  let- 
ter of  advice  and  suggestion  as  to  the  desirability  of  not  arming 
belligerent  merchant  ships  in  order  to  save  the  lives  of  non-com- 
batants. His  preliminary  observation  was  as  follows:  "I  do  not 
feel  that  a  belligerent  should  be  deprived  of  the  proper  use  of  sub- 
marines in  the  interruption  of  enemy  commerce  since  those  instru- 
ments of  war  have  proven  their  effectiveness  in  this  particular 
branch  of  warfare  on  the  high  seas.*"  Certain  rules  were  sug- 
gested as  to  stopping,  when  ordered  by  a  submarine,  and  as  to 
methods  of  attack,  and  then  Mr.  Lansing  proceeded: 

The  use  of  the  submarine,  however,  has  changed  these  "relations.  Com- 
parison of  the  defensive  strength  of  a  cruiser  and  a  submarine  shows  that  the 
latter,  relying  for  protection  on  its  power  to  submerge,  is  almost  defenseless 
in  point  of  construction.  Even  a  merchant  ship  carrying  a  small  calibre  gun 
would  be  able  to  use  it  effectively  for  offence  against  a  submarine.  Moreover, 
pirates  and  sea  rovers  have  been  swept  from  the  main  trade  channels  of  the 
seas,  and  privateering  has  been  abolished.  Consequently,  the  placing  of  guns 
on  merchantmen  at  the  present  day  of  submarine  warfare  can  be  explained 
only  on  the  ground  of  a  purpose  to  render  merchantmen  superior  in  force  to 
submarines  and  to  prevent  warning  and  visit  and  search  by  them.  Any  arm- 
ament, therefore,  on  a  merchant  vessel  would  seem  to  have  the  character  of  an 
offensive  armament. 

He,  therefore,  urged  the  prohibition  of  merchant  vessels  "from 
carrying  any  armament  whatever."  On  Feb.  10  the  Central  Pow- 

*NOTE. — These  extracts  are  from  the  official  correspondence  as  published  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  State — European  War  No.  3. 


2.18  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

ers  took  their  next  important  step  in  submarine  policy.  A  year 
before  they  had  announced  the  intention  to  sink  all  belligerent 
merchant  ships  if  possible — with  a  later  pledge  as  to  giving  warn- 
ing and  saving  lives ;  now  they  proclaimed  the  policy  of  sinking  such 
ships  without  warning.*  The  Memorandum  presented  by  the  Ger- 
man Ambassador  reviewed  alleged  actions  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment in  arming  its  merchantmen;  claimed  that  "a  merchantman 
assumes  a  warlike  character  by  armament  with  guns  regardless  of 
whether  the  guns  are  intended  to  serve  for  defence  or  attack. ' '  and 
formally  declared  that  "the  German  Naval  forces  will  receive 
orders,  paying  consideration  to  the  interests  of  neutrals,  to  treat 
such  vessels  as  belligerents ' ' — which  carried  the  right  to  sink  with- 
out warning.  A  similar  Note  was  issued  by  Austria-Hungary. 
Meantime,  the  Entente  Powers  had  unanimously  declined  to  accept 
Mr.  Lansing's  proposals — which  had  come  so  opportunely,  for  Ger- 
many's new  course  of  action — and  he  accepted  their  decision  The 
German  Government  had,  meanwhile,  accepted  the  proposals  and 
hoped  (Bernstorff  Memorandum,  Mar.  8)  for  their  recognition  by 
the  Allies. 

Amongst  the  shipping  sunk  as  a  result  of  this  new  policy — 
which  came  into  force  on  Mar.  1st  and  to  which  no  specific  official 
protest  went  from  the  United  States — was  the  Sussex,  an  unarmed 
French  steamer  sunk  by  a  torpedo  in  the  English  Channel  on 
Mar.  24,  without  warning,  with  325  passengers  on  board  and  about 
80  lives  lost,  of  which  some  were  American.  A  Despatch  from  the 
Secretary  of  State  to  Berlin  on  Apr.  18  pointed  out  these  facts  and 
others  ascertained  after  careful  investigation,  stated  that  other 
vessels  had  recently  been  sunk  in  similar  fashion,  and  described 
this  as  "one  of  the  most  extreme  and  most  distressing  instances 
of  the  deliberate  method  and  spirit  of  indiscriminate  destruction 
of  merchant  vessels  of  all  sorts,  nationalities,  and  destinations  which 
have  become  more  and  more  unmistakable  as  the  activity  of  German 
undersea  vessels  of  war  has  in  recent  months  been  quickened  and 
extended."  The  United  States  position  of  a  year  before  was  re- 
stated and,  in  definite  terms,  Mr.  Lansing  declared  that  this 
method  of  warfare  was  "utterly  incompatible  with  the  principles 
of  humanity,  the  long-established  and  incontrovertible  rights  of 
neutrals,  and  the  sacred  immunities  of  non-combatants."  If  it 
was  the  purpose  of  the  German  Government  to  continue  its  ruth- 
less and  indiscriminate  warfare  by  submarines  there  was  only  one 
course  for  the  United  States  to  pursue :  ' '  Unless  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment should  now  immediately  declare  and  effect  an  abandon- 
ment of  its  present  methods  of  submarine  warfare  against  passenger 
and  freight  carrying  vessels,  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
can  have  no  choice  but  to  sever  diplomatic  relations  with  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  German  Empire  altogether." 

During  the  next  three  weeks  there  was  tense  excitement  at 
Washington,  much  talk  as  to  the  country  being  on  the  verge  of 
war,  press  comments  which  gave  approval  almost  unanimously  to 

*NOTE. — Early  in  1917  neutral  ships  were  added  to  the  belligerent  list. 


UNITED  STATES  CONTROVERSIES  WITH  GERMANY  219 

the  President's  policy  as  above — apart  from  the  German  and 
Hearst  papers.  On  Apr.  19  the  President  followed  up  his  Note — 
these  diplomatic  documents  were  generally  admitted  to  be  his 
though  signed  by  the  Secretary  of  State — with  a  formal  address  to 
Congress  in  terms  very  similar  to  his  despatch  and  concluding  as 
follows :  ' '  We  owe  it  to  a  due  regard  for  our  own  rights  as  a  nation, 
to  our  sense  of  duty  as  a  representative  of  the  rights  of  neutrals 
the  world  over,  and  to  a  just  conception  of  the  rights  of  mankind, 
to  take  this  stand  now  with  the  utmost  solemnity  and  firmness." 
The  reply  of  Herr  Von  Jagow  (May  4)  denied  the  general  charges 
of  the  American  despatch,  though  admitting  occasional  errors; 
reviewed  once  more  the  alleged  British  breach  of  International 
law  in  trying  to  starve  the  German  people  by  blockade,  and  the 
consequent  justification  of  the  submarine  policy;  and  then  an- 
nounced the  following  orders  to  its  Naval  forces — really  a  repeti- 
tion of  those  of  Sept.  1,  1915:  "In  accordance  with  the  general 
principles  of  visit  and  search  and  destruction  of  merchant  vessels 
recognized  by  International  law,  such  vessels,  both  within  and 
without  the  area  declared  as  Naval  war-zone,  shall  not  be  sunk 
without  warning  and  without  saving  human  lives,  unless  these 
ships  attempt  to  escape  or  offer  resistance."  At  the  same  time  the 
confident  belief  was  expressed  that  the  United  States  would  now 
co-operate  with  Germany  in  compelling  Britain  to  restore  "the 
freedom  of  the  seas. ' ' 

The  American  reply  (May  8)  expressed  gratification  at  this 
recognition  of  its  demands  but  declined  to,  in  any  way,  discuss 
this  question  as  connected  with  the  other  British  issue  specified  by 
Germany.  "Responsibility  in  such  matters  is  single  not  joint; 
absolute  not  relative."  As  to  the  rest  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  would  '  *  rely  upon  a  scrupulous  execution  henceforth 
of  the  now  altered  policy  of  the  Imperial  Government."  The 
American  press  was  divided  as  to  the  German  attitude  but  it  had 
the  effect  of  robbing  the  situation  of  all  war  danger  or  sensational 
utterance.  Two  things  appear  obvious,  however,  (1)  that  the 
German  ' '  concession ' '  simply  repeated  a  preceding  declaration  and 
(2)  that  the  clause  about  "ships  attempting  to  escape"  provided 
an  ample  excuse  for  any  future  action.  Following  this  "settle- 
ment" it  was  announced  by  the  British  Admiralty  on  Nov.  15  that 
between  May  5  and  Nov.  8  following  33  vessels  were  sunk  by  Ger- 
man submarines  without  warning  and  140  lives  lost.  Those  with 
which  the  United  States  was  directly  concerned  were  the  British 
Marina,  sunk  on  Oct.  28  off  the  Irish  coast  with  6  American  lives 
lost,  ancj.  the  Arabia,  in  the  Mediterranean  on  Nov.  6  with  one 
American  on  board  who  was  saved. 

Within  a  few  months  ten  inquiries  were  sent  to  Berlin  by  the 
United  States  as  to  the  sinking  of  these  and  other  ships  but  in 
each  case  some  kind  of  an  explanation  was  given  which  presumably 
the  United  States  accepted — although  there  were  various  denials 
as  to  statements  of  fact  from  the  British  Government.  In  the 
case  of  the  Marina  the  German  excuse  was  that  she  was  a  British 
troop  ship ;  the  reply  was  that  she  had  never  been  anything  but  a 


220  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

peaceful,  private  merchantman,  and  proofs  of  this  were  submitted 
to  Washington.  Later  boats  to  suffer  were  the  Columbian,  the 
Russian  and  the  Palermo.  Subsidiary  to  these  matters  had  been 
the  sinking  of  the  American  steamer  Petrolite  by  an  Austrian  sub- 
marine on  Dec.  5,  1915,  which,  after  long  negotiations,  evoked  on 
June  21  a  despatch  to  the  Ambassador  at  Vienna  including  the 
statement :  ' l  In  the  absence  of  other  and  more  satisfactory  explana- 
tion of  the  attack  on  the  steamer  than  that  contained  in  the  Note 
addressed  to  you  by  the  Foreign  Office,  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  is  compelled  to  regard  the  conduct  of  the  com- 
mander of  the  submarine,  in  attacking  the  Petrolite  and  in  coerc- 
ing the  Captain,  as  a  deliberate  insult  to  the  flag  of  the  United 
States  and  an  invasion  of  the  rights  of  American  citizens."  Apol- 
ogy, punishment  and  reparation  were  demanded.  Late  in  the  year 
a  compromise  arrangement  was  come  to.  Concurrently  with  all 
these  issues  had  run  informal  negotiations  for  a  settlement  of  the 
Lusitania  matter  which  did  not,  however,  reach  any  final  solution 
— Germany  being  willing  to  pay  indemnities  but  unwilling  to 
acknowledge  that  her  action  was  wrong. 

A  new  development  came  on  July  9  in  the  arrival  at  Baltimore 
of  the  Deutschland — a  large  submarine  merchantman  which  was 
claimed  to  be  quite  unarmed  and  to  have  a  cargo  of  750  tons  of 
dyestuffs.  The  return  cargo  was  said  to  be  all  ready  and  to  consist 
of  nickel  and  special  supplies.  Much  was  made  of  this  incident 
by  the  sensational  or  pro-German  press  as  revolutionizing  Naval 
war  and  trade;  the  United  States  Government  decided  to  accept 
the  submarine  as  a  merchant  ship  with  all  the  usual  privileges; 
and,  after  some  weeks  in  harbour  the  Deutschland  left  for  home  on 
Aug.  1  loaded  with  crude  rubber,  bar  nickel  and  crude  tin — accord- 
ing to  local  statements.  The  Allied  Governments  followed  with  a 
protest  against  submarines  using  neutral  ports  or  waters  on  the 
ground  that  "any  place  which  provides  a  submarine  warship,  far 
from  its  base,  with  an  opportunity  for  rest  and  replenishment  of 
its  supplies,  thereby  furnishes  such  addition  to  its  powers  that 
the  place  becomes  in  fact,  through  the  advantages  which  it  gives,  a 
base  of  naval  operations."  It  was,  also,  pointed  out  that  grave 
danger  would  follow  to  neutral  submarines  in  such  waters.  Mr. 
Lansing,  for  his  Government  (Aug.  31,  1916),  refused  to  accept 
these  views,  in  rather  tart  terms  "reserved  liberty  of  action"  to 
deal  with  such  vessels,  and  added :  ' '  The  Government  of  the  United 
States  announces  to  the  Allied  Powers  that  it  holds  it  to  be  the 
duty  of  belligerent  Powers  to  distinguish  between  submarines  of 
neutral  and  belligerent  nationality." 

Following  upon  this  incident  was  the  arrival  of  the  German 
submarine  U  53  at  Newport  on  Oct.  7  flying  the  German  flag  and 
with  disappearing  guns  mounted  fore  and  aft.  After  an  exchange 
of  courtesies  it  steamed  out  of  the  harbour  and  next  day,  off  Nan- 
tucket,  sank  6  ships,  of  which  4  were  British,  one  Dutch  and  one 
Norwegian  with  a  total  tonnage  of  about  15,000.  United  States 
destroyers  were  present  in  time  to  save  all  lives  and,  as  the 
despatches  in  the  press,  put  it — "to  see  fair  play."  There  was 


GERMAN  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  221 

panic  for  the  moment  in  shipping  circles  and  a  practical  blockade  of 
United  States  ports  for  a  few  days ;  there  were  all  kinds  of  stories 
as  to  varied  elements  in  a  new  submarine  war.  Then  the  submar- 
ine appeared  to  be  going  homeward  and,  watched  by  the  United 
States  Torpedo-boat  Balch,  about  60  miles  from  shore,  it  sank  the 
steamer  Stephana — after  putting  the  American  passengers  on 
board  into  boats.  About  the  same  time  the  Dutch  liner  Bloomerad- 
juk  was  sunk  with  another  United  States  destroyer  (The  Benham) 
looking  on  and,  according  to  one  of  its  officers,  Lieut.  L.  C.  Carey, 
obeying  the  request  of  U  53  to  get  out  of  the  way  of  its  torpedo.* 
In  November  the  Deutschland  was  back  again  and  obtained  another 
cargo  but,  from  all  accounts,  was  captured  by  the  British  on  its 
return  voyage  while  its  sister-ship,  the  Bremen,  also  appears  to  have 
been  lost. 

The  year  closed  with  vigorous  protests  from  the  Administra- 
tion against  the  German  policy  of  deporting  Belgians  for  labour 
in  Germany  or  in  the  trenches.  On  Nov.  29  a  despatch  was  sent 
stating  that  "the  Government  of  the  United  States  has  learned 
with  the  greatest  concern  and  regret  of  the  policy  of  the  German 
Government  to  deport  from  Belgium  a  portion  of  the  civilian 
population  for  the  purpose  of  forcing  them  to  labour  in  Germany, 
and  is  constrained  to  protest  in  a  friendly  spirit,  but  most  solemnly, 
against  this  action,  which  is  in  contravention  of  all  precedents  and 
of  humane  principles  of  international  practice. ' '  Germany  replied 
that  its  action  was  an  attempted  solution  of  an  unemployed  pro- 
blem involving  1,200,000  persons  and  that  to  relieve  this  the  Gov- 
ernor-General had,  on  May  15,  1916,  issued  an  order  under  which, 
"persons  enjoying  public  relief  and  declining  without  adequate 
reasons  to  accept  or  to  continue  to  do  work  corresponding  to  their 
abilities,"  had  confinement  or  coercive  labour  imposed.  The  action 
was  claimed  to  be  quite  in  accordance  with  The  Hague  Convention. 
The  President  also  tried  to  arrange  a  plan  for  the  relief  of  Poland 
but  on  Oct.  17  was  compelled  to  announce  that  the  Belligerent 
Powers  could  not  reach  an  agreement  as  Germany  refused  to 
give  any  guarantees  that  such  foodstuffs  would  be  used  only  by  non- 
combatants. 

German  The  National    German    Alliance    was    a    strong 

organizations  United  States  organization  during  these  years ;  it  had 
in  the  united  a  iarge  membership  variously  described  but  running 
'  *nto  ^e  miUi°ns  5  it  included  many  members  who 

were  Americans  first,  many  who  wanted  and  believed 
the  interests  of  the  United  States  and  Germany  to  run  together; 
others  who  were  prepared  to  use  force  or  any  other  influence  to 
help  their  native  land.  It  is  not  probable  that  this  organization 
held  more  than  1,000,000  voters  and  it  is  clear  that  in  the  Elections 
even  these  were  divided.  But  the  mere  threat  of  unity  was  natur- 
ally a  potent  force  with  politicians  and  certainly  had  influence 
in  promoting  or  determining  some  State  elections,  various  Party 
nominations  and  some  Congressional  policy. 

*NOTB. — Private  Letter  quoted  in  New  York  Tribune,  Oct.  16,   1916. 


222  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Alliance  programme  was  declared  by  the  New  York  World 
(Mar.  7)  to  demand  the  refusal  of  passports  to  Americans  travel- 
ling on  ships  of  the  belligerents,  an  embargo  on  contraband  of  war, 
and  the  prohibition  of  Federal  Reserve  banks  subscribing  to  for- 
eign war  loans.  If  so,  they  only  obtained  the  last.  But  the  mere 
pressure  of  8,817,000  people  (Census  of  1910)  of  German  origin,  or 
10  per  cent,  of  the  population,  was  sufficient  to  create  divisions  and 
form  public  opinion — no  matter  how  this  population  was  sorted 
out  and  sifted  down  into  the  mass.  It  appeared  that  only  2,501,000 
were  actually  born  in  Germany  (with  1,670,000  more  born  in  Aus- 
tria-Hungary) and  that  many  of  them  had  lost  their  early  associa- 
tions ;  that  3,911,000  were  born  in  the  States  of  German  parentage 
and  1,869,000  of  one  German  parent,  while  others  were  descended 
from  Germans  of  revolutionary  days.  Added  to  this  element  were 
a  large  mixed  population  from  Poland,  the  Balkans,  etc.,  a  dis- 
tinct percentage  of  pro-German  Irish  out  of  1,352,000  people 
born  in  Ireland  and  settled  in  the  States,  with  a  number  of 
Jews  and  Swedes  holding  racial  animosities  against  Russia.  Since 
1910  there  had  been  350,000  German  immigrants  and  there  were 
said,  in  Germany,  to  be  300,000  reservists  in  the  United  States  Ger- 
man population.  With  all  the  contra  influences  of  public  schools 
and  business,  the  press  and  educated  opinion,  this  left  a  wide 
margin  for  agitators  to  work  upon — aided  by  a  multitude  of  special 
publications  and  journals  published  in  the  native  languages. 

At  the  very  most  or  best  this  element  could  have  no  friendship 
for  the  Allies  or  the  Allied  cause,  no  desire  to  support  policies  or 
men  promising  any  risk  of  war.  They  would  be  Americans  pure 
and  simple  with  a  feeling  as  to  keeping  out  of  the  War  similar,  in 
effect,  to  the  inherited  and  anti-British  feeling  or  suspicion  of  many 
English-speaking  Americans,  which  tended  to  make  them  honestly 
neutral.  At  the  worst  they  would  organize  and  vehemently  oppose 
any  action  likely  to  take  the  Republic  into  the  War  and  vigorously 
support  all  pro-German  advocacy  and  policy.  Upon  the  top  of  the 
agitation  which  followed,  and  which  was  inevitable,  came  the  froth 
and  foam  of  violence  which,  though  sensational  in  details  and  press 
comment,  was  not  at  any  time  really  serious. 

Ridder  and  his  Staats  Zeitung,  Viereck  and  his  Fatherland 
and  International,  with  German-language  papers  in  all  the  centres, 
and  the  Irish  World  in  New  York,  took  other  means  of  reaching 
results.  They  worked  for  war  with  Mexico  which  diverted  some 
recruits  and  much  munition  and,  perhaps,  money  from  the  Allies 
while  keeping  the  United  States  too  busy  to  bother  about  German 
policy  on  the  seas ;  for  Mr.  Bryan 's  policy  of  no  Americans  on  bel- 
ligerent ships  and  no  addition  to  United  States  defences ;  for  peace 
in  any  of  the  myriad  shapes  in  which  that  agitation  presented 
itself  and  for  all  the  doctrines  of  the  Pacifist  school ;  for  the  prin- 
ciple of  no  interference  in  outside  affairs  and  the  one  ideal  of 
America  for  the  Americans ;  for  the  presentation  of  a  Germany  very 
different  in  kind  frdm  the  stern  knowledge  and  experience  of 
Europe ;  for  the  embroilment  of  the  United  States,  if  in  any  way 
possible,  with  Great  Britain. 


I 


GERMAN  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  223 

The  methods  used  by  Germany  in  the  United  States  had  been 
many  and  included  the  espionage  system  which  centred  at  its  Em- 
bassy in  Washington  and  the  diplomatic  policies  described  in 
Thayer's  Life  of  John  Hay;  the  visit  and  observations  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Prussia  and  the  practical  work  and  visit  of  Von  Bern- 
hardi ;  the  organization  of  a  League  of  German  soldiers  and  visits 
of  German  military  societies  to  the  United  States ;  the  exchange  of 
Professors  between  American  and  German  Universities  and  the 
pilgrimage  of  many  students — not  confined  to  the  United  States — 
to  the  Teutonic  shrines  of  learning;  the  flooding  of  the  American 
market  with  cheap  books  and  literature  having  Germany  as  the 
text  or  the  teaching  of  the  German  language  as  an  excuse.  Some 
of  these  things  were  not  in  themselves  reprehensible;  the  after- 
war  revelations  as  to  Germany's  schemes  in  all  countries  made 
them  suspicious  until  the  Von  Papen  revelations  and  dismissal 
turned  popular  suspicion  into  certainty.  According  to  the  estimate 
of  George  Haven  Putnam,  President  of  the  American  Rights  League, 
$27,000,000  were  spent  in  America  from  the  beginning  of  the 
War  up  to  the  end  of  1916,  under  German  authority,  for  propa- 
ganda work,  destruction  of  American  property,  furtherance  of 
strikes,  and  the  purchase  of  American  papers. 

It  was  frequently  stated  and  elaborately  reasoned  at  Washing- 
ton, by  officials  who,  of  course,  would  not  give  their  names,  that 
every  important  document  fyled  in  any  of  the  State  Departments 
on  international  affairs,  or  on  Defence  conditions,  or  new  patents 
and  discoveries  such  as  the  wireless-controlled  Fish  torpedo,  or 
other  guns  and  projectiles,  promptly  found  its  way  in  copies  or 
detailed  form  into  German  hands.  According  to  W.  H.  Skaggs  in 
a  book,  entitled  German  Conspiracies  in  America,  it  was  stated  that 
' '  the  whole  United  States  is  '  Spy-ridden ' ;  German  spies  are  every- 
where, engaged  in  every  line  of  business,  employment,  trade,  and 
profession.  They  are  always  on  the  alert;  their  system  extends 
from  the  most  humble  servant  to  the  German  Embassy  at  Wash- 
ington." Mr.  Skaggs  also  declared  that  the  German  beer  interests 
in  the  United  States  were  all-powerful  with  a  large  population. 
Besides  these  interests  in  beer-producing  cities  the  Germans  had  a 
monopoly  of  the  whisky  business  in  the  South.  "They  ha^i  de- 
bauched everything  that  could  be  reached  with  their  money  or  poli- 
tical intrigue.  The  story  of  corrupt  practices,  crime  and  vice,  with 
the  suffering  and  sorrow  that  the  German  whisky  dealers  have 
brought  upon  the  poor  whites  and  negroes  of  the  South  is  as  shock- 
ing as  the  record  of  atrocities  in  Belgium."  Much  of  this  evil  was 
due  to  the  traffic  and  to  human  weakness — not  especially  to  Ger- 
mans— but  there  was  enough  to  indicate  a  class  from  which  trouble 
might  come.  Most  of  the  Germans  in  the  States  were  not  Prus- 
sians and  their  assimilation  should,  therefore,  have  been  easier  than 
appeared ;  no  doubt  also,  many  of  them  were  as  opposed  to  German 
militarism  as  any  English-American  could  be.  Still,  the  element 
was  large  enough  and  strong  enough  to  make  formidable  conspir- 
acies possible,  with  recurrent  but  spasmodic  episodes  of  violence,  in 


224  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  explosion  of  munition  plants,  planting  of  ships  with  bombs, 
terrorizing  'banks  with  financial  threats  and  attempts  upon  Can- 
adian railways,  canals  and  buildings. 

There  were  public  men  and  public  interests  and  some  financial 
institutions  ready  to  aid  in  pro-German  manipulation  of  public 
opinion.  The  American  Truth  Society  with  J.  A.  O'Leary,  Presi- 
dent, whose  support  Mr.  Wilson  had,  finally,  to  repudiate,  was  one ; 
the  American  Embargo  Conference  and  its  satellite,  the  American 
Commerce  Protective  Committee  (under  control  of  W.  E.  Mac- 
Donald)  issued  millions  of  circular  letters  drawing  attention  to 
"the  insolent  manner  in  which  Great  Britain  is  ignoring  our 
Nation's  rights,  how  our  mails  are  seized  and  rifled;  how  Red  Cross 
supplies  intended  for  the  wounded  in  Europe  are  held  up  on  New 
York  piers,  and  how  American  citizens  attempting  to  carry  finan- 
cial relief  to  the  suffering  citizens  of  Ireland  are  turned  back  by 
the  British  authorities";  the  Irish  American  Alliance  and  the 
Friends  of  Irish  Freedom  were  others  and  the  Order  of  American 
Women  for  Strict  Neutrality  obtained  an  immense  Petition  to  the 
Senate  in  favour  of  an  embargo  on  Munitions ;  Senators  T.  P.  Gore, 
Hoke  Smith,  G.  M.  Hitchcock,  W.  S.  Kenyon,  M.  E.  Clapp,  H.  F. 
Ashurst,  J.  E.  Martine,  all  worked  for  the  Munitions  embargo; 
Senators  J.  D.  Phelan,  J.  A.  0  'Gorman  and  J.  K.  Vardaman  joined 
in  denunciation  of  Britain's  Irish  policy  and  appeals  for  Roger 
Casement;  the  American  Neutral  Conference  Committee,  with 
Hamilton  Holt,  Jacob  G.  Schiff,  Oswald  G.  Villard  and  Dr.  D. 
Starr  Jordan,  as  the  leaders,  was  formed  to  force  opinion  in  Europe 
along  the  lines  of  a  premature  peace  which  would  have  been  a 
triumph  for  German  militarism;  Senator  G.  E.  Chamberlain,  at 
New  York  on  Jan.  8,  declared  that  Britain  must  be  brought  to 
book  and  that  the  purpose  of  the  British  Alliance  with  Japan  was 
to  intimidate  the  people  of  the  United  States;  James  W.  Gerard, 
United  States  Ambassador  to  Germany,  assumed  the  Presidency 
of  the  American  Relief  Committee  for  German  Widows  and 
Orphans  of  the  War  and  issued  an  appeal  (Nov.  27,  1916)  in  which 
he  stated  that  he  would  ' '  be  careful  to  let  the  German  public  know 
from  whence  the  money  comes" ;  Dr.  C.  A.  Hexamer  of  the  German- 
American  Alliance,  ex-Congressman  Richard  Bartholdt  and  his 
American  Independence  League,  urged  Peace  intervention  and 
necessity  at  every  opportunity. 

In  touch  with  all  such  neutral  sympathizers  and  politicians  but 
apart  from  some  in  his  real  work  and  objects  was  Count  Von 
Bernstorff,  head  of  the  German  Embassy,  a  clever  and  socially- 
popular  Ambassador,  a  master  and  a  leader  in  manipulating  men — 
and  he  had  many  capable  instruments  at  hand  such  as  Von  Papen, 
Dr.  Albert,  Boy-Ed,  Von  Igel  and  Franz  Bopp,  with  help  for  a 
time  from  Dr.  Dumba,  Austrian  Ambassador.  The  circle  of  con- 
spiracy in  which  Von  Bernstorff  and  his  men  appear  to  have  moved 
was  a  small  one  but  its  ramifications  were  wide  and  its  indirect 
influence — personal  and  political — greater  than  surface  indications 


GERMAN  ORGANIZATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 


225 


showed.  In  the  papers  seized  by  British  officers  from  Capt.  Von 
Papen  and  duly  published,  there  was  clear  evidence  of  these  con- 
ditions and  of  German  intrigues  in  Mexico,  of  attempts  to  influ- 
ence the  United  States  press,  of  cheques  payable  to  persons  guilty 
of  violent  attempts  upon  Canada — such  as  Horn,  Von  Wedell, 
Kupfuerle  and  Hans  Tauscher.  The  latter  was  a  friend  of  Von. 
Papen,  agent  of  the  Krupps  in  America,  Captain  in  the  German 
Reserves  and  husband  of  Mine.  Johanna  Gadski,  the  singer.  An- 
other figure  in  the  drama  of  these  events  as  they  unrolled  during 
1916  was  Horst  Von  der  Goltz,  a  German  spy  arrested  in  London 
as  B.  W.  Taylor,  who  confessed  the  various  plots  he  had  been 
associated  with  and  was  granted  safe  conduct  to  the  States  to 
testify  in  American  Courts.* 

As  to  Canada  the  association  of  the  United  States  plots  with  it 
was  close.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  invasion  by  forces  of  Ger- 
man reservists  and  others  was  discussed  and  the  evidence  of  Von 
der  Goltz  showed  that,  finally,  it  was  vetoed,  for  the  time,  by  Von 
Bernstorff  himself  because  of  the  large  force  of  Canadian  troops 
in  the  country.  As  to  this  it  was  frequently  stated  in  the  press 
that  large  quantities  of  arms  and  ammunition  were  being  purchased 
for  the  German  Government  and  stored — especially  in  New  York 
— and  it  was  charged  that  the  Bridgeport  Projectile  Co.  was  a 
purely  German  concern  for  the  making  of  munitions.  The  first 
investigation  of  the  year  was  at  Detroit  in  January  and  evidence 
was  adduced  to  show  an  attempted  organization  of  strikes  in  local 
Munition  factories  and  a  payment  of  $1,000  by  Von  Papen  to  A. 
Kaltschmidt  in  connection  with  certain  acts  of  incendiarism  on 
the  Canadian  side.  At  the  trial  of  Charles  Respa  in  Sandwich, 
Ont,  during  March  for  taking  part  in  these  plots,  his  confession, 
which  had  been  made  when  first  arrested,  was  accepted  as  evidence 
and  it  declared  that  Kaltschmidt  had  agreed  to  pay  Respa  $200, 
in  return  for  which  the  latter  was  to  blow  up  the  Windsor  armouries 
and  the  Peabody  factory  in  Walkerville;  that  other  "jobs"  had 
been  talked  of  between  the  two,  among  them  being  the  destruction 
of  plants  of  the  Tate  Electric  Co.,  also  in  Walkerville,  and  the  Can- 
adian Bridge  Works.  The  evidence  of  Lefler,  a  British  subject 
who  had  previously  been  given  a  14-year  sentence  in  this  connec- 
tion, was  taken  against  Respa  who,  finally,  was  found  guilty  (Mar. 
7)  and  condemned  to  life  imprisonment  at  Kingston.  Kaltschmidt 
could  not  be  extradited  and  was  not  interfered  with  by  his  own 
Government. 

The  trials  in  New  York  of  certain  men  accused  of  trying  to 
blow  up  the  Welland  Canal  and  to  otherwise  injure  Canadian 
property  and  interests — following  upon  the  arrest  of  Paul  Koenig 
and  others  in  December,  1915 — evoked  many  interesting  side-lights 
on  Germanism  in  the  United  States.  New  York  dealers  in  January 
stated  that  every  available  rifle  had  been  bought  up  in  that  city 
and  it  was  afterwards  found  that  most  of  them  had  gone  to  Mexico. 
On  Mar.  30  Capt.  Hans  Tauscher  was  arrested  on  the  charge  that 

*NOTE. — See  1915  volume  of  The  Canadian  Annual  Review. 

15 


226  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

he  and  five  associates  had  ' '  on  Aug.  15,  1914,  set  on  foot  a  military 
enterprise  to  be  carried  on  from  the  United  States  against  the 
Dominion  of  Canada  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  or  damaging 
the  Welland  Canal,  and  had  also  obtained  a  large  quantity  of 
dynamite  and  other  explosives."  It  was  stated  that  on  Sept.  14 
of  that  year  all  the  defendants,  except  Tauscher,  left  New  York 
carrying  the  dynamite  in  suit  cases  and  proceeded  by  rail  to  Niagara 
Falls.  The  information  on  which  this  charge  was  based  came  from 
Von  der  Goltz  who  was  one  of  those  concerned,  and  it  was  said  to 
be  the  first  of  several  plots  directed  to  the  same  end. 

The  Federal  grand  jury  on  Apr.  17  indicted  Tauscher  and  three 
others  together  with  Capt.  F.  Von  Papen  and  Wolf  Von  Igel,  late 
of  the  German  Embassy,  as  having  "begun,  set  on  foot,  provided 
and  prepared  the  means  for  a  certain  military  enterprise  to  be 
carried  on  from  within  the  territory  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United 
States  against  the  territory  and  dominions  of  the  King  of  Great 
Britain."  Additional  indictments  named  John  J.  Ryan  of  Buffalo 
as  the  intermediary  in  making  Von  Papen 's  payments  and  John 
Devoy  of  the  Gaelic- American,  there,  as  having  cognizance  of  the 
conspiracy.  Meantime,  another  trial  was  going  on  for  attempts  to 
destroy  shipping  and  witnesses  testified  (Apr.  26)  that  the  Ger- 
man Government  was  willing  to  pay  $500,000  each  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  ships  loaded  with  War  supplies;  Robert  Fay,  a  German 
Army  lieutenant,  testified  that  Von  Papen  disapproved  the  Canal 
plots.  In  the  Tauscher  trial,  however,  (June  27)  a  dossier  found 
in  Von  Igel's  office  when  arrested  on  Apr.  18 — and  which,  with 
other  documents,  the  German  Ambassador  made  strenuous  efforts 
to  have  returned  to  him — showed  that  Capt.  Von  Papen  had  paid 
the  bill  for  the  dynamite  and  the  fuses  that  were  to  be  used  in 
blowing  up  the  locks  of  the  Welland  Canal.  A  concurrent  case 
against  Franz  Von  Rintelen  and  his  National  Labour  Peace  Coun- 
cil in  their  efforts  to  stir  up  labour  troubles  at  munition  plants 
and  international  difficulties  in  Mexico,  was  also  affected  by  the 
Von  Igel  documents  in  which  there  were  found  various  proofs  of 
efforts  to  embroil  the  United  States  with  Japan  as  well  as  Mexico. 
With  the  Von  Igel  papers  was  a  German  code  book  which  gave  the 
Secret  Service  much  valuable  information.  At  this  time,  also, 
the  Department  of  Justice  was  stated  to  hold  much  other  evidence 
of  plottings  which  it  did  not  make  public. 

Meanwhile,  Franz  Bopp,  German  Consul- General  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, had  been  under  indictment  (Feb.  10)  by  the  Federal  grand 
jury,  together  with  Baron  Von  Schack,  Vice-Consul,  M.  H.  Hall, 
Consul-General  for  Turkey,  J.  A.  Von  Koolbergen,  H.  W.  E.  Kauff- 
man,  C.  C.  Crowley,  Baron  Von  Brincken  and  many  other  persons 
and  firms.  These  German  officials  and  business  interests  were  pro- 
ceeded against  under  various  complicated  legal  forms  for  offences 
involving  United  States  munition  plants  and  for  other  plot- 
tings  but  chiefly  for  those  which  aimed  at  the  setting  on  foot  of 
military  expeditions  against  a  friendly  nation,  in  connection  with 
plans  to'  blow  up  Canadian  railway  tunnels.  The  indictment  of  the 


PEACE  PROPOSALS;  GERMANY'S  ACTION  AND  ALLIES'  POSITION      227 

Turkish  Consul-General  was  for  an  alleged  use  of  the  steamer  Sacra- 
mento to  supply  German  ships  of  war  in  the  South  Pacific,  which 
had  resulted  in  the  internment  of  that  vessel  by  the  Chilean  Gov- 
ernment.   They  were  committed  for  trial  and  proceedings  dragged 
along  until  December.    Eventually  the  trial  was  confined  to  Bopp 
and  his  supporters  for  a  conspiracy  to  violate  American  neutrality.* 
Whatever  the  result  of  these  and  other  trials  not  mentioned 
here,  and  of  the  curious  mass  of  evidence  adduced,  there  was  a  far 
greater  accumulation  of  data  in  the  hands  of  officials  and  Govern- 
ment Departments.    It  seems  evident  that  much  was  discussed  and 
the  wildest  schemes  proposed  but  that  the  conspirators  were  well 
watched  from  Washington  and,  upon  the  whole,  international  inter- 
ests safe-guarded.    Out  of  the  enormous  number  of  munition  plants 
and  workers  in  the  United  States  the  total  destruction  of  property 
up  to  the  close  of  1916  was  only  $100,000,000  with  150  lives  lost. 
Proof  of  incendiarism,  also,  was  absent  in  many  cases.     In  Can- 
ada, during  1916,  there  were  only  five  explosions  with  about  $180,- 
000  damage.    The  possibility  of  the  American  Club,  Toronto,  hav- 
ing been  destroyed  by  German  incendiarism  on  Feb.  16  was  widely 
discussed ;.  still  more  so  was  the  burning  of  the  Parliament  Build- 
ings, Ottawa,  on  Feb.  3.     There  were  still  wider  ramifications  of 
some  of  these  plots — reaching  to  India  through  the  San  Francisco 
crowd  and  Hindu  residents  and  plotters,  while  a  huge  organization 
was  referred  to  by  the  British  Attorney-General  on  Apr.  11  as 
having  been  constituted  to  evade  the  blockade  of  Germany.     One 
of  a  Canadian  nature  was  an  attempt  to  boycott  British,  and  espe- 
cially Canadian,  Insurance  companies  by  the  issue  of  a  circular  to 
German  organizations,  signed  C.  A.  Collman,  in  which  the  leading 
Canadian  companies  were  named  and  German-Americans  advised 
to  (1)  buy  no  British  goods  or  patronize  British  companies  of  what- 
ever nature;  (2)  buy  no  British  textiles,  cloths,  gloves,  cutlery  and 
use  no  English  ales  or  Scotch  liquors;  (3)  buy  no  Canadian  whis- 
keys and  deal  with  no  Canadian  concerns.     Collateral  to  these 
organizations  was  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World,  or  I.W.W. 
Bought  in  the  United  States  with  German  money  and  striving  to 
promote  strikes  and  trouble;  in  Australia,  fighting  Conscription 
and  enlistment ;  in  Canada  trying  to  tie  up  the  Cobalt  and  Fernie 
mines ;  in  South  Africa  helping  the  Rebellion  and  opposing  Recruit- 
ing ;  they  were  everywhere  an  influence  for  anarchy — and  yet  help- 
ful to  German  autocracy! 

u.  s  Peace  There  were  many  things  which  made  President 

Proposals; OOP-  Wilson's  action,  at  the  close  of  1916,  seem  reasonable 
many's  Action  and  fair ;  there  were  others  which  had  exactly  the 
AIMe8'  °PP°site  effect.  His  country  wanted  Peace,  interests 
which  had  helped  recently  to  re-elect  him  demanded 
action,  German  threats  of  unrestricted  submarine  warfare  and  with- 
drawal of  pledges  to  the  United  States  hastened  it.  As  to  this  Mr. 
Gerard  had  come  in  haste  to  Washington  and  no  doubt  laid  before 

*NOTE.— Early  in  1917  several  convictions  were  found   and  sentences  imposed. 


228  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  President  the  situation  at  Berlin  and  the  views  and  wishes  of 
the  German  Government.  Behind  the  President  were  powerful 
organizations  pressing  him  forward  along  lines  of  intervention  and 
pacificism  and  a  public  feeling  throughout  the  West  and  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  very  different  from  the  pro-Ally  sentiment  of  the 
East.  Jacob  G.  Schiff,  the  eminent  financier,  with  his  hand  on  the 
lever  of  many  financial  interests,  a  partner  in  Kuhn,  Loeb  &  Co.,* 
leader  of  the  Jewish  people  in  the  United  States,  a  patron  of  the 
fine  arts  and  a  respected  man  of  philanthropic  and  public  spirit, 
was  the  centre  of  an  influential  group  of  pro-Germans  and  Pacif- 
ists. Though  German-born  Mr.  Schiff  would  have  stood  for  the 
United  States  as  against  Germany;  he  also  stood  for  Germany  as 
against  any  other  outside  country. 

Associated  with  him  in  the  American  Neutral  Conference  Com- 
mittee were  a  number  of  persons  already  mentioned  in  these  pages 
with  others  such  as  James  Speyer,  the  New  York  banker  and  close 
friend  of  Von  Bernstorff,  whose  Firm  originated  in  Frankfort ;  B. 
W.  Huebsch,  the  publisher  of  pro-German  books  lavishly  adver- 
tised in  The  Fatherland  and  similar  papers;  Mrs.  Henry  Villard, 
owner  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post — a  Pacifist  organ  of  great 
ability—widow  of  the  German- American  financier  who  made  a 
fortune  out  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  The  object  of  this  organiza- 
tion was  stated  in  New  York  by  its  Chairman,  Hamilton  Holt,  on 
Nov.  25:  "A  joint  Conference  of  all  the  neutral  nations  would 
command  respect  and  would  undoubtedly  receive  a  hearing.  .  . 
But  we  have  no  desire  to  insist  on  a  Conference  as  the  one  and 
only  method.  We  have,  therefore,  incorporated  in  the  petition  to 
our  Government  the  idea  of  action  by  the  United  States  alone 
should  single  mediation  be  deemed  more  feasible  than  mediation 
by  a  Conference  of  neutral  nations. ' '  Dr.  Starr  Jordan  emphasized 
the  Pacifist  claim  that  no  special  guilt  attached  to  any  nation: 
"To  crush  Germany  is  to  crush  Britain.  And  all  nations  con- 
cerned have  been  punished  as  never  before  in  all  history,  while  the 
real  war-makers,  a  small  minority  in  every  country,  have  mostly 
gone  scot  free.'"'  The  largely  signed  Petition,  finally  presented  to 
the  President,  urged  the  Administration: 

1.  To  invite  the  Belligerents  to  state  the  basis  upon  which  they  would  be 
willing  to  begin  peace  negotiations. 

2.  To  mediate  by  constructive  peace  proposals  which  shall  safeguard  the 
just  claims  of  the  Belligerents  and  the  common  interests  of  all  nations. 

The  President,  therefore,  in  trying  to  press  peace  negotiations 
had  the  backing  of  his  own  country — including  the  active  support  of 
certain  large  and  aggressive  organizations,  financial  and  political 
interests,  and  the  passive  sentiment  of  masses  which  lacked  all 
feeling  as  to  the  issues  involved.  Against  him  were  the  strenuous 
opinions  of  many  New  York  papers,  publicists  in  general  and  the 
intellectual  classes — which  yet  did  not  go  to  the  point  of  demand- 

*NOTE. — Another  partner   in   this  noted  House   was   Paul  M.   Warburg,   the   leading 

member   of   the   Federal   Reserve    Board— —whose   influence   Avas  supposed   to   have    caused 

the  warning  to  Banks  as  to  taking  Allied  short-term  loans.  Two  others  in  the  Firm 
were  said  to  be  pro-Ally. 


PEACE  PROPOSALS;  GERMANY'S  ACTION  AND  ALLIES'  POSITION      229 

ing  war.  Against  him,  also,  were  the  utterances  of  belligerent 
Governments,  the  fact  that  the  Allied  nations  believed  Germany 
was  on  the  down  grade  of  its  military  strength  and  that  a  Peace 
at  this  juncture  would  be  a  temporary,  patched-up  arrangement 
preliminary  to  another  struggle.  The  German  Chancellor  on  Dec. 
9,  1915,  had  spoken  of  being  ready  for  peace — on  the  basis  of  the 
war  map  of  Europe.  In  the  spring  of  1916  advances  were  made  to 
President  Wilson  by  Germany  through  Col.  E.  M.  House,  who  had 
then  returned  from  his  confidential  mission  to  Europe,  but  with- 
out success.  The  suggested  terms,  as  unofficially  stated  in  March, 
included  no  indemnities,  return  of  German  Colonies,  Serbia  and 
Albania  to  be  divided  between  Austria,  Bulgaria  and  Greece, 
evacuation  and  freedom  of  Belgium  and  the  occupied  part  of 
France,  Persia  to  go  to  Russia  and  Britain  to  be  as  she  was!  In 
his  speech  of  May  27  following  Mr.  Wilson  had  declared  that  "the 
world  is  even  now  upon  the  verge  of  a  great  consummation." 

But  there  was  no  real  appreciation  of  the  attitude  of  the  Allies 
or  understanding  of  German  objects.  In  the  German  Note,  sub- 
mitted at  Washington  on  May  4,  Herr  Von  Jagow  declared  that 
the  German  Government,  conscious  of  Germany's  strength,  has 
twice  within  the  last  few  months  announced  before  the  world  its 
readiness  to  make  peace  on  a  basis  safeguarding  Germany's  vital 
interests,  thus  indicating  that  it  is  not  Germany's  fault  if  peace  is 
still  withheld  from  the  nations  of  Europe."  That  basis  was  de- 
fined in  an  official  interview  by  Chancellor  Von  Bethmann-Holl- 
weg  (New  York  World,  May  22)  as  one  that  "offers  guarantees  to 
Germany  against  further  attack  from  a  coalition  of  her  enemies." 
Prof.  Ernest  Haeckel,  at  this  time,  issued  a  book  further  illustrat- 
ing the  point,  in  which  he  declared  that  Germany  would  retain 
Belgium,  acquire  the  Congo,  give  Egypt  to  the  Turks,  hand  Cape 
Colony  and  Ceylon  to  Holland,  destroy  British  sea  supremacy  and 
drive  her  out  of  Africa !  In  another  volume  by  Prince  Von  Billow 
(German  Policies},  issued  at  this  time,  it  was  declared  that  "we 
must  gain  real  security  and  guarantees,  both  as  a  recompense  for 
the  unheard  of  trials  and  sufferings  we  have  endured  and  as  a 
security  for  the  future." 

On  June  5  the  Chancellor  told  the  Reichstag  that  he  had  done 
all  he  could.  "Further  talk  of  peace  initiated  by  us  becomes  futile 
and  evil."  Then  came  the  partial  Allied  success  at  the  Somme 
following  the  German  failure  at  Verdun  and  by  November  peace 
rumors  were  filling  the  papers  of  the  Teutonic  capitals,  while  the 
German  Chancellor  was  telling  the  Reichstag  (Nov.  9)  that:  "I 
have  never  designated  the  annexation  of  Belgium  as  our  intention 
when  I  spoke  about  the  aims  of  the  War.  The  first  condition  for 
the  evaluation  of  international  relations  by  way  of  arbitration  and 
peaceful  compromise  of  conflicting  interests  ought  to  be  that  no 
more  aggressive  coalitions  be  formed.  Germany  is  at  all  times 
ready  to  enter  a  League  of  Peace  which  will  restrain  the  disturber 
of  peace." 

Meantime  what  of  the  Entente  Allies?     On  Jan.  30,  1916,  M. 


230  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Sazonoff,  Foreign  Minister,  told  Petrograd  journalists  that  "the 
vital  interests  of  the  Allies  demand  a  struggle  to  the  death";  six 
months  later  he  told  the  Associated  Press  (June  23)  that  "peace 
talk  now  is  doubly  futile.  Germany  assuredly  has  not  won  the 
War.  Hence,  she  is  not  in  a  position  to  say  anything.  We  cannot 
say  yet  that  we  are  the  victors,  so  peace  suggestions  are  unfriendly 
to  us " ;  while  M.  Trepoff,  the  new  Prime  Minister  of  Russia,  de- 
clared to  the  Douma  that  "the  whole  world  must  know  once  more 
that  whatever  difficulties  and  whatever  temporary  checks  are  en- 
countered Russia  and  her  valiant  Allies  will  mobilize  to  the  last 
man  and  will  sacrifice  all  their  patrimony.  But  the  War  will  be 
carried  on  to  a  decisive  end,  until  the  German  yoke  and  German 
violence  have  disappeared  forever." 

Speaking  for  France  at  Nancy,  on  May  14,  President  Poincare 
was  explicit :  * '  We  do  not  want  our  enemies  to  offer  Peace  to  us ;  we 
want  them  to  ask  it  of  us.  We  do  not  want  to  submit  to  their 
conditions ;  fwe  want  to  impose  ours  on  them.  We  do  not  want  a 
peace  which  would  leave  Imperial  Germany  with  the  power  to 
recommence  the  War  and  keep  Europe  eternally  menaced.  We  do 
want  peace  which  restores  rights  and  provides  serious  guarantees 
of  equilibrium  and  stability."  At  Rome  on  Dec.  6  Signer  Boselli, 
Prime  Minister,  reiterated  the  Italian  viewpoint:  "It  is  only  by 
victory  that  peace  can  be  made  durable.  It  is  only  thus  that  Italy 
will  secure  the  mastery  of  all  her  territories  and  her  seas,  and  only 
thus  that  the  political  conformation  of  Europe  will  rest  on  a  solid 
basis,  being  founded  not  on  treaties,  but  on  the  principle  of  nation- 
alities." It  was  Great  Britain,  however,  that  spoke  most  clearly 
and  most  frequently  upon  this  point  and  a  few  selected  extracts 
indicate  the  position  taken  by  its  leaders  in  1916 : 

King's  Speech  to  Parliament,  Jan.  27: 

In  this  struggle,  forced  upon  us  by  those  who  hold  in  light  esteem  the 
liberties  and  covenants  which  we  regard  as  sacred,  we  shall  not  lay  down  our 
arms  until  we  have  vindicated  the  cause  which  carries  with  it  the  future  of 
civilization. 

Lord  Hosebery,  Edinburgh,  Jan.  30: 

You  embody  the  nation's  resolution  that  so  long  as  there  is  an  enemy  in 
the  field  not  a  man  or  a  woman  will  spare  any  exertion  to  secure  a  triumphant 
victory.  My  only  fear  is  that  when  success  begins  weak  minds  may  cry  for  a 
premature  peace,  which  would  mean  a  short  peace  and  a  worse  war  to  follow. 

Mr.  Premier  Asquith,  Commons,  Feb.  23: 

What. I  said  Nov.  9,  1914,  I  repeat  now:  'We  shall  never  sheathe  the 
sword,  which  we  have  not  lightly  drawn,  until  Belgium — and  I  will  add, 
Serbia — recovers  in  full  measure  all  and  more  than  she  has  sacrificed;  until 
France  is  adequately  secured  against  the  menace  of  aggression,  until  the  rights 
of  the  small  nations  of  Europe  are  placed  upon  an  unassailable  foundation, 
and  until  the  military  domination  of  Prussia  is  wholly  and  finally  destroyed.' 

Sir  Edward  Grey,  London  Interview,  May  15: 

What  we  and  our  Allies  are  fighting  for  is  a  free  Europe.  We  want  a 
Europe  free,  not  only  from  the  domination  of  one  nationality  by  another,  but 
from  hectoring  diplomacy  and  the  peril  of  war,  free  from  the  constant  rattling 
of  the  sword  in  the  scabbard,  from  perpetual  talk  of  shining  armour  and  war- 
lords. 


PEACE  PROPOSALS;  GERMANY'S  ACTION  AND  ALLIES'  POSITION     231 

Lord  Cromer,  London  Times,  May  31 : 

President  Wilson  cannot  too  clearly  understand  that  although  the  people 
of  this  country  are  desirous  of  bringing  the  War  to  a  close  they  would  alto- 
gether reject  the  idea  of  concluding  peace  save  on  terms  wholly  acceptable  to 
themselves  and  their  Allies;  and  he  should  realize  that  the  meaningless  and 
misleading  phrase  ' freedom  of  the  seas,'  is  generally  regarded  here  as  a  mere 
euphemism  for  the  destruction  of  the  naval  supremacy  of  Great  Britain. 

D.  Lloyd  George,  London  Interview,  Sept.  29: 

The  whole  world — including  neutrals  of  the  highest  purposes  and  humani- 
tarians with  the  best  of  motives — must  know  that  there  can  be  no  outside  inter- 
ference at  this  stage.  Britain  asked  no  intervention  when  she  was  unprepared 
to  fight.  She  will  tolerate  none  now  that  she  is  prepared  until  the  Prussian 
military  despotism  is  broken  beyond  repair.  .  .  The  inhumanity  and  piti- 
lessness  of  the  fighting  that  must  come  before  a  lasting  peace  is  possible  is  not 
comparable  with  the  cruelty  that  would  be  involved  in  stopping  the  War  while 
there  remains  the.  possibility  of  civilization  again  being  menaced  from  the 
same  quarter.  Peace  now  or  at  any  time  before  the  final  and  complete 
elimination  of  this  menace  is  unthinkable. 

This  was  the  situation  and  these  the  international  points  of  view 
which  met  President  Wilson  when  the  German  Government  passed 
from  hints,  and  confidential  references  and  diplomatic  advances  to 
Neutrals,  into  a  direct  request  for  Peace  negotiations  transmitted 
on  Dec.  12  to  the  United  States,  Spain,  Switzerland  and  His  Holi- 
ness the  Pope.  The  despatch  is  given  under  the  Section  dealing 
with  Germany.  In  a  separate  Note  to  the  Vatican  its  statements 
were  reiterated  but  with  such  significant  additions  as  this:  "Ger- 
many is  ready  to  give  Peace  to  the  world."  An  official  statement 
was  issued  by  the  Austrian  Government,  in  addition  to  the  despatch 
of  identic  Notes,  in  which  the  proposal  was  said  to  be  "a  new  and 
decisive  proof  of  our  love  of  peace."  The  replies  of  the  Entente 
Allies  were  given  speedily  and  without  formal  preliminaries.  Mr. 
Bonar  Law  in  the  British  Commons  on  Dec.  13  declared  that  ' '  ade- 
quate reparation  for  the  past  and  adequate  security  for  the  future 
are  essential" ;  on  the  15th  the  Russian  Douma  passed  unanimously 
a  Resolution  urging  "a  categorical  refusal  by  the  Allied  Govern- 
ments to  enter,  under  present  conditions,  into  any  peace  negotia- 
tions whatever."  M.  Pokrowsky,  Russian  Foreign  Minister,  declared 
that  "the  innumerable  sacrifices  already  made  will  be  in  vain  if 
premature  peace  is  concluded  with  an  enemy  whose  forces  have 
been  shaken  but  not  broken,  and  an  enemy  who  is  seeking  a  breath- 
ing space  by  making  deceitful  offers,"  while  the  President  of  the 
Douma  (M.  Rodzianko)  stated  that  "we  shall  agree  to  negotiate 
only  when  the  enemy  is  finally  beaten ' ' ;  Baron  Sonnino,  Foreign 
Minister,  spoke  for  Italy  on  the  18th  and  declared  that  the  pro- 
posals were  not  genuine  and  not  conducive  to  any  lasting  peace ; 
M.  Briand,  for  France,  described  the  Note  as  an  attempt  to  •' '  poison 
opinion,"  deceive  neutrals  and  gain  time. 

For  Great  Britain  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  the  Prime  Minister,  spoke 
in  a  great  address  to  Parliament  on  Dec.  19th.  In  it  he  declared 
there  were  no  real  proposals  for  peace  before  the  world,  that  Ger- 
many showed  no  consciousness  of  any  offence  against  mankind, 
and  that  the  German  Note  gave  no  hint  at  restitution.  His  state- 
ment of  British  policy  was  then  enunciated  as  "complete  restitu- 
tion, full  reparation  and  effectual  guarantees  against  repetition." 


232  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

Following  these  utterances  and  enclosure  of  the  German  Note  to 
the  Powers,  without  comment,  the  President  of  the  United  States 
issued  on  Dec.  20  an  appeal — in  which  he  was  subsequently  joined 
by  Switzerland,  Spain  and  the  Dutch  Government — prefaced  by  the 
statement  that  it  came  from  ''the  representative  of  a  Neutral 
nation  whose  interests  have  been  most  seriously  affected  by  the 
War  and  whose  concern  for  its  early  conclusion  arises  out  of  a 
manifest  necessity  to  safeguard  those  interests,"  and  of  which  the 
salient  paragraphs  follow : — 

The  President  suggests  that  an  early  occasion  be  sought  to  call  out  from 
all  the  nations  now  at  war  such  an  avowal  of  their  respective  views,  as  to  the 
terms  upon  which  the  War  might  be  concluded  and  the  arrangements  which 
would  be  deemed  satisfactory  as  a  guarantee  against  its  renewal  or  the  kindling 
of  any  similar  conflict  in  the  future,  as  would  make  it  possible  frankly  to 
compare  them.  He  is  indifferent  as  ,to  the  means  taken  to  accomplish  this. 
He  would  be  happy  himself  to  serve  or  even  to  take  the  initiative  in  its  accom- 
plishment in  any  way  that  might  prove  acceptable,  but  he  has  no  desire  to 
determine  the  method  or  the  instrumentality.  One  way  will  be  as  acceptable 
to  him  as  another  if  only  the  great  object  he  has  in  mind  be  attained. 

He  takes  the  liberty  of  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  objects  which 
the  statesmen  of  the  Belligerents  on  both  sides  have  in  mind  in  this  War  are 
virtually  the  same,  as  stated  in  general  terms  to  their  own  people  and  to  the 
world.  Each  side  desires  to  make  the  rights  and  privileges  of  weak  peoples 
and  small  States  as  secure  against  aggression  or  denial  in  the  future  as  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  the  great  and  powerful  States  now  at  war.  Each 
wishes  itself  to  be  made  secure  in  the  future  along  with  all  other  nations  and 
peoples  against  the  recurrence  of  wars  like  this  and  against  aggression  or 
selfish  interference  of  any  kind.  Each  would  be  jealous  of  the  formation  of 
any  more  rival  leagues  to  preserve  an  uncertain  balance  of  power  amidst 
multiplying  suspicions,  but  each  is  ready  to  consider  the  formation  of  a 
League  of  Nations  to  ensure  peace  and  justice  throughout  the  world.  Before 
that  final  step  can  be  taken,  however,  each  deems  it  necessary  first  to  settle  the 
issues  of  the  present  war  upon  terms  which  will  certainly  safeguard  the  inde- 
pendence, the  territorial  integrity,  and  the  political  and  commercial  freedom 
of  the  nations  involved. 

In  the  measures  to  be  taken  to  secure  the  future  peace  of  the  world  the 
people  and  the  Government  of  the  United  States  are  as  vitally  and  as  directly 
interested  as  the  Governments  now  at  war.  Their  interest,  moreover,  in  the 
means  to  be  adopted  to  relieve  the  smaller  and  weaker  peoples  of  the  world 
of  the  peril  of  wrong  and  violence  is  as  quick  and  ardent  as  that  of  any  other 
people  or  Government.  They  stand  ready  and  even  eager  to  co-operate  in  the 
accomplishment  of  these,  ends  when  the  War  is  over  with  every  influence  and 
resource  at  their  command. 

Following  the  issue  of  the  President 's  despatch  an  extraordinary 
incident  occurred.  Mr.  Lansing,  Secretary  of  State,  on  Dec.  21 
authorized  the  statement  under  his  name  that  the  reasons  for  send- 
ing this  Note  were  as  follows:  "It  is  riot  our  material  interest  we 
had  in  mind  when  the  Note  was  sent,  but  more  and  more  our  own 
rights  are  becoming  involved  by  the  Belligerents  on  both  sides,  so 
that  the  situation  is  becoming  increasingly  critical.  I  mean  by  that 
that  we  are  drawing  nearer  the  verge  of  war  ourselves  and  there- 
fore we  are  entitled  to  know  exactly  what  the  Belligerents  seek  in 
order  that  we  may  regulate  our  conduct  in  the  future.  .  .  . 
The  sending  of  this  Note  will  indicate  the  possibility  of  our  being 
forced  into  the  War.  That  possibility  ought  to  serve  as  a  restrain- 
ing and  sobering  force  safe-guarding  American  rights.  It  may 
also  serve  to  force  an  earlier  conclusion  of  the  War.  Neither  the 


PEACE  PROPOSALS;  GERMANY'S  ACTION  AND  ALLIES '  POSITION      233 

President  nor  myself  regard  this  Note  as  a  peace  note ;  it  is  merely 
an  effort  to  get  the  Belligerents  to  define  the  end  for  which  they 
are  fighting."  The  press  and  public  took  this  to  mean  a  serious 
situation  and,  later  in  the  day,  Mr.  Lansing  issued  a  second  state- 
ment :  ' '  My  intention  was  to  suggest  the  very  direct  and  necessary 
interest  which  this  country,  as  one  of  the  neutral  nations,  has  in 
the  possible  terms  which  the  Belligerents  may  have  in  mind,  and  I 
did  not  intend  to  intimate  that  the  Government  was  considering 
any  change  in  its  policy  of  neutrality  which  it  has  consistently 
pursued  in  the  face  of  constantly  increasing  difficulties. ' '  Meantime 
there  had  been  almost  a  panic  on  Wall  Street  and  the  stock  mar- 
ket for  a  few  hours  was  swept  off  its  feet  with  tumbling  prices  and 
breaks  in  many  war  stocks. 

Germany  and  her  Allies  at  once  responded  (Dec.  26)  by  urg- 
ing an  immediate  exchange  of  views  and  a  "meeting  of  Delegates 
of  the  Belligerent  States  at  a  neutral  place,"  but  they  evaded  the 
request  for  a  statement  of  terms.  Much  opinion  in  Britain  keenly 
resented  the  American  Note  for  its  untimeliness  and  indirect  aid  to 
Germany,  but,  above  all,  for  its  refusal  to  recognize  any  moral  issues 
or  differences  between  the  warring  nations.  The  press  was  prac- 
tically unanimous  in  rejecting  the  suggestions  and  repudiating  the 
idea  that  Britain  stood  upon  the  same  level  as  Germany  in  the 
War.  Empire  opinion  was  along  the  same  lines.  W.  F.  Massey, 
the  New  Zealand  Premier,  declared  on  Dec.  24  that  "it  is  our  duty 
to  go  on  until  the  power  of  Germany  is  broken  and  her  Armies 
driven  back  .over  their  own  border.  That  will  be  the  time  for 
peace."  J.  H.  Cook,  Opposition  Leader  in  Australia,  said  on 
Dec.  14  that  "we  are  fighting  primarily  to  crush  the  military 
machine,  not  to  suspend  it  for  future  use."  W.  M.  Hughes, 
Premier  of  the  Commonwealth,  declared  that  "no  peace  will  be 
satisfactory,  or  even  possible,  which  does  not  provide  for  the 
evacuation  of  Allied  territory  and  an  indemnity  sufficient  to  repatri- 
ate the  unfortunate  inhabitants  of  Belgium,  Serbia,  and  Poland, 
rebuild  the  ruined  cities,  and  re-establish  the  destroyed  indus- 
tries as  well  as  provide  effective  guarantees  against  the  recurrence 
of  such  a  crime  against  civilization."  Sir  R.  L.  Borden  (Dec.  22), 
for  Canada,  declared  that  "we  cannot  yield  our  purpose  in  this 
war  unless  we  are  prepared  to  let  military  aggressiveness  go  un- 
checked. I  say  all  the  sacrifices  we  and  the  Allied  nations  have 
made  would  have  been  in  vain  and  would  be  worse  than  in  vain 
if  we  did  not  pursue  the  struggle  until  its  purpose  is  crowned 
with  absolute  and  complete  triumph."  W.  H.  Hearst,  Premier  of 
Ontario,  (Dec.  14)  went  further:  "I  have  no  faith  whatever  in 
Germany's  proposed  peace  terms.  The  terms  of  peace  will  have  to 
be  dictated  by  Great  Britain  and  her  Allies  and  we  should  double 
our  efforts  in  every  direction  to  assist  in  bringing  about  a  final 
triumph  and  a  lasting  peace."  On  Dec.  30  the  Allies'  reply  to 
the  United  States,  and  indirectly  to  Germany,  was  issued  in  a  col- 
lective Note  from  the  Powers  specified  of  which  the  essential  para- 
graphs follow : 


234  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

The  Allied  Governments  of  Belgium,  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Japan, 
Montenegro,  Portugal,  Eoumania,  Eussia  and  Serbia,  united  for  the  defence 
of  the  liberty  of  their  peoples,  and  faithful  to  engagements  taken  not  to  lay 
down  their  arms  separately,  have  resolved  to  reply  collectively  to  the  pre- 
tended propositions  of  peace  which  were  addressed  to  them  on  behalf  of  the 
enemy  Governments  through  the  intermediary  of  the  United  Stages,  Spain, 
Switzerland  and  Holland.  Before  making  any  reply  the  Allied  Powers  desire 
particularly  to  protest  against  the  two  essential  assertions  of  the  Note  of  the 
enemy  Powers  that  pretend  to  throw  upon  the  Allies  responsibility  for  the 
War  and  proclaim  the  victory  of  the  Central  Powers. 

The  Allied  Governments  cannot  admit  an  affirmation  doubly  inexact  and 
which  suffices  to  render  sterile  all  tentative  negotiation.  The  Allied  nations 
have  sustained  for  thirty  months  a  war  which  they  did  .everything  to  avoid. 
They  have  shown  by  their  acts  their  attachment  to  peace.  That  attachment 
is  as  strong  to-day  as  it  was  in  1914.  But  it  is  not  upon  the  word  of  Ger- 
many, after  the  violation  of  its  engagements,  that  the  peace  broken  by  her 
may  be  based.  A  mere  suggestion,  without  a  statement  of  terms,  that  negotia- 
tions should  be  opened  is  not  an  offer  of  peace.  The  putting  forward  by  the 
Imperial  Government  of  a  sham  proposal  lacking  all  substance  and  provision 
would  appear  to  be  less  an  offer  of  peace  than  a  war  manoeuvre.  It  is  founded 
on  calculated  misinterpretation  of  the  character  of  the  struggle  in  the  past, 
the  present  and  the  future. 

As  for  the  past  the  German  Note  takes  no  account  of  the  facts,  dates  and 
figures  which  establish  that  the  War  was  desired,  provoked  and  declared  by 
Germany  and  Austria-Hungary.  At  The  Hague  Conference  it  was  a  German 
delegate  who  refused  all  proposals  for  disarmament.  In  July,  1914,  it  was 
Austria-Hungary  who,  after  having  addressed  to  Serbia  an  unprecedented 
ultimatum,  declared  war  upon  her  in  spite  of  the  satisfaction  which  had  at 
once  been  accorded.  The  Central  Empires  then  rejected  all  attempts  made  by 
the  Entente  to  bring  about  a  pacific  solution  of  a  purely  local  conflict.  Great 
Britain  suggested  a  conference.  France  proposed  an  International  Commis- 
sion; the  Emperor  of  Eussia  asked  the  German  Emperor  to  go  to  arbitration, 
and  Eussia  and  Austria-Hungary  came  to  an  understanding  on  the  eve  of  the 
conflict.  But  to  all  these  efforts  Germany  gave  neither  answer  nor  effect. 

Belgium  was  invaded  by  an  Empire  which  had  guaranteed  her  national- 
ity and  which  had  the  assurance  to  proclaim  that  treaties  were  'scraps  of 
paper,  and  that  'necessity  knows  no  law.'  At  the  present  moment  these  sham 
offers  on  the  part  of  Germany  rest  on  the  'war  map'  of  Europe,  which  pre- 
sents nothing  more  than  a  superficial  and  passing  phase  of  the  situation  and 
not  the  real  strength  of  the  Belligerents.  A  peace  concluded  upon  these  terms 
would  be  only  to  the  advantage  of  the  aggressors,  who,  after  imagining  that 
they  would  reach  their  goal  in  two  months,  discovered  after  two  years  that 
they  could  never  attain  it. 

As  for  the  future,  the  disasters  caused  by  the  German  declaration  of  war 
and  the  innumerable  outrages  committed  by  Germany  and  her  Allies  against 
both  belligerents  and  neutrals,  demand  penalties,  reparation  and  guarantees. 
Germany  avoids  mention  of  any  of  these.  In  reality  these  overtures  made  by 
the  Central  Powers  are  nothing  more  than  a  calculated  attempt  to  influence 
the  future  course  of  war,  and  to  end  it  by  imposing  a  German  peace.  The 
object  of  these  overtures  is  to  create  dissension  in  public  opinion  in  the  Allied 
countries.  But  that  public  opinion  has,  in  spite  of  all  the  sacrifices,  already 
given  its  answer  with  admirable  firmness,  and  has  denounced  the  empty  pre- 
tence of  the  declaration  of  the  enemy  Powers. 

Fully  conscious  of  the  gravity  of  this  moment,  but  equally  conscious  of 
its  requirements,  the  Allied  Governments,  closely  united  to  one  another,  and 
in  perfect  sympathy  with  their  peoples,  refuse  to  consider  a  proposal  which  is 
empty  and  insincere.  Once  again  the  Allies  declare  that  no  peace  is  possible 
so  long  as  they  have  not  secured  reparation  for  violated  rights  and  liberties, 
the  recognition  of  the  principle  of  nationalities  and  of  the  free  existence  of 
small  States;  so  long  as  they  have  not  brought  about  a  settlement  calculated 
to  end  once  and  for  all  forces  which  have  constituted  a  perpetual  menace  to 
the  nations,  and  to  afford  the  only  effective  guarantee  for  the  future  security 
of  the  world. 


UNITED  STATES  RELATIONS  TO  THE  WORLD-WAR 


235 


INCIDENTS  OF  U.  S.  RELATIONS  TO  THE  WOELD-WAE. 

Feb.  15.— The  Hon,  Elihu  Eoot,  ex-U.S.  Secretary  of  State  and  one  of  the 
ablest  of  the  Eepublican  leaders,  made  a  speech  at  New  York  in  which  he 
dealt  with  the  Belgian  question  as  follows :  ' '  The  law  protecting  Belgium  which 
was  violated  was  our  law,  and  the  law  of  every  other  civilized  country.  For 
generations  we  had  been  urging  on  and  helping  in  its  development  and  estab- 
lishment. Moreover,  that  law  was  written  into  a  solemn  and  formal  Conven- 
tion, signed  and  ratified  by  Germany  and  Belgium  and  France  and  the  United 
States,  in  which  those  other  countries  agreed  with  us  that  the  law  should  be 
observed.  When  Belgium  was  invaded,  that  agreement  was  binding  not  only 
morally  but  strictly  and  technically."  He  summed  up  his  criticism  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson  in  these  terms:  "A  study  of  the  Administration's  policy  toward 
Europe  since  July,  1914,  reveals  three  fundamental  errors — (1)  The  lack  of 
timely  provision  for  backing  up  American  diplomacy  by  actual  or  assured 
military  and  naval  force;  (2)  the  forfeiture  of  the  world's  respect  for  our 
assertion  of  rights  by  pursuing  the  policy  of  making  threats  and  failing  to 
make  them  good;  (3)  a  loss  to  the  moral  forces  of  the  civilized  world  through 
failure  to  truly  interpret  the  spirit  of  the  American  democracy  in  its  attitude 
toward  the  terrible  events  which  accompanied  the  early  stages  of  the  War." 

Mar.  23. — In  the  British  Government's  reply  to  Mr.  Lansing's  representa- 
tions as  to  dis-armament  of  merchant  ships  Sir  Cecil  Spring-Eice  was  directed 
to  point  out  (1)  that  "it  seems  obvious  that  any  request  that  a  Belligerent 
forego  lawful  means  of  protection  from  the  enemy's  unlawful  attacks  places 
upon  him,  whoever  he  may  be,  who  formulates  the  proposition,  the  duty  and 
responsibility  of  compelling  that  enemy  to  desist  from  such  attacks,  for  the 
said  enemy  would  otherwise  be  encouraged  rather  to  persist  in  that  course" 
and  (2)  that  "Great  Britain  is  unable  to  agree  that  upon  a  non-guaranteed 
German  promise,  human  life  may  be  surrendered  defenceless  to  the  mercy  of 
the  enemy  who,  in  circumstances  of  this  kind  as  in  many  others,  has  shown 
himself  to  be  both  faithless  and  lawless. ' ' 

April  14. — A  final  settlement  was  reached  in  the  Chicago  meat-packers' 
cases  at  this  date  when  a  cheque  was  handed  in  London  to  Chandler  P.  Ander- 
son, representing  the  Armour,  Swift,  Hammond  and  Morris  Companies,  and 
B.  Lloyd  Griscomb,  representing  the  Schwarzchild  &  Sulzberger  Co.,  for  the 
amount  agreed  upon.  In  receiving  Messrs.  Anderson  and  Griscomb,  Sir 
Edward  Grey  said:  "I  hope  the  people  of  America  will  accept  the  friendly 
settlement  of  the  Packers'  cases  as  a  further  evidence  of  the  good-will  of 
Great  Britain  towards  the  United  States  and  of  the-  desire  of  the  British 
Government  to  maintain  its  spirit  of  justice  and  fairness  despite  all  the  diffi- 
culties and  new  problems  arising  from  the  condition  of  war."  Lord  Eobert 
Cecil  stated  that  "guarantees  were  given  that  there  would  be  no  future  trad- 
ing with  the  enemy." 

May  26.— Lord  Eobert  Cecil,  Minister  of  Blockade,  stated  that  Great 
Britain  would  be  obliged  to  deny  the  request  of  the  United  States  that 
cargoes  of  dye-stuffs  from  Germany  be  permitted  to  go  through  as  a  relief  to 
the  industries  of  America.  ' '  Our  answer  to  America 's  request  must  be  No, ' ' 
he  said.  ' '  When  we  agreed  over  a  year  ago  to  allow  two  cargoes  of  dye-stuffs 
to  pass  through  from  Germany  to  America  it  was  stipulated  by  America  and 
Germany  that  these  cargoes  were  to  go  in  exchange  for  a  cargo  of  cotton." 
The  agreement  was  not  kept  by  Germany  which  was  now  trying  to  get  $50,- 
000,000  worth  of  dye-stuffs  through. 

July  26.— The  Black-list  protest  of  the  United  States  Government  of  this 
date  was  a  vigorous  one  despatched  by  Frank  L.  Polk,  Acting  Secretary  of 
State,  to  Mr.  Page,  United  States  Ambassador  in  London.  "The  announce- 
ment that  his  Britannic  Majesty's  Government  has  placed  the  names  of  cer- 
tain persons,  firms,  and  corporations  in  the  United  States  upon  a  prescriptive 
'black-list'  and  has  forbidden  all  financial  or  commercial  dealings  between 
them  and  citizens  of  Great  Britain  has  been  received  with  the  most  painful 
surprise  by  the  people  and  Government  of  the  United  States,  and  seems  to 
the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  embody  a  policy  of  arbitrary  inter- 


236  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

ference  with  neutral  trade  against  which  it  is  its  duty  to  protest  in  the  most 
decided  terms.  .  .  .  Whatever  may  be  said  with  regard  to  the  legality,  ill 
the  view  of  International  obligation,  of  the  Act  of  Parliament  upon  which  the 
practice  of  the  Black-list,  as  now  employed  by  His  Majesty's  Government  is 
understood  to  be  based,  the  Government  of  the  United  States  is  constrained 
to  regard  that  practice  as  inconsistent  with  that  true  justice,  sincere  amity,  and 
impartial  fairness  which  should  characterize  the  dealings  of  friendly  Govern- 
ments with  one  another." 

July  31. — In  London  it  was  announced  that  Viscount  Mersey,  Arbitrator 
in  the  case  of  the  cargo  of  the  American  steamship  Wilhelmina  (destined 
ultimately  for  Hamburg)  seized  and  placed  in  the  Prize  Court  on  Feb.  11, 
1915,  had  awarded  £78,400  to  the  W.  L.  Green  Co.,  of  St.  Louis,  owners  of  the 
cargo.  They  had  asked  for  £86,161,  while  the  British  Government  had  offered 
£33,142  as  compensation. 

Aug.  2nd. — In  connection  with  the  Examination  of  Mails'  question  Great 
Britain  announced  officially  that  a  large  number  of  consignments  of  securities 
passing  between  Holland  and  the  United  States  in  the  mails  would  be  released 
from  the  Prize  Courts  and  forwarded  in  view  of  representations  as  to  damage 
done  genuine  neutral  interests.  "The  Allies'  Governments  maintain  their 
right  to  intercept  such  securities  in  the  future,  but  they  have  concluded  arrange- 
ments whereby  neutral  business  will  be  safeguarded  from  inconvenience,  and 
neutral  transactions  may  be  made  with  certainty  of  freedom  from  seizure." 

Oct.  9. — In  connection  with  the  U  53  visit  and  assaults  upon  neutral 
shipping  off  the  American  Coasts  it  was  pointed  out  that  Great  Britain,  at* 
an  early  stage  in  the  War,  had  yielded  to  American  remonstrances  against 
the  maintenance  of  belligerent  shipping  in  United  States  waters.  "Now," 
as  the  New  York  Herald  of  this  date  put  it,  ' '  in  the  case  of  submarine  vessels 
the  application  of  the  principles  of  the  law  of  nations  is  affected  by  special 
and  novel  conditions:  (1)  by  the  fact  that  these  vessels  can  navigate  and 
remain  at  sea  submerged  and  can  thus  escape  all  control  and  observation;  (2) 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  impossible  to  identify  them  and  establish  their  national 
character,  whether  neutral  or  belligerent,  combatant  or  non-combatant,  and  to 
remove  the  capacity  for  harm  inherent  in  the  nature  of  such  vessels.  It  may 
further  be  said  that  any  place  which  provides  a  submarine  warship,  far  from 
its  base,  with  an  opportunity  for  rest  and  replenishment  of  its  supplies  thereby 
furnishes  such  addition  to  its  powers  that  the  place  becomes  in  fact,  through 
the  advantages  which  it  gives,  a  base  of  naval  operations." 

Oct.  10. — Lord  Grey  of  Falloden  replied  to  the  United  States  Black-list 
protest  at  length.  "His  Majesty's  Government  neither  purport  nor  claim  to 
impose  any  disabilities  or  penalties  upon  neutral  individuals  or  upon  neutral 
commerce.  The  measure  is  simply  one  which  enjoins  those  who  owe  allegiance 
to  Great  Britain  to  cease  having  trade  relations  with  persons  who  are  found  to 
be  assisting  or  rendering  service  to  the  enemy.  I  can  scarcely  believe  that 
the  United  States  Government  intend  to  challenge  the  right  of  Great  Britain 
as  a  sovereign  State  to  pass  legislation  prohibiting  all  those  who  owe  her 
allegiance  from  trading  with  any  specified  persons  when  such  prohibition  is 
found  necessary  in  the  public  interest.  .  .  .  The  steps  which  His  Majesty's 
Government  are  taking  under  the  above-mentioned  Act  are  not  confined  to  the 
United  States  of  America;  the  policy  is  being  pursued  in  all  neutral  countries. 
Nay,  more.  With  the  full  consent  of  the  Allied  Governments,  firms,  even  in 
Allied  countries,  are  being  placed  on  the  statutory  list  if  they  are  firms  with 
whom  it  is  necessary  to  prevent  British  subjects  from  trading.  .  .  .  One 
other  matter  should  be  mentioned,  namely,  the  exclusion  from  ships  using 
British  coal  of  goods  belonging  to  firms  on  the  statutory  list.  This  is  enforced 
by  rendering  it  a  condition  of  the  supply  of  bunker  coal.  What  legal  objection 
can  be  taken  to  this  course?  It  is  British  coal;  why  should  it  be  used  to 
transport  the  goods  of  those  who  are  actively  assisting  our  enemies?" 

Oct.  13. — It  was  announced  from  London  that  in  consequence  of  the  pub- 
lication in  America  of  false  news  respecting  England,  the  International  News 
Service,  controlled  by  W.  E.  Hearst,  was  debarred  from  further  facilities  of 
obtaining  information.  To  this  Mr.  Hearst  made  a  characteristic  reply,  and 


UNITED  STATES  EELATIONS  TO  THE  WORLD- WAR  237 

the  Press  Bureau  promptly  retorted  by  giving  instances  of  the  falsification  of 
British  news  by  the  Service  and  his  papers.  Various  "padded"  telegrams, 
London  despatches  written  in  New  York,  false  statements  of  all  kinds,  were 
quoted  and  described  and  W.  Orson  Tewson,  the  London  correspondent  of 
these  journals,  resigned.  It  may  be  added  that  Mr.  Hearst  controlled  The 
Examiner  of  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles  and  Chicago,  The  American  of  New 
York,  Chicago  and  Boston,  the  Atlanta  Georgian,  the  New  York  Evening 
Journal,  the  New  York  Deutsches  Journal  and  the  following  magazines: 
Hearst's,  Cosmopolitan,  Good  Housekeeping,  Motor  Boating,  Motor,  Harper's 
Bazaar. 

Oct.  16. — Viscount  Grey  in  the  British  House  of  Lords  pointed  out  that 
the  United  States  had  requested  Great  Britain  very  emphatically  not  to  patrol 
off  its  coast,  and  said  that  instructions  were  sent  to  the  British  ships  there  to 
avoid  causing  any  unnecessary  irritation,  and  to  comply,  as  far  as  possible, 
with  the  American  request.  ' '  With  regard  to  the  U  53"  the  Foreign  Secre- 
tary continued,  'we  do  not  know  what  steps  were  taken  by  the  United  States 
for  patrolling  its  waters  or  in  regard  to  her  coming  into  port  and  securing 
information  from  the  newspapers.  We  do  not  know  whether  it  is  true  that 
American  warships  got  out  of  the  submarine's  way.  That  is  a  matter  for 
the  American  Government  only  and  we  assume  that  Government  is  making 
full  inquiries.'  ' 

Oct.  16. — Earl  Grey  in  the  Lords,  speaking  upon  the  "statement  in  the 
press  of  Oct.  10  that  the  Commander  of  the  German  U  53  asked  the  com- 
manders of  the  American  destroyers  Denham  and  MacDougall  to  clear  out  of 
the  way  so  that  he  might  have  room  to  blow  up  the  ships  he  was  attacking, 
said:  'To  me  it  is  so  incredible  that  commanders  of  American  war  vessels 
should  have  acted  in  the  way  reported  that  I  cannot  and  I  will  not  believe  it 
until  all  room  for  doubt  has  been  removed.  Such  action  on  the  part  of  the 
American  war  vessels  would  involve  a  new  and  startling  departure  from  the 
old  tradition  of  mutual  service  between ,  America  and  Britain  in  the  cause  of 
humanity.'  ' 

Dec.  6. — In  The  Fatherland,  New  York,  appeared  a  letter  from  Geo. 
Humphrey,  author  of  Why  Germany  Will  Win  the  War,  stating  that  the  United 
States  Leather  Co.  had  just  received  a  contract  from  Germany  for  delivery, 
after  the  War,  of  $100,000,000  worth  of  leather  and  that  the  stock  was  being 
collected  and  stored;  that  German-America  was  largely  in  control  of  South 
American  leather  interests,  of  the  new  United  States  Copper  Combine,  of  the 
Steel  industry  and  even  of  some  of  the  munition  plants;  that  German  capital 
in  the  United  States  had  made  a  profit  of  $500,000,000  since  the  beginning  of 
the  War;  that  the  "North  German  Lloyd  Co.  has  recently  purchased  huge 
water-front  sites  and  acreage  at  New  London,  Conn.,  and  near  Baltimore." 

Dec.  31. — An  organization  which  had  much  influence  in  promoting  sup- 
port for  the  Allies  and  developing  a  sentiment  in  favour  of  War  with  Ger- 
many, was  the  American  Eights  League  of  which  Geo.  Haven  Putnam,  the 
New  York  Author,  publisher  and  publicist  was  President,  with  a  Boston  Com- 
mittee presided  over  by  Wm.  Roscoe  Thayer  and  one  at  Indianapolis  by  Booth 
Tarkington.  The  Vice-Presidents  included  130  eminent  Americans — men  of 
light  and  leading — and  its  principles  were  effective  intervention  in  the  War. 

Dec.  31. — A  document  was  issued  on  this  date,  addressed  to  the  United 
States  people  and  signed  by  50  Prelates  and  Clergy  and  leading  laymen  of 
different  denominations  throughout  the  country  declaring  that  "the  Christians 
of  America  should  consider  the  right  or  wrong  of  the  Occupation  of  Belgium, 
Poland  and  Serbia,  the  Armenian  massacres,  the  destruction  of  merchant 
ships,  the  hardships  of  Jews  and  Syrians,  the  ' '  attempt  to  array  Moslem 
against  Christian  in  holy  war, ' '  and  to  be  reminded  that  ' '  peace  is  the  triumph 
of  righteousness  and  not  the  mere  sheathing  of  the  sword. ' ;  It  further  declared 
that  the  signatories  ' '  view  with  some  concern  the  organized  and  deliberate 
effort  now  being  made  so  to  stampede  Christian  sentiment  as  to  create  a 
public  opinion  blindly  favourable  to  stopping  hostilities  without  adequate 
consideration  of  the  issues  which  the  War  involves."  Amongst  those  who 
signed  were  Lyman  Abbott,  5  Episcopal  Bishops,  "Billy"  Sunday,  Principal 
Hibben  of  Princeton  and  Winston  Churchill,  the  Author. 


CANADA  AND  THE  WAR   IN    1916 


The  Duke  of  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  the  quiet,  effective,  use- 

connaught's  fulness  of  the  Duke  of  Connaught's  administration  of 
Last  Year:  A  Canadian  affairs  during  his  tenure  of  over  five  years. 
New  Governor-  j^  had  been  of  much  importance  to  have  the  counsel 
Appointed  an(^  exPerience  °f  His  Boyal  Highness  in  the  organ- 

ization of  Canadian  forces  during  these  years  of  war 
and  they  might,  perhaps,  have  been  utilized  to  an  even  greater 
extent.  As  The  Times  Canadian  correspondent  (Sept.  22)  very  well 
put  it:  ''There  was  a  feeble  undercurrent  of  criticism  when  the 
Duke  was  appointed.  There  were  a  few  anxious  democrats  who 
foresaw  a  rigid  and  arbitrary  etiquette.  There  was  talk  of  the 
trappings  of  a  Court,  whatever  these  may  be,  of  offensive  ceremon- 
ialism, and  an  era  of  social  extravagance  at  the  capital.  But  none  of 
these  forebodings  were  realized.  There  never  was  greater  simplicity 
at  Government  House,  more  gracious  hospitality,  less  social  display. 
In  peace,  the  Court  was  an  example  of  quiet  living  and  unobtrusive 
service ;  in  war,  of  inspiration  to  duty  and  sacrifice. ' ' 

The  duties  and  functions  of  the  Duke  during  1916,  as  in  the 
previous  war-period,  were  largely  associated  with  military  affairs 
and  patriotic  objects — though  matters  of  purely  civil  importance, 
such  as  Town  Planning,  were  not  disregarded.  At  Montreal  on 
Jan.  21  His  Royal  Highness  once  more  inaugurated  a  Patriotic 
Fund  campaign  by  addressing  a  Canadian  Club  luncheon  with  a 
record  attendance  and  such  guests  as  Archbishop  Bruchesi  and 
Lord  Shaughnessy.  He  stated  that  the  Fund  was  then  looking 
after  the  families  of  30,000  soldiers  and  spending  $540,000  a  month : 
"We  have  set  an  example  by  the  generous  manner  in  which  this 
Fund  has  been  supported  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  We 
have  set  an  example  of  patriotic  and  generous  feeling  which,  I  am 
sure,  has  done  mucli  to  raise  the  character  of  Canadians.  We  have 
inculcated  into  all  the  idea  that  we  ought  to  help  others  and  that 
the  little  we  could  give,  be  it  big  or  be  it  small,  is  worth  the  object 
of  showing  that  we  wished  to  be  with  those"  that  have  done  so  much 
to  maintain  the  honour,  the  integrity  and  the  freedom  of  their 
country."  Following  the  destruction  of  the  Parliament  Buildings 
at  Ottawa  the  Duke  addressed  Sir  Robert  Borden  on  Feb.  5  as  fol- 
lows :  ' '  I  desire  to  express  through  you  my  warm  sympathy  to  both 
Houses  of  Parliament  on  the  terrible  calamity  of  last  night,  by 
which  these  historic  buildings  were  almost  destroyed  by  fire.  I 
know  how  universal  will  be  the  regret  felt  not  only  in  the  Dominion 
itself,  but  throughout  the  Empire.  I  deplore  the  loss  of  life  which 
has,  I  fear,  occurred,  and  desire  to  express  my  deep  sympathy  with 
the  families  of  those  who  have  so  unfortunately  perished." 

An  incident  of  this  time  was  the  Governor-General's  Dinner  to 
W.  M.  Hughes,  Premier  of  Australia,  (Feb.  21)  at  which  he  paid 

[238] 


THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT'S  LAST  YEAR  IN  CANADA        239 

high  tribute  to  Mr.  Hughes  and  to  the  Australian  Army  and  Navy, 
and  added:  "One  of  the  most  important  results — as  I  foresee  it — 
when  this  lamentable  war  is  ended,  is  that  those  who  only  knew 
each  other  by  sentiment  will  have  been  thrown  together  as  com- 
rades in  arms ;  and  I  feel  that  this  is  bound  to  cement  a  close  feel- 
ing between  the  different  portions  of  the  Empire,  and  a  greater 
appreciation  and  knowledge  of  each  other."  In  his  reply  Mr. 
Hughes  declared  that  the  men  they  had  sent  were  "the  very  essence 
of  Australian  manhood.  They  are  clad  from  top  to  toe  in  Aus- 
tralian materials — wool  from  Australian  sheep  made  into  cloth; 
shod  with  Australian  leather ;  while  even  their  buttons  and  accoutre- 
ments are  made  in  Australia. ' '  On  June  24  it  was  announced  that 
the  Duke  would  leave  Canada  in  October,  and  that  Prince  Alexan- 
der of  Teck,  whose  appointment  had  been  approved  before  the 
War  broke  out — but  who  had  asked  to  be  allowed  to  go  on  active 
service — preferred  to  remain  at  the  Front  A  little  later  it  was 
stated  that  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  had  been  appointed,  and  that 
the  retiring  Governor- General  would  make  a  farewell  tour  through 
part,  at  least,  of  the  Dominion.  Tributes  to  His  Royal  Highness 
came  from  every  direction.  Sir  George  Foster,  who  was  in  Eng- 
land, stated  (Daily  News)  that  "his  counsel  has  been  counsel  of 
wisdom,  and  his  great  experience,  both  in  military  and  adminis- 
trative work,  has  enabled  him  to  be  of  the  greatest  possible  use  to 
Canada  in  the  stress  and  strain  of  the  period  through  which  it  is 
passing."  The  Ottawa  correspondent  of  that  most  Radical  of 
journals — the  Toronto  Telegram — declared  that  "he  combined  all 
the  qualities  of  the  ideal  Governor-General.  Pity  'tis  he  is  not  to 
be  with  us  longer." 

The  Duke  and  Duchess,  with  Princess  Patricia,  were  in  Kenora 
on  June  28  and  at  Winnipeg  on  the  29th.  The  streets  of  the  Mani- 
toba capital  were  gaily  decorated,  the  garrison  troops  were  reviewed 
by  His  Royal  Highness,  the  Military  Convalescent  Home,  estab- 
lished by  R.  J.  MacKenzie,  was  opened,  the  Boy  Scouts  inspected. 
Camp  Hughes  was  visited  on  June  30  and  the  Duke,  in  whom  the 
soldiers  always  saw  and  felt  the  Field  Marshal,  the  experienced 
military  leader,  issued  an  Order  stating  that  he  was  "particularly 
impressed  with  the  splendid  physique  of  the  men  and  their  steadi- 
ness on  parade,  and,  considering  the  short  time  since  they  joined 
their  units,  the  manner  in  which  they  executed  the  parade  move- 
ments and  the  march  past  was  most  creditable. ' '  , At  Regina  on  the 
1st  he  was  cordially  welcomed  and  here  as  elsewhere  Princess  Patri- 
cia took  special  interest  in  any  veterans  of  her  famous  Regiment 
who  appeared  The  Mounted  Police  were  inspected,  the  local  troops 
and  Boy  Scouts  reviewed,  and  St.  Chad's  Military  Convalescent 
Home  visited.  Moose  Jaw  was  briefly  visited  and  two  weeks  spent 
at  Banff  in  the  heart  of  the  Rockies;  on  July  17  the  new  Selkirk 
Tunnel  on  the  C.P.R.  line  was  formally  christened  by  His  Royal 
Highness,  and  on  the  following  day  the  Military  Camp  at  Vernon, 
B.C.,  inspected. 

Vancouver  was  reached  on  the  19th  when  the  Firemen  were 
inspected  and  an  Honour  Roll  of  50  men  from  their  ranks 'serving 


240  THE    CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

in  the  War  was  unveiled  by  the  Duke,  with  a  succeeding  review  of 
Boy  Scouts  and  Girl  Guides;  the  Red  Cross  wrork  was  inspected, 
the  Returned  Soldiers'  Club  visited  and,  on  July  20,  Victoria  was 
reached.  Here  the  local  V.  A.  D.  Hospital  was  seen,  Boy  Scouts 
and  Girl  Guides  reviewed  and  a  Red  Cross  Fete  attended;  on  suc- 
ceeding days  the  Overseas  troops  at  Sidney  were  reviewed,  the 
Red  Cross  quarters  visited  with  the  headquarters  of  the  I.O.D.E., 
and  the  Military  Hospital  at  Esquimalt ;  on  July  27  farewells  were 
said  to  the  Pacific  Coast  and  on  the  way  back  to  Ottawa  brief  stops, 
only,  were  made  at  Kamloops,  Revelstoke  and  Calgary,  where  the 
local  troops  were  reviewed.  Halifax  was  visited  by  His  Royal 
Highness  and  Staff  on  Aug.  23  and  its  military  and  naval  defences 
inspected,  with  various  local  functions  interjected  and  visits  made 
to  the  local  Internment  Camp.  The  Duke  and  Princess  Patricia 
were  at  Kentville,  N.S.,  on  the  26th  and  the  Governor-General 
reviewed  the  Nova  Scotia  Highland  Brigade  at  Aldershot  Camp. 
Miscellaneous  public  duties  of  the  year  were  as  follows: 

Jan.       5 — Inspection,    87th   Battalion    St.  Johns,  P.Q. 

5 — Inspection,   73rd  Highlanders    Montreal 

5 — Visit  to  Grey  Nunnery  Convalescent  Home    Montreal 

16 — Review  of  9,000   Troops    Toronto 

17 — Visit  to   Central   Convalescent  Home   and   Secours   Nationale.  Toronto 

17 — Attendance  at  Red  Cross  Meeting    Toronto 

20 — Presided  at  Opening  of  City  Planning  Conference    Toronto 

Feb.     17 — Inspected    Training    of    Troops    at    Exhibition    Camp     Toronto 

Mar.    10 — Attended  Annual  Meeting   of  Boy  Scouts'   Association    Ottawa 

27 — Reviewed  Overseas  Troops  in     Champ   de   Mars    Montreal 

28 — Addressed     Y.M.C.A.     Workers     Montreal 

Apr.    30 — Reviewed  18,000   Soldiers    Toronto 

"     29 — Reviewed   4,000    Overseas   Troops    Hamilton 

May     18 — Reviewed    Calgary    and    Winnipeg    Battalions     Montreal 

June   19 — Reviewed  13,000   Overseas  Troops Niagara 

"     27 — Inspected  and  Reviewed  4   Artillery   Brigades    Petawawa 

Aug.    16 — Reviewed  16,000  Overseas  Troops    Valcartier 

"     24 — Inspected   Military  Forts   and  Establishments    Halifax 

Sept.      7 — Inspected   Aviation    School    Long   Branch 

The  corner-stone  of  the  new  Parliament  Buildings  at  Ottawa 
was  laid  by  the  Duke  on  Sept.  1  as  his  brother,  the  late  King  Ed- 
ward VII,  had  done  56  years  before  with  the  structure  which  had 
been  destroyed.  A  Toronto  farewell  visit  by  the  Royal  party  fol- 
lowed on  Sept.  5-8  and  included  a  visit  to  the  Exhibition  and  a 
Military  Tattoo  by  30  Overseas  bands,  inspection  of  the  Military 
Base  Hospital  and  similar  institutions,  a  review  of  1,700  Boy  Scouts, 
with  Receptions  at  the  City  Hall  and  Government  House.  At  Camp 
Borden  on  Sept.  4  the  Duke  spent  a  day  with,  and  amongst,  25,000 
troops  but  held  no  ceremonious  review.  To  the  officers  he  addressed 
a  few  words  of  farewell  and  some  specific  advice:  "At  no  time  in 
our  history — certainly  at  no  time  since  this  War  began — has  the 
matter  of  discipline  been  of  more  importance  than  it  is  to-day.  It 
is  to  discipline  we  owe  everything.  Without  it  we  should  not  be 
able  to  make  the  steady  progress  we  are  making  against  the  highly- 
organized,  highly-trained,  intelligent  and  disciplined  Teuton  Army. 
In  Canada  everybody  is  brought  up  with  democratic  ideas,  and 
everyone  thinks  he  may  do  much  as  he  pleases.  That  will  do  in 
civil  life,  but  it  means  chaos  in  military  matters.  I  have  noticed 
this  year  a  great  improvement  in  all  ranks  of  the  Canadian  forces, 
and  if  there  has  been  any  falling  short  in  the  past  I  am  sure  it  was 
not  because  of  want  of  desire  to  do  what  was  right.  It  was  from 


1 


THE  DUKE  OF  GONNA UGHT'S  LAST  YEAR  IN  CANADA'       241 

want  of  knowledge  and  want  of  practice. ' '  Replying  to  an  Address 
presented  by  Mayor  T.  L.  Church  (Sept.  6)  in  Toronto  His  Royal 
Highness  declared  that  it  had  been  a  labour  of  love  to  do  what  he 
could  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  great  Dominion  and  the  Em- 
pire. "The  Duchess  and  Princess  Patricia  have  cheerfully  shared 
my  duties  and,  like  myself,  are  convinced  there  is  a  great  and  glor- 
ious future  for  the  Dominion. ' ' 

To  Montreal  good-bye  was  said  on  Sept.  27-8  when  a  portrait 
of  the  Duke,  painted  by  Miss  Gertrude  des  Cleves,  and  presented 
to  the  Montreal  Art  Galleries  by  the  local  I.O.D.E.,  was  unveiled 
by  Princess  Patricia  after  an  address  from  Mrs.  H.  B.  Walker,  fol- 
lowed by  one  from  Sir  Vincent  Meredith  in  its  formal  acceptance. 
The  Duke  and  Duchess  visited  the  Grey  Nuns  Convalescent  Home, 
an  inspection  of  troops  was  made,  the  Exhibition  of  Enemy  Supplies 
visited.  Meanwhile,  Sept.  20,  a  farewell  Message  had  been  issued 
by  the  Duke,  as  Chief  Scout,  to  the  Boy  Scouts  of  Canada.  As 
President  of  the  Association  in  England  he  had,  from  the  first, 
taken  great  interest  in  the  Canadian  movement  for  which  greater 
public  support  was  now  urged:  "There  is  no  slackening  of  interest 
amongst  the  boys,  but  owing  to  the  departure  of  so  many  scout- 
masters to  the  Front,  there  has  been  a  serious  depletion  of  qualified 
officers  throughout  the  Dominion.  ...  In  bidding  farewell  to 
the  Boy  Scouts  of  Canada  I  cannot  but  impress  upon  them  their 
watchword — 'Be  Prepared'  for  the  future  as  you  have  been  for  the 
present  and  past." 

To  the  Canadian  Club  at  Ottawa  on  Oct.  7  His  Royal  Highness 
delivered  a  farewell  address  which  contained  some  frank  state- 
ments. The  occasion  was  graced  by  almost  every  member  of  the 
Cabinet  and  by  various  other  leaders  in  Canadian  life  and  thought. 
After  references  to  his  official  position  and  caution  in  speech,  to 
the  War  and  Canadian  sacrifices  in  it,  the  Duke  spoke  of  the  future : 
' '  Canada,  after  the  War,  will  have  many  difficult  questions  to  face. 
Possibly  the  most  important  is  as  to  what  class  of  immigrants  you 
are  going  to  have?  I  venture  to  think  that  it  will  be  wise  for 
Canada  to  insist  on  having  immigrants  of  British  stock.  You  have 
reason  to  know  that  you  can  depend  on  English  stock.  They  have 
proved  their  splendid  valour  on  many  a  battlefield.  At  present 
many  in  Canada  are  of  alien  stock.  Future  immigrants  had  better 
be  from  the  Old  Country,  whence  they  would  bring  the  best  tradi- 
tions and  be  loyal  to  Sovereign  and  Empire."  The  War  had 
brought  out  the  best  feelings  of  the  people.  "Possibly  before  that 
Canada  was  too  prosperous ;  perhaps  we  thought  too  much  of  our- 
selves;" but  duty  now  was  realized  and,  he  hoped,  was  placed 
before  everything  else. 

Meanwhile  the  Duchess  and  her  daughter  had  carried  out  their 
role  of  quiet,  sympathetic  work  for  public  objects  and  war  interests. 
The  personal  graces  of  the  Princess  Patricia  had  early  won  her  a 
distinct  place  in  Canadian  sentiment  and  the  reproduction  of  her 
miniature,  which  was  sold  for  Red  Cross  purposes  during  1916, 
had  the  widest  kind  of  popularity.  Though  she  took  little  direct 
part  in  ceremonial  duties,  except  an  always  expressed  interest  in 
16 


242  THE    CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

men  of  the  P.P. C.L.I,  who  might  be  present  at  reviews,  etc.,  there 
is  no  doubt  that  her  presence  really  added  greatly  to  the  interest 
of  Royal  functions.  The  Duchess  showed  tact  in  declining  the 
special  farewell  gift  from  the  women  of  Canada  which  previously 
had  been  accorded  Ladies  Grey,  Minto  and  Aberdeen.  In  a  letter 
addressed  by  the  Governor-General  to  Sir  Robert  Borden  (June 
27)  it  was  stated  that  "Her  Royal  Highness  deeply  appreciates 
the  wish  expressed,  but  she  feels  that  under  the  present  circum- 
stances of  the  War,  with  the  heavy  demand  for  subscriptions  for 
patriotic  and  philanthropic  objects,  she  would  prefer  there  being 
no  presentation."  On  Sept.  1.2,  following,  Lady  Borden  tele- 
graphed the  wives  of  the  Lieut.-Governors  of  the  different  Pro- 
vinces, referring  to  this  proposed  gift  and  stating  that  "the  women 
of  Canada  had  again  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  Her 
Royal  Highness  and  she  graciously  consented  to  allow  us  to  sup- 
plement her  'Prisoners  of  War  Fund.'  As  our  time  for  appeal  is 
limited  would  you  kindly  place  it  as  early  as  possible  before  the 
women  of  your  Province  as  worthy  of  their  sympathy  and  co-opera- 
tion." This  was  done  and  the  sum  of  $55,000  collected  for  the 
Fund.  The  Duchess  had  been  for  some  time  President  of  the  Can- 
adian Red  Cross  and  she  had  taken  special  interest  in  hospitals,  the 
work  of  convents  in  Quebec,  the  pecuniary  welfare  of  the  Vic- 
torian Order  of  Nurses,  the  Cliveden  Hospital  in  England  which 
was  called  after  herself  and  appeals  for  the  sailors  of  the  Atlantic 
Fleet.  She  had  taken  a  personal  interest  in  the  Irish-Canadian 
Rangers  of  Montreal,  to  which  her  name  was  given. 

The  only  Royal  Governor-General  of  Canada  up  to  this  time, 
with  his  family  and  staff,  left  Ottawa  on  Oct.  11  and  sailed  from 
Halifax  a  little  later.  Sir  Robert  Borden  addressed  a  farewell 
letter  to  His  Royal  Highness  before  leaving  the  capital,  which 
described  the  "earnest  and  effective  co-operation"  between  the 
Government  and  the  Duke  in  all  things  affecting  the  welfare  of 
Canada:  "Particularly  is  this  true  of  all  matters  relating  to  the 
War,  in  which  we  have  enjoyed  the  inestimable  advantage  of  Your 
Royal  Highness'  ripe  experience  and  wide  knowledge  of  military 
affairs."  To  this  the  Duke  briefly  expressed  regret  at  severing  his 
official  connection  with  the  Dominion  but  added:  "I  shall,  at  all 
times,  continue  to  take  the  greatest  interest  in  all  that  affects  the 
welfare  and  happiness  of  all  sections  of  the  Canadian  people.  .  . 
In  bidding  farewell,  I  pray  that  God  may  ever  bless  Canada  and 
its  people."  The  Duchess  received  a  similar  tribute  from  Lady 
Borden  on  behalf  of  the  Women  of  Canada:  "By  your  untiring 
energy  and  earnestness ;  by  wise  advice  and  counsel ;  by  your  ideals 
of  duty  and  of  service ;  Your  Royal  Highness  has  proved  yourself 
an  inspiration  to  the  womanhood  of  Canada. ' '  A  final  incident  was 
the  conferrment  of  certain  personal  honours  by  the  King,  on  the 
recommendation  of  His  Royal  Highness,  as  follows: 

Baronet  Henry   Vincent   Meredith    President,   Bank  of  Montreal 

K.C.M.G.  Col.  A.  P.   Sherwood,   C.M.G Chief  Commissioner  of  Dominion  Police 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  E.  A.  Stanton Military   Secretary 

C.V.O.  Lord    Richard    Neville,    C.M.G Controller  of  the  Household 

C.V.O.  Arthur   F.    Sladen,    C.M.G Private  Secretary 

M.V.O.  James   F.    Crowdy    Chief  Clerk,  Governor-General's  Office 


THE  DUKE  OF  CONNAUGHT'S  LAST  YEAR  .IN  CANADA        243 

There  were  no  discordant  notes  in  the  press  utterances  as  to  the 
Duke's  regime;  only  one  important  repetition  occurred  of  the  fears 
expressed  at  his  appointment  and  that  was  in  the  Winnipeg  Free 
Press  of  Oct.  17:  "The  success  which  attended  the  Duke  of  Con- 
naught's  occupation  of  Rideau  Hall  ought  not  to  be  regarded  as  a 
precedent  to  justify  further  experiments  of  like  nature.  The  next 
Eoyal  Viceroy  might  be  as  great  a  failure  as  the  Duke  of  Con- 
naught  was  a  success."  Let  the  Toronto  Globe  comment  of  Sept.  7 
conclude  these  references :  '  *  The  people  of  Canada  realize  with  pro- 
found regret  that  the  Duke  of  Connaught's  Governorship  is  draw- 
ing to  its  close.  During  his  official  regime  there  has  not  been  a 
single  incident  to  weaken  the  favourable  impression  he  made  when 
he  began  the  long  series  of  public  appearances  in  which  he  has 
played  the  most  prominent  part,  but  there  have  been  many  to 
deepen  and  strengthen  it."  A  month  later  the  Duke  was  with  the 
Canadian  troops  in  France  and  inspecting  the  British  front  as  a 
whole  and,  on  Nov.  24,  he  and  the  Duchess  opened  the  new  Can- 
adian Women's  wing  of  the  Naval  Hospital  at  Chatham. 

The  Duke  of  Devonshire,  K.G.,  P.O.,  G.C.V.O.,  G.C.M.G.,  whose  ap- 
pointment had  been  announced  on  June  28,  was  a  large  landowner 
in  England  with  such  splendid  seats  as  Chatsworth,  Hardwick 
Hall,  Bolton  Abbey  and  Compton  Place.  He  had  been  in  the 
Commons  for  a  time  and  had  served  in  subordinate  Ministerial 
positions  such  as  those  of  Financial  Secretary  to  the  Treasury  and 
a  Civil  Lord  of  the  Admiralty;  he  was  Chancellor  of  Leeds  Uni- 
versity as  well  as  Chairman  of  several  important  business  con- 
cerns. The  Duchess  of  Devonshire  was  a  daughter  of  the  Marquess 
of  Lansdowne  and,  as  Lady  Evelyn  Fitzmaurice,  had  spent  some 
years  in  Canada  when  her  father  was  Governor- General.  There 
were  two  sons — the  Marquess  of  Hartington,  in  the  Army,  and 
Lord  Charles  Cavendish,  who  was  a  boy  at  school,  and  five  daugh- 
ters. The  appointment  was  gazetted  on  Aug.  19  and  on  Oct.  18 
the  Duke  was  entertained  at  dinner  by  the  Canada  Club,  Lon- 
don, with  Sir  George  Perley  in  the  chair  and  Earl  Grey,  Mr.  Bal- 
four  and  Gen.  Sir  Wm.  Robertson  amongst  the  speakers.  In  his 
speech  Sir  George  Perley  made  the  interesting  remark  that  the 
Duke  of  Devonshire  would  be  in  Canada  when  the  terms  of  peace 
were  being  discussed,  and  when  the  question  of  future  Imperial  rela- 
tions had  to  be  determined.  l  i  We  feel  and  believe  that  the  time  has 
come  when  the  Overseas  Dominions  ought  to  have  something  to  say 
about  matters  such  as  peace  and  war  and  foreign  relations,  which 
are  their  common  concern. ' '  The  Duke,  in  his  reply,  declared  that 
"Imperial  statesmen  would  have  to  provide  a  system  by  which  the 
great  self-governing  communities  of  the  Empire  would  be  able  to 
work  out  their  own  destiny  in  the  light  of  what  were  their 
responsibilities  to  the  Empire  as  a  whole."  At  a  luncheon  given 
by  the  Associated  Chambers  of  Commerce  on  Nov.  1  the  Earl  of 
Derby  took  the  same  view  of  the  important  matters  which  were 
coming  up,  but  added:  "New  relations  may  arise  after  the  War 
between  ourselves  and  the  Dominions,  but  none  can  be  as  strong  as 
these  which  are  binding  us  now.  People  talk  glibly  of  a  new  con- 
stitution. Well,  I  am  a  Conservative,  and  the  old  constitution  is 


244  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

good  enough  for  me  when  it  gives  such  results  as  during  the  present 
war." 

The  new  Governor-General  arrived  at  Halifax  on  Nov.  11  and 
was  sworn  in  by  Sir  Louis  Davies  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada 
at  the  Nova  Scotia  Provincial  Building.  With  the  Duke  were  the 
Duchess  and  Ladies  Maud  and  Blanche  Cavendish.  His  first  public 
function  was  the  inspection  of  an  Edmonton  Overseas  Battalion  at 
Ottawa  on  Nov.  21 ;  his  first  speech  was  at  a  Red  Cross  meeting.  To 
the  Ottawa  Canadian  Club  on  Nov.  25  His  Excellency  delivered 
this  message:  "I  come,  gentlemen,  with  a  message  from  England 
to  say  how  proud  and  grateful  the  inhabitants  of  the  Old  Country 
are  to  be  working  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  you  in  this  great  cause 
we  have  both  undertaken.  I  come  with  a  message  of  determination 
that  this  struggle  shall  be  carried  through,  and  that  so  far  as  it  lies 
in  our  power  it  will  never  be  possible  again  for  any  clique  or  small 
collection  of  men  to  force  such  an  outrage  against  civilization  and 
humanity  on  the  world."  A  visit  to  Toronto  followed  on  Nov.  27- 
30  and  included  the  presentation  of  loyal  Addresses,  a  visit  by  the 
Vice-regal  party  to  the  Royal  Ontario  Museum,  a  dinner  to  the 
Governor-General  by  Sir  Wm.  Mulock,  President  of  the  Toronto 
Patriotic  Fund,  and  another  at  the  Toronto  Club,  visits  to  the 
Technical  School  and  Soldiers'  Convalescent  Home,  attendance  at 
St.  Andrews'  College  Prize  Day,  and  a  review  of  troops. 

During  these  days  (Nov.  29)  a  run  was  made  up  to  Guelph  and 
the  Government  Farm  and  Agricultural  College  inspected.  At  a 
College  luncheon  the  Duke  dealt  with  the  war  situation  and  then 
added :  ' '  We  have  talked  a  great  deal  in  the  past  about  the  Empire 
maintaining  itself.  I  fear  we  have  talked  a  great  deal;  now  it  is 
time  for  action.  We  have  to  see  in  the  future,  whatever  our  rela- 
tions may  be  to  other  Powers,  that  we  shall  have  sufficiently  devel- 
oped the  resources  of  the  Empire  that  we  can  rely  on  the  products 
of  our  own  countries. ' '  The  Guelph  institution  would,  he  thought, 
be  one  of  the  great  factors  in  this  future  development.  An  Empire 
"  self  -containing  and  self-reliant"  was  his  motto  in  several  succeed- 
ing speeches.  Speaking  to  the  Canadian  Club  at  Montreal  on  Dec. 
13 — after  having  reviewed  the  departing  Irish-Canadian  Rangers 
— the  Duke  was  frank  as  to  questions  of  peace :  ' '  We  ran  many 
risks  in  attempts  to  maintain  peace  and  we  are  not  going  to  sheath 
the  sword  until  we  have  gained  a  peace  which  is  of  our  making  and 
of  our  choosing."  He  described  the  Lloyd  George  Ministry  as  a 
''National  Government"  in  the  best  sense  of  the  words.  An  Hon. 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  the  Duke  by  McGill  University  on  the 
14th  and  various  Montreal  institutions  visited  by  Their  Excellencies 
—including  the  historic  Chateau  de  Ramezay  where  W.  D.  Light- 
hall,  K.C.,  did  the  honours  for  the  Antiquarian  Society.  The  Duke's 
personal  appointments  (Nov.  13)  were  as  follows: 

Military   Secretary Lieut.-Col.,  the  Hon.  H.  G.  Henderson 

Private    Secretary     Arthur   V.    Sladen,    C.M.G.,   c.v.o. 

Comptroller   of  the  Household Lord  Richard  Neville,    c.v.o.,   c.M.a. 

Aide-de-Camp .Capt.  Angus  A.  Mackintosh 

Aide-de-Camp     Capt.  R.  O.  R.   Kenyon-Slaney 

Aide-de-Camp     Capt.   E.   F.   Bulkeley-Johnson. 

Hon.  Aide-de-Camp Lieut.-Col.  Henry  R.  Smith,  C.M.O.,  i.s.o. 

Hon.   Aide-de-Camp    Colonel  Sir  A.  P.  Sherwood,  K.C.M.G.,  M.v.o. 


SPEECHES  AND  WAR  POLICY  OF  SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  245 


sir  Robert  ^^e  Prune  Minister  of  Canada  had  no  easy  task 

Borden  :  in  1916.  He  did  not  have  to  deal  with  a  number  of 

speeches  and  great  nations  in  complex  alliance  as  had  Mr.  Asquith, 
war  Policy  of  j^  ne  ^id  have  to  control  and  hold  together  in  a 
lesser  arena  complicated  interests  of  a  racial,  geogra- 
phical, industrial,  agricultural  and  political  character.  If  the 
West  felt  differently  from  the  East  and  had  different  requirements, 
the  question  of  conciliation  vitally  concerned  Sir  Robert  Borden; 
if  an  Ontario  or  Manitoba  majority  wanted  more  men  recruited  and 
a  Quebec  majority  lacked  interest  in  the  matter  or  waited  for  a 
leader  like  Bourassa  to  seize  the  opportunity  of  setting  the  heather 
on  fire,  it  was  for  the  Premier  to  hold  the  situation  in  hand;  if 
the  Minister  of  Militia  and  military  interests  very  properly  de- 
manded enthusiastic,  strenuous  Government  action  for  increasing 
the  Army  while  manufacturers  and  farmers  protested  that  the  vital 
interests  of  war  and  other  industries  of  the  country  were  being 
injured  by  lack  of  men,  it  was  Sir  Robert  who  had,  primarily,  to 
solve  the  problem;  if  any  or  many  of  the  myriad  details  in  war 
control  and  war  developments  hurt  individual  interests  or  wounded 
individual  feelings,  or  disappointed  personal  expectations  based 
upon  inaccurate  premises  or  unavoidable  ignorance  of  conditions, 
it  was  the  Prime  Minister  who  first  suffered  in  reputation  or  tem- 
porary popularity. 

Private  criticism  of  the  Government  was  rampant  during  the 
year;  how  far  or  in  what  degree  it  was  justified  the  facts  in  this 
volume  will  help  to  indicate.  "Not  enough  energy  in  recruiting," 
said  one;  "too  many  men  taken  from  the  country's  business/'  said 
another  ;  a  total  lack  of  leadership,  was  the  complaint  in  one  direc- 
tion ;  too  much  dictation  from  the  Minister  of  Militia,  was  the  claim 
in  another.  And  so  it  went  on.  Tt  can  be  said  at  once  that  the 
greater  issues  were  well  met  ;  the  fundamental  requirements  of  an 
Army  large  for  this  peace-loving  and  war-ignorant  Dominion  were 
faced  successfully;  the  immense  financial  calls  of  a  difficult  time 
satisfactorily  adjusted  ;  the  relations  with  Great  Britain  maintained 
upon  a  high  level  of  co-operation  and  dignified  harmony;  the  in- 
ternal condition  of  the  Dominion  safe-guarded  with  a  minimum  of 
public  friction  and  no  divergence  of  war  policy  between  Provinces 
and  Dominion.  Much  of  this  was  due  to  the  refusal  of  Sir  Robert 
Borden  to  depart  from  his  personal  policy  of  1914  and  1915  —  a 
cool,  steady  hand  upon  the  helm  of  affairs,  a  quiet  and  courageous 
indifference  to  political  attack  or  personal  criticism.  It  was  the 
policy  of  Asquith  transplanted  and  re-adjusted  ;  whether  Canadian 
conditions  warranted  a  change  of  attitude  in  policy  or  any  striking 
divergence  was  a  matter  of  opinion.  There  were  no  Zeppelins  or 
Submarines  to  place  Canadian  thought  in  a  hothouse. 

Abroad  Sir  Robert  Borden  's  reputation  had  grown  during  the 
year.  Lord  Headley  was  responsible  in  May  for  a  suggestion  that 
the  Premiers  of  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  South  Africa 
should  be  added  to  a  special  British  Cabinet  of  eight  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  the  War  ;  the  King  of  the  Belgians  conferred  on 
Sir  Robert  the  Grand  Cordon  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  ;  the  New 


246  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

York  Lawyers'  Club,  a  most  important  and  representative  body  of 
many  members  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  made  him  an 
Hon.  life  member.  At  home  McMaster  University  created  the 
Premier  an  Hon.  LL.D.,  while  the  Geographic  Board  named  one  of 
the  great  mountains  of  the  Coast  range  "Sir  Robert."  Though  a 
party  journal  the  Toronto  Daily  News  (Apr.  11)  may  be  quoted  in 
a  rather  interesting  reference  to  certain  phases  of  the  Premier's 
personality  and  difficulties  during  this  period : 

The  Prime  Minister  of  Canada  has  many  of  the  qualities  of  Abraham 
Lincoln.  He  has  no  petty  vanity.  He  has  no  merely  selfish  ambitions.  He  has 
genuine  patriotism,  infinite  patience  and  solid  judgment.  If  he  has  a  fault 
it  is  that  he  suffers  fools  too  gladly.  But  who  are  fools  and  who  are  not  may 
appear  more  clearly  when  peace  comes.  By  persuasion  and  argument  he 
appeals  to  the  Canadian  people.  By  character  and  example  he  commands 
their  confidence  and  support.  It  may  be  that  if  our  system  of  government 
had  prevailed  at  Washington  Lincoln,  during  the  early  years  of  the  War, 
could  not  have  overcome  the  dissatisfaction  which  prevailed  in  his  own  party, 
and  all  the  devious  intrigues  and  activities  of  his  opponents.  ...  In  the 
experience  of  Lincoln  there  is  a  lesson  for  Canada  There  is  no  fear  that  Sir 
Eobert  Borden  will  suffer  defeat  in  Parliament.  There  is  every  reason  that  he 
should  trust  the  people,  who  have  come  to  know  and  understand  his  simplicity 
of  character  and  utter  devotion  to  the  public  welfare,  and  who  more  and  more 
seek  his  counsel  and  lean  upon  his  judgment. 

The  year  opened  with  the  Premier's  appeal  for  500,000  men  to 
stand  by  the  Empire  and  its  Allies  in  the  War* ;  it  closed  with  a 
record  of  392,000  volunteers  and  434,000  men  all  told  on  active 
service  of  various  kinds.  On  Jan.  21  it  was  announced  that  Sir 
Robert  had  offered  a  fully  equipped  4th  Division  for  the  Front  and 
that  it  had  been  accepted;  in  a  few  months  it  was  on  the  way  to 
France.  In  his  correspondence  with  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  as  to  the 
extension  of  the  life  of  Parliament  (November,  1915)  Sir  Robert 
had  done  his  belt  to  obtain  an  agreement  which  would  put  a  general 
election  out  of  bounds  during  the  War,  but  he  could  not  get  beyond 
the  agreement  for  one  year  and  a  general  pledge  of  non-partisan 
aid  in  all  War  issues.  Upon  the  important  point  of  British  and 
Allied  purchases  of  War  material  and  supplies  from  Canada  the 
Premier  had  been  pressing  in  his  representations  to  the  Imperial 
Government  and  had  succeeded  in  obtaining  pledges  of  most  grati- 
fying nature  from  London.  Speaking  in  the  Commons  on  Jan.  17 
Sir  Robert  stated  something  of  his  intercourse  with  the  British 
Government :  ' '  We  provided  them  with  a  list  of  articles  of  a  very 
varied  character  that  could  be  furnished  by  this  country  for  the 
use  of  the  Allied  nations.  I  discussed  also  with  the  British  author- 
ities the  importance  of  emphasizing  to  the  Allied  Governments  the 
abundant  resources  of  Canada  for  supplying  many  needed  articles. 
I  had  also  a  conference  with  the  International  Purchasing  Commis- 
sion. All  of  the  Allied  nations  were  represented  there.  I  furnished 
them  with  a  full  list  of  articles  that  we  could  supply,  and  I  pressed 
upon  them  the  importance  of  looking  to  Canada  in  that  regard." 
Up  to  July  10,  1915,  orders  to  the  value  of  $240,000,000  had  been 
placed  in  Canada;  he  estimated  the  total  up  to  the  beginning  of 
1916  at  $500,000,000. 

*NOTK. — See  The  Canadian  Annual  Review  for  1915,  Page  185. 


SPEECHES  AND  WAR  POLICY  OF  SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  247 

An  interesting  discussion  in  the  House  on  Mar.  13  revived  an 
historic  subject  and  presented  the  Premier's  position  on  a  past  issue 
in  a  new  light.  E.  M.  Macdonald,  one  of  the  Liberal  leaders,  had 
criticized  Winston  Churchill  as  having  failed  in  his  Admiralty  pol- 
icy at  Antwerp  and  the  Dardanelles  after  having,  also,  failed  in 
giving  the  right  advice  to  the  Canadian  Government  in  its  1912 
.Oreadnaught  policy.  Sir  Robert  responded  with  the  statement  that 
the  Memorandum  in  question,  urging  certain  reasons  for  making 
Canadian  Naval  aid  at  that  juncture  both  important  and  valuable, 
was  from  the  Admiralty  Naval  Board  and  not  Mr.  Churchill  alone, 
and  that  it  did  not  include  all  the  information  given  Canada.  "I 
have  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  the  message  which  came  to  us  from 
the  British  Government,  through  the  Admiralty,  was  to  some  extent 
influenced  by  the  very  fact  that  the  British  Government  knew  more 
than  they  thought  it  discreet  or  prudent  to  reveal  to  the  public  of 
Great  Britain,  but  which  they  did  partially  reveal  to  us,  not  only  in 
the  document  laid  on  the  table  of  the  House,  but  in  a  certain  other 
document  which  was  communicated  to  some  of  the  Hon.  gentlemen 
on  the  other  side  of  the  House  and  which  said  far  more  than  the 
document  which  has  been  made  public  in  this  country. ' '  Yet,  he 
said,  the  Opposition  had  continued  their  policy  of  refusal  to  grant 
this  aid  or  to  believe  in  the  German  emergency.  During  this  Session 
of  Parliament  the  Premier  proved  once  more  his  effectiveness  as  a 
Parliamentary  leader  and  debater.  Whatever  the  criticisms  of  his 
personality  and  policies  this  fact  was  apparently  admitted  during 
his  later  years  of  office.  He  never  became  excited  or  doubtful 
of  himself  in  debate  and,  therefore,  never  lost  control  of  the  House ; 
if  he  did  not  sweep  members  off  their  feet  with  eloquence  neither 
did  he  arouse  angry  passions  nor  make  religious  or  racial  mistakes 
of  expression.  Patience  of  temper,  clearness  of  thought,  and  a 
sense  of  public  responsibility  and  public  honour  were  the  best 
things  attributed  to  him;  lack  of  inspiring  leadership — a  Lloyd 
George  personality — was  the  worst  charge  against  him.  A  high 
tribute  to  France  on  its  National  Fete  day  was  given  by  Sir  Robert 
on  July  14  in  response  to  a  request  from  Paris : 

A  year  ago  I  was  in  France  and  had  the  opportunity  of  learning  at  first 
hand  something  of  the  spirit  and  the  achievements  of  her  people.  It  would  be 
impossible  to  describe  in  measured  terms  the  indelible  impression  made  upon 
me  by  the  serious  courage,  the  resolute  patience,  and  the  strong  self-control 
of  the  French  nation.  At  the  Front,  or  in  reserve,  the  whole  manhood  of  the 
nation  was  mobilized  to  do  each  his  appointed  task  in  aiding  to  repel  the 
invader.  In  that  wonderful  organization  of  a  great  democracy  to  defend  and 
preserve  its  independence  and  its  very  existence  the  highest  and  the  humblest 
met  on  equal  terms.  For  each  the  supreme  test  was  efficiency  and  the  prime 
duty  self-sacrifice. 

Meantime,  some  important  Deputations  had  waited  upon  the 
Premier.  On  Jan.  27  representatives  of  the  Prohibition  cause 
came  from  several  Provinces  and  were  headed  by  F.  S.  Spence, 
Rev.  T.  Albert  Moore  and  Rev.  Dr.  A.  S.  Grant,  Toronto  ;  A.  W. 
Fraser,  K.C.,  J.  R.  Booth,  Charles  Hopewell  and  Rev.  Dr.  W.  T. 
Herridge,  Ottawa;  Judge  Lafontaiiie,  S.  J.  Carter  and  John  H. 
Roberts,  Montreal ;  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant,  Halifax,  and  Calvin  Lawrence 


248  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

for  the  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers.  They  asked  the 
Government  to  support  the  complete  Federal  abolition  of  the  sale 
of  liquor  for  beverage  purposes  in  Canada.  The  Premier  in  reply 
pointed  out  that  "the  enactment  of  a  law  is  one  thing  and  its  en- 
forcement another  thing."  He  had  seen  counties  in  Nova  Scotia 
where  there  was  local  option,  and  yet  liquor  was  sold  openly.  This 
was  as  evil  a  thing  as  could  be  imagined.  "If  the  public  opinion 
in  any  Province  has  not  compelled  the  Legislature  to  go  to  the 
limit  of  its  power,  there  must  be  some  reason  and  this  must  be  taken 
into  account."  He  believed  that  if  Prohibition  was  a  good  law  to 
be  enacted  during  the  War,  it  was  a  good  law  for  any  other  time. 
On  Apr.  14  a  Delegation  representing  42  Recruiting  leagues  of 
Canada  with  Chief  Justice  Mathers  of  Winnipeg  and  S.  F.  Wash- 
ington, K.C.,  of  Hamilton  as  the  chief  speakers,  waited  upon  the 
Premier  and  presented  a  Memorial  urging  some  form  of  compulsion 
to  complete  Canada's  enlistment.  In  his  reply  Sir  Robert  refrained 
from  committing  the  Government  but  reminded  the  Delegation  that 
there  had  so  far  been  no  lack  of  recruits,  since  men  were  coming 
forward  at  the  rate  of  1,000  a  day.  He  also  pointed  out  that  even 
when  men  had  been  enlisted  from  six  months'  to  a  year's  training 
was  necessary  to  fit  them  for  service.  He  admitted  that  there  were 
loopholes  for  economic  waste  in  the  system  of  voluntary  enlistment. 
"In  an  informal  way,  however,  the  Government  has  been  endeav- 
ouring to  arrange  that  men  be  drawn  from  the  industries  which 
can  afford  to  spare  them  and  as  little  as  possible  from  those  that 
are  essential." 

At  Valcartier  on  Aug.  5  the  Premier  reviewed  13,000  troops 
representing  Quebec  and  parts  of  Ontario  and  in  addressing  the 
officers,  told  them  that  over  200,000  were  then  Overseas.  "Can- 
adians are  appreciated  for  their  adaptability  at  the  Front  and  Sir 
George  Perley  has  told  me  that  British  officers  in  the  regular  Im- 
perial Army  have  likened  the  Canadians  to  some  of  the  best  Guards' 
regiments."  Two  days  later  he  reviewed  the  four  Battalions  of 
the  Nova  Scotia  Highlanders  and  the  97th  Battalion  of  the  Ameri- 
can Legion  at  Aldershot,  N.S.,  with  this  farewell  message:  "You 
are  going  to  the  Front  at  a  most  important  and  vital  period  of 
this  great  struggle.  The  first  year  of  the  War  was  one  of  testing ; 
the  second,  one  of  preparation;  but  the  third  year  will  be  one  in 
which  the  Armies  of  Great  Britain  and  her  Allies  will  fight  harder 
and  fiercer  than  they  have  ever  fought  before."  At  Halifax  on 
the  10th  the  Premier  addressed  the  Commercial  Club  and  em- 
phasized the  great,  silent  work  of  the  Navy :  "  I  beg  of  you  to  try 
to  realize  what  would  be  the  condition  of  the  Dominion  to-day  if 
the  control  of  the  ocean's  highways  should  pass  from  our  Empire 
to  that  of  Germany.  Our  fate  would  be  like  that  of  Belgium." 
As  to  Britain  the  task  of  preparation  in  the  first  two  years  of  the 
War  had  been  almost  incomprehensible  in  its  magnitude.  "The 
work  done  by  the  Imperial  Government  is  one  that  almost  surpasses 
anything  the  imagination  can  conceive.  .  .  .  No  effort  on  the 
part  of  the  Dominion  shall  be  spared  to  enable  the  Empire  and  our 
Allies  to  achieve  success." 


SPEECHES  AND  WAR  POLICY  OF  SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  249 

To  the  Halifax  Conservative  Club  (Aug.  11)  Sir  Robert,  spoke 
of  public  affairs  in  general  with  the  premise  that  he  had  not  made 
a  political  speech  since  the  outbreak  of  the  War  unless  in  defence 
of  some  Department  of  the  Government.  * '  The  day  will  come  when 
our  tongues  will  be  loosed  and  we  will  be  able  to  give  a  good  account 
of  our  stewardship.  With  reference  to  graft  or  scandal  I  wish  to 
say  a  few  words.  If  any  man  in  this  city,  in  this  Province  or  in  this 
Dominion  knows  of  any  person  in  the  employ  of  the  Government  of 
Canada,  who  he  believes  is  guilty  of  wrong-doing  with  public 
funds,  let  him  bring  a  charge  to  my  notice  and  if  an  investigation 
is  necessary  it  will  be  made  without  one  moment's  delay.  If  pro- 
ceedings in  the  Courts  are  required  to  deal  with  any  pubic  offical 
those  proceedings  will  be  instituted."  The  policy  of  the  Party  he 
denned  as  Unity  and  Development.  In  connection  with  the  Naval 
question  of  1912-14  he  said:  "I  asked  the  Imperial  authorities  for 
the  best  Naval  expert  to  advise  us  as  to  the  way  we  could  best 
take  part  in  the  defence  of  the  Empire.  In  June,  1914,  we  were 
told  that  Sir  John  Jellicoe  was  to  resign  his  position  and  take  com- 
mand of  the  Grand  Fleet  in  December,  and  for  two  months  we 
could  have  the  benefit  of  his  ability  and  experience.  It  was  ar- 
ranged that  he  was  to  come  early  in  August  or  October.  On 
August  4th  war  broke  out  and  Sir  John  took  command  of  the  Navy. 
We  enquired  whether  we  should  devote'  our  energies  to  the  effect- 
ing of  a  Naval  policy  or  to  concern  ourselves  with  the  development 
of  an  adequate  military  force.  We  were  asked  to  pursue  the  lat- 
ter course."  A  visit  to  the  Musoquodoboit  region  of  Nova  Scotia 
followed  along  a  line  of  railway  for  which  the  Government  were 
responsible  and  from  which  much  local  development  was  hoped. 
The  Premier  at  this  time  accepted  the  position  of  Hon.  Colonel  of 
the  85th  Highland  Battalion,  though  declining,  as  unprecedented, 
the  suggestion  that  he  should  hold  that  post  in  the  Nova  Scotia 
Highland  Brigade.  An  interesting  incident  of  early  October  was 
the  appearance  in  Le  Devoir  of  an  open  letter  from  B.  W.  Thom- 
son, Canadian  correspondent  of  the  Boston  Transcript,  a  quasi- 
Liberal  and  believer  in  J.  S.  Ewart's  scheme  of  an  independent 
Canada  under  the  King,  in  which  he  approved  of  the  Dominion's 
participation  in  the  War,  urged  French-Canadians  to  enlist,  and 
added : 

Inasmuch  as  Sir  Eobert  Borden  boldly  put  Canada  on  that  way,  and  has 
steadily  pursued  that  course,  he  appears  to  me  to  have  been  guided  by  well- 
informed  sense,  and  by  such  inspiration  as  may  properly  be  termed  genius. 
None  but  a  great  man  would  have  dared  what  he  dared  in  August,  1914 — 
venturing  to  interpret  the  real  mind  of  the  Canadian  people  in  such  a  time  of 
confused  opinion  and  quaking  dismay.  I  humbly  confess  that  he  then  knew, 
as  by  instinct,  what  men  like  myself,  who  at  first  objected  to  Canada  being 
committed  to  the  War  without  a  mandate  from  the  Electors,  would  be  thinking 
when  time  should  have  disclosed  the  power,  preparedness  and  ambition  of 
Prussia. 

During  this  month  Sir  Robert  faced  successfully  a  serious 
situation  in  the  West  under  which  8,000  conductors,  trainmen  and 
yardmen  of  the  C.P.R.  threatened  to  strike.  After  varied  negotia- 
tions conducted  by  the  Company,  by  Mr.  Crothers,  Minister  of 


250  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

Labour,  and  others,  it  seemed  that  matters  were  hopeless  and  a 
walk-out  was  ordered  for  Oct.  2f>.  At  this  juncture  the  Premier 
took  the  question  into  his  own  hands  and  on  the  night  of  the  23rd 
wired  the  men's  leaders  at  Winnipeg  an  appeal  to  their  patriot- 
ism: "  Having  regard  to  the  obligations  of  this  country  to  do  its 
part  in  the  pending  struggle  which  involves  its  future,  we  hope 
that  every  effort  will  be  made  to  reach  such  a  settlement  that  will 
prevent  the  necessity  of  a  strike  in  the  midst  of  the  War  and  the 
Government,  if  desired,  will  be  glad  to  place  its  good  offices  at 
your  service  with  a  view  to  avoiding  a  controversy  which  would 
weaken  our  efforts  in  the  War  and  which  might  be  attended  with 
disastrous  results  to  the  great  cause  that  we  all  have  at  heart." 
Failing  success  of  current  negotiations  he  urged  a  conference  at 
Ottawa  with  the  Government.  From  S.  N.  Berry  and  James  Mur- 
dock,  the  Chiefs  of  the  Order  of  Railway  Conductors,  came  the 
immediate  reply  that  ' '  this  dispute  has  reached  the  point  where  the 
undersigned  are  powerless  .to  prevent  the  will  of  the  men,  the  con- 
stituted authority  in  the  organization,  from  carrying  out  their 
desires.  The  general  committees  representing  the  conductors  and 
trainmen  decided  several  days  ago  that  strike  would  occur  on  Oct. 
25  unless  in  the  meantime  satisfactory  settlement  was  conceded  by 
the  Company." 

There  was  no  way,  it  was  added,  of  delaying  the  issue  except  by 
a  satisfactory  settlement  from  the  Company,  which,  the  despatch 
asserted,  had  gained  most  bountiful  returns  in  the  past  year  as  a 
result  of  the  War.  A  special  Cabinet  Council  followed  on  the  24th 
and  then  the  Premier  issued  this  very  clear  intimation  that  the 
strike  must  be  averted :  ' '  The  rights  of  the  employees  and  those  of 
the  Company,  whatever  they  may  be,  are  entitled  to  every  respect 
and  consideration,  but  the  rights  of  the  public  must  also  be  taken 
into  account,  and  the  Government  cannot  forget  its  duty  as  guard- 
ians of  those  rights.  This  duty  is  especially  imperative  in  time  of 
war.  Before  taking  any  active  step  to  prevent  public  disaster  the 
Government  appeals  once  more  to  the  Company  and  the  employees 
that  such  settlement  be  made  ay  will  prevent  the  threatened  strike. ' ' 
Both  sides  recognized  that  this  meant  serious  Government  action 
and  a  satisfactory  settlement  was  reached  followed  by  telegrams  of 
congratulation  from  Sir  Robert  Borden  to  the  Company  and  the 
men. 

In  October  and  November  the  differences  between  the  Premier 
and  his  strong-willed  Minister  of  Militia  were  coming  to  a  head. 
There  had  been  an  obvious  divergence  of  view  developing  for  some 
time  but  Sir  Robert  Borden  was  instinctively  loyal  to  his  friends 
and  colleagues,  loathe — too  much  so  his  critics  claimed — to  believe 
ill  of  them,  prone  to  give  his  full  confidence  and  a  free  hand  to  any- 
one whom  he  once  trusted.  Occasionally,  in  the  past  two  years, 
the  Premier  had  felt  impelled  to  reverse  or  alter  Serious  details  in 
Militia  policy  or  to  contradict  certain  hasty  statements  of  the 
Minister,  but  he  appears  to  have  had  a  strong  sympathy  for  Sir  Sam 
Hughes'  boundless  optimism  and  vigorous  policy  and  to  have  con- 


SPEECHES  AND  WAR  POLICY  OP  SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  251 

sidered  complaints  and  difficulties,  for  a  long  time,  as  matters  for 
compromise.  The  break  came  over  the  question  of  control  and  co-or- 
dination of  Canadian  military  interests  in  England — the  concerns 
of  100,000  men  at  the  Front  and  the  management  of  150,000  men 
in  England,  with  hospitals,  training  and  a  great  variety  of  details 
included.  Correspondence  afterwards  published  showed  that  Sir 
Thomas  White,  as  Minister  of  Finance,  had  drawn  attention,  also, 
to  this  situation.  On  Oct.  16  the  Premier  wrote  to  his  Minister 
enclosing  a  Memorandum  of  proposals  discussed  the  preceding  day 
and  in  which  Sir  Robert  had  stated  more  efficient  organization  in 
Great  Britain  to  be  necessary  and  the  appointment  of  an  Over- 
seas Minister  of  Militia  to  be  desirable.  To  this  General  Hughes 
took  exception,  in  succeeding  letters  he  suggested  a  Sub-Militia 
Council  with  Sir  Max  Aitken  in  charge,  and  finally,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  appointed  such  a  body  in  an  advisory  capacity.  This  , 
action  and  a  letter  on  Nov.  1st  of  considerable  personal  tartness  / 
evoked  a  short  and  concise  reply  from  the  Premier  on  Nov.  9  which  ; 
ended  with  a  request  for  the  Minister's  resignation: 

During  your  absence  I  have  given  very  careful  consideration  to  your  letter  y ^  L> 
of  the  1st  instant,  and  I  must  express  my  deep  regret  that  you  saw  fit  to  ™ 
address  to  me,  as  head  of  the  Government,  a  communication  of  that  nature. 
Under  conditions  which  at  times  were  very  trying  and  which  gave  me  great 
concern,  I  have  done  my  utmost  to  support  you  in  the  administration  of  your 
Department.  This  has  been  very  difficult  by  reason  of  your  strong  tendency 
to  assume  powers  which  you  do  not  possess  and  which  can  only  be  exercised 
by  the  Governor-in-Council.  My  time  and  energies,  although  urgently  needed 
for  much  more  important  duties,  have  been  very  frequently  employed  in 
removing  difficulties  thus  unnecessarily  created.  You  seemed  actuated  by  a 
desire  and  even  an  intention  to  administer  your  Department  as  if  it  were  a 
distinct  and  separate  Government  in  itself.  On  many  occasions,  but  without 
much  result,  I  have  cautioned  you  against  this  course,  which  has  frequently 
led  to  well-founded  protest  from  your  colleagues  as  well  as  detriment  to  the 
public  interest.  .  .  .  Some  portions  of  your  letter  are  expressive  of  the 
attitude  which  I  have  described  and  to  which  you  evidently  intend  to  adhere. 
Such  an  attitude  is  wholly  inconsistent  with  and  subversive  of  the  principle  of 
joint  responsibility  upon  which  constitutional  government  is  based. 

Whatever  else  this  correspondence  indicated — and  further  con- 
sideration is  given  it  in  connection  with  Military  affairs — it  showed 
self-possession  and  self-control  on  the  Premier's  part  up  to  a  cer- 
tain point  and  then  dignified  determination.  Meanwhile  Sir  Robert 
had  been  dealing  with  a  new  and  greater  issue.  The  easing-down  of 
recruiting,  the  increasing  demand  for  labour,  the  calls  of  industry 
and  transportation  for  more  men,  had  created  a  situation  of  great 
difficulty  and,  during  the  four  months  beginning  with  September, 
it  was  a  subject  of  constant  consideration  and  effort.  Out  of  this 
came  the  establishment  of  a  National  Service  Commission,  the 
Premier's  appeal  for  more  recruits  and  for  organized  action  to 
relieve  men  for  active  service,  and  a  tour  of  the  country  which 
included  speeches  at  Montreal,  Quebec,  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon,  Ed- 
monton, Vancouver,  Victoria,  Calgary,  Regina  and  Toronto.  Before 
leaving  on  this  latter  tour  the  Premier  was  the  guest  on  Nov.  18  of 
the  Lawyers'  Club,  New  York,  and  in  his  speech  supported  (1) 
the  Taft  idea  of  a  League  to  Enforce  Peace,  and  (2)  a  future  co- 


252  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

operation  of  the  whole  British  Empire  in  supporting  the  British 
Navy : 

Nations  determined  to  uphold  ideals  of  public  right  and  resist  attempts  of 
militaristic  domination  may  be  concerned  to  co-operate  for  the  preservation  of 
peace  until  they  can  erect  and  maintain  a  tribunal  whose  decree  in  interna- 
tional differences  shall  be  respected  and  enforced  by  the  organized  power  of 
civilization. 

The  Overseas  men  will  have  learned  before  they  come  back  that  the 
liberry  and  security  of  our  Empire  are  dependent  upon  the  safety  of  the  ocean 
pathways,  whether  in  peace  or  in  war,  and  that  while  sea  power  cannot  of 
itself  be  the  instrument  of  world  domination,  it  is  nevertheless  the  most 
powerful  instrument  by  which  world  domination  can  be  effectually  resisted. 
This  burden  must  not  rest  upon  Britain  alone,  but  also  upon  the  greater  Com- 
monwealth which  comprises  all  the  King's  dominions. 

During  his  visit  to  Victoria,  B.C.,  Sir  Robert  Borden,  on  Dec. 
16,  received  a  Board  of  Trade  delegation,  headed  by  C.  H.  Lugrin, 
which  urged  the  early  construction  of  the  Esquimalt  drydocks, 
national  development  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry,  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  existing  embargo  on  labour  from  the  United  States. 
Careful  consideration  was  promised ;  as  to  the  Labour  situation  the 
Premier  stated  that  400,000  men  were  enlisted  and  300,000  working 
in  munition  factories.  Other  incidents  of  the  year  included  the 
creation  of  the  post  of  Parliamentary  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
External  Affairs  as  an  aid  to  the  Premier  in  the  Department  of 
which  he  was  head  with  Sir  Joseph  Pope  as  the  active  administra- 
tor; the  appointment  of  Colonel  Hugh  Clark,  M.P.,  for  North  Bruce, 
an  experienced  and  popular  member  of  the  House,  to  the  position ; 
a  contribution  by  the  Canadian  Government  of  $25,000  to  the 
Kitchener  Memorial  Fund.  On  Dec.  20,  in  reply  to  the  stirring 
message  sent  by  Mr.  Lloyd  George  to  all  the  Dominions  upon  acces- 
sion to  the  Imperial  Premiership,  Sir  Robert  Borden  responded  in 
eloquent  terms : 

On  behalf  of  the  Canadian  people  I  send  to  our  kinsmen  of  the  Mother- 
land the  assurance  that  our  hearts  are  as  undaunted  and  our  determination 
as  resolute  as  when  we  ranged  ourselves  in  the  Empire's  battle-line  two  years 
ago.  All  our  sacrifices  would  be  worse  than  useless  unless  the  purpose  for 
which  this  war  was  undertaken  is  achieved  in  such  victory  as  assures  the  future 
peace  of  the  world.  Your  message  reached  me  in  the  Western  Provinces  of 
Canada,  while  engaged  in  commending  and  supporting  proposals  for  better 
organization  of  our  national  service  and  for  more  effectual  utilization  of  our 
natural  resources  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  I  have  found  everywhere 
the  strongest  determination  that  both  the  human  energy  and  the  national 
resources  of  this  Dominion  shall  be  utilized  to  such  purpose  as  will  throw  the 
full  strength  of  Canada  into  the  struggle.  At  Eegina  and  at  Brandon  I  read 
your  words  to  two  great  gatherings,  and  the  response  which  they  evoked  was 
splendid  and  inspiring.  We  shall  indeed  tread  the  path  side  by  side  in  full 
realization  that  the  sacrifice,  however  great,  is  for  a  cause  transcending  even 
the  interests  and  destiny  of  our  Empire,  and  in  supreme  confidence  that  this 
path  alone  can  lead  to  the  ultimate  triumph  of  democracy,  liberty,  and  civiliza- 
tion. 

Meanwhile,  the  question  of  selling  horses  to  British  and  other 
buyers  had  been  a  subject  of  fitful  discussion  during  the  whole  war- 
period.  A  petition  sent  forward  to  the  Premier  early  in  1916  de- 
clared that  the  horse-breeders  and  dealers  of  Ontario  had  been  the 
victims  of  exorbitant  charges  and  unfair  treatment  from  the  large 
dealers  in  Toronto,  and  elsewhere,  when  they  had  tried  to  sell  their 


SPEECHES  AND  WAR  POLICY  OF  SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  253 

horses  to  the  British  or  French  Governments.  These  complaints, 
and  difficulties  also  stated  in  the  West,  appear  to  have  risen  from 
war  complications.  During  1915  there  was  for  a  time  an  embargo 
upon  the  export  of  horses  to  the  United  States  in  view  of  possible 
British  requirements  but  this  was  raised  when  the  British  Govern- 
ment ceased,  for  a  short  period  to  buy  in  Canada;  in  August,  1915, 
an  arrangement  was  made  by  which  the  British  Government  pur- 
chased all  Canadian  horses  that  it  required  through  a  Remount 
Commission  of  which  Sir  Adam  Beck  was  the  head,  and  also  pur- 
chased for  the  requirements  of  the  Canadian  force.  In  the  House 
on  Feb.  14,  1916,  Sir  Robert  Borden  stated  that  "the  French  Gov- 
ernment was  also  buying  horses  in  Canada  for  war  purposes  and 
that  representations  had  been  made  to  both  the  British  and  French 
Governments  as  to  the  number  available  in  Canada  for  remount 
purposes."  In  May  it  was  stated  that  60,000  horses  had  been 
purchased  by  the  Allied  Governments  since  the  outbreak  of  the 
War,  while  over  600,000  had  been  bought  in  the  United  States. 
Later  in  the  year  the  demand  was  reported  as  strong  with  the 
British  agents  wanting  heavy  animals  and  the  French  a  light  horse 
for  riding  purposes.  A  British  Remount  Commission — Sir  Charles 
Gunning  in  charge — was,  also,  established  in  Montreal. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  Sir  Robert  Borden  sent  a  number  of 
messages  abroad  on  behalf  of  Canada.  To  the  troops  in  England, 
under  Gen.  R.  E.  W.  Turner,  and  those  in  France,  under  Gen.  Sir 
Julian  Byng,.  Christmas  greetings  went  with  an  assurance  that 
"the  Canadian  people  are  resolved  to  spare  no  effort  and  shrink 
from  no  sacrifice  to  support  the  cause  for  which  you  have  taken  up 
arms  on  behalf  of  your  country. ' '  To  the  Overseas  Club,  which  had 
raised  so  much  money  for  war  purposes,  he  addressed  an  eloquent 
tribute  (Dec.  30)  as  to  the  Empire's  military  services  which  con- 
cluded as  follows:  "Those  who  at  every  sacrifice  are  writing  this 
undying  story  in  their  splendid  achievements  in  every  far-flung 
theatre  of  war,  may  rely  on  the  unalterable  determination  of  all 
Britons  that  nothing  shall  be  wanting  to  support  their  heroic  efforts 
and  preserve  the  common  Empire  and  the  common  brotherhood." 
New  Year  greetings  and  official  war  pledges  were  sent  on  Dec.  31 
by  the  Governor-General  on  behalf  of  the  Government  to  H.  M. 
the  King,  the  King  of  the  Belgians,  the  French  President,  the 
Russian  Czar,  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  the  President  of  Portugal, 
the  Governments  of  all  the  British  Dominions  and  India,  and  the 
King  of  Italy. 

At  the  close  of  1916  the  Government  of  which  Sir  Robert- Borden 
was  the  head  had  under  its  control  110,000  men  at  the  Front  with 
10,000  more  about  to  leave  for  France ;  it  had  despatched  overseas 
during  that  year  165,000  men  and  maintained  13  Field  ambulances, 
7  general  hospitals  and  9  stationary  hospitals  with  the  forces  in 
England.  France  and  elsewhere ;  it  had  helped  to  establish  the 
Munition  industry  in  Canada  up  to  a  total  of  630  plants  with 
304,000  workers,  and  had  obtained  $175,000,000  from  the  people 
to  lend  to  Great  Britain  for  the  further  purchase  of  munitions :  it 


254  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

had  established  a  War  Purchasing  Commission,  under  Hon.  A.  E. 
Kemp,  which  had  controlled  purchases  and  administered  payments 
to  a  total  of  about  $100,000,000  without  a  suspicion  of  trouble  or 
even  partisan  attack;  it  had  organized  a  Transport  system  under 
A.  H.  Harris  as  Director  which  controlled  75  ocean  steamers  and 
handled  2,250,000  tons  in  the  year,  besides  helping  to  guide  the 
complex  war  interests  of  the  country  in  railway  transport;  it  was 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  trying  to  develop  a  system  of  National  Ser- 
vice which  would  include  the  whole  country  in  its  scope  and  influ- 
ence. 

Military  Time  which  mellows  criticism,  weakens  partisan 

Administration  feeling  and  modifies  personal  animosities,  will  seize  the 
Hughes*'  large  things  which  Sir  Sam  Hughes  did  during  his 

speeches  and  period  of  war-work,  draw  a  veil  over  the  lesser  things 
Policy  which  he  did  not  do  or  did  badly,  forget  the  unwise 

things  which  he  said  and  which  for  a  time  rankled  in  public  and 
private  memories.  It  is  always  easy  after  an  event  to  say  that  mat- 
ters would  have  come  out  all  right  without  the  particular  lever  or 
personal  force  which  moulded  them;  it  is  not  impossible  that  a 
Hughes  at  the  head  of  the  Militia  Department  in  1900 — excellent 
Minister  as  Sir  F.  Borden  was  in  many  respects — might  have  sent 
70,000  men  to  South  Africa  instead  of  7,000.  For  concentrated 
effort  and  energy  the  Valcartier  Camp  of  1914,  with  its  33,000  men 
ready  for  the  ships  in  six  weeks,  will  be  long  remembered;  as  a 
matter  of  practical  result  and  with  all  due  consideration  for  de- 
tails, or  error  in  act  or  policy,  the  raising  of  400,000  men  in  this 
country  will  stand  as  a  great  achievement.  An  Army  of  5,000,000 
would  be  the  United  States  equivalent  if  that  country's  population 
be  accepted  as  100,000,000. 

The  work  of  enlisting,  organizing,  equipping  and  partially 
training  such  an  army  was  a  great  one,  no  matter  how  many  de- 
fects there  were  in  the  process  or  how  much  criticism  may  have 
been  justified  as  to  details.  The  provision  of  arms  and  ammunition 
in  a  fully-equipped  Peace  community,  the  creation  of  lines  of  com- 
munication units,  ammunition  supply  columns,  transport  commis- 
sariat, medical  service,  hospitals,  etc.,  entailed  immense  labour.  The 
carrying  of  troops  over  the  3,000,000  square  miles  of  Canada's 
area  and  their  transport  across  the  Atlantic  was  a  great  task  in 
itself.  The  re-organization  of  the  Department  and  its  various  sec- 
tions, the  allignment  of  new  and  strange  duties  and  heavier  respons- 
ibilities for  its  Staff,  the  provision  of  adequate  care  for  wounded  in 
England  and  in  Canada  through  a  special  Commission — these 
and  many  other  matters  were  a  part  of  the  Minister's  work  and 
achievement. 

On  the  other  hand  his  critics  and  opponents  claimed  that  all 
Sir  Sam  Hughes'  zeal  and  energy  and  patriotism  and  democracy 
were  marred  and  the  results  broken  by  his  personal  egotism  and 
arrogance  of  manner,  and  that  he  had  made  himself  the  head  and 
chief  of  the  military  forces  of  Canada  in  a  way  quite  different  from 
that  of  the  Minister  of  War  in  any  other  country — had  transferred 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  255 

a  civilian  position  into  a  purely  military  one.  Political  antagonists 
such  as  the  Toronto  Star,  which  had  been  friendly  at  the  beginning 
of  the  War,  gradually  merged  into  hostility;  inconsiderate  and 
blunt  treatment  of  officers  aroused  ill-feeling  in  many  personal 
quarters;  rash  or  unwise  utterances  such  as  that  about  the  Ypres 
salient  estranged  strong  party  supporters ;  the  usually  valued  trait 
of  standing  by  friends  or  by  a  policy  became  unpopular  when  ap- 
plied to  Wesley  Allison  or  to  the  Ross  Rifle ;  the  intense  optimism 
which  at  the  beginning  did  such  good  service  and  only  smiled  at 
the  sneers  evoked  by  his  reference  to  a  possible  500,000  men  from 
Canada,  became  harmful  to  recruiting  at  certain  stages  of  difficulty. 

As  to  details,  when  the  first  rush  of  troops  to  Valcartier  was 
over,  the  Minister  was  criticized  in  Militia  circles  for  not  then,  and 
subsequently,  attaching  Overseas  units  to  existing  home  Regiments, 
so  as  to  preserve  their  names  and  honours  for  the  future — though 
no  such  public  suggestion  was  made  at  the  time ;  he  and  the  De- 
partment were  increasingly  criticized  during  1915  and  1916  for 
not  paying  more  of  the  $12,000  or  $15,000  which  the  equipment  and 
raising  of  a  Battalion  was  said  to  cost  the  officers  and  local  public ; 
he  was  charged  with  undermining  the  discipline  and  the  mutual 
respect  of  officers  and  men  by  free  public  criticism  of  the  former — 
at  Valcartier,  Toronto,  Kingston,  and  London,  in  particular ;  equip- 
ment was  declared  to  be  deliberately  provided  in  Canada  which  it 
was  known  would  have  to  be  discarded  in  England.  He  was  blamed 
when  transportation  troubles  held  up  troops  in  Canada,  when  train- 
ing requirements  held  them  in  England,  when  casualties  at  the 
Front  compelled  the  breaking  up  of  Battalions;  he  was  criticized, 
with  more  justice,  but  also  with  some  unfairness,  for  chaotic  con- 
ditions in  the  administration  of  Canadian  military  affairs  in  Eng- 
land. 

Politics  inevitably  came  into  the  situation.  The  Minister  was  a 
shining  mark  in  such  a  connection  and  he  did  not  escape  the  vigor- 
ous criticism  of  Liberal  papers  such  as  the  Toronto  Globe  and  Win- 
nipeg Free  Press — and  of  some  Conservative  journals  such  as  the 
Montreal  Mail,  the  Winnipeg  Post,  the  Orangeville  Sun  and  Toronto 
Telegram;  the  sniping  of  press  writers  such  as  H.  F.  Gadsby  and 
Arthur  Hawkes;  the  Parliamentary  denunciation  of  opponents 
such  as  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley  and  F.  B.  Carvell  and  George  W.  Kyte. 
It  was  claimed  by  the  Toronto  Star — which  had  never  been 
partisan  in  this  connection — on  Aug.  2nd  that  masses  of  Canadian- 
made  equipment  and  supplies  were  scrapped  when  they  reached 
England  as  not  harmonizing  with  British  Army  requirements  and 
rules.  Transport  waggons,  the  Eaton  machine  gun  Battery, 
bicycles,  boots  and  the  Oliver  equipment,  were  instanced.  To  each 
of  these  charges  the  Department  in  an  official  statement  on  the  10th 
presented  an  almost  complete  denial.  As  to  the  Ross  Rifle  it  was 
admitted  during  the  year  that  the  War  Office  had  replaced  it  with 
the  Lee-Enfield  for  active  service. 

The  Globe  was  the  leader  in  such  party  attacks  as  there  were 
upon  the  Minister.  Some  of  its  statements  were  strenuous  in  the 


256  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

extreme  and  were  obviously  dictated  by  a  keen  belief  in  the  neces- 
sity for  strong  speaking  and  acting  in  the  premises.  In  its  editor- 
ials of  June  22-23  the  Minister  was  vigorously  attacked  for 
''bluffing,"  "swashbuckling,"  recklessness  in  speech,  injury  to  re- 
cruiting by  such  incidents  as  the  Ypres  letter.  On  the  28th  it  was 
stated  that  "in  the  regular  and  ordinary  administration  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Militia,  the  Department  at  Ottawa  has  failed  and 
fallen  down  at  every  point — yes,  at  every  point.  In  the  arduous 
work  of  recruiting,  the  officers  in  charge  have  been  hindered  instead 
of  helped  by  the  officials  in  the  Department.  Wherever  he  goes  the 
Minister,  by  his  cheap  affectation  of  contempt  for  law  and  prece- 
dent, makes  the  task  of  recruiting  and  of  discipline  needlessly  diffi- 
cult." On  July  21  General  Hughes  was  denounced  for  swagger 
and  boasting  and  for  "meddlesome  interference"  with  officers 
from  F.M.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  down  to  the  London  camp  com- 
manders. But,  in  a  long  series  of  these  articles,  the  most  slashing 
was  that  of  Aug.  24  in  which  the  rumour  that  Sir  Sam  Hughes 
wanted,  and  might  receive,  a  command  in  France  was  dealt  with 
in  language  rare  even  to  Canadian  politics  and  involving  the 
mixture  of  strong  party  criticism  with  stern  personal  denunciation : 
It  would  be  a  crime,  the  ghastliest  and  most  murderous  crime  of  the  War, 
no  matter  what  the  excuse  or  what  the  cause,  were  General  Sir  Sam  Hughes 
given  a  real  command  of  living  soldiers  in  a  genuine  engagement  anywhere 
on  the  War's  battlefront.  .  .  .  The  Prime  Minister  has  long  lost  grip  on 
the  Government,  even  as  the  Government  has  lost  grip  on  the  Canadian 
situation.  The  Allison  dishonour  and  the  Camp  Borden  horror  are  only  the 
most  conspicuous  of  the  Government's  burdens.  But  the  fortunes  of  any 
Government  or  of  any  political  leader  in  Canada  are  as  nothing,  and  less  than 
nothing,  compared  with  the  fate  of  a  Canadian  Army  on  the  French  or  Bel- 
gian front,  dependent  on  the  strategy  and  judgment  of  Sam  Hughes,  To 
acquiese  in  such  a  crime,  as  a  condition  of  his  resignation  from  the  Canadian 
Government,  would  be  to  try  to  wash  out  the  reminders  of  political  blundering 
in  the  life-blood  of  Canadian  regiments.  It  is  bad  enough  to  have  to  suffer 
his  aping  of  Napoleon  as  the  world's  other  military  genius;  but  to  allow  him 
a  chance  to  put  his  apings  into  practice  with  the  flesh  and  blood  of  Canada's 
sons  and  men — No! 

Meanwhile  the  Minister  appeared  quite  indifferent  to  party  cri- 
ticism ;  he  was  never  so  to  personal  attack.  The  details  of  his 
energetic  work  during  the  year  must  be  dealt  with  as  briefly  as 
possible.  Following  the  Premier's  call  for  500,000  men  Sir  Sam 
Hughes  found  the  area  of  his  labours  greatly  enlarged.  At  this 
juncture  225,000  men  were  in  training  at  home  and  in  England  or 
on  active  service  at  the  Front,  and  he  proceeded  at  once  to  attack 
the  larger  proposition  with  the  matter  of  trained  officers  as  one  of 
the  chief  problems.  On  Jan.  3rd  the  Minister  announced  that  ' '  the 
Department  is  taking  steps  to  obtain  the  best  officers  available  to 
organize  new  battalions.  What  we  especially  desire  is  strong  men 
who  have  had  successful  business  or  professional  training.  Just 
as  in  the  case  of  Clive,  Nicholson  and  many  others,  so  to-day  the 
best  soldiers  are  men  such  as  engineers,  barristers,  contractors — 
large  business  men  with  military  training."  He  added  the  char- 
acteristic statement  that  "they  far  surpass  the  professional  sol- 
dier." He  was  very  confident  as  to  success  in  the  raising  of  this 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  257 

force  and  at  a  banquet  of  the  2nd  Military  .District  in  Toronto  on 
Jan.  4  expressed  his  belief  strongly  while  announcing  that  the 
allotment  of  men  to  be  raised  had  been  made  as  follows :  Toronto 
district,  5  divisions ;  Eastern  Ontario,  2  divisions ;  Western  Ontario, 
2  divisions;  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan,  3  divisions;  Alberta,  2 
divisions;  British  Columbia,  2  divisions;  Quebec,  3  and  possibly 
4  divisions;  Maritime  Provinces,  2  divisions. 

About  this  time  the  3rd  Canadian  Division  (18,000  men)  was 
sent  to  the  Front,  under  Maj.-Gen.  M.  S.  Mercer,  C.BV  and  was 
made  up  of  the  7th  Infantry  Brigade,  which  included  the  Royal 
Canadian  Regiment — recently  brought  from  Bermuda  where  it  had 
been  stationed  for  many  months — the  Princess  Patricia's  Canadian 
Light  Infantry,  the  42nd  and  49th  Battalions;  the  8th  (Mounted 
Rifles)  Brigade  which  was  composed  of  four  Regiments  of  Mounted 
Rifles  fighting  on  foot,  and  the  9th  Infantry  Brigade.  There  were, 
also,  the  Divisional  (Corps)  Troops  composed  of  the  Royal  Can- 
adian Dragoons,  Lord  Strathcona's  Horse,  two  Engineer  Fortress 
Companies  and  Signal  units;  with  four  siege-artillery  Batteries, 
three  Tunnelling  companies,  Railway  construction  corps,  Ammuni- 
tion parks,  sanitary  sections,  supply  columns,  casualty  clearing 
stations  and  hospitals,  field  butcheries  and  bakeries,  veterinarj^  sec- 
tions, Ordnance  travelling  workshops,  depots  for  medical  supply, 
transport,  veterinary,  remount,  ordnance,  pay  and  postal  services. 
Early  in  January  Sir  Sam  Hughes  made  a  recruiting  tour  of 
his  constituency  of  Victoria  and  Haliburton — said  to  have  already 
enlisted  2,000  men — with  a  programme  which  included  20  speeches 
in  two  days  and  a  concluding  meeting  at  Lindsay  on  Jan.  8  when 
he  stated  that  recruits  were  coming  in  at  the  rate  of  1,000  a  day 
while  optimism  prevailed  in  a  declaration  that  ''before  the  snows 
of  next  winter  commence  to  fall  a  treaty  of  peace  will  be  signed 
that  will  forever  crush  German  autocracy."  On  Jan.  20  the  offer 
of  a  4th  Division  to  the  War  Office  was  announced  and  succeeding 
meetings  were  addressed  by  Sir  Sam  at  Prescott  and  other  points. 
At  Peterborough  (Jan.  22)  he  made  special  reference  to  the  value 
}  of  his  Temperance  policy  in  the  Army.  ' '  Of  all  the  men  enlisted 
J  in  the  Dominion  the  cases  of  drunkenness  have  totalled  less  than 
|  two  men  per  1,000. ' '  In  the  Commons  on  Feb.  23  the  Minister 
took  occasion  to  define  his  position  as  to  War  honours  in  connection 
with  the  statement  of  Col.  J.  A.  Currie  on  the  preceding  day  that 
"  there  were  only  two  men  who  stood  between  me  and  any  decora- 
tions that  might  have  come  to  me,  or  any  'mention  in  despatches,' 
and  these  were  General  Alderson  and  the  Minister  of  Militia  here." 
To  this  the  Minister  replied  as  follows:  "In  regard  to  decorations, 
the  Hon.  member  for  North  Simcoe  has  as  much  to  do  with  them  as 
I  have.  I  was  not  in  the  field,  and  therefore  was  in  no  position, 
other  than  from  hearsay,  to  make  a  recommendation,  even  suppos- 
ing I  had  the  right  to  do  so.  Every  one  will  admit  that  it  would  be 
a  great  presumption  on  the  part  of  anyone  who  had  not  been  in 
the  field,  and  who  was  not  familiar  with  the  actual  operations,  to 
interfere  in  the  sense  of  making  any  recommendation." 
17 


258  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

General  Hughes  had  always  believed  in  French-Canadian 
patriotism  and  often  declared  in  his  speeches  that  they  were  doing 
well  in  this  crisis — though,  at  times,  he  added  that  they  might  do 
better.  One  of  their  members,  G.  H.  Boivin,  told  a  Toronto  audi- 
ence (Feb.  27),  in  return  that  the  Minister's  " tremendous  energy 
in  the  raising  and  outfitting  of  armies  marked  him  out  as  a  sort  of 
electric  dynamo."  Typical  of  Sir  Sam's  brusque  way  of  saying 
things  was  his  reference  to  Ottawa's  young  men,  as  reported  in  a 
New  York  Tim  ^interview  of  Feb.  27:  "I  saw  600  able-bodied 
young  men  coming  out  of  a  rink  last  night  with  nothing  to  do. 
Make  them  work.  They  ought  to  be  enlisted  and  getting  in  shape 
to  fight  Germans  instead  of  yapping  at  a  hockey  game. ' '  He  added 
that  Canada  was  raising  a  trained  democratic  Army.  "Both  of 
the  adjectives  I  have  just  used,  trained  and  democratic,  are  of  the 
utmost  importance  in  understanding  this  situation.  Our  strength, 
up  to  1,750,000  men,  if  necessary,  will  be  in  a  volunteer  army  of 
citizens,  every  man  trained  in  modern  methods  of  warfare.  And 
the  lesson  of  all  history  is  that  the  democratic  army,  after  it  gets 
its  bearings,  ahvays  defeats  the  standing  army  of  professionals." 
On  Mar.  9th  the  Minister  left  Ottawa  for  England  and  the  Hon. 
A.  E.  Kemp  relieved  him  officially.  On  his  way  he  addressed  a 
military  recruiting  meeting  in  Montreal  and  made  this  remark  as  to 
the  Universal  training  which  he  strongly  supported:  "I  would 
infinitely  rather  have  a  yoke  of  oxen  hauling  10,000  empty  bags 
than  have  10,000  untrained  men  in  an  army  behind  me.  They  are 
useless,  and  they  must  be  fed  and  taken  care  of.  I  would  rather 
have  100  trained  men  than  10,000  untrained  patriots."  As  to  the 
275,000  men  already  raised  it  was  infinitely  more  than  most  people 
had  ever  thought  possible.  In  1913  Lord  Eoberts  had  asked  him 
if  Canada  would  contribute  10,000  men  in  case  of  the  great  war 
which  the  Field  Marshal  feared  was  coming  and  the  Colonel  Hughes 
of  that  day  told  him  they  might  place  30,000  men  in  France,  if 
required.  He  thought  that,  now,  Montreal  alone  could  raise  70,000 
more  men.  "I  would  respectfully  ask  the  young  man,  and  urge 
the  business  man  to  point  out  to  the  young  man,  the  great  neces- 
sity, and  his  own  part  in  it."  Lord  Shaughnessy  urged  caution 
and  discrimination.  Meanwhile,  on  Mar.  1,  Canada  had  been 
divided,  by  General  Orders,  into  the  following  Military  Districts: 

Military  District*  Headquarters  Commander 

No.      1 London Col.  L.  W.   Shannon 

No.     2 Toronto     Brig.-Gen.   W.   A.   Logic 

No.      3 Kingston     Col.  T.   D.  R.   Hemming 

No.     4 Montreal     Brig.-Gen.  E.  W.  Wilson 

No.     5 Quebec  City Col.  A.  O.  Fages 

No.      6 Halifax Maj.-Gen.   Thomas   Benson 

No.  10 Winnipeg    Col.   H.   N.    Ruttan 

No.  11 Victoria     , Col.   A.  T.   Ogilvie 

No.  12 Regina    Col.  N.  B.   Eager 

No.  13 Calgary     Brig.-Gen.  E.  A.  Cruikshank 

Each  District  Officer  was  proclaimed  the  representative  of  the 
Minister  of  Militia  and  Defence  and  charged  with  responsibility 
for  (1)  the  efficiency,  discipline  and  interior  economy  of  the  troops; 
(2)  the  military  training  of  the  officers  and  men  under  his  com- 

•"NOTE. — On  Aug.  1  the  Valcartier,  Petawawa,  Borden  and  Hughes  Camps  were 
made  Military  Districts. 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  259 

mand ;  (3)  the  arrangements  for  mobilization  and  the  maintenance 
of  mobilization  equipment;  (4)  the  maintenance  of  the  armament, 
works  and  buildings;  (5)  the  economical  control  of  all  expendi- 
tures; (6)  the  proper  conduct  of  all  departmental  services;  (7) 
the  compilation  of  the  necessary  estimates  for  such  services;  (8) 
recruiting  and  discharges;  (9)  inspection  of  barracks,  armouries, 
etc. ;  (10)  the  issue  and  return  to  stores  of  arms,  ammunition,  equip- 
ment, etc.;  (11)  the  collating,  compiling  and  forwarding  to  Head- 
quarters of  all  returns,  etc. 

The  Minister  reached  England  a  couple  of  weeks  later  and  on 
Mar.  20  was  given  the  freedom  of  Falmouth  with  the  Mayor's 
flattering  description  of  him  as  "the  Kitchener  of  Canada."  On 
the  22nd  he  was  present  at  a  Royal  entertainment  to  wounded  sol- 
diers in  Buckingham  Palace  and  afterwards  held  conference  with 
Canadian  Brigade  Commanders  at  Shorncliffe  and  Bramshott,  with 
reports  showing  the  conspicuous  good  conduct  of  the  soldiers  in 
training.  In  England  the  Minister  found  much  that  required  at- 
tention amongst  Canadian  troops  and  in  their  organization.  He 
and  his  Department  had  been  blamed  in  Canada  for  not  sending 
troops  more  rapidly  overseas ;  very  often  this  had  been  due  to  lack 
of  Imperial  and  Canadian  transport  agencies.  Some  of  the  con- 
ditions prevalent  in  England  at  this  time  were  not  the  fault  of  the 
Canadian  Department  though,  no  doubt,  there  was  always  room 
for  more  and  better  organization.  It  was  semi-officially  stated 
from  Ottawa,  for  instance,  that  the  matter  of  surplus  officers  in 
Britain  was  a  difficult  one  and  it  was  pointed  out  that  with  the 
first  Division  400  extra  officers  had  gone  over,  of  whom  many, 
though  not  all,  had  been  absorbed  into  regiments  at  the  Front. 
With  succeeding  Contingents  from  Canada  there  had  gone  the 
regulation  number  of  officers;  but  when  drafts  were  sent  from 
England  to  Flanders  few  officers  were  required,  and  the  result  was 
that  there  were  in  England  about  600  extra  officers.  It  was  con- 
sidered necessary  to  keep  a  certain  number  for  emergencies ;  others 
the  Minister  now  decided  to  send  back  to  Canada  for  training  pur- 
poses; some,  unfortunately,  preferred  to  stay  in  England  and 
would  accept  no  opening  at  the  Front  which  did  not  give  them  full 
rank  nor  would  they  accept  opportunities  in  British  Regiments. 
How  these  were  dealt  with  did  not  appear. 

Meantime  the  General's  enthusiasm  was  finding  full  fling.  To 
the  London  Chronicle  of  Mar.  30  he  said  with  emphasis:  "We  have 
got  to  lick  the  German  Armies  so  that  this  thing  cannot  come  again. 
Yes,  sir,  the  safety  of  the  world  hangs  on  that.  We  have  got  to 
blow  the  bugle  of  human  liberty.  Look  how  it  rings  into  the  souls 
of  men  wherever  freedom  is  loved.  We  have  raised  300,000  men  in 
Canada  and  we  can  raise  as  many  more.''  As  to  the  future :  "Don't 
let  any  man  in  this  country  or  among  any  of  our  Allies  imagine  for 
one  moment  that  our  boys  have  laid  down  their  lives  in  France  for 
a  patched-up  peace.  No,  this  War  is  to  a  finish."  On  Apr.  3  he 
reviewed  the  Canadian  troops  at  Shorncliffe  and  presented  various 
decorations  granted  by  the  British  and  Russian  Governments.  In 


260  THE    CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

his  address  a  statement  was  made  of  some  historic  importance: 
"When  we  sent  over  the  first  Division  we  thought  we  should  pro- 
bably have  finished,  with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  some  reinforce- 
ments." Following  this  came  the  Shell  controversy  in  Parliament, 
the  recall  of  the  Minister  to  Ottawa  and  a  farewell  tribute  to  the 
latter  from  the  London  Daily  Express  (Apr.  5)  :  ''Neither  a 
Government  nor  a  combination  of  individuals  could  do  what  Sir 
Sam  Hughes  has  done  to  secure  and  perfect  the  organization  of 
the  Expeditionary  forces."  On  Apr.  18  Sir  Sam  Hughes  faced  the 
charges  in  Parliament,  and  later  before  the  Commission  of  Inquiry, 
and  came  through  the  conflict  in  characteristic  style  with  no  stain 
upon  his  personal  probity,  with  the  main  charges  discarded  and 
with  only  matters  of  personal  discretion  and  verbal  opinion  as 
targets  for  public  criticism.* 

During  the  next  month  or  two  the  Minister's  time  was  chiefly 
devoted  to  this  question  and,  to  that  extent  of  course,  taken  away 
from  the  important  issues  of  recruiting,  equipment  and  military 
administration  which  required  attention.  He,  however,  managed  to 
do  and  say  a  good  many  things.  On  May  23  he  reviewed  10,000 
Overseas  troops  at  Toronto  before  their  leaving  to  train  at  Niagara 
and  a  little  later  4,000  school  Cadets;  on  June  8  he  presented 
Colours  at  Ottawa  to  the  77th  Battalion ;  on  the  5th  Lieut.-Col.  H. 
W.  Laird  (Regina),  who  had  just  returned  from  Flanders  and 
England,  told  the  press  that  "the  Canadian  soldier  is  the  best- 
clothed  and  equipped  arid  most  regularly  fed  soldier  in  the  world. 
He  gets  everything  he  can  reasonably  desire,  and  his  personal 
comfort  is  very  closely  looked  after  by  his  officers."  The  Minis- 
ter's tribute  to  Lord  Kitchener's  memory  at  this  time  (June  7) 
was  an  eloquent  one:  "He  has  been  a  great  asset  to  the  British 
Empire,  a  worthy  example  of  patriotic  statesmanship,  an  inspira- 
tion to  the  youth  and  mature  manhood  in  all  lands,  and  in  this 
great  struggle  for  human  liberty  a  stay,  a  balance,  a  steadier  of 
public  opinion,  as  well  as  a  source  of  confidence  to  the  brave  sol- 
diers of  the  Empire." 

It  was  followed  by  one  of  those  curious  incidents  which  so 
stamped  Sir  Sam  Hughes'  characteristics  upon  public  life.  "  'The 
last  time  I  saw  Kitchener,'  said  the  Minister  on  June  9  to  the 
Ottawa  Journal,  'I  strongly  urged  that  the  Ypres  salient  be  aban- 
doned. I  pointed  out  that  it  was  being  held  more  out  of  senti- 
mental than  military  considerations.  I  told  him  how  losses  among 
British  troops  holding  this  bloody  angle  had  been  100  per  cent. 
Kitchener  was  deeply  affected  by  what  I  said.  He  told  me  to  give 
him  my  proposition  in  writing,  that  he  would  communicate  with 
Gen.  Sir  Douglas  Haig,  the  British  Commander-in-Chief.  Next 
day,  however,  I  received  a  cable  informing  me  of  the  charges  made 
against  me  in  Parliament.  There  was  nothing  for  me  to  do  but  to 
come  home  and  face  my  accusers ;  the  question  of  holding  the  Ypres 
salient  remained  in  abeyance  and  our  boys  were  left  to  hold  a 
position  that  was  almost  untenable.'  '  The  publication  of  this 

*NOTK. — See  Sub-Section  relating  to  Munitions. 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  261 

interview  evoked  an  official  statement  from  Sir  Robert  Borden 
approved  by  Gen.  W.  G.  Gwatkin,  Chief  of  Staff  for  Canada,  that 
"in  view  of  the  heavy  losses  sustained  during  the  past  two  weeks 
by  the  Canadian  forces  in  defending  the  position  known  as  the 
Ypres  salient,  inquiry  has  been  made  of  the  British  General  Staff, 
and  information  has  been  obtained  that  the  position  is  an  important 
one,  and  that  notwithstanding  the  serious  losses  incurred,  it  is 
thought  necessary  to  defend  it. ' '  Following  this  the  press  on  June 
14  published  a  letter  written  by  Sir  Sam  Hughes  to  Lord  Kitchener 
on  Mar.  24  before  leaving  London,  as  follows : 

Dear  Lord  Kitchener:  Since  leaving  you  I  have  met  a  number  of  Canadian 
officers  who  have  been  discussing  the  Ypres  salient  which  our  Canadian  boys 
are  now  going  up  to  hold.  They  have  been  drawing  plans  of  it  for  me,  and 
show  that  it  is  practically  new  territory.  There  are  no  proper  trenches  or 
protections;  a  complete  new  defence  line  will  have  to  be  made.  They  main- 
tain, also,  that  they  will  be  under  fire  practically  on  two  sides,  or  in  fact,  three 
sides  most  of  the  time,  and  that  as  the  town  of  Ypres  is  no  longer  fit  for 
habitation  the  new  lines  should  be  straightened,  the  British  locating  them  from 
new  positions,  taking  in  Ypres,  leaving  the  enemy  the  worst  possible  ground. 
They  point  out,  too,  that  in  building  their  new  trenches,  if  the  present  lines 
are  followed,  it  must  be 'done  practically  in  the  open  and  under  fire,  and  will 
entail  great  and  unnecessary  sacrifice.  I  do  not  know  whether  or  not  your 
attention  has  been  drawn  to  this  fact,  but  there  can  be  no  harm  in  making  a 
suggestion.  I  presume,  however,  the  whole  matter  rests  with  our  mutual 
friend,  Sir  Douglas  Haig.  Hoping  you  will  kindly  giA7e  this  matter  considera- 
tion or  submit  it  to  Sir  Douglas  Haig  for  consideration.  Faithfully,  (Signed) 
Sam  Hughes. 

A  storm  of  censure  and  criticism  followed  in  a  large  part  of 
the  press  on  the  ground  of  interference  with  the  policy  of  the  com- 
bined Staffs  of  the  British  and  French  Armies  who  had  to  deal 
with  issues  in  which  a  salient  was  only  one  spoke  in  a  vast  wheel; 
because  this  particular  one  was  the  vital  gateway  to  Calais,  to  the 
safety  of  the  French  coast  and  of  England;  because  the  Minister 
was  said  to  be  hurting  recruiting  and  prejudicing  public  sentiment 
in  an  injurious  way.  The  Journal  (Cons.),  however,  claimed  that 
only  a  portion  of  the  Ypres  salient  was  affected;  the  Ottawa  Free 
Press  (Lib.)  supported  the  Minister  as  did  the  London  Free  Press 
which  was  the  only  prominent  Conservative  paper  doing  so.  J.  L. 
Garvin,  British  editor  and  War  critic  (though  not  a  responsible 
Minister)  took  the  same  view  as  Sir  Sam,  while  Douglas  Newton 
in  his  book,  The  Undying  Story,  said  of  Ypres:  "It  stands  on  a 
ganglion  of  roads  and  railways,  that  command  the  entire  tract  of 
this  countryside.  Take  Ypres  and  the  battle  was  won.  Take 
Ypres  and  the  roads  to  Calais  and  the  coasts  were  open." 

In  the  Commons  on  May  1st  the  Prime  Minister  gave  an  ela- 
borate analysis  of  the  war- work  of  the  Militia  Department — with- 
out, however,  any  special  reference  to  the  Minister.  He  stated  that 
the  expenditures  of  the  Department  in  the  13  months  ending  Apr. 
30  had  been  $146,679,117  or  more  than  the  pre-war  annual  mili- 
tary expenditure  of  the  British  Government  and  pointed  out  the 
varied  and  responsible  nature  of  the  work  carried  on  including 
Military  Operations,  Training  and  Staff  Duties,  Musketry,  Signal- 
ling, Mobilization,  Recruiting,  Supplies  and  Transport,  Discharge 


262  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

depots  for  returned  soldiers,  Medical  Services  and  Corps,  Dental 
Corps,  Ordnance  and  Artillery,  Military  Hospitals,  Military  Schools 
of  Instruction,  Finance,  Hygiene,  military  stores,  Engineers  small- 
arms  and  munitions  and  the  Dominion  Arsenal.  "It  is  almost 
impossible  for  Hon.  members  who  have  not  been  brought  closely 
in  touch  with  the  activities  of  the  Department,  to  realize  the 
enormous  burdens  of  responsibility  and  of  the  work  which  have 
been  undertaken  by  the  officers  of  the  Department."  Of  those 
whose  work  and  duties  were  specifically  mentioned  the  following 
may  be  recorded : 

Surgeon-Gen.    Eugene    Fiset,    C.M.G.,  D.S.O.  Brig.-Gen.   H.   M.   Elliot. 

Maj.-Gen.   W.   G.    Gwatkin,    C.B.  J.   W.    Borden. 

Maj.-Gen.    D.    A.    Macdonald,    C.M.G.,  I.S.O.  Major   G.   C.   W.    Gordon-Hall,   D.S.O. 

Brig.-Gen.   V.   A.   S.  Williams.  Lieut.-Col.   H.   Kemmis-Betty,    D.S.O. 

Maj.-Gen.  W.   E.   Hodgins.  Col.   R.  A.   Helmer. 

Major  E.  F.   Davis.  Lieut.-Col.   F.  A.   Lister,   D.S.O. 

Lieut.-Col.   C.    S.    Maclnnes.  Lieut.-Col.  A.  Z.  Palmer. 

Col.  J.   S.  Dunbar.  Col.  J.  L.  Potter. 

Col.   R.   J.   Gwynne.  Col.   J.   Lyons   Biggar. 

Surgeon-Gen.  G.  Carleton  Jones.  Lieut.-Col.   W.    Hallick. 

Col.   J.   F.   Macdonald.  Brig.-Gen.  G.  S.  Maunsell. 

On  June  11  the  Minister  was  at  Quebec  where  he  inspected 
20,000  troops  at  Valcartier  and  had  an  audience  with  Cardinal 
Begin  as  to  recruiting  in  the  Province,  regarding  the  selection  of 
Catholic  chaplains  for  the  troops,  and  as  to  a  supply  of  French 
Canadian  officers  for  training.  Following  this  he  reviewed  and 
inspected  the  troops  in  the  Maritime  Provinces.  The  St.  John 
review  (June  13)  was  one  of  the  most  elaborate  in  Provincial  his- 
tory and  to  the  assembled  officers  afterwards  the  Minister  said: 
' '  So  long  as  I  am  Minister  of  Militia  no  officer  will  ever  be  put  in 
charge  of  human  lives  unless  he  is  efficient  and  capable  of  leading 
the  men  in  battle.  I  would  sooner  send  an  empty  sack  at  the  head 
of  Canadian  troops  than  an  officer  who  is  not  capable  in  every 
respect  to  take  charge  of  his  men.  For  I  value  the  life  of  the  most 
unimportant  soldier  as  highly  as  I  do  that  of  any  officer. "  So  in  a 
speech  at  Aldershot,  N.S.,  on  the  following  day.  He  was  at  the 
Niagara  Camp  inspecting  12,000  troops  on  the  21st  and  on  the 
22nd,  in  reviewing  about  11,000  troops  at  London,  another  and 
minor  incident  occurred  which  brought  the  Minister  much  cri- 
ticism. The  exact  words  were  not  given  in  the  local  press  but  the 
London  Advertiser,  a  Liberal  paper,  declared  that  Sir  Sam  called 
the  officers  together  and  "severely  criticized  some  of  the  higher 
officers  in  the  presence  of  their  juniors."  The  result  was  much 
outside  censure  based  upon  rumours  as  to  what  actually  was  said 
and  The  Advertiser's  description  of  the  alleged  utterance  as  "a 
wholesale  and  ruthless  condemnation  of  the  staff."  As  this  fol- 
followed  upon  the  announcement  that  the  London  Camp  would  not 
be  so  large  as  expected — after  a  local  expenditure  of  $100.000 — 
owing  to  the  construction  of  Camp  Borden,  there  was,  no  doubt, 
real  feeling  at  the  back  of  it.  On  the  25th  the  Minister  was  at 
Winnipeg  and  a  little  later  at  Camp  Hughes  inspecting  22,000 
troops  in  training. 

On  July  15  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  Dominion  Arsenal, 
under  construction  at  Lindsay — the  county  capital  of  the  Minis- 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  263 

ter's  constituency — was  laid  by  General  Hughes.  In  his  speech 
he  described  the  town  as  admirably  suited  for  the  location  of  the 
work.  "We  have  one  Arsenal  of  this  kind  already  in  Quebec, 
but  in  these  days  of  submarines  it  would  be  very  easy  for  an 
enemy  to  come  up  the  river  and  reduce  it,  and  our  boys  would  be 
without  supplies  of  ammunition.  Again,  in  case  of  an  invasion 
from  the  United  States,  Quebec  might  easily  be  cut  off  from  Ontario 
and  the  rest  of  the  Dominion.  And,  with  all  due  regard  to  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec,  in  this  great  war,  it  has  not  done  its  duty  as  it 
should  and  would  if  the  young  manhood  of  the  Province  had  been 
taken  in  hand  by  the  proper  people,  who  have  benefitted  so  much 
from  British  institutions  in  days  gone  by."  He  gloried  in  the 
fact  that  4,000  soldiers  had  been  raised  in  this  district.  In  saying 
farewell  to  Kitchener's  Own  Battalion  of  Montreal  on  July  17 
the  Minister  stated  that  they  would  go  as  a  unit  and  himself  re- 
ceived high  praise  from  Geo.  E.  Drummond  for  "an  untiring 
energy  and  great  capacity  which  raised,  equipped  and  trained  the 
Army  of  Canada  so  effectively  in  time  of  danger  and  will  live  in  the 
history  of  his  country  and  in  the  hearts  of  his  fellow-countrymen." 
Meanwhile  Camp  Borden  had  been  established,  organized  and 
utilized  amidst  some  natural  difficulties,  much  hostile  press  criticism 
and  with  distinct  hardships  endured  at  first  by  the  soldiers.  It 
would  appear  that  the  Minister's  idea  was  to  have  a  great  camp  in 
Ontario  to  match  Valcartier  at  Quebec  and  Hughes  in  Manitoba. 
This  new  one  was  located  on  the  Pine  Plains  near  Barrie  and 
occupied  about  24  square  miles  of  a  sand-plain  well  watered  by 
two  rivers.  In  its  new  state  the  troops  who  began  to  pour  into  the 
Camp  early  in  July  had  to  suffer  much  from  sand-storms  and 
though,  as  the  weeks  passed  by,  every  possible  comfort  was  pro- 
vided for  the  men  and  much  construction  and  improvement  work 
carried  on,  yet  there  was  considerable  discomfort  and  a  severe  out- 
side criticism  of  the  Minister  and  the  Camp  which  found  an  expres- 
sion in  the  alliterative  description  of  a  visitor — E.  B.  Bees,  M.P., 
of  Melbourne,  Australia — who  characterized  the  Camp  as  "a  place 
of  sand,  sin  and  sorrow."  To  this  the  Canadian  Military  Gazette 
responded  by  saying  that  Salisbury  Plain  must,  therefore,  have 
been  a  place  of  ' '  mud,  misery  and  madness ! ' '  Within  a  short  time 
there  were  30,000  men  gathered  together  and,  on  July  10,  after 
marching  for  hours  in  scorching  sun  and  dust  before  Ma j. -Gen.  W. 
A.  Logic,  a  riotous  demonstration  was  precipitated  on  the  appear- 
ance of  the  Minister  of  Militia  in  the  evening.  It  was  apparently 
led  by  some  London  Regiments  who  were  discontented  over  their 
removal  from  Camp  Carling  and  was  not  serious  in  its  effect.  The 
situation  itself  was  chiefly  due  to  parade  conditions  as  the  water 
supply  of  the  Camp  then  was  excellent,  the  sewage  system  good, 
the  electric  light  system  splendid;  the  roads  were  being  steadily 
paved  and  the  transportation  facilities  were  easy.  Later  on,  a  lot 
of  grass  sprang  up  and  the  September  rains  did  not  bring  mud  as 
many  expected.  It  may  be  added  that  the  construction  of  this 
Camp,  with  the  matters  mentioned  above,  with  its  complete  water- 


264  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

works  system,  construction  of  many  buildings,  establishment  of 
rifle  ranges  and  armament  features,  the  cutting  of  trees,  clearing 
of  ground,  removal  of  stumps,  had  been  under  control  of  Colonel 
R.  S.  Low  and  his  Construction  Battalion.  By  the  end  of  July 
32,000  men  or  35  Overseas  Battalions  were  in  training — an  average 
of  914  officers  and  men.  The  Camp  closed  at  the  end  of  October 
with  a  great  route  march  through  Ontario.  It  may  be  added  that 
the  Brigade  Commanders  were  as  follows  with  certain  specified 
changes  owing  to  the  departure  of  troops : 

1st   Brigade      Colonel  W.   C.  Macdonald  6th   Brigade      Lieut.-Col.   Percy  Domville 


2nd        "  Colonel  J.   A.  Currie  6th 


3rd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 
5th 


Lieut.-Col.  E.   S.  Wigle  7th 

F.    Howard  7th 

Wm.  Hendrie  8th 

Vaux    Chadwick  8th 


J.  I.  McLaren 
W.  H.  Bruce 

E.  S.  Wigle 

F.  Howard 

G.  C.    Koyce 
B.   Bobaon 


B.  H.  Belson  9th 

On  July  30  General  Hughes  was  again  in  England  with  F.  B. 
McCurdy,  M.P. — who  on  July  17  had  been  appointed  by  the  Prime 
Minister  as  Parliamentary  Under- Secretary  for  the  Militia  Depart- 
ment— acting  in  his  place.  Mr.  McCurdy  was  a  Halifax  banker  and 
financier  who  in  1911  had  defeated  the  Hon.  W.  S.  Fielding,  then 
Minister  of  Finance  in  the  Laurier  Government.  Sir  Sam  was 
received  with  various  press  tributes — the  Daily  Mail  describing 
him  as  "having  done  for  Canada  what  Carnot  did  for  revolution- 
ary France,  in  transforming  in  a  few  months  a  feeble  militia  into 
one  of  the  great  fighting  forces  of  the  world."  The  London  Post, 
however,  urged  him  to  see  to  it  that  there  was  no  favouritism  or 
political  influence  in  the  Canadian  Army.  The  times  were  too 
serious  for  that.  On  Aug.  4  he  reviewed  the  Canadian  forces  at 
Shorncliffe  and  at  Bramshott  on  the  7th,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Lloyd 
George,  Secretary  for  War.  During  this  visit  the  press  gave  the 
Minister  much  publicity  and  he  was  generously  entertained  by 
prominent  people.  To  Reynold's  Newspaper,  on  Aug.  13,  he  de- 
clared that  England  would  get  the  500,000  men  promised  by  Can- 
ada. On  the  17th  he  crossed  to  France,  accompanied  by  Gen. 
Lord  Brooke,  Sir  Max  Aitken  and  Lord  Rothermere ;  was  permitted 
to  inspect  much  of  the  British  front  during  a  week's  stay  and  was 
received  at  Paris  by  President  Poincare.  On  his  return  and  just 
before  leaving  for  Canada,  General  Hughes  gave  a  Dinner 
to  the  Secretaries  of  War  and  the  Colonies  and  took  occasion 
to  pay  ' '  a  tribute  to  the  invariable,  thoughtful  and  kindly  considera- 
tion shown  to  all  the  Canadian  commands  by  officials  of  the  War 
Office."  The  Minister  arrived  at  Halifax  on  Oct.  5,  accompanied 
by  the  announcement — made  so  important  in  after  correspondence 
with  the  Prime  Minister — that  he  had  appointed  an  Acting  Over- 
seas Militia  Council.  It  also  appeared  that  the  King,  upon  recom- 
mendation of  the  Army  Council,  had  made  him  an  Hon.  Lieut- 
General  in  the  British  Army.  In  an  interview  he  stated  that  cer- 
tain reforms  had  been  effected  in  the  Canadian  system  in  England 
and  also  improvements  in  training;  that  he  had  had  many  confer- 
ences with  the  War  Office,  Ministers  and  Commanders.  He  added 
that  * '  plans  have  been  perfected  to  extend  the  use  of  Canadian  fish 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OP  SIR  SAM  HUGHES  265 

as  rations  for  our  men.  This  has  given  great  satisfaction.  Not 
only  do  the  men  desire  the  ration  of  Canadian  fish,  but  the  use  of 
fish  for  one  day  per  week  for  the  Canadian  force  has  saved  Can- 
ada already,  approximately,  $750,000. ' ' 

General  Hughes  returned  to  find  much  of  his  old-time  work 
distributed  amongst  others;  much  of  the  erstwhile  bustle  of  his 
Department,  with  its  scenes  of  intense  activity  and  endless  streams 
of  callers,  modified.  Mr.  McCurdy  had  most  of  the  routine  work 
of  the  Department  in  his  hands;  J.  W.  Flavelle  was  in  charge  of 
Shells  and  Munitions;  Mr.  Kemp  and  his  Purchasing  Committee 
had  the  War  contracts  and  expenditures  largely  in  hand;  the 
National  Service  Commission,  under  R.  B.  Bennett,  took  up  another 
branch  of  military  work  and  organization;  the  Premier,  within  a 
brief  period,  was  to  appoint  an  Overseas  Minister  of  Militia  with 
full  charge  of  matters  touching  the  troops  in  England  and  at  the 
Front.  The  Minister  on  Nov.  6-12  paid  his  last  official  visit  to 
Toronto  and  said  some  things  which  were  characteristic,  received 
his  usual  share  of  criticism  with  one  tribute  which  also  should  be 
recorded — that  of  Dr.  Charles  Sheard  at  a  Conservative  meeting 
on  the  6th,  when  he  said :  ' '  I  have  no  patience  with  men  who  sneer 
at  a  great  man  who  has  gone  up  and  down  the  country  like  a  living 
dynamo  stirring  enthusiasm  everywhere."  Lieut. -Col.  P.  A. 
Guthrie,  just  back  from  the  Front,  declared  that  "there  are  too 
many  people  knocking  Sir  Sam  Hughes ;  too  many  people  who  have 
done  nothing  else  but  knock.  Where  would  Canada  have  been  to- 
day if  it  had  not  been  for  the  present  Minister  of  Militia  ?  Canada, 
like  England,  is  too  slothful  in  the  times  of  peace."  At  a  dinner 
given  the  Edmonton  Highlanders  on  the  8th  the  Minister  pointed 
out  the  difficulties  of  organization  in  England: 

You  officers  must  go  to  Europe  and  take  your  chance  whether  you  go  into 
the  battle  line  intact  as  a  unit  or  not.  We  will  do  our  best,  but  the  Divisions 
must  be  properly  organized.  We  were  just  completing  the  organization  of  the 
4th  Canadian  Division  when  the  Zillebeke  affair  happened,  and  that  Division 
melted  aAvay.  We  then  moved  to  the  Somme,  and  some  hard  fighting  used  up 
our  newly-formed  5th  Division,  so  you  will  see  the  difficulties  presented  in  the 
efforts  to  send  complete  units  to  the  Front. 

To  a  Methodist  gathering  held  in  one  of  the  churches  on  the 
9th — in  honour  of  6,036  Toronto  Methodists  on  active  service — Sir 
Sam  declared  that  despite  the  present  shortage  in  recruits  he  had 
no  fear  of  results.  "It  needs  more  education,"  said  he,  "and  we 
will  get  the  extra  100,000  needed.  Canada  has  always  risen  to 
the  occasion,  so  have  no  fear.  But  if  by  next  spring  we  have  not 
got  them,  and  we  have  to  consider  Conscription,  then  the  districts 
which  have  given  their  fair  quota  will  be  exempted  from  such  an 
order,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned. ' '  Then  came  one  of  those  speeches 
which  could  not  help  but  arouse  controversy  and  dissatisfaction. 
It  was  delivered  before  the  Empire  Club  at  noon  of  the  very  day 
on  which  the  afterwards  published  correspondence  showed  that 
the  Premier  had  written  asking  for  the  Minister's  resignation — 
though  there  was  nothing  to  show  any  connection  between  the  two 


266  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

events.  He  commenced  this  remarkable  speech*  by  reference  to 
the  $50,000,000  supposed  to  have  been  expended  by  Germany  in 
the  early  stages  of  the  War  in  promoting  trouble  and  discontent  in 
Allied  countries,  and  declared  that  men  in  German  pay  still  were 
circulating  rumours  and  hindering  enlistment  in  Canada  and  rais- 
ing trouble  in  the  United  States.  He  dealt  with  matters  upon 
which  no  real  discussion  was  possible  during  war-time  and  no  facts 
available  for  judgment  aside  from  his  own  personal  statements: 
''For  the  first  year  of  the  War  Canada  had  practically  no  control 
of  her  forces  Overseas.  The  administration,  the  promotion,  the 
command,  were  all  managed  by  the  chief  divisional  officer  com- 
manding— an  Imperial  officer.  Our  transport,  our  rifles,  our 
trucks,  our  harness,  our  saddles,  our  equipment,  our  shovels,  our 
boots,  our  clothing,  our  waggons;  those  were  all  set  aside  and  in 
many  cases — I  say  it  advisedly,  and  I  say  it  on  my  own  responsibil- 
ity, as  I  am  saying  everything  else  here  to-day- — in  many  instances 
they  were  supplanted  by  inferior  articles. ' ' 

He  then  referred  to  an  alleged  control  of  their  own  troops  in 
the  matter  of  appointments,  promotions  and  commands  by  the 
German  countries  of  Bavaria,  Saxony,  Baden,  etc.,  and  declared 
that  Canada  had  not  in  the  earlier  stages  been  given  the  same 
privileges.  He  had  insisted  upon  Autonomy  and  Canadian  control. 
"Therefore,  our  saddles  were  pulled  out  of  the  mud;  our  harness 
was  scraped  up ;  and  article  after  article,  department  after  depart- 
ment, was  gone  through,  and  to-day  our  stuff  is  used  at  the  Front, 
by  both  Canadians  and  British  in  some  parts,  and  is  regarded  as 
better  than  any  other  outfit  there."  The  next  point  was  that  Can- 
ada had  from  the  first  taken  the  stand  that  promotion  should  be 
by  merit  alone;  no  particular  comparison  being  made  as  British 
officers  in  the  first  year  or  two  were  plentiful  and  later  were  freely 
drawn  from  the  ranks.  He  then  referred  to  the  wounded  amongst 
whom  in  .the  first  stages  there  could  be  no  distinction  as  between 
French  or  British  or  Canadian,  and  went  on:  "When  the  con- 
valescent period  comes  we  have  had  men  who  were  absolutely  past 
the  hospital  period,  who  had  lost  weeks  and  months,  and  some  of 
them  a  year  of  time,  when  they  should  have  been  back  to  the  regi- 
ment, but  who  were  spending  their  time  at  hospitals  not  under  our 
control. ' ' 

Then  the  change  was  made  and  they  were  looked  after  by  Can- 
adian doctors  and  nurses.  "We  made  this  change,  and  we  restored 
50  and  60  per  cent,  to  the  firing  line  within  a  given  period,  instead 
of  15  per  cent.,  and  the  men  are  better  attended  to,  and  we  have 
spent  in  12  months  $6,000,000  on  this  transaction."  Such  an 
address  from  a  Minister  of  the  Crown  was  bound  to  arouse  con- 
troversy. He  was  said  to  have  alligned  Canada  against  England 
in  certain  matters  and  to  have  censured  English  hospitals  and 
in  directly  .British  medical  men  and  nurses.  A  brief  cable  report  to 
England  aroused  some  criticism  there  and  a  natural  defence  of 

*NOTE. — Verbatim  report  printed  by  the  Toronto  Telegram  of  NOT.  14  from  the 
Empire  Club  stenographic  notes. 


MILITARY  ADMINISTRATION  OP  SIR  SAM  HUGHES 


267 


home  institutions  in  which  the  one  recognized  policy  was  the  giv- 
ing of  most  generous  hospitality  to  wounded  men  from  the  Domin- 
ions. As  to  the  Military  matters  dealt  with  no  one  but  the  Govern- 
ments of  Canada  and  Britain  could  speak  authoritatively.  On  Nov. 
14  it  was  officially  announced  from  Ottawa  that  the  resignation 
of  the  Minister  had  been  asked  for  and  given  to  the  Premier.  The 
correspondence  between  him  and  Sir  Robert  Borden  was  too  lengthy 
to  give  in  full.*  It  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

The  Prime  Minister  Sir  Sam  Hughes 

Oct.  18:   Appointment  of  Minister  of      Oct.    23:    Took   issue    as   to    need   of 

Overseas  military  forces  would  lead 

to    more    efficient    organization    in 

England. 

Oct.  26:  Could  not  concur  in  Sir 
Sam's  views,  and  announced  pro- 
posal would  be  discussed  in  Council. 

Oct.  26:  Office  must  be  established 
first  and  appointment  made  after- 


wards. 

Oct.  31 :  Expressed  surprise  at  hearing 
of  appointment  of  Council  in  Lon- 
don in  light  of  cable  instructing 
Sir  Sam  to  submit  his  proposals  for 
consideration.  Eeferred  to  Sir 
Sam's  recall  from  England  as  a 
result. 

Nov.  9:  Eesignation  requested. 


more  efficient  organization  and  de- 
clared there  was  no  reason  for  such 
an  appointment. 

Oct.  26:  Proposed  Sir  Max  Aitken  to 
supervise  Canadian  military  inter- 
ests in  England. 

Oct.  26:  "My  idea  is  man  instead  of 
an  office." 

Oct.  30:  Stated  that  Canadian  High 
Commissioner  dominated  during  first 
year  of  war.  Had  just  formed  con- 
sultative Sub -Militia  Council. 

Nov.  1:  Eeferred  to  absurdities  in 
other  "lovely"  Commissions  ap- 

.  pointed  by  Government.  Accused 
Premier  of  making  inaccurate  state- 
ments. 

Nov.  11:  Eesignation  tendered  "with 
satisfaction." 


There  were  one  or  two  statements  in  the  correspondence  which 
may  be  quoted.  The  first  (Oct.  23)  was  General  Hughes'  whole- 
sale criticism  of  British  methods — as  used  by  the  Acting  High 
Commissioner — when  defending  his  own  administration  of  affairs 
in  England:  "For  the  first  ten  months  our  suggestions  were  prac- 
tically ignored,  our  equipment,  stores,  supplies,  armament,  every- 
thing provided  by  us  was  set  aside.  The  Pay  Department  was  found 
to  be  absolutely  chaotic ;  the  Medical  service,  modelled  on  the  Brit- 
ish, lacked  system,  efficiency,  and  comprehensiveness."  A  resi- 
dent Minister  in  England  was  characterized  as  absurd  and  the 
position  of  Sir  Max  Aitken  was  thus  described:  "As  an  inter- 
mediary in  all  diplomatic  relations  concerning  our  military  force 
in  Britain  and  at  the  Front,  we  secured  the  services  of  one  of  the 
ablest  diplomats,  namely,  Sir  Max  Aitken/'  The  letter  of  Oct.  26 
indicated  that  Sir  Sam  would  accept  the  new  arrangements  if  Sir 
Max  Aitken  were  appointed  as  Canadian  war  representative,  and 
the  position  made  subordinate  to  himself,  with  Sir  George  Perley 
retaining  control  of  contracts  and  purchases.  He  objected  strongly 
(Oct.  30)  to  the  V.  A.  D.  Hospitals. 

The  Canadian  press  gave  the  retiring  Minister  of  Militia  full 
credit  for  what  he  had  done  and  much  criticism  for  things  he  had 
said;  there  was  a  tendency  to  regard  the  retirement  as  inevitable 
and  the  Winnipeg  Telegram  (Cons.)  applied  the  interesting  phrase 

*NOTK. — For  the  Premier's  attitude  Bee  preceding  Section. 


268  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

" weird  incompatibility  of  temperament"  to  describe  the  personal 
equation.  The  Hamilton  Spectator,  (Cons.)  expressed  this  view: 
''Fortunate  indeed  was  Canada  in  her  Minister  of  Militia  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  War.  With  all  his  faults,  which  were  mostly  vir- 
tues carried  to  excess,  Sir  Sam  Hughes  was  the  one  man  for  the 
place  at  the  time.  His  tremendous  power  of  initiative  and  his 
amazing  industry  were  needed.  The  herculean  work  he  accom- 
plished, all  are  now  ready  to  acknowledge.  But  we  have  come  to 
comparatively  quiet  times.  With  the  temperament  of  a  military 
dictator  he  cannot  brook  the  restraints  whereby  responsible  Minis- 
ters must  ever  be  curbed."  The  retiring  Minister  made  a  farewell 
speech  to  his  staff  on  Nov.  15  and  declared  that  ' '  interferences  with 
and  conditions  imposed  on  the  administration  of  this  Department" 
had  caused  his  action. 

Interviewed  in  Toronto,  after  a  visit  to  Cobalt,  by  The  Star 
(Dec.  15)  General  Hughes  made  the  statement  that  "  the  re 
are  enough  men  in  England  and  France  to-day  to  keep  up  six 
Divisions — that  is,  120,000  men — or  two  Army  Corps.  Turner 
should  have  one  corps  and  Currie  the  other."  At  Lindsay  on 
Dec.  24  he  addressed  a  recruiting  meeting  and  supported  the 
enforcement  of  the  Militia  Act  and  the  calling  out  of  single  men  for 
training.  In  a  subsequent  interview  he  said :  "  I  firmly  believe  that 
Quebec  Province,  in  common  with  all  other  parts  of  Canada,  will 
loyally  respond  to  the  call  to  arms  for  universal  training  at  once, 
and  that  compulsory  Overseas  service  will  follow  as  a  matter  of 
course. ' ' 

The  Ross  Rifle  matter,  in  which  Sir  Sam  Hughes  took  deep 
interest,  is  dealt  with  elsewhere  and  so  is  the  Aviation  movement  in 
which  he  took  no  interest.  Other  incidents  of  the  year  in  connection 
with  his  Department  included  the  active  work  of  Schools  of  In- 
struction for  Officers  at  Quebec,  Halifax,  Kingston  and  other  points 
afterwards  settled  upon  in  each  Military  District ;  the  appointment 
in  January  of  Maj.-Gen.  F.  L.  Lessard,  C.B.,  a  veteran  of  the  South 
African  War  and  Inspector-General  of  the  Militia,  against  whom, 
it  was  believed,  the  Minister  had  some  personal  ill-feeling,  to  go 
Overseas  "for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  all  the  information  and 
experience  you  may  be  able  to  gather,  and  which  may  benefit  you 
as  Inspector-General ' ' ;  the  statement  of  the  Minister  in  Parlia- 
ment on  Feb.  23  that  "it  is  the  intention  of  the  Government  to 
apply  to  the  purchase  of  machine  guns  the  money  subscribed  for 
that  purpose,  amounting  to  $661,272";  an  Order  issued  in  March 
prohibiting  officers  commanding  units  in  the  Canadian  Expedi- 
tionary Force  from  attaching  any  more  subalterns  for  instruction 
and  duty;  the  statement  in  the  House  on  Mar.  28  that  the  travel- 
ling expenses  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  since  the  outbreak  of  the  War 
had  been  $15,586 ;  instructions  issued  in  the  autumn  that  all  mili- 
tary motor  cars  in  Government  service  should  in  future  have  O.H. 
M.S.  painted  on  them. 

In  June  the  order  forbidding  Highland  or  Scottish  Battalions 
wearing  kilts  was  revised  so  that  while  the  Department  would  not 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OP  MUNITIONS      269 

put  the  country  to  the  extra  expense  of  providing  kilts  instead  of 
trousers  for  the  Highland  Battalions,  if  the  units  or  private  people 
were  willing  to  make  up  the  difference  in  cost,  then  the  Battalions 
could  have  kilts ;  in  August  soldiers  not  under  orders  for  the  Front 
were  authorized  to  assist  farmers  in  harvesting  the  crops  and 
18,500  did  so;  at  this  time,  also,  Orders  were  issued  authorizing 
all  Magistrates  to  try  deserters  upon  receiving  the  Service  roll 
attestation  paper  of  the  accused ;  on  Aug.  17  the  Department 
announced  that  parents  of  boys  who  had  enlisted  in  the  Expedition- 
ary Forces  and  appeared  at  the  last  moment  to  claim  their  offspring, 
would  not  be  allowed  to  do  so  in  the  future.  Another  abuse  was 
met,  at  this  time,  by  an  Order-in -Council  which  prohibited  the 
unauthorized  wearing  of  uniforms,  medals,  etc.,  under  pain  of 
penalties  provided;  while  a  great  boon  was  granted  soldiers  from 
Camp  Borden  or  other  points  travelling  for  a  distance  of  100  miles 
or  more,  in  bodies  of  350  or  upwards,  who  were  in  future  to  be 
charged  only  at  the  rate  of  one  cent  per  mile  for  their  transporta- 
tion. Early  in  the  year  Sir  Sam  Hughes  vigorously  repudiated  as 
a  forgery  a  letter  dated  Oct.  27,  1899,  and  published  in  Beckles 
Willson's  Life  of  Lord  Strathcona,  in  which  he  was  represented  as 
having  apologized  to  Gen.  E.  T.  H.  Hutton,  C.B.,  when  commanding 
the  Canadian  Militia,  for  certain  remarks  made  at  that  time.  He 
admitted  and  made  public  a  letter  dated  Oct.  28  which  included 
the  words  "my  apology  for  giving  way  to  temper  and  displaying 
an  independent  spirit. ' '  Following  the  Minister 's  retirement  it  was 
announced  that  Gen.  W.  G.  Gwatkin,  whose  approaching  return  to 
England  had  been  stated  some  months  before,  would  remain  as 
Chief  of  Staff. 

The  characteristics  of  General  Hughes  made  bitter 
The  shell  Com-  political  attacks  inevitable  from  time  to  time ;  he  did 
Si'rSanTiiughef  tnnigs>  but  his  manner  of  doing  them,  his  unbounded 
The  Making  of  '  confidence  in  himself  and  in  those  he  entrusted  with 
Munitions  responsibility,  made  complications  certain.  The  Shell 

Committee,  created  by  the  Minister,  which  had  done 
much  useful  pioneer  work  in  munition-making  and  of  which  Sir 
Sam  was  very  proud  as  being  his  own  child  and  its  results  in 
organization  and  production  a  credit  to  his  military  administration, 
was,  also,  a  favourite  object  of  Liberal  attack  from  time  to  time. 
The  $300,000,000  or  so  which  it  handled  and  the  total  contracts  of 
$500,000,000  which  it  made  up  to  the  transfer  of  duties  to  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  at  the  close  of  1915  equalled  years  of 
the  ordinary  revenue  of  Canada  and,  as  its  later  operations — in 
days  when  everyone  wanted  to  make  Munitions  as  distinct  from 
the  earlier  period  when  few  were  anxious  to  take  the  risks — 
touched  many  interests  and  individuals  there  was  bound  to  be  some 
dissatisfaction  and  criticism. 

As  in  Canada  almost  everything  has  to  go  into  the  political 
cauldron,  so  at  the  beginning  of  1916  the  late  Shell  Committee — 
composed  of  Col.  Alex.  Bertram,  Col.  D.  Carnegie,  Col.  Thomas 
Cantley,  G.  W.  Watts,  J.  W.  Borden,  E.  Carnegie,  Colonels 
T.  Benson,  Greville-Harston  and  F.  D.  Lafferty — was  in  that 


270  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

unpleasant  situation.  The  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley  (Lib.)  in  the  Com- 
mons on  Jan.  18,  during  the  debate  on  the  Address,  stated  that  its 
actions  had  "produced  scandals  from  which  this  country  is  reek- 
ing." His  chief  charges  were  (1)  that  large  orders  had  been  given 
to  John  Bertram  &  Sons  and  to  other  firms  connected  with  mem- 
bers of  the  Committee,  (2)  that  competitive  tenders  were  not  called 
for,  (3)  that  $20,000,000  of  orders  had  been  placed  in  the  United 
States  at  higher  prices  than  the  shells  could  have  been  made  for 
in  Canada,  (4)  that  J.  Wesley  Allison,  a  friend  of  the  Minister  of 
Militia,  a  Canadian-New  York  financier  and  promoter,  had  been  a 
go-between  in  various  contracts  to  the  great  profit  of  himself  and  a 
group  of  American  associates.  Mr.  Pugsley  demanded  "a  full 
and  complete  investigation  by  a  Committee  of  Parliament."  A 
prompt  reply  to  this  speech  came  on  the  19th  from  the  Ottawa 
Free  Press  (Lib.)  : 

The  Dominion  Shell  Commission,  appointed  by  General  Sam  Hughes 
within  six  weeks  of  the  outbreak  of  war  under  the  chairmanship  of  General 
Alex.  Bertram,  practical  mechanic,  manufacturer  and  soldier,  established  in 
Canada  an  entirely  new  industry  that  has  brought  to  and  distributed  through- 
out the  Dominion,  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars.  Six  weeks  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  War,  and  six  months  before  Britain — compelled  by  her  necessities 
decided  to  do  the  same  thing — Canada  proceeded  to  organize  its  privately- 
owned  industrial  resources  for  the  manufacture  of  the  shells  that  General  Sam 
Hughes  correctly  predicted  would  be  demanded  in  appalling  quantities.  It 
was  a  tremendous  task — one  for  which  there  was  no  precedent,  one  which 
meant  generally  and  largely  a  groping  in  the  dark.  It  was  a  task  for  practical 
men,  for  captains  of  industry  particularly  connected  with  the  metal  trades, 
for  those  familiar  with  the  manufactories  of  the  country  and  their  equipment, 
for  tactful  and  essentially  honest  leaders.  .  .  .  Firms  with  which  the 
Commissioners  were  connected  were  given  orders  at  the  outset  because  they 
were  included  among  the  few  willing  to  try  the  experiment  of  making  shells. 
Sir  Alex.  Bertram  has  denied  that  he  had  any  but  a  nominal  connection  with 
John  Bertram  and  Sons;  comparatively  high  prices  had  to  be  fixed  in  order  to 
tempt  Canadian  manufacturers  into  the  new  industry,  and  at  that  the  total, 
we  are  assured,  was  $15,000,000  less  than  the  amount  allowed  by  the  War  Office ; 
often  the  date  of  delivery  offset  a  lower  offer  in  price;  many  Liberal  firms 
have  handled  contracts  from  the  Commission. 

This  subject  was  the  chief  element  in  a  number  of  succeeding 
speeches.  The  Hon.  Arthur  Meighen  (Jan.  20)  quoted  from  the 
Eeports  of  D.  A.  Thomas,  M.P.,  and  Lionel  Hichens,  the  British 
Commissioners  of  1915,  in  eulogy  of  the  work  and  operations  of 
the  Committee  and,  as  solicitor-General,  was  precise  regarding  its 
technical  position :  ' '  Upon  being  named  by  us  at  the  request  of 
the  Imperial  Government,  they  became  an  Imperial  Government 
Committee,  responsible  to  and  answerable  to  the  Government  of 
this  Empire.  They  conducted  their  business  directly  with  the 
Imperial  authorities.  Communications  passed  from  the  Shell  Com- 
mittee to  the  Imperial  Government  and  from  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment to  the  Shell  Committee.  Had  they  been  in  a  position  where 
we  had  authority  over  them,  had  they  been  constituted  as  a  Com- 
mittee under  a  Department  of  this  Government,  they  would  have 
been  answerable  to  this  Government ;  we  would  have  had  authority 
over  them  and  we  would  have  been  responsible."  The  Hon.  J.  D. 
Hazen  dealt  with  contracts  in  New  Brunswick,  defended  the  Com- 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      271 

mittee  in  these  respects  and  as  to  prices,  and  declared  that  ' '  the 
perfecting  of  the  organization  was  a  great  work"  which  had  to  be 
got  through  quickly  without  a  devotion  to  small  details  which 
would  have  caused  dangerous  delays;  G.  W.  Kyte  and  other  Lib- 
erals claimed  that  the  Committee  was  purely  a  Canadian  concern 
and  the  Dominion  Government  entirely  responsible  for  its  opera- 
tions. 

On  Jan.  25  F.  B.  Carvell,  a  Liberal  leader  from  the  Maritime 
Provinces,  made  one  of  his  keen,  slashing  attacks  upon  the  Gov- 
ernment and  especially  the  Minister  of  Militia  and  the  Shell  Com- 
mittee.    He  contended  that  the  Government  was  responsible  for 
this  organization  because  three  of  its  members  represented  the     A 
Department  of  Militia  and  called  it  "a  political  Committee  of  the  |\[  ) 
Conservative  party   of   Canada";  he   charged  that   "there  were  *  ^ 
dozens  and  dozens  of  big  manufacturing  establishments  who  wanted    \\/ 
to  do  work  for  the  Empire,  who  went  to  the  Shell  Committee  and     ^ 
demonstrated  that  they  were  in  a  position  to  do  the  work  more 
expeditiously  than  anybody  else,  and  who,  because  they  did  not 
have  political  influence,  were  unable  to  get  an  order,  while  millions 
of  dollars'  worth  of  work  was  given  out  to  little  mushroom  com- 
panies, organized,  operated  and  controlled  by  Conservative  poli- 
ticians and  voters  all  over  Canada " ;  he  declared  that  the  Govern- 
ment machine  shops  at  Transcona,   Quebec,  Moncton,  Sorel  and 
Prescott  should  have  been  turned  into  Munition  work  and  thus 
prevented  private  profiteering;  he  gave  in  detail  the  names  and 
operations  of  a  number  of  companies  which  made  alleged  undue 
profits — "the  Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  profits  of  $1,400,000  on  con- 
tracts for  500,000  shells ;  the  Massey-Harris  Co.,  profits  of  $400,000 
out  of  100,000  shells;  the  Universal  Tool  &  Steel  Co.,  profits  of 
$500,000  out  of  120,000  shells." 

Mr.  Carvell  then  attacked  the  Committee  for  not  making  fuses 
and  for  getting  them  done  in  the  United  States.  l '  The  Committee 
gave  first  an. order  for  833,333  fuses  to  the  American  Ammunition 
Co.,  New  York,  at  $4.50  each.  Later  on  a  second  order  for  1,666,666 
was  given  to  the  same  Company  at  $4.00  each.  The  average  price 
on  the  two  contracts  was  $4.16/^  per  fuse.  About  the  same  time  the 
Committee  gave  an  order  to  the  International  Arms  &  Fuse  Co., 
New  York,  for  833,333  shells,  and  a  second  order  for  1,666,666  and 
paid  $4.50  on  the  whole  transaction.  These  2,500,000  fuses  will, 
therefore,  cost  this  country  nearly  a  million  dollars  more  than  the 
2,500,000  bought  from  the  American  Ammunition  Co."  Mr.  Car- 
veil  then  attacked  the  Davidson  Commission  in  respect  to  phases 
of  its  Inquiry,  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  in  connection  with  a 
Hay  contract  in  New  Brunswick,  and  concluded  by  urging  a  Com- 
mittee of  Inquiry. 

Following  Mr.  Pugsley's  speech  and  this  new  onslaught  there 
was  wide  public  discussion ;  the  Liberal  press,  as  a  whole,  demand- 
ing investigation  and  some  Conservative  papers  taking  the  same 
ground.  The  Minister  of  Militia  was  not,  directly,  concerned  in 
these  charges  as  he  had  not  actually  controlled  the  Committee; 
but  he  had  established  it,  was  proud  of  its  work  and  he  assumed 


272  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

responsibility  for  some  of  the  matters  dealt  with  by  Mr.  Carvell 
when  he  rose  to  speak  in  the  House  on  Jan.  26.  Sir  Sam  Hughes 
first  dealt  with  the  question  of  buying  Colt  pistols  and  machine 
guns  in  the  United  States  and  the  difficulty  of  getting  them  from  a 
neutral  nation ;  here  came  in  Hon.  Colonel  J.  Wesley  Allison.  ' '  I 
secured  the  services  of  a  life-long  friend  of  mine,  Col.  J.  W.  Allison, 
a  man  in  whom  I  have  had  life-long  confidence,  a  man  who  is  the 
soul  of  honour  and  kindness.  .  .  .  Col.  Allison  followed  the 
matter  up,  and  it  was  arranged  with  Washington."  The  Minister 
added  that  in  Col.  Allison's  connection  with  business  firms  in  the 
United  States  for  various  contracts — of  which  Fuses  were  one — he 
used  and  signed  the  following  letter: 

I  have  been  and  am  doing  my  very  best  to  secure  the  lowest  prices  possible 
for  the  Government,  and  above  all  things  wish  to  do  whatever  I  can  to  aid 
them  in  procuring  the  best  workmanship,  lowest  prices,  and  largest  deliveries 
possible;  and  if  you  are  bidding  for  the  manufacture  of  this  fuse  for  the 
Shell  Committee  or  the  Canadian  Government,  I  want  it  distinctly  understood 
that  I  do  not  want  any  profit  added  to  the  price  under  any  conditions,  with 
the  intention  of  providing  a  commission  for  me,  as  I  would  not  under  any 
circumstances  accept  a  commission  of  any  kind  from  anybody,  in  connection 
with  this  matter. 

A  record  of  the  evolution  and  work  of  the  Shell  Committee 
followed  with  a  description  of  preliminary  difficulties  in  getting 
manufacturers  to  take  it  up,  in  getting  capital  for  them  to  work 
with,  in  satisfying  the  War  Office  that  the  undertakings  would  be 
carried  out,  in  changing  spasmodic  British  orders  to  continuous 
ones,  in  changing  production  from  empty  shells  to  filled  ones  and 
then  to  fuses,  etc.,  in  obtaining  steel  in  sufficient  quantities.  Prices 
and  materials  were  dealt  with  comparatively  although  the  Minister 
pointed  out  that  neither  he  nor  his  Department  interfered  "in 
any  shape,  form  or  manner  with  the  contracts  or  the  prices."  He 
added  that  the  Committee  had  turned  out  in  Canada  22,000,000 
shells  which  consumed  800,000,000  pounds  of  steel  and  proportion- 
ate quantities  of  copper,  lead,  cordite,  powder,  etc.  The  fuse  mat- 
ter was  not  dealt  with  and  minor  issues  were  passed  over. 

On  Mar.  2,  in  discussing  his  estimates,  the  Minister  dealt  with 
the  general  subject  and  stated  that  up  to  Feb.  15,  1916,  his  Depart- 
ment had  made  over  15,000  contracts  with  an  aggregate  expendi- 
ture of  $114,000,000  up  to  the  time  when  these  matters  were 
handed  over  to  the  War  Purchasing  Commission.  The  difficulties 
met  at  the  outset  with  United  States  firms  which  declined  to  under- 
take delivery  to  countries  at  war  were  met  by  the  employment  of 
Colonel  Allison:  "I  had  been  associated,  for  25  or  30  years,  with 
Colonel  J.  Wesley  Allison  in  various  matters.  But  in  1909  and 
1910,  we  were  concerned  most  intimately  with  the  St.  Lawrence 
Dam  question.  ...  I  found  Colonel  Allison  on  that  occasion  an 
absolutely  disinterested  and  straightforward  business  man.  That 
is  why  I  chose  him  to  act  as  my  adviser,  counsellor  and  guide  in 
connection  with  the  various  matters  that  would  come  before  us  in 
connection  with  this  War."  Colonel  Allison  had  refused  any  com- 
mission. "I  know  that  he  was  advised  to  take  a  proper  commission 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OP  MUNITIONS      273 

on  purchases  which  he  effected  for  France,  Russia  and  Great  Bri- 
tain, but  on  such  work  he  has  refused  to  accept  more  than  50  per 
cent,  of  what  was  offered  him  for  his  services  by  those  countries." 
The  Minister  added  this  statement :  * '  On  tri-nitrotoluol,  picric  acid, 
copper,  brass,  zinc,  ammunition  of  various  kinds,  Col.  Allison 
undoubtedly  saved  upwards  of  $50,000,000  to  Great  Britain  and 
Canada.  Even  when  the  British  Government  wanted  a  hundred 
rifles  for  testing  purposes,  they  applied  to  Col.  Allison  for  them." 
His  total  purchases  for  Canada  were  $5,814,056  and  on  these  the 
ordinary  commission  would  have  been  $1,609,564. 

On  the  7th  Sir  Sam  referred  to  the  fuses  question  and  the  status 
of  the  Committee :  ' '  In  1914  we  took  steps  to  have  fuses  manufac- 
tured in  Canada.  Every  firm  that  anyone  could  even  dream  of  as 
being  likely  to  indulge  in  the  manufacture  of  these  commodities  was 
approached,  and  not  one  firm  in  Canada  could  be  induced  by  any 
offer  of  assistance  to  go  into  the  manufacture  of  these  fuses.  Later 
on,  an  order  came  to  the  Shell  Committee  from  the  British  Govern- 
ment for  4,000,000  fuses.  I  had  nothing  to  do  with  this — as  I  have 
had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Shell  Committee — other  than  to  ask 
the  same  gentleman  (Col.  Allison)  to  make  sure  that  the  lowest 
possible  prices  were  obtained."  Meanwhile  David  Carnegie,  a 
British  expert  and  Chief  Ordnance  adviser  to  the  Shell  Committee 
and  the  new  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  had  returned  to  Ottawa 
from  a  visit  to  England  and  on  Feb.  25  gave  out  an  interview  in 
which  he  said : 

It  has  been  a  great  surprise  to  all  in  the  Old  Country  to  observe  the  skill 
and  ingenuity  of  the  Canadian  manufacturers,  and  to  note  particularly  the 
harmony  with  which  they  have  done  their  work.  They  were  amazed  at  the 
growth  of  output  in  such  a  short  period,  and  the  excellent  quality  of  the  work 
produced.  Earl  Kitchener  particularly  wished  me  to  convey  to  General  Sir 
Sam  Hughes  his  high  appreciation  of  the  work  he  had  done  in  connection  with 
the  Shell  Committee  operations.  .  .  .  There  is  surprise  in  Britain  that 
there  should  be  any  question  regarding  the  prices  paid  for  munitions  in  Can- 
ada. Those  best  able  to  judge  are  astonished  at  the  volume  of  the  product  of 
the  Canadian  manufacture  and  the  moderate  prices,  when  everything  is  con- 
sidered. Many  of  the  shells  are  being  produced  at  lower  prices  than  in  the 
United  Kingdom  or  the  United  States.  The  wonder  is  why  there  is  any 
criticism  in  Canada  concerning  these  shells  when  the  people  who  are  paying 
for  them  are  so  thoroughly  well  satisfied  with  what  has  been  done,  and  with 
the  product  and  the  price. 

These  speeches  and  charges  in  Parliament  were  largely  prelimin- 
ary to  the  debate  initiated  on  Mar.  7th  by  the  motion  of  Sir  Wil- 
frid Laurier,  Opposition  Leader,  asking  for  a  Special  Committee 
of  the  House  to  inquire  into  all  contracts  made  or  orders  given  by 
the  Shell  Committee.  He  reviewed  the  situation  briefly  and  quoted 
a  speech  of  Lord  Curzon  (June  23,  1915)  stating  that  "in  Canada 
the  system  adopted  by  the  War  Office  has  been  this:  They  have 
made  their  orders  from  an  early  date,  through  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment, treating  the  Canadian  Government,  in  fact,  as  their 
agents  for  the  supply  of  munitions  of  war.  Any  requirements 
from  the  War  Office  here  are  communicated  by  letter  or  telegram 
to  the  Minister  of  Militia  there.  This  officer  constituted  quite  early 
in  the  day  the  Shells  Committee  .  .  .  and  the  function  of  the 
18 


274  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Committee  is  to  advise  the  Minister  as  to  the  contracts  which,  on 
behalf  of  the  Imperial  Government,  he  shall  conclude."  Sir 
Robert  Borden  replied  at  length  to  this  speech.  He  began  by 
declaring  that  the  only  basis  for  the  Opposition  Leader's  motion 
was  in  casual  newspaper  statements  and  reviewed  the  work  of  the 
Shell  Committee  which  had  succeeded  in  placing  in  Canada  * '  orders 
amounting  to  $150,000,000  or  $160,000,000,  at  prices  considerably 
lower  than  the  War  Office  in  Great  Britain  were  willing  to  approve 
and  to  pay.  As  a  result  of  this  not  less  than  $15,000,000  was  saved 
to  the  British  Government.  The  business  had  developed  to  such  an 
extent  that  orders  to  the  amount  of  $400,000,000  and  upwards  had 
already  been  given." 

He  estimated  that  this  business  would  add  in  labour  and  mater- 
ial at  least  $300,000,000  to  the  National  wealth ;  of  the  total  $100,- 
000,000  worth  of  munitions  had  been  exported  and  paid  for.  The 
men  employed  at  date  were  136,000  and  the  factories  numbered 
436,  while  several  permanent  new  industries  had  been  established, 
such  as  the  production  of  zinc  and  spelter,  the  manufacture  of 
brass,  nitro- cellulose  powder,  sabulite,  toluene  and  tri-nitro-toluene. 
As  to  prices  the  Premier  was  explicit:  ''Our  prices  at  first  for  18- 
poiind  shrapnel,  with  which  we  began  in  Canada,  were  slightly 
higher  than  the  prices  in  Great  Britain  and  slightly  lower  than 
those  in  the  United  States.  .  .  .  Upon  information  given  to  me 
from  the  highest  authoritative  quarter  I  assert  that  in  respect  of 
all  other  shells  produced  in  Canada  such  as  18-pound  high  ex- 
plosives, 4  -5  inch  and  all  other  large  shells,  the  production  of 
which  we  began  last  summer,  the  prices  in  Canada  have  been,  on 
the  whole,  lower  than  in  either  of  the  other  two  countries  men- 
tioned. In  90  per  cent,  of  the  cases  the  prices  in  Canada  have  been 
at  least  as  low  as  those  paid  by  the  British  Government  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  I  also  affirm,  from  equally  authoritative 
information,  that  while  here,  as  in  Great  Britain,  the  deliveries 
have  not  been  up  to  what  was  anticipated,  nevertheless  they  are  at 
the  present  time  very  good  indeed,  and  I  am  confident  they  will 
compare  favourably  with  those  made  in  the  United  States."  The 
conclusion  was  that  the  Government  would  inform  the  British 
authorities  of  these  charges  against  the  Commission  and  would  co- 
operate in  any  inquiry  they  might  make :  ' '  But  without  their  con- 
sent, or  approval,  we  do  not  propose  to  enter  upon  an  investigation 
or  inquire  into  such  expenditures  by  the  British  Government, 
especially  as  such  an  inquiry  could  not  fail  to  interfere  very  ser- 
iously with  the  work  carried  on  by  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board." 
At  the  same  time  "if  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  or  any  of  his  followers 
has  a  charge  to  make  against  any  member  of  the  Government  with 
respect  to  the  Shell  Committee  or  with  respect  to  anything  else, 
let  him  or  his  follower  stand  up  in  his  place,  and  on  his  respons- 
ibility as  a  member,  make  that  charge,  and  it  will  be  investigated 
thoroughly  and  completely." 

Then  came  another  and  more  detailed  and  even  more  slashing 
attack  by  F,  B,  Garvell.  He  asserted  that  shell  prices  were  higher 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      275 

in  Canada  and  not  lower  than  in  Britain  or  the  United  States ;  that 
deliveries  were  still  slow  and  with  not  more  than  one-third  of  the 
orders  delivered  on  time;  that  ''the  Shell  Committee  had  squand- 
ered, not  by  the  thousands  or  hundreds  of  thousands,  but  by  the 
million,  in  taking  big  contracts  to  themselves  and  then  were  com- 
pelled to  give  contracts  to  many  other  people  at  the  same  exorbitant 
prices ' ' ;  that  all  kinds  of  delays  had  occurred  in  the  fuse  contracts 
in  order  ''that  Colonel  Allison  might  be  able  to  get  together  his 
combinations  and  his  sub-contractors,  to  arrange  where  the  con- 
tracts were  to  go,  to  arrange  the  sub-contracts  by  which  the  shells 
were  to  be  manufactured  and  to  provide  for  his  share  of  the  profits 
of  the  transaction  in  the  end";  that  the  great  plants  of  the  Can- 
adian General  Electric  and  the  Dominion  Steel  Corporation  had 
been  ignored  in  the  giving  of  orders,  while  the  N.  S.  Coal  &  Steel 
had  received  $15,000,000  worth.  Mr.  Carvell  then  went  into  details 
of  a  large  number  of  contracts  in  order  to  prove  either  favouritism 
or  irregularities  in  price.  His  chief  charge,  however,  was  a  revival 
of  the  one  previously  asserted  and  now  elaborated  in  details. 
"This  Shell  Committee  gave  a  contract  in  the  United  States  for 
1,666,666  of  these  (graze)  fuses,  not  at  $1.95  each  as  in  Britain, 
not  at  $2.26,  the  same  as  was  paid  for  the  same  article  just  one  year 
before,  but.  at  $4;  that  is  they  paid  $3,000,000  more  than  these 
fuses  could  have  been  bought  for  in  England  at  that  time."  The 
speaker  went  on  to  claim  that  the  American  firms  in  question  had 
never  made  a  fuse,  that  $3,000,000  was  advanced  to  enable  them  to 
get  operations  started,  that  no  fuses  had  yet  been  delivered,  that 
later  on  the  Russell  Motor  Co.,  Toronto,  had  taken  a  contract  at 
$3.50  per  fuse  or  less  than  the  United  States  crowd  received,  that 
the  latter  had  "simply  sublet  the  contracts  to  the  friends  and 
confreres  of  J.  Wesley  Allison."  He  charged  Sir  Sam  Hughes 
with  personal  interference  in  the  Committee's  contracts  and  read 
a  letter  re  the  Universal  Tool  Steel  Co.,  Toronto,  which  seemed  to 
prove  his  point;  quoted  various  British  Committees  of  Inquiry  in 
War  times  as  precedents  for  the  present  and  denounced  the  Minis- 
ter of  Militia  for  going  to  England  at  this  juncture.  During  the 
next  few  days  R.  B.  Bennett  (Con.),  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley  (Lib.) 
and  others  spoke  at  length  on  the  issue.  The  latter  (Mar.  14)  sum- 
med up  his  charges  as  follows : 

I,  William  Pugsley,  on  my  responsibility  as  a  member  of  this  House, 
declare  and  charge  (1)  that  the  Shell  Committee,  appointed  by  the  Minister  of 
Militia,  fixed  excessive  and  unreasonable  prices  for  shells  and  for  other  muni- 
tions and  goods  to  be  furnished  to  the  British  Government;  (2)  that  such 
prices  were  fixed  without  competition  and  were  far  in  excess  of  what  would 
necessarily  have  been  paid  if  ordinary  business  methods  had  been  pursued, 
thereby  involving  an  unnecessary  excessive  expenditure  conservatively  estimated 
at  $80,000,000;  (3)  that  said  Committee  gave  large  orders  at  such  excessive 
prices  and  without  competition  to  Companies  in  which  members  of  the  Com- 
mittee were  largely  interested;  (4)  that  there  has  been  great  and  wholly 
unnecessary  delay  in  furnishing  the  completed  shells  for  use  of  the  Canadian 
and  British  forces  at  the  Front;  (5)  that  the  said  Shell  Committee  neglected 
and  delayed  for  an  undue  period  of  time  to  provide  the  fuses  necessary  to 
render  the  shells  effective,  and,  failing  to  endeavour  to  provide  for  their  con- 


276  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW   - 

struetion  in  Canada,  as  they  might  have  done,  proceeded  to  give  and  award, 
through  J.  Wesley  Allison  in  the  United  States,  contracts  for  fuses  amounting 
to  $22,000,000,  on  which  they  made  an  advance  of  $3,750,000;  (6)  that  the 
making  of  the  said  contracts  through  said  Allison  was  unwise  and  improvident 
and  was  entered  into  with  the  knowledge  and  connivance  of  the  Minister  of 
Militia,  and  the  said  Shell  Committee  failed  to  obtain  delivery  of  said  fuses 
for  an  unreasonable  time;  (7)  that  the  Government  of  Canada  had,  through 
the  Minister  of  Militia,  to  whom  the  said  Shell  Committee  reported  weekly, 
knowledge  of  such  irregular  and  improper  methods  and  acts  of  the  said  Shell 
Committee. 

Hon.  Mr.  Meighen  replied  and  contended  that  these  allegations 
involved  nothing  except,  perhaps,  an  error  of  judgment — no  spe- 
cific charge  of  wrong-doing.  He  went  into  various  statements  in 
detail  and  showed  many  alleged  errors  in  the  speeches  and  figures 
of  his  opponents.  F.  F.  Pardee  (lab.)  spoke  on  Mar.  28  and  was 
followed  by  G.  W.  Kyte  who  reiterated  and  enlarged  the  Carvel! - 
Pugsley  charges.  He  read  the  original  contract  (June  19,  1915) 
with  the  American  Ammunition  Co.  (E.  B.  Cadwell,  President), 
attested  by  the  Shell  Committee  and  ratified  and  confirmed  by  the 
Minister  of  Militia  "in  accordance  with  authority  duly  conferred 
upon  me  by  His  Britannic  Majesty 's  Government ' ' ;  that  with  the 
International  Fuse  Co.,  New  York,  was  exactly  similar.  The  fol- 
lowing details  were  stated:  "The  amount  advanced  upon  contract 
to  the  American  Ammunition  Co.  at  the  time  of  execution  was 
$1,041,600;  within  four  months  afterwards  they  got  a  further 
advance  of  5  per  cent.,  making  a  total  advance  of  $1,565,400.  The 
contract  of  the  International  Fuse  Co.  was  for  2,500,000  time 
fuses  at  $4.50  each,  amounting  to  $11,252,000.  The  amount  ad- 
vanced was  10  per  cent.,  epual  to  $1,125,000.  Within  four  months 
another  5  per  cent,  was  advanced,  amounting  to  $562,500,  making 
a  total  advance  of  $1,687,500.  The  minimum  capitalization  of  the 
one  Company  was  $3,000  and  of  the  other  $1,000."  Mr.  Kyte  then 
produced  a  subsidiary  agreement  alleged  to  have  been  signed  on 
June  10,  1915,  before  the  above  official  contract,  between  B.  F. 
Yoakum  and  E.  B.  Cadwell  of  New  York  and  E.  W.  Bassick  of 
Bridgeport,  Conn.,  declaring  that  these  three  men  were  "entitled 
to  receive  as  their  total  and  aggregate  commission  for  negotiating 
and  effecting  said  contract  the  sum  of  $1,000,000  in  the  whole, 
being  at  the  rate  of  40  cents  per  fuse."  Details  followed  as  to  the 
proportions  which  each  man  was  to  receive  and  another  agreement, 
signed  by  the  American  Ammunition  Co.,  undertook  to  pay  over 
the  money  when  received.  It  was  further  stated  that  an  additional 
agreement  in  September,  1915,  between  J.  Wesley  Allison,  of 
Canada,  Eugene  Lignanti  and  Benjamin  F.  Yoakum  of  New  York 
agreed  that  Yoakum  was  to  divide  his  portion  of  the  above  com- 
mission ($475,000)  with  Allison  and  Lignanti.  Mr.  Kyte  speci- 
fied several  other  concerns  and  contracts  in  which  these  men  were 
to  divide  commissions — but  they  were  not  all  Shell  Committee  con- 
tracts. 

Sir  Thomas  White  replied  to  this  speech.  He  stated  that  many 
of  the  large  orders  given  the  N.  S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.  were  for  steel 
and  not  shells;  that  the  Dominion  Steel  Corporation  did  get  over 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      277 

$5,000,000  worth  of  orders  for  shells  and  the  Canadian  General 
Electric  Co.  $10,000,000;  that  some  of  the  orders  alleged  to  be 
given  by  the  Shell  Committee  for  political  purposes  were  given  after 
that  Committee  went  out  of  existence ;  that  the  Government  of 
Canada  had  not  paid  one  cent  commission  upon  the  purchases  of 
Colt  revolvers  and  had  paid  the  same  price  as  any  other  Govern- 
ment outside  of  that  of  the  United  States,  which  had  special  terms ; 
that  he,  for  one,  had  never  before  heard  of  Lignanti  and  Yoakuni 
or  ever  seen  Allison  and  so  with  most  of  the  members  of  the  Gov- 
ernment; that  such  an  inquiry  as  the  Opposition  Leader  asked 
would  include  "all  confidential  communications  by  cable  or  other- 
wise passing  between  the  War  Office  and  the  Shell  Committee  and 
would  reveal  to  friends  and  foes  alike,  the  extent  of  the  orders 
which  had  been  placed  in  Canada,  the  resources  of  Canada,  the 
present  condition  of  all  contracts  placed  by  the  Shell  Committee 
in  Canada."  He  pointed  out  that  the  Shell  Committee  had  not 
spent  one  dollar  of  Canadian  money  in  the  $500,000,000  worth  of 
contracts  which  it  gave  out,  claimed  that  the  usual  procedure  of 
the  Shell  Committee  was  to  have  its  prices  approved  by  the  War 
Office  before  placing  the  orders,  and  declared  that  no  charge  had 
been  made  affecting  the  honour  or  integrity  of  any  member  of  the 
Committee  or  the  Government.  The  Minister  gave  an  interesting 
explanation  as  to  why  the  large  orders  to  Canada  were  not  still 
larger.  ' '  Great  Britain,  in  order  to  place  the  $500,000,000  worth 
of  orders  she  has  placed  in  Canada,  was  obliged  in  many  instances 
to  buy  exchange  in  America  at  a  cost  of  from  three  to  five  per 
cent,  and  in  other  cases  she  was  obliged  to  ship  gold  to  this  country 
in  ordfer  to  pay  for  the  munitions  ordered  through  the  Shell  Com- 
mittee. ' '  After  a  vigorous  defence  of  the  Government 's  attitude  in 
declining  an  investigation  without  the  British  Government's  ap- 
proval, or  a  direct  charge  against  a  member  of  the  Government, 
Sir  Thomas  moved  the  adjournment  of  the  debate. 

The  political  situation  had,  meanwhile,  become  tense,  the  charges 
made  were  many  and  the  speeches  of  Messrs.  Pugsley,  Carvell  and 
Kyte  had  not  lacked  in  forceful  bitterness,  while  the  Public 
Accounts  Committee  had  on  Mar.  15,  seen  a  large  sheaf  of  tele- 
grams passing  between  Allison  and  others  as  to  contracts  in  the 
earlier  stages  of  the  War.  As  far  back  as  January  there  had  been 
vigorous  demands  for  investigation  from  The  Globe  and  even  from 
some  Conservative  journals  such  as  the  Montreal  Star  and  the 
former  talked  of  "high  finance  bandits,"  of  blunders  worse  than 
crimes  and  (Mar.  11)  asked  "if  behind  the  blunderers  the  Minis- 
ter of  Militia  is  found  moving  the  puppets  under  the  hypnotic 
influence  of  his  friend,  Col.  Wesley  Allison."  The  Hon.  Andrew 
Broder,  a  veteran  supporter  of  the  Government,  now  openly  de- 
clared for  an  Inquiry  and  the  Ottawa  Journal  (Cons.)  stated  that 
20  Conservative  Members  also  were  in  favour  of  it.  Sir  Robert 
Borden  dealt  firmly  and  promptly  with  the  situation. 

Following  the  unfinished  speech  of  his  Minister  of  Finance  he 
cabled  Sir  Sam  Hughes  (Mar.  29)  stating  the  charges  and  con- 


278  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

eluding  as  follows:  "I  propose  issuing  Royal  Commission  forth- 
with to  investigate  fuse  and  cartridge  case  contracts  and  it  is 
necessary  that  you  return  immediately  for  purpose  of  Inquiry." 
Sir  Sam  replied  on  the  30th :  '  *  Please  state  to  House  on  my  behalf 
that  I  have  no  improper  connection  with  contracts  referred  to,  or 
any  other  contracts.  If  any  suggestion  to  the  contrary  is  made  I 
respectfully  demand  full  investigation  by  the  judicial  tribunal 
presided  over  by  Sir  Charles  Davidson.  I  shall  sail  first  available 
boat."  To  Sir  George  Perley,  at  the  same  time,  the  Premier  had 
cabled:  "The  Minister's  relation  to  Allison  as  described  by  himself 
in  Parliament  is  so  close  that,  although  the  expenditure  is  by  the 
British  Government,  and  although  such  inquiries  are  unusual  dur- 
ing progress  of  War,  I  feel  it  my  duty  to  have  Royal  Commission 
issued  forthwith.  Please  inform  Colonial  Secretary."  On 
Apr.  3  the  Premier  tabled  an  Order-in-Council  appointing  a  Royal 
Commission  composed  of  Sir  W.  R.  Meredith,  Chief  Justice  of 
Ontario  and  Hon.  L.  P.  Duff,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Canada,  '  *  to  make  full  and  complete  inquiry ' '  into  certain  specified 
contracts  made  by  the  Shell  Committee — those  of  the  International 
Arms,  American  Ammunition,  Edwards  Valve  and  Providence 
Chemical  Companies — and 

Into  the  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  Shell  Committee,  whether  by  them- 
selves or  by  any  other  person  or  persons,  directly  or  indirectly,  and  of  the 
Minister  of  Militia  and  Defence  whether  by  himself  or  by  any  other  person  or 
persons,  directly  or  indirectly,  in  relation  thereto  or  in  connection  therewith 
and  into  the  negotiations  therefor,  the  profits  or  prospective  profits  arising 
thereunder,  the  disposition,  division  or  allotment  of  such  profits  or  prospective 
profits,  or  of  any  commission  or  reward  for  procuring  the  said  contracts  or 
any  of  them  and  as  to  the  persons  interested  in  any  such  profits,  prospective 
profits,  reward  or  commissions,  and  generally  speaking  into  all  other  acts, 
transactions  and  matters  of  every  kind  relating  to  the  said  contracts  and  each 
of  them  and  to  report  the  result  of  such  inquiry  with  the  evidence  taken 
therein. 

Sir  Thomas  White  continued  his  speech  on  Apr.  4  and  gave  a 
careful  analysis  of  the  Fuse  charges  in  particular.  He  pointed 
out  that  the  advances  to  the  American  Ammunition  Co.  were 
guaranteed  by  the  Guaranty  Trust  Co. — one  of  the  greater  finan- 
cial institutions  of  New  York;  that  although  the  only  charges 
against  a  Minister  were  the  tentative  suggestions  as  to  close  rela- 
tions between  Allison  and  Sir  Sam  Hughes,  yet  the  Premier  had 
decided  to  have  a  thorough  investigation  into  them ;  that  the  Inquiry 
was  different  in  scope  from  what  was  demanded  by  the  Opposition 
and  dealt  with  the  Minister's  direct  or  indirect  relations  with  the 
Shell  Committee  and  with  the  actual  administration  and  ordinary 
business  of  that  body  as  a  Canadian  organization.  "Our  position 
is  that  they  are  not  our  agents;  we  have  no  authority  over  them 
whatsoever,  as  we  have  no  authority  whatsoever  over  the  Imperial 
Munitions  Board ;  and  having  no  authority  over  the  Shell  Commit- 
tee, there  cannot  be  on  the  part  of  this  Government  any  respons- 
ibility for  its  action."  E.  M.  Macdonald  followed  in  elaborate 
presentation  of  Opposition  views  and  with  the  declaration  that 
the  Commission  "from  its  very  inception  would  be  absolutely 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      279 


nugatory."  He  claimed  that  it  would  have  no  power  beyond  the 
bounds  of  Canada  and  apparently  argued  that  a  Parliamentary 
Committee  would  have  greater  authority ;  he  urged  that  Allison  be 
at  once  extradited  and  brought  to  Canada.  Mr.  Broder  said  a  few 
words  in  support  of  the  Opposition  motion  and  then  Sir  W.  Laurier 
closed  the  debate  with  the  deliberate  charge  that  "in  two  contracts 
the  Shell  Committee,  headed  and  presided  over  by  the  Minister  of 
Militia,  have  misappropriated — I  use  the  word  advisedly — the 
funds  entrusted  to  them."  The  division  was  82  against  the  motion 
and  44  in  favour — with  Mr.  Broder,  A.  A.  Mondou,  P.  E.  Lamarche 
and  W.  F.  Maclean,  Government  supporters,  voting  for  it. 

Following  these  events  Industrial  Canada,  the  organ  of  the 
Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  had  in  its  April  issue  a 
slashing  attack  upon  Allison,  criticism  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  for  his 
relations  with  that  promoter  and  a  declaration  that  the  situation 
had  become  intolerable  and  that  "the  license  to  loot  had  to  be 
terminated."  The  Premier's  Commission  policy  was  approved.  On 
Apr.  16  General  Hughes  reached  Ottawa  from  England  and  after 
a  long  conference  with  the  Premier  discussed  matters  with  his 
counsel.  On  Apr.  18  he  addressed  the  Commons  at  some  length  and 
commenced  by  saying  that  he  had  asked  the  Prime  Minister  to 
administer  the  affairs  of  his  Department  while  the  Commission  was 
sitting.  He  reviewed  the  pioneer  work  of  the  Shell  Committee  and 
stated  as  to  the  two  chief  contracts  under  investigation  that  the 
Companies  concerned  were  "now  employing  between  them  nearly 
8,000  men,  that  they  had  invested  in  plant,  machinery,  and  mater- 
ials fully  $6,000,000,  that  they  had,  with  the  exception  of  one  other 
Company,  done  better  in  that  work  than  any  other  concern  in 
North  America,  that  the  British  Government,  through  Morgan  & 
Co.,  had  recently  given  one  of  these  firms  a  new  contract  for  4,000,- 
000  additional  time  fuses  and  the  other  an  order  for  1,000,000 
time  fuses,  and  that  every  dollar  of  the  money  advanced  was  pro- 
tected by  the  guarantee  of  the  Guaranty  Trust  Co. ' '  He  reviewed 
a  number  of  matters  in  which  Col.  Allison  had  aided  him,  or  the 
Committee,  or  the  Government,  declared  the  advances  to  the  United 
States  concerns  were  neither  unusual  or  improper,  and  that  the 
Canada  Car  &  Foundry  Co.  had  been  advanced  $3,000,000  by  the 
Russian  Government  before  a  fuse  was  delivered  and  quoted  the 
slow  deliveries  of  many  United  States  orders.  He  denounced  the 
Opposition  fiercely  for  bringing  up  unproven  "piffle"  in  a  time  of 
serious  war  and  spoke  with  a  sort  of  defiant  forcefulness  which  was 
impressive. 

The  Royal  Commission  held  its  first  Session  on  Apr.  26  with 
an  imposing  array  of  Counsel  which  included  Eugene  Lafleur,  K.C., 
J.  S.  Ewart,  K.C.,  and  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C.,  for  the  Minister;  N. 
K.  Laflamme,  K.C.,  for  the  Shell  Committee ;  G.  F.  Henderson,  K.C., 
for  Col.  Allison ;  I.  F.  Hellmuth,  K.C.,  as  Chief  Government  Counsel 
and  E.  F.  B.  Johnson,  K.C.,  representing  the  Opposition  Leader.  F. 
B.  Carvell  and  his  associates  in  the  charges  were  aided  by  S.  W. 
Jacobs,  K.C.,  and  F.  H.  Markey,  K.C.,  of  Montreal,  while  A.  W. 


280  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

Atwater,  K.C.,  represented  the  International  Fuse  Co.  It  is  im- 
possible to  go  into  the  voluminous  details  of  the  Inquiry  here.  Of 
the  witnesses  Colonel  David  Carnegie  (Apr.  26)  assumed  full 
responsibility  for  the  fuse  orders  placed  in  the  States  but  stated 
that  Sir  Sam  Hughes  acted  for  the  British  Government  and  that 
the  War  Office  did  not  approve  the  placing  of  these  orders  in  the 
States  as  interfering  with  arrangements  between  it  and  J.  P. 
Morgan  &  Co.;  Sir  Alex.  Bertram  (May  3)  indignantly  denied 
any  intermediary  in  these  contracts  or  the  reference  of  any  one  to 
Col.  Allison,  and  from  his  evidence  it  appeared  that  the  War  Office 
had  paid  the  Committee  $345,222,874  for  shells  which  had  cost 
the  latter  $303,125,289  and  that  the  Committee  had  handed  over 
to  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  a  surplus  on  Nov.  30,  1915,  of 
$41,360,184. 

Col.  Thomas  Cantley  (May  5)  stated  as  to  the  Agreement  of 
July  1,  1915,  between  the  Shell  Committee  and  General  Hughes, 
acting  for  the  British  Government,  and  Messrs.  Bertram,  Cantley, 
Watts  and  E.  Carnegie,  manufacturers  and  members  of  the  Shell 
Committee,  involving  $148,628,110  worth  of  munitions,  with  two 
other  agreements  totalling  $200,000,000,  that  ' '  the  four  contractors 
undertook  a  legal  as  well  as  a  moral  liability  and  in  our  opinion 
the  legal  liability  did  not  cancel  the  Amoral  liability.  Legally,  as 
we  were  responsible  for  the  losses,  we  should  be  entitled  to  the  pro- 
fits. When  it  became  evident  that  there  would  be  profits,  all  the 
members  decided  to  turn  them  over  to  the  War  Office."  E.  B. 
Cadwell,  President  of  the  American  Ammunition  Co.,  testified 
(May  11)  as  to  the  agreement  for  dividing  $1,000,000  commission 
on  the  contract  for  2,500,000  fuses  between  himself  ($250,000), 
E.  W.  Bassick,  ($275,000),  and  B.  F.  Yoakum  ($475,000).  B.  F. 
Yoakum  (May  13)  stated  that  his  total,  as  above,  was  to  be  shared 
with  J.  Wesley  Allison — the  latter  to  receive  $220,000,  of  which 
$30,000  was  to  go  to  Col.  Win.  McBain,  well  known  in  Canadian 
Military  circles,  $10,000  to  Geo.  W.  Stephens  of  Montreal,  $50,000 
to  Eugene  Lignanti  of  New  York,  and  $105,000  to  Miss  Mabel 
Edwards,  Secretary  and  sister-in-law  to  Allison.  Small  payments 
on  account  were  said  to  have  been  made  to  each  of  these  benefi- 
ciaries. Messrs.  McBain  and  Stephens  stated  that  the  payments  to 
them  were  in  the  nature  of  adjustment  in  connection  with  general 
War  commission  business  and  not  this  specific  contract. 

Col.  F.  D.  Lafferty  and  Gen.  Thomas  Benson  of  the  Committee 
stated  (May  15)  that  all  contracts  for  fuses  were  arranged  by 
Messrs.  Carnegie  and  Bertram.  J.  Wesley  Allison  on  May  18 
dealt  with  the  partnership  in  commission  and  financial  work 
between  himself,  Yoakum  and  Lignanti,  the  many  War  contracts 
or  commissions  they  had  obtained,*  and  some  they  had  not  got. 
He  admitted  that  he  had  accepted  a  commission  from  the  sellers 
in  connection  with  a  cartridge  contract  executed  by  General  Hughes 
for  the  British  War  Office,  but  stated  emphatically  that  General 

*NOTE. — General  Hughes  afterwards  estimated  Allison's  total  contracts  from  British 
or  Allied  Governments  at  $500,000,000. 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OP  MUNITIONS      281 

Hughes  had  no  interest  in  the  commission,  and  did  not  know  that 
the  American  companies  were  paying  it.  He  declared  that  he  had 
never  accepted  any  commission  on  "Canadian  business"  which  he 
had  handled  for  General  Hughes.  As  to  the  fuses  he  had  been 
asked  by  General  Hughes  and  Col.  Carnegie  to  organize  American 
interests  for  the  making  of  these  fuses  and  stated  that  Yoakum,  a 
financial  man  of  experience,  had  undertaken  to  do  this  and  had 
interested  Cadwell  and  Bassick  in  the  matter.  Allison  denied  any 
intention  of  taking  a  commission  in  the  matter. 

General  Hughes  testified  on  May  30.  He  described  the  contracts 
with  the  members  of  the  Committee  as  matters  of  form:  "As 
everybody  understood  that  these  gentlemen  were  not  personally  to 
pay  any  losses,  and  would  not  take  the  profit,  and  as  the  War  Office 
desired  that  the  business  should  be  put  in  the  form  of  a  contract, 
and  as  we  had  no  lawyer  to  raise  objections,  the  contracts  were 
signed."  The  objections  of  the  Morgans  of  New  York  as  United 
States  agents  of  the  British  War  Office  to  General  Hughes  or  the 
Shell  Committee  letting  contracts  there  were  characterized  as  the 
work  of  "a  ring";  correspondence  between  the  Minister  and  Gen. 
Bertram,  submitted  to  the  Commission  and  published,  in  which 
the  former  recommended  that  certain  contracts  be  given  to  specified 
parties — including  Gen.  Hughes'  son-in-law  in  a  Lindsay  concern 
— were  admitted  to  be  correct ;  unwavering  confidence  was  expressed 
in  Col.  Allison  and  ignorance  stated  as  to  his  relations  with  Yoakum 
et  al,  while  the  elimination  of  the  Shell  Committee  was  described 
as  due  to  the  transfer  of  munitions  in  England  to  a  responsible 
Minister  and  his  appointment  of  a  new  body  in  Canada  while  the 
$15,000  bonus  to  Col.  Carnegie  for  his  services  was  said  to  have 
been  given  by  him  to  the  poor  of  London. 

As  to  the  charge  of  favouring  United  States  manufacturers  the 
Minister  said:  "The  two  contracts  for  fuses  were  given  to  the 
United  States  men  only  because  that  part  of  the  work — very  much 
the  most  difficult — could  not  be  done  in  Canada  so  expeditiously. 
The  fuses  were  required  parts  of  5,000,000  complete  shells  which 
the  Committee  had  agreed  to  supply  to  the  War  Office.  The  fuses 
cost  about  $22,000,000.  The  other  parts  cost  about  $70,000,000. 
Without  the  fuses  from  the  United  States  the  other  part  of  the  work 
would  not  have  been  done  in  Canada."  T.  A.  Russell  of  the  Russell 
Motor  Co.  told  of  the  efforts  which  he  and  Lloyd  Harris  had  made 
in  May,  1915,  to  secure  at  least  a  share  of  the  Fuse  order  and  how, 
when  a  little  later  on  they  had  obtained  orders,  the  result  both 
in  price  and  in  output  amply  justified  the  effort.  It  was  not  till 
September  that  they  found  out  that  advances  of  $3,000,000  had 
been  made  to  the  American  companies,  and  it  was  then  that  they 
resented  their  treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  Shell  Committee,  and 
went  to  Sir  Robert  Borden  about  it.  With  this  evidence  the  case 
neared  its  end.  Bassick  and  Lignanti  had  ignored  their  summons 
to  appear  and  G.  W.  Kyte,  M.P.,  had  not  been  asked  to  testify  while 
Mr.  Carvell  had  not  cross-examined  General  Hughes. 


282  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

There  were  some  curious  incidents  during  the  Inquiry.  One 
was  the  statement  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  (May  31)  that  ''our  offices 
in  New  York  were  broken  into.  I  have  photographs  of  affidavits 
here  to  show  that  men  were  paid  to  steal  papers,  associates  of  men 
seated  in  this  room  as  Counsel.  These  men  were  associated  with 
Messrs.  Carvell  and  Markey."  An  immediate  protest  was  made 
but  Sir  Wm.  Meredith  drew  attention  to  the  gravity  of  the  charge. 
"  I  do  not  see ! ' '  said  the  Chief  Justice,  ' '  how  this  letter  purport- 
ing to  have  been  sent  from  General  Hughes  to  General  Bertram 
could  have  been  obtained  except  by  improper  means."  F.  B. 
Carvell  denied  the  statement  and  said  that  the  letters  or  copies  had 
come  to  him  anonymously  through  the  mails  from  Montreal  in 
January  and  that  he  had  no  knowledge  of  who  sent  them.  The 
denial  was  accepted. 

Collateral  to  this  and  preceding  it  by  some  days  was  a  heated 
debate  in  the  Commons  on  May  13  when,  during  a  speech  by  F.  B. 
Carvell,  the  Minister  of  Militia  interjected  a  reference  to  "steal- 
ing papers  from  New  York  offices."*  Mr.  Carvell  promptly  stated 
that  he  had  visited  New  York,  had  searched  for  proofs  of  improper 
dealings  between  the  Minister  and  Wesley  Allison,  and  had  em- 
ployed as  his  Solicitor  Wm.  Travers  Jerome*who,  also,  had  employed 
detectives  to  obtain  information  as  to  the  Shell  Committee.  This 
statement  evoked  sensational  attacks  upon  Jerome  as  a  notorious 
pro-German  with  an  active  Austrian  partner  (Isidor  J.  Kresel)  in 
his  firm  and  upon  Mr.  Carvell  for  indirectly  putting  Canadian 
defence  secrets  in  enemy  hands !  The  Conservative  press  published 
a  letter  from  Jerome  (dated  June  29,  1915)  to  Arthur  Von  Brie- 
sen  of  New  Yorkf  pledging  professional  and  personal  services  to 
the  German  scheme  for  preventing  shipment  of  United  States 
munitions  to  the  Allies.  On  June  1  the  Ottawa  Journal  (Cons.) 
published  a  long  statement  as  to  the  relations  of  a  man  named  C. 
B.  Rogers  in  New  York  with  certain  unnamed  Canadian  politicians, 
which  included  a  confession  by  Rogers  that  he  had  stolen  some 
Shell  Committee  papers  from  the  office  of  Grant  Brown,  a  New 
York  Commission  broker,  but  afterwards  returned  them  for  un- 
explained reasons — the  inference  being  that  he  could  not  get  his 
price  and  that  his  evidence  was  not  trustworthy. 

On  May  10  the  Ottawa  Free  Press — a  Liberal  paper  but  a  bit- 
ter critic  of  Mr.  Carvell — published  an  interview  with  Major  the 
Rev.  C.  S.  Bullock  of  the  97th  (American)  Battalion  describing 
his  meeting  with  Rogers  in  New  York  and  of  the  latter 's  stories 
about  Shell  Committee  papers,  of  interviews  at  Toronto  and 
Ottawa  with  Mr.  Carvell  and  of  payments  made  to  him  of  certain 
moneys.  To  the  St.  John  Standard  of  June  13  Major  Bullock  gave 
certain  affidavits  made  by  Rogers  and  others  which  included  copies 
of  telegrams  signed  by  Messrs.  Kyte  and  Carvell.  Meanwhile,  on 

*NOTE. — Mr.  Carvell  had,  also,  tried  on  May  5th,  to  get  Parliament  to  extend  the 
scope  of  the  inquiry  but  the  Premier  thought  a  sufficient  case  was  not  made  out  and  his 
proposal  was  voted  down  by  46  to  19. 

tNOTE. — Ottawa  Journal,  May  29,  1916;  Mr.  Carvell's  reply  was  in  St.  John 
Telegraph,  June,  17. 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OP  MUNITIONS      283 

June  1  General  Hughes  had  issued  a  signed  statement  giving  full 
details  of  circumstances  and  conditions  under  which  Col.  Allison 
had  aided  the  Allied  Governments  and  saved  them  money  or  in 
which  he  might  have  done  so  if  his  advice  had  been  followed,  and 
under  which  he  had  helped  him  (the  Minister)  and  obtained  reduced 
prices  for  the  Government.  Horses,  motor  Iorri6s,  Colt  guns  and 
pistols,  armour-plate  shovels,  brass  18-pounder  cartridge  cases, 
copper,  zinc  and  brass  supplies  were  instanced.  "Col.  Allison 
organized  a  company  and  offered  to  manufacture  in  Canada  all 
grades  of  gun  powder,  and  to  guarantee  a  price  30  per  cent,  lower 
than  any  then  obtainable.  He  also  arranged  for  a  cartridge  fac- 
tory for  Canada,  guaranteeing  to  make  them  at  a  price  of  $2  per 
thousand  less  than  the  then  prevailing  price.  On  the  fuses,  by  his 
intervention,  the  price  was  reduced  from  $5.60  and  $5.50  to  $5.10 
and  $4.90.  Later  it  was  brought  down  to  $4.25,  a  minimum,  and 
$4.50  a  maximum.  Then  at  $4.50,  a  saving  of  forty  cents  per 
fuse  was  made,  or  on  the  five  million  fuses,  upwards  of  two  millions 
of  dollars  net."  The  speeches  of  Counsel  began  on  June  7  when 
I.  F.  Hellmuth,  K.C.,  the  Government  Counsel,  gave  an  address  in 
which  he  claimed  that  the  whole  gist  of  the  charges  was  that  Gen- 
eral Hughes,  for  purposes  of  his  own,  incompatible  with  his  public 
duties,  and  in  order  to  favour  someone  else,  brought  influence  to 
bear  to  induce  the  Shell  Committee  to  place  contracts  with  Allison 
and  his  friends."  Now,  I  can  find  no  evidence  before  this  Commis- 
sion of  a  single  corrupt  or  dishonest  act  in  regard  to  these  con- 
tracts on  the  part  of  General  Hughes. ' '  He  declared  that  the  whole 
charges,  that  the  whole  case  of  Messrs.  Carvell  and  Kyte,  had 
fallen  to  the  ground.  F.  B.  Carvell  followed  in  caustic  denuncia- 
tion of  the  Committee,  the  Government,  the  Minister  of  Militia, 
and  especially  Col.  Allison.  He  claimed  that  the  Shell  Committee 
was  General  Hughes,  that  the  contract  with  the  Fuse  people  was 
"vicious"  in  principle  and  price,  that  Col.  Carnegie  had  not  used 
even  ordinary  judgment  and  that  it  all  centred  in  Allison  who  had 
to  have  these  contracts  and  to  make  these  commissions,  which 
General  Hughes  wanted  him  to  have  and  to  make.  Of  the  Fuse 
negotiations — the  Cadwell  and  Yoakum  affairs — Mr.  Carvell 
claimed  that  they  pulled  off  the  deal,  if  not  with  the  knowledge, 
with  the  after  approval,  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes.  * '  No,  no, ' '  interposed 
Commissioner  Duff.  Mr.  Carvell  continued  to  claim  that  at  any 
rate  General  Hughes  was  "an  accessory  after  the  fact."  He 
relieved  General  Bertram  of  any  share  in  the  matters  denounced, 
declared  discrimination  proved  against  Canadian  manufacturers 
in  the  persons  of  T.  A.  Russell  and  Lloyd  Harris,  Col.  Fred. 
Nicholls  and  others,  and  concluded  by  declaring  that  the  statements 
of  Mr.  Kyte  in  Parliament  had  been  "proven  to  the  hilt." 

Messrs.  Ewart  and  Lafleur  followed  on  the  8th  and  practically 
claimed  that  the  only  thing  to  be  considered  was  as  to  whether  or 
not  the  Minister  of  Militia  connived  at  dishonesty  in  handling  war 
funds.  They  claimed  that  Sir  Sam  had  been  entirely  exculpated 


284  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

from  any  charge  pf  suggesting  or  condoning  such  action.  They 
argued,  that  not  even  a  suspicion  rested  on  Sir  Sam  Hughes,  and 
that  was  all  the  Commission  should  particularly  care  about.  They 
said  little  of  Allison  and  his  commissions  or  of  his  confidential  rela- 
tionship with  the  Minister.  Sir  Sam  had  simply  given  Allison 
orders  to  "break  prices,"  and  knew  nothing  of  private  arrange- 
ments between  Yoakum  and  Allison,  nor  had  he  anything  directly 
to  do  with  the  placing  of  the  fuse  contracts.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston  de- 
clared that  ' '  the  crucial  point  in  the  whole  affair  was  Allison. ' '  He 
was  a  close  personal  friend  of  the  Minister.  He  was  appointed  on 
special  missions  and  trusted  in  all  kinds  of  matters.  General  Hughes 
visited  him  in  New  York.  N.  K.  Laflamme  (June  9)  argued  that 
the  Royal  Commission  had  no  jurisdiction  inasmuch  as  the  Shell 
Committee  was  appointed  by  the  British  Government,  through  the 
Minister  of  Militia,  was  under  the  control  of  that  Government  and 
dealt  with  matters  involving  British  money.  G.  F.  Henderson  de- 
fended Col.  Allison :  ' '  The  outstanding  fact  was  that  he  was  a  man 
of  business.  He  was  a  broker,  openly  and  avowedly  in  business  as 
such,  and  had  he  not  been  a  broker  with  all  the  experience  and 
connections  he  had,  Allison  would  not  have  been  of  use  to  the 
Minister."  Mr.  Henderson  denied  the  agency  or  official  position 
absolutely.  A.  W.  Atwater  contended  that  the  International  Fuse 
Co.  was  not  a  mushroom  Company.  ' '  It  had  dealt  with  no  middle- 
men and  had  the  best  available  experts  with  one  of  the  finest  plants 
in  the  country  and  was  making  fuses  satisfactorily."  Wallace 
Nesbitt  defended  at  length  the  Shell  Committee  and  the  Minister. 
F.  H.  Markey  contended  that  Mr.  Kyte's  speech  had  contained  no 
suggestion  of  dishonesty  or  malfeasance  by  any  one  in  office. 

The  Report  of  the  Commission  was  issued  on  July  20  and  was, 
7  upon  the  whole,  distinctly  favourable  to  the  Government,  the  Com- 
mittee and  the  Minister  of  Militia.  Some  carelessness  and  bad 
judgment  on  the  part  of  Col.  Carnegie,  due  to  overwork  and  the 
dual  duties  of  Business  manager  and  Expert  adviser  to  the  Com- 
mittee, and  some  mistakes  on  the  part  of  others,  were  stated,  while 
Col.  Allison  was  distinctly  censured.  (Ji  General  Hughes  the  Com- 
mission found,  on  the  two  counts  against  him  of  (1)  complicity 
with  Allison  and  (2)  undue  influence  with  the  Committee,  that 
there  was  nothing  to  suggest  the  exercise  of  influence  or  pressure 
by  him  in  the  awarding  of  contracts.  It  was  declared  to  be  a  most 
natural  and  in  no  way  improper  thing  for  the  Minister  to  have 
called  the  attention  of  the  Committee  to  the  claims  of  manufactur- 
ers in  the  constituency,  which  he  represented.  As  to  the  Fuse  con- 
tract with  the  American  Ammunition  Co.  the  Commission  found 
that  "neither  General  Hughes  nor  any  member  of  the  Shell  Com- 
mittee has  been,  or  is  so  entitled,  or  was  promised,  or  paid  any 
(such)  commission,  reward,  or  remuneration."  It  was  added  that 
according  to  the  testimony  of  Cadwell,  General  Hughes  did  not 
know  that  Allison  was  entitled  to  any  share  or  interest  in  the  com- 
mission arrangement  and  that  the  evidence  established  that  nei- 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      285 

ther  General  Hughes,  General  Bertram,  Colonel  Carnegie  nor  any 
member  of  the  Shell  Committee,  had  any  knowledge  of  the  arrange- 
ment between  Yoakum  and  Allison  as  to  commission  or  suspected 
that  Allison  proposed  to  accept  any  commission  or  reward  on 
account  of  or  in  connection  with  the  contract  or  the  negotiations 
which  had  led  up  to  it.  "On  the  contrary,  Allison  gave  General 
Hughes  to  understand  that  in  all  that  he  had  done  or  would  do  in 
the  matter  he  was  actuated  solely  by  his  friendship  for  General 
Hughes,  and  that  under  no  circumstances  would  he  take  any  reward 
or  commission  for  his  services. "  As  to  the  relations  of  Allison  and 
the  Minister  the  Report  was  explicit : 

After  having  given  the  matter  our  gravest  consideration,  we  are  com- 
pelled to  the  conclusion  that  Allison's  explanation  cannot  be  accepted  and  to 
find  that  while  professing  to  be  acting  as  the  friend  of  General  Hughes  and 
to  be  doing  what  he  did  solely  out  of  friendship  for  him,  and  without  any 
expectation  or  intention  of  receiving  any  remuneration  for  his  services,  Allison 
was  instrumental  in  bringing  about  a  contract  in  which  through  his  agreement 
with  Yoakum  of  February,  1915,  he  was  pecuniarily  interested,  with  the 
knowledge  that  he  would  be  entitled  to  share  equally  with  Yoakum  in  any 
benefit  that  Yoakum  might  receive,  either  by  way  of  commission  or  otherwise. 
We  have  only  to  add  that  if  we  had  come  to  a  different  conclusion  and  had 
accepted  Allison 's  statement,  we  would  have  been  bound  to  say  that  his  conduct 
in  taking  the  benefit  of  the  agreement  as  to  the*  commission  and  accepting  a 
right  to  share  in  it  equally  with  Yoakum  without  informing  General  Hughes 
and  the  Shell  Committee,  and  obtaining  their  consent,  could  not  be  either 
justified  or  excused. 

The  Commission  mixed  up  censure  and  commendation  in  its 
treatment  of  Col.  Carnegie  and  finally  sympathized  with  him  in 
the  heavy  burden  he  had  carried.  He  was  declared  innocent  of 
any  wrong-doing  and  guilty  of  some  mistakes.  It  found  that  he 
was  justified  in  refusing  time-fuse  contracts  to  Canadian  com- 
panies in  June,  1915,  and  in  refusing  at  that  time  to  establish  a 
loading  plant  in  Canada,  but  that  he  could  have  placed  graze  fuse 
contracts  in  this  country  then,  and  stated  that  his  failure  to  do  so 
furnished  the  only  ground  for  the  charge  of  discrimination  against 
Canadian  manufacturers.  For  this  he  was  condemned  without, 
however,  casting  any  reflection  upon  his  integrity.  So  in  the  mat- 
ter of  prices:  "We  think  that  a  fair  price  for  the  loaded  graze 
fuse  would  not,  at  this  time,  have  exceeded  $3.00 ;  and  we  are  satis- 
fied that,  had  Col.  Carnegie  been  aware  of  the  prices  then  being 
paid  in  the  United  States  on  behalf  of  his  own  principals,  the 
War  Office,  to  Mr.  Cadwell  himself,  he  would  not  have  agreed  to 
a  higher  price  than  $3.00."  Of  the  other  charges  the  Commission 
found  no  contract  made  with  the  Providence  Chemical  Co.  for  picric 
acid  and  that  there  was  nothing  improper  in  the  cartridge  case 
contract  with  the  Edwards  Valve  Co.  The  term  "mushroom" 
companies  as  applied  to  the  American  Ammunition  Co.  and  Inter- 
national Arms  Co.,  was  found  to  be  an  unfair  designation  of  these 
concerns. 

As  in  all  such  Commission  Reports  both  parties  professed  them- 
selves satisfied  though  there  was  a  general  recognition  of  the  fact 
that  no  guilt  attached  to  Sir  Sam  Hughes  and  that  the  worst  that 


286  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

could  be  said  had  often  been  said  before  by  political  or  personal 
critics  and  related  wholly  to  the  natural  characteristics  of  the  man 
himself.  The  best  to  be  said  was  that  he  trusted  his  friends  too 
greatly  and  had  come  through  the  ordeal  with  no  stain  upon 
reputation  or  character.  He  himself  told  the  press  (June  23) 
that  his  traducers  had  been  trounced  and  "the  disreputable  little 
clique"  beaten.  He  still  upheld  Col.  Allison  and  declared  him  to 
be  "the  biggest  and  best  man  in  Canada — and  the  cleanest,  too." 
The  Hon.  Robert  Rogers  presented  the  extreme  Conservative  view 
in  demanding  (Montreal,  June  5)  "the  resignations  of  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier,  Carvell  and  Kyte,  who  assumed  the  responsibility  of  the 
charges  made  and  demanded  the  investigation  that  has  so  utterly 
failed.  In  justice  to  their  constituents,  in  justice  to  Canada,  in 
justice  to  the  Empire  there  is  no  other  course  open  to  them  than 
resignation."  The  Toronto  Neivs  drew  attention  to  the  fact  that 
for  two  months  the  Minister's  attention  had  been  taken  from  his 
war-work:  and  duties,  many  officers  called  from  their  posts  to  give 
evidence,  various  delays  caused  in  military  work,  the  attention  of 
Parliament  and  the  people  distracted  from  the  more  vital  duties 
of  the  time,  a  serious  moral  harm  done  to  Canada  in  reputation  and 
influence,  much  information  of  value  to  the  enemy  published 
broadcast.  The  St.  John  Standard  (Cons.)  demanded,  daily,  for  a 
time  the  retirement  from  Parliament  of  Messrs.  Carvell  and  Kyte. 

The  Liberal  view  was  voiced  by  the  London  Advertiser  (July 
22)  :  "Sir  Sam  Hughes  is  adjudged  innocent  of  all  wrong-doing. 
He  was  a  sheep  among  wolves.  But  as  well  have  a  school  boy  with 
a  million  dollars  among  a  set  of  thugs,  as  a  Minister  of  Militia 
whose  trusted  friend  is  shown  to  be  guilty  of  conduct  that  'could 
not  either  be  justified  or  excused. '  .  .  .  Mr.  Kyte,  who  brought 
the  charges,  and  Mr.  Carvell,  who  fought  tirelessly  for  a  complete 
unfolding  of  the  facts,  deserve  the  commendation  of  Canadians  for 
their  service,  a  service,  however,  which  they  would  have  been  dere- 
lict in  refusing."  A  more  impartial  opinion  was  that  of  J.  H. 
Sherrard,  President  of  the  C.  M.  A.,  at  Hamilton  on  June  13: 
"Canada's  debt  to  the  Minister  of  Militia  in  connection  with  the 
making  of  munitions  will  only  be  fully  known  Avhen  the  history  of 
our  part  in  the  War  is  written,  but  it  is  a  great  satisfaction  and 
relief  to  Canadians  generally  that  the  unfortunate  investigation 
which  has  interrupted  his  very  urgent  duties  has  cast  no  shadow 
upon  his  integrity.  He  has  made  mistakes  of  judgment  which  are 
easy  to  criticize  now,  but  the  percentage  of  error  should  be  regarded 
in  proportion  to  his  vast  accomplishment."  Following  the  Report 
(on  Aug.  11)  the  name  J.  Wesley  Allison  was  removed  from  the 
Government's  List  of  Hon.  Colonels.  Sir  Robert  Borden  was  Act- 
ing Minister  of  Militia  at  the  time.  The  cost  of  the  Inquiry  was 
considerable — E.  F.  B.  Johnston's  account  alone  being  for  $7,000. 
Sir  Wm.  Meredith  received  an  honorarium  of  $5,000  but  Mr.  Jus- 
tice Duff  declined  to  accept  any  remuneration. 

Associated  with  a  branch  of  this  Inquiry  was  the  work  of  Sir 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      287 

Charles  Davidson,  ex-Chief  Justice  of  Quebec,  who,  after  investi- 
gating miscellaneous  War  contracts  during  1915,  was  on  May  11, 
1916,  appointed  to  "investigate  and  report  upon  the  facts  and 
circumstances  o£  or  connected  with  the  sale  or  disposal,  by  the 
Government  of  Canada,  of  small  arms  munitions  since  the  4th 
August,  1914,  referred  to  in  certain  returns  made  to  the  House  of 
Commons  on  the  first  and  second  days  of  May,  1916."  These  re- 
turns, for  which  E.  M.  Macdonald  (Lib.)  had  moved,  dealt  with 
an  alleged  sale  of  defective  ammunition  under  conditions  which 
were  described  by  the  Minister  of  Militia  in  a  proposed  Order-in- 
Council  of  Jan.  15,  1915,  which  was  not  actually  passed,  as  fol- 
lows: "The  undersigned  has  the  honour  to  submit  an  application 
from  Vickers,  Ltd.,  for  the  purchase  of  4,985,900  rounds  of  S.  A. 
Ammunition  mark  VI.  This  is  part  of  the  stock  of  mark  VI. 
ammunition  which,  under  suspicion,  was  not  allowed  to  be  used 
with  rifles  in  Canada.  The  price  of  the  ammunition  to  be  $20 
per  1,000  rounds.  This  ammunition,  while  rejected  for  rifle  use,  is, 
however,  reported  to  be  suitable  for  the  testing  of  Vickers  machine 
guns  now  being  manufactured  in  very  large  numbers  in  England. ' ' 
John  Fraser,  Auditor  General,  dealt  with  the  matter  in  a  letter  to 
the  Finance  Minister  as  f ollows : 

I  beg  to  call  your  attention  to  a  sale  of  ammunition  made  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Militia  and  Defence.  Some  time  prior  to  Dee.  31  last  this  Depart- 
ment sold  through  Col.  J.  Wesley  Allison,  without  the  authority  of  the  Gover- 
nor-in-L-ouncil,  over  3,000,000  rounds  of  ammunition  at  $20  per  thousand.  The 
Department  has  been  buying  ammunition  since  tne  declaration  of  war  at  $33 
per  thousand  and  has  also  been  manufacturing  ammunition  at  the  Dominion 
Arsenal  at  a  cost  of  $34.60  per  thousand,  consequently  there  has  been  a  loss  to 
the  Government  on  this  transaction  of  over  $45,000.  It  is  alleged  that  this 
ammunition  has  been  sold  to  VicKers,  Limite^,  for  testing  purposes.  I  can 
hardly  credit  this  statement,  owing  to  the  magnitude  of  the  sale,  but  if  it 
were  so,  why  was  it  sold  at  such  a  low  rate,  and  why  was  it  necessary  to  obtain 
the  services  of  Col.  Allison.  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  the  ammunition  was 
resold  at  an  advance  of  about  25  per  cent,  and  that  its  destination  was  not 
Vickers,  Ltd.  I  may  be  mistaken  in  this  but  Col.  Allison's  connection  with 
the  transaction  does  not  tend  to  allay  suspicion. 

The  Minister  had  carried  out  the  sale  in  part  and  on  Apr.  3, 
1916,  his  explanation  was  given  in  a  Memorandum  included  in  this 
Return  and  which  stated  that  "the  Canadian  treasury  has  received 
$20  for  every  thousand  rounds  thereof.  There  are  no  records  to 
show  what  became  of  it,  further  than  that  it  was  regularly  ordered 
and  shipped  to  Vickers,  one  of  the  most  reputable  firms  in  the 
world.  The  assurance  was  given  that  not  one  cent  was  paid  in 
commission  by  the  firm  to  anyone  and  no  profit  was  made  on  it. 
It  is  understood  that,  to  cover  the  cost  of  transport,  handling, 
exchange,  insurance,  etc.,  a  sum  was  added  by  one  of  Vickers' 
officers,  to  the  price,  but,  on  learning  that  these  expenses  were 
borne  by  the  British  Government  they  were  immediately  removed." 
This  small  arms  ammunition  was  a  part  of  that  made  before  1908 
and  dealt  with  by  a  Special  Inquiry  (Col.  Sir  H.  Barlow  and 
Major  Ogilvie)  at  the  Arsenal  in  1913  which  had  ordered  12,000,- 
000  rounds  to  be  destroyed.  The  balance,  as  being  defective  had 


288  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

been  sold  for  special  purposes.  To  the  Davidson  Commission 
on  May  12  Sir  Sam  Hughes  testified  that  2,986,100  rounds  had 
been  sold  to  Vickers  Ltd.,  that  Wesley  Allison  had  first  asked  him 
about  this  ammunition  and  been  referred  to  Gen.  D.  A.  Macdonald, 
Quartermaster-General,  who  was  responsible  for  the  sale.  Gen. 
Macdonald  stated  to  the  Commission  that  he  had  thought  Col. 
Allison  represented  the  Imperial  Government  and  had  fixed  a 
price  of  $20  per  1,000  at  which  it  had  hitherto  been  selling,  by 
request,  to  Rifle  clubs  and  the  Royal  North-West  Mounted  Police. 

On  the  same  day  that  this  evidence  was  given  D.  D.  McKenzie 
(Lib.)  moved  in  the  Commons  that  this  matter  be  referred  for  in- 
quiry to  the  Meredith -Duff  Commission.  He  claimed  that  the 
transaction  was  irregular  and  that  the  ammunition  was/ needed  in 
Canada — quoting  a  letter  from  Gen.  Macdonald  of  Nov.  13,  1914, 
declaring  that  this  ammunition  should  be  held  until  depleted  sup- 
plies had  become  normal.  He  reviewed  a  series  of  ammunition 
sales  to  the  Vickers  people  through  Allison  and  critized  these  inter- 
mediary operations.  The  Premier  pointed  out  that  the  subject 
already  was  in  Sir  C.  Davidson's  hands  for  investigation.  He 
dealt  in  detail  with  the  charges  and  claimed  that  a  fair  price  had 
been  obtained  for  the  defective  ammunition  while  there  was  a 
normal  quantity  of  good  ammunition  available  in  the  country  for 
home  defence  when  it  was  sold.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  laid  stress 
upon  the  alleged  illegality  of  the  Minister's  action  and  supported 
the  suspicions  of  the  Auditor  General.  The  Minister  of  Militia 
went  into  a  vast  mass  of  technical  detail.  Finally  he  summarized 
as  follows:  ''All  ammunition  made  before  1913  and  in  store  was 
condemned  as  defective  by  the  Commission.  All  of  the  defective 
ammunition  made  prior  to  1909  was  condemned  to  destruction  in 
one  form  or  another.  The  balance  was  recommended  for  machine 
gun  practice  only.  .  .  .  There  were  several  proposals  for  its 
sale.  One  was  made  by  the  Deputy  Minister  at  $10  or  $12.50,  sup- 
posedly for  Mexico.  Another  was  to  sell  to  Vickers,  through  their 
New  York  agent,  Allison,  for  machine  gun  testing."  The  latter 
was  done  and  the  sale  released  a  similar  quantity  of  good  English 
ammunition  for  the  Front.  Other  speakers  followed  and  the 
motion  was  defeated  by  40  to  17. 

Before  the  Davidson  Commission  on  May  23  Col.  J.  F.  Mac- 
donald, Master  of  the  Ordnance,  stated  that  it  was  not  the  prac- 
tice to  secure  an  Order-in- Council  for  the  sale  of  ammunition  in 
Canada.  An  Order  had  been  passed,  however,  authorizing  a  sale 
of  rifles  to  the  Government  of  New  Zealand.  In  the  case  of  ordinary 
sales  authority  was  secured  from  the  Minister  or  his  Deputy.  F. 
Orr  Lewis  of  Montreal,  (Trustee  for  the  Admiralty  in  a  Munition 
Fund  for  payments)  testified  on  May  25  that  $63,000  had  been 
paid  out  of  this  Fund  for  the  ammunition  in  question  on  behalf  of 
the  Admiralty — for  which  he  had  been  acting  though  at  the  same 
time  President  of  the  Canadian  Vickers,  Ltd.,  and  that  C.  A. 
Searles  of  the  English  Vickers,  who  had  received  the  shipment  in 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      289 

London,  had  also  been  acting  for  the  Admiralty.  He  denied  any 
commission  to  Allison,  though  there  was  a  credit  of  $15,613  in  the 
account  which  was  described  as  unsettled  and  which  Mr.  Frasei 
maintained  was  the  25%  advance  in  price  which  he  charged.  On 
June  2  Mr.  Bonar  Law,  Colonial  Secretary,  replied  to  an  inquiry 
from  the  Auditor  General,  through  the  Governor-General's  Secre- 
tary, as  follows :  ' '  The  price  paid  by  the  Admiralty  for  the  3,000,- 
000  rounds  of  ammunition  was  $25  per  thousand,  f.o.b.,  Canada. 
The  Admiralty  paid  all  charges  for  insurance  and  cartage."  On 
June  20  H.  H.  Dewart,  K.C.,  Opposition  counsel,  examined  Sir  Sam 
Hughes  who  still  maintained  that  the  ammunition  was  sold  to 
Vickers  and  not  the  Admiralty.  He  did  not  have  to  attend  to 
details,  he  trusted  Allison  and  Orr  Lewis  and  had  left  this  parti- 
cular matter  in  the  hands  of  the  Quartermaster-General  where  it 
belonged.  This  part  of  the  Davidson  investigations  was  closed  at 
the  end  of  the  year*  by  an  interim  Report  in  which  the  Commis- 
sioner declared  that  it  would  have  been  better  if  there  had  been  no 
intermediaries  in  the  sale  and  had  there  been  an  Order-in-Council : 
The  sale  was  made  to  the  Admiralty  through  its  own  official,  and  paid 
for  out  of  Imperial  moneys.  It  would  be  an  unwarranted  intrusion  were  I 
to  pass  judgment  on  domestic  arrangements  between  the  Admiralty,  its  agents 
and  its  sub-agents.  ...  I  am  unable  to  believe  that  it  is  possible  to  deter- 
mine the  charge  of  business  treachery  which  in  the  factum  is  associated  with 
the  asserted  attempt  to  secure  $25  per  thousand.  There  is  not  a  tittle  of 
proof  that  Allison  knew  anything  about  the  matter  of  ultimate  charge  to  the 
Admiralty.  ...  If  Canada  received  an  excellent  price  for  Mark  VI  am- 
munition, which  it  did;  if  the  price  were  paid  in  full,  as  it  was;  if  there  has 
not  been  later  allowance  out  of  public  moneys,  of  commissions  or  profits  to  a 
middleman,  as  there  has  not  been;  then  the  limits  of  my  investigating  duties 
are  reached.  The  Minister  stands  free  of  evidence  which  would  affect  his 
pergonal  honour. 

Meantime,  while  partisans  were  fighting  and  Judges  investigat- 
ing, the  making  of  shells  and  munitions  went  on.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year  100,000  skilled  mechanics  and  422  plants  were 
at  work  but,  for  the  moment,  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  which 
had  succeeded  the  Shell  Committee,  was  chiefly  administering  the 
contracts  handed  over  to  them.  For  reasons  best  known  to  Gov- 
ernments concerned — partly  slow  delivery  and  partly  financial 
conditions — new  orders  were  not  at  the  moment  being  given ;  though 
on  Jan.  5  it  was  announced  that  Canada  had  released  1,000  skilled 
men  from  amongst  its  troops  in  England  for  work  in  British 
munition  factories.  A  British  official  statement  issued  at  this  time 
showed  that  the  orders  given  Canada  were  for  22,000,000  shells  of 
which  8,000,000  had  been  delivered ;  that  the  cost  of  the  component 
parts  required  in  the  manufacturing  of  these  shells,  including  the 
machinery  and  assembling  was  estimated  at  $282,000,000;  that  in 
addition  there  had  been  orders  from  the  War  Office  for  cartridge 
cases,  primers,  forgings,  etc.,  amounting  to  $20,000,000.  The  new 
Board,  of  which  J.  W.  Flavelle  was  Chairman,  and  the  main 
business  factor,  was  carrying  on  the  work  and  preparing  to  meet 

*NOTE. — Published  on  Jan.  6,   1917. 

19 


290  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  new  and  obvious  difficulties — the  competition  of  greater  United 
States  industrial  plants  and  of  an  organized  financing  system 
through  the  Morgan  firm  which  Canada  had  not  yet  seriously 
undertaken.  The  Board  itself  was  strengthened  in  the  next  two 
months  by  the  employment  of  specialists  in  auditing  accounts,  in 
making  purchases  and  contracts,  in  supervising  machinery  and 
assembling  plants,  in  distributing  component  parts  of  shells  to 
the  various  plants,  in  the  production  and  standardization  of  gauges 
essential  to  munition-making,  in  the  inspection  of  faulty  material, 
in  the  placing  of  insurance  upon  munition  material.  By  the  end 
of  February  2,300  Inspectors  were  in  its  employ  and  $5,000,000 
per  week  was  being  paid  out  for  material. 

On  Jan.  28  the  Board  issued  a  statement  showing  that  orders 
for  munitions  totalling  $169,000,000  were  placed  in  Canada  dur- 
ing October  and  November,  1915,  for  delivery  during  the  first  half 
of  1916;  in  December  and  January  only  $7,000,000  of  new  orders 
were  received.  It  was  pointed  out  that  of  the  orders  placed  previous 
to  October,  1915,  less  than  one-half  had  been  filled  at  the  end  of 
the  year.  In  nearly  all  cases  deliveries  were  overdue,  although 
some  individual  manufacturers  had  completed  their  contracts. 
Furthermore,  the  mere  business  of  making  shells,  which  was  the 
easiest  part  of  the  work,  had  been  developed  both  in  Canada  and 
Great  Britain  very  rapidly.  Consequently,  in  both  countries  the 
capacity  for  turning  out  and  machining  empty  shell  bodies  was  in 
excess  of  possible  requirements.  The  difficulty  confronting  the 
Munitions  Board,  both  in  Canada  and  in  England,  was  to  speed 
up  the  shell-loading  plants  and  the  turning  out  of  the  completed 
shell  ready  for  firing.  In  Canada,  as  yet,  there  were  only  two 
shell-loading  plants  in  operation,  although  another  one  was  under 
construction  in  Montreal.  There  was  no  fuse-fitting  plant  although 
the  establishment  of  one  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  had 
been  commenced.  The  Board  had  asked  the  War  Office  to  take 
some  of  its  empty  shell  contracts  from  British  firms  and  give  them 
to  Canadians  but  naturally  was  not  hopeful  of  response  to  a  request 
which  would  have  closed  down  English  plants. 

Dealing  with  the  question  of  prices  for  recent  orders  it  was 
pointed  out  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  shell-making  business  in 
Canada  and  for  some  time  afterwards  "the  British  Government 
deliberately  sanctioned  a  high  scale  of  prices  for  munitions  made 
in  Canada,  because  it  was  necessary  in  order  to  bring  Canadian 
manufacturers  into  the  field."  "But,"  added  the  Board's  state- 
ment, "  it  is  surely  time  to  bring  the  production  of  munitions  down 
to  a  business  footing,  and  to  be  prepared  to  meet  the  competitive 
conditions  which  prevail  in  every  other  class  of  business."  The 
press,  meantime,  was  urging  more  effort  to  get  more  contracts ;  the 
Board  was  urged  to  find  new  and  improved  methods  of  production 
and  delivery.  Suggestions  included  the  building  of  Government 
factories;  Government  control  of  suitable  existing  plants  devoted 
to  other  purposes;  the  fostering  of  the  small  producer,  as  around 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS      291 

Paris  where  1,600  French  machine  shops  were  in  operation  under 
sub-contracts  upon  which  no  profit  accrued  to  the  main  contractor ; 
the  giving  of  organized  instruction  to  willing  but  unskilled  labour. 
On  Feb.  6  it  was  announced  that  the  Board  had  received  a  British 
order. for  800,000  18-pounder  shrapnel  shells;  in  the  Commons  on 
the  7th  Sir  Robert  Borden  stated  in  reply  to  a  question  that  ''the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  propose  to  erect  a  factory  for  the  loading 
of  time  fuses  at  Verdun  (Montreal)  ;  the  factory  will  be  operated 
by  a  Company  specially  formed  for  the  purpose,  the  entire  capital 
,  stock  of  which  belongs  to  tne  Board ;  all  expenditures  for  factory 
and  equipment  will  be  provided  by  the  Board  through  the  above 
Company.  The  amount  will  probably  be  $300,000  to  $325,000." 
Following  the  credit  of  $50,000,000  given  by  the  Government  and 
Banks  of  Canada  to  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  late  in  1915,  a 
further  credit  of  $75,000,000  was  granted  in  March,  1916. 

In  June  when  the  Board's  expenditures  totalled  $1,000,000  a 
day  another  credit  of  $25,000,000  was  accorded  and  on  July  18 
further  British  Orders  for  $35,000,000  of  heavy  shells— for  deliv- 
ery early  in  1917 — were  received.  This  brought  the  total  up  to 
$500,000,000  in  shells  with  $200,000,000  delivered.  It  was  an- 
nounced also  that  the  new  fuse  manufacturing  plant  near  Montreal 
was  in  satisfactory  operation  and  that  Canada  could  produce  for 
Great  Britain  more  than  10,000  shells  a  day  ready  for  the  Front. 
Mr.  Flavelle  stated  at  this  juncture  that  the  "chief  difficulty  ex- 
perienced in  speeding  up  the  Canadian  output  of  shells  was  the 
lack  of  skilled  workmen  for  the  munitions  factories. ' '  There  was  a 
general  scarcity  of  labour.  Thousands  of  men  who  might  have 
been  available  for  munition  work  had  been  recruited,  and  sent  to 
the  Front.  New  workers  were  being  trained  but  shell  contractors 
reported  great  difficulty  in  procuring  them.  As  one  means  of 
meeting  the  situation  the  Munitions  Board  urged  the  recruiting  of 
women  to  work  in  munition  factories.  At  this  time  660,000  women 
were  engaged  in  British  War  industries  while  the  Labour  Union 
of  Great  Britain  telegraphed  Sir  Douglas  Haig  on  July  18  that  all 
holidays  would  be  postponed. 

Conditions  of  production  in  Canada  still  remained  unsatisfac- 
tory in  details  with  a  continued  shortage  in  many  deliveries  due 
in  part  to  a  lack  of  co-operation  amongst  widely  scattered  indus- 
tries, partly  to  inadequate  supplies  of  labour,  in  part  to  manufac- 
turers' anxiety  to  obtain  contracts  while  lacking  facilities  to  fill 
them.  There  were  plenty  of  orders  and  the  Allies  were  apparently 
buying  for  another  year  of  war.  On  Aug.  12  the  Resources  Com- 
mittee of  the  Ontario  Legislature  issued  an  appeal  for  speeding 
up  production  based  upon  a  statement  from  the  Imperial  Muni- 
tions Board  that  "the  deliveries  of  munitions  from  Ontario  are 
running  far  behind  the  quantities  promised,  and  we  are  seriously 
apprehensive  if  existing  conditions  cannot  be  bettered."  A  Con- 
ference was  held  at  Ottawa  in  this  connection  (Sept.  5)  between 
officials  of  the  Labour  Department,  the  Munitions  Board,  Trades  & 


292  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Labour  Council  and  individual  munition  and  textile  manufactur- 
ers. The  Hon.  R.  Rogers  and  Hon.  T.  W.  Crothers  represented  the 
Government,  J.  W.  Flavelle  and  G.  B.  Gordon  the  Board,  Mark 
Workman,  W.  Thoburn,  M.P.,  and  other  manufacturers  were  present 
together  with  J.  C.  Watters,  P.  M.  Draper  and  other  Labour  men, 
while  F.  B.  McCurdy,  M.P.,  and  Col.  C.  S.  Mclnnes,  represented  the 
Militia  Department.  The  importance  of  maintaining  the  munitions 
output  was  discussed  and  a  general  willingness  to  co-operate  toward 
this  object  expressed.  As  to  the  shortage  of  labour  some  of  the 
employers  stated  that  they  could  not  secure  the  necessary  labour 
at  any  price,  while  representatives  of  the  men  inclined  to  the  view 
that  the  trouble  was  one  of  wages. 

On  the  26th  a  party  of  Ontario  Munition  manufacturers,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Board,  inspected  plants  in  Montreal  which  had 
been  employing  women — one  producing  the  largest  calibre  shells 
made  in  Canada,  and  another  engaged  upon  very  intricate  and 
delicate  work,  almost  wholly  done  by  women.  The  sensitive  touch 
of  the  women  and  their  reliability  were  said  to  be  giving  the  best 
of  results.  In  this  plant,  as  indeed  in  the  heavier  work,  women 
were  rapidly  being  given  the  preference  and  had  demonstrated  a 
degree  of  efficiency  which  was  not  expected  at  the  outset.  The  Y. 
W.  C.  A.  was  meanwhile,  asked  by  the  Munitions  Board  to  co-oper- 
ate with  them  by  supervising  the  proper  housing  of  women  in  any 
towns  to  which  it  was  necessary  to  bring  additional  help  to  supply 
the  factories.  This  request  was  complied  with  and  they  formed  a 
Military  Purposes  Committee  at  Toronto  with  Mrs.  R.  A.  Falconer 
as  Chairman.  In  England  this  organization  was  not  only  running 
hostels  for  women  and  girl  workers,  but  had  put  innumerable  clubs 
and  canteens  and  different  forms  of  educational  and  recreational 
facilities  at  their  service. 

A  further  order  came  to  the  Board  on  Oct.  11  for  $60,000,000 
of  munitions  and  it  was  announced  also  that  difficulties  encoun- 
tered during  July  and  August  in  procuring  steel  and  forgings  had 
been  overcome  and  that  the  munition  output  was  more  satisfactory 
and  was  increasing  in  volume  each  week.  ' '  The  quantity  of  shrap- 
nel shells  now  produced  complete  with  cartridge  cases,  fuses,  prim- 
ers and  propellant  charge,  has  reached  almost  250,000  a  week,  and 
the  Board  is  authorized  to  place  continuation  orders  for  this  size 
of  shell  into  1917."  Large  orders  had  been  placed  some  months 
before  for  the  larger  sizes  of  shells  and  they  had  involved  com- 
plete new  installations  of  machinery  and  equipment.  Deliveries 
were  said  to  be  steadily  increasing.  The  position  in  Canada  in 
regard  to  st'eel,  the  basis  of  all  munition  work,  was  such  that  no 
interruptions  in  output  were  expected  in  the  future  and  the  im- 
mense tonnage  required  for  all  classes  of  shells  had  been  arranged 
well  ahead.  The  fuse  plant  built  by  the  Board  at  Montreal  had 
reached  a  capacity  of  10,000  per  day,  and  by  Jan.  1st  it  would  be 
25,000  per  day. 

As  the  year  drew  to  a  close  strong  efforts  were  made  to   get 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE;  THE  MAKING  OP  MUNITIONS      293 

more  labour  for  these  plants.  In  Ontario  M.  H.  Irish,  Director  of 
Labour  for  the  Board,  inserted  advertisements  in  the  press  appeal- 
ing to  the  patriotism  of  classes  and  masses  to  help  in  this  work. 
He  stated  however,  in  an  interview  (Nov.  30)  that  while  "every 
munitions  plant  must  be  supplied  with  a  proper  number  of  skilled 
workmen,  such  as  toolmakers  and  toolsetters,  and  these  are  un- 
questionably doing  as  great  a  work  for  the  Empire  before  the  lathe 
as  in  the  trench,  yet  beyond  this  skill  an  exemption  from  enlist- 
ment based  on  munition  work  is  scarcely  sound."  The  Toronto 
Star  quoted  in  this  connection  a  recruiting  officer  who  declared 
that  "slackers  would  rather  make  shells  at  $3.50  a  day  than  shoot 
them  at  $1.10."  Mr.  Irish  also  pointed  out  that  "one  of  the  most 
serious  impediments  to  efficient  production  is  the  shifting  of  labour 
from  one  munitions  plant  to  another,  for  which  condition  the  em- 
ployer is  as  much  to  blame  as  the  employee."  At  this  time,  how- 
ever, there  were  all  kinds  of  contradictory  stories  current  and  re- 
peated in  the  press  as  to  difficulties  in  getting  munition  work  either 
from  the  plants  or  munitions  officers. 

Great  as  the  Munition  work  of  the  year  proved  to  be,  in  the 
end,  J.  W.  Flavelle  was  not  satisfied;  it  might  have  been  much 
greater  and  yet  not  met  all  the  needs  of  the  day.  He  was  in  Eng- 
land during  November  and  on  the  23rd  was  given  a  luncheon  at 
the  Hotel  Cecil  with  the  British  Minister  of  Munitions  in  the  chair. 
Mr.  Montagu  pointed  out  that  the  work  of  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board  was  vital  to  the  conduct  of  the  War  and  declared  that  Can- 
ada had  developed  a  capacity  in  this  respect  no  less  wonderful 
than  that  of  the  Motherland.  In  his  reply  Mr.  Flavelle  expressed 
gratitude  to  the  Canadian  Government  and  especially  to  Sir 
Robert  Borden  for  personal  help  and  to  Sir  Thomas  White  for 
financial  aid.  "You  may  be  interested  in  knowing  that  the  opera- 
tions of  the  Board  carry  us  into  every  Province  in  the  Dominion 
with  the  exception  of  P.  E.  Island,  and  extend  to  factories  4,000 
miles  apart.  The  Board  has  had  to  assume  the  responsibility  of 
the  purchase  of  raw  products,  the  preparation  of  them,  and  the 
shipment  of  them  to  factories  where  they  were  machined  and 
assembled.  Hence  we  purchased  hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons  of 
steel,  we  shipped  them  500  or  1,000,  1,500,  or  2,000  miles  to  be 
forged.  We  sent  them  on  their  journey  miles  across  the  con- 
tinent to  the  Pacific  or  elsewhere  and  followed  them  with  all  the 
component  parts  necessary  for  the  production  of  the  complete 
munition."  As  to  contracts  he  was  able  to  say  that  "neither  poli- 
tics nor  social  conditions,  nor  sectarian  influences,  nor  any  of  the 
things  which  crop  up  in  a  young  community  have  weighed  for  a 
second. ' ' 

On  his  return  Mr.  Flavelle  told  the  Toronto  press  of  Dec.  9 
that  Canadians  had  not  yet  realized  the  vital  nature  of  the  War, 
declared  that  shells  were  an  all-important  element  in  the  conflict, 
stated  that  the  tremendous  difficulties  in  the  making  of  fuses  had 
been  overcome  and  costs  greatly  reduced  here  as  in  England.  He 


294  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

added  this  statement:  "Most  of  the  present  contracts  for  shells 
in  the  United  States  expire  three  months  after  the  New  Year  and 
practically  all  of  them  within  six  months.  They  will  not  be  re- 
newed. Of  course,  Great  Britain  will  still  continue  to  purchase 
copper,  brass,  steel,  and  other  raw  materials  from  the  States,  but 
she  will  not  purchase  any  more  of  the  finished  shells."  It  was 
significant  that  more  than  $100,000,000  of  orders  were  said  at 
this  time  to  have  been  cancelled  in  the  United  States  as  a  result  of 
the  Federal  Reserve  Board's  action  and -that  on  Dec.  29  the  New 
York  Times  estimated  $175,000,000  as  the  total  of  a  new  order  given 
the  Montreal  Locomotive  Co.  Shortly  after  his  return  Mr.  Flavelle 
told  a  gathering  of  Munition  makers  at  Toronto  (Dec.  12)  that 
"Canada  has  failed  in  her  promises  to  Britain  regarding  the 
delivery  of  munitions."  Plans  were  discussed  for  relieving  this 
situation  for  1917. 

At  the  Ottawa  Canadian  Club  (Dec.  16)  Mr.  Flavelle  delivered 
a  notable  speech.  The  Board,  he  said,  had  4,000  inspectors  at  work 
and  over  600  establishments  under  control  with  responsibility  for 
the  supply  of  raw  material  to  250  of  them;  it  spent  yearly  2i/2 
times  more  than  the  Government  of  Canada  in  normal  times.  ' '  You 
have  no  idea,  and  I  am  sorry  to  say,  neither  has  the  manufacturer 
any  adequate  idea  of  the  importance  of  the  volume  of  munitions 
which  are  produced  in  Canada  for  the  vital  work  which  has  to  be 
done  at  the  Front.  The  total  percentage  of  shells  produced  in 
Canada  in  relation  to  all  the  shells  used  at  the  British  front  is  so 
large  that  I  would  amaze  some  of  you  if  I  were  at  liberty  to  express 
the  figures. ' '  For  the  sustained  delivery  of  these  shells  the  respons- 
ibility was  great  and  vital — to  the  individual  maker  and  worker  as 
well  as  to  the  Board.  "I  say  to  the  manufacturer  that  when  he 
has  failed  to  make  shipments  in  accordance  with  his  promise  his 
failure  is  so  grave  a  matter  that  he  ought  not  to  be  able  to  sleep  if 
he  has  not  made  every  arrangement  in  his  power  whereby  the 
promised  production  is  made  available  for  use  at  the  Front.  Every 
failure  on  the  part  of  the  Canadian  workman  to  work  as  many 
hours  as  he  is  able  to  work,  every  failure  on  the  part  of  the  Can- 
adian manufacturer  to  plan  and  lay  out  his  work  whereby  he  will 
deliver  that  which  he  has  promised  to  deliver,  is  a  crime  against 
the  State.  We  have  pledged  our  honour.  We  have  pledged  our 
energy,  we  have  pledged  our  resources,  and  we  have  done  it  after 
conference  with  manufacturers,  and  both  they  and  their  people 
have  taken  a  responsibility  before  Almighty  God  and  this  State. 
In  any  failure  to  fulfil  their  promises  that  could  have  been  accom- 
plished if  they  had  been  more  diligent,  they  have  taken  a  respons- 
ibility that — God  forgive  them  for  it."  Then  came  a  vigorous 
utterance : 

It  is  very  easy  to  develop  a  spirit  of  anger  against  profiteering  as  it  is 
very  easy  to  develop  a  spirit  of  anger  against  a  Government.  But  why  at  this 
time?  This  much  must  be  said  for  the  manufacturer.  He  at  least  is  devoting 
his  energy  and  his  time  to  the  production  of  something  that  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  the  State.  Why  have  anger  towards  the  manufacturer  when  you 


THE  SHELL  COMMITTEE  ;  THE  MAKING  OF  MUNITIONS 


295 


have  none  toward  yourselves?  What  has  been  our  position  in  Canada?  Am  I 
saying  too  much  if  I  indicate  that,  on  the  whole,  we  have  looked  upon  the  War 
as  an  extra?  Am  I  stating  it  too  strongly  if  I  say  we  are  almost  drunk  with 
the  prosperity  which  comes  to  us  through  the  expenditure  of  immense  sums  of 
borrowed  money  and  through  the  expenditure  upon  natural  products  of  sums 
of  money,  because  of  the  high  price,  that  staggers  everyone  who  has  to  buy 
them?  Is  there  evidence  in  this  country  of  national  sorrow  and  concern! 
God  knows,  some  of  you  have  paid,  and  some  of  your  sons  have  paid  the  final 
penalty,  and  they  are  lying  over  in  France  or  in  Flanders.  But,  speaking 
broadly,  as  a  people,  is  there  sorrow?  Is  there  any  deep  arousal  of  moral 
earnestness?  Is  it  not  'Business  as  usual!'  And  profits  larger  than  usual! 

Meantime  various  incidents  had  developed.  To  the  original 
Board,  composed  of  J.  W.  Flavefle  (Chairman),  Sir  Alex.  Bertram, 
Col.  D  Carnegie,  G.  H.  Dawson,  Victoria,  C.  B.  Gordon  and  J.  A. 
Vaillancourt,  Montreal,  and  E.  R.  Wood,  Toronto,  there  had  been 
added  the  Hon.  R.  H.  Brand,  M.P.,  of  London,  by  the  British  Min- 
ister of  Munitions,  while  Edward  Fitzgerald  of  the  C.P.R.  had  been 
made  Assistant  to  the  Chairman,  Mark  H.  Irish,  M.L.A.,  Toronto, 
Director  of  Labour  for  Canada,  under  the  Board,  and  some  months 
later  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott,  Toronto,  was  appointed  Ontario  Director  of 
this  Department  with  Miss  Wiseman  as  Supervisor  of  Woman 
Labour  in  Munitions.  An  incident  of  the  latter  part  of  1916  was 
the  difficulty  as  to  Hydro-electric  power  between  the  Canadian 
Niagara  Power  Co.,  the  Ontario  Hydro- Commission  and  the  Muni- 
tions Board,  as  it  affected  munitions.  There  was  danger  of  stop- 
page in  plants  and  this  evoked  a  spirited  remark  from  Mr.  Flavelle 
in  Toronto  on  Dec.  18:  "One  of  the  first  things  I  heard  upon  my 
return  from  England  was  that  there  was  trouble  over  a  shortage  of 
electric  horsepower  in  the  Province  and  a  heavy  demand  for  it  on 
account  of  Christmas  trading.  Christmas  trading.  My  God !  What 
difference  does  it  make  at  this  crisis  whether  Tom  Smith  sells  a 
dollar's  worth  of  jewelry.  What  if  John  Brown  finds  his  profits 
and  loss  sheet  affected  because  there  is  not  light  enough."  The 
difficulty  was  adjusted.  On  Sept.  24  the  Canadian  Car  Co.  reported 
the  value  of  unfilled  orders  on  its  books  at  $15,000,000  and  its 
plant  to  be  tied  up  in  large  Russian  war  contracts  which  would  be 
completed  in  2  or  3  months  and  on  Nov.  24  it  was  stated  to  have 
received  a  Canadian  contract  of  $14,000,000  from  the  Munitions 
Board  for  forgings  to  be  supplied  to  munition  plants — enough  to 
keep  its  subsidiary  Canadian  Steel  Foundries  engaged  at  capacity 
during  1917.  On  Dec.  2  the  construction  was  announced  of  an- 
other large  Munitions  plant  at  Montreal  by  the  International  Arms 
&  Fuse  Co.  of  New  York,  backed  up  by  the  Munitions  Board. 

At  the  close  of  1916  Canada  was  producing  various  sizes  of 
shells  up  to  9-2,  its  shell  business  under  the  control  of  the  Muni- 
tions Board  was  one  of  the  greatest  business  organizations  in  the 
world,  large  quantities  of  copper  and  brass  were  being  used  and 
copper  and  zinc  were  being  refined  in  Canada,  the  expenditures  of 
the  Board  for  munitions  in  1916  totalled  $300,000,000,*  two  Na- 
tional plants  were  underway  for  the  production  of  propellants,  high 

*NOTE. — Information  by  courtesy  of  Mr.  J.  W.  Flavelle,  Jan.  23,  1917. 


296  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

explosives,  loading  plants  for  fuses  and  forging  plants,  with  one 
nearly  completed,  and  the  cost  of  the  two  factories  placed  at  $4,- 
250,000.  The  Board  also  had  a  series  of  factories  under  construc- 
tion in  connection  with  the  proposed  airplane  service  which  would 
call  for  the  expenditure  of  about  $15,000,000.  A  final  credit  to 
the  Board  of  $50,000,000  granted  by  the  Banks  on  Dec.  29  made 
the  amount  of  Canadian  advances  in  this  connection  $250,000,000. 
As  to  the  total  production  of  Munitions  there  were  various  state- 
ments. The  Canadian  correspondent  of  the  London  Times,  in  a  fin- 
ancial review  of  1916,  put  the  actual  value  of  war  contracts  placed 
in  Canada  by  the  Allied  Governments  at  $1,000,000,000,  with 
domestic  war  orders  totalling  $100,000,000.  The  Prime  Minister  in 
the  Commons*  quoted  the  Chairman  of  the  Munitions  Board  as 
responsible,  for  the  statement  that  at  the  close  of  1916  there  were 
304,000  persons  working  in  connection  with  Munitions  and  630  fac- 
tories, chemical  plants  and  loading  stations  under  operation,  with 
contracts  in  hand  for  1917,  and  including  aeroplanes,  which  totalled 
$700,000,000.  The  Toronto  News  put  the  figures  of  total  produc- 
tion at  $1,097,000,000  which  was  an  acceptance  of  those  previously 
compiled  by  the  Monetary  Times  of  Toronto  and  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing tables: 

Shells,  fixed  ammunition,  etc.   .  .Aug.,    1914-Dec.,    1916    $365,000,000 

Shells,    ammunition,   etc Jan. -Sept.,     1916     185,000,000 

Shells,    ammunition,    etc Sept.-Dec.,    1916    (estimated)     50,000,000 

General    Supplies    Aug.,    1914-Dec.,    1915    235,000,000 

General    Supplies    Jan.-Dec.,    1916    260,000,000 

Total .' $1,095,000,000 

The  Ross  Rifle  question  was  one  which  affected  the 
ThetRo88AR-fliP8S  P0Pu^ar^v  °^  Sir  Sam  Hughes,  as  Minister,  to  a  con- 
and  Canadian*  siderable  extent  during  this  and  preceding  years.  At 
Aviation  Efforts  the  same  time  the  subject  was  too  technical  for  the 
masses  to  understand,  while  opinion  was  divided 
amongst  officers  and,  curiously  enough  in  Canada,  amongst  politi- 
cians on  non-party  lines;  the  soldiers  at  the  Front  appear  to  have 
early  lost  confidence  in  it  as  a  war  weapon.  From  the  beginning  of 
the  War  constant  consideration  had  been  given  to  this  arm  by  the 
Militia  Council,  by  officers  in  England,  by  the  Commanders  in 
France,  by  the  Canadian  Government,  and  even  the  British  Gov- 
ernment had  from  time  to  time  to  answer  or  evade  questions  in 
Parliament.  The  original  contract  had  been  made  in  1902  by  Sir 
F.  W.  Borden,  Minister  of  Militia  in  the  Laurier  Government, 
with  Sir  Charles  Ross,  Bart.,  with  a  view  to  manufacturing  a 
national  service  arm  for  Canada.  Dated  Mar.  27  this  document 
declared  that : 

It  is  considered  in  the  general  interest  of  Canada  that  the  rifles  required 
by  the  Government  for  the  purposes  of  Militia  and  Defence  should  be 
manufactured  in  Canada  and,  whereas,  the  Contractor  has  proposed  by  him- 
self, or  his  assigns,  to  undertake  the  establishment  and  operation  of  a 
suitable  factory  in  Canada  for  the  manufacture  of  such  rifles,  and  to  supply 
the  Government  with  the  rifles  so  required,  manufactured  at  the  said  factory 

*NOTK.— Jan.  22,  1917. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  THE  Ross  RIFLE  AND  AVIATION 


297 


and  delivered  at  a  cost  to  the  Government  not  exceeding  that  which  the 
Government  would  have  to  pay  for  similar  rifles  purchased  by  or  for  the 
Government  as  heretofore  in  the  English  market. 

A  factory  was  to  be  established  (and  was  duly  erected)  near 
Quebec ;  12,000  rifles  yearly  were  to  be  delivered  to  the  Government 
equal  to  "a  standard  sample  rifle  approved  by  the  Minister";  the 
Government  was  to  "be  bound  and  entitled  to  purchase  from  the 
Contractor  all  rifles  required  for  the  use  of  the  Government  during 
the  continuance  of  this  contract."  The  Government  was  to  "pay 
for  the  said  12,000  rifles  mentioned  in  the  second  clause  of  this 
contract  at  the  rate  of  $25  for  each  such  rifle" — subject  to  this 
price  not  being  in  excess  of  current  English  rates;  if  a  new  and 
improved  rifle  were  to  be  invented  which  the  Government  ap- 
proved the  latter  "may  furnish  to  the  Contractor  a  standard 
sample  of  such  new  rifle  and  give  the  Contractor  12  months'  notice 
in  writing  requiring  that  the  rifles  to  be  delivered  by  the  Contractor 
shall  correspond  to  the  standard  sample  of  such  new  rifle  so 
furnished."  When  the  Borden  Government  came  into  office  in 
1911  they  found  this  contract  standing  and  the  rifles  under  con- 
tinuous construction  with  a  newly  appointed  Minister  of  Militia 
who  had  supported  the  original  contract  and  strongly  endorsed  the 
rifle  itself.  Hence  no  year's  notice  of  termination  was  given  and 
when  the  War  came  it  probably  was  not  even  thought  of. 

Rifles  were  needed  badly  in  England  as  well  as  Canada,  and 
though  these  had  never  been  tested  in  war  they  had  been  found 
excellent  in  target  practice  and  hunting.  Hence  the  first  Can- 
adian troops  were  naturally  armed  with  them  through  an  order 
given  by  the  new  Minister  on  Nov.  3,  1911,  for  a  modified  form  of 
the  Ross  known  as  Mark  III,  while  100,000  were  ordered  by  the 
British  Government  of  which  48,000  had  been  delivered  by  the 
close  of  1916.  Up  to  Mar.  31,  1915,  the  Ross  Rifle  Co.  of  which 
Sir  Charles  Ross  was  President — and  in  which  he  absolutely  denied 
that  Canadian  public  men  and  others  had  any  financial  interest* 
— had  delivered  149,023  rifles  to  the  Canadian  Government  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  $5,487,423.  As  time  passed  many  minor  changes 
had  been  made  in  the  construction  of  the  rifle  itself  under  specific 
recommendations  of  the  Small  Arms  Committee  at  Ottawa,  and  on 
July  9,  1915,  following  recommendations  from  P.  M.  Sir  John 
French,  the  Militia  Council  approved  the  enlargement  of  the  Ross 
Rifle  chambers  to  suit  British  ammunition  and  instructions  were 
issued  accordingly.  There  had,  meanwhile,  been  many  rumors  as 
to  the  rifle  and,  in  particular,  about  its  "jamming"  qualities. 

General  Hughes  maintained  his  absolute  faith  in  it  and  believed 
any  troubles  which  had  arisen  to  be  due  to  defective  British  am- 
munition and,  it  was  alleged,  the  Princess  Patricia's  who  were 
armed  with  Lee-Enfields  also  had  trouble  with  the  ammunition. 
From  the  Canadians  of  the  1st  Division  after  St.  Julien  and  Festu- 
bert,  however,  (where  Canadian  ammunition  was  used)  and  Giv- 

*NOTE. — In  a  letter  to  Ottawa  Citizen,  Jan.  4,  1917,  Sir  Charles  stated  that  "there 
is  no  joint  stock  company,  there  are  no  shares,  nor  has  anyone  in  Canada  any  interest 
in  my  business." 


298  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

enchy,  came  many  complaints  of  the  Ross  Rifle,  while  some  time 
afterwards  (June  13,  1915)  F.  M.  Sir  John  French  stated  in  a 
Report  to  the  War  Office  that  in  view  of  rumours  as  to  increasing 
lack  of  confidence  in  the  Rifle  he  had  appointed  a  small  expert  Com- 
mittee to  test  it  with  various  kinds  of  ammunition  and  they  had 
reported  (1)  that  the  Ross  Rifle  could  not  be  relied  upon  to  work 
smoothly  and  efficiently  in  rapid  fire  with  any  ammunition  other 
than  that  of  Canadian  manufacture;  (2)  that  no  ammunition  of 
this  nature  was  available  nor  could  sufficient  supplies  be  obtained ; 
and  (3)  that  there  was  obvious  dissatisfaction  felt  with  the  rifle.  He, 
therefore,  had  ordered  the  re-arming  of  the  Division  with  the  Lee- 
Enfield  and  this  had  been  done  prior  to  the  action  of  June  15.  He 
would  be  glad  to  have  further  tests  made  with  Canadian  ammuni- 
tion, if  desired.  As  to  the  rest :  * '  I  have  never  condemned  the  Ross 
rifle  nor  have  I  any  sufficient  data  to  justify  me  in  doing  so." 

Following  the  changes  in  the  chambers  the  rifle  was  submitted 
to  special  tests  in  England  and  Sir  Max  Aitken,  who  witnessed 
them,  Lieut.-Col.  E.  Prismal,  a  British  expert  officer,  Capt.  C.  H. 
Ackerman,  a  .Canadian  from  the  Front,  Ma j. -Gen.  J.  C.  MacDougall 
of  the  Canadian  forces  and  Maj.-Gen.  S.  B.  Steele,  C.B.,  stated  that 
the  results  were  quite  satisfactory.*  On  Mar.  30,  1916,  however, 
the  Prime  Minister  cabled  Sir  George  Perley  to  ascertain  if  Lee- 
Enfields  or  some  other  improved  rifle  could  be  obtained  for  the 
troops  and  was  advised  that  the  British  Government  could  not 
spare  any  at  that  juncture.  Then,  on  May  17,  the  Ottawa  Citizen 
published  a  letter  written  in  March,  1916,  by  Maj.-Gen.  E.  A.  H. 
Alderson,  C.B.,  Commander  of  the  Canadian  troops  at  the  Front, 
which  created  a  sensation  at  Ottawa  and  revived  the  whole  issue. 
Though  not  stated  at  this  time  it  afterwards  transpired  that  the 
letter  had  been  addressed  to  Maj.-Gen.  W.  G.  Gwatkin,  Chief  of 
Staff,  and  its  chief  points  were  as  follows : 

I  may  say  that  very  soon  after  we  got  out  here  with  the  1st  Division 
I  found  that  the  men  were  picking  up  the  Lee-Enfields  whenever  they  could 
and  throwing  away  the  Bosses.  I  issued  an  order  that  this  was  not  to  be 
allowed,  and  prior  to  the  2nd  Battle  of  Ypres  that  order  was  carried  out. 
The  experience  of  the  battle  showed  that  the  Boss  jammed  so  badly  that  I 
was  obliged  to  let  this  order  die  a  natural  death.  When  the  Division  was 
re-armed  with  the  Lee-Enfield  the  men  cheered  loudly  on  hearing  the  news, 
and  it  was  found  that  there  were  already  more  than  3,000  of  the  rifles  in 
the  Division. 

I  attach  a  copy  of  a  report  on  the  test  of  ammunition  we  had  when 
Carson  and  Max  Aitken  were  last  here  together.  From  this  you  will  see  that 
the  Lee-Enfield  fired  from  100  to  125  rounds,  as  rapidly  as  possible,  with  all 
three  marks  of  ammunition  named,  while  the  Boss  jammed  from  the  25th  to 
the  50th  round.  This  report,  which  as  you  will  see  was  signed  by  both 
Carson  and  Aitken,  does  not  state,  as  it  should,  that  the  Lee-Enfield,  although 
handled  by  men  not  trained  to  it,  fired  its  100  rounds  in  about  one-third 
less  time  than  the  Boss. 

In  the  Commons  on  May  17  Sir  Robert  Borden  announced  that 
he  had  (May  15),  two  days  before  the  Alderson  letter  was  published, 
cabled  the  Commander-in-Chief  at  the  Front,  asking  him  to  make 

*NOTE. — Semi-official  press  despatch  from  Ottawa,  May  22,   1916. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  THE  Ross  RIFLE  AND  AVIATION 


299 


a  thorough  camparative  test  of  the  Ross  and  Lee-Enfield  Rifles ;  on 
June  5  he  cabled  Sir  Win.  Robertson,  Imperial  Chief  of  Staff, 
asking  for  these  tests  and  leaving  further  action  to  the  military 
authorities ;  on  the  same  day  he  asked  Sir  George  Perley  to  ascertain 
if  any  recent  rifle  improvements  had  been  obtained  by  the  British 
Government  and  stated  that  "if  new  type  of  rifle  has  been  finally 
adopted  we  are  prepared  to  adopt  it  if  found  satisfactory,  so  that 
our  rifle  in  future  will  be  of  same  type  as  British.  In  that  case 
British  order  for  Ross  rifles  might  be  cancelled  and  new  order  for 
100,000  rifles  new  type  given  instead."  The  Acting  High  Com- 
missioner replied  on  the  8th  that  War  Office  would  not  commit 
itself  as  to  an  after-war  rifle  but  would  be  glad  if  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment would  adopt  the  new  Lee-Enfield  pattern  then  under 
manufacture  in  th*  United  States.  On  the  24th  Sir  Robert,  who 
appears  to  have  taken  over  this  matter  entirely  from  his  Minister 
of  Militia,  cabled  Sir  George  Perley,  again,  asking  for  "definite, 
reliable  and  thorough  report  on  the  merits  of  rifle."  The  reply 
came  on  July  5: 

Have  communication  from  War  Office  covering  letters  recently  received 
from  Commander-in-Chief  Armies  in  France  who  reports  efficiency  Boss  rifle 
thoroughly  tested  by  actual  fighting  in  field,  that  he  has  again  consulted 
General  Officer  Commanding  Second  Army  in  case  fresh  points  have  come  to 
light  during  recent  heavy  fighting  by  Canadians  near  Ypres.  Latter  states 
his  experience  working  Eoss  rifle  during  last  fight  has  only  confirmed  hii 
opinion  that  Canadians  in  3rd  Division  have  lost  confidence  in  their  rifle  and 
he  recommends  that  rifles  this  Division  be  exchanged.  Sir  Douglas  Haig 
remarks  that  although  reports  from  2nd  Division  not  to  same  effect  he  is  of 
opinion  Lee-Enfield  should  be  issued  to  all  three  Divisions  Canadian  Corps. 
Army  Council  agree  with  this  opinion  and  have  his  proposal  to  exchange 
rifles  2nd  and  3rd  Divisions  for  Lee-Enfield  pattern  and  steps  will  be  taken 
forthwith  effect  exchange.  Army  Council  hope  be  able  utilize  Ross  rifles 
released  from  France,  also  those  in  possession  Canadian  troops  England,  for 
other  purposes  connected  with  War.  They  would  be  glad  if  steps  could  be 
taken  stop  any  more  Eoss  rifles  being  brought  to  England,  it  being  understood 
they  thereby  make  themselves  responsible  for  supplying  necessary  rifles  to 
Canadian  troops  on  arrival  here. 

The  War  Office  also  handed  to  Sir  George  Perley  two  Reports 
from  Sir  Douglas  Haig  (May  23  and  June  21)  in  one  of  which  he 
declared  the  Ross  rifle  "less  trustworthy  than  the  British  arm"  and 
advised  the  re-equipment  of  the  two  Divisions.  By  the  llth  of 
July  this  change  had  been  effected.  The  4th  Division,  which 
shortly  afterwards  went  to  the  Front,  were  re-armed  after  their 
arrival.  On  Nov.  15,  following,  a  Canadian  Order-in-Council 
adopted  for  the  purpose  of  future  production  in  Canada  the  ap- 
proved Lee-Enfield  rifle  which  was  being  produced  for  the  British 
Government  in  the  United  States,  but  which  had  not  yet  been  pro- 
duced in  Great  Britain.  The  great  desirability  was  pointed  out  of 
the  Rifle  to  be  issued  to  the  Canadian  forces  in  future  being  the 
same  in  every  respect  as  that  to  be  supplied  to  the  other  forces  of 
the  British  Empire.  Meantime  the  orders  under  contract  with  the 
Ross  Company,  involving  97,000  for  Canada  and  57,000  for  the 
British  Government,  were  to  be  carried  out. 

Sir  Sam  Hughes  refused  to  fall  in  with  criticisms  of  this  much- 


300  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

discussed  rifle  and  observed  at  Toronto  on  May  23:  "Look  at  what 
a  Highland  battalion  and  two  other  regiments  did  at  St.  Julien. 
They  held  their  position  with  very  little  change  for  four  days 
against  100,000  of  an  enemy,  equipped  with  machine  guns.  Yet  our 
men  had  only  the  Ross  arm.  What  more  can  a  man  ask  of  a  rifle  ? ' ' 
It  must  be  noted,  also,  that  the  1st  and  2nd  Canadian  Divisions 
contained  many  ex-Service  men  who  were  familiar  with,  and  natur- 
ally wanted,  the  Lee-Enfields ;  there  had  been  no  stated  demand 
from  the  3rd  Division  for  any  change.  To  General  Alderson — who 
retired  shortly  afterwards  from  the  command  of  the  Canadian 
forces — the  Minister  wrote  one  of  his  characteristic  letters  on  Mar. 
7.  He  stated  that  Gen.  Gwatkin  had  shown  him  the  letter  quoted 
above  and  that  he  was  "well  aware  that  very  few  officers,  British 
or  Canadian,  know  much  about  any  rifle,  especially  a  new  one  like 
the  Ross;"  that  the  Lee-Enfield  jammed  far  worse  and  more  fre- 
quently than  the  Ross  and  that  the  whole  trouble,  which  he  termed 
criminal,  was  due  to  bad  ammunition;  that  the  "amateur"  tests 
supervised  by  Gen.  Alderson  and  others  really  showed  the  super- 
iority of  the  Ross — even  with  * '  bad  ammunition ' ' ;  that  ' '  your  em- 
phatic energy  might  better  be  directed  to  having  your  officers  of 
every  grade  responsible  in  the  premises  to  make  sure  that  none  of 
the  defective  ammunition  again  finds  its  way  into  the  Canadian 
ranks."  After  that  there  was  only  one  course  for  Gen.  Alderson 
to  take,  and  he  took  it. 

Aviation  called  for  a  select  and  limited  number  of  men;  it 
required  special  aptitudes  and  training.  As  a  military  arm  in 
Canada  it  had  during  1915  no  strong  official  support  as  the  Minis- 
ter of  Militia  was  understood  not  to  care  for  this  branch  of  the 
Service  in  comparison  with  others.  During  that  year  there  had 
been  tentative  private  efforts  at  organization  and  training  and  the 
raising  of  the  necessary  funds ;  an  active  class  of  young  men  were 
anxious  to  take  up  aviation  and  a  movement  along  this  line  was 
energetically  pressed  by  Col.  W.  Hamilton  Merritt  of  Toronto.  It 
was  understood  that  the  British  War  Office  wanted  aviators  and 
individual  Canadians  who  went  over  from  time  to  time  soon  found 
a  place  in  the  British  service  when  its  requirements  were  met.  Col. 
Merritt  wrote  the  War  Office  as  to  his  efforts  to  organize  a  Canadian 
Fund  for  the  purpose  of  training  aviators,  which  he  had  started 
months  before,  and  a  reply  of  Feb.  18,  1916,  stated  that  his  scheme 
should  prove  of  ' '  material  assistance ' '  and  that  ' '  on  completion  of 
their  training  in  Canada,  these  men  would  be  enlisted  in  the  Royal 
Flying  Corps  as  2nd-class  air  mechanics,  draw  pay  as  such  at  the 
rates  provided  in  the  royal  warrant  for  pay,  etc.,  and  be  granted 
free  passage."  Meanwhile  Lieut.-Col.  C.  J.  Burk,  D.S.O.,  had  been 
sent  to  Canada  to  make  extensive  first-hand  inquiries  regarding  the 
possibility  of  training  young  Canadians  to  become  military  and 
naval  aviators.  He  had  travelled  from  coast  to  coast  making  in- 
spections, and  on  his  return  to  London  early  in  1916  was  under- 
stood to  have  reported  favourably  upon  the  proposals  of  Col.  Mer- 
ritt and  others  in  Toronto,  Winnipeg  and  Vancouver  who  had  been 
specially  anxious  in  the  matter. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  THE  Ross  RIFLE  AND  AVIATION          301 

Revived  efforts  followed  with  the  appointment  of  a  Committee 
in  Toronto  (A.  G.  C.  Dinnick,  Chairman)  to  arrange  the  establish- 
ment of  a  local  Training  School ;  the  collection  of  a  Fund  in  Van- 
couver to  help  the  B.  C.  Aviation  School  in  the  purchase  of  5 
aeroplanes  then  under  local  construction ;  a  statement  dated  Mar. 
16  from  H.R.H.  the  Governor- General  that  "he  endorses  the  War 
Office  letter  to  the  effect  that  if  you  train  5  to  10  candidates  per 
month  for  the  Royal  Flying  Corps,  who  are  under  30  years  of  age, 
medically  qualified,  of  proved  British  birth  and  obtain  a  flying 
pilot's  certificate,  they  will  be  accepted  for  enlistment  in  the  Royal 
Flying  Corps  during  the  War."  It  was,  however,  pointed  out  by 
Col.  E.  A.  Stanton  in  the  same  letter  that  "this  has  nothing  to  do 
with  a  future  Canadian  Flying  Service,  as  His  Royal  Highness 
understands  that  the  Canadian  Government  does  not  contemplate 
any  such  department  at  present."  On  May  12  the  Naval  Services 
Department  announced  from  Ottawa  that  the  Admiralty  was  call- 
ing for  a  limited  number  of  trained  aviators  from  Canada  for  com- 
missions in  the  Royal  Naval  Air  Service,  and  that,  with  a  view  to 
providing  training,  the  Curtis  Aviation  School  would  be  re-opened 
in  Toronto.  Canadian  aviators  wishing  to  enter  the  service  were 
requested  to  apply  to  the  Department  and  the  age  limits  of  can- 
didates were  set  at  19  to  25  years.  Only  well-educated,  athletic 
and  thoroughly  fit  men,  with  excellent  eye-sight,  could  be  accepted. 
A  month  later  nine  casualties  were  announced  amongst  the  400 
or  more  Canadian  Aviators  already  in  the  British  service. 

Meantime  the  Curtiss  Flying  School  of  Aviation  had  been  under- 
way with  5  men  a  month  in  training  at  a  payment  of  $1,000  each 
and,  on  July  13,  a  Deputation  headed  by  Col.  Merritt  and  Mayor 
Church  asked  the  Ontario  Government  to  either  aid  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  Inter-Provincial  School  at  Deseronto  or  join  the 
Dominion  Government  in  granting  $100  to  each  student  upon  com- 
pletion of  his  course ;  the  City  Council  granted  $8.00  a  week  to  each 
student  from  Toronto  preparing  for  the  Royal  Flying  Corps;  the 
British  Government  guaranteed  $375  of  his  expenses  to  each 
accepted  aviator.  During  the  summer  the  movement  extended  and 
from  London  came  a  cable  on  Aug.  23  to  the  Montreal  Gazette 
stating  that  "the  establishment  of  a  Canadian  Flying  Corps  is 
urged  not  only  for  military  utility  but  for  commercial  benefits,  as 
it  would  mean  a  new  industry  for  Canada,  the  proposal  being  to 
build  the  aeroplanes  in  the  Dominion."  It  was  added  that  8  Can- 
adian Flying  officers  were  on  their  way  to  Canada  to  act  as  in- 
structors. The  Aviators  in  training  at  Long  Branch,  near  Toronto, 
were  inspected  by  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  on  Sept.  7  and  a 
statement  of  work  done  and  progress  made  by  the  Canadian  Avia- 
tion Fund  was  read  by  Col.  Hamilton  Merritt  who,  also,  urged  the 
presentation  by  each  Canadian  Province  of  a  squadron  of  10 
Battle-planes  to  the  Royal  Flying  Corps.  At  the  end  of  this  month 
Capt.  Lord  Alastair  Innes-Ker,  D.S.O.,  arrived  in  Canada  to  recruit 
for  officers  and  men  in  the  Military  branch  of  the  Service  and  he 
visited  Ottawa,  Toronto,  Montreal,  Winnipeg,  Regina,  Calgary, 
Vancouver  and  Victoria. 


302  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Matters  moved  swiftly  after  this.  -Mr.  Premier  Hearst  of  On- 
tario returned  from  England  in  October  strongly  favourable  to  the 
establishment  of  a  Canadian  Corps  and  it  was  announced  about 
the  same  time  that  an  Aeroplane  factory  costing  $1,000,000  and 
equipped  to  turn  out  6  machines  a  month  was  to  be  erected  in 
Toronto  with  advance  contracts  of  purchase  from  the  British  Gov- 
ernment. The  project  was  to  be  financed  by  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment, and  controlled  by  a  Board  of  three  members — one  represent- 
ing the  Admiralty,  one  the  War  Office,  with  a  business  man  nomin- 
ated by  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  of  Canada.  It  was  under- 
stood that  this  action  was  taken  as  the  result  of  a  careful  inquiry 
made  in  which  the  Board  found  that  very  large  orders  for  aero- 
planes had  been  placed  in  the  United  States — $12,000,000,  for 
instance,  with  the  Curtiss  Company  of  Buffalo.  On  Nov.  24  it 
was  stated  that  Canadian  Aeroplanes,  Ltd.,  a  creation  of  the  Board, 
had  been  organized  with  a  capital  stock  of  $500,000  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  over  the  Curtiss  Aeroplane  Co.  plant  in  Toronto.  Frank 
W.  Baillie  of  the  Canadian  Cartridge  Co.,  Hamilton,  who  had  given 
to  the  Government  $750,000,  representing  profits  on  war  orders, 
was  appointed  Managing-Director. 

J.  W.  Flavelle,  E.  R.  Wood  and  Mr.  Baillie  were  the  men 
chiefly  associated  with  the  project  which  would,  in  time,  involve 
many  millions  of  capital  and  expenditure.  In  December  the  Naval 
Services  Department  called  for  more  Canadian  aviators  for  the 
Royal  Naval  Air  Service  and  also  for  Canadian  recruits  as  Naval 
Signallers  and  an  Aero  Club  of  Canada  was  formed,  in  touch  with 
the  Royal  Flying  Corps,  with  Col.  Hamilton  Merritt  as  President, 
Lieut.-Col.  H.  C.  Cox,  Toronto,  Vice-President  for  Ontario;  Carl 
Riordon,  Montreal,  Vice-President  for  Quebec;  W.  R.  Allan,  Win- 
nipeg, Vice-President  for  Manitoba.  Its  objects  were  as  follows: 
"To  encourage  various  forms  of  aviation,  to  develop  the  science  of 
aeronautics  and  kindred  sciences,  to  encourage  the  manufacture  of 
aeronautic  devices,  to  plan  conferences,  expositions  and  contests, 
to  issue  pilots'  licenses  to  qualified  aviators,  and  to  assist  those 
desirous  of  taking  up  aviation  with  a  view  to  serving  in  the  War. ' ' 
The  year  closed  with  a  complete  Squadron  of  Canadian  airmen 
at  Belfort  in  France  and  other  Canadian  aviators  in  Mesopotamia, 
on  the  Somme,  at  Dunkirk  and  in  East  Africa.  In  Montreal  the 
Canadian  Division  of  the  Aerial  League  of  the  British  Empire 
continued  in  1916  its  active  work  with  Sir  H.  S.  Holt  as  President 
and  G.  R.  Lighthall  Hon.-Secretary. 

The  year  1916  began  with  a  record  for  recruiting 
Military  Affairs:  wnich  coloured  public  thought  and  influenced  Gov- 
concNtu>ns  eminent  action  throughout  its  course.  Certainly,  the 
and  Policy  response  to  the  appeal  of  patriotism  in  the  first  three 
months  of  the  year,  the  immediate  reply  to  Sir  Robert 
Borden's  call*  for  500,000  men,  was  splendid.  During  January 
29,212  men  enlisted  in  all  Canada,  in  February  26,658  enlisted,  dur- 

*NOTE. — See  1915  volume  for  the  Premier's  Address  to  the  People  on  Dec.  31st  of 
that  year. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       303 

ing  March  32,705  joined  the  ranks — a  total  of  88,575,  or  over  1,000  a  i 
day  if  Sundays  were  excluded.  About  this  time  (Mar.  20- Apr.  28)  l 
the  United  States,  with  its  100,000,000  population  was  recruiting 
at  high  pressure  for  possible  Mexican  service,  under  the  Hay 
Emergency  Act  of  the  late  Congress,  and  obtained  5,417  soldiers 
or  150  a  day.  The  rejections  were  18,442.  In  Manitoba  and  Sas- 
katchewan during  these  months  14,000  men  enlisted;  in  Toronto, 
on  one  day  (Feb.  14)  574  men  offered  and  on  another  day  (Jan. 
31)  328  were  accepted ;  at  Perdue,  Sask.,  out  of  a  total  population  of 
500,  87  men  had  answered  the  call  by  the  middle  of  this  year;  in 
Firdale,  Man.,  and  its  surrounding  territory  there  was  not  at  the 
close  of  March  an  unmarried  man  remaining.  The  next  two  months 
were  not  quite  so  good  and  ran  about  800  a  day  for  the  whole  coun- 
try with  a  total  of  334,000  on  June  1st  as  against  207,000  on  Jan. 
1st.  Taking  the  total  of  June  1st  and  utilizing  other  official  figures* 
the  following  table  indicates  the  situation: 


Ages  18  to  45 
Province 
Prince  Edward    .  .  . 
Nova    Scotia    
New  Brunswick  .  .  . 

Canadian 
born 
16,592 
85,909 
64,188 
341,783 
410,896 
49,868 
61,193 
37,446 
41,508 

British 
born 
157 
8,437 
2,371 
23.066 
106,997 
39,806 
38,871 
31,954 
54,718 

Foreign 
born 
119 
4,147 
2,151 
26,048 
64,353 
33,088 
58,843 
53,515 
62,046 

Total    Proportion  of  Enlisted  to 
Eligible       500,000  June  1,  1916 
16,868  1 
98,498   V       63,000            31,061 
68,710  j 
390,897         139,000            34,908 
582,246         185,000         138,491 

llllfl   }       60>000            68'858 
122,915            26,000            30,709 
158,272           27,000           30,709 

Ontario     
Manitoba     
Saskatchewan     .... 
Alberta      
British    Columbia    . 

Totals 1,109,383         306,377         304,310      1,720,075         500,000         334;736 

It  was  little  wonder  that  the  Government  was  optimistic  andl 
that  talk  of  difficulties,  Registration  and  Conscription  was  tabooed! 
during  these  months.  Sir  Sam  Hughes  began  the  year  with  this 
feeling  and  in  announcing  the  Divisions  apportioned  to  different 
parts  of  Canada  on  Jan.  5  expressed  the  greatest  confidence  as  to 
completing  the  500,000  within  a  few  months.  The  allotment  was 
as  fallows :  Toronto  District,  5  Divisions ;  Western  Ontario,  2  Divi- 
sions; Eastern  Ontario,  2  Divisions;  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan, 
3  Divisions ;  Alberta,  2  Divisions ;  British  Columbia,  2  Divisions ; 
Quebec,  3,  possibly  4,  Divisions,  and  the  Maritime  Provinces  2 
Divisions.  In  an  Ottawa  interview  on  the  7th  the  Minister  indi- 
cated this  hopefulness  very  clearly  in  denying  rumours  as  to  adop- 
tion of  the  Derby  method :  * '  The  Canadian  scheme  of  recruiting  on  ; 
the  straight  voluntary  basis  is  by  all  odds  the  best,  and  I  donV 
intend  to  substitute  any  other  scheme  for  the  one  which  has  brought 
such  fine  results  in  the  Dominion  and  which  continues  to  bring 
good  results.  .  .  .  When  we  undertook  to  raise  our  second 
Division  there  were  skeptics  everywhere  who  shook  their  heads 
gloomily  and  said  we  could  not  do  it.  But  we  did  it.  When  the 
second  100,000  was  authorized  we  had  more  skepticism.  But  we 
raised  that,  and  we  will  raise  the  number  now  authorized  just  in 
the  same  way,  voluntarily  and  without  compulsion  or  the  semblance 
of  compulsion."  At  the  same  time  the  Minister  was  blunt  in  his 
criticism  of  certain  interests.  He  claimed  that  there  were  thousands 

*N«TE. — Census   and   Statistics   Department,    Ottawa.      From   the   eligible  total   given 
there  should  be  certain  deductions  such  as  20%   for  unfit,  etc. 


304  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  young  men  of  military  age  engaged  in  the  banking  institutions 
of  the  country  who  were  being  discouraged  by  their  employers  from 
enlisting ;  as  3,500  had  enlisted  from  the  Banks  up  to  this  date  and 
as  these  institutions  were  seriously  inconvenienced  for  help  long 
before  the  end  of  the  year,  the  comment,  appears  to  have  been  more 
hasty  than  just.  He  urged  clergymen  to  assist  in  farming  opera- 
tions and  thus  free  farmers'  sons  for  enlistment. 

The  task  in  hand  involved  the  recruiting  of  30  per  cent,  of  all 
males  of  military  age  in  the  Dominion,  or  about  1%  of  the  total 
population  with  10  per  cent,  as  the  technical  estimate  of  what 
could  be  economically  taken  from  any  population  for  war  purposes. 
In  the  first  part  of  the  year  recruiting  had  been  splendid  as  the 
/above  figures  indicate ;  then  in  the  summer  months  the  decline  in 
enlistment  became  gradually  more  and  more  obvious ;  the  difficulties 
grew  greater  and  the  struggles  of  the  recruiting  officers  were 
pathetic;  the  evidences  of  non-patriotic  feeling  or  of  indifference 
more  clear.  During  the  seven  months  of  June-December  the  total 
.  of  straight  recruiting  under  the  Militia  Department  was  58,000 
over  the  figures  of  June  1  and  at  the  rate  of  a  little  more  than  300 
per  day.  The  totals  for  9  months  were  as  follows:  April  23,289, 
y  May  15,090,  June  10,795,  July  8,675,  August  7,267,  September 
6,357,  October  6,033,  November  6,548,  December  5,791.  To  these  fig- 
ures, however,  might  properly  be  added  many  others*  such  as  9,052 
men  of  the  Militia  called  out  for  purposes  of  home  service ;  the  Per- 
manent Force  of  2,470  men  and  a  Canadian  Naval  Service  force 
of  3,310;  the  .1,600  volunteers  for  the  British  Naval  Service  and 
1,200  men  provided  for  the  Imperial  Mechanical  Transport  Corps ; 
3,000  volunteers  for  expert  munition  work  in  Britain ;  2,750  British 
reservists — a  minimum  and  very  low  estimate — who  had  rejoined 
their  Colours  and  17,500  French,  Russian  and  Italian  reservists 
who  had  responded  to  their  national  calls.  The  total  was  434^529 
men  from  Canada  on  war  service  of  some  kind  with  a  deduction  of 
70,263  of  casualties — including  48,454  wounded,  of  whom,  no  doubt, 
about  half  were  able  to  return  to  the  Front. 

During  the  year  every  kind  of  inducement  was  offered  in 
aid  of  recruiting.  The  Government  had,  probably,  as  many  as 
1,000  officers  and  non-commissioned  officers  throughout  the  coun- 
try explaining,  arguing,  speaking  and  urging  the  young  men  to 
come  forward;  on  June  29  the  Toronto  World  urged  more  vigor- 
ous Government  action  and  suggested  that  Brig.-Gen.  James  Mason 
be  appointed  Canadian  Director  of  Recruiting;  in  August  a  Gov- 
ernment effort  was  made  to  provide  for  a  species  of  registration  of 
men  of  military  age,  so  as  to  distinguish  by  the  issue  of  badges, 
those  employed  in  necessary  industries,  those  who  had  offered  them- 
selves for  military  service  and  been  rejected,  and  the  honourably 
discharged  members  of  the  Canadian  Expeditionary  Force.  In- 
formation as  to  the  eligibility  of  possible  recruits  for  military  ser- 
vice was  to  be  gathered  by  District  recruiting  officers  and  furnished 
to  the  commanding  officers  of  units  which  it  was  desired  to  raise. 

*NOTE. — See  Speech  by  Sir  Robert  Borden  in  Commons  on  Jan.  22,  1917. 


T3 

si 

'SO 


il 


o  a 

ii 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS:  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       305 


The  following  Directors  of  Recruiting  were  appointed  under  Lieut. 
Col.  the  Rev.  Cecil  G.  Williams  as  Chief  Recruiting  Officer: 


Military  District  1 
2 
3 


London 
Toronto 
Kingston 
Montreal 


Hon.  Capt.  W.  E.  Hindson. 
Lieut.-Col.  The  Rev.  G.  H.  Williams. 
Major  The  Rev.  G.  T.  Campbell. 
Major    The    Rev.    C.    A.    Williams. 
Major  Ernest  Legare. 


Military  District  13     Calgary 


5  Quebec 

6  Halifax    Major  The  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Cutten. 

6  New  Brunswick    ....  Lieut.-Col.  J.  L.  McAvity. 

6  P.    E.    Island    Major  The  Rev.  T.  F.  Fullerton. 

11  Victoria C.  G.  Henshaw. 


Major   The    Rev.    Dr.    G.   W.    Kerby. 


Members  of  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Governments  spoke 
frequently,  though  not  as  often  as  a  part  of  the  press  and  the 
public  thought  they  should  have  done;  one  explanation  of  that 
being  the  fact  of  Ministers,  at  Ottawa  especially,  having  much 
heavier  duties  to  perform  than  in  times  of  peace.  The  local  Bat- 
talion, city  or  county,  idea  was  developed  to  its  uttermost — with 
the  one  important  exception  of  not  associating  the  Overseas  Bat- 
talions by  name  with  local  Regiments;  officers  of  local  popularity 
and  supposed  influence  were  appointed  in  command  and  did  most 
strenuous  work  all  over  the  country  in  promoting  enlistment.  So 
much  was  this  the  case,  and  so  heavy  were  the  personal  expenses 
incurred  in  raising  a  Battalion,  that  whether  these  officers  even- 
tually went  to  the  Front  or  not  the  public  and  the  Militia  Depart- 
ment owed  many  of  them  a  debt  of  gratitude.  The  following  List 
of  Commanders  of  Overseas  Battalions  at  the  close  of  1916  is  con- 
tinued from  the  1915  list.* 


Battalion   Headquarters 

Commanding 
Officers 

Battalion   Headquarters 

Commanding 
Officers 

Lieut.-Colonel 

Lieut.-Colonel 

172nd 

Kamloops 

J.   Vicars 

209th 

Swift  Current 

W.   O.   Smyth 

173rd 

Hamilton 

W.  H.   Bruce 

210th 

Moose  Jaw 

W.   E.    Seaborn 

174th 

Winnipeg 

H.  F.  Osier 

211th 

Vancouver 

W.  H.  Sage 

175th 
176th 

Medicine  Hat 
St.   Catharines 

N.   Spencer 
D.  Sharpe 

212th 
213th 

Winnipeg 
Toronto 

Amalgamated 
B.  J.  McCormick 

177th 

Simcoe 

J.    B.   McPhee 

214th 

Wadena 

J.   H.  Hearn 

178th 

Victoriaville 

R.A.DelaB.Girouard 

215th 

Brantford 

H.    Snider 

179th 

Winnipeg 

J.  Y.  Reid 

216th 

Toronto 

F.   L.  Burton 

180th 

Toronto 

R.  H.  Greer 

217th 

Moosomin 

A.   P.   Gillis 

181st 

Brandon 

D.  W.  Beaubier 

218th 

Edmonton 

J.    K.    Cornwall 

182nd 

Whitby 

A.   A.   Cockburn 

219th 

Halifax 

W.   H.   Muirhead 

183rd 

Winnipeg 

W.  T.  Edgecombe 

220th 

Toronto 

B.  H.  Brown 

184th 

Lisgar 

W.   H.   Sharpe 

221st 

Winnipeg 

L.    McMeans 

185th 

Halifax 

F.   P.   Day 

222nd 

Winnipeg 

J.   Light  foot 

186th 

Chatham 

Neil   Smith 

223rd 

Winnipeg 

H.  M.  Hanneson 

187th 

Red  Deer 

C.  W.  Robinson 

224th 

Ottawa 

A.  McDougall 

188th 

Prince  Albert 

S.  J.   Donaldson 

225th 

Fernie 

W.  H.  N.  Glossop 

189th 

Fraserville 

A.   Piuze 

226th 

Dauphin 

R.    A.    Gillespie 

190th 

Winnipeg 

G.   K.  W.  Watson 

227th 

Algoma 

C.    H.    Jones 

191st 

McLeod 

W.   C.   Bryan 

228th 

North   Bay 

A.   Earchman 

192nd 

Blairmore 

Disbanded 

229th 

Moose   Jaw 

H.  D.  Pickett 

193rd 

Truro 

R.  J.  S.  Langford 

230th 

Brockville 

R.  de  Salaberry 

194th 

Edmonton 

W.    C.    Craig 

231st 

Vancouver 

F.  E.  Leach 

195th 

Regina 

A.  C.  Garner 

232nd 

Battleford 

R.   P.   Laurier 

196th 

Winnipeg 

D.  I.  MacKay 

233rd 

Edmonton 

E.  Leprohon 

197th 

Winnipeg 

A.  G.  Fonseca 

234th 

Toronto 

W.   Wallace 

198th 

Toronto 

J.   A.   Cooper 

235th 

Belleville 

S.   B.   Scobell 

199th 

Montreal 

.   H.   J.   Trihey 

236th 

Frederickton 

P.   A.   Guthrie 

200th 

Winnipeg 

A.  L.  Bonnycastle 

237th 

Sussex 

Amalgamated 

201st 

Toronto 

K.  W.  Hagarty 

238th 

Valcartier 

W.  R.  Smyth,  M.P. 

202nd 

Edmonton 

P.  E.   Bowen 

239th 

Windsor 

J.   W.   Stewart 

203rd 

Winnipeg 

J.   E.   Hansford 

240th 

Renfrew 

E.  J.  Watt 

204th 

Toronto 

W.  H.  Price,  M.P.P 

241st 

Windsor 

W.   L.   McGregor 

205th 

Hamilton 

R.   R.   Moody 

242nd 

Montreal 

J.  B.  White 

206th 

Montreal 

(Disbanded) 

243rd 

Prince    Albert 

J.E.Bradshaw.M.P.P. 

207th 

Ottawa 

C.  W.  McLean 

244th 

Montreal 

F.  M.  McRobie 

208th 

Toronto 

T.  H.  Lennox,  M.P.P. 

245th 

Montreal 

C.   C.   Ballantyne 

"NOTE. — See  Pages  219-20  in  the   1915  volume  of  The  Canadian  Annual  Review. 

20 


306  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 


Battalion  Headquarters 

Commanding 
Officers 

Battalion  Headquarters        ^'Sfficer^ 

Lieut.-Colonel 

Lieut.-Colonel 

246th 

Halifax 

N.  H.   Parsons 

252nd 

Lindsay 

J.  Glass 

247th 

Peterboro 

C.   Ackerman 

253rd 

Kingston 

P.  C.  C.  Campbell 

248th 

Owen  Sound 

J.  H.  Rorke 

254th 

Belleville 

A.    P.   Allen 

249th 

Saskatoon 

C.   B.   Keenleyside 

255th 

Toronto 

G,  C.  Royce 

250th 

Winnipeg 

W.  H.  Hastings 

256th 

Toronto 

Walter  McConnell 

251st 

Winnipeg 

G.  H.  Nicholson 

257th 

Ottawa 

L.   T.   Martin 

Toward  the  autumn  the  Government  largely  abandoned  the 
promotion  of  distinct  Battalions — other  than  those  already  author- 
ized— and  started  the  enlistment  of  drafts  for  existing  Overseas 
battalions,  batteries,  etc.  In  November  some  Eastern  units  were 
filled  up  to  strength  by  small  drafts  from  the  West  to  enable  them 
to  proceed  overseas.  Meanwhile  reinforcing  companies  from  existing 
local  Battalions  were  recruited.  Civil  Servants  at  Ottawa  had 
been  given  a  hint  by  Hon.  T.  W.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour, 
that  more  of  them  should  enlist  and,  early  in  the  year,  circulars 
were  sent  out  asking  information  as  to  eligibility  of  such  employees 
for  active  service.  In  connection  with  certain  Montreal  disturb- 
ances of  recruiting  meetings  an  Order-in-Council  of  Sept.  2  de- 
clared it  lawful  to  hold  such  meetings  in  any  public  place  and  for 
recruiting  officers  to  address  the  meetings  or  to  canvas  citizens. 
* '  It  shall  be  an  offence  for  any  person  by  interruptions  or  otherwise 
to  interfere  with  or  disturb  the  proceedings  or  the  speakers  who 
are  advocating  recruiting  at  any  meeting  held  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  recruiting  or  thereat  to  speak  against  or  to  discourage 
recruiting;  or  to  obstruct,  impede  or  interfere  with  any  military 
officer,  non-commissioned  officer  or  man  belonging  to  the  Expedi- 
tionary Forces  while  lawfully  engaged  at  any  place  where  he  is 
entitled  to  be  in  the  business  or  with  the  object  of  obtaining  or  can- 
vassing for  recruits  for  the  said  Forces."  Power  of  arrest  was 
given  in  such  cases  without  warrant.  At  Ottawa  on  Oct.  12  action 
was  taken  by  the  Government  regarding  the  employment  of  returned 
soldiers  m  the  Government  service  and  the  various  Departments 
were  instructed,  in  making  appointments,  to  give  a  preference  to 
men  who  had  served  in  the  Canadian  Expeditionary  Force. 

Meanwhile,  cities  had  organized  in  various  ways.  In  most  of 
them  there  were  Citizens'  Recruiting  Committees  which  looked 
after  meetings,  speakers,  funds  for  voluntary  work,  etc.,  and  in 
some  cases — Regina  for  instance — undertook  a  personal  canvas  of 
eligible  citizens.  Winnipeg  adopted  a  registration  scheme  similar, 
upon  a  small  scale,  to  that  of  Lord  Derby  in  Great  Britain  and  its 
Committee  after  three  days  (in  March)  work  reported  5,094  un- 
married men  not  in  khaki,  of  whom  only  3,400  were  Canadian  or 
British  born.  Regina,  at  the  same  time,  found  about  700  eligible 
young  men  not  enlisted;  Westmount,  Quebec,  took  a  military  cen- 
sus; that  of  Toronto  taken  in  May  showed  18,000  eligible  men; 
Fredericton,  N.B.,  through  its  electoral  revision  lists,  reported  in 
July  1,000  men  still  available;  the  Greater  Vancouver  Recruiting 
League  obtained  a  Police  census  which  showed  25,000  men  of 
varied  ages  and  conditions  upon  whom  calls  were  to  be  made ;  the 
County  of  Wellington  Recruiting  League  took  a  census  with  7,125 
men  found  to  be  available  of  whom  3,425  were  unmarried.  Large 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       307 


families  were  reported  amongst  these  farmers  and,  in  three  cases, 
there  were  eight  sons  in  a  family  without  a  single  enlistment,  and 
four,  five  and  six  sons  in  a  family  were  reported  as  not  unusual. 
So  it  went  on  with  some  centres  and  counties  giving  grants  in  aid 
of  recruiting  —  Toronto,  for  instance,  voting  lar^e  sums  for  this 
purpose  with  $1,000  each  to  a  number  of  Battalions  and  $500  each 
to  Cyclists,  Guides,  Batteries,  A.S.C.,  Medicals,  Engineers,  Dra- 
goons, etc.  An  important  body  in  No.  2  Military  District  which 
included  Toronto,  was  the  Central  Recruiting  Committee  of  which 
J.  M.  Godfrey  was  Chairman,  Of  12,000  recruits  obtained  in  this 
District  (outside  of  Toronto  and  Hamilton)  in  three  months  ending 
February,  1916,  the  Counties  of  Lincoln  and  Welland  stood  for 
1,250,  Ontario  1,100,  Nipissing  1,200,  Brant  1,010  and  Simcoe  1,400. 
Nine  other  counties  were  under  1,000  each. 

Of  all  the  recruiting  methods  used  one  of  the  most  effective 
was  that  of  the  women.     They  retarded  it  very  often  by  personal  I 
action  ;  they  helped  it  also  by  individual  enthusiasm,  speeches,  per- 
sonal influence  and  the  taking  over  of  men's  work. 
employed  were  route  marches  of  troops  through 


country  as  in  the  clearing  out  period  at  Camp  Borden  and  the 
136th  Battalion  scheme  in  West  Durham;  motion  pictures  were 
used  in  the  West  with  much  effect  in  rural  centres  ;  in  Toronto  the 
idea  of  a  Battalion  of  "pals"  was  broached  by  Colonel  Chadwick 
with  1,000  men  raised  in  12  days  ;  in  Winnipeg  a  Canadian  Northern 
Company  was  organized  for  the  107th  Battalion  ;  Americans  in 
Canada  undertook  to  raise  a  Brigade  with  the  97th  Battalion  to  be 
recruited  in  Toronto,  the  211th  in  Vancouver  and  the  212th  and 
213th  generally  ;  an  effort  was  made  by  Lieut.Col.  E.  W.  Hagarty 
in  Toronto  to  raise  the  201st  Light  Infantry  Battalion  amongst 
graduates  of  High  Schools  and  Colleges  but  he  was  not  successful 
in  completing  his  task  ;  the  204th  Beavers,  under  Lieut.-Col.  J.  A. 
Cooper,  'Toronto,  distributed  cards  at  their  meetings  (1)  asking 
particulars  as  to  eligible  young  men  and  (2)  inviting  pledges  to 
secure  at  least  one  recruit. 

In  London,  Winnipeg  and  Toronto,  women,  upon  specific  occa- 
sions, went  out  and  hunted,  personally,  for  recruits;  the  210th 
Western  Battalion  was  really  the  Legion  of  Frontiersmen,  so  well 
known  for  energetic  military  work  and  far-flung  adventures  in 
pre-war  days  and  for  its  aid  in  making  up  the  Princess  Patricias  ; 
some  Battalions  got  special  speakers  to  aid  them  as  the  Irish-Can- 
adians of  Montreal,  which  held  a  meeting  on  Apr.  26  addressed  by 
Sir  Charles  Fitzpatrick,  Chief  Justice  of  Canada,  and  another  on 
Sept.  13  by  Sir  T.  Grattan  Esmonde,  Bart.,  M.P.  ;  the  appeal  to 
Sportsmen  was  effective  with  one  splendid  Battalion  —  that  of 
Lieut.-Col.  R.  H.  Greer  raised  in  Toronto  —  and  an  estimate  on  Mar. 
29  of  750  members  of  the  Ontario  Hockey  Association  being  in 
khaki  and  the  earnest  appeal  of  its  President,  Capt.  J.  T.  Suther- 
land, of  the  146th  Battalion,  written  from  the  Front  and  read  at 
the  annual  meeting  of  Dec.  1  ;  the  widely-advertised  appeal  in 
Toronto  of  the  255th  Q.O.R.  Battalion  to  "Give  us  his  Name"— 


308  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

the  name  of  any  young  man  thought  to  be  eligible  for  active  ser- 
vice ;  a  circular  letter  issued  in  Montreal  on  Mar.  15  signed  by  J.  H. 
Sherrard,  President  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association, 
and  Z.  Hebert,  Vice-President  of  the  Montreal  Board  of  Trade, 
urging  employee  to  ''furnish  the  Citizens'  Recruiting  Association 
with  full  lists  of  their  employees  who  are  of  military  age,  and  ap- 
parently fit  for  Overseas  military  service,  so  that  a  personal  appeal 
to  enlist  may  be  made  to  them,"  and  enclosing  forms  for  filling  in 
with  these  particulars. 

All  kinds  of  Battalions  were  suggested.  There  was  no  Indian 
contingent  though  about  1,200  Indians  had  enlisted  since  the  War 
began;  the  223rd  Battalion  was  Scandinavian  in  nationality 
though  appealing  also  to  Bohemians  and  others  who  were  supposed 
to  be  discontented  with  Austrian  home  power  and  it  was  largely 
recruited  in  the  West ;  a  Coloured  Battalion,  No.  2  Construction 
Corps,  was  recruited  from  various  parts  of  Canada  beginning  with 
250  men  in  Nova  Scotia;  a  Labour  Battalion  was  authorized  in 
April  but  not  pressed  and  a  Japanese  (naturalized)  Battalion  was 
proposed  in  Vancouver  but  rejected  at  Ottawa.  .There  was  much 
discussion  during  the  year  as  to  the  cost  of  raising  a  Battalion  and 
the  voluntary  gifts  required.  Large  subscriptions  were  obtained 
from  supporters,  officers  were  said  to  expend  much  private  money, 
municipalities  and  Provinces  were  asked  for  grants  and  the  alleged 
cost,  outside  of  Dominion  Government  aid,  ran  as  high  as  $15,000. 
Advertising  for  recruits  was  one  of  these  expenses  and  might,  of 
course,  run  into  large  sums.  The  Toronto  Star,  which  had  been 
urging  direct  Government  grants  for  recruiting,  published  certain 
figures  on  Apr.  22  as  being  the  cost  of  raising  the  first  600  men  in 
a  local  Battalion.  Doubling  these  for  the  whole  gave  the  following 
results : 

Advertising    2,554        Automobiles,    repairs,   etc 656 

Dodgers,    Letters,    etc 1,690       Sundries    520 

Street    Cars     464  Add. 

Postage    220        Brass  and  Bugle  Bands    2,000 

Signs     for     Depots,     etc 850        2    Field    Kitchens     2,500 

Office    Supplies,      Printing,      Tele-                          Miscellaneous     1,000 

phones  and   Rent    930  

Total 13,384 

It  was  stated  at  a  Regina  meeting  (Feb.  25)  that  it  cost  an 
average  of  $3.00  per  man  to  recruit  at  a  time  when  the  process  was 
easy.  In  Toronto  it  ran  up  to  $10  and  even  $20  per  head  as  the 
year  drew  to  a  close.  The  Militia  Department  contended  that  it 
paid  recruiting  agents  handsomely,  maintained  depots  and  recruit- 
ing stations  and  provided  pay  for  the  members  of  a  brass  band 
though  it  did  not  purchase  all  the  instruments  said  to  be  required ; 
stated  that  8  drums  and  8  bugles  were  provided  for  each  unit  while 
other  things  such  as  mess-tents  and  typewriters  were  said  to  have 
been  sufficiently  allowed  for.  As  to  field  kitchens  they  were  sup- 
plied in  Great  Britain  if  needed.  Late  in  1915  an  Order  had  been 
issued  from  the  Department  forbidding  any  further  solicitation 
of  aid  from  the  public  except  by  express  permission  from  the 
Militia  Council,  and  adding  this  statement :  * '  Units  of  the  Overseas 
forces  are  supplied  by  the  Department  with  everything  necessary 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       309 

for  their  equipment,  and  it  should  not  be  necessary  to  appeal  to 
the  public  for  assistance." 

Meantime,  what  were  the  influences  which  checked  recruiting 
after  the  middle  of  the  year,  what  were  the  chief  difficulties  which 
arose?  The  first  alleged  cause  of  trouble  was  Government  indif- 
ference and  various  Opposition  organs  and  some  Government  sup- 
porters demanded  more  leadership  and  more  aggressive  Govern- 
ment action.  As  to  that  it  appears  clear  that  this  supposed  reason 
did  not  prevail  in  the  first  five  months  of  1916  and  there  was  no 
change  in  Government  attitude  during  the  year  unless  in  the  direc- 
tion of  an  increased  activity  which  included  Sir  Robert  B  or  den's 
National  Service  appeal  while  Sir  Sam  Hughes'  strenuous  energies 
were  ever  present.  The  Manufacturers  were  said  to  have  discour-X 
aged  recruiting  and  individual  interests  no  doubt  did  so,  but  their 
public  attitude,  their  organized  action,  were  all  that  could  be 
desired.  The  great  factors  in  the  depression  of  recruiting  were 
(1)  the  reaching  of  a  certain  limit  in  regard  to  men  recently  from 
the  United  Kingdom  and  of  men  stirred  strongly  by  patriotic 
impulse,  or  home  training,  or  the  spirit  of  adventure;  (2)  the  fact 
of  six  per  cent,  of  the  population  in  a  country  like  Canada  where 
everyone  worked  and  individual  responsibilities  were  greater 
amongst  the  masses,  being  almost  equal  to  10%  ir.  a  country  such 
as  England;  (3)  the  fact  of  higher  wages  and  the  demands  of  „•• 
munition  factories  which  called  imperatively  for  300,000  workers. 

There  were  some  directly  discouraging  influences  such  as  the 
continued  attitude  of  Messrs.  Bourassa  and  Lavergne  in  Quebec  and 
the  propaganda  of  Le  Devoir;  the  gradually  growing  feeling 
and  selfish  opposition  of  the  small  employer  who  saw  his  business 
dwindling  or  opportunities  denied  for  want  of  labour ;  the  expressed 
view  of  Toronto  Saturday  Night  and  the  unexpressed  opinions  of 
others  that  Canada  could  now  aid  best  by  putting  the  100,000  or 
200,000  recruits  who  were  called  for  into  growing  wheat,  making 
munitions  and  supplying  saddlery,  waggons,  boots  and  shoes,  hos- 
iery, etc.,  for  the  use  of  British  armies  and  the  British  people. 
Various  large  manufacturers  and  employers  in  Toronto  refused  to 
give  the  Police  any  particulars  for  a  Military  Census  as  soon  as 
they  found  that  it  was  not  compulsory  and  the  net  result  was  that 
only  30%  of  the  70,000  cards  issued  were  filled  up.  Similar  experi- 
ences as  to  employers  of  labour  were  reported  from  Winnipeg  and 
other  centres  The  United  Farmers  of  Ontario  at  a  meeting  in 
Toronto  on  Feb.  3,  and  by  a  standing  vote,  resolved  that : 

We  desire  to  emphasize  in  the  most  forcible  way  possible  the  serious 
consequences  which  will  result  from  any  large  enlistment  of  men  from  the 
farms  for  overseas  serice.  Agriculture  is  already  sadly  undermanned,  and 
any  further  decrease  in  the  number  of  those  engaged  in  it  cannot  but  reduce 
farm  production  very  materially.  As  an  increase  of  farm  production  is  most 
necessary,  not  only  for  the  assistance  of  the  Empire,  but  for  the  maintenance 
of  our  own  national  credit,  the  imperative  need  for  a  large  enlistment  from 
the  rural  sections  ought  to  be  demonstrated  beyond  any  question  before  such 
enlistment  is  encouraged.  The  campaign  is  resulting  in  either  taking  men 
from  the  farms  who  are  more  needed  there  than  in  the  trenches,  or  as 
branding  as  disloyal  or  cowardly  many  young  men  who  are  neither,  but  are 


310  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

kept  on  the  farms  through  a  sense  of  duty  more  urgent  than  that  of  enlist- 
ing. We  would  urge,  to  remedy  these  conditions,  that  local  Commissions  of 
responsible  citizens,  on  which  agriculture  is  to  be  represented,  be  appointed 
to  investigate  the  cases  of  farm  youths  enlisting,  and  to  determine  whether 
they  are  more  needed  on  the  farms  or  under  arms;  and  that  provision  be 
made  by  which  men  not  enlisting,  and  left  at  home  under  these  conditions, 
shall  receive  some  badge  by  which  reproach  shall  be  removed  from  them. 

The  detailed  influences  in  depressing  enlistment  were  varied 
and  some  were  very  curious.  Partisan  attacks  upon  the  Militia 
Department,  such  as  those  which  developed  out  of  the  Wesley  Alli- 
son case,  allegations  that  the  Government  did  not  really  want  more 
recruits,  denunciation  of  the  Minister  of  Militia  in  many  forms, 
had  an  indirect  effect,  while  the  arbitrary  policy  and  personality 
of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  sometimes  worked  against  recruiting  as  his 
enthusiasm  and  efforts  worked  for  it.  The  influence  of  many 
mothers  and  wives,  and  young  women  who  were  neither,  easily  dis- 
couraged young  men  from  making  a  break  in  their  lives  which  was 
strenuous,  which  involved  discomfort  and  danger  and  might  mean 
death.  Certain  extremists  in  religion  and  morals — the  type  who 
objected  to  cigarettes  for  soldiers — whispered  terrible  tales  of  im- 
morality in  London  and  Paris  and  frightened  many  women  into 
keeping  their  boys  at  home.  Lack  of  education  in  Empire  respons- 
ibilities or  duties  or  oligations  was  largely  responsible  for  an  indif- 
ference which  under  such  conditions  was  not  altogether  censurable. 
It  was  an  Empire  war  and  Canada  was  involved  in  it  only  as  a  part 
of  the  Empire ;  if  she  owed  nothing  to  Great  Britain  in  the  past,  as 
many  had  long  contended,  or  if  the  benefits  of  Empire  unity  were 
questionable,  as  others  had  argued,  why  should  the  young  Canadian 
at  a  moment's  notice  go  and  risk  his  life  or  limbs  to  save  the  Em- 
pire ?  To  the  ordinary  young  man  in  shops  or  factories  or  business 
the  saving  of  civilization  or  world  democracy  simply  did  not  appeal ; 
it  was  too  abstract  a  basis  upon  which  to  revolutionize  his  nature 
and  change  the  course  of  his  life.  Canada  was  only  menaced  as  a 
part  of  the  Empire ;  if  he  lacked  Imperial  sentiment  he  lacked 
stimulus  in  the  War  and  was  in  the  same  state  of  mind  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  neutral  masses  of  the  United  States — by  which  trend 
of  thought,  also,  he  was  indirectly  influenced. 

The  great  personal  equation  in  this  respect  was  not  cowardice  or 
a  yellow  streak,  as  some  speakers  and  many  recruiters  thought;  it 
was  simply  indifference  caused  by  the  lack  of  Imperial  education  in 
schools  and  press  and  platform,  by  Peace  teachings  in  the  past,  by 
the  invisible  pressure  of  United  States  millions  and  their  non- 
European  trend  of  thought.  Hence  it  was  that  baseball  and  foot- 
ball, lacrosse  and  hockey  matches,  theatres  and  movies,  continued  to 
be  thronged  in  Toronto  and  Montreal  with  thousands  of  eligible 
young  men ;  while  Orange  and  Prohibition  and  St.  Jean  Baptiste 
parades  contained  thousands  of  others.  Like  all  general  state- 
ments, however,  this  is  subject  to  many  deductions.  There  must 
have  been  more  than  indifference  or  lack  of  the  education  mentioned 
to  make  this  editorial  statement  of  the  Toronto  Globe  (Mar.  14) 
possible:  "The  Toronto  City  Hall  illustration,  pointedly  referred 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       311 

to  by  several  contemporaries  on  Saturday,  is  typical  of  many  office 
buildings  in  Toronto  and  throughout  the  Province.  In  the  City 
Hall  there  are  said  to  be  about  a  hundred  unmarried  young  fellows 
capable  of  service,  who  are  not  indispensable,  who  have  no  one  de- 
pending on  them,  and  who  for  the  most  part  would  benefit  finan- 
cially by  enlisting." 

The  desire  for  Commissions  was  one  stumbling  block  to  enlist- 
ment met  everywhere  and  at  one  time  it  was  stated  by  a  command- 
ing officer  in  Winnipeg  that  there  were  enough  qualified  Lieuten- 
ants in  that  city  to  fill  his  Battalion ;  the  hundreds  of  Canadian 
officers  in  England  who  would  not  go  to  the  Front  under  rank  was 
another  illustration.  Minor  causes  of  difficulty  were  the  Absence  of 
patriotic  display  or  of  patriotic  emblems  in  recruiting;  for  some 
reason  known  only  to  military  authorities  the  flag  was  rarely  used 
or  seen;  more  decorations  and  excitement  were  visible  in  Toronto 
in  one  day's  collection  for  the  Patriotic  Fund  than  in  two  years' 
enlistment  of  70,000  men.  Stories  almost  wholly  untrue  were  cir- 
culated in  all  the  centres  as  to  ill-treatment  of  returned  soldiers  and 
some  stories,  largely  true,  were  told  as  to  discomforts  incurred  in 
the  transportation  of  troops  and  in  their  farewells  to  families  and 
friends.*  The  effect  of  these  and  of  many  War-horror  tales  was 
cumulative — angering  youths  without  mental  perspective  and 
frightening  women  into  further  negative  action.  E.  A.  Schofield 
of  St.  John  referred  (Apr.  28)  to  another  influence — that  of  exam- 
ple :  "When  a  man  sees  young  fellows  physically  fit  taking  girls  out 
in  the  afternoon  to  afternoon  teas  and  then  at  night,  after  the 
theatre,  dancing  until  after  midnight,  while  our  boys  are  over  in 
the  mud  and  blood  of  the  Western  front  fighting  for  them,  it  is 
only  natural  that  the  healthy  boy  who  intended  to  enlist  begins  to 
think  that  it  is  not  incumbent  upon  him  to  do  so."  The  number 
of  Battalions  under  enlistment  at  once  was  sometimes  an  obstacle. 
On  certain  occasions  Toronto  and  Winnipeg  each  had  a  dozen 
underway  at  the  same  time  and  Saskatoon  once  had  16  going 
together.  There  was  no  organized  poster  campaign,  such  as  Britain 
had,  with  moving  appeals  to  the  eye  and  mind^ 

The  Edmonton  Bulletin  (Lib.)  thought  that  a  great  difficulty 
lay  in  the  men  not  having  been  "appealed  to  in  the  proper  way. 
That  is  different  altogether' from  saying  that  there  has  not  been 
appeal  enough.  Perhaps  there  has  been  too  much  of  some  kinds  of 
it."  James  L.  Hughes  in  the  Christian  Guardian  of  Nov.  1  gave 
the  following  as  the  chief  reasons  for  non-enlistment:  (1)  This  is 
England's  war  not  Canada's;  (2)  We  will  not  fight  in  Europe  but 
we  will  resist  invasion;  (3)  Love  of  peace  or  fear  of  encouraging 
militarism;  (4)  Mothers  who  love  their  sons  too  much  to  risk  their 
lives!  He  declared  in  reply  that  every  man  in  Canada  should  be 
willing  to  fight  for  his  Motherland;  that  the  Germans  could  not 
touch  Canada  until  they  got  past  the  British  Fleet  and  then  it 
would  be  too  late  for  Canadians  to  fight ;  that  Pacificism  was  illus- 
trated by  the  story  of  a  man  with  six  sons  of  military  age  on  his 

*NOTE. — See  statements  by  Mayor  Church  of  Toronto  in  Telegram  of  Apr.  4,   1916. 


312  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

farm  in  Ontario  who  would  not  allow  one  of  them  to  go  to  the  War 
because  he  believed  so  strongly  in  Peace,  yet  who  had  recently  to 
be  bound  over  by  a  Judge  to  keep  the  peace  because  he  fiercely 
fought  his  neighbour  about  a  sheep.  "He  would  "fight  for  a  sheep 
— for  selfishness — but  not  for  human  liberty  or  for  Christ. "  As  to 
the  mother  Dr.  Hughes  dealt  with  her  feeling  as  pure  selfishness — 
she  was  willing  to  let  other  mothers '  sons  go !  Selfishness  was  ram- 
pant. In  Guelph  at  the  close  of  the  year  the  leading  "Movie" 
house  would  not  allow  recruiting  speeches  on  the  ground  that  its 
patrons  refused  to  attend  any  more  if  this  were  permitted.  Finally, 
there  was  in  Canada  a  lack  of  education  in  the  real  heroism  and 
victories,  or  defeats  greater  than  victories,  which  characterized  the 
War.  Nothing  in  all  history  touches  the  wonderful  incidents  of 
Mons  and  the  Marne,  yet  how  many  young  Canadians  knew  any- 
thing of  them  or  indeed  of  St.  Julien,  Festubert  or  Courcelette.  As 
Major,  the  Rev.  Dr.  C.  W.  Gordon  put  it  (Dec.  27)  at  Ottawa:  "It 
is  an  old  saying  that  facts  are  the  fuel  of  enthusiasm.  If  the  facts 
in  regard  to  the  War  were  put  vividly  before  the  minds  of  the 
youth  of  Canada  they  could  not  fail  to  respond.  Do  you  think 
that  any  man  with  red  blood  in  his  veins  could  fail  to  respond  to 
the  real  story  of  the  retreat  from  Mons?" 

As  to  figures  the  situation  in  1916,  aside  from  the  enlistment 
statistics  already  given,  showed  the  population  as  7,206,000,  the 
male  population  as  3,821,000,  the  eligible  population  as  1,725,000, 
of  whom  1,109,000  were  Canadian-born,  the  enlistments  as  392,000 
direct  or  434,000  all-told,  the  proportion  of  males  from  19  to  40 
who  would  remain  in  the  country,  after  the  proposed  500,000  had 
enlisted,  as  62%.*  On  Mar.  14  Brig.-Gen.  James  Mason  presented 
to  the  Senate  an  elaborate  analysis  of  the  recruiting  situation  and 
anticipated  the  demand  of  a  much  later  period  for  Registration. 
He  pointed  out  that  there  were,  according  to  official  statistics, 
(1910)t  a  total  of  973,621  Canadian-born  males  in  the  Dominion, 
20  to  44  years  of  age  inclusive,  of  whom  446,927  were  single; 
285,308  British-born  (United  Kingdom)  of  whom  147,858  were 
single ;  278,652  Foreign-born  of  whom  139,549  were  single — a  total 
of  734,334  single  and  eligible  males  with  773,414,  between  the  same 
ages  and  in  the  same  proportions,  who  were  married.  Out  of  this 
total  of  1,500,000  there  had  enlisted  on  Feb.  15  249,000  men.  He 
declared  that  to  raise  the  second  250,000  men  would  be  much  more 
•  difficult.  "Moreover,  this  large  number,  if  and  when  sent  to  the 
,  Front,  must  be  maintained,  and  it  has  been  estimated  that  the 
casualties  will  not  be  less  than  five  per  cent,  monthly  of  the  total 
force.  This  means  that  we  shall  have  to  provide  each  month,  to 
maintain  our  Army's  strength,  at  least  25,000  new  men — or  300,000 
r;  a  year.  There  can  be  no  question  that  the  additional  250,000  to 
bring  our  quota  up  to  500,000,  and  the  300,000  if  required,  an- 
nually to  keep  it  at  that  figure,  will  not  be  obtained  under  the 

*NOTK. — Sir  Geo.  E.  Foster  in  Commons,  Mar.  1,   1916. 

fNoTE. — Differences   in   some   of  these   official   estimates   are   due  to   the   period   dealt 
with,   ages  involved,   etc. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       313 


present  system  of  enlistment."  General  Mason  then  analyzed 
the  Derby  scheme  and  British  conditions  of  recruiting  and  gave 
this  table  to  illustrate  the  exact  Canadian  situation  of  over  1,000,- 
000  men  available  for  enlistment: 


Age  —  20   to   44, 

Canadian-born    .... 

British-born    ...... 

Foreign-born     .....  . 


Census  Totals 
973,621 
285,858 
278,652 


Enlisted 

73,935 

156,637 

18,899 


Percentage  of 

total  enlistments 

Less  than  30 

63 
Less  than  8 


Not  Enlisted 


129,221 
259,753 


As  to  personal  details  of  the  recruits  few  official  figures  were 
published  but  N.  W.  Eowell,  K.C.,  in  the  Ontario  Legislature  on 
Apr.  19  adduced  carefully  prepared  figures  of  much  interest.  Deal- 
ing with  the  returns  up  to  Mar.  1,  1916,  and  a  total  enlistment  of 
263,111,  he  gave  the  ages  and  occupations  as  follows: 


Age 
Under   20 

Total       I 
All  Ranks 
26  260 

'ercen- 
tage 
10-03 

Occupations 

Total      I 
All  Ranks 
16  153 

»ercen- 
tage 
6-14 

20-25     
25-30 

95,755 
66  144 

36-50 
25-23 

Employers       and 
chants     .  . 

Mer- 
6,530 

2-48 

30-35    
35-40 

.  .  .       42,371 
22  128 

15-81 
8-45 

Clerical  Workers   . 
Manual    Workers 

48,777 
170,369 

18-48 
64-77 

40-45 

9  228 

3  -51 

14  200 

5-40 

Over    45 

1  225 

'    '47 

...          2  844 

1-08 

Students     

4,238 

1-65 

Total 


263,111 


Total     263,111 


As  to  occupations  of  the  population  in  general  the  1911  Census 
showed  917,848  males  engaged  in  agriculture  represented  on  Mar. 
1,  1916,  according  to  the  above  figures,  by  17,044  farmers  and 
ranchers  under  enlistment;  professions  62,781,  represented  by 
16,153,  or  including  students,  20,391;  manufacturers,  trade  and 
merchandising,  totalling  633,684  represented  by  6,530  employers 
and  merchants  and  170,369  manual  workers.  As  to  Provinces 
there  was  much  rivalry  and  between  Quebec  and  Ontario  some 
acrimony  in  discussion.  The  West,  also,  claimed  to  have  done 
much  better  than  the  East.  Taking  the  total  of  378,413  up  to  Dec. 
1  it  may  be  pointed  out  that  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan,  Alberta  and 
British  Columbia  had  recruited  147,090  or  a  surplus  of  11,332 
above  their  share  of  the  500,000  men  required,  while  Quebec, 
Ontario  and  the  Maritime  Provinces  had  raised  231,323  or  125,682 
short  of  their  proportion  of  the  500,000.  According  to  Military 
Districts  the  figures  from  Jan.  1,  1916,  up  to  Nov.  1  had  been  as 
follows — including  votes  cast  in  1911  Dominion  Elections  as  illus- 
trating the  part  the  soldiers  may  take  in  affairs  after  the  war : 


District 

London     

Toronto     

Kingston     

Montreal     

Quebec    

Maritime    Provinces    

Manitoba    and    Saskatchewan 

British    Columbia    

Alberta      


Enlistments 

30,504 
83,319 
39,172 


32,445 
7,462 


Province 
Enlistments 


152,995 


39,907 
33,694 
74,748 
36,580 
33,671 


Province 
Voters  in  1911 


480,572 


324,039 

220,730 

186,739 

43,559 

69,775 


:  Naval  recruiting  in  Canada  was  a  new  development  of  1916. 
The  inland  people  of  Canada  knew  little  of  the  Royal  Navy 
except  as  a  part  of  certain  political  complications  of  1912  and  as  a 
great,  silent  and  indirect  force  which  seldom  came  to  their  attention 


314  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

and  of  which  little  was  said  or  written  publicly.  It  was  stated  that 
about  30  Canadian  officers  were  serving  with  the  Navy — most  of 
them  graduates  of  the  Royal  Naval  College  at  Halifax.  On  Apr. 
17  it  was  announced  officially  at  Ottawa  that  the  Admiralty  needed 
and  would  like  to  obtain  some  Naval  recruits  from  Canada  to  take 
the  place  of  men  who  would  otherwise  have  to  be  drawn  from  the 
ranks  of  military  eligibles  in  Britain.  Capt.  the  Hon.  Rupert 
Guinness,  C.B.,  C.M.G.,  M.P.,  son  of  Lord  Iveagh,  was  appointed  to 
represent  the  Admiralty  and  a  total  enlistment  of  5,000  was  hoped 
for  with  a  minimum  of  2,000.  He  reached  Canada  at  the  end  of 
the  month  accompanied  by  Lady  Gwendolen  Guinness,  his  wife, 
a  daughter  of  the  late  Earl  of  Onslow,  who  proved  to  be  a  clever 
effective  speaker.  About  the  same  time  it  was  announced  that  600 
motor-boat  men  were  wanted  also  by  the  Admiralty  and  that  Lieut. 
W.  H.  Owens,  R.E.,  would  try  to  recruit  them  in  Canada — two 
classes  being  called  for  as  (1)  officers  for  command  of  patrol  boats 
and  (2)  mechanics  to  operate  such  craft. 

In  the  Naval  matter  it  took  some  months  for  operations  to  get 
underway  and,  finally,  the  force  to  be  raised  was  called  the  Royal 
Naval  Canadian  Volunteer  Reserve  for  Overseas  Service.  Recruits 
were  required  to  be  between  18  and  30  years  of  age,  of  good  char- 
acter and  physique  and  British  subjects  by  birth,  but  needed  no 
previous  sea  experience.  All  were  to  be  entered  as  seamen  and  be 
sent  overseas  for  training  at  once.  Service  was  for  the  period  of 
the  War  and  rates  of  pay — Separation  allowances  and  Patriotic 
Fund  conditions — similar  to  those  of  the  Canadian  Expeditionary 
Force,  with  an  increase  of  pay  to  men  who  qualified  as  firemen. 
When  these  details  were  settled  the  Naval  Service  Department  en- 
dorsed and  assisted  the  movement.  Recruiting  depots  were  estab- 
lished in  Halifax,  St.  John,  Quebec,  Toronto,  Winnipeg  and  Esqui- 
malt,  while  recruiting  in  Montreal  and  district  was  supervised  from 
Ottawa.  The  recruiting  at  Halifax  and  Esquimalt  was  under  the 
direction  of  the  Naval  establishments  there  and  at  St.  John  and 
Quebec  of  the  Departmental  transport  officers.  Capt.  Guinness 
started  the  campaign  at  Toronto  on  Sept.  7  when  he  explained 
that  the  150,000  men  required  to  man  the  Royal  Navy  in  1914 
now  totalled  300,000  and  was  steadily  increasing  under  war  con- 
ditions. To  the  Empire  Club  on  Oct.  5  he  described  the  wonderful 
mechanism  and  operation  of  a  battleship  and  the  simple  adventur- 
ous life  of  the  seaman.  ' '  Civilization  unprepared  for  war  could  not 
have  saved  itself  when  attacked  but  for  the  power  of  the  Imperial 
Navy.  Sea  power  constitutes  the  strong  foundation  upon  which 
the  mighty  armies  of  the  Allies  have  been  built  up  and  can  stand 
secure."  A  few  days  later  a  letter  from  Admiral  Sir  John  Jelli- 
coe  was  made  public  with  a  Message  to  Canadians  in  this  connec- 
tion: 

The  officers  and  men  of  the  Fleet  which  I  have  the  honour  to  command 
now  look  forward  to  seeing  those  men  of  Canada  who  have  hitherto  not  been 
able  to  join  the  contingents  from  their  Dominion  for  service  on  shore  come 
to  sea  to  share  with  them  the  task  of  watching  and  guarding  the  wide 
sea-front  of  our  Empire,  a  duty  which  it  is  our  honour  and  privilege  to  have 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       315 

entrusted  to  our  keeping..  The  task  of  the  Navy  is  to  safeguard  the  coasts 
of  the  Empire,  to  protect  the  Empire's  commerce,  the  passage  of  Imperial 
troops  and  munitions  of  war,  a  task  rendered  more  difficult  as  time  goes  on. 
The  immense  expansion  of  the  Fleet  which  these  various  duties  involve,  together 
with  the  inevitable  losses  which  occur,  necessitate  a  large  increase  in  the 
personnel,  and  it  is  for  this  reason  that  I  would  invite  the  men  of  Canada 
to  join  us. 

Meetings  were  addressed  by  Captain  and  Lady  Gwendolen 
Guinness  from  coast  to  coast  and  active  work  also,  was  carried  on 
by  ^milius  Jarvis,  the  noted  Yachtsman,  who  had  been  appointed 
Recruiting  Officer  for  Ontario  and,  later  in  the  year,  received  the 
oratorical  help  of  Lieut.-Col.  Kelly  Evans  in  meetings  throughout 
that  Province.  At  Winnipeg  Lady  Gwendolen  addressed  a  Navy 
League  meeting,  the  Women's  Press  Club,  and  the  Women's  Can- 
adian Club,  and  a  Naval  Recruiting  League  was  organized  with  J. 
H.  Munson,  K.C.,  as  Chairman.  Capt.  Guinness  gave  several 
addresses  and  the  party  then  visited  Brandon,  Regina,  Moose  Jaw, 
Saskatoon,  Edmonton,  Calgary,  Lethbridge,  Medicine  Hat,  Van- 
couver, Victoria,  Nanaimo  and  New  Westminster.  They  organized 
a  local  Recruiting  body  in  each  of  these  cities  and  a  Provincial 
organization  in  each  Province.  At  Montreal  on  Oct.  21  Mr.  Hazen, 
Minister  of  Naval  Services,  pointed  out  that  "every  recruit  Can- 
ada gives  to  this  force  will  mean  the  saving  of  one  soldier  for  the 
British  Army,  for  if  the  necessary  men  are  not  secured  conscripts 
at  present  serving  in  the  Army  will  have  to  be  transferred  to  the 
Navy. ' '  Capt.  Guinness  and  his  wife  and  Commodore  Jarvis  spoke 
at  Stratford  on  Dec.  2  and  at  other  points  in  Ontario. 

To  the  Canadian  Club,  Montreal,  on  Dec.  13  Capt.  Guinness 
said  that  Naval  recruiting  was  very  slow  in  that  city  and  excel- 
lent in  Winnipeg — though  the  latter  was  far  inland ;  His  Excellency 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire  spoke  and  urged  support  to  the  movement. 
To  a  great  meeting  at  St.  John  (Dec.  17)  Capt.  Guinness  pointed 
out  that  "in  joining  the  Navy  you  are  simply  becoming  recruits  for 
yourselves  not  for  the  Mother  Country.  You  are  protected  by  the 
Navy.  If  the  Navy  should  fail  you  are  lost";  Lady  Gwendolen 
declared  that  "now  the  opportunity  is  afforded  the  Dominion  to 
send  her  sons  to  serve  in  the  British  Navy  on  British  ships,  to 
write  Canada's  traditions  on  its  flag,  the  dear  Union  Jack,  and  to 
put  a  new  meaning  on  that  motto,  '  England  Expects  Every  Man  to 
do  His  Duty '  " ;  while  Bishop  Richardson  thanked  God  for  the 
protection  of  the  Fleet.  A  similar  meeting  and  addresses  followed 
at  Halifax.  Meanwhile  Sir  Clive  Phillipps-Wolley  and  the  British 
Columbia  Navy  League  had  been  rendering  good  service  as  had 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  Hall  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Sailors '  Society 
in  a  series  of  addresses  on  the  British  Navy  throughout  the  West 
and  with  a  story  of  600  fighting  ships,  aided  by  3,000  merchantmen 
as  auxiliaries  and  3,000  trawlers  and  fishing  vessels.  At  the  close 
of  the  year  1,600  Canadians  had  enlisted  and  were  being  steadily 
added  to. 

Other  calls,  meantime,  included  a  request  through  the  Militia 
Department  for  100  Canadian  physicians  to  join  the  British  Army 


316  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Medical  Service ;  at  the  close  of  the  year  a  call  was  made  for  skilled 
railwaymen;  in  October  the  announcement  was  made  that  5,000 
cavalrymen  were  wanted  and  Lieut.-Col.  H.  W.  Arnold,  R.C.D.,  was 
appointed  recruiting  officer.  Other  developments  of  this  period 
showed  a  considerable  migration  of  eligible  men  to  the  United  States 
with  Windsor,  Sarnia  and  Buffalo  reporting  a  number  of  young 
men  as  crossing  the  line  toward  the  close  of  the  year  and  many 
vague,  alarmist  statements  as  to  the  number  of  French  Canadians 
crossing  the  Quebec-United  States  border  line ;  on  Sept.  30th  84,108 
troops  were  in  training  in  Canada  with  about  25,000  men  sent  to 
Britain  during  the  ensuing  three  months;  on  June  30  the  Colonial 
Secretary  (A.  Bonar  Law)  cabled  the  Governor-General  that 
''Army  Council  would  be  glad  if  it  could  be  made  known  as  widely 
as  possible  that  they  do  not  intend  at  present  that  provisions  of 
Military  Service  Acts  should  be  enforced  in  respect  of  persons 
liable  for  service  under  these  Acts  who  are  at  present  residing  in  His 
Majesty's  Oversea  Dominions,  and  that  while  every  endeavour  will 
be  made  to  utilize  services  of  such  persons  should  they  return  they 
must  do  so  at  their  own  risk  and  expense. ' ' 

Miscellaneous  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  stormy  life 
and  discussions  of  the  Toronto  Recruiting  League  with  its  financial 
Report  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  showing  cash  on  hand  of  $40,306,  its  many 
1916  meetings,  considerable  cash  collections  and  fair  success  in 
recruiting;  the  recruiting  efforts  of  W.  T.  Gregory  of  Leamington 
in  his  part  of  Ontario  and  his  strenuous  work  in  a  sort  of  publicity 
campaign  of  advertised  instruction  in  the  United  States  as  to  the 
rights  and  reasons  of  the  Allies'  position;  the  patriotic  action  of 
the  Railway  workers  of  Canada  in  deciding  to  postpone  their 
demands  on  account  of  the  War  and  not  to  share  in  the  projected 
United  States  Railway  strike  of  June ;  the  interesting  fact  made 
public  in  July,  1916,  by  a  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labour  instruction  (Oct. 
9,  1915)  that  hereafter  "the  Board  will  not  question  the  American 
citizenship  of  an  applicant  because  of  the  fact  that  he  took  the 
oath  of  allegiance  and  enlisted  in  the  Canadian  forces ' ' ;  the  in- 
ternal troubles  of  the  153rd  Wellington  Battalion  which  resulted 
in  the  deposition  by  the  Department  of  Lieut.-Col.  J.  J.  Craig 
from  command  and  the  appointment  for  a  time  of  Major  A.  Kelly 
Evans — well  known  in  political  circles  and  with  some  military 
training — as  Acting  0.  C.,  and  his  recommendation  by  the  D.O.C. 
for  permanent  appointment,  with  the  eventual  appointment  of 
Major  R.  T.  Pritchard  of  Fergus ;  the  fact  of  growing  carelessness 
in  Medical  examination,  the  passing  of  many  men  medically  unfit 
and  their  maintenance  in  England  or  return  to  Canada  at  great 
expense  to  the  country,  with  emphatic  orders  from  Headquarters  at 
the  close  of  the  year  (Dec.  19)  as  to  this  subject.* 

Meanwhile  certain  bodies  and  organizations  in  Canada  were 
proud,  and  rightly  so,  of  what  they  had  contributed  in  men  to  the 
Armies  of  the  Empire.  The  Royal  Military  College  at  Kingston 

*NOTE. — It  was  stated  and  so  claimed  in  Parliament  on  Jan.  26,  1917,  by  J.  G. 
Turriff  (Lib.)  that  30,000  "unfit"  men  had  reached  England  and  60,000  been  rejected 
in  Canada  who  were  included  in  Official  lists  of  Recruits. 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS  :  RECRUITING  CONDITIONS  AND  POLICY       317 

had  given  600  graduates  and  officers  to  the  War  of  whom  27  up  to 
the  spring  of  1916  had  lost  their  lives ;  the  Ontario  Hockey  Associa- 
tion, under  the  lead  of  its  President,  Capt.  James  Sutherland,  con- 
tributed 900  members,  while  the  Ontario  Lacrosse  Association  re- 
ported 700  or  one-half  of  its  members  as  enlisted;  the  Canadian 
Order  of  Foresters  was  said  by  A.  L.  Jones,  H.C.R.,  Winnipeg,  to 
have  enlisted  3,000  members,  while  Dr.  H.  V.  B.  Bridges,  Masonic 
Grand  Master  of  New  Brunswick,  estimated  that  10,000  Masons  in 
Canada  had  joined  the  colours  and,  later  on,  it  was  claimed  that 
Ontario  alone  had  given  that  number  with  8,000  from  the  rest  of 
Canada ;  in  May,  75  Canadian  Dentists  were  overseas  and  100  more 
under  training  in  Canada ;  the  Centre  and  South  Toronto  Conserva- 
tive Club  had  400  of  its  members  on  active  service  in  May,  1916, 
and  the  Grain  Growers'  Grain  Co.,  Winnipeg,  had  71  of  its  share- 
holders at  the  Front ;  in  the  English  district  of  Earlscourt — a  part 
of  Toronto — 1,457  had  enlisted  up  to  April  of  this  year,  of  whom 
1,073  were  English,  with  only  65  rejections,  while  the  Sons  of  Eng- 
land Society  was  stated  to  have  contributed  4,000  members  to  the 
War;  W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  estimated  (July  12)  that 
approximately  50,000  Orangemen  had  enlisted  and  in  Toronto  it 
was  stated  on  the  same  day  that  while  6,093  Orangemen  paraded 
6,742  members  of  Toronto  lodges  were  on  active  service ;  official 
figures  up  to  the  close  of  1916  showed  21,599  members  of  Labour 
Unions  as  having  enlisted  with  593  obeying  the  call  as  reservists. 
In  the  recruiting  work  done  throughout  Canada  there  were  a 
few  men  who  stood  out  in  the  service  which  public  speaking  ren- 
ders and  amongst  them  were  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  and  N.  W. 
Rowell,  K.C.,  of  Toronto,  Lieut.-Col.  P.  A.  Guthrie  of  St.  John, 
Hon.  W.  R.  Riddell,  Toronto,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  S.  Bullock  of  the 
American  Legion,  Major  M.  S.  Boehm,  Toronto,  Capt.  the  Rev. 
W.  A.  Cameron,  Toronto,  Capt.  the  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Cutten  of 
Wolfville,  N.S.,  Capt.  the  Rev.  Dr.  G.  M.  Campbell  of  St.  John  and 
Judge  J.  A.  Barren  of  Stratford.  Recruiting  officers  such  as 
Lieut.-Col.  Lome  Mulloy,  Major  Campbell  Stuart  of  Montreal, 
Capt.  L.  P.  D.  Tilley  of  St.  John,  Lieut.-Col.  Lendrum  McMeans, 
Winnipeg,  the  Commanders  of  nearly  100  Battalions,  were  un- 
ceasing in  their  labours.  Of  the  40  or  more  Recruiting  Leagues  the 
chief  were  those  of  Toronto  with  Mayor  T.  L.  Church  as  President, 
Winnipeg,  of  which  Chief  Justice  T.  G.  Mathers  was  President,  the 
New  Brunswick  Committee  of  which  R.  0  'Leary,  Richibucto,  was 
President,  the  Greater  Vancouver  League  with  Mr.  Justice  Mac- 
donald  as  President,  and  that  of  Hamilton  with  Mayor  Walters  as 
President.  But,  amongst  all  these  more  prominent  workers  there 
was  no  figure  quite  so  earnest  in  feeling,  quite  so  patriotic  in  pur- 
pose, with  quite  such  a  passion  for  his  country's  good  as  the  simple 
soldier  in  the  ranks,  labouring  for  an  increase  in  numbers  of 
those  who  should  go  to  the  Front  and  suffering  many  rebuffs — the 
man  who  was  willing  to  sacrifice  his  own  life  for  his  country  and 
then  had  to  endure,  very  often,  the  sneers  of  those  who  would  not 
follow  his  example  and  resented  the  vivid  reminder  of  duty  which 
his  personality  or  persistence  presented. 


318  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

So  much  for  Enlistment  details  during  the  year.  In  consider- 
ing these  ups  and  downs  and  critical  comments,  however,  a  broad 
view  is  necessary  to  do  the  situation  justice  and  this  the  future 
judgment  of  Canada  probably  will  take.  In  1793  when  the  War 
with  Revolutionary  France  began  Great  Britain  had  about  twice 
the  1914  population  of  Canada  and  took  six  months  to  send  10,000 
men  abroad;  in  1854  with  27,000,000  population  Britain  sent  to 
the  Crimea  in  six  months  about  30,000  men  and  not  more  than 
90,000  altogether;  in  1914  Canada  sent  33,000  men  in  two  months 
from  a  population  of  7,500,000  and  in  two  years  had  despatched 
240,000  men  on  active  service  with  100,000  in  training  at  home. 
She  had  called  for  30  per  cent.  t  of  all  the  eligible  men  in  the  coun- 
try and,  taking  435,000  as  the  total  accepted  25  per  cent,  had 
responded — with  the  rejections  of  over  100,000  the  proportion 
would  be  much  greater.  It  must  be  added  before  leaving  this  sub- 
ject that  there  was  much  talk  of  emigration  during  the  year  in 
order  to  escape  enlistment  or  to  evade  possible  Conscription.  Can- 
adian figures  are  not  available  at  the  time  of  writing  but  the 
official  United  States  figures  for  1916  (Calendar  year)  showed 
116,957  Immigrant  aliens  admitted  from  Canada  as  settlers  and 
40,883  United  States  citizens  returning  to  live  in  the  Republic ;  the 
emigrant  aliens  leaving  the  United  States  to  settle  in  Canada  were 
16,415  and  United  States  citizens  32,935. 

ivijijtapy  All  these  problems  and  conditions  naturally  led  up 

Affairs:  Regis-  to  the  question  of  Government  action;  as  to  whether 
tration  and  Canada  should  continue  along  the  lines  of  a  volun- 
conscription  tary  system  which  was  traditional  in  feeling  and  pol- 
icy but  now  was  losing  its  power,  or  should  fall  into 
line  with  Britain  and  enforce  Compulsory  service.  There  was  a 
distinct  cleavage  of  thought  upon  the  subject  and  the  position  of 
the  Government  was  admittedly  a  difficult  one.  A  large  and  influ- 
ential section  asked  for  Registration  of  the  nation 's  man-power  and 
^resources,  followed  by  Government  action  in  the  redistribution  and 
allotment  of  eligible  men — and  women — for  services  which  would 
be  voluntary  and  yet  selected;  which  would  say  that  one  man 
should  stay  on  the  farm,  or  work  in  his  factory,  or  remain  in  a 
Bank,  while  another  was  available  and  should  go  on  active  service 
though  not  compelled  to  do  so.  The  other  advocacy  was  Conscrip- 
tion, pure  and  simple,  either  by  a  direct  levy  on  the  men  of  the 
country  or  by  proclaiming  the  Militia  Act  and  calling  out  alJ  men 
of  military  age  with  the  first  summons  to  young  and  unmarried 
men,  between  18  and  30,  until  the  500,000  pledge  to  the  Empire 
was  realized. 

Registration  was  urged  for  many  reasons — the  ascertaining  of 
the  young,  unmarried  men  available  for  active  service ;  the  preven- 
tion of  enlistment  by  expert  mechanics  badly  needed  in  various 
industries  while  the  inexpert  labourers  in  the  same  factories 
declined  to  go;  the  keeping  of  married  men  as  far  as  possible  off 
the  pay-lists  of  the  country  so  long  as  unmarried  men  were  free 
and  able  to  go.  Others  wanted  it  as  a  stepping-stone  to  the  Con- 
scription which  had  followed  its  steps  in  Britain  and  New  Zealand 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS:  KEGISTRATION  AND  CONSCRIPTION         319 

and  been  attempted  in  Australia.  Some  manufacturers,  in  parti- 
cular, desired  it  in  order  to  get  their  industries  upon  a  regular 
basis  in  the  supply  of  labour.  Labour  officials  opposed  it  as  tend- 
ing towards  Conscription.  The  Toronto  Star  commenced  on  Jan. 
12  to  urge  some  such  system  and  continued  to  do  so  throughout 
the  year ;  on  the  same  day  the  Executive  of  the  Toronto  branch  of 
the  Manufacturers'  Association  was  made  "a  Special  Committee  to 
prepare  plans  that  will  best  enable  manufacturers  to  co-operate 
with  officers  in  charge  of  recruiting  and,  as  far  as  possible,  to  con- 
serve the  industrial  efficiency  of  their  establishments ' ' ;  the  Central 
Recruiting  Committee  of  the  Toronto  District  on  Feb.  9  urged  ' '  the 
necessity  of  a  national  registration  in  Canada  similar  to  that  in 
England,"  and  asked  the  Government  to  prohibit  Canadians  of 
military  age  from  leaving  the  country  without  passports.  In  Mon- 
treal, on  Mar.  9,  Lord  Shaughnessy — who  had  lost  one  son  in  the 
War  and  whose  other  son  also  enlisted — embodied  this  feeling  and 
the  view  of  those  who  believed  that  recruiting  had  been  mismanaged 
in  a  much-discussed  speech,  delivered  in  the  presence  of  the  Minis- 
ter of  Militia,  and  with  the  following  as  the  chief  points : 

We  are  all  agreed  as  to  the  purpose  to  be  attained,  but  we  may  not  all 
agree  as  to  the  best  manner  of  attaining  that  end.  Canada  was,  is  and  will 
be,  determined  to  do  her  full  share  as  a  Dominion  of  the  Empire  in  this 
struggle.  We  have  up  to  the  present  time  done  marvellously.  But  I 
cannot  believe  that  the  suggestion  emanating  from  the  Premier  that  we 
should  endeavour  to  raise  500,000  men  is  a  practicable  suggestion.  We  have 
many  duties  to  perform.  First,  we  have  our  contributions  to  the  Army  of 
the  Empire.  Then  we  have  our  work  as  manufacturers  of  munitions,  and,  though 
I  hope  not,  it  may  yet  be  necessary  to  enormously  increase  that  work  in 
the  not  remote  future.  Then  we  have  our  agricultural  work — we  must  help 
feed  the  British  nation.  Then  there  is  another  thing  of  little  less  importanve 
— finance.  If  we  were  to  attempt  to  raise  500,000,  or  add  225,000  to  our 
present  Army,  we  would  be  making  a  draft  upon  the  working  population  of 
this  country  that  would  be  seriously  felt.  .  .  .  With  such  conditions 
facing  us  we  must  go  slowly  about  recruiting,  and  carry  out  the  best  plans 
for  the  country  in  a  sane,  methodical  and  business-like  way.  .  .  .  Should 
not  we  follow  different  methods  and  confine  ourselves  to  the  units  approach- 
ing completion,  rather  than  by  starting  more  new  battalions  every  day  and 
starting  a  competition  that  cannot  but  have  bad  results. 

Lord  Shaughnessy 's  objections  to  existing  methods  were  (1) 
that  recruiting  was  going  on  while  large  bodies  of  soldiers  remained 
in  the  country  at  great  expense;  and  (2)  that  recruiting  was  not 
properly  adjusted  to  general  conditions  and  local  requirements. 
What  he  wanted  was  the  application  of  organized  methods  to  re- 
cruiting and  co-ordination  in  the  work  of  the  military,  industrial 
and  agricultural  interests  of  the  country.  Various  manufacturers 
at  this  time  began  to  take  the  attitude  that  business  could  not  stand 
any  more  drafts  on  their  men.  At  Toronto  Sir  John  Eaton,  early 
in  the  year,  declined  to  allow  a  Police  census  of  his  establishments 
on  the  ground  that  1,500  men  had  already  enlisted  and  were  on 
his  pay-roll,  and  that  the  Government  should  conduct  such  inquiries. 
The  Consumers'  Gas  Co.  of  Toronto  by  Mar.  31  had  seen  323  of 
their  employees  enlisted ;  the  N.  S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  New  Glasgow, 
out  of  6,000  employees  had  enlistments  of  about  1,000 — of  whom 


320  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

one-half  were  coal  miners  with  a  resulting  curtailment  of  produc- 
tion ;  the  Dominion  Steel  Corporation  had  a  similar  experience  with 
about  2,200  miners  included  amongst  its  2,400  enlistments.  The 
Munitions  Section  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association  at 
this  time  (March,  1916)  passed  a  Resolution  declaring  that  Muni- 
tion workers  should  be  protected  against  recruiting  while  the  Asso- 
ciation, as  a  whole,  issued  a  Memorandum  reviewing  the  subject, 
criticizing  the  Government  for  not  carrying  out  a  plan  of  National 
Service  or  Registration,  and  making  the  following  suggestion: 

That  a  Proclamation  be  issued  calling  upon  every  man  of  18  years  or 
over  to  offer  his  services  to  the  State.  Let  enrollment  offices  be  opened  in 
every  city,  town  and  county,  where  those  who  are  willing  to  serve  may  register 
their  names,  ages,  occupations,  etc.,  and  be  given  a  badge  or  armlet  to  mark 
them  out  as  men  who  have  answered  the  call.  Let  a  Board  be  appointed  in 
connection  with  each  enrollment  office,  constituted  of,  perhaps,  a  Judge  as 
Chairman,  an  officer  of  the  Militia  and  one  or  two  others,  to  consider  each 
man's  case,  and  assign  him  to  the  class  of  service  which  his  peculiar  qualifi- 
cations best  fit  him  for,  whether  that  service  be  overseas,  home  defence,  some 
form  of  production,  or  anything  else  essential  to  the  conduct  of  our  national 
affairs  in  war  time. 

On  Mar.  24  the  Hamilton  Recruiting  League  at  a  local  mass 
meeting  obtained  endorsation  of  the  following  proposals :  ( 1 )  Tak- 
ing a  census  of  all  men  in  the  Dominion  from  18  years  of  age  and 
upward,  specifying  those  married  and  unmarried;  (2)  classifying 
the  men  according  to  their  occupations  or  their  fitness  or  prefer- 
ence for  certain  kinds  of  work;  and  (3)  classifying  the  industries 
with  a  view  to  the  restriction  or  the  ultimate  elimination  of  such  as 
were  essential  to  the  welfare  of  the  country  or  were  not  economic 
factors.  The  Resolution  concluded  with  a  clause  urging  the 
immediate  application  of  "some  just  and  comprehensive  system  of 
draft."  In  the  Senate  a  little  later  (May  4)  Brig.-Gen.  the  Hon. 
James  Mason  put  these  and  many  other  thoughts  into  concrete  form 
by  calling  the  attention  of  Parliament  to  the  situation : 

The  supply  of  men  who  are  eligible  and  who  are  willing  to  enlist  is  fast 
becoming  exhausted,  and  of  the  men  who  are  offering  themselves  for  enlistment 
a  large  proportion  is  rejected  for  physical  reasons,  thus  entailing  much 
unnecessary  trouble  and  expense.  Some  of  the  important  industries  of  the 
country  are  suffering  seriously  on  account  of  the  depletion  of  their  employees 
who  have  patriotically  enlisted  for  service  overseas,  and  further  demands  are 
being  made  for  recruits,  and  this  depletion  is  continuing  and  will  continue. 
It  is  apparent  that  a  very  large  number  of  men  of  military  age  and  who  can 
be  spared,  without  interfering  with  those  industries  essential  to  the  progress 
and  welfare  of  the  country,  and  the  affording  of  the  assistance  Canada  is 
expected  to  render  in  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  War,  are  not  enlisting, 
and  are  plainly  shirking  their  duty  in  this  great  emergency. 

He  asked  what,  if  any,  steps  the  Government  was  taking  to 
remedy  these  evils  and  urged  some  system  of  Registration  under 
which  all  men  of  military  age  would  be  classified  according  to  their 
fitness  for  service.  He  drew  attention  to  some  of  the  industrial 
facts  already  outlined  and  others  such  as  the  Dunlop  Tire  Co., 
Toronto,  having  given  260  out  of  700  to  enlistment;  the  Interna- 
tional Harvester  Co.,  Hamilton,  with  some  departments  almost 
entirely  depleted  and  the  shortage  of  industrial  labour  in  Brant- 
ford  ;  the  Penman  Co.  of  Paris  with  70  enlistments  out  of  150 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS:  REGISTRATION  AND  CONSCRIPTION         321 

employees  and  in  their  mill  at  St.  Hyacinthe,  Que.,  1  enlistment 
out  of  347  male  employees.  He  claimed  that  enlistments,  also, 
were  unfairly  distributed  (1)  as  between  the  Provinces  and  (2) 
as  between  Canadians  of  United  Kingdom  or  Canada  birth.  His 
estimate  of  the  number  of  men  rejected  was  from  25  to  50  per  cent. 
His  conclusion  was  as  follows :  ' '  I  think  it  is  pretty  well  understood 
that  the  plan  of  registration  adopted  in  England  was  a  very 
extensive  one;  every  one  of  both  sexes  from  15  to  65  was  regis- 
tered, so  that  from  the  returns  in  the  hands  of  the  authorities  they 
were  familiar  with  the  age,  condition  and  occupation  of  all  in- 
habitants of  both  sexes  of  those  ages.  What  I  would  propose  for 
Canada  would  simply  be  a  Registration  of  all  men  of  military  age, 
from  18  to  45,  and  have  them  divided  into  classes  so  that  men 
would  be  classified  according  to  their  ability  to  serve  at  the  Front, 
or  the  necessity  for  them  remaining  at  home  for  war  purposes  or 
other  purposes  of  the  country." 

Following  this  came  many  demands  for  Registration  of  some 
kind  or  another.  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott  of  the  Central  League  in 
Toronto  urged  it  on  Mar.  18  as  necessary  to  safeguard  the  indus- 
tries of  the  Province;  the  Stratford  City  Council  and  Board  of 
Trade  passed  Resolutions  in  favour  of  Dominion  registration;  Dr. 
Forbes  Godfrey,  M.L.A.,  in  a  speech  on  Mar.  26  took  the  same  stand, 
while  the  Saskatoon  lodges  of  the  Sons  of  England  followed  suit 
and  the  Executive  of  the  Winnipeg  Recruiting  League  declared 
(Apr.  25)  in  favour  of  Registration  as  preferable  to  Conscription. 
Oliver  Hezzlewood  of  the  Toronto  Recruiting  League  asked  in  the 
press  of  June  13 :  "  Is  it  not  about  time  that  some  action  were  taken 
by  the  authorities  to  carry  out  a  system  of  registration  that  will 
equitably  conserve  our  industries  and  not  let  those  of  Toronto  be 
depleted  of  men  while  other  sections  are  enlisting  such  a  small 
percentage";  the  Toronto  and  Winnipeg  Anglican  Synods  and 
Methodist  Conferences  and  the  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 
urged  Registration,  as  did  4,000  Women  representing  all  their 
Toronto  organizations  at  a  meeting  on  June  12.  On  June  14-15  the 
Canadian  Manufacturers  at  their  annual  meeting  in  Hamilton 
declared  that  "the  Association  will  approve  any  scheme  for  com- 
plete and  effectual  mobilization  of  the  entire  resources  of  Canada 
in  men  and  materials,  which  should  be  placed  unreservedly  at  the 
disposal  of  the  country";  J.  H.  Sherrard,  President,  pointed  out 
that  "the  time  has  come  for  Canada  to  register  her  men,  so  that 
those  who  can  be  most  useful  to  the  War  by  remaining  at  the  work 
they  are  necessary  to  shall  not  be  recruited,  and  so  that  the  remain- 
ing available  men  will  be  induced  to  do  their  duty  by  enlisting." 
S.  R.  Parsons,  Chairman  of  the  Industrial  Committee,  reported 
that :  l '  Thousands  of  skilled  workmen  have  been  taken  from  factor- 
ies which  are  engaged  on  army  contracts  and  put  into  uniform 
where  their  military  value  has  been  actually  diminished.  There  has 
been  constant  disorganization,  repeated  training  of  new  batches  of 
men,  loss  of  time,  unprofitable  expenditure  of  money  and,  most  ser- 
ious of  all,  inability  to  produce  war  supplies  up  to  the  capacity  of 
21 


\ 


322  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

factories  under  normal  conditions."  In  August  a  Conference  of 
Recruiting  Agencies  at  Montreal  declared  that  "a  Canadian  Regis- 
ter would  improve  the  recruiting  situation  in  several  important 
particulars.  It  would  at  once  define  in  clear  outline  the  men  who 
should  go  to  the  Front,  thus  exposing  them  to  the  full  force  of  the 
appeals  of  the  recruiting  sergeants,  and  to  the  pressure  of  public 
opinion."  A.  M.  Nanton,  an  active  Winnipeg  publicist,  urged  on 
Dec.  5  that  every  man  in  Canada  should  be  forced  to  register  forth- 
with. 

Naturally,  the  advocates  of  Registration  merged  more  or  less 
into  an  advocacy  of  Conscription,  while  the  critics  of  voluntaryism 
and  all  who  found  recruiting  slow  or  difficult  easily  fell  into  a 
support  of  compulsory  methods.  As  the  months  passed  the  Militia 
Act  became  a  favoured  basis  for  action.  By  its  terms  ' '  all  the  male 
inhabitants  of  Canada,  of  the  age  of  18  years  and  upwards,  and 
under  60,  not  exempt  or  disqualified  by  law ;  and  being  British  sub- 
jects, are  liable  to  service  in  the  Militia."  Provision,  also,  was 
included  for  special  drafts:  "When  men  are  required  to  organize 
or  complete  a  corps  at  any  time,  and  enough  men  do  not  volunteer 
to  complete  the  quota  required,  the  men  liable  to  serve  shall  be 
drafted  by  ballot."  Exemptions  from  liability  to  serve  included 
Clergy;  telegraph  clerks;  clerks  in  revenue  offices;  wardens  of 
prisons  and  lunatic  asylums;  police  and  firemen;  professors  and 
teachers  in  religious  orders ;  the  only  son  of  a  widow,  being  her  only 
support;  persons  who,  from  doctrines  of  their  religion,  are  averse 
to  bearing  arms  or  rendering  personal  military  service.  The  male 
population  was  liable  for  service  in  this  order:  (1)  those  of  18 
years  and  upwards,  but  not  under  30  years,  who  are  unmarried 
or  widowers  without  children;  (2)  those  of  30  years  and  upwards, 
but  under  45,  unmarried  or  widowers  without  children;  (3)  those 
18  years  and  upwards,  but  under  45,  married  or  widowers  with 
children;  (4)  those  of  the  age  45  years  and  upwards,  but  under  60 
years.  The  part  of  the  Act  relating  to  Active  Service,  declared 
that  "The  Governor-in-Council  may  place  the  Militia,  or  any  part 
thereof,  on  active  service  anywhere  in  Canada,  and  also  beyond 
Canada,  for  the  defence  thereof,  at  any  time  when  it  appears  ad- 
visable to  do  so  by  reason  of  emergency. ' ' 

Neither  Government  nor  Opposition  at  Ottawa  was  in  favour 
of  compulsory  action  except  as  a  last  resort  or  in  some  such 
extreme  emergencj^  as  invasion.  When  the  Recruiting  League 
Delegates  from  Manitoba,  Ontario,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick waited  upon  the  Government  (Apr.  14),  urged  the  unsatis- 
factory working  of  voluntaryism,  and  asked  in  the  words  of  Chief 
Justice  Mathers  of  Winnipeg  for  ' '  enforced  military  service  or  some 
well-regulated  system  of  selection,"  Sir  Robert  Borden,  in  his 
reply,  made  no  promise  as  to  compulsion,  declared  a  United  Can- 
ada essential,  and  described  certain  improvements  in  recruiting 
methods  which  were  underway.  In  Toronto  on  Jan.  17  J.  W. 
Woods,  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  put  himself  on  record  as 
"favouring  Conscription  in  time  of  war;"  Colonel  G.  T.  Denison, 


MILITARY  AFFAIRS:  REGISTRATION  AND  CONSCRIPTION         323 

on  Feb.  26,  urged  the  enforcement  of  the  Militia  Act  and  described 
public  opinion  as  moving  toward  Conscription ;  Oliver  Hezzlewood, 
President  of  the  Canadian  Automobile  Association,  expressed  him- 
self in  favour  of  it  at  Montreal  on  Mar.  8  and  on  other  occasions ; 
Lieut.-Col.  P.  A.  Guthrie,  M.L.A.,  in  various  interviews  and  speeches, 
spoke  strongly  for  Conscription ;  the  Citizens '  Recruiting  League  of 
Winnipeg  (Apr.  3)  declared  unanimously  that  "the  time  has  now 
arrived  when  the  Dominion  Government  should  adopt  some  form 
of  compulsory  military  service  for  Imperial  purposes."  The  New 
Brunswick  Legislature  on  Apr.  12  passed  unanimously  a  'Resolu- 
tion declaring  that  "in  order  that  the  500,000  men  promised  by 
Canada  to  the  Empire  may  be  speedily  raised,  Parliament  should 
pass  an  Act  calling  to  the  colours  all  men  of  suitable  military  age ; 
and  that  in  the  selection  of  men  for  Overseas  service  a  system  of 
enrollment  should  be  adopted  whereby  the  requirements  of  the 
agricultural,  industrial  and  transportation  interests  of  the  coun- 
try, together  with  the  needs  of  persons  dependent  upon  the  earn- 
ings of  men  of  military  age,  shall  be  given  due  consideration." 
Others  who  supported  some  form  of  compulsion  during  the  year 
were  Rev.  Prof.  Law  of  Knox  College,  Toronto,  and  Sir  Wm. 
Peterson  of  McGill,  Montreal;  Major  L.  P.  D.  Tilley  of  St.  John, 
R.  E.  Kingsford  and  Judge  Emerson  Coatsworth,  Toronto ;  Bishop 
Farthing,  Montreal,  and  Bishop  Williams  of  Huron;  Sir  Hugh 
John  Macdonald,  Winnipeg,  and  S.  F.  Washington,  K.C.,  Hamilton ; 
Lieut.-Col.  H.  H.  Matthews,  D.S.O.,  Victoria,  and  J.  P.  Bell,  General 
Manager  Bank  of  Hamilton,  Hamilton ;  Sir  Clive  Phillipps-Wolley, 
Victoria;  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper,  H.  Bell-Irving,  G.  H.  Cowan,  K.C., 
H.  H.  Stevens,  M.P.,  of  Vancouver.  The  most  earnest  and  logical 
advocate  of  the  policy  was  Lieut.-Col.  Lome  Mulloy,  the  blind 
veteran  of  the  South  African  War,  who  spoke  frequently  along 
this  line  and  on  Mar.  4  issued  an  able  statement  of  the  arguments 
in  its  favour.  He  contended: 

1.  That  the  French  method  commonly  known  as  Conscription,  is  better 
described    as    democratic    compulsion    or    the    subordination    of    each    to    the 
expressed  will  of  all.     In  other  words,  it  is  the  same  form  of  compulsion  as 
that  which  compels  us  here  in  Canada  to  pay  our  self-imposed  taxes  and  to 
obey  our  self-made  laws. 

2.  That  history,  ancient  or  modern,  of  all  nations  and  all  peoples,  does 
not  record  a  single  instance  in  which  the  voluntary  system  stood  the  test  of  a 
real  war. 

3.  The  volunteer  system  is  a  contradiction  of  the  necessarily  fundamental 
relationship   existing   between   the   citizen   and   the    State   because    the   basic, 
underlying  and  understood  obligation  is  that  in  time  of  war  the  eligible  male 
citizen  must  fight. 

4.  The  voluntary  system  is  a  violation  of  the  principles  of  democracy 
because  the  fundamental  principle  of  democracy  is  the  equality  of  all  citizens 
before  the  law  or  from  the  standpoint  of  the  State. 

5.  The  voluntary  system  creates  the  maximum  of  industrial  derangement 
and  is  prodigally  wasteful  and  riotously  extravagant. 

On  Apr.  14  the  Canadian  National  Service  League  was  formed 
at  Ottawa  with  Hon.  T.  G.  Mathers,  Winnipeg,  as  Hon.  President, 
J.  M.  Godfrey,  Toronto,  President,  and  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott,  Toronto, 
Hon.  Secretary,  with  its  stated  object  as  promotion  of  "any  form 


324  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

of  national  service  which  the  need  of  the  hour  may  demand"  and 
compulsory  action  as  its  practical  advocacy.  Chief  Justice  Math- 
ers, on  his  return  to  Winnipeg,  explained  on  Apr.  24  that  "our 
object  is  to  substitute  for  the  present  haphazard  method  or  lack  of 
method,  a  businesslike  system  whereby  the  necessary  men  will  be 
obtained  with  the  least  possible  disturbance  to  the  productive  power 
of  the  country."  This  could  only  be  done  by  a  Government  with 
power  to  enforce  service.  Mr.  Godfrey  outlined  his  views  to  the 
Toronto  Neics  on  June  12 :  "I  favour  authoritative  selection.  Such 
selection,  following  a  registration  based  on  the  British  Registration 
Act,  would  mean  a  selection  by  the  Governmental  authorities  of 
every  person  of  both  sexes,  or  from  15  to  65  years  of  age,  for  all 
purposes  in  connection  with  the  War." 

In  WhimP6^  on  July  28  a  conference  of  22  Societies  of  every 
description  of  thought  and  work  declared  by  Resolution  that  "the 
present  voluntary  system  of  recruiting  is  wasteful  and  ineffective, 
and  should  be  replaced  by  enforced  national  service  under  a  pro- 
per system  of  selection";  on  Aug.  10,  at  Edmonton,  the  Anglican 
Synod  of  Rupert's  Land  declared  "for  the  complete  and  effectual 
mobilization  of  the  entire  resources  of  Canada  in  men  and  material, 
which  should  be  placed  unreservedly  at  the  disposal  of  our  coun- 
try and  Empire " ;  at  a  meeting  of  the  Montreal  Women 's  Club  on 
Oct.  23  compulsory  military  service  was  urged  with  Mrs.  R.  W. 
Reford  as  the  chief  speaker;  to  a  Toronto  meeting  on  Nov.  5  Sam 
Landers,  a  Hamilton  Labour  leader,  declared  that  "compulsory 
service,  in  making  every  man  bear  an  equal  share  of  his  country's 
burden,  is  the  very  fundamental  spirit  of  democracy " ;  on  Nov.  9 
the  Canadian  Military  institute,  Toronto,  passed  a  Resolution  ask- 
ing the  Government  to  enforce  the  1st  clause  of  the  Militia  Act 
at  once ;  in  Victoria,  B.C.,  on  Dec.  12  the  Local  Council  of  Women 
approved  a  similar  motion,  and  in  Lindsay  on  Dec.  24  Lieut.-Gen. 
Sir  Sam  Hughes  favoured  the  same  policy.  The  following  organ- 
izations, in  addition  to  those  mentioned,  passed  Resolutions  during 
the  year  in  favour  of  compulsion  in  some  form:  Local  Council  of 
Women  at  Toronto  and  Montreal;  Women's  Canadian  Club,  Tor- 
onto, and  Presbyterian  Ministers'  Association,  Montreal;  Army 
and  Navy  Veterans,  Winnipeg,  and  the  Anglican  Synod  of  Huron ; 
the  Grand  Orange  Lodges  of  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  West; 
the  Congregational  Union  of  Canada  and  the  Toronto  Anglican 
Synod;  the  Citizens'  Recruiting  Leagues  of  Toronto,  Windsor, 
Stratford,  Fredericton  and  Saskatoon.  The  press  did  not  dis- 
cuss compulsion  very  fully.  Papers  such  as  the  Toronto  Star  and 
Saskatoon  Phcenix  leaned  toward  it,  very  few  came  out  openly  in 
favour  of  it ;  the  Toronto  News  vigorously  opposed  it  as  did  all  the 
French-Canadian  papers,  the  Toronto  Globe,  Winnipeg  Telegram, 
Montreal  Herald  and  Winnipeg  Free  Press.  The  Canadian  Trades 
and  Labour  Council  opposed  it  as  did  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Hon. 
Robert  Rogers,  Hon.  T.  Chase  Casgrain,  R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P.,  and 
other  public  men. 


SIB  ROBERT  BORDEN  AND  NATIONAL  SERVICE  325 

Out  of  all  this  effort  and  controversy  there  finally 
The  National  evolved  a  Government  scheme  for  ascertaining  just 
speec^es'oTsip  wnere  tne  country  stood  as  to  recruiting,  labour, 
Robert  Borden  industry  and  general  willingness  to  serve  in  the  War. 
By  the  time  400,000  men  had  been  obtained  and 
utilized  in  the  various  ways  already  indicated  it  had  become  clear 
that  further  official  action  was  necessary  in  order  to  make  up  the 
500,000 — to  say  nothing  of  keeping  it  up.  For  about  a  month  prior 
to  the  middle  of  September  it  was  understood  that  the  Government  \ 
was  considering  a  comprehensive  plan  which  would  encourage  re- 
cruiting and  form  a  basis  for  re-organizing  labour  and  other  con- 
ditions. An  Order- in-Council  was  passed  during  August  authoriz- 
ing the  appointment  of  a  ^gti^«yL.Service_Board,with  a  number  of 
Directors  to  be  appointed  by  the  Government  and  with  a  general 
power  of  supervision  over  recruiting  as  it  affected  industries  and 
labour.  Each  Director  "for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  largest 
available  military  forces  in  the  present  war"  was  to  co-operate  with 
and  to  afford  all  possible  information  to  the  military  authorities 
engaged  in  recruiting  within  his  District ;  to  take  into  consideration 
the  character  and  importance  of  the  employment  in  which  any 
persons  proposed  to  be  recruited  might  be  engaged;  and  to  deal 
with  the  details  according  to  the  larger  public  interests.  It  was 
announced  in  an  Ottawa  dispatch  to  the  Toronto  Mail  and  Empire 
on  Sept.  12  that  Sir  Thomas  Tait  of  Montreal,  the  one-time  head 
of  the  Victoria  (Australia)  Government  Railways,  was  to  b.e  Direc- 
tor-General, and  that  the  plan  was  "to  call  for  close  co-operation 
between  those  in  charge  of  actual  recruiting  and  those  directing  the 
output  of  munitions  and  the  employment  of  labour  for  the  manu- 
facture of  munitions." 

On  the  20th  the  appointment  of  Sir  Thomas  Tait  was  announced 
and  the  press  reports  from  Ottawa  continued  to  lay  stress  upon 
the  objects  of  the  Board  as  (1)  a  vigorous  and  systematic  effort  to 
raise  the  130,000  men  still  needed  to  complete  the  half  million 
maximum,  and  (2)  care  and  oversight  for  the  industries  and  com- 
merce of  Canada.  After  a  conference  between  the  Government 
and  Sir  Thomas  it  was  stated  on  Sept.  25  that  conditions  had  been 
revised  and  that  the  Board  would  work  under  the  direct  supervi- 
sion of  the  Prime  Minister  and  not  the  Minister  of  Militia,  and 
that  there  would  be  12  Directors  of  National  Service.  On  Oct. 
3rd  Sir  Thomas  Tait  announced  the  following  appointments  to  the 
Board,  according  to  Military  Districts,  with  headquarters  as  named : 
No.  1,  London,  K.  W.  McKay;  No.  2,  Toronto,  Lieut.-Col.  Henry 
Brock;  No.  3,  Kingston,  Lieut.  W.  N.  Bowen;  No.  4,  Montreal,  J. 
H.  Sherrard;  No.  5,  Quebec,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  A.  Chauveau;  No.  6, 
Major  L.  P.  D.  Tilley,  St.  John,  and  G.  S.  Campbell,  Halifax;  No. 
10,  Winnipeg,  E.  R.  Chapman ;  No.  11,  Victoria,  R.  F.  Green,  M.P.  ; 
No.  12,  Regina,  A.  L.  Haining ;  No.  13,  Calgary,  R.  B.  Bennett.  On 
Nov.  6  Col.  the  Hon.  A.  C.  Rutherford,  K.C.,  was  appointed  for 
Alberta  in  place  of  Mr.  Bennett;  on  Dec.  8,  J.  A.  Macdonald  was 
appointed  for  P.  E.  Island;  on  Nov.  16,  Lieut.  Col.  Arthur  Mig- 


326  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

nault  for  Montreal  (additional).     The  following  official,  statement 
was  issued : 

The  duties  of  the  Directors  of  National  Service,  which  will  be  directed, 
supervised  and  co-ordinated  by  the  Director-General  at  Ottawa,  include,  among 
other  things,  the  taking  of  expedient  measures  to  have  all  available  labour 
utilized  to  the  greatest  advantage,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  and  carrying 
on  important  industries  and  of  affording  to  the  greatest  possible  number  of 
men  the  opportunity  of  military  service,  and  with  this  in  view  to  make  an 
estimate  of  such  available  labour.  The  Directors  are  to  arrange  for  the  em- 
ployment of  women  in  work  within  their  capacity  wherever  additional  labour 
is  necessary.  The  Directors  of  National  Service,  subject  to  appeal  to  the 
Director-General,  are  also  charged  with  the  duty  of  determining  whether  the 
services  of  men  are  of  more  value  to  the  State  in  the  employment  in  which  they 
are  engaged  than  if  they  are  enlisted  for  military  service,  and  in  this  and  other 
matters  they  are  to  co-operate  with  and  afford  all  possible  information  to  the 
Eecruiting  authorities.  The  work  of  formulating,  if  possible,  a  scheme  by 
which  an  inventory  of  the  labour  of  the  Dominion  may  be  made  as  a  basis  for 
its  use  to  the  greatest  advantage  is  already  in  hand.  The  data  which  would 
be  obtained  by  such  an  inventory  would  be  of  use  not  only  for  that  purpose, 
but  might  be  of  great  value  in  dealing  with  industrial  conditions  after  the 
War. 

It  was  added  that  the  supervision  of  Recruiting  lay  with  the 
D.O.C.  in  each  District  and  that  it  was  his  duty  "to  take  all 
expedient  measures  for  the  purpose  of  recruiting  within  his  Dis- 
trict, and  to  co-operate  with  the  Director  of  National  Service  in 
his  District."  A  little  later  the  Director-General  appointed  G.  M. 
Murray,  Secretary  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  to 
be  Secretary  of  the  Board.  It  was  at  once  obvious  that  no  recruit- 
ing compulsion  was  involved  in  this  plan  and  that  the  local  inter- 
ests of  industry  wouid  be  safeguarded.  On  Oct.  9-12  the  Board  met 
at  Ottawa  for  consultation  and  made  public  recommendations 
which  included  (1)  an  inventory  of  man-power,  classified  ''accord- 
ing to  individual  aptitudes  for  national  service  and  to  national 
economic  needs";  (2)  the  granting  of  certificates  and  badges  to 
men  who  might  offer  to  enlist  for  active  military  service,  but  who 
were  declared  to  be  giving  greater  value  to  the  State  by  remaining 
at  work  in  their  own  occupation;  (3)  the  release  in  future  of  men 
enlisting  who  should  be  declared  by  the  District  Director  to  be  more 
needed  in  their  old  occupations;  (4)  the  establishment  of  Women's 
National  Service  Boards,  with  a  view  to  registering  available  sup- 
plies of  woman  labour  and  securing  the  proper  distribution  of 
that  labour  to  fill  the  gaps  left  by  the  enlistment  of  men. 

Meanwhile  internal  differences  had  developed  and,  on  Oct.  14, 
it  was  announced  that  Sir  Thomas  Tait  had  resigned  in  a  letter  to 
the  Premier  dated  on  the  day  the  above  conclusions  were  made 
public.  It  appeared  that  before  his  appointment  Mr.  Murray,  as 
the  Manufacturers'  Secretary,  had  written  to  the  Minister  of  Fin- 
ance (Aug.  11)  asking  if  the  Government  were  financially  respons- 
ible for  renewals  of  clothing,  equipment,  etc.,  supplied  to  troops 
after  they  left  Canada;  that  Sir  Thomas  White  replied  (Aug.  16) 
stating  that  ' '  with  respect  to  men  actually  at  the  Front  the  British 
Government  supplies  rations  and  other  necessaries"  under  an  ar- 
rangement by  which  the  Canadian  Government  would  ultimately 
repay  such  expenditures ;  that  on  Oct.  3,  following,  Mr.  Murray 


SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  AND  NATIONAL  SERVICE  327 

issued  a  signed  circular  to  his  Association  re  War  Orders,  in  which 
it  was  stated  that  upon  the  arrival  of  troops  in  England  they  were 
' '  taken  in  charge  by  the  War  Office  under  an  arrangement  whereby 
the  latter  does  all  the  purchasing";  that  on  the  6th  Hon.  A.  E. 
Kemp,  Chairman  of  the  War  Purchasing  Commission,  wrote  Mr. 
Murray  protesting  against  this  statement  as  incorrect  and  against 
a  verbal  one  by  Mr.  Murray  to  the  President  of  the  Canadian  Tex- 
tile Association  to  the  effect  that  his  information  was  received 
from  Sir  Thomas  White ;  that  Mr.  Murray  on  Oct.  10  wrote  acknow- 
ledging his  mistake  and  proffering  apologies.  Meantime  Industrial 
Canada,  the  organ  of  the  Association  and  of  which  Mr.  Murray 
was  Acting  Editor,  had  in  its  latest  issues  editorially  attacked  the 
Government  for  (September)  "dawdling  away  valuable  time  on  a 
compromise  scheme  of  national  registration"  and  (October)  for  not 
having  ' '  sufficient  foresight  to  bring  in  a  reasonable  Act  to  provide 
for  National  Service." 

Whatever  the  reason  the  Government  now  declined  to  approve 
Mr.  Murray 's  appointment  and  Sir  Thomas  Tait  's  letter  of  resigna- 
tion on  Oct.  12  stated  that  "in  view  of  what  has  occurred  in  the 
case  of  Mr.  G.  M.  Murray,  who  had  been  offered  by  me  and  who  had 
accepted  the  position  of  Secretary  of  National  Service  and  of  that 
incident  as  indicative  of  what  may  be  anticipated  in  connection 
with  the  future  organization  and  work  of  National  Service"  he 
felt  compelled  to  retire.  Sir  Robert  Borden  accepted  the  resigna- 
tion with,  merely,  the  statement  that  it  was  "a  serious  and  pre- 
cipitate decision."  R.  B.  Bennett,  M.P.,  was  appointed  Director-^ 
General  (Oct.  16)  and  at  once  took  up  the  work.  Following  this  in- 
cident came  a  wide  discussion  as  to  the  value  and  objects  of  the 
National  Service  Board.  The  claim  was  made  by  Liberals  that  it 
was  partisan  in  composition  and  policy  with  nearly  every  Director 
a  recognized  Conservative,  and  with  Sir  Thomas  Tait's  retirement 
quoted  as  proof ;  some  said  it  lacked  practical  powers  with  no  means 
of  enforcing  decisions  and  others  declared  it  would  check  rather 
than  help  recruiting.  On  Oet-^15  it  was  announced  that  a  Resolu- 
tion had  been  approved  by  the  Board,  urging  the  creation  of  a 
Parliamentary  non-party  National  Service_Committee  and  the  im- 
mediate issue  by  it  of  a  calllo^Ee~Nation  along  the  following  lines : 

(1)  A  strong  and  explicit  call  to  the  manhood  of  Canada  of  military  age 
and  fitness  to  enlist  for  overseas  military  and  naval  service. 

(2)  A  similar  call  to  the  men  and  women  of  Canada,  individually,  and 
through  their  various  organizations,  to  serve  the  nation  in  such  capacities  as 
their  services  may  be  of  most  value. 

(3)  A  similar  call  to  all  employers  to  effect  such  industrial  reorganization 
as  is  necessary  to  meet  emergencies  arising  out  of  the  War. 

This  the  Government  approved  and  the  Premier  had  written 
(Oct.  14)  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  inviting  his  co-operation.  A  copy 
of  the  letter  from  Sir  Thomas  Tait  recommending  this  action  was 
enclosed  and  Sir  Robert  expressed  his  willingness  to  undertake 
the  formation  of  such  a  Committee.  "I  trust  that  you  will  be  good 
enough  to  co-operate" — the  Committee  to  be  made  up  of  12  mem- 
bers with  5  named  by  the  Opposition  leader.  On  the  19th  Sir  Wil- 


328  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

frid  replied  in  a  review  of  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  National 
Service  Directors  who,  he  thought,  should  have  at  once  entered 
into  communication  with  employers  of  industrial  and  agricultural 
labour.  But  Sir  Thos.  Tait  had  now  resigned  and  this  put  a  new 
complexion  on  the  proposal.  In  view  of  the  reasons  given  for  that 
resignation  ' '  I  feel  that  in  acceding  to  your  suggestion  my  assistance 
to  the  cause  would  not  be  untrammelled  and  consequently  as  effec- 
tive as  if  I  continue  to  serve  according  to  my  own  ways  as  hereto- 
fore." The  Premier  replied  briefly  (Oct.  20)  :  "A  united  appeal 
for  this  great  National  purpose  seemed  to  me  especially  desirable 
and  it  is  with  the  deepest  regret  that  I  learn  of  your  refusal  to 
join  in  such  an  appeal. ' ' 

During  the  next  month  Mr.  Bennett  and  his  Directors  were 
busy  developing  plans  for  the  inventory  of  Canada's  man-power. 
M.  H.  Irish,  M.L.A.,  Toronto  (Nov.  15)  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Board  and  Director  of  Munitions  Labour.  On  Nov.  27  Mr.  Ben- 
nett stated  that  ' t  the  chief  duty  imposed  upon  our  organization  is 
to  make  investigations  and  formulate  plans  that  will  enable  the 
agricultural  and  other  essential  industries  to  be  maintained  at  the 
highest  state  of  efficiency,  without  impairing  the  public  services  of 
the  country.  This  would  necessarily  imply  that  the  non-essential 
industries  must  be  prevented  from  absorbing  an  undue  proportion 
of  the  man-power  of  the  country.  Our  Board  must  determine  the 
manner  in  which  men  can  better  serve  the  nation  at  this  time,  whe- 
ther in  a  military  or  industrial  capacity.  Also  the  extent  to  which 
it  may  be  possible  to  provide  for  the  substitution  of  women  for 
men  to  efficiently  maintain  the  industrial  life  of  Canada."  A  List 
of  questions  was  prepared  and  printed  on  2,000,000  large  cards 
which  were  to  be  sent  to  every  male  citizen  of  Canada,  and  which 
asked  for  ( 1 )  particulars  as  to  name,  age,  birthplace  and  parentage- 
nationality;  (2)  details  as  to  health,  physical  condition,  sight  and 
hearing,  etc.;  (3)  marital  condition  and  number  of  persons  sup- 
ported, with  trade,  profession,  occupation  and  present  work. 

The  vital  questions  were  as  follows :  ( 1 )  *  *  Would  you  be  willing 
to  change  your  present  work  for  other  necessary  work  at  the  same 
pay  during  the  War?  (2)  Are  you  willing,  if  your  railway  fare  is 
paid,  to  leave  where  you  now  live,  and  go  to  some  other  place  in 
Canada  to  do  such  work?"  The  actual  distribution  of  the  cards  was 
set  for  January,  1917.  On  Dec.  1  Mr.  Bennett  received  a  Deputation 
in  Toronto  from  26  Canadian  Fraternal  Societies,  who  pledged 
their  support  to  the  plan  and  stated,  through  Wm.  Banks,  their 
spokesman,  that  they  were  spending  $100,000  a  month  to  keep  up 
the  Dues  of  members  on  active  service.  The  plan  had  the  ap- 
proval of  Lord  Shaughnessy  who  told  the  Toronto  Globe  (Sept. 
11)  that  it  was  "an  effective  compromise  between  voluntaryism  and 
conscription.  It  will  procure  for  the  Dominion  forces  all  the  men 
that  are  needed,  but  it  will  result  in  protecting  the  industries  that 
are  essential  for  the  national  good."  Industrial  Canada  (Novem- 
ber eulogized  Mr.  Bennett  and  hoped  for  "quick  and  effective 
results."  By  the  middle  of  December  150,000  letters  had  been 
issued  to  leaders  of  thought  in  Canada  asking  their  co-operation. 


SIR  ROBERT  BORDEN  AND  NATIONAL  SERVICE  329 

Meanwhile  Sir  Robert  Borden  had  undertaken  a  campaign  to 
interest  the  public  in  the  matter,  to  quicken  the  public  spirit  in 
the  need  for  National  Service  and  sacrifice,  to  obtain  support  for  a 
plan  which  had  no  element  of  compulsion  in  it  and  depended  for 
success  upon  public  approval.  A  series  of  speeches  was  arranged, 
and  carried  out,  to  include  Montreal,  Quebec,  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon, 
Edmonton,  Vancouver,  Victoria,  Calgary,  Regina,  and  Toronto. 
Prior  to  starting  on  his  tour,  however,  the  Prime  Minister  issued 
an  Appeal  to  the  People  of  Canada,  on  Oct.  24,  describing  in  brief 
terms  the  origin  and  fierceness  and  vital  import  of  the  struggle 
and  the  fact  that  "Great  Britain's  first  Expeditionary  force  has 
been  increased  more  than  20-fold  and  that  of  Canada  more  than  12- 
fold.  The  climax  of  the  War  is  rapidly  approaching.  The  last 
100,000  men  that  Canada  will  place  in  the  fighting  line  may  be  the 
deciding  factor  in  a  struggle  the  issue  of  which  will  determine  the 
destiny  of  this  Dominion,  of  our  Empire,  and  of  the  whole  world. ' ' 
He  .described  the  events  of  the  War  as  bringing  a  challenge  to  the 
spirit  of  Canadians  which  "must  be  answered  in  service  and  devo- 
tion if  the  nation  is  to  have  an  abiding  place  in  the  future;" 
stated  that  370,000  men  had  enlisted  and  258,000  gone  overseas 
but  that  in  recent  months  enlistments  had  greatly  decreased; 
described  the  enemy  still  to  be  strong  and  determined  and  that  * '  a 
mightier  effort  than  may  be  imagined  is  necessary  to  secure  a  con- 
clusive victory.  This  war  must  have  so  decisive  a  result  that  last- 
ing peace  can  be  secured.  We  are  fighting,  not  for  truce,  but  for 
victory."  He  then  appealed  for  National  Service  and  for  recog- 
nition of  ' '  the  solemn  truth  that  the  nation  is  not  constituted  of  the 
living  alone"  and  that  Canadians  bear  "a  great  responsibility  as 
heirs  of  the  past  and  trustees  of  the  future ' ' : 

Our  strength  can  be  most  effectively  thrown  into  this  conflict  by  utilizing, 
in  all  our  national  activities  for  sustaining  the  agricultural,  industrial  and  com- 
mercial stability  of  Canada,  those  who,  through  age  or  by  reason  of  physical 
condition,  are  not  available  for  service  at  the  Front,  to  the  end  that  we  may 
place  in  the  battle  line  the  greatest  possible  proportion  of  those  fit  for  military 
service.  With  this  view  the  Government  has  asked  the  Director-General  and 
the  Directors  of  National  Service  to  undertake  duties  of  the  highest  importance 
and  urgency.  It  is  imperative  that  the  men  and  women  of  Canada,  individ- 
ually, and  through  their  various  organizations,  shall  serve  the  nation  in  those 
capacities  in  which  their  service  may  be  of  the  most  value.  Thus,  it  is  the 
urgent  duty  of  the  Canadian  people  to  join  with  the  Government  in  organizing 
the  full  power  of  the  nation  in  terms  of  human  energy. 

Under  the  responsibilities  with  which  I  am  invested,  and  in  the  name  of 
the  State,  which  we  are  all  bound  to  serve,  it  is  my  duty  to  appeal,  and  I  do 
now  appeal  most  earnestly,  to  the  people  of  Canada  that  they  assist  and  co- 
operate with  the  Government  and  the  Directors  of  National  Service  in  the 
endeavour  for  this  purpose.  To  men  of  military  age  I  make  the  appeal  that 
they  place  themselves  at  the  service  of  the  State  for  military  duty.  To  all 
others  I  make  appeal  that  they  place  themselves  freely  at  the  disposition  of 
their  country  for  such  service  as  they  are  deemed  best  fitted  to  perform.  And 
to  the  women  of  Canada,  whose  spirit  has  been  so  splendid  and  so  inspiring  in 
this  hour  of  devotion  and  sacrifice  I  bid  God-speed  in  the  manifold  works  of 
beneficence  in  which  they  are  now  engaged  and  I  pray  them  to  aid  still  more 
in  every  field  of  National  Service  for  which  they  may  feel  themselves  fitted. 

In  December  the  series  of  meetings  began.  Accompanied  by 
Hon.  E.  L.  Patenaude,  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue,  and  R.  B. 


330  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Bennett,  M.P.,  of  the  National  Service  Board,  the  Premier  was  well 
received  at  a  mass-meeting  in  Montreal  (Dec.  6)  but  a  crowd  of 
unruly  young  French-Canadians  and  Nationalists  would  not  allow 
Mr.  Patenaude  to  speak  while  they  constantly  interrupted  Mr. 
Bennett.  Sir  Robert  Borden,  after  brief  speeches  from  the  Chair- 
man, Ludger  Gravel,  President  of  La  Chambre  du  Commerce,  and 
H.  B.  Walker  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  dealt  with  the  gravity  of  the 
situation,  the  need  of  organization  amongst  nations,  and  armies, 
and  individuals  to  meet  the  issue,  the  duty  of  Canada  as  one  of  the 
Dominions  "protected  by  the  organized  power  of  the  Empire"  to 
do  its  share,  the  closeness  of  the  Entente  between  France  and  Bri- 
tain and  its  consecration  for  Canada  upon  the  fields  of  war  where 
Canadians  of  French  and  British  extraction  had  fought  and  died 
together:  "I  have  said  and  I  repeat  that  this  is  a  war  of  nations 
rather  than  armies.  All  the  human  energy  and  all  the  material 
forces  at  our  command  must  be  thrown  into  the  scale.  As  men 
without  discipline,  training  and  equipment  cannot  constitute  an 
effective  army  so  a  nation  in  the  face  of  such  conditions  as  now 
confront  us  cannot  exercise  its  full  strength  unless  its  power,  as 
expressed  in  the  terms  of  human  energy,  is  estimated  and  fully 
organized. ' '  Hence  the  call  to  National  Service : 

Canada  is  a  State  within  a  greater  State,  the  Empire  itself.  Our  country 
enjoys  a  constitution  granted  nearly  fifty  years  ago  and  formulated  by  the 
wisdom  of  the  Fathers  of  Confederation,  men  whose  names  still  stir  the  hearts 
of  all  Canadians,  Macdonald,  Cartier,  Brown  and  Tupper.  Within  the  limits 
of  that  constitution  the  people  of  Canada  govern  themselves,  and  each  citizen 
exercises  his  individual  influence  in  determining  how  his  country  shall  be 
governed.  That  is  a  right  established  by  the  principles  upon  which  demo- 
cratic government  is  based.  But  every  right  may  be  measured  by  a  co-relative 
or  corresponding  duty.  To  the  citizen  the  State  grants  protection,  the  security 
of  his  person  and  property,  the  enforcement  of  law,  and  orderly  government. 
To  the  State  each  citizen  owes  a  duty  of  service;  there  never  has  been  and 
perhaps  there  never  will  be  an  occasion  in  which  that  duty  is  more  imperative 
than  at  present. 

Mr.  Bennett  explained  the  National  Service  policy  mainly  as 
an  organization  and  safeguarding  of  the  greater  industries  of  the 
country.  At  Quebec  the  Premier  was  supported  by  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin  and  was  interrupted  at  times  by  a  noisy  crowd  of  young 
men  in  the  galleries  who  called  for  Bourassa  and  Lavergne  when 
Hon.  T.  Chase  Casgrain  was  speaking,  cheered  the  Quebec  Premier, 
and  left  the  hall  in  a  body  when  Mr.  Bennett  began  to  speak. 
Mayor  Lavigneur  was  Chairman  and  both  the  Catholic  and  Pro- 
testant clergy  were  represented  on  the  platform  while  the  speeches 
were  similar  to  those  at  Montreal.  On  the  10th  the  Premier  and 
Mr.  Bennett  were  in  Winnipeg  and  addressed  a  crowded  and  en- 
thusiastic meeting.  The  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris,  Liberal  Premier  of 
Manitoba,  spoke  of  the  work  of  Manitoba  in  the  War  and  endorsed 
National  Service.  Sir  R.  Borden  was  inspired  by  his  audience  and 
made  a  speech  of  quite  distinctive  force :  '  *  What  is  it, ' '  he  asked, 
"that  protects  us  from  the  unspeakable  horrors  perpetrated  on 
France  and  Belgium  in  the  name  of  war  ?  What  is  it  that  prevents 
our  young  men  in  this  country  being  led  away  into  slavery  ?  Why 


SIR  EGBERT  BORDEN  AND  NATIONAL  SERVICE  331 

are  your  children  and  your  women  not  slain  in  the  streets  ?  Why 
are  the  roofs  of  all  your  churches  intact?  Why?  Because  this 
Empire  of  which  you  form  a  part  is  protecting  you  from  all  these 
horrors."  As  to  National  Service  it  meant  this:  ''We  will  make 
the  power  of  the  Nation  tell  in  the  War.  This  power  means  the 
whole  of  Canada's  natural  resources,  increased  by  the  multiple  of 
its  human  energy;  and  the  latter  includes  all  the  organization, 
knowledge,  science  and  skill  with  which  the  human  energy  is 
applied  in  order  to  place  at  the  back  of  the  Government  the  con- 
centrated power  of  the  nation  and  its  resources  for  the  prosecution 
of  the  War." 

At  a  similar  gathering  in  Saskatoon  (Dec.  12)  Sir  Robert  Bor- 
den  declared  that  "it  is  the  determination  of  the  people  of  this 
land — of  the  peoples  of  the  British  Empire — that  there  shall  be 
no  truce,  there  shall  be  .a  peace  which  means  peace  for  many  years 
to  come.  That  is  the  spirit  of  the  people  of  Canada  as  it  is  the 
spirit  of  her  men  at  the  Front,  in  the  hospitals  and  in  training. 
.  .  .  We  here  in  Canada  need  not  call  anyone  to  witness  that 
we  did  not  want  war.  Our  thoughts  were  of  peace;  we  were 
engaged  in  a  great  peaceful  enterprise  of  nation  building;  and 
perhaps  we  were  in  danger  of  sinking  into  materialism.  Nothing 
was  further  from  us  than  the  thought  of  war.  But  beneath  all  this 
lay  buried  in  the  heart  and  soul  of  our  country  the  sacred  fire  of 
liberty,  which  broke  into  flame  as  war  encompassed  us.  We  fight 
not  only  to  maintain  the  Empire,  not  only  for  the  rights  of  small 
nations,  not  only  to  enforce  a  decent  regard  for  the  sanctity  of 
treaties,  but  to  preserve  the  future  of  democracy,  of  liberty  and  of 
humanity."  Geo.  E.  McCraney,  M.P.,  also  spoke  and  Mr.  Bennett 
preached  what  he  called  the  Gospel  of  organization. 

Edmonton  (Dec.  13)  held  two  large  meetings  to  hear  the  Fed- 
eral Premier  and  the  Director-General.  Mr.  Premier  Sifton  was 
out  of  town  and  the  Hon,  Frank  Oliver,  M.P.,  declined  an  invitation 
to  speak.  Sir  Robert  pointed  out  that  "we  want  to  keep  our 
armies  at  the  Front  at  the  highest  possible  figure,  but  we  must 
maintain  in  Canada  certain  conditions  which  are  absolutely  essen- 
tial for  our  national  existence,  or  rather  for  doing  our  part  most 
effectively.  We  have  to  maintain  the  financial  stability  of  Canada, 
otherwise  we  could  not  make  provision  for  equipping  our  armies. 
We  must  maintain  our  great  basic  industries  .for  the  purpose  of 
war  supplies."  Mr.  Bennett  declared  that  "there  are  men  over 
there  who  never  should  have  gone,  and  there  are  some  here  who 
should."  Agriculture,  Steel,  Coal,  were  basic  industries  which, 
with  others,  must  be  guarded;  Railways  and  Education  and  the 
Public  Service  must  be  maintained  and  the  production  of  food 
promoted ;  soldiers  should  properly  be  from  19  to  25  years  of  age. 
Those  over  that  age  should  be  put  to  essential  work,  non-essential 
work  should  be  dropped.  "The  wealthy  who  can  neither  fight  nor 
work  should  be  taxed.  There  are  young  men  working  in  munition 
factories  who  should  be  relieved  and  steps  taken  to  replace  them 
with  women — at  an  equal  wage."  As  to  Conscription  he  declared 


332  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

it  better  that  the  burden  should  be  uneven,  and  uneven  the  sacri- 
fices, so  that  National  unity  be  maintained.  "We  don't  want  to 
have  our  forces  spent  in  having  to  quell  riots  at  home."  Vancou- 
ver meetings  followed  on  the  15th  and  were  also  addressed  by  Hon. 
Ralph  Smith  and  Hon.  M.  A.  Macdonald  of  the  British  Columbia 
Government. 

On  the  16th  Sir  Robert  Borden  and  Mr.  Bennett  spoke  at  Vic- 
toria with  Mayor  Stewart  in  the  chair  and  Hon.  W.  C.  Brewster, 
Hon.  T.  D.  Pattullo  and  Hon.  Wm.  Sloan  of  the  Provincial  Govern- 
ment, amongst  others,  on  the  platform.  "I  would  like  to  make 
you  realize, ' '  said  the  Premier,  ' '  that  our  battle  is  being  fought  as 
truly  on  the  plains  of  Prance  as  if  this  war  were  being  fought  in 
Canada.  Our  men  in  the  trenches,  everyone  of  them,  realize  that. 
We  have  made  great  efforts  in  this  War  already.  There  may  be 
much  greater  efforts  for  us  to  make."  Mr.  Bennett  spoke  elabor- 
ately. He  described  the  existing  prosperity  of  the  country  as  based 
on  war  and  dealt  with  the  500,000  men  who  would  suddenly  be 
released  from  war  and  war-work  at  the  close  of  the  struggle.  The 
young  men  at  the  Front,  the  skilled  steel  worker  in  the  steel  mill, 
the  coal-cutter  in  the  collieries,  the  turner  and  the  gauge-maker  in 
the  munition  factory,  were  centres  of  National  Service.  "There 
are  industries  that  can  well  afford  to  be  shut  down.  There  are 
essential  industries  that  lack  men.  These  must  be  provided." 
Those  who  could  not  fight  or  work  should  pay — and  were  paying 
25%  on  profits.  He  urged  public  and  private  economy  and  thrift 
and  investment  in  War  bonds.  Two  great  meetings  followed  at 
Calgary  on  Dec.  18  and  the  speakers  were  supported  by  Dr.  Michael 
Clark,  M.P.,  in  an  able  address;  at  Moose  Jaw  on  the  next  after- 
noon Sir  Robert  and  Mr.  Bennett  addressed  a  large  gathering  and 
at  Regina  in  the  evening  had  a  great  meeting  with  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  (R.  S.  Lake),  Archbishop  Matheson  of  Winnipeg,  and 
others  on  the  platform.  The  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder,  Minister  of  Rail- 
ways, spoke  for  the  Provincial  Government.  At  Brandon,  on  Dec. 
20,  a  meeting  was  addressed  and,  in  an  interview,  Sir  Robert 
Borden  stated  that  the  "success  of  the  task  we  have  in  hand  de- 
pends on  the  support  of  the  individual  citizen,  and  on  his  readiness 
to  place  himself  at  the  disposal  of  the  Board  of  National  Service 
when  called  upon,  whether  it  is  to  enter  the  army  of  industrial 
workers,  to  be  enlisted  in  the  public  service,  or,  greatest  privilege 
of  all,  to  join  his  comrades  in  arms." 

The  last  of  these  meetings  was  held  in  Toronto  on  Dec.  22  with 
Mayor  T.  L.  Church  in  the  chair,  and  was  notable  for  several 
things.  The  first  was  the  Prime  Minister's  reference  to  the  United 
States  President's  current  Peace  efforts:  "We  realize,  I  suppose, 
and  there  is  no  need  of  emphasizing  it,  that  the  people  of  Canada 
were,  and  are,  a  peace-loving  people.  But  Canadians  have  shown 
that  they  are  not  afraid  to  fight  in  a  great  cause  for  the  security  of 
the  Empire  and  for  the  ideals  of  civilization.  .  .  .  There  is 
not  a  man  here,  to-night,  who  would  not  shrink  from  any  peace 
that  would  not  fulfil  the  purpose  for  which  the  War  was  under- 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  333 

taken.  We  have  seen  some  rather  remarkable  statements  lately.  I 
may  only  allude  to  them,  as  one  must  use  certain  restraints  in  such 
matters,  but  I  had  thought  that  the  cause  of  the  War  had  been 
made  abundantly  clear  more  than  two  years  ago."  The  other  was 
Mr.  Bennett's  denunciation  of  Conscription.  After  describing  the  \f 
three  classes  in  the  country  as  the  fighting,  working  and  paying 
classes  he  declared  that  Canadians  must  present  a  united  front. 
"We  must  confront  a  common  foe  with  a  unity  of  purpose  and 
action.  If  I  do  not  misread  the  spirit  of  the  country  the  people 
are  ready  for  one  last  great  effort.  That  is  the  reason  that  there 
is  no  penalty  printed  on  those  cards.  You  can't  indict  a  nation. 
.  .  .  I  ask  you  men  and  women  whether  a  United  Confederation 
is  not  to  be  preferred  to  Civil  War,  riot,  insurrection."  There 
were  loud  protests  from  the  audience;  there  was  some  criticism, 
but  not  a  great  deal,  in  the  press.  F.  F.  Pardee,  M.P.,  and  N.  W. 
Rowell,  M.L.A.,  for  the  Liberal  party,  also  spoke. 

Following  these  meetings  some  opposition  developed  from 
Labour  sources  and,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  after  conferences 
between  the  Premier  and  Mr.  Bennett  and  certain  Labour  leaders, 
a  formal  interchange  of  letters  took  place  on  Dec.  27.  Mr.  Bennett 
wrote  as  to  the  Service  cards  that  "while  it  is  obligatory  to  cor- 
rectly fill  in  and  promptly  return  the  National  Service  cards,  it  is 
only  essential  that  the  ansAvers  given  to  questions  other  than  those 
of  fact  should  express  the  conscientious  conviction  of  the  person 
answering  these  questions."  The  Premier  congratulated  Labour 
upon  its  patriotism  in  the  War,  stated  that  the  Government  was 
taxing  wealth  and  profits  for  war  purposes  and  added:  "I  repeat  {\ 
once  more  that  the  proposals  for  National  Service  are  not  connected  ' 
with  Conscription.  Rather  the  idea  was  to  make  an  appeal  for  , 
voluntary  National  Service  which  would  render  unnecessary  any 
resort  to  compulsion.  You  have  asked  for  an  assurance  that  under 
no  circumstances  will  Conscription  be  undertaken  or  carried  oat. 
As  I  stated  to  you  at  our  interview,  I  must  decline  to  give  any  such 
assurance.  I  hope  that  Conscription  may  not  be  necessary,  but 
if  it  should  prove  the  only  effective  method  to  preserve  the  exis- 
tence of  the  State  and  of  the  institutions  and  liberties  which  we 
enjoy,  I  should  consider  it  necessary  and  I  should  not  hesitate  to 
act  accordingly."  In  view  of  these  statements  the  Executive  of 
the  Trades  and  Labour  Congress  issued  a  notice  signed  by  J.  C. 
Watters,  President,  P.  M.  Draper,  Secretary-Treasurer,  James 
Simpson  and  R.  A.  Rigg,  M.L.A.,  Vice-Presidents,  recommending 
that  "all  members  of  affiliated  Unions  fill  in  the  answers  according 
to  their  conscientious  opinions  and  return  the  cards  as  directed." 

The  French-  The  War  did  not  create  a  problem  in  or  about,  j 

Canadian  Quebec,  though  it  did  somewhat  accentuate  an  exist-  v 

Ministers;  ing  condition.    The  problem  of  race  patriotism  was  \ 

Nationalism,        already  there  and  lack  of  knowledge  as  to  respons- 
tlng     ibilities  of  Empire,  as  to  relations  with  the  Empire,  as 
to  British  traditions  and  government  all  over  the  world,  as  to  the 
value  of  British  connection  or  the  realities  of  British  protection, 


334  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

was  a  long-standing  one  which  the  Nationalists  cleverly  and  con- 
tinuously utilized  in  spreading  their  propaganda.  The  Govern- 
ment moved  cautiously  and,  upon  the  whole,  wisely  in  dealing  with 
the  situation ;  the  Opposition,  under  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and  Mr. 
Lemieux,  did  nothing  to  seriously  hamper  the  Government's  efforts 
and,  with  natural  partisan  exceptions,  did  something  to  aid  them. 
The  inertia  of  the  French-Canadian  in  the  War  was  largely  a 
natural  condition  and,  while  the  resentment  aroused  in  other  parts 
of  Canada  was  equally  natural,  it  was  not  fully  deserved  by  the 
masses  of  the  people  in  Quebec. 

They  lacked  the  Englishman's  knowledge  of  what  the  War 
meant,  they  lacked  the  English-Canadian's  sense  of  Imperial  duty, 
however  dormant,  they  lacked  the  touch  which  English  Canada 
still  kept  upon  British  affairs,  politics,  conditions,  they  lacked 
education  as  children  in  the  things  which  would  create  an  Empire 
patriotism  though  not  more  so  than  parts  of  the  English  popula- 
tion throughout  Canada.*  At  the  same  time  they  had  their 
own  local  patriotism,  loyalty  to  their  own  institutions  and  Church 
and  language  and  ideals.  The  inertia  might  be  regrettable ;  it  did 
not  deserve  the  slashing  censure  which  some  Ontario  and  Western 
critics  administered  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  such  criticisms 
were  directed  more  at  the  utterances  of  a  part  of  the  French-Can- 
adian press,  or  the  sedition  preached  by  certain  Nationalists,  than 
against  the  people  as  a  whole.  The  root  of  the  trouble,  the  cause 
of  slowness  in  recruiting,  the  lack  of  understanding  between  Quebec 
and  Ontario  from  the  days  of  Mercier  and  D 'Alton  McCarthy  to 
those  of  Bourassa  and  Bi-lingualism,  were  due  to  the  failure  of  poli- 
tical and  other  leaders  to  educate  the  people  in  any  political  respon- 
sibility wider  than  the  boundaries  of  Quebec,  or  away  from  the  tra- 
ditions of  1837  and  memories  of  Riel  or  the  Orangeistes  of  Ontario. 
It  was  easy,  therefore,  to  arouse  feeling  as  to  any  restriction  of  edu- 
cational rights,  in  other  Provinces,  which  wrere  special  to  Quebec 
and  were  guaranteed  to  it  by  British  policy  or  Canadian  practice 
and  recognition. 

The  three  French-Canadian  members  of  the  Government  during 
1916 — the  Postmaster-General,  Hon.  T.  Chase  Casgrain,  the  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Hon.  P.  E.  Blondin,  the  Minister  of  Inland  Revenue, 
Hon.  E.  L.  Patenaude — did  not  have  an  easy  time  in  meeting 
the  situation  and  urging  recruiting.  The  last  two  had  been  Nation- 
alists, long  before  the  War  had  changed  the  whole  face  of  public 
affairs  and  the  meaning  or  import  of  such  issues,  and  they  were 
keenly  and  steadily  attacked  along  this  line  by  the  Liberal  press; 
they  found  an  under-current  of  misunderstanding  everywhere.  The 
"War  was  not  Canada's  war,  they  were  told  and  the  people,  unversed 
in  external  or  European  affairs,  could  not  realize  that  the  fate  of  a 
dozen  greater  countries  than  the  Dominion  was  being  decided  in 
the  trenches  of  France ;  the  only  fighting  in  the  War  that  the  rural 
habitant  or  Sherbrooke  artisan  or  Quebec  citizen  had  heard  much 
about  was  that  of  Canadian  troops  and  many  believed,  or  had  been 

*NOTE. — Before  me,  as  I  write,  is  a  copy  of  Royal  Reader  No.  4  used  in  the  Public 
Schools  of  Montreal,  in  which  there  is  not  one  story  or  poem  of  British  patriotism,  while 
there  are  a  number  eulogizing  German  monarchs  and  German  character. 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  335 

taught  by  rumours  deliberately  spread,  that  the  British  were  stay- 
ing at  home  and  letting  others  do  their  fighting ;  to  very  many  the 
flag  of  their  loyalty  was  the  Tri-colour  and  not  the  Union  Jack,  a 
flag  of  the  French-Canadian  rather  than  of  old  France  or  the 
British  Empire;  the  current  conception  of  France  was  a  land  of 
wild  revolutionary  crimes  and  wilder  Militarism  in  the  days  of 
Napoleon,  or  of  intense  anti- Catholicism  in  the  regime  of  the  exist- 
ing Republic;  for  a  hundred  years  the  people  had  been  trained 
in  Pacificism  by  every  kind  of  teacher  and  leader  and  the  current 
thought  on^that  subject  was  embodied  rather  than  led  by  National- 
istic speakers  and  writers;  they  were  also  told  that  great  Catholic 
peoples  were  fighting  each  other  and  that,  therefore,  no  question  of 
religion  was  involved. 

All  this  led  to  a  natural  and  easily-comprehensible  situation  as 
to  recruiting  in  a  war  which,  even  to  educated  French  Canadians, 
was  made  to  appear  as  fought  for  the  maintenance  of  a  vague 
entity  called  civilization  and  the  protection  of  an  academic  liberty. 
No  German  armies  or  battleships  seemed  to  endanger  French-Can-— 
adian  interests  or  welfare;  no  Empire  ideal  had  been  inculcated . . 
for  which  the  people  of  Quebec  would  naturally  spring  to  arms; 
as  with  the  bulk  of  their  American  neighbours,  no  instinct  attached , 
them  to  a  European  country,  while  many  memories  of  anti-imper- 
ialistic speeches  and  writings  or  anti-Navy  fights  led  them  to 
maintain  a  passive  attitude.  It  was  not  disloyalty,  it  was  an  in- 
difference like  that  found  amongst  many  Canadian  farmers  in 
OnTarHTor  the  West,  amongst  many  young  men  in  loyal  Toronto, 
amongst  many  everywhere  in  Canada  who  had  a  thousand  more 
reasons,  and  known  reasons,  for  participation  in  the  struggle  than 
the  average  French-Canadian  had  ever  heard  of.  There  were,  of 
course,  powerful  reasons  for  aiding  Britain  in  her  mighty  fight 
for  life  such  as  the  century-long  protection  given  by  the  British 
Navy,  the  preservation  of  infant  Canada  from  United  States  ag- 
gression, the  continued  guardianship  of  French  institutions  by 
British  guarantees,  the  British  traditions  of  liberty  and  practice 
of  self-government — but  these  the  masses  had  not  been  taught  in 
sufficient  measure  to  counteract  the  work  of  the  occasional  agitator 
or  demagogue. 

This  was  the  general  condition  which  the  Dominion  Ministers 
had  to  face  in  1916.  Mr.  Chase-Casgrain  had  always  been  British 
in  his  views,  during  the  autumn  of  1915  he  had  addressed  18 
recruiting  meetings  in  and  around  Quebec  City,  and  he  continued 
to  urge  French-Canadian  co-operation  in  the  War.  At  Montreal 
on  Oct.  1,  1916,  he  said :  ' '  The  War  is  not  finished.  One  million  more 
men  are  asked  for.  Let  it  not  be  said  that  the  Province  of  Quebec 
remains  behind.  In  the  name  of  everything  precious  to  us,  in  the 
name  of  everything  we  must  preserve  for  the  future,  I  pray  my 
compatriots,  those  who  can  bear  arms,  those  who  have  no  families, 
to  enlist  in  the  regiments  actually  in  formation."  At  Vercheres 
on  Oct.  29  he  declared  that  ' '  there  is  no  question  to-day  that  every  \ 
member  of  the  Empire  must  do  his  utmost  for  the  common  cause.  ] 


336  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

|  It  being  so  do  you  think  it  would  be  worthy  of  us,  French-Can- 
|  adians,  worthy  of  our  ancestors,  to  shirk  our  duty?"  These  and 
other  meetings  addressed  by  the  Postmaster-General  were  part  of 
an  educative  two-months'  campaign,  undertaken  by  the  French 
Ministers  in  the  Cabinet,  during  which  Messrs.  Blondin  and  Paten- 
aude, in  particular,  spoke  all  over  the  Province.  They  were 
patriotic,  recruiting  meetings  and  the  speeches  dealt  largely  with 
the  propaganda  of  Mr.  Bourassa.* 

Mr.  Patenaude 's  personal  position  had  been  expressed  in  the 
Commons  on  Feb.  2  when  he  declared  that  his  1910-11  opposition 
to  both  the  Borden  and  Laurier  Naval  policies  had  been  honest ; 
circumstances  had  since  created  an  Empire  issue  in  which  the 
defence  of  Canada  was  vitally  involved.  If  he  had  modified  his 
opinions  he  had  a  precedent  for  that  in  the  Liberal  party  itself, 
and  in  this  connection  he  read  extracts  from  Liberal  papers.  "It 
is  possible,"  he  continued,  "that  time  will  justify  the  stand  we 
took  as  to  the  relations  between  the  Colonies  and  the  Empire ;  it  is 
possible  that  the  future  will  give  a  different  result.  But  this  pro- 
blem has  not  been  settled.  It  has  only  been  put  off. ' '  He  referred 
to  the  joint  efforts  of  himself  and  the  Hon.  Rodolphe  Lemieux  in 
the  recruiting  of  the  22nd  French-Canadian  Overseas  Battalion 
and  declared  that  the  Catholic  clergy  in  Quebec  had  done  great 
service  in  the  raising  of  money  for  patriotic  purposes.  In  this 
respect  he  reminded  the  House  of  recent  contributions  by  the 
Sulpician  Order  and  the  Grey  Nuns,  of  Montreal,  to  the  Patriotic 
Fund.  At  Ste.  Martine  (Sept.  17)  Mr.  Patenaude  referred  to  the 
group  of  Nationalist  malcontents  and  declared  that  the  spirit  of 
loyalty  still  existed  amongst  the  people  of  Quebec;  at  L'Epiphanie 
(Sept.  24)  he  asserted  that  without  legal  or  constitutional  obliga- 
tion Canadians  had,  "as  loyal  subjects  of  the  King,  gone  to  war 
in  defence  of  the  Empire."  Aid  for  the  Empire  in  such  a  crisis 
was  the  price  of  the  liberties  enjoyed  by  Canada.  "Canadians  to 
the  number  of  350,000  have  answered  the  call.  These  men  went  to 
defend  our  rights.  They  went  as  loyal  British  subjects,  but  they 
also  went  to  defend  the  present  and  future  interests  of  Canada,  to 
make  certain  that  we  will  continue  to  be  part  of  the  Empire  and  to 
live  in  harmony  as  subjects  of  the  British  Crown."  At  Berthier- 
ville  (Oct.  1)  the  Minister  expressed  "regret  that  a  small  group  of 
men  were  engaged  in  sowing  seeds  of  discord  among  French-Can- 
adians. The  doctrine  of  these  men  was  a  most  pernicious  one,  and 
should  be  stamped  out  vigorously." 

On  Oct.  15,  at  Beauharnois,  Mr.  Patenaude  denounced  language 
recently  used  by  Mr.  Bourassa  regarding  Canadian  soldiers :  * '  The 
Canadians  who  are  now  fighting  for  the  liberty  of  the  world  will 
return  covered  with  glory  and  they  will  take  the  first  place  in  the 
confidence  and  affection  of  the  Dominion.  But  the  man  who  pen- 
ned these  insults  will  sink  to  the  level  which  he  deserves."  He 
stated  that  those  who  aided  Canada  and  the  Empire  at  this  crisis 
would  be  ' '  contributing  to  the  future  of  the  French-Canadian  peo- 

*NOTE. — See  also  the  1915  volume,  Pages  286-300. 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  337 

pie  as  they  could  in  no  other  way.  Those  who  tell  you  otherwise 
have  withered  hearts  and  deadened  souls.  They  are  unworthy  of 
the  protection  given  them  by  the  British  flag."  He  reminded  his 
audience  of  the  great  boon  they  enjoyed  through  the  protection  of 
the  British  fleet  enabling  the  products  of  Quebec  to  be  sent  over- 
seas safely  to  the  best  markets  ever  known.  At  St.  Jean  Chrysos- 
tome  (Nov.  5)  the  Minister  pictured  a  dozen  or  more  German 
ships  breaking  through  the  British  fleet  in  the  North  Sea,  coming  up 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  each  shore  bombarding  churches  and  con- 
vents in  the  same  barbarous  manner  that  had  marked  Germany's 
methods  elsewhere.  He  told  his  countrymen  that  it  would  be  too 
late  then  to  prepare  for  the  defence  of  their  homes  and  firesides. 
"It  is  the  great  British  fleet  and  the  glorious  flag  of  the  Empire 
that  are  protecting  the  world,  and  especially  the  neutral  nations, 
from  dire  disaster. ' '  To  some  Nationalist  interrupters  at  Ste.  Rose 
on  Nov.  11  he  spoke  with  vigour:  "There  are  nearly  100,000  Can- 
adians over  in  France  fighting  in  the  trenches  to  protect  you  and 
your  families,  your  mothers  and  your  sisters.  Your  own  com- 
patriots are  there  also,  fighting  for  you  and  yours,  while  you  are 
applauding  a  man  who  wants  no  one  else  to  go  to  their  assistance. 
They  are  making  their  sacrifice  because  you  and  such  as  you  do 
not  understand  what  has  happened.  You,  in  this  gathering,  who 
have  raised  your  voices  against  sending  troops,  and  against  enroll- 
ing men — you  have  raised  a  race  war  here  for  which  you  will  not 
pay,  but  which  will  fall  upon  your  neighbours  if  it  is  allowed  to 
continue."  Such  were  the  speeches  delivered  at  these  and  many 
other  meetings  by  Mr.  Patenaude  and  which  won  for  him  on  Oct. 
24  a  Resolution  from  the  Westmount  Conservative  Association 
declaring  that  he  had  ' '  proved  himself  a  true  exponent  of  the  best 
traditions  of  the  chivalrous  race  of  his  forefathers;  a  faithful 
apostle  of  that  harmony  which  is  essential  to  the  well-being  of  our 
national  estate ;  and  one  fully  seized  of  the  seriousness  of  the  con- 
flict which  is  ours,  and  to  which  by  the  earnestness  and  passion  of 
his  public  pleadings,  he  is  rendering  great  service  to  all  con- 
cerned. ' ' 

Mr.  Blondin  took  an  active  part  in  these  campaigns.  In  an 
interview  (July  10)  in  the  St.  John  Telegraph  he  stated  that  Mr. 
Bourassa  had  upheld  Canada's  participation  in  the  War  at  the 
beginning  (notably  in  Le  Devoir  on  Sept.  15-18,  1914)  and  had 
promised  not  to  oppose  recruiting.  As  to  the  latter  the  French 
people  of  Quebec  were  mostly  a  farming  people,  similar  to  the 
French- Acadians  of  New  Brunswick.  Many  of  them  did  not  speak 
English  at  all.  Few  of  them  were  men  of  means  although,  gen- 
erally, they  were  quite  comfortable.  "It  was  found  that  few 
French-speaking  men  were  qualified  as  officers  and  consequently 
English-speaking  officers  were  in  many  regiments.  This  discour- 
aged many  who  had  the  desire  to  enlist  and  could  not  speak  Eng- 
lish. On  the  other  hand  there  were  some  French  officers  who  held 
positions  without  qualification  and  men,  after  joining  their  regi- 
ments, became  dissatisfied  with  the  manner  in  which  they  were 
22 


338  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

used."  Speaking  at  Louisville,  Que.,  on  Aug.  27  the  Minister 
reiterated  that  Quebec  was  primarily  an  agricultural  country. 
Compared  with  the  rural  populations  of  other  parts  of  Canada  he 
thought  that  the  French-Canadians  were  doing  their  share.  More- 
over, French-Canadians  married  young,  and  so  there  were  not  so 
many  bachelors  available  for  enlistment.  He  denounced  the 
Nationalist  leaders  as  showing  more  sympathy  with  Germany  than 
for  France. 

At  La  Baie  (Sept.  4)  Mr.  Blondin  dealt  with  the  War*  and 
loose  current  talk  as  to  Quebec's  position.  Canada  now  had  behind 
her  the  prestige  and  the  protecting  arm  of  Britain,  while  under  a 
system  of  Independence  she  would  lack  these  safeguards.  Inde- 
pendent, she  must  have  a  strong  Navy  for  protection.  "Take  an- 
other consideration, ' '  continued  Mr.  Blondin,  ' '  Let  us  lay  aside  for 
a  moment  our  interest  in  the  British  Empire,  and  the  hopes  we 
have  resulting  from  the  triumph  of  the  Allies.  There  remains  the 
fact  that  the  Province  of  Quebec  must  stand  within  the  Confedera- 
tion, as  this  Province  is  the  one  that  draws  most  benefit  from  Con- 
federation.' '  Discussing  this  possibility  of  separation  from  Can- 
ada, as  well  as  the  Empire,  he  drew  a  picture  of  Montreal  isolated 
from  the  trade  of  the  rest  of  Canada,  losing  the  grain  trade  of  the 
West%nd  the  shipping  of  the  East.  He  reiterated  his  argument  as 
to  Quebec  having  loyally  done  its  part  in  the  War.  As  the  greater 
proportion  of  recruits  elsewhere  were  claimed  to  be  immigrants  he 
held  that,  class  for  class,  the  agricultural  people  of  Quebec  had 
done  their  share.  As  to  the  Bi-lingual  situation  he  declared  that 
' '  the  greatest  argument  of  those  who  demand  the  rights  of  language 
in  Ontario  is  that  their  French-speaking  forefathers  fought  for  the 
Empire  and  saved  Canada  many  years  ago.  The  French-Canadians 
of  to-day  should  prove  that  they  are  worthy  of  their  dead  ances- 
tors." At  Three  Rivers  (Sept.  10)  the  Minister  was  urgent  in  his 
recruiting  call : 

I  want  the  whole  world  to  know  that  the  French-Canadians  of  this  Province 
are  with  the  Allies  and  with  civilization.  It  is  a  glorious  page  of  history  that 
we  are  writing.  We  want  to  show  that  we  are  not  only  for  material  things, 
but  for  everything  high  and  right,  and  with  the  English-Canadians  to  fight  for 
such  principles.  We  cannot  always  live  on  the  glory  of  our  forefathers  who 
fought  in  1812.  The  occasion  has  come  to  show  that  we  have  not  degenerated 
since  their  time,  so  that  our  children  will  invoke  the  memory  of  the  heroes  of 
to-day,  as  we  have  invoked  those  of  years  gone  by. 

To  the  people  of  St.  Genevieve  (Oct.  1)  he  declared  that  the 
' '  one  duty  of  the  hour  is  to  help  Britain  and  France  by  every  means 
to  defend  Canada's  liberty  and  existence;"  to  those  of  Grand  Mere 
on  Oct.  22  he  stated  "that  any  Government  that  had  refused  to 
have  Canada  participate  in  the  War  would  have  been  swept  out  of 
power  by  the  people  of  the  Dominion.  Great  Britain  wants  from 
Canada  nothing  but  a  freewill  offering  and  this  the  Dominion  is 
giving.  The  fact  that -Canada  has  come  forward  so  generously  has 
settled  many  Imperial  questions.  Two  years  ago  public  men  in 
Great  Britain  had  declared  that  Canada  should  have  no  voice  in 

*NOTK. — These  extracts   are  taken   from   Montreal  Star   reports. 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  339 

Imperial  affairs,  but  they  were  now  converted  to  a  different  view. ' ' 
The  Bourassa  policy  of  abstention  from  the  War  was  ' '  ignominious, 
stupid  and  infamous."  After  it  was  over  "the  British  Empire, 
always  standing  for  the  liberty  of  the  smaller  nations,  will  be  so 
powerful  and  so  glorious  that  perhaps  other  nations  will  desire  to 
become  a  part  of  that  Empire  of  which  we  all  should  be  so  proud. ' ' 

Others  who  spoke  at  these  meetings  and  in  similar  strain  were 
Aime  Chasse,  President,  Junior  Conservative  Club,  Montreal, 
Arthur  Plante,  CX-M.L.A.,  J.  H.  Rainville,  M.P.,  Alban  Germain, 
K.C.,  and  A.  Bellemare,  M.P.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Hon.  R.  Lemieux, 
Hon.  C.  Marcil,  and  others,  spoke  for  the  Liberal  party  at  other 
gatherings  and  urged  support  to  the  cause  of  liberty.  In  Parlia- 
ment speeches  were  made  which  sometimes  helped  and  sometimes 
hindered  recruiting  in  Quebec.  Of  the  former  kind  were  those  of 
the  French-Canadian  Ministers  and  Messrs.  Lemieux  and  Marcil, 
and  others  on  the  Liberal  side ;  of  the  latter — though  indirectly 
and  unintentionally  so  in  many  cases — were  the  references  to  Bi- 
lingualism  and  the  debate  upon  that  vexed  question.  As  Mr. 
Marcil  put  it  on  Feb.  1 :  ' '  We  have  now  to  face  another  difficulty. 
The  Nationalist  party,  and  I  must  say  that  not  only  they,  but  the 
Legislature  of  the  Province  of  Quebec,  the  hierarchy  of  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec,  the  newspapers  of  the  Province  of  Quebec,  and 
the  Province  of  Quebec  itself,  rightly  or  wrongly — and  I  hope  it  is 
wrongly — are  under  the  impression  that  there  is  a  minority  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario  which  is  not  being  fairly  treated."  He,  him- 
self, urged  the  necessity  of  Quebec  doing  "its  full  share"  in  the 
War. 

Of  the  latter  class,  also,  and  with  a  vehemence  which  was  direct 
and  explicit,  were  the  speeches  of  Hon.  P.  A.  Choquette  in  the 
Senate.  On  Jan.  19  he  declared  that  he  did  not  know  who  began 
the  War  but  that  England  was  ' '  somewhat  responsible  'for  it ' '  and 
quoted  at  great  length  the  Montreal  Gazette  interview  of  Sept.  4, 
1915,  with  Sir  Herbert  Holt  in  which  that  financier  so  severely 
criticized  British  leaders  and  war  methods.  On  Apr.  12,  dealing 
with  the  Government  War  vote,  he  quoted  Lord  Shaughnessy  and 
added:  "I  desire  to  enter  my  strongest  protest  against  continuing 
this  recruiting.  We  have  already  in  this  country  too  many  en- 
listed men  who  will  never  reach  the  Front  to  take  an  active  part  in 
the  War.  .  .  .  The  Government  now  have  paid  officers  and 
paid  lawyers  going  through  the  country  parishes  (Quebec)  entic- 
ing men  to  leave  their  farms  and  enlist.  I  say  it  is  a  crime  to  strip 
the  farms  of  these  young  men,  and  also,  as  we  are  doing  now,  to 
form  a  battalion  of  shanty-men."  There  followed  a  reading  of 
the  infamous  Hazelton  letter  which  so  many  of  the  papers  de- 
nounced as  calculated  to  arouse  contempt  and  aversion  toward  Eng- 
lish settlers  in  Canada.  On  Mar.  22  Hon.  J.  H.  Legris,  in  the  Sen- 
ate, quoted  Le  Pays  of  Montreal  and  the  Weekly  Sun,  Toronto,  and 
Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards  and  Lord  Shaughnessy  as  declaring  that  re- 
cruiting had  gone  far  enough:  "By  that  time  (1919)  is  it  not  rea- 
sonable to  hope  and  believe  that  the  War  will  be  through  either  by 


340  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

way  of  victory  or  exhaustion  ?  Then  for  what  use  are  we  bankrupt- 
ing Canada  and  diverting  our  young  men  to  the  unproductive  and 
ruinous  life  of  the  Militia  f  ...  To  my  mind,  the  Government 
has  undertaken  a  task  beyond  the  endurance  of  the  country." 

Meanwhile  the  French-Canadian  press  was  largely  influenced 
by  and  largely  filled  with  the  Bi-lingual  controversy.  It  clouded 
the  war  issue,  obscured  other  and  greater  questions,  aroused  pre- 
judice against  Ontario  and  English  or  British  people — as  it  did  in 
Ontario  and  elsewhere  against  French-Canadians.  Le  Canada  of 
Montreal,  from  time  to  time,  denounced  "the  campaign  of  pre- 
judice" conducted  elsewhere  against  the  French-Canadian; 
described  the  Imperial  Federation  idea  as  "false  theories  of  con- 
centration" such  as  were  at  the  base  of  Prussian  militarism;  de- 
clared the  talk  of  Conscription  to  be  an  attempt  to  deprive  the  peo- 
ple of  their  liberties.  It  contended  that  Quebec  had  done  well  in 
recruiting  and  gloried  in  the  deeds  of  French-Canadians  at  the 
Front.  La  Presse  published  elaborate  figures  to  prove  the  excel- 
lence of  Quebec's  position  in  comparison  with  that  of  other  native- 
born  Canadians;  denounced  the  Ontario  Orangemen  for  hatred  of 
French-Canadians,  and  Ontario  in  general  for  misrepresenting  Que- 
bec, and  described  Ontario  as  trusting  largely  to  British  immigrants 
for  its  recruits.  Passing  from  inter-Provincial  controversy  it  took 
this  view  of  the  wider  question* :  ' '  No  matter  to  which  race  he  may 
belong,  the  true  Canadian  patriot  should  have  the  wish  to  contri- 
bute as  far  as  possible  to  the  defence  of  the  British  Empire  whose 
cause  is  the  cause  of  Humanity  in  this  present  War."  La  Patrie 
described  the  Nationalists  as  having  "poisoned  the  spirit  of  cer- 
tain groups  and  turned  from  their  duty  numbers  of  our  com- 
patriots" and  described  the  scant  elements  of  military  organization 
in  Quebec,  ^the  lack  of  military  spirit  amongst  the  people — owing 
to  "deliberate  guidance"  in  the  past  and  to  an  "artificial  Pacific- 
ism ' '  which  was  not  unknown  in  Ontario.  As  to  the  rest  ( Toronto 
News  translation  July  11)  :  "Our  duty  and  our  interest  are  to  show 
towards  an  England  tried,  threatened,  unhappy,  a  sincere  loyalty, 
an  evident  sympathy  and  an  untiring  devotion.  To  do  otherwise 
will  be  our  ruin." 

L'Evenement,  Quebec,  on  May  26,  described  the  current  recruit- 
ing effort  as  a  fiasco,  stated  that  the  great  majority  of  French- 
Canadians  were  * '  opposed  to  the  notion  of  any  participation  in  the 
War"  because  of  (1)  lack  of  interest  in  military  affairs  and  (2) 
antipathy  for  the  British  cause.  This  is  the  only  Conservative 
paper  quoted,  though  La  Patrie  had  leanings  in  that  direction,  and 
it  was  feeling  the  bitterness  of  a  recent  political  campaign  and  a 
complete  Provincial  defeat.  It  was  admitted,  however,  that  "the 
Catholic  Episcopacy  makes  head  against  this  tendency  and  the 
better  class  of  the  laity  cordially  seconds  its  efforts."  Le  Soleil  of 
Quebec  had  delared  on  Jan.  7  that  the  proposed  contribution,  or 
"sacrifice,"  of  500,000  men  was  not  above  the  forces  of  Canada  or 
more  than  one-eighth  of  the  total  male  population.  La  Libre 

*NOTB. — Translation  in  Toronto   News,   Sept.   9,    1916. 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  341 

Parole,  took  the  ground  that  the  language  issue  was  so  important  as 
to  make  a  new  allignment  of  parties  possible  with  an  Independent 
or  French  party  in  Canada  holding  the  balance. 

These  speeches,  comments,  opinions  and  the  whole  recruiting 
situation  in  Quebec,  turned  upon  two  factors  (1)  the  advocacy  of 
Nationalism  by  Henri  Bourassa  and  Armand  Lavergne  and  (2) 
upon  the  contention  that  Quebec,  in  view  of  its  racial  divergence 
and  special  interests,  had  done  very  well.  Nationalism,  since  1903, 
amid  varied  changes  in  form  and  application,  had  remained  under 
the  same  leadership  and  with  practically  the  same  principles: 
(1)  No  participation  by  Canada  in  Imperial  wars  outside  her  terri- 
tory; (2)  no  recruiting  for  British  troops  or  services;  (3)  no  use 
of  the  Militia  or  Military  Colleges  or  Canadian  officers  for  external 
Empire  warfare.  Under  the  system  of  free  speech  and  writing 
which  alone,  amongst  nations  and  Empires,  characterizes  British 
peoples,  this  advocacy  was  technically  legal ;  the  difficulty  was  that 
Messrs.  Bourassa  and  Lavergne  had  no  scruple  as  to  the  arguments 
used  and  that  the  racial  and  language  isolation  of  the  Province 
made  adequate  reply  difficult  in  the  case  of  any  persistent  anti- 
British  campaign.  Similar  utterance  by  an  English-Canadian 
would  be  swallowed  up  in  surrounding  criticism,  comment  and 
reply;  in  Quebec  the  feeling  might  be  one  of  apparent  indiffer- 
ence to  the  issues  thus  raised  but  some  of  the  bitter  invective,  sar- 
castic half-truths,  illogical  statements,  varied  innuendos,  would 
stay  in  the  mind  of  the  habitant  or  the  artisan,  the  lawyer  or  the 
priest,  alike. 

Mr.  Bourassa 's  academic  idea  of  Imperialism,  as  given  in  the 
volume  which  he  published  during  this  year  called  Que  devons-nous 
a  I'Angleterre,  was  an  attempt  at  "the  world-supremacy  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race,  its  thought,  its  language,  its  political  concep- 
tions, its  commerce,  and  its  riches,  resulting  in  military  conscrip- 
tion, in  forced  taxes,  in  the  reduction,  and  finally  in  the  annihila- 
tion, of  Colonial  liberties."  His  own  policy  was  described  as  fol- 
lows: "I  believe  that  absolute  Independence  is  the  natural  and 
legitimate  end  of  the  fruitful  work  carried  out  by  the  Fathers  of 
Confederation.  I  regret,  merely,  that  the  Imperial  revolution 
forces  Canadians  to  make  too  quickly  the  choice  of  their  destiny. 
Until  the  day  when  this  choice  is  made  I  shall  fight  for  the  applica- 
tion of  the  radical  remedy — the  return  towards  integral  national- 
ism." In  a  second  volume  published  some  months  later  and  en- 
titled National  Problems  he  looked  forward  to  "a  violent  rupture 
of  the  political  ties"  between  Britain  and  Canada  and  to  the 
following  condition  as  desirable :  "  A  defensive  understanding  with 
the  United  States  would  certainly  impose  upon  us  large  outlay  for 
the  protection  of  our  maritime  frontiers — but  it  would  cost  us  less, 
much  less,  than  the  Britannic  tie  has  cost  us  up  to  the  present, 
infinitely  less  than  the  Imperial  association  will  cost  us  in  the 
future.  And  it  will  have  the  advantage  of  protecting  us  more 
effectively  against  the  United  States  than  the  'protection'  of  Great 
Britain  or  the  combination  of  the  countries  of  the  Empire." 


342  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Locally,  he  and  his  chief  associate  had  no  great  or  obvious  influ- 
ence. They  had  no  power  in  Parliament  or  the  Legislature,  no 
control  over  the  policies  of  Governments  or  parties.  Yet  the 
unceasing  presentation  of  certain  views  had  the  same  effect  as  the 
steady  dropping  of  small  quantities  of  water  upon  a  stone — it 
wore  down  loyalty  and  depressed  enthusiasm.  Le  Devoir  of  Mon- 
treal, the  organ  of  Nationalism,  was  a  cleverly-conducted  paper 
with  more  influence  than  circulation,  with  a  record  of  six  years' 
labour  for  Nationalism,  with  a  frequently-expressed  devotion  to  the 
Church  of  the  people  of  French  Canada,  with  a  continuous  succes- 
sion of  signed  articles  from  its  Editor  (Mr.  Bourassa)  dealing 
with  the  Bi-lingual  "fanaticism  of  Ontario,"  the  dangers  of 
Imperialism,  the  decadence  of  Britain.  Writing  on  Jan.  19,  1916,  he 
declared  that  Canada  was  about  to  ruin  herself  for  the  Empire. 
"The  anti-National  programme  of  our  politicians  remains  within 
the  circle  of  the  Colonial  servitude  system  which  they  have  inau- 
gurated. Before  the  War  is  over,  Canada  will  have  tasted  all  its 
harsh  and  fruitless  bitterness,  its  consequences  will  last  long  after 
the  struggle  is  past  and  seriously  hinder  the  progress  of  the  coun- 
try." He  denounced  both  parties  at  length — Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier 
and  his  colleagues  for  not  living  up  to  past  professions,  and  the 
French-Canadian  Ministers  in  the  Government  as  recreant  Na- 
tionalists. He  concluded  as  follows :  ' '  Canada  will  have  to  nation- 
alize herself  anew  and  save  her  life,  or  Imperialize  herself  per- 
manently and  commit  suicide."  Speaking  at  St.  Henri  on  May  30 
Mr.  Bourassa  dwelt  largely  upon  the  Bi-lingual  issue  and  advised 
the  refusal  to  subscribe  to  Red  Cross,  Patriotic,  Belgian  Relief  and 
Serbian  Relief  funds,  or  to  any  other  fund  "which  did  not  tend 
to  help  in  the  fight  for  French-Canadian  rights."  As  to  the  War 
his  comments  were  interesting: 

We  are  told  that  French-Canadians  should  enlist  to  fight  in  the  present 
war  because  the  existence  of  France,  the  centre  of  French  culture,  is  at  stake. 
But  I  always  ask  those  who  present  that  argument  to  transpose  the  situation. 
Suppose  that,  to-morrow,  civil  war  should  break  out  between  the  French-Can- 
adians and  the  English-Canadians;  suppose  that  the  French-Canadians,  reading 
the  words  of  Mr.  Asquith,  Mr.  Lloyd  George  and  others  to  the  effec.t  that  the 
present  war  is  to  establish  the  rights  of  small  nationalities  to  govern  them- 
selves and  to  live  in  their  own  way,  should  decide  to  fight  to  gain  their  right, 
to  have  their  own  children  in  the  schools  of  Ontario;  in  other  words,  to  get 
equal  rights  with  their  English-Canadian  citizens.  In  such  a  case  would 
France  declare  war  against  Great  Britain?  It  would  be  contrary  to  the 
national  duty  of  France  to  declare  war  against  Great  Britain,  even  to  defend 
us,  to  come  to  fight  for  us.  Just  in  the  measure  that  the  French  in  France 
are  under  an  obligation  to  come  here  to  fight  for  us  in  such  a  case,  just  in  so 
much  are  we  under  an  obligation  to  go  to  France  to  fight  for  them. 

Not  content  with  local  advocacy  and  external  influence  by  his 
books  Mr.  Bourassa  on  June  9  addressed  an  open  letter  in  Le  Devoir 
to  Maurice  Hodent  of  Paris.  In  it  he  wrote  that:  "England  con- 
tinues to  impose  upon  Ireland  her  tyrannical  domination  and 
drowns  in  blood  a  rising  fully  as  legitimate  as  the  resistance  of  the 
Alsaciens,  Poles  and  Danes  to  Prussian  domination,"  with  a  suc- 
cession of  statements  similar  in  character  and  calculated  to  give 
an  utterly  wrong  impression  of  Canada's  position.  Speaking  at 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  343 

Nicolet  on  Oct.  1  Mr.  Bourassa  turned  his  guns  on  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  in  a  bitter  attack  as  "the  most  nefarious  man  the  Pro- 
vince of  Quebec  has  produced"  and  upon  England  for  a  career  of 
"rapine  and  cupidity."  As  to  the  Nationalists  he  declared  that 
"to  give  them  credit  for  stopping  recruiting  was  to  pay  them  a 
compliment."  This  school  of  thought  "had  preached  that  there 
was  no  obligation  to  take  part  in  the  wars  of  the  Empire.  It  re- 
tained the  principle  of  Christian  civilization,  as  against  the  hellish 
ideas  of  English,  Russian  and  Prussian  militarism."  Imperialism 
was  described  as  "a  diabolical  idea"  and  England's  "tyranny"  in 
Africa,  India  and  Acadia  was  dealt  with,  while  France  was 
described  as  "paying  for  her  apostasy,  her  sacrilegious  rupture  of 
relations  with  the  Holy  See  and  expulsion  of  religious  orders. ' '  He 
even  stated  that  British  peers  and  Bishops  and  statesmen  made 
money  out  of  every  shot  fired  by  a  German  cannon.  It  was  such 
utterances  as  these  that  La  Patrie  described  as  "Infamous  work," 
and  that  Le  Canada  denounced.  At  the  close  of  the  year  he  urged 
the  acceptance  of  Germany's  so-called  Peace  terms  with  the  inter- 
esting argument  (Le  Devoir,  Dec.  14)  that  "if  the  Allies  were 
really  fighting  for  the  small  nations  it  seemed  to  be  preferable  to 
accept  peace  and  save  them  from  the  horrors  of  a  trench-by-trench 
retreat  if  the  German  lines  were  pierced."  He  declared  that  the 
Junker  element  in  Germany  had  been  checked,  but  that  the  Jingo 
element  in  England  was  uppermost  and,  therefore,  that  the  chances 
of  peace  were  slim. 

Meanwhile  the  Nationalist  leader  did  not  go  without  reply.  Keen 
criticism  was  aroused  in  the  press  of  Canada  with  special  vehemence 
on  the  Liberal  side.  In  the  Commons  on  Jan.  27  Dr.  J.  W.  Ed- 
wards of  Frontenac  (Cons.)  urged  the  Postmaster-General  to  sup- 
press Le  Devoir  and  to  strip  Mr.  Lavergne  of  his  Militia  rank. 
From  the  trenches  in  France  on  July  31  Capt.  Talbot  M.  Papineau, 
M.C.,  a  descendant  of  the  Leader  of  1837  and  cousin  of  Mr.  Bour- 
assa, wrote  one  of  the  finest  letters,  or  political  theses,  produced  by 
the  War  or  by  the  struggles  of  Canadian  history.  It  was  ad- 
dressed as  an  open  letter  and  first  expressed  regret  that  the  events 
of  1914  had  not  modified  the  unhappy  view  of  Mr.  Bourassa  which 
menaced  the  present  and  future  of  Canada.  He  expressed  his  own 
love  for  the  French  language  and  determination  to  remain  French : 
' '  But  if  we  are  to  preserve  this  liberty  we  must  recognize  that  we 
do  not  belong  entirely  to  ourselves,  but  to  a  mixed  population ;  we 
must  rather  seek  to  find  points  of  contact  and  of  common  interest 
than  points  of  friction  and  separation."  As  to  Imperialism  his 
faith  was  simple:  "We  are  compelled  to  admit  that  the  spiritual 
union  of  the  self-governing  portions  of  the  Empire  is  a  most  neces- 
sary and  desirable  thing.  If  I  thought  that  the  development  of  a 
national  spirit  in  Canada  meant  antagonism  to  the  spirit  which 
unites  the  Empire  to-day  I  would  utterly  repudiate  the  idea  of  a 
Canadian  nation,  and  would  gladly  accept  the  most  exacting  of 
Imperial  organic  unions."  Of  the  War  he  wrote  at  length  and 
prescribed  "a  moderate  dose  of  Trench  bombardment"  as  a  cor- 


344  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

rective  to  hasty  or  unjust  dogma.  If  Germany  won  Mr.  Bourassa 
would  either  be  a  fugitive  or  a  student  of  German  consonants;  if 
Britain  won,  even  without  the  aid  of  French-Canadians,  the  latter 
would  continue  to  live  in  peace — or  Bi-lingual  controversy!  But 
then,  what  of  the  Soul  of  Canada  ? 

Can  a  nation's  pride  or  patriotism  be  built  upon  the  blood  and  suffering 
of  others  or  upon  the  wealth  garnered  from  the  coffers  of  those  who  in  anguish 
and  with  blood-sweat  are  fighting  the  battles  of  freedom?  If  we  accept  our 
liberties,  our  national  life,  from  the  hands  of  the  English  soldiers,  if  without 
sacrifices  of  our  own  we  profit  by  the  sacrifices  of  the  English  citizens,  can  we 
hope  to  ever  become  a  nation  ourselves?  How  could  we  ever  acquire  that  Soul 
or  create  that  pride  without  which  a  nation  is  a  dead  thing  and  doomed  to 
speedy  decay  and  disappearance.  ...  If  you  were  truly  a  Nationalist — if 
you  loved  our  great  country  and  without  smallness  longed  to  see  her  become  the 
home  of  a  good  and  united  people — surely  you  would  have  recognized  this  as 
her  moment  of  travail  and  tribulation. 

In  his  reply  on  Aug.  3  Mr.  Bourassa  argued  in  Le  Devoir 
plainly  along  the  lines  of  a  Canada  separate  and  apart  from  the 
Empire.  He  wandered  over  a  familiar  field  but  with  moderate 
language  and  finally  decided  that  of  the  whole  people  of  Canada 
"a  fair  number  have  not  yet  decided  whether  their  allegiance  is 
to  Canada  or  to  the  Empire,  whether  the  United  Kingdom  or  the 
Canadian  Confederacy  is  their  country."  Capt.  Papineau's  letter 
was  widely  published  and  the  London  Times  of  Aug.  22  dealt  edi- 
torially with  its  "stern  insight  and  emotional  eloquence."  Writ- 
ing again,  to  London  on  Sept.  13th  he  spoke  of  French- Canadians 
at  the  Front  and  said:  "Many  will  die  during  the  next  few  days, 
but  I  think  them  better  Canadians  and  better  Nationalists  and 
more  loyal  to  their  race  and  language  than  the  pseudo  patriot, 
Bourassa,  located,  comfortable  and  self-satisfied,  in  Montreal." 

Lieut.-Col.  Armand  Lavergne  had,  meanwhile,  been  much  before 
the  public  in  this  connection.  Speaking  in  the  Legislature  of  Que- 
bec on  Jan.  13  he  said :  "  I  will  say,  and  I  am  not  afraid  to  have  my 
words  repeated  anywhere,  that  every  French-Canadian  that  enlists 
fails  to  do  his  duty.  I  know  that  what  I  say  is  high  treason.  I 
may  be  thrown  into  gaol  to-morrow,  but  I  don 't  care.  .  .  .  They 
tell  us  it  is  a  question  of  defending  liberty  and  humanity,  but  that 
is  nothing  less  than  a  farce.  If  the  Germans  are  persecutors,  there 
are  worse  than  Germans  at  our  very  gates.  I'll  go  further.  I'll 
say  that  every  cent  that  is  spent  in  Quebec  to  aid  enlistment  of 

men  is  money  stolen  from  the  minority  in  Ontario I 

am  not  afraid  to  become  a  German  subject.  I  ask  myself  if  the 
German  regime  might  be  favourably  compared  with  that  of  the 
Boches  of  Ontario."  Absolute  silence  greeted  this  outburst  which 
was  followed  by  a  vigorous  reply  from  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau, 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  who  declared  that  French-Canadians 
should  enlist  and  that  large  numbers  were  doing  so.  The  Montreal 
Mail  and  other  papers  demanded  that  the  Nationalist's  uniform 
should  be  taken  from  him  but  peaceful  counsels  prevailed  at  Ottawa 
where  it  was  announced  that  the  speaker  would  thus  be  given  a 
prominence  greater  than  his  position  or  influence  in  Quebec  war- 
ranted. Amid  cheers  from  crowded  galleries  Mr.  Lavergne  spoke 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  345 

to  the  Legislature  on  the  17th  and  declared  that  various  Conserva- 
tive leaders  of  to-day  had  expressed  Nationalist  views  similar  to' 
his  in  past  years,  while  monuments  had  gone  up  to  Papineau,  La- 
fontaine  and  rebels  of  other  days.  On  the  25th  J.  M.  Tellier,  ex- 
Leader  of  the  Conservative  party,  told  Mr.  Lavergne  in  the  Legis- 
lature that  ' '  since  legitimate  authority  in  Canada  has  decided  that 
we  are  to  participate  in  the  War,  since  the  enrollment  has  been 
asked  of  those  who  can  go,  since  recruiting  offices  have  been  opened, 
we  cannot,  unless  we  are  rebels,  say  that  French-Canadians  who 
enlist  fail  in  their  duty. ' ' 

The  Montreal  Gazette  on  Jan.  26  published  a  curious  letter  from 
Colonel  Lavergne  in  response  to  a  request  for  aid,  in  raising  a  Bat- 
talion, from  Major  Olivar  Asselin — a  onetime  Nationalist.  In  it 
he  said  that  "personal  reasons"  prevented  him  from  going  away 
at  present  and  that  ' '  obligatory  service ' '  would  surely  be  in  opera- 
tion within  a  few  months:  "Do  you  believe  in  the  meantime  that 
we  can  go  round  preaching  enlistment  and  asking  our  people  to 
abandon  Canada  and  its  future  to  go  across  the  ocean  to  fight  for 
England?  I  do  not  think  so.  This  would  be  a  disavowal  of  our 
past  conduct,  our  speeches."  In  the  Commons  on  Feb.  3  the 
Minister  of  Militia  answered  affirmatively  a  question  as  to  whether 
Lieut.-Col.  Lavergne  still  retained  the  command  of  the  61st  Mont- 
magny  Regiment  and  stated  that  "the  Government's  course  in  this 
matter  is  governed  by  the  provisions  of  the  Militia  Act;"  which, 
apparently,  concerned  actions  or  utterances  when  on  military  duty 
— unless  the  Militia  were  called  for  active  service.  At  a  meeting  in 
Montreal  (Feb.  13)  Mr.  Lavergne  dealt  with  the  Bi-lingual  issue 
and  declared  that  before  subscribing  to  the  Red  Cross  or  Patriotic 
Funds  it  was  the  duty  of  French-Canadians  to  think  of  the 
"wounded  in  Ontario."  To  impress  on  the  "Englishmen  of  On- 
tario" the  necessity  of  treating  the  French-Canadians  of  that  Pro- 
vince with  justice  he  made  this  suggestion :  *  Boycott  their  products 
and  I  guarantee  to  you  that  in  two  years  this  question  will  be 
settled.'  "  At  Longueuil  on  Apr.  10  he  was  bitter  in  his  words: 
"Any  charlatan  from  England  can  come  here  for  a  Red  Cross 
fund,  a  Patriotic  fund,  a  Queen  Mary  Needle-work  Guild,,  etc.,  and 
at  once  the  French-Canadians  empty  their  purses.  When  they  tell 
you  to  go  to  the  Front  and  fight  for  France,  tell  them  that  it  is 
because  you  love  France  that  you  will  fight  for  her  here.  .  .  . 
On  the  other  side  France  and  England  are  fighting  or  rather  France 
is  fighting  in  front  of  England ;  France  is  saving  the  British  Em- 
pire, and  why?  Because  English  workmen  have  too  little  patriot- 
ism and  get  too  small  salaries  to  shovel  coal  for  their  Fleet;  their 
salaries  are  too  small  to  make  shells  for  their  Mother  Country, 
while  France  is  sacrificing  her  best." 

After  announcing  on  May  7  his  retirement  from  the  Legisla- 
ture Mr.  Lavergne  continued  his  anti-War  advocacy  and  at  Hull 
on  July  1  declared  that  "Canadians  all,  not  alone  French-Can- 
adians, should  never  have  crossed  the  water  to  fight  on  foreign 
shores;  they  would  be  better  employed  here  in  Canada."  A  cur- 


346  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ious  incident  of  this  period  was  the  attempt  to  expel  Mr.  Lavergne 
from  the  Garrison  Club  of  Quebec — a  private  organization  con- 
taining many  military  men,  leading  civilians  and  a  proportion  of 
French-Canadians.  After  considerable  discussion  of  the  matter, 
meetings  of  the  Directors  with  Mr.  Lavergne,  etc.,  it  was  decided 
under  vote  of  the  members  on  Mar.  13 — by  89  to  49  votes — to  request 
a  resignation,  within  ten  days,  or  if  this  was  not  forthcoming,  at 
the  end  of  that  period,  to  declare  his  expulsion  from  the  Club. 
Even  the  minority,  led  by  Hon.  Adelard  Turgeon,  declared  by 
Resolution  that  Mr.  Lavergne 's  conduct  had  been  such  that  he 
should  be  made  to  realize  that  his  presence  in  the  Club  was  objec- 
tionable to  the  members,  though  such  drastic  action  as  expulsion 
should  not  be  taken,  as  it  might  lead  to  further  trouble  in  the  Bi- 
lingual question  and  thus  affect  recruiting.  Mr.  Lavergne  had  an 
interim  injunction  served  on  the  Club,  blocking  this  action,  while 
six  members  of  the  Executive  resigned.  The  injunction  was 
quashed  a  little  later  but  on  June  1st  another  was  granted.  Other 
legal  proceedings  followed  and  the  matter  was  still  in  the  Courts 
at  the  close  of  1916. 

Another  Nationalist  who  exercised  some  influence  during  this 
year  was  Tancrede  Marsil,  proprietor  of  Le  Reveil  and  vigorous 
opponent  of  Mr.  Patenaude  in  a  bye-election.  His  paper  opposed 
the  Montreal  Civic  grant  to  the  Patriotic  Fund  on  the  ground  that 
"all  parts  of  the  city  require  immediate  improvements  and  the 
time  seems  unsuitable  for  the  municipality  to  show  itself  blindly 
and  foolishly  generous";  it  maintained  that  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment's policy  was  English,  not  Canadian,  with,  a  mistaken  loyalty 
which  put  another  country  before  its  own ;  urged  French-Canadians 
not  to  sign  the  National  Service  Cards  at  the  close  of  the  year. 
Mr.  Marsil  and  his  paper  regarded  the  complete  Independence  of 
Canada  as  the  "ultimate  end"  of  their  efforts.  Such  were  the  gen- 
eral characteristics  of  Nationalism  as  presented  to  the  people  of 
Quebec  at  this  time  but  without  attention  to  the  cross-currents  of 
politics  which  were  involved. 

Meantime,  what  of  the  fundamental  influences  in  Quebec,  the 
position  of  the  Hierarchy,  the  attitude  of  religious  leaders  ?  There 
was  no  doubt  as  to  the  position  of  the  Church  as  such.  To  its 
leaders  the  educative,  social  and  moral  life  of  the  people  was  part 
and  parcel  of  their  religious  life ;  the  question  of  war  was  outside 
the  usual  sphere  of  the  Church's  operation.  Moreover,  every  in- 
stinct for  half  a  century  had  warned  its  leaders,  and  through  them 
the  people  of  Quebec,  against  the  infidelity  of  France — the  unjust 
treatment  by  the  Republic  of  Church  and  priests  and  religion. 
Despite  this  the  attitude  of  the  Hierarchy  was  excellent.  Cardinal 
Begin  of  Quebec  visited  France  early  in  the  year  and  his  ecclesias- 
tical organ,  L' Action  Catholique,  edited  by  Abbe  J.  A.  D 'Amours, 
was  insistent  in  teaching  the  duty  of  the  Church  and  of  French- 
Canadians  at  this  crisis.  It  was  alleged  at  this  time  that  some  of 
the  Parish  Cures,  in  rural  regions,  had  been  affected  by  Nationalist 
doctrines  and  by  a  natural  fear  of  French  influence  upon  their 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA 


347 


charges  and  instructions  appear  to  have  been  issued  to  them  to  sup- 
port rather  than  oppose  recruiting.  On  Sept.  1  La  Patrie  of  Mon- 
treal summarized  instructions  which  Cardinal  Begin  was  said  to 
have  once  more  issued  as  follows :  "It  is  complained  that  the  work  of 
recruiting  is  not  producing  results.  The  cause  for  which  recruits 
are  wanted  is  so  grand,  and  the  interests  at  stake  are  of  an  order  so 
high  that  a  German  victory  would  be  a  veritable  calamity.  The 
triumph  of  pan-Germanism  would  have  the  effect  of  spreading 
throughout  the  world  all  the  evil  ideas  which  have  done  so  much 
harm  in  Europe.  It  is,  therefore,  of  much  importance  that  you  do 
not  oppose  recruiting,  but  that  you  favour  it."  To  a  further 
extent  the  air  was  cleared  by  the  Bi-lingual  pronouncement  from 
Rome  in  October,  and  in  December  the  Quebec  Recruiting  Associa- 
tion issued  a  pamphlet  which  included  a  letter  from  Cardinal  Begin 
to  Sir  Georges  Garneau  endorsing  the  publication  (Nov.  6)  in  these 
terms : 

The  well-informed  and  modest  author  of  these  articles  points  out  with 
moderation  and  charity  the  importance  of  the  discussion  that  has  arisen  on 
account  of  the  war  between  French  Catholics,  defenders  of  their  country  and 
of  the  tradition  of  Christian  duty,  and  German  Catholics,  obsessed  with  the 
ambitious  theories  of  Germanism.  This  question,  faithfully  reviewed  in  the 
articles  that  you  are  about  to  publish,  are  of  the  greatest  interest  to  us,  not 
only  as  Catholics,  but  as  French  by  language  and  tradition,  and  as  British 
subjects  engaged  in  the  cruel  and  unhappy  conflict  which  is  now  raging  for 
the  defence  of  right  and  the  liberty  of  the  world.  Eead  carefully,  as  it 
deserves  to  be,  this  work  will  enable  one  to  understand  and  to  thoroughly 
appreciate  the  grandeur  and  the  vital  importance  of  this  great  cause — the 
protection  of  a  world  menaced  by  -Germanism,  for  which  our  Canadian  soldiers 
fight  so  bravely  with  those  of  England,  France  and  Belgium.  I  pray  God  to 
bless  our  brave  warriors  and  to  restore  to  the  Christian  world  the  blessings  of 
peace  and  justice  and  right. 

At  this  time  also  Abbe  D  'Amours  issued  a  strong  indictment  of 
Nationalism  which  found  wide  publicity  in  Quebec.  He  prefaced 
it  by  saying  that  he  was  a  small  shareholder  in  Le  Devoir  because 
of  its  original  programme  of  "fidelity  to  the  British  Crown"  and 
"respect  for  the  authority  of  the  Church."  He  denounced  Mr. 
Bourassa  and  his  paper,  as  now  issued,  for  the  advocacy  of  Inde- 
pendence, the  approbation  of  revolt  in  Africa  and  Ireland,  its 
insults  to  England,  the  contempt  for  all  social  and  political  author- 
ity. This  personal  touch  followed:  "Your  manners  have  misled  a 
certain  number  of  spirits,  rather  young,  who  have  adopted  your 
choleric  and  invective  mania  without  having  your  facile  talent  for 
sophistry  and  popular  oratory.  ...  As  someone  %has  observed 
with  clear-sightedness,  it  is  not  astonishing  that  you  should  be 
instinctively  with  the  Germans.  You  have  been  for  a  long  time  a 
partisan  of  the  Kantian  subjectivism  and  of  the  egotism  of  the 
Neitzschian  superman. ' '  He  quoted  a  Belgian  Prelate  as  authority 
for  the  statement  that  German  papers  in  Belgium  were  circulating 
Mr.  Bourassa 's  utterances  to  prove  the  withdrawal  of  Canada  from 
the  conflict.  "What  would  be  to-day  the  condition  of  the  poor 
French-Canadians  in  Canada,  in  the  British  Empire  and  in  the 
civilized  world,  if  they  had  followed  your  directions,  if  in  place  of 


348  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

marching  with  their  compatriots,  they  had  stood  apart  to  attack 
craftily  the  present  and  past  conduct  of  England,  to  enfeeble  and 
depreciate  the  British  effort  against  Germany  and  to  encourage  the 
enemy  in  his  barbarous  and  devastating  tyranny."  Mr.  Bourassa's 
reply  was  largely  denunciation  of  the  Abbe's  "disloyal"  opinions 
and  sectarian  passion  as  constituting  a  Church  scandal. 

In  Montreal  Archbishop  Bruchesi  maintained  his  well-known 
attitude.  Speaking  at  Laval  on  Jan.  7  he  declared  that  "Canada 
being  a  part  of  the  British  Empire,  it  is  the  sacred  duty  of  the 
Canadian  people  to  assist  Great  Britain  in  her  heroic  defence  of 
liberty.  This  was  the  position  taken  by  the  Episcopacy  of  French- 
Canada  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War,  and  this  is  the  attitude  Bishops 
still  maintain  and  will  continue  to  maintain  to  the  very  end.  The 
obligations  we  owe  the  British  Crown  are  sacred  obligations.  It 
is  the  solemn  duty  of  every  Canadian  citizen,  to  the  utmost  limit 
of  his  force,  to  stand  side  by  side  with  the  Motherland  in  her 
heroic  effort  to  crush  the  tyrant  who  wishes  to  trample  small  nations 
and  States  beneath  his  iron  heel."  Speaking  in  Notre  Dame 
Church  on  Oct.  26  His  Grace  declared 'that  "our  fallen  ones  en- 
rolled themselves  valiantly  to  fight  for  a  great  cause,  that  of  civil- 
ization, of  right  and  of  humanity.  They  immortalized  themselves 
and  in  doing  so  they  immortalized  Canada.  In  this  fight  Quebec 
has  done  and  is  doing  its  share." 

As  against  the  well-known  position  of  the  Hierarchy  there  was 
much  discussion  outside  of  Quebec  regarding  the  position  of  the 
1,000  or  more  Cures  who  had  charge  of  Provincial  parishes.  Super- 
ficial observers,  journalists,  visitors,  declared  that,  they  hampered 
recruiting  and  even  publicly  opposed  it.  Some,  no  doubt,  did  so 
but  the  vast  majority  were,  as  ever,  amenable  to  ecclesiastical  opin- 
ion and,  while  many  were  indifferent — as  were  some  ministers  in 
rural  Ontario  or  down  by  the  Atlantic — it  was  as  unfair  to  make 
this  general  charge  as  was  a  much-quoted  statement  in  the  New 
York  Times  (July  23)  along  these  lines  and  based  upon  the  "fact" 
that  5,000  priests  were  blocking  war-action  in  Quebec!  The  pity 
of  it  was  that  such  allegations  were  believed  in  many  parts  of 
Canada  just  as  wild  Nationalist  statements  regarding  Ontario 
Boches  were  accepted  by  many  in  Quebec.  A  good  'indirect  proof 
— if  that  were  needed — of  $\.e  position  of  the  Church  was  Mr. 
Lavergne's  statement  in  the  Legislature  (Jan.  25)  that  "it  is  not 
for  Bishops  to  say  what  we  are  to  do  regarding  the  wars  of  the 
Empire.  I  take  my  dogmas  from  the  Church.  The  Bishops  cannot 
tell  me  what  opinions  I  am  to  hold  regarding  the  wars  of  the 
Empire."  It  may  be  added  that  amongst  the  Acadian  French  of 
the  Maritime  Provinces  there  was  generous  enlistment  with  great 
encouragement  from  the  Cures  and  pronounced  support  from 
Bishop  Leblanc  in  New  Brunswick. 

What  were  the  facts  as  to  the  actual  participation  of  French- 
Canada  in  the  War?  La  Presse,  the  most  widely  circulated  of 
French-Canadian  journals,  had  a  series  of  articles  quoting  and 
arranging  figures  from  all  directions  which  were  republished  in 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  349 

pamphlet  form  on  Dec.  14,  1916.*  The  data  was  interesting  and 
worthy  of  consideration.  In  the  first  place  the  reasons  for  a  favour- 
able Ontario  balance  in  recruiting — nearly  all  the  comparisons  were 
made  with  that  Province — were  given  as  follows:  "(1)  The  deep 
mortification  and  the  insult  resulting  from  the  anti-French  move- 
ment of  Ontario  and  Manitoba;  (2)  the  placing  of  all  the  recruiting 
organization  in  the  hands  of  English-speaking  officers  who  do  not 
take  account  of  the  French-Canadian  temper;  (3)  the  large  propor- 
tion of  Ontario  citizens  born  in  the  British  Isles ;  (4)  the  proportion 
of  unmarried  men,  which  is  larger  in  Ontario  than  in  Quebec; 
and  (5)  the  disparity  of  the  rural  population  against  Quebec."  In 
the  second  place  French-Canadians  were  distinguished  as  "native" 
Canadians  and  were  compared  with  those  of  English  extraction 
born  in  Canada  and  exclusive  of  all  immigrants.  Out  of  150,000 
Ontario  recruits  it  was  claimed  that  108,000  were  English  immi- 
grants; out  of  83,319  Toronto  soldiers  only  23,334  were  said  to 
be  native-born.  If  the  contingent  of  150,000  credited  to  Ontario 
comprised  only  42,000  native-born  recruits,  how  many  native-born 
recruits  should  have  made  up  the  contingent  allotted  to  Quebec? 
The  answer  given  was  31,550.  ",But  here  it  is  the  French-Can- 
adians who  are  being  tried  and  they  are  only  80  per  cent,  of  the 
population  of  the  Province,  or  1,665,329  out  of  2,003,232,  and  their 
proportion  in  the  contingent  should  be  25,240  or  80  per  cent. ' ' 

The  "large  and  arrogant"  District  of  Toronto  was  criticized 
for  giving  only  181  recruits  to  the  Infantry  in  six  months — June 
15  to  Dec.  14 — as  against  Artillery,  Engineering,  Medicals,  Forestry 
and  other  branches  of  the  service  which  obtained  3,219.  t  It  was 
asserted  that  Toronto  was  represented  in  the  trenches  by  five  bat- 
talions, comprising  5,700  men,  of  whom  1,660  were  native  infantry- 
men. The  French-Canadians  exceeded  that  number  with  their 
2,500  men  of  the  1st  Contingent,  their  1,200  of  the  22nd  and  the  910 
of  the  69th.  The  further  point  made  was  that  Infantry  is  essen- 
tially the  fighting  arm  of  the  forces  and  that  on  the  "ground  of 
real  fighting,  the  French-Canadians  are  at  least  represented  in  as 
large  numbers  as  the  sons  of  Ontario  who  are  shedding  their  blood 
for  the  Empire. ' '  It  was  claimed  that  at  a  date  not  specified  there 
were  5  Toronto  battalions  and  8  Montreal  battalions  at  the  Front 
with  7  other  battalions  of  the  former  and  1  of  the  latter  in  Reserve. 
The  fact  of  many  of  the  Montreal  Battalions  being  English-speak- 
ing was  not  dealt  with. 

It  was  pointed  out  also  that  of  the  population  up  to  14  years  of 
age  Quebec  had  31,601  more  than  Ontario;  the  unmarried  men  of 
Ontario  also  comprised  36%  per  cent,  of  the  available  total  while 
in  Quebec  the  figures  were  29%  ;  in  cities  and  towns  where  the  bulk 
of  recruiting  went  on  Quebec  had  970,096  of  which  610,000  only 
were  French-Canadians  while  Ontario  had  1,328,499.  Summarized, 
it  was  claimed  that  the  Dominion  authorities  in  assessing  Quebec 
with  a  139,000  proportion  of  the  500,000  men  called  for  should  have 

*NOTE. — Our  Volunteer  Army :  Facts  and  Figures. 

fNoTB. — These  figures  were  compiled  by  La  Presse  from  the  daily  recruiting  reports 
of  the  Toronto  Mail. 


350  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

deducted  (1)  13,500  as  an  error  in  the  total  of  those  of  military  age 
—Ontario  really  having  766,000  (15  to  54)  and  Quebec  520,000; 
(2)  31,134  due  to  the  larger  proportion  of  unmarried  men  in 
Ontario;  and  (3)  5,900  based  upon  the  larger  proportion  of  urban 
population  in  Ontario  to  that  of  Quebec.  This  left  35,366  as  the 
total  of  French  Canada's  alleged  share  of  the  500,000.  Finally, 
the  following  figures  given  by  Brig.-Gen.  James  Mason  in  the 
Senate  on  May  4  were  quoted  as  referring  to  the  Dominion  in  gen- 
eral: 


Census    Pai 

Canadian-born    ( 
Canadian-born   (: 
United   Kingdom 

•ticulars                 CJ£ 

English)     
French)    

susof  1911 

lies,  18-45 

667,000 
445,000 
307,000 
306,000 

Proportion          Proportion 
Enlisted         of  numbers           as  to  total 
enlisted  to  total       enlistment 
85,000          About  13%          28V2% 
12,000          About  3%              4V2% 
180,000               60%                       61% 
18,000                 6%                         6% 
.    295,000 

or    British-born    . 

Total  enlistment 

to  March.   1916    . 

As  to  the  totals  from  this  Province  the  figures  were  40,000  up 
to  the  end  of  1916;  of  the  French-Canadians  Le  Canada  claimed 
50,000  to  be  in  khaki  from  all  parts  of  the  Dominion  and  La  Presse 
put  the  number  from  Quebec  at  25,000.  The  former  journal's  con- 
tention (July,  1916)  was  that  5,000  were  with  the  1st  Contingent 
and  7,200  in  the  six  French  Battalions  afterwards  recruited;  that 
25%  of  those  in  English  battalions  from  the  Province  were  French- 
Canadian,  or  another  7,000 ;  that  the  Maritime  Provinces  gave  1,200 
men  to  the  Acadian  Battalion  with  3,000  Acadians  scattered 
amongst  the  other  battalions  of  these  Provinces ;  that  Ontario  and 
the.  West  contributed  4,000  French-Canadians  to  various  regiments ; 
that  Military  Hospitals,  Army  Service  Corps,  Pioneers  and  Fores- 
ters took  another  12,000  men  and  that  10,000  French  and  Belgian 
reservists  should  be  included — in  any  comparison  with  English 
recruiting — and  that  these  made  the  total  of  50,000.  t  A  close 
analysis  will  not  sustain  all  these  figures  but  they  are  interesting 
as  a  racial  estimate — especially  a  statement  that  there  had  been 
1,500  French-Canadian  casualties. 

Up  to  the  middle  of  1916  20  Battalions  of  Infantry  had  been 
authorized  in  the  Montreal  District  and  of  these  the  13th,  14th 
(Royal  Montreals),  22nd  French-Canadians,  23rd  Westmounts, 
24th  Victoria  Rifles,  41st  and  57th  French-Canadians,  42nd  Royal 
Highlanders,  87th  Grenadier  Guards,  148th  Battalion,  150th 
French-Canadians,  163rd  French-Canadians,  had  been  recruited  up 
to  full  war  strength  of  approximately  1,100  officers  and  men.  In 
the  recruiting  of  these  Battalions  it  was  estimated  that  6,000  men 
were  rejected — Lieut.-Col.  Gaudet  of  the  22nd,  alone,  turning 
down  600  French-Canadians.  There  were  a  number  of  desertions 
from  French-Canadian  Battalions  but  nothing  like  the  exaggerated 
statements  current  outside  Quebec  and  the  Montreal  Star  (July  15) 
estimated  the  total  for  6  of  them  at  200.  The  work  in  this  general 
connection  of  the  French  division  of  the  Montreal  Recruiting  Asso- 
ciation was  excellent  Its  Chairman  was  Sir  Alexandre  Lacoste.  At 
a  meeting  on  Mar.  9  a  Resolution  was  passed  declaring  that  "while 
it  is  recognized  that  every  man  should  be  allowed  to  decide  for 
himself  as  to  whether  or  not  he  will  enlist,  and  while  it  is  not 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  351 

desirable  that  employers  should  attempt  unduly  to  influence  em- 
ployees to  enlist,  it  is  deemed  expedient  that  every  fit  man  of  mili- 
tary age  should  be  asked  to  consider  the  question  of  enlisting  at 
once  or  of  registering  his  name  for  future  consideration,  and  to 
that  end  this  meeting  prays  the  heads  of  all  industrial  establish- 
ments, wholesale  houses,  banks,  insurance  companies,  and  all  other 
employees  of  labour  to  offer  every  facility  to  recruiting  officers 
desiring  to  address  their  employees,  and  also  to  furnish  to  the 
Citizens'  Recruiting  Association  full  lists  of  their  employees  of 
military  age  in  order  that,  if  deemed  necessary,  a  personal  appeal 
may  be  made  to  them  by  those  officers."  An  Amendment  moved  by 
Leo  Doyon  declaring  that  in  view  of  demands  for  farm,  railway 
and  other  labour  the  Federal  Government  should  "take  no  action 
to  further  accelerate  Canada's  share  in  the  War"  was  ruled  out 
of  order. 

Meanwhile,  the  splendid  record  of  Quebec's  old-time  families 
was  being  continued  in  the  work  of  enlistment.  Already  it  had  been 
considerable.  As  Mr.  Lemieux  put  it  on  Jan.  16  in  the  Commons : 
"We  claim,  with  no  uncertain  pride,  as  being  of  our  blood,  men 
who  belong  to  the  historic  French  Canadian  families ;  the  Gaudets, 
the  Dansereaus,  the  DesRosiers,  the  DeSerres,  the  DeSalaberrys, 
the  Talbots,  the  Papineaus,  the  Duchesnays,  the  Casgrains,  the 
DeLanaudieres,  and  the  Verrets — I  could  name  many  others."  To 
the  22nd,  41st,  and  57th,  69th  and  85th  Battalions  raised  in  1915 
by  Lieut.-Colonels  F.  M.  Gaudet,  L.  H.  Archambault,  E.  T.  Paquet, 
J.  A.  Dansereau  and  T.  Pagnuelo  were  added  in  1 916  the  authoriza- 
tion of  other  Battalions  under  Lieut.-Colonels  H.  DesRosiers,  R. 
A.  de  la  Bruere  Girouard,  Rene  de  Salaberry,  T.  Pagnuelo  (the 
206th)  and  Hercule  Barre,  with  the  10th  Artillery  Brigade  under 
Lieut.-Col.  L.  J.  0.  Ducharme  who  had  raised  a  Brigade  now 
at  the  Front.  The  raising  of  the  163rd  Battalion  in  Montreal  dur- 
ing the  summer  by  Lieut.-Col.  H.  DesRosiers — an  officer  of  experi- 
ence in  France — and  Major  Olivar  Asselin,  a  well-known  Nation- 
alist, was  an  interesting  event.  The  recruiting  was  rapid  and 
satisfactory  as  it  was  with  the  150th  Battalion  under  Lieut.- 
Col.  Hercule  Barre — who  with  Lieut.  Henri  Quintal,  also  from  the 
Front,  was  decorated  at  this  time  with  the  Legion  of  Honour.  The 
Hon.  R.  Lemieux  was  Chairman  of  the  Civilian  Committee  which 
collected  the  Regimental  Fund  for  what  was  called  the  Asselin  Bat- 
talion and  he  reported  the  response  as  most  generous;  some  cri- 
ticism was  created  by  the  sending  of  this  Battalion  to  Bermuda 
instead  of  the  Front. 

The  178th  under  Col.  Girouard  had  the  patronage  of  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin,  Hon.  Jules  Allard  and  others ;  it  was  aided,  also,  by  Sir  W. 
Laurier.  For  its  support  and  for  recruiting  in  general  Lieut.-Col. 
L.  G.  Desjardins,  a  Militia  veteran  dating  back  to  1864,  addressed 
an  earnest  appeal  to  the  press  on  Feb.  26  of  which  an  extract 
follows :  ' '  Say  and  think  what  men  will,  we  French-Canadians  can- 
not but  make  France,  great,  powerful  and  respected  as  she  is,  the 
lodestar  of  our  future.  So  that  we  have  the  best  reason  to  wish  for 


352  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

her  success,  together  with  that  of  the  Allied  powers,  and  to  hope 
that  the  fruitful  union  which  binds  her  to  the  British  Empire,  may 
be  perpetuated  and  produce  for  us  all  those  benefits  which  we 
have  the  right  to  expect  from  it."  In  November  Lieut.-Col.  Arthur 
Mignault  was  authorized  from  Ottawa  to  take  charge  of  the  recruit- 
ing of  French-Canadians  throughout  Canada.  He  was  given 
authority  to  investigate  the  whole  situation  and  the  official  notice 
added  "with  such  powers  as  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  enable 
him  to  organize  or  reorganize  the  recruiting  of  French-Canadians 
in  Canada."  Col.  Mignault  was  a  patriotic  and  wealthy  Montreal 
physician  who  had  been  in  command  of  the  French-Canadian  Hos- 
pital at  Paris  and  it  was  understood  that  he  planned  to  form  strong 
Committees  of  leading  French- Canadians  to  co-operate  with  him 
and  intended  to  organize  every  county  in  Quebec  and  certain  dis- 
tricts of  the  other  Provinces. 

French-Canadian  recruiting  outside  of  Quebec  had  already  been 
underway.  Lieut.-Col.  Edouard  Leprohon  was  given  command  of 
the  233rd  Battalion  to  be  raised  in  the  West  and  by  July  had  600 
men  in  the  ranks — specially  assisted  in  organization  by  Lieut.  J. 
G.  Turgeon,  M.L.AV  in  Alberta  and  Lieut.  Charles  E.  Gariepy  in 
Saskatchewan.  Colonel  Leprohon  estimated  that  there  were  17,000 
French-Canadians  west  of  the  Grand  Lakes.  In  New  Brunswick 
the  132nd  Battalion  under  Col.  Mersereau  had  over  700  French 
Acadians  in  its  ranks  and  during  the  summer  the  165th  Acadian 
Battalion  under  Lieut.-Col.  L.  C.  D'Aigle  was  authorized;  several 
hundred  Acadians  also  had  enlisted  in  the  104th,  the  115th,  the 
140th  and  the  145th  Battalions.  In  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince 
Edward  Island  it  was  claimed  that  various  Battalions  held  a  pro- 
portion of  French  Acadians  with  the  105th  P.  E.  Island  High- 
landers alleged  by  one  writer  to  contain  500.  As  to  this  Onesi- 
phore  Turgeon  said  in  the  Commons  on  Jan.  21  that:  "Not  only 
the  common  citizens  among  the  Acadians  have  given  their  attention 
to  the  position  in  which  Canada  has  been  placed  through  this  tur- 
moil of  European  war,  but  every  man  of  intelligence  of  every  posi- 
tion, every  Acadian  priest  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  has  devoted 
his  time,  his  efforts,  his  eloquence,  to  calling  upon  the  young  men 
of  his  place  to  enlist  with  others  and  go  and  defend  their  country 
by  defending  the  rule  of  Britannia." 

French-Canadian  recruiting  incidents  of  this  period  included 
the  enlistment  of  five  sons  of  Baptist  Jondreau  of  Markesville,  Al- 
goma,  in  the  119th  and  the  expressed  regret  of  the  mother  that  two 
other  sons  were  too  young;  the  claim  of  Hon.  K.  Lemieux  before 
the  Ottawa  Canadian  Club  on  Apr.  8  that  "out  of  33,000  men  in 
the  1st  Contingent  26,000  were  British-born,  2,500  were  French- 
Canadian  and  4,500  Anglo-Canadian";  the  publication  of  a  pam- 
phlet on  the  War  by  Ulric  Barthe,  a  well-known  journalist,  for  the 
purpose  of  aiding  recruiting  with  a  defence  ajso  of  Quebec's  view 
of  Bi  lingualism  and  with  an  imaginary  transfer  of  the  ruthless 
invasion  of  Belgium  by  Germany  and  the  brutalities  practised  upon 
the  Belgian  civil  population  to  a  Canadian  setting;  the  free  denun- 


MAJCR  CLARENCE  H.  LCUGHEED, 

4th     Canadian     Division,     C.E.F. ;     son     of 
Senator   Sir  James    Lougheed,    Ottawa. 

~  .  ._  ^oauic  oi  iri 
.ecruiting  French  orators  getting  if 
3f  the  police  trying  to  arrest  the  of, 
<n  The  Globe,  Toronto,   (Aug.  24)' 
series  of  disturbances  at  20  other  tf 
:able  incident,  also,  was  the  distur^ 
National   Service  meeting  in  Decen 
Nationalists  prevented  Mr.  Patenat 
rated  some  of  the  recruiting  difficult 
In  dealing  with  this  complex  subje 
iarily  is  much  of  light  and  shade — wl 
>n  the  latter  because  the  difficulties 
>vith ;  it  also  is  incomplete  because  th/ 
lealt  with  elsewhere  and  yet  was  a 
iescribed.     Involved   also   are   consi< 
relationship,   Empire   duties,   privilej 
be  touched  upon,  yet  were  a  part  and 
these  matters  borne  in  mind,  howeve 
the  French-Canadians  were  and  are  4. 
environment  in  a  way  quite  differen: 
have  long  been  isolated,  in  a  fluid  po> 
speaking  continent,  while  evolving  as 
Imperial  structure — loose  knit  as  a 
strands  of  similar  language  and  a  wj 
23 


CAFT.  W.  N.  GRAHAM, 

156th   Battalion,    C.E.F.,   son   of 
Hon.      G.     P.     Graham,      M.i>.,      Brockville. 


LIEUT.    PERCY   W.    BEATTY,    M.C., 

8th    Can.    Brigade;    wounded    at    Zillebeke, 

Belgium,     .June     2nd,     1916;      son     of 

E.    P.    Beatty,    Toronto. 


that  various 

ith  the  105th  P.  E.  Island  High 

,to  contain  500.     As  to  this  Onesi- 

iimons  on  Jan.  21  that:  "Not  only 

Acadians  have  given  their  attention 

a  has  been  placed  through  this  tur- 

ry  man  of  intelligence  of  every  posi- 

>he  Maritime  Provinces,  has  devoted 

mce,  to  calling  upon  the  young  men 

jrs  and  go  and  defend  their  country 

innia. ' ' 

g  incidents  of  this  period  included 
baptist  Jondreau  of  Markesville,  Al- 
.ressed  regret  of  the  mother  that  two 
le  claim  of  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  before 
Apr.  8  that  "out  of  33,000  men  in 
<*e  British-born,  2,500  were  French- 
aadian ' '  j  the  publication  of  a  pam- 
the,  a  well-known  journalist,  for  the 
vdth  a  defence  ajso  of  Quebec's  view 
imaginary  transfer  of  the  ruthless 
ly  and  the  brutalities  practised  upon 
a  Canadian  setting ;  the  free  denun- 


NATIONALISM  AND  RECRUITING  IN  FRENCH  CANADA  353 


elation  of  Mr.  Bourassa  and  his  friends  by  G.  H.  Boiyin,  M.PV  in 
speeches  at  Toronto  on  Feb.  17  for  "using  the  Bi-lingual  trouble 
as  an  argument  against  recruiting"  and  his  statement  that:  "Bour- 
assa and  Lavergne  do  not  in  any  way,  shape  or  form  represent  the 
vast  majority  of  the  men  in  my  native  Province.  In  the  House  of 
Commons  Laurier,  Lemieux  and  Lapointe  have  38  supporters  from 
the  Province  of  Quebec,  while  Casgrain  has  26  and  Bourassa  and 
Lavergne  have  but  one  lone  follower." 

The  speech  of  Lieut. Col.  T.  Pagnuelo  to  the  206th  Battalion 
when  at  Valcartier,  on  July  15,  was  an  extraordinary  incident.  In 
it  he  said  that  * '  the  authorities  have  sacked  the  officers,  and  we  are 
going  home.  They  are  doing  this  without  consulting  us,  and  I 
consider  that  it  is  a  revenge  because  we  are  French-Canadians,  and 
because  of  small  errors  here  and  there.  As  far  as  you  are  con- 
cerned, they  are  shipping  you  to  Bermuda,  where  you  will  undergo 
hardship  and  suffer  misery  from  the  heat.  Now,  military  law 
prevents  me  from  speaking,  but  if  you  are  wise  enough  to  read 
between  the  lines  you  will  know  what  to  do.  I  will  give  passes  to 
everybody,  and  be  sure  that  the  little  money  that  your  friends  have 
subscribed  to  the  Regimental  fund  will  not  be  used  to  run  after 
those  who  will  not  come  back."  At  the  Court  Martial  which  fol- 
lowed in  December  Col.  Pagnuelo  apologized  for  this  speech  but 
was  convicted  of  other  offences,  as  well  as  this,  and  condemned  to  6 
months'  imprisonment.  Meanwhile  recruiting  difficulties  in  Mon- 
treal had  been  increased  by  efforts  of  an  apparently  organized  band 
to  break  up  meetings  and  on  Aug.  24  a  riot  occurred  at  the  Place 
d'Armes  partly  as  the  result  of  Irish-Canadian  Rangers  and  anti- 
recruiting  French  orators  getting  into  a  fracas  and  partly  because 
of  the  police  trying  to  arrest  the  officers.  According  to  a  despatch 
in  The  Globe,  Toronto,  (Aug.  24)  this  trouble  followed  upon  a 
series  of  disturbances  at  20  other  recruiting  meetings.  A  regret- 
table incident,  also,  was  the  disturbance  at  Sir  Robert  Borden's 
National  Service  meeting  in  December  when  a  small  crowd  of 
Nationalists  prevented  Mr.  Patenaude  from  speaking  and  illus- 
trated some  of  the  recruiting  difficulties  which  had  to  be  faced. 

In  dealing  with  this  complex  subject  in  limited  space  there  neces- 
sarily is  much  of  light  and  shade — with  sometimes  particular  stress 
on  the  latter  because  the  difficulties  of  recruiting  are  being  dealt 
with;  it  also  is  incomplete  because  the  Bi-lingual  question  has  to  be 
dealt  with  elsewhere  and  yet  was  a  vital  factor  in  the  conditions 
described.  Involved  also  are  considerations  of  inter-Provincial 
relationship,  Empire  duties,  privileges,  history,  which  can  only 
be  touched  upon,  yet  were  a  part  and  parcel  of  the  whole.  With  all 
these  matters  borne  in  mind,  however,  it  still  should  be  said  that 
the  French-Canadians  were  and  are  the  product  of  education  and 
environment  in  a  way  quite  different  to  other  Canadians.  They 
have  long  been  isolated,  in  a  fluid  population  covering  an  English- 
speaking  continent,  while  evolving  as  a  national  sector  of  one  great 
Imperial  structure — loose  knit  as  a  fabric  but  bound  by  strong 
strands  of  similar  language  and  a  wide  liberty  of  action  and  dis- 
23 


354  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

cussion.  What  French-Canadians  in  their  racial  isolation  from  the 
Continent,  the  nation  and  the  Empire  did  do  was  well  done,  their 
sons  fought  in  France  with  a  gallantry  worthy  of  their  sires  in  the 
Old  Land  and  their  British  brethren ;  if  there  was  failure  in  num- 
bers or  proportionate  response  it  was  due  chiefly  to  unfortunate 
political  teachings  in  the  past  and  Nationalistic  teachings  in  the 
present ;  to  these  many  troubles  of  the  future  were  due. 

The  policy  of  Sir  Thomas  White  as  Minister  of 
The  Financial  Finance  in  Canada  during  the  world- wide  war-strain 
of  1914'16  was  practically  beyond  censure  or  cri- 
ticism.  It  preserved  and  enhanced  the  public  credit 
while  ever-increasing  the  calls  upon  it  to  meet  National 
and  Imperial  responsibilities ;  it  kept  revenues  redundant  and  taxed 
war  profits  while  adjusting  public  borrowings  as  between  England, 
the  United  States  and  Canada  so  as  to  relieve  Great  Britain  and 
throw  the  Canadian  part  of  the  War  burden  where  it  properly  be- 
longed ;  aided  by  the  financial  leaders  of  the  country  the  Minister 
was  able  to  give  substantial  support  to  the  Empire  in  a  manner  and 
degree  not  at  first  expected  or  considered  possible;  while  at  the 
same  time  his  Loans  from  the  people  and  advances  to  Britain  pro- 
vided excellent  investments  for  public  money.  In  any  long  war 
much  depends  upon  financial  virility  and,  just  so  far  as  the  Can- 
adian Minister  increased  the  credit  and  efficiency  of  national  fin- 
ance, he  contributed  to  the  successful  issue  of  the  struggle  for  the 
British  Allies.  By  the  beginning  of  1916  the  War  was  costing  Can- 
ada $500,000  a  day ;  at  its  close  the  cost  was  about  $1,000,000  a  day. 
The  year  opened  for  the  Minister  of  Finance  with  the  honour 
of  a  K.C.M.G.  from  the  King  and  tributes  from  the  press  of  Can- 
ada which  were  unusual  in  their  unanimity.  On  Feb.  15  the 
Budget  speech  was  delivered  covering  the  financial  affairs  of  the 
year  ending  Mar.  31,  1916,  and  the  estimated  conditions  for 
1916-17.  The  Minister  was  able  to  state  that  the  comprehensive 
scheme  of  special  taxation  applied  in  1915,  and  expected  to  realize 
a  revenue  of  $150,000,000  would  bring  in  $170,000,000 ;  he  described 
the  policy  of  rigid  economy  practised  and  stated  that  "only  works 
actually  under  contract  have  been  proceeded  with  while  civil  ex- 
penditure has  been  kept  within  close  bounds  and,  as  a  result,  our 
outlays  for  the  year  for  purposes  other  than  those  of  the  War  have 
been  much  less  than  the  estimate  of  the  Budget" — with  a  decrease 
in  estimated  expenses  upon  both  current  and  capital  accounts.  Apart 
from  the  cost  of  the  War  there  had  been  an  improvement  in  the 
financial  position  of  not  less  than  $57,000,000.  Sir  Thomas  then 
reviewed  the  War  expenditure  with  appropriations  of  $50,000,000 
in  1914,  $100,000,000  in  1915  and  an  estimated  $250,000,000  for 
1916 — to  meet  expenses  of  troops  growing  by  stages  from  50,000  to 
100,000  and  then  to  250,000,  with  the  new  authorization  of  a  500,- 
000  total.  As  to  the  current  situation  the  Minister  added:  "The 
Dominion  Government  has  no  outstanding  Treasury  bills  in  the 
London  market  and  is  not  overdrawn  with  any  financial  institu- 
tion. On  the  contrary,  we  have,  at  the  present  time,  very  large 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  THOMAS  WHITE        355 

balances  to  our  credit  both  at  home  and  abroad.  In  fact,  the 
Government  is  financed  until  the  beginning  of  next  summer. ' ' 

The  exact  estimate  for  the  year  ending  Mar.  31,  1916,  was 
$170,000,000  of  revenue  and  $125,000,000  of  ordinary  expenditure 
— including  payments  of  interest  on  war  indebtedness — or  a  surplus 
of  $45,000,000  which  would  go  toward  meeting  capital  war  expendi- 
ture. By  Mar.  31  the  net  National  Debt  would  be  $580,000,000  or 
an  increase  of  $131,000,000  during  the  fiscal  year.  As  to  general 
conditions:  "Business  has  adjusted  itself  in  a  remarkable  way  to 
the  altered  conditions.  We  have  been  blessed  with  a  most  bounti- 
ful harvest,  the  greatest  by  far  in  the  history  of  the  Dominion, 
and  this,  coupled  with  the  demand  for  war  material,  supplies  and 
munitions,  has  given  such  stimulation  and  impetus  to  trade  and 
industry  that,  notwithstanding  the  War,  we  are  experiencing  a 
high  degree  of  prosperity."  The  total  trade  of  $1,200,000,000  for 
the  fiscal  year,  with  a  favourable  balance,  was  described  as  the 
largest  in  Canada's  history — for  the  calendar  year  1916  this  total 
became  $1,800,000,000.  The  Minister  urged  rigid  personal  econ- 
omy to  support  abnormal  industrial  activities  and  prices:  "It  can- 
not be  too  frequently  or  too  earnestly  impressed  upon  our  people 
that  the  heaviest  burdens  of  the  conflict  still  lie  before  us,  and  that 
industry  and  thrift  are,  for  those  who  remain  at  home,  supreme 
patriotic  duties."  The  gold  reserves  held  against  Dominion  Notes 
were  $115,147,985  or  64%  of  the  outstanding  circulation  and  Can- 
adian credit  and  resources  were  high;  on  the  other  hand  an 
estimated  war  increase  of  the  Public  Debt  by  $500,000,000  involved 
$25,000,000  in  annual  interest.  He  did  not  believe  in  drastic  War 
taxation:  "With  a  country  such  as  ours,  rich  in  potential  resources, 
certain  of  future  development  and  great  expansion  of  production 
and  population,  but  without  at  present  large  accumulations  of 
wealth,  we  are  justified  in  placing  upon  posterity  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  financial  burden  of  this  War,  waged  as  it  is  in  the  inter- 
ests of  human  freedom."  Sir  Thomas  White  estimated  the 
ordinary  expenditures  for  the  coming  year  of  1916-17  at  $135,- 
000,000— including  $22,000,000  for  War  Debt  interest  and  Pen- 
sions— or  $10,000,000  of  an  increase  with  capital  outlays  of  $30,- 
000,000  or  $16,000,000  less  than  in  1915-16.  He  estimated  the 
ordinary  Revenue  at  $170,000,000. 

There  were  few  tariff  changes  made — the  duty  on  apples  being 
changed  to  90  cents  per  barrel  and  a  duty  of  one-half  cent  a  gal- 
lon imposed  on  oils  and  petroleum.  A  direct  Income  tax  was  con- 
sidered inexpedient  but  a  25%  tax  on  Profits  was  announced: 
' '  There  are,  in  time  of  war,  many  businesses  and  industries,  which 
for  one  reason  or  another  are  able  to  maintain  profits  above  the 
average  return  to  capital  in  time  of  peace.  There  are  others  whose 
profits  arise  directly  from  the  manufacture  of  munitions,  or  the 
furnishing  of  supplies  in  connection  with  the  War  itself,  and  are 
in  some  instances  of  abnormal  character.  It  has  appeared  to  the 
Government  that  persons,  firms,  and  corporations  whose  profits 
have  been  such  might  well  be  called  upon  to  contribute  a  share  to 


356  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

the  carrying  on  of  the  War.  ...  In  this  connection  we  have 
prepared  a  measure  which  I  propose  to  introduce  to  the  House, 
providing  for  the  taxation  of  profits  in  excess  of  a  certain  percent- 
age upon  capital  engaged  in  all  classes  of  business  and  industry, 
including  railway,  steamship,  public  utility,  financial,  commercial, 
milling,  mining  and  industrial  enterprises.  .  .  .  "We  propose 
to  impose  taxation  to  the  extent  of  one-fourth  of  the  amount  of 
net  profits  upon  capital  derived  since  the  outbreak  of  the  War  in 
excess  of  this  fixed  rate." 

This  tax  was  not  to  apply  to  Insurance  companies — specially 
dealt  with — nor  to  those  engaged  in  Agriculture,  nor  to  persons  or 
firms  whose  capital  was  less  than  $50,000  unless  they  were  engaged 
in  making  war  supplies.  Banks  were  exempt  as  coming  under  spe- 
cial taxation  already  imposed.  The  Minister  believed  this  tax 
would  realize  at  least  $25,000,000.  To  further  assist  the  revenue  it 
was  proposed  to  pass  a  measure  whereby  Life  Insurance  companies 
and  associations  carrying  on  business  in  Canada  under  Dominion 
license  would  be  obligated  to  invest  and  keep  invested  a  certain 
portion  of  their  assets  during  this  and  the  next  year  in  currency, 
bonds,  or  debenture  stock  of  the  Dominion.  "We  propose  that 
companies  whose  domicile  is  outside  of  Canada,  but  which  are 
licensed  to  transact  business  in  Canada,  shall  make  the  deposits 
which  they  are  required  to  make  in  1916  and  1917  as  security  for 
their  policyholders  in  the  Dominion  in  such  securities,  and  as  to 
Canadian  companies  we  propose  that  for  the  same  two  years  they 
shall  invest  in  such  securities  one-half  of  the  increase  in  their  net 
ledger  assets  during  the  years  1915  and  1916  after  making  provi- 
sion for  increase  in  foreign  reserves  and  in  policy  loans."  An 
aggregate  investment  of  $15,000,000  was  expected  from  this  source. 
It,  also,  was  announced  that  the  Government  would  "authorize  the 
sale,  from  time  to  time,  in  principal  sums  of  $100  and  multiples 
thereof,  of  debenture  stock  repayable  in  five  years  from  date  of 
issue,  and  bearing  interest  payable  half-yearly  by  cheque,  negoti- 
able without  discount,  at  any  branch  of  any  chartered  bank  in 
Canada.  The  price  would  be  par."  A  Bill  enlarging  Bank  powers 
in  granting  loans  to  farmers  was  also  promised.  As  to  current  fin- 
ancial arrangements  Sir  Thomas  made  this  statement  regarding  the 
payment  and  maintenance  of  Canadian  troops  in  Britain  and 
Prance : 

We  arranged  last  Fall  for  a  total  authorized  Loan  of  £30,000,000  from 
the  Imperial  Treasury,  to  be  availed  of,  if  necessary,  at  a  rate  not  exceeding 
£2,500,000  a  month  during  the  present  calendar  year.  In  connection  with  this 
loan  I  may  point  out  that  with  the  large  invisible  balance  of  interest  pay- 
ments amounting  to  about  $150,000,000  annually,  which  Canada  owes  to 
Great  Britain  on  past  indebtedness,  and  our  annual  interest  debit  of  $37,000,- 
000  to  the  United  States,  we  should,  if  an  arrangement  of  the  kind  was  not 
effected,  be  obliged  to  export  gold  to  Great  Britain  or  to  the  United  States  to 
the  amount  of  a  part  at  least  of  our  war  expenditure  abroad.  While  this 
arrangement  absolutely  ensures  the  stability  of  our  finance  for  the  year,  it  will 
be  our  most  earnest  endeavour  to  avail  ourselves  as  little  as  possible  of  this 
generous  provision  on  the  part  of  the  Imperial  Government,  sustaining,  as  it  is, 
the  heavy  burden  of  financing  its  own  unparalleled  war  expenditures,  and 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OP  SIR  THOMAS  WHITE        357 

making  loans  on  a  vast  scale  *to  Allies.  Further,  it  is  our  intention,  to  make 
advances  in  Canada  to  the  Imperial  Government  to  facilitate  its  additional 
purchases  here  of  munitions  and  supplies. 

Later  official  statements*  showed  the  War  expenditures  by  fiscal 
years  to  be  as  follows :  1914,  $60,750,476 ;  1915,  $166,197,755 ;  1916, 
and  1917  up  to  Jan.  20,  $216,901,522— a  total  of  $443,849,753.  It 
may  be  added  that  the  net  National  Debt  on  Dec.  31,  1916,  was 
$722,111,449  as  against  $303,562,104  on  Dec.  31,  1913,  $376,744,164 
on  Dec.  31,  1914,  and  $515,144,019  on  Dec.  31,  1915.  In  a  later 
review  of  the  debate  which  followed  his  Budget  Sir  Thomas  White 
(Apr.  6)  dealt  with  certain  political  charges  as  to  extravagance, 
etc.  He  stated  that  the  total  of  ordinary  Capital  and  Railway 
subsidy  expenditures  for  these  years  ending  Mar.  31  were  as  fol- 
lows: 1914,  $161,000,128;  1915,  $157,884,396;  1916,  $134,650,640. 
He  described  the  National  Debt — apart  from  the  War — as  increas- 
ing in  the  last  years  of  Liberal  rule  and  decreasing  in  the  years 
1912-14  since  he  had  charge  of  the  finances :  "I  find  that  the  Public 
Debt  in  1908  stood  at  $277,000,000,  in  1909  at  $323,000,000,  in 
1910  at  $336,000,000,  and  in  1911  at  $340,000,000.  It  dropped  in 
1912  to  $339,000,000,  in  1913  to  $314,000,000  and  in  1914  to  $335,- 
000,000." 

During  this  1916  Session  the  Minister  of  Finance  was  busy  with 
the  legislation  and  financial  requirements  outlined  in  his  Budget 
speech.  His  Bill  to  amend  the  Bank  Act  so  as  to  authorize  Banks 
to  take,  as  security  for  advances  to  farmers,  liens  upon  cattle  and 
certain  other  Live-stock,  with  registration  of  such  liens,  was  dis- 
cussed in  the  House  on  Feb.  18  when  the  Minister  read  a  letter  of 
inquiry  which  he  had  addressed  to  the  Banks  and  various  replies 
received,  together  with  a  Resolution  passed  by  the  United  Farmers 
of  Alberta,  and  wired  to  him  on  Jan.  21,  which  urged  such  legisla- 
tion because  "many  farmers  have  large  quantities  of  feed  stuffs 
available  but  are  not  able  to  make  profitable  use  of  these  because 
they  cannot  borrow  money  from  the  Banks  to  buy  horses,  cows,  cat- 
tle, sheep,  and  hogs,  even  if  they  are  prepared  to  give  security  to 
the  Banks."  The  Minister  reviewed  current  Western  criticism  of 
the  Banks  and  pointed  out  that  "they  were  trustees  of  the  funds 
of  their  shareholders,  of  the  funds  entrusted  to  them  by  their  de- 
positors, and  that  the  safe  investment  of  money  was,  therefore,  a 
prime  consideration  of  the  bankers.  As  they  can  only  make 
money  by  lending  their  money  at  higher  rates  than  those  at  which 
they  borrow  it,  it  would  seem  to  be  th.eir  interest  to  lend  wherever 
good  security  can  be  obtained,  and  upon  personal  credit  if  personal 
credit  is  such  as  appeals  to  them. ' '  He  quoted  the  Winnipeg  Grain 
Growers'  Guide  of  Feb.  2nd  as  to  the  action  of  Banks  under  amend- 
ments of  three  years  since  which  gave  them  power  to  lend  on  grain 
security:  "We  find  that  many  of  the  Banks  doing  business  with 
the  farmers  in  the  West  are  loaning  to  the  farmers  on  this  security, 
and  that  some  of  the  Banks  in  particular  are  loaning  quite  ex- 
tensively." He  expected  good  results  from  the  new  measure. 

*NOTE. — Sir  Robert  Borden  in  Parliament  on  Feb.  1,   1917. 


358  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

On  Mar.  16  the  House  considered  the  Government  Bill  for  pow- 
ers to  borrow  $75,000,000,  in  addition  to  the  statutory  powers 
which  had  been  reduced  from  78  to  10  millions  by  the  Loans  of 
1915,  and  quite  apart  from  future  war  authorizations.  To  the 
proposals  of  W.  F.  Maclean  who,  during  the  ensuing  debate,  advo- 
cated "a  national  currency  and  the  creation  of  a  Bank  of  Canada 
which  would  be  a  bank  of  re-discount  for  all  the  Banks  of  Canada 
as  to  any  paper  or  any  securities  that  they  cared  to  deposit  with 
it,"  Sir  Thomas  White  expressed  the  strongest  opposition.  He 
described  the  proposal  as  "quite  unsound"  and  the  policy  as  "im- 
possible, impracticable  and  illusory."  Bank  note  currency  or 
Dominion  note  currency  was  stated  to  be  only  useful  for  circulation 
purposes.  "You  cannot  increase  that  circulation  beyond  a  certain 
amount  without,  in  reality,  making  a  forced  loan  without  interest, 
either  from  the  bank  or  from  the  community."  In  any  Govern- 
ment paper  issue  above  circulation  requirements  the  inevitable 
result  would  be  "depreciation  in  your  currency,  destruction  of 
your  credit,  and  the  loss  of  the  gold  that  your  country  has."  The 
situation  and  system  in  the  United  States  were  described  as  funda- 
mentally different  from  those  of  Canada. 

In  the  Commons  a  series  of  discussions  took  place  upon  the 
Taxation  of  Profits  Bill.  It  was  explained  in  some  detail  on  Mar. 
2  and,  as  to  the  all-important  matter  of  the  capital  upon  which 
profits  were  to  be  assessed  and  taxed,  the  Minister  said:  "What  I 
propose  is  as  follows :  That  the  amount  paid  on  the  capital  stock  of 
a  company  shall  be  the  amount  paid  up  in  cash.  Where  stock  was 
issued  before  the  1st  of  January,  1915,  for  any  consideration  other 
than  cash,  the  fair  value  of  such  stock,  on  such  date,  shall  be  deemed 
to  be  the  amount  paid  up  on  such  stock ;  and  where  stock  has  been 
issued  since  the  1st  of  January  for  any  consideration  other  than 
cash,  the  fair  value  of  the  stock  at  the  date  of  its  issue  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  the  amount  paid  up  on  such  stock.  In  estimating  the 
value  of  stock  issued  for  any  consideration  other  than  cash,  regard 
should  be  had  to  the  value  of  the  assets,  real  and  personal,  movable 
and  immovable,  and  to  the  liabilities  of  the  company  at  the  date  as 
to  which  such  value  is  to  be  determined.  In  no  case  shall  the  value 
of  the  stock  be  fixed  at  an  amount  exceeding  the  par  value  of  such 
stock."  As  to  the  capital  involved  Sir  Thomas  said  on  Mar.  21: 
"I  want  to  eliminate  capitalized  goodwill,  except  in  exceptional 
cases.  I  want  to  eliminate  organization  expenses,  in  order  that  all 
over-capitalized  companies,  properly  capitalized  companies,  and 
individual  firms  may  be  on  the  same  basis  so  far  as  this  taxation  is 
concerned. ' ' 

Dividends  earned  and  accumulated  prior  to  the  War  would  not 
be  taxed  except  as  part  of  the  capital  from  which  profits  were 
assessed.  Some  objections  were  raised  as  to  Mining  profits  on  the 
ground  that  only  24  companies — outside  of  Nickel  properties — paid 
a  dividend  and  to  these  the  Minister  replied  on  Mar.  17 :  "  On 
what  principle  can  I  tax  a  manufacturing,  a  transportation,  a  trad- 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIB  THOMAS  WHITE        359 

ing  company  and  pass  by  the  Hollinger  Mines  worth  $10,000,000 
or  $20,000,000  and  earning  up  to  $2,000,000  net  profits  ?  On  what 
principle  can  I  pass  by  the  Nipissing  Mine  earning  $1,200,000  a 
year?"  There  were  two  main  principles  involved:  (1)  Upon  all 
incorporated  companies  carrying  on  business  in  Canada,  except 
Life  Insurance  Companies,  and  those  engaged  in  Munitions,  a  tax 
of  one-fourth  of  the  net  profits  for  every  accumulating  period  end- 
ing after  Dec.  31,  1914,  in  excess  of  seven  per  cent.,  upon  the  paid- 
up  capital;  (2)  Upon  individuals,  firms,  partnerships,  and  associa- 
tions, excepting  those  engaged  in  Agriculture,  a  tax  of  one-fourth 
of  the  net  profits  for  every  accounting  period  ending  after  Dec. 
31,  1914,  in  excess  of  ten  per  cent,  upon  the  capital  engaged  in  their 
business. 

Other  subjects  dealt  with  by  the  Minister  in  Parliament  in- 
cluded Railway  aid  legislation  (May  8)  ;  a  full  explanation  (Feb. 
2)  of  the  relief  given  to  Western  farmers  in  1914  when  the  Govern- 
ment of  Canada  advanced  $6,000,000  for  seed  grain  and  $7,000,000 
for  fodder  and  general  relief,  and  as  to  which  he  expressed  a  pre- 
ference for  the  system  of  1907-8  when  aid  was  given  through  the 
Provincial  Governments;  the  War  services  of  the  Staff  of  his  De- 
partment and,  by  implication,  of  other  Departments  which  the 
Minister  eulogized  on  Feb.  9  as  very  arduous  and  continuous;  the 
question  of  Government  aid  by  bounty  or  tariff  duties  to  Shipbuild- 
ing in  Canada  which  was  discussed  on  May  16 ;  the  matter  of  free 
wheat  as  proffered  by  the  United  States  Underwood  Tariff  Act  and 
which  he  opposed  (Feb.  16)  for  specific  reasons.  They  were  in  brief 
that  (1)  the  two  countries  each  had  a  surplus  and  were  in  competi- 
tion with  their  wheat  and  flour  in  the  world's  markets;  that  (2) 
the  occasional  higher  prices  in  Minneapolis  over  Winnipeg  were  due 
to  the  purely  local  fact  of  it  being  a  greater  milling  centre  and  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  export  price;  that  (3)  "the  framers  of  the 
Underwood  tariff  desired  to  gain  for  their  flour  free  access  to  mar- 
kets of  the  countries  whose  wheat  was  admitted  free,"  and  that 
this  would  bring  the  550  mills  of  Canada  into  injurious  competition 
with  the  7,500  mills  of  the  United  States;  that  (4)  there  was  no 
element  of  permanence  in  any  United  States  tariff  regulation  of 
this  kind  and  that  the  real  market  of  the  Western  farmer  was 
Great  Britain  with,  in  normal  times,  the  control  of  prices  resting 
in  Liverpool;  that  (5)  the  whole  question  of  a  Protective  tariff  was 
involved. 

As  to  details  of  national  financing  during  1916  they  developed 
along  these  lines:  (1)  Loans  in  the  United  States,  (2)  Loans  in 
Canada,  and  (3)  Loans  to  Great  Britain  for  the  purchase  of  muni- 
tions, with  a  general  reorganization  of  British  and  Canadian  fin- 
ancial relationship.  During  1915  the  Dominion  Government  had 
floated  a  $45,000,000  Loan  in  New  York  with  success;  in  March, 
1916,  a  $75,000,000  Loan  was  placed  there  in  three  portions,  at 
5%,  and  bearing  5,  10  and  15  year  terms  while  realizing  99-50, 
97  -13  and  94  -94  respectively ;  during  the  year,  also,  Provincial 
Governments  borrowed  about"  $25,000,000  in  the  United  States  and 
municipalities  and  corporations  $77,000,000;  of  the  domestic  loans 


360  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   KEVIEW 

of  1916  the  United  States  were  also  estimated  by  the  Toronto  Mone- 
tary Times  to  have  taken  $55,000,000.  Not  only  did  Sir  Thomas 
White  and  others  representing  Canada  find  Canadian  credit  good 
but  it  seemed  better  than  that  of  other  belligerent  countries — 
Great  Britain,  France  and  Russia  averaging  6%  for  secured  loans 
and  about  1%  for  unsecured,  while  Canada  was  on  a  5%  basis. 
Back  of  Canada  and  its  great  natural  resources  was,  of  course,  the 
strength  of  the  British  Empire  and  the  combination  evoked  this 
result.  When  the  Minister  of  Finance  went  to  New  York  in  March 
he  had  found  conditions  very  much  disturbed  with  the  recent 
Anglo-French  loan  of  $500,000,000  selling  at  a  discount.  His 
public  offering  was  over-subscribed,  however,  and  the  under-writ- 
ing syndicate  obtained  a  commission  of  about  2  per  cent. 

Following  this  success  and  with  the  object  of  retaining  interest 
payments  in  Canada,  the  Minister  decided  to  repeat  his  experiment 
of  November,  1915,  and  float  another  domestic  War  loan.  In  a 
young,  new  country,  without  great  accumulated  wealth,  it  was  an 
interesting  effort,  yet  the  tendency  of  Canadians  to  subscribe  to 
the  Anglo-French  loan  in  the  States,  to  the  British  War  loan  of 
£600,000,000  and  even  to  Russian  and  French  bonds  selling  in  New 
York,  showed  that  there  was  plenty  of  money  available — to  say 
nothing  of  the  $1,200,000,000  on  deposit  in  the  Banks.  On  July  24 
Sir  Thomas  White  issued  a  statement  calling  attention  to  the  fact 
that  Canadians  were  being  circularized  from  the  United  States — 
and  he  might  have  added  from  Canadian  bond  brokers  also — to 
purchase  Allied  Government  securities  issued  in  the  States  for 
munitions  credits.  He  urged  investors  in  Canada  to  reserve  their 
funds,  instead,  for  a  forthcoming  Canadian  War  Loan.  The  Min- 
ister added  that  there  was  an  abundance  of  capital  in  the  United 
States  to  absorb  all  issues  made  in  that  country,  and  the  Allied  inter- 
ests would  not,  therefore,  suffer  through  Canadians  husbanding 
their  resources  to  meet  their  own  national  needs. 

On  Sept.  12th  a  Loan  of  $100.000,000,  5%  gold  bonds  maturing 
Oct.  1,  1931,  was  issued  at  9iy2  with  the  following  statement  from 
the  Minister:  " While  the  Government  is  aware  that  Canadian 
patriotic  sentiment  alone  could  be  depended  upon  to  insure  success, 
strict  regard  has  been  had,  in  fixing  the  terms  of  the  issue,  to  pre- 
vailing financial  conditions  with  the  object  of  making  the  offering 
attractive  from  the  purely  investment  standpoint."  He  was  con- 
fident of  the  result  and  rightly  so.  Subscriptions  poured  in,  the 
Banks  took  $50,000,000  compared  with  $21,000,000  for  the  1st  Loan ; 
many  industrial  and  munition  concerns,  such  as  the  Dominion 
Bridge  Co.,  aided  their  employees  to  subscribe  by  installment 
arrangements;  when  the  subscriptions  totalled  $169,000,000  the 
share  taken  by  industrial  and  other  corporations  was  $16,000,000 
and  by  Life  Insurance  companies  $15,000,000.  As  with  the  1915 
Loan  of  $50,000,000  it  was  finally  subscribed  twice  over  with  a  total 
of  $214,000,000.  The  United  States  probably  took  $20,000,000, 
the  Banks  in  the  end  did  not  receive  any  allotment  and  other  large 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OP  SIR  THOMAS  WHITE        361 


subscribers  were  cut  down  proportionately.     Some  of  the  notable 
corporation  or  individual  subscriptions  were  as  follows : 

Great   West.   Life   Insce.    Co. 

Confederation    Life     

Manufacturers    Life     

Mutual    Life    of    Canada     .  . 

City   of    Ottawa    

City    of    Brandon     

Province    of    Manitoba     .... 


Bank   of  Montreal    

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia 

Molsons     Bank      

Merchants    Bank    of    Canada.. 
Canadian    Bank    of    Commerce 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada 

Dominion   Bank    

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.... 

C.   P.    R.    Company    2,500,000 

Massey-Harris   Company    1,200,000 

Imperial    Oil    Company    1,000,000 

Sun  Life  Insurance   Co 5,500,000 

1,000,000 


$7,091,800 
2,880,500 
1,772,400 
3,101,800 
6,647,000 
5,229,700 
2,658,800 
3,101,900 


Province  of  Quebec 
E.  F.  Hutchings,  Winnipeg 
J.  K.  L.  Ross,  Montreal  .  . 
Sir  Herbert  Holt,  Montreal 
J.  H.  Ashdown,  Winnipeg  .  . 
M.  J.  Haney,  Toronto 


1,000,000 
600,000 
1,500,000 
1,500,000 
750,000 
537,000 
500,000 
500,000 
550,000 
500,000 
250,000 
300,000 
200,000 


Canada   Life   Insurance   Co. 

The  success  of  the  Loan,  therefore,  was  very  great.  The  issue 
price  of  the  1915  Loan  had  been  a  546  p.c.  yield  basis,  with  a 
valuable  conversion  feature.  The  issue  price  of  the  1916  Loan  was 
a  5-29  p.c.  yield  basis,  with  no  conversion  feature.  According  to 
an  official  statement  on  Oct.  3rd  the  working  out  of  allotments  was 
as  follows:  Subscriptions  from  $25,000  to  $100,000  an  average  of 
58  7-10  per  cent,  of  the  sum  subscribed ;  subscriptions  from  $100,000 
to  $1,000,000  an  average  of  40  per  cent. ;  subscriptions  over  $1,000,- 
000  an  average  of  31  2-5  per  cent. 

With  the  British  Government  in  these  years  the  financial  rela- 
tionship was  very  close.  When  war  broke  out  the  Minister  had 
at  once  arranged  for  a  monthly  advance  up  to  $10,000,000  and 
this  lasted  for  about  seven  months,  when  Canada  became  able  to 
finance  its  own  undertakings  and  the  only  borrowings  from  the 
Imperial  Government  were  those  necessary^  to  conveniently  conduct 
the  expenses  of  Canadian  troops  in  England  and  at  the  Front. 
These  advances  on  Feb.  15,  1916,  totalled  £27,000,000  or  $135,- 
000,000*  and  were  met  in  part  by  the  issue  to  the  British  Exchequer 
of  $100,000,000  of  Canadian  bonds.  Out  of  the  1st  (1915)  domestic 
Canadian  Loan  $50,000,000  of  the  over-subscription  was  lent  to  the 
Imperial  Government  for  the  purchase  of  Munitions  made  in  Can- 
ada and  $75,000,000  more  out  of  the  2nd  (1916)  Loan.  This  part 
of  the  Minister's  policy  was  carried  out  after  consultation  with  a 
Committee  of  the  Canadian  Bankers,'  Association  and  was  followed 
by  increased  orders  for  munitions.  On  June  28  a  meeting  of 
bankers  was  held  at  Ottawa  attended  by  the  Minister  and  Sir  Yin- 
cent  Meredith,  George  Burn,  C.  A.  Bogert,  E.  L.  Pease,  John  Aird, 
E.  Hay,  H.  A.  Richardson,  with  J.  W.  Flavelle  and  C.  B.  Gordon  of 
the  Munitions  Board.  A  further  credit  of  $25,000,000  was  arranged 
between  the  Banks  and  the  Government  and  this  made  a  total  of 
$150,000,000  lent  to  the  British  Government.  As  to  this  policy  the 
London  Times  of  July  18  was  appreciative :  * '  Canada  can  add  at 
this  period  of  the  War  no  greater  service  to  those  which  she  is 
already  performing  for  the  Empire  and  the  Allies'  cause  than  to 
continue  to  throw  to  the  utmost  of  her  power  her  financial  strength 
into  the  struggle.  For  a  world-wide  Empire  like  the  British,  com- 
plete mobilization  of  its  financial  resources  is  far  less  easy  than  for 
the  German  Empire.  It  is  inevitable  that  the  strain  on  its  different 
parts  be  unequal,  yet  no  one  doubts  that  in  the  hour  of  need  the 

*NOTE. — Statement  of  Toronto  Monetary  Times,   Jan.   5,   1917. 


362  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

whole  resources  of  the  Empire,  whether  of  this  country,  of  Canada, 
or  of  Australia,  will  be  freely  and  readily  thrown  into  the  scale." 
On  Aug.  3  the  later  arrangements  with  the  British  Government 
as  to  current  War  expenses  of  Canada  in  England  and  at  the  Front 
was  explained  in  an  Ottawa  semi-official  despatch:  "The  Domin- 
ion Government  will  pay  off  from  time  to  time  its  temporary  in- 
debtedness to  the  British  Government  by  issue  to  the  Imperial 
Treasury  of  Dominion  bonds  bearing  the  same  rate  of  interest  and 
having  the  same  maturities  as  the  issues  of  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment from  the  proceeds  of  which  the  advances  have  been  made. 
.  .  .  The  first  transaction  will  involve  the  extinguishing  of  over 
$100,000,000  of  indebtedness  by  the  issue  to  the  British  Treasury  of 
8%  and  4%  per  cent,  dollar  bonds  maturing  in  1928  and  1945. 
These  Dominion  bonds  are  not  to  be  sold  but  are  to  furnish  the 
basis  of  Imperial  banking  credits  in  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada from  which  payments  will  be  made  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic."  Speaking  to  the  Halifax  Board  of  Trade  on  Oct.  24 
Sir  Thomas  White  stated  that  the  Dominion  Government  was 
spending  $730,000  and  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board  $1,000,000 
a  day,  and  asked  how  this  huge  expenditure  was  to  be  financed. 
"The  Imperial  Government  cannot  pay  for  munitions  made  in 
Canada  by  drawing  cheques  on  the  Bank  of  England.  It  can  do 
so  only  by  establishing  dollar  credits  in  Canada.  And  that  can  be 
accomplished  only  by  the  people  of  this  country  placing  large  sums 
to  the  credit  of  the  Imperial  Government.  If  we  can  lend  them  the 
money  we  can  get  all  the  orders  we  want  and  more,  but  we  must 
save  and  invest." 

To  deal  with  this  situation  a  further  conference  was  held  at 
Ottawa  on  Dec.  15  between  the  Minister  of  Finance  and  the  Can- 
adian Bankers'  Association  represented  by  E.  L.  Pease,  Sir  F. 
Williams-Taylor,  John  Aird,  Clarence  A.  Bogert,  H.  A.  Eichardson, 
E.  F.  Hebden  and  D.  M.  Finnic.  On  the  30th  the  Banks  advised 
Sir  Thomas  White  that  they  would  advance  another  $50,000,000 
to  the  Dominion  Government  for  credit  of  the  Imperial  authorities 
and  to  be  used  in  payment  for  munitions  and  war  supplies  in  Can- 
ada— a  total  of  $250,000,000  loaned  by  the  Banks  or  Government  to 
the  British  Government  by  the  end  of  1916.  Meanwhile  the  Min- 
ister had  taken  up  and  settled  with  the  British  authorities  the  mat- 
ter of  Canadian  securities  held  in  England  which  were  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  United  States  as  part  collateral  for  British  loans. 
Satisfactory  assurances  were  given  that  these  securities  would  not 
pass  permanently  into  the  hands  of  United  States  investors.  Dom- 
inion stocks  and  bonds,  C.P.R.,  Canadian  Northern  and  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  were  amongst  those  mobilized  and  finally  held  by  J. 
P.  Morgan  &  Co.  in  trust.  Under  this  scheme  the  British  Govern- 
ment borrowed  these  securities  from  the  owners,  paid  any  interest 
or  dividends  due  and  also  paid  an  extra  rate  of  y2  of  one  per  cent, 
per  annum  on  the  face  value  of  bonds  or  stocks. 

Another  matter  which  caused  the  Minister  of  Finance  some 
thought  and  trouble,  in  and  before  1916,  was  the  expenditure  of  the 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OP  SIR  THOMAS  WHITE        363 

Militia  Department.  As  early  as  Aug.  27,  1914,  he  had  written  the 
Prime  Minister  declaring  that  under  existing  legislation  "all  con- 
tracts of  every  kind — for  transport,  munitions  of  war,  food,  cloth- 
ing and  other  supplies — must  be  sanctioned  by  Order-in-Council." 
A  great  emergency  had  caused  the  infraction  of  this  law  but  it 
should  not  be  repeated.  On  Jan.  11,  1915,  he  drew  Sir  Robert 
Borden's  attention  to  the  grave  financial  situation  then  existing 
and  added:  "What  I  desire  to  ask  now  is  that  you  will  give  parti- 
cular attention  to  the  matter  of  saving  unnecessary  expenditure  in 
connection  with  the  administration  of  the  Militia  Department  dur- 
ing the  War."  He  intimated  that  some  of  the  extras  and  equip- 
ment supplied  were  not  indispensable  and  stated  that  he  did  not 
care  to  take  up  the  subject  with  the  Minister  of  Militia  directly. 
On  June  23,  1916,  he  suggested  that  in  view  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  expenditures  involved  "it  would  be  in  the  interests  of  the  Gov- 
ernment to  appoint  some  outstanding  firm  of  chartered  accountants 
for  the  purpose  of  advising  respecting  the  administrative  system 
of  the  Militia  Department  both  here  and  abroad. ' '  Something  was 
done  and  on  July  27  the  Minister  again  wrote  to  the  Premier  that 
there  were  "large  outstanding  liabilities  and  unadjusted  accounts 
running  into  the  millions.  Personally  I  feel  that  there  should  be 
some  further  check  upon  the  expenditures."  The  situation  grew 
more  difficult  and  on  Aug.  30  Sir  Thomas  again  wrote:  "I  am 
somewhat  concerned  over  the  fact  that  the  Governor-in-Council 
exercises  no  control,  except  through  officials,  over  our  growing 
military  expenditures  in  Great  Britain.  We  must  have  100,000 
men  there  and  we  are  borrowing  from  the  British  Government  for 
military  expenditures  at  least  a  million  pounds  a  month  or  $60,- 
000,000  per  year. ' '  Finally,  on  Oct.  6,  he  urged  the  appointment  of 
a  Minister  of  Overseas  Services.  "For  myself  I  feel  that  the  mat- 
ter is  vital  and  that  I  cannot  assume  responsibility  for  the  acts  of 
officials  not  under  the  immediate  supervision  and  control  of  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Government.  In  my  view,  it  is  not  possible  for  a  Min- 
ister here  to  exercise  the  necessary  degree  of  supervision  and  con- 
trol." 

With  all  these  burdens  and  elements  of  work  upon  his  shoulders 
Sir  Thomas  White  managed  during  the  year  to  make  a  number  of 
effective  speeches.  He  addressed  a  recruiting  meeting  in  Toronto 
on.  Jan.  2  and  others  during  the  year;  he  frequently  urged  in- 
creased production  and  in  an  interview  on  June  12  stated  that 
"Canada's  ability  to  support  the  War  rests  upon  her  credit,  and 
that  credit,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  depends  in  large  measure 
upon  our  national  production.  Sow,  plant,  raise,  produce,  should 
be  the  motto  in  order  that  the  Dominion's  financial  strength  may 
be  conserved."  As  Acting  Prime  Minister  on  June  28  he  welcomed 
Sir  H.  Rider  Haggard  upon  his  mission  to  promote  the  Land  set- 
tlement of  returned  soldiers  throughout  the  Empire;  in  Montreal 
on  July  11  he  appealed  earnestly  for  recruits,  declared  that  the 
first  line  of  defence  for  Montreal  and  Canada  was  in  the  trenches  of 
France  and  Flanders,  and  the  second  in  the  sleepless  guardianship 


364  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

of  the  British  Navy.  "I  appeal  to  the  virility,  the  manhood,  the 
youth  and  strength  of  the  young  men  of  Montreal  to  come  forward 
and  fill  the  ranks  of  the  Irish-Canadian  Rangers.  That  you  will 
do  so  I  have  no  doubt.  As  to  what  is-  each  man's  duty  each  man 
must  determine  for  himself  at  the  bar  of  his  own  conscience,  at 
the  tribunal  of  his  own  patriotic  sentiment.  But  the  call  is  for 
men,  and  it  is  a  call  that  has  an  irresistible  appeal  to  those  in  all 
parts  of  the  world  who  have  British  blood  in  their  veins." 

He  frequently  urged  thrift  and  economy,  as  at  a  Toronto 
luncheon  on  Sept.  4,  so  that  Canada  might  pay  her  own  part  in  the 
War  and  also  help  the  Motherland.  At  Brockville  (Sept.  25)  he 
declared  that  there  must  be  ' '  no  drawn  war  or  inconclusive  peace ' ' ; 
in  Halifax  on  Oct.  24  he  reviewed  the  financial  record  of  1914-16, 
the  splendid  response  of  Canada  to  the  War  loans,  the  increase  of 
production  and  trade,  the  continued  need  for  economy.  As  to  the 
future :  ' '  The  great  need,  of  course,  is  men,  more  men  to  join  and 
sustain  the  fighting  strength  of  the  heroes  who  have  gone  to  the 
Front.  Auxiliary  to  this  and  directly  contributing  to  the  success- 
ful prosecution  of  the  War  is  the  maintenance  of  our  industries 
specially  engaged  in  supplying  the  vital  needs  of  the  Allies  in  sup- 
plies and  munitions. ' '  The  Imperial  Munitions  Board  were  spend- 
ing $300,000,000  a  year  in  Canada — the  value  of  a  two-years'  West- 
ern wheat  crop  before  the  War,  or  60%  of  the  total  value  of  Can- 
adian field  crops  at  that  time.  "I  desire  to  make  this  point  very 
strongly,  that  the  placing  of  orders  for  munitions  in  Canada  must 
depend  very  largely  upon  our  power  to  provide  the  credits  from 
which  the  British  Government  may  pay  for  them."  Hence  it  was 
that  "  every  patriotic  citizen  of  Canada  should  consider  it  his 
bounden  duty  at  the  present  time  to  save  in  order  that  his  savings 
may  be  available  for  the  purposes  of  the  War  which  include  the 
purchase  of  munitions  and  other  supplies  in  Canada."  In  Octo- 
ber the  Minister  went  to  England  and,  on  Nov.  2,  addressed  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  London,  and  eulogized  "the  titanic  efforts 
of  this  wondrous  land  of  Britain."  Their  first  duty  was  winning 
the  War — afterwards  the  fabric  of  Empire  would  be  adjusted  in 
clearer  light  to  new  and  changed  conditions.  He  visited  the 
Ontario  Hospital  at  Orpington,  met  the  leaders  in  public  life,  and 
was  lunched  by  the  Empire  Parliamentary  Association  at  the  House 
of  Commons  (Nov.  8)  "to  congratulate  him  on  the  part  he  had 
taken  in  the  War."  At  the  latter  function  Mr.  McKenna,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer,  paid  high  tribute  to  Sir  Thomas  White 
for  "remarkable  success  in  a  successful  country"  and  tc  Canada 
itself  made  this  reference : 

Though  we  were  not  surprised  by  the  spirit  of  loyalty  and  courage  shown, 
for  his  part  he  must  confess  to  having  been  astonished  by  the  power  of  the 
Dominions.  Who  could  have  believed  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  that  Canada 
was  to  develop  a  power  of  munitionment  far  beyond  anything  that  any  country 
in  the  world  other  than  Germany  had  known?  Who  would  have  believed  that 
Canada  which,  in  the  process  of  internal  development,  found  it  necessary  to 
borrow  in  the  London  money  market,  was  to  become,  not  a  burden,  but  an  aid 
to  the  Mother  Country?  Who  would  have  thought  that  Canada  which  was  now 
approaching  the  ideal  of  contributing  half  a  million  men  to  the  Army,  would 


FINANCIAL  ADMINISTRATION  OF  SIR  THOMAS  WHITE        365 

end  by  sending  out  from  her  shores  more  soldiers  than  we  sent  to  South 
Africa  in  the  course  of  a  three  years'  campaign,  in  an  effort  which  at  the 
time  we  thought  was  gigantic? 

In  his  reply  Sir  Thomas  spoke  of  his  relations  with  British 
Ministers  during  the  War.  The  two  Governments  had  carried  on 
business,  with  Sir  George  Perley  as  an  intermediary,  and  "as  if 
we  occupied  apartments  of  one  and  the  same  office."  The  War 
first  was  his  object;  after  that  Preferential  Empire  tariffs,  British 
men  for  British  countries,  adequate  preparedness  in  an  Imperial 
defence  system.  A  visit  followed  to  France  and  the  troops  at  the 
Front.  To  the  London  Times  on  Nov.  27,  prior  to  leaving  for 
home,  Sir  Thomas  summarized  the  true  war  policy  for  Canada  and 
the  other  Empire  countries  as  follows : 

(1)  National    organization   which   will   provide   the   maximum    of    man- 
power for  the  military  forces  and   requisite  labour   for   the   vital  industries 
engaged  in  the  production  of  munitions,  supplies,  shipping,  food,  and  other 
necessaries  of  military  and  civil  life. 

(2)  Increase  in  such  production  by  greater  effort  and  increased  efficiency 
on  the  part  of  all  engaged  in  these  industries. 

(3)  National  economy  in  food,  dress,  and  personal  expenditures  generally. 
Imports  other  than  necessaries  of  life  or  required  for  war  purposes  should  be 
discouraged  in  order  that  the  exchanges  may  be  maintained  and  the  national 
wealth  conserved  for  the  State. 

(4)  Increased    national    saving   which    will    provide    funds    to    take    up 
Government  securities  issued  from  time  to  time  to  meet  war  expenditure. 

(5)  Organization  of  the  special  technical,  financial  and  business  ability 
of  the  Empire  to  assist  the  several  Governments  in  the  great  administrative 
Departments  principally  concerned  with  the  conduct  of  the  War. 

In  an  interview  at  Ottawa  on  his  return  (Dec.  9)  the  Minister 
repeated  the  above  ideas  in  slightly  different  form.  "As  the  War 
proceeds  Canadians  on  the  Western  Front  will  need  continuous 
reinforcement.  If  this  is  not  forthcoming  our  men  will  ultimately 
be  at  a  disadvantage  in  holding  their  part  of  the  line,  with  weak- 
ened forces,  and  will  suffer  in  health,  casualties  and  morale.  The 
first  call,  therefore,  to  Canada,  as  to  the  rest  of  the  Empire,  is  for 
men,  fighting  men,  to  support  the  forces  already  in  the  field."  To 
a  mass-meeting  in  Toronto  on  Dec.  18  Sir  Thomas  indicated  how 
much  Canada  had  done  arid  how  much  more  she  should  do; 
described  the  organized  contribution  of  the  Dominion's  resources 
as  essential  to  victory;  gave  a  graphic  review  of  the  Canadian  sol- 
diers in  the  trenches  and  concluded  as  follows :  ' '  The  message  which 
I  should  like  to  give  to  the  people  of  Canada  to-night  is  that  we 
must  back  those  heroic  men  of  ours  who  are  fighting  for  us  in  the 
trenches.  We  must  back  them  with  reinforcements  to  fill  the  gaps 
and  strengthen  the  line.  We  must  back  them  with  munitions  which 
will  save  their  lives  and  shorten  the  War.  We  must  back  them  by 
tenderly  caring  for  those  they  have  left  behind.  And  we  must 
back  them. when  they  return  victorious  to  Canada,  the  Canada 
which  their  sacrifices  have  ennobled  and  their  valour  will  have  saved 
for  ourselves  and  for  our  children  and  the  generations  which  are 
to  come. ' ' 


366  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Government  ^o  change  took  place  in  Government  policy  as  to 

S^QM^L         the    War    dUrlng    1916;    the     re-tirement    °f   .Sir     Sam 

Foster  and  '  Hughes  toward  its  close  was  the  only  important 
other  Min-  change  in  personnel.  The  Borden  Government  ob- 
I8tcp»  viously  took  and  maintained  the  line  of  cautious, 

careful,  continuous  contribution  of  aid  to  the  Empire  in  various 
directions;  not  a  spectacular  action  in  one  form  at  the  possible 
sacrifice  of  national  efficiency  elsewhere.  Many  patriotic  Canadians 
resented  apparent  slackness  in  recruiting  but  slowly  and  surely 
the  total  mounted  up  to  434.000  men  in  all  Services  with  a  concur- 
rent acceptance  and  testing  of  the  voluntary  principle ;  manufac- 
turers and  farmers  at  times  resented  the  call  upon  men  for  the 
Front  but,  none-the-less,  Munitions  to  a  total  of  $500,000,000  were 
made  and  300,000  persons  thus  employed  while,  in  1915,  the  largest 
crop  in  Canadian  history  was  harvested;  various  critics  denounced 
the  Government  for  inertia  yet  it  quietly  obtained  and  lent  Great 
Britain  $175,000,000  while  spending  $400,000,000  more  upon  the 
prosecution  of  the  War;  others  wanted  quick  and  enhanced  action 
along  specific  lines  and  forgot  that  the  Foreign-born  population  of 
Canada  (1911)  was  750,000  out  of  7,200,000  with  2,054,800  of 
French  origin  who,  while  loyal  in  a  passive  way,  and  devoted  to 
Canada,  were  not  likely  to  be  as  enthusiastic  in  their  war-spirit  as 
the  Anglo-Saxon  population. 

Apart  from  the  personalities  and  work  of  Sir  Robert  Borden, 
Sir  Sam  Hughes  and  Sir  Thomas  White,  which  have  been  dealt 
with,  the  most  conspicuous  Minister  of  the  year  was  Sir  George  E. 
Foster.  In  experience  and  eloquence  he  was  the  doyen  of  the 
Cabinet  and  his  Department  of  Commerce  and  Trade  was  fortunate 
in  presiding  over  a  condition  of  leaping  increase  in  the  country's 
business  with  a  1916  excess  of  $325,000,000  in  Exports  over  Im- 
ports. Efforts  were  early  made  by  this  Minister  to  promote  trade 
with  France  and  a  French  commercial  Delegation  headed  by  M. 
Damour,  had  in  1915  visited  Canada.  In  January,  1916,  a  letter 
was  sent  out  to  the  chief  Canadian  Boards  of  Trade  drawing  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  ' '  the  amount  of  sales  from  Canada  to  France, 
Belgium,  Great  Britain  and  Italy,  to  speak  of  no  other  European 
countries  in  the  past,  is  no  criterion  of  what  may  be  sold  in  the 
future  and  the  safe  remark  is  true  also,  I  think,  with  reference  to 
the  range  of  articles  which  may  be  included."  He  urged  a  return 
visit  to  France — and  to  other  countries — of  practical  business  men 
and  experts  in  the  greater  producing  industries  of  Canada,  backed 
up  by  the  Government,  but  with  expenses  borne  by  the  interests 
concerned.  He  suggested  a  Trade  Conference  at  Ottawa  at  an 
early  date.  In  the  Commons  on  Feb.  17,  and  elsewhere  during  the 
year,  he  warned  the  public  as  to  possible  conditions  of  contraction 
and  difficulty  after  the  War;  denounced  theorists  who  described 
the  manufacture  of  munitions  as  of  the  same  financial  value  as  the 
manufacture  of  woollens ;  declared  that  ' '  prosperity  is  based  upon 
profitable  production,  on  the  demand  for  consumption  and  the 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        367 

power  to  pay  the  producer  in  order  that  the  consumer  may  have 
within  his  hand  to  consume  what  the  producer  has  produced"; 
deprecated  the  idea  of  any  very  large  increase  in  immigration  but 
hoped  for  a  moderate  and  carefully  selected  number.  His  descrip- 
tion of  Germany's  modern  policy  of  economic  penetration  was  a 
masterpiece. 

For  a  continuance  of  that  economic  war  Canada,  as  well  as  the 
British  allied  nations,  must  prepare.  Sir  George  then  described 
after-war  problems  and  burdens  and  stated  that  the  titanic  strug- 
gle had  taught  Canadians  two  lessons:  (1)  the  danger  of  total 
unpreparedness  in  military  matters  and  (2)  the  need  of  co-ordina- 
tion and  co-operation  within  the  British  Empire.  The  Minister 
addressed  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade  (Mar.  28)  and  declared 
that  "the  resources  of  Canada  must  be  mobilized,  organized  and 
systematized ;  the  resources  of  the  country  must  be  developed  along 
productive  lines,  and,  if  necessary,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Government.  There  must  be  a  change  in  the  educational  system  and 
the  children  would  have  to  be  instructed  along  different  lines  and 
taught  a  higher  patriotism,  and  that  there  was  something  more  in 
life  than  simply  earning  a  livelihood  or  making  money.  In  addi- 
tion Canada  should  prepare  to  take  her  part  in  the  great  trade 
pact  that  would  be  made  between  the  Allied  nations  at  the  close 
of  the  War." 

To  Parliament  on  Apr.  18  Sir  George  again  spoke  at  length 
on  the  tremendous  transition  which  would  take  place  after  the 
War.  His  Department  was  preparing  to  help  in  meeting  the 
situation  and  was  occupied  (1)  in  providing  effective  and  needed 
statistics  as  to  the  country's  position  and  trade;  (2)  in  finding 
fields  outside  of  Canada  where  Canadian  goods  and  products  might 
have  a  sale  and  consumption;  (3)  in  maintaining  Trade  Commis- 
sioners in  every  important  district  of  the  United  Kingdom,  in  the 
overseas  Dominions,  and  in  such  foreign  countries  as  it  has  seemed 
best,  up  to  the  present  time,  to  enter — especially  Russia;  (4)  in 
training  young  men  of  education  and  aptitudes  in  the  Department, 
with  special  reference  to  tariffs  and  customs  regulations,  and  giving 
them  travelling  commissions  through  different  parts  of  Canada.  He 
intimated  the  coming  appointment  of  Special  Trade  Commissions, 
of  selected  business  men,  to  different  countries  to  investigate  war 
conditions,  and  stated  that  the  time  was  at  hand  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Bureau  of  Commercial  Information  "which  should 
stand  in  Canada  as  the  clearing  house  for  commercial  and  business 
interests  with  reference  to  foreign  countries  and  Canada  as  well." 
Further  reference  was  made  to  his  proposal  of  a  Canadian  Trade 
or  Business  Convention  from  all  parts  of  Canada. 

Meanwhile  representations  had  come  to  the  Minister  from  var- 
ious sources  as  to  the  tremendous  increase  in  freight  rates  to 
Europe — running  in  some  cases  to  400% — and  he  forwarded  these 
statements  to  the  High  Commissioner  in  London  with  the  comment, 
however,  that  War  demands  and  Government  requisitions  upon  the 


368  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

shipping  of  the  world  made  relief  very  Doubtful.  In  Parliament 
answers  to  questions  produced  statements  on  Mar.  1  which  showed 
that  the  total  amount  of  wheat  commandeered  by  the  Government 
in  August,  1915,  was  13,621,822  bushels,  and  that  the  facts  of  the 
1915  purchase  of  wheat  by  New  Zealand  through  his  Department 
were  as  follows:  "On  the  request  of  the  New  Zealand  Government 
1,406,732  bushels  had  been  purchased.  After  purchase  it  was 
stored  in  various  elevators  in  Canada.  The  amount  finally  sent  to 
New  Zealand  was  only  504,223  bushels  and  the  balance,  902,509 
bushels,  was  sold  at  the  request  of  its  Government  on  Jan.  10th." 
By  Order-in-Council  of  Mar.  21  and  under  representation  of  the 
Minister  of  Trade  powers  were  granted  the  Board  of  Grain  Com- 
missioners "to  make  inquiry  into  all  the  conditions  surrounding 
the  handling  and  marketting  of  grain  in  Canada  along  the  follow- 
ing lines:  (1)  the  grading  and  weighing  of  grain;  (2)  the  ship- 
ping of  grain  from  country  elevators;  (3)  grain  exchanges  and 
the  financing  of  grain;  (4)  the  handling  of  grain  at  terminal  points 
and  in  respect  of  the  charges  for  the  same;  (5)  the  shipping  of 
grain  to  Atlantic  ports,  and  Lake  shipments. ' '  The  Commissioners 
— Dr.  R.  Magill,  W.  D.  Staples  and  J.  P.  Jones — were  given  very 
wide  powers. 

On  May  21  it  was  announced  that  Sir  George  Foster  was  leav- 
ing for  England  to  look  into  possible  trade  conditions  after  the 
War,  to  get  his  Bureau  of  Commercial  Information  under  way  and, 
perhaps,  to  represent  Canada  at  the  Paris  Economic  Conference. 
Before  leaving  he  wrote  a  Call  to  Action  in  connection  with  coming 
commercial  affairs  which  was  published  in  the  June  Bulletin  of 
the  Department  and  gave  reasons  for  the  future  meeting  of  a  great 
Trade  Convention.  In  it  he  made  this  point :  "  In  the  two  years  of 
war  activity  work  has  been  provided  by  Governments,  been  fairly 
forced  upon  manufacturers  by  Governments,  and  been  paid  for  by 
Governments  without  trouble  to  the  manufacturers  in  travellers, 
in  representation,  in  the  initiative  and  organization  involved  by 
soliciting  peace  orders.  A  habit  of  receptivity  has  thus  been  formed 
which  will  have  to  be  unlearned  when  the  bells  of  peace  ring  out. ' ' 
Discussion  and  consideration  were  invited.  On  June  8  it  was 
stated  that  Sir  George  had  been  made  a  member  of  the  British 
Privy  Council  and  invited  to  be  "  one  of  the  representatives  of  His 
Majesty's  Government  at  the  Economic  Conference  of  the  Allies." 
On  the  same  day  he  addressed  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of  Commerce 
and  on  the  19th  was  back  in  London  after  the  great  Paris  meeting. 
He  stated  that  "the  Conference  confined  itself  to  laying  down 
general  principles  and  two  distinguishing  features  were  the  essen- 
tial unanimity  obtained  in  the  conclusions  arrived  at  and  the  fair 
attitude  displayed  towards  neutral  countries.  Eight  different 
nationalities  distributed  round  the  world,  with  different  geographi- 
cal and  political  conditions,  presented  immense  difficulties  in  recon- 
ciling differences  of  view  and  in  coming  to  decisions.  That  task, 
however,  was  successfully  solved. ' ' 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        369 

An  incident  of  a  banquet  given  to  Mr.  Premier  Hughes  of  Aus- 
tralia (June  24)  was  Lord  NorthcliftVs  statement  that  the  five 
best  orators  of  the  British  Empire  were  present — Lord  Rosebery, 
Sir  G.  E.  Foster,  Lord  Grey  of  Falloden,  Winston  Churchill  and 
Mr.  Hughes.  At  Manchester  on  July  12  Sir  George  spoke  at  a 
joint  Liberal  and  Conservative  meeting  on  Empire  Trade,  with 
Lord  Derby  in  the  chair,  and  expounded  the  principle  of  closer 
Imperial  union  for  self-protection  in  trade  and  for  Empire  rela- 
tionship with  its  Allies.  On  the  21st  he  was  able  to  cable  that  * '  the 
embargo  placed  by  the  French  Government  on  canned  lobsters  from 
Canada  has  been  removed" — a  matter  involving  $800,000  to  Mari- 
time Province  packers.  During  these  weeks  he  had  represented 
Canada  as  Chairman  of  its  Parliamentary  Delegation  in  London 
and  at  the  battle-front,  traversed  England  from  north  to  south, 
visited  its  great  industries  and  munition  plants,  inspected  the  mili- 
tary bases  at  Calais,  Boulogne  and  Etaples  in  France,  visited  the 
Grand  Fleet  and  studied  conditions  in  general.  On  July  28  he 
was  banquetted  by  the  Royal  Colonial  Institute  with  Earl  Grey 
presiding.  He  urged  preparedness  for  after-war  conditions  and 
pointed  out  the  moral  of  recent  events :  "  If  it  has  been  worth  while 
for  us  to  organize  and  mobilize  ourselves  in  order  to  defend  the 
Empire,  is  it  not  far  more  necessary  and  important  that,  after  we 
have  secured  its  defence  and  consolidation,  we  shall  mobilize,  organ- 
ize, get  together,  and  work  together,  in  order  to  develop  the  Empire, 
to  preserve  which  we  have  poured  out  our  blood  and  treasure1?" 
He  urged  ( 1 )  practical  education  and  technical  training  of  the 
people,  (2)  conservation  and  development  of  Empire  resources, 
(3)  tariff  preference  within  and  for  the  Empire.  As  to  the  future : 
' '  I  am  not  going  to  forget  what  the  Germans  have  done  in  ignoring 
sacred  pacts,  in  tearing  up  treaties,  in  outraging  the  humanities, 
in  wholesale  looting,  cruel  and  ghastly  barbarity,  and  in  that,  worst 
of  all,  treachery  to  the  sacred  claims  of  friendship  and  hospitality 
under  cover  of  which  they  wrought  their  infamies.  The  revelation 
that  has  been  made  of  the  German  heart  and  the  German  purpose 
in  these  two  years  of  war  is  my  sufficient  guarantee  for  demanding 
that,  for  this  generation  at  least,  German  goods,  German  partner- 
ships, German  businesses,  and  Germans  themselves  shall  be  excluded 
from  the  pale  of  the  British  Empire." 

Sir  George  arrived  home  in  Canada  on  Aug.  19.  Addressing  a 
Toronto  meeting  on  the  30th  he  paid  tribute  to  the  British  Medical 
branches:  "The  men  are  brought  back  with  most  loving  care  and 
they  receive  the  best  medical  assistance  and  are  taken  care  of  in  the 
very  best,  most  skilful  and  efficient  way.  No  one  with  a  friend  or 
relative  at  the  Front  need  have  a  moment 's  anxiety  over  loved  ones 
who  are  casualties.  They  are  being  looked  after  as  well  as,  and 
in  many  cases  better  than,  they  could  possibly  be  attended  to  in 
their  own  homes.  If  anything  stands  out  more  prominently  than 
another  it  is  the  efficiency  of  the  medical  and  hospital  services. ' '  In 
September  the  Minister  went  west  with  the  Dominions'  Royal  Com- 
24 


370  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

mission — he  had  already  acted  with  it  in  visiting  the  Mining  dis- 
tricts of  Ontario — and  besides  his  duties  of  inquiry  into  conditions 
and  resources  made  several  important  speeches.  At  Saskatoon 
(Sept.  10)  he  said:  "If  to  save  the  Empire  more  men  are  needed 
and  will  not  voluntarily  go,  the  lesson  of  Great  Britain  will  have 
to  be  learned  in  Canada.  This  is  a  war  in  which  decisive  victory 
must  be  won.  The  liberties  of  Canada  are  more  precious  than  your 
life  and  mine,  and  if  necessary  we  must  lay  down  our  lives  on  the 
altar."  At  Victoria  on  Sept.  20  a  public  meeting  was  addressed 
and  also  the  Canadian  Club.  To  the  latter  body  he  denounced  Ger- 
many as  having  violated  every  right  of  humanity,  nationhood  and 
individual  life.  As  to  the  future  treatment  of  that  country:  "I 
plead  for  deep  and  thorough  thought  and  that  we  be  not  led  away 
by  the  mutterings  and  patterings  of  cosmopolitans  who  have  so 
much  love  for  humanity  as  a  whole  that  they  have  ceased  to  look 
after  their  own  family  and  the  Empire." 

In  Vancouver  on  Sept.  22  he  told  a  large  audience  that  the 
peaceful  penetration  and  economic  influence  of  Germany  would 
have  to  be  * '  grappled  with  and  strangled ' '  after  the  War  as  should 
have  been  done  before  that  event.  A  visit  followed  to  Pentic- 
ton  and  the  Okanagan  region  of  British  Columbia  and  Prince 
Eupert;  several  Western  cities — Calgary,  Regina  and  Winnipeg — 
were  visited  upon  the  return-tour  of  the  Commission ;  at  Winnipeg 
an  eloquent  address  was  given  by  Sir  George  on  Oct.  10  at  a  great 
banquet  in  his  honour.  He  drew  a  picture  of  conditions  after  the 
War  which  made  present  preparation  imperative;  estimated  that 
1,500,000  Canadians  were  either  in  khaki  or  making  munitions, 
clothes,  supplies,  etc.,  for  those  who  were.  Optimism  was  partially 
justifiable  but  the  great  truth  was  that  Canada  must  also  get  to 
work  at  production  which  would  substitute  real  for  fictitious 
prosperity.  As  to  the  rest  ' '  unpreparedness  is  like  a  grisly  ghost 
when  viewed  in  the  light  of  blood  and  sacrifice  on  unequal  terms ; 
it  is  doubly  so  when  peace  comes  and  there  is  unpreparedness  even 
in  thought."  At  a  Montreal  meeting  (Oct.  30)  the  Minister  reiter- 
ated his  contention  that  nine-tenths  of  Canada's  prosperity  was 
upon  a  fictitious  basis;  urged  peace  preparedness  and  Empire  co- 
operation. In  another  address  (Oct.  29)  he  said:  "We  are  told 
that  in  Canada  recruiting  is  slow  and  that  casualty  wastage  exceeds 
it.  It  is  of  great  importance  to  organize  and  mobilize  as  fast  as  our 
services  are  required.  It  is  for  Canada  to  eliminate  all  reasons  of 
delay  and  face  the  call  for  national  security." 

To  the  Toronto  Canadian  Club  on  Nov.  6,  as  to  so  many  other 
Canadian  gatherings,  Sir  George  described  the  Allied  Conference 
and  declared  that  "the  impelling  call  and  necessity  of  the  present 
hour  is  that  the  British  Empire  shall  reconstruct  itself.  With 
the  means  that  should  be  employed  I  am  not  here  to  deal  but  you 
should  be  thinking  about  them."  At  the  Empire  Club  (Nov.  7) 
the  Minister  denounced  the  lack  of  thought  as  to  the  future.  "Let 
me  say  in  all  kindness,  but  with  all  truth,  there  is  not  a  great  coun- 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        371 

try  that  I  know  of  which  is  so  sound  asleep  in  that  regard  as  Can- 
ada. The  War  has  taught  that  mobilization,  standardization, 
organization  and  co-operation  are  required.  The  application  of 
those  principles  is  winning  the  War  and  they  must  be  applied  to 
business. ' '  All  the  great  countries  were  preparing  for  what  would 
succeed  the  war.  "What  is  Canada  doing?"  At  a  Conservative 
meeting  Sir  George  urged  women  to  go  into  the  making  of  muni- 
tions and  equipment ;  here  as  on  many  other  occasions  he  eulogized 
the  British  fleet  as  having  saved  Britain  and  the  Empire.  A  St. 
John  meeting  was  addressed  on  Nov.  11  and  at  Ottawa  on  the 
29th  a  letter  was  made  public  in  which  Sir  George  declared  for 
Woman  Suffrage:  "A  few  years  will  see  the  inequality  in  voting 
between  the  sexes  in  most,  if  not  all,  British  countries  done  away 
with  and  a  new  impetus  given,  especially  in  questions  of  social 
and  moral  reform,  to  the  great  body  of  the  democracy." 

Speaking  at  New  York  to  the  Pennsylvania  Society  (Dec.  9) 
Sir  George  declared  that  no  peace  was  possible  without  German 
restitution  and  guarantees.  The  year  ended  with  an  exhibition  of 
Enemy  samples  under  the  auspices  of  the  Department  in  various 
cities  and  with  the  Minister's  statement  on  Dec.  25  that  the  pro- 
posed Trade  Convention  was  postponed  until  more  time  could  be 
given  to  it  than  was  possible  at  this  juncture  of  war  production 
and  service.  It  may  be  added  that,  omitting  coin  and  bullion,  the 
Imports  of  the  year  ending  Dec.  31,  1916,  totalled  $766,726,891 
compared  with  $659,063,871  in  1913,  and  the  Exports  of  Canadian 
produce  were  $1,091,706,402  compared  with  $436,218,067  in  1913. 

The  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  as  Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries  and 
Naval  Affairs  had  much  to  do  during  the  year  with  War  matters. 
The  Coast  defence  of  the  country  was  largely  in  his  hands,  patrol 
boats  had  been  purchased  and  patrols  established;  his  Department 
had  charge  of  the  closing  and  guarding  of  the  harbours,  the  censor- 
ship of  wireless  stations,  the  maintenance  of  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
naval  bases  upon  a  war-footing  for  the  use  of  the  British  and 
Allied  Navies ;  he  was  concerned  in  the  enlistment  and  training  of 
officers  and  men  for  the  Royal  Navy  and  was  Chairman  of  the  Sub- 
Committee  of  Council  which  had  charge  of  Admiralty  transport 
arrangements  from  Canada.  Early  in  the  year  arrangements  were 
made  to  meet,  as  far  as  possible,  the  growing  scarcity  of  marine 
tonnage  and  the  acuteness  of  ocean  freight  rates.  Close  relations 
had  been  established  between  this  Department  and  the  Admiralty 
and  regular  transportation  services  organized  which,  in  January, 
1916,  included  40  ships  growing,  by  the  end  of  the  year,  to  75  ocean 
steamers  handling  2,225,000  tons  per  year.  They  were  under  the 
direction  of  A.  H.  Harris,  as  Canadian  Director  of  Overseas  Trans- 
ports and  the  control  of  Mr.  Hazen 's  Committee.  In  the  Com- 
mons on  Jan.  24  this  Minister  reviewed  the  Government's  policy  as 
to  ocean  transport  and  the  aid  thus  given  to  Canadian  trade, 
defended  the  Shell  Committee,  its  policy  and  operations  and 
described  the  investigations  of  the  Davidson  Commission,  parti- 


372  THE   CANADAIN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

cularly  in  reference  to  the  British  Columbia  Submarine  purchase. 

Speaking  at  a  Montreal  banquet  on  Jan.  31  Mr.  Hazen  declared 
that  ''one  of  the  good  things  that  is  coming  out  of  this  War  is 
the  development  of  the  Canadian  fisheries  and  the  opening  up  to 
the  fishermen  of  Canada  of  markets  that  were  not  possible  to  them 
before  the  War."  Through  the  activities  of  the  Militia  Depart- 
ment in  this  respect  large  sales  had  been  made  for  the  Canadian 
troops  in  England  and  France ;  but  careless  and  inefficient 
handling,  cheap  and  leaky  barrels  for  shipment,  had  to  be  remedied. 
The  annual  Report  of  the  Department  to  Mar.  31,  1916,  showed 
that  H.M.C.S.  Niobe  was  employed  at  Halifax  as  a  depot  ship 
atid  the  Rainbow  at  Esquimault,  B.C.,  on  patrol  duty  with  two 
submarines  and  H.M.C.S.  Shearwater — a  new  acquisition  from  the 
Royal  Navy.  A  large  number  of  other  vessels,  both  governmental 
and  private,  were  being  utilized  in  connection  with  the  defence  of 
the  coasts,  on  such  duties  as  examination  service,  mine  sweeping, 
patrol  and  other  necessary  work.  The  Naval  Volunteers,  which 
were  established  just  prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  War  had  also 
been  developed  largely  in  the  West  where  some  400  officers  and 
men  were  enrolled  and  had  served  on  various  vessels  of  the  Paci- 
fic Patrol.  Meanwhile,  in  1915,  the  Admiralty  had  requested  the 
Department  to  select  men  for  training  as  Pilots  in  the  Royal  Naval 
Air  Service.  Hundreds  of  applications  for  entry  had  been  received 
from  all  parts  of  the  Dominion  and  were  given  individual  attention 
with  the  likely  candidates  interviewed  and  medically  examined. 
All  those  accepted  were  sent  to  private  flying  schools  to  obtain 
their  Aero  Club  certificates  and  afterwards  were  sent  to  England. 
Although,  the  number  originally  called  for  by  the  Admiralty  was 
twice  increased,  the  Department  was  able  to  meet  the  requirements 
to  a  total  of  250.  In  1916  the  Department  was  requested  by  the 
Admiralty  to  obtain  men  for  the  Auxiliary  Patrol  (Motor  Boat) 
Service.  Hundreds  of  applications  were  received  and  dealt  with. 
At  Halifax  and  Esquimalt  much  repair  work  was  proceeding  for 
British  and  Canadian  vessels;  the  Royal  Naval  College  had  14  of 
its  midshipmen  in  the  Royal  Navy  promoted  during  the  year; 
Naval  stores,  including  coal  for  Canadian  and  British  ships,  were 
purchased  to  a  total  of  $2,485,269,  with  a  general  Departmental  ex- 
penditure on  all  services  of  $6,455,635.  The  Fisheries'  Protection 
Service,  under  Vice-Admiral  C.  E.  Kingsmill,  had  10  vessels  in 
service  and  the  Transport  Service,  under  Mr.  Harris,  shipped 
thousands  of  tons  of  material  daily  from  all  parts  of  Canada — 
with  special  docking  facilities  granted  by  the  C.P.R. — to  Britain 
and  the  Allied  nations. 

An  incident  which  was  dignified  by  a  Parliamentary  explana- 
tion from  the  Minister  was  the  retention  as  his  Private  Secretary 
of  Gustave  Heidmann  who  had  been  born  in  Germany  but  was 
brought  to  Toronto  as  an  infant  and  educated  there,  served  in  the 
Royal  Bank  for  a  time  and  had  been  an  efficient  member  of  the 
Civil  Service  of  Canada  since  1904.  For  the  past  five  years  he 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        373 

had  been  the  Minister's  Secretary  and  a  capable  official.  On  Feb. 
9  the  Ottawa  Journal  drew  attention  to  this  appointment  and  spoke 
of  German  access  to  confidential  papers.  Mr.  Hazen  stated  in  the 
Commons  on  the  next  day  that  he  had  absolute  confidence  in  Mr. 
Heidmann  whose  father  was  well-known  in  Toronto  and  had 
received  32  years  ago  preliminary  naturalization  papers  which  he 
had  supposed  to  be  complete;  that  the  son  had  always  believed 
himself  a  British  subject  but  in  view  of  doubts  being  raised  had 
taken  out  naturalization  papers  on  the  outbreak  of  war;  that  one 
of  his  brothers  had  done  good  service  at  the  Front ;  that  any  secret 
War  information  coming  to  the  Department  was  known  only  to 
the  Minister  and  Deputy  Minister,  and  that  he,  Mr.  Hazen,  be- 
lieved his  Secretary  to  be  "as  loyal  a  Canadian  and  as  loyal  a 
Britisher  as  can  be  found  within  the  four  corners  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada."  Following  this  Mr.  Heidmann  wrote  a  long  letter  to 
The  Journal  (Feb.  10)  repeating  the  above  explanation,  denounc- 
ing Canadian  slackers  and  lip-loyalists  and  asking  if  he  was  to  be 
judged  or  condemned  by  "  unresponsible  though  perhaps  well- 
meaning  strangers."  The  Toronto  Globe  and  other  Liberal  papers 
protested  against  the  retention  of  this  official  and  the  former  (Feb. 
12)  instanced  Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg  as  a  most  useful  public 
servant  who  felt  it  necessary  to  retire  because  of  his  enemy  rela- 
tionships. 

For  a  while,  in  February,  and  later  Mr.  Hazen  was  acting  Minis- 
ter of  Agriculture ;  in  the  House  on  Feb.  11  he  told  F.  F.  Pardee, 
in  reply  to  a  question  as  to  Germans  in  the  United  States,  that 
"every  possible  precaution  is  being  taken  to  see  that  points  along 
the  frontier,  which  might  be  referred  to  as  strategic  points,  where 
there  is  a  danger  of  damage  being  done,  are  protected.  There  is 
a  secret  service  organized  for  that  purpose,  and  every  vigilance  is 
being  observed";  on  Mar.  17  the  Special  Committee  of  the  Com- 
mons on  Soldiers '  Pensions  elected  Mr.  Hazen,  Chairman ;  on  Apr. 
14  the  Minister  told  the  House  of  the  precautions  taken  in  the 
event  of  an  enemy  vessel  reaching  Canadian  waters.  He  stated 
that  a  mine-floating  patrol  was  maintained  at  several  of  the  chief 
harbours  and  a  number  of  vessels  used  as  patrols  watching  for 
enemy  ships.  At  certain  places  guns  were  located.  A  fleet  of 
motor  torpedo  gunboats  had  been  organized  and  mines  laid;  37 
patrol  boats  and  launches  were  on  active  service  on  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  coasts.  On  Apr.  20  Mr.  Hazen  heard  from  London 
that  one  of  his  sons  had  made  the  supreme  sacrifice  in  the  War.  It 
appeared  that  Lieut.  James  M.  Hazen  had  been  wounded  in  recent 
fighting  and  had  died  within  a  few  hours.  He  was  only  18  years 
of  age  and  had  enlisted  with  the  Artillery.  Another  son,  Capt. 
D.  King  Hazen,  was  also  on  active  service. 

On  Sept.  6  the  Minister  addressed  the  R.C.Y.C.,  Toronto,  and 
told  them  that  the  Government  of  Canada  made  a  proposal  to 
Great  Britain  that  Canada  should  bear  the  expenses  of  men  to 
serve  in  the  British  Navy,  pay  them  the  same  rates  as  in  the  Can- 


374  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

adian  Navy  and  to  the  men  in  the  Expeditionary  Force.  This  was 
accepted  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  and  when  the  appeal  for 
recruits  came  he  hoped  that  Canada  would  send  over  several  thou- 
sand men.  In  Naval  aviators  and  motor-boat  operatives  the  De- 
partment had  already  sent  750  men.  Following  the  28th,  Mr. 
Hazen  was  for  a  time  acting  Prime  Minister;  on  Oct.  10  he  stated 
that  his  Department  was  in  constant  communication  with  the 
British  Admiralty  as  to  the  Submarine  menace  off  the  Atlantic 
coast:  "Steps  have  been  taken  to  remove  the  danger  and  every- 
thing possible  is  being  done  with  the  resources  at  the  disposal  of 
the  British  and  Canadian  Governments."  At  the  close  of  this 
month  5,000  men  were  called  for  to  join  the  Canadian  Naval  Over- 
seas Division  with  the  hope  that  2,000  would  join  by  the  close  of 
the  year  and  the  actual  enlistment  of  1,600  by  that  time. 

On  Nov.  19  Mr.  Hazen  spoke  at  Montreal  in  connection  with 
the  launching  of  a  large  dredge  from  the  Canadian  Vickers'  works 
and  stated  that  during  the  year  substantial  progress  had  been  made 
in  establishing  the  Shipbuilding  industry  on  a  permanent  and 
profitable  basis.  He  referred  to  plants  at  Montreal,  Toronto,  Col- 
lingwood,  Port  Arthur  and  Vancouver,  as  splendidly  equipped  for 
the  construction  of  steel  ships  and  in  addition  mentioned  the  suc- 
cessful building  of  wooden  vessels  in  Nova  Scotia.  The  Minister 
added  that  a  large  number  of  the  highest  class  of  auxiliary  schoon- 
ers for  use  in  the  timber  trade  between  British  Columbia  and  Aus- 
tralia and  the  Orient  were  under  construction  in  Vancouver.  Can- 
adian yards  had  secured  a  number  of  contracts  for  ships  for  Nor- 
way. Following  the  outbreak  of  the  War  the  Dominion  Parliament 
had  prohibited  the  export  of  ships  from  Canada  without  Govern- 
ment permission.  This  had  been  granted,  however,  in  certain 
cases  and  upon  condition  that  at  no  time  during  the  War  should 
the  ships  engage  in  enemy  trade  and  that  no  demand  be  made 
on  Great  Britain  for  materials,  machinery  or  labour  in  connection 
with  construction.  He  stated  that  Canadians  had  contributed 
$40,000,000  to  voluntary  War  funds.  At  the  close  of  the  year  it 
was  announced  that,  as  a  result  of  the  efforts  of  his  Department  and 
its  representative,  Major  Hugh  Green,  upwards  of  2,500,000  pounds 
of  Canadian  fresh  fish  had  been  sent  to  the  Canadian  troops  in 
England  who  were  now  receiving  fresh  fish  once  a  week  and  smoked 
fish  twice  a  week  for  breakfast.  In  addition  the  War  Office  was 
taking  large  quantities,  and  the  first  consignment  of  1,500,000 
pounds  had  been  dispatched  and  represented  an  average  value  of 
eight  cents  per  pound  to  the  Canadian  industry. 

The  Hon.  Martin  Burrell  as  Minister  of  Agriculture  presided 
over  one  of  the  basic  elements  of  all  war  strength  and  in  promoting 
production  did  good  service.  To  the  call  of  1915  the  farmers  had 
responded  with  an  increase  of  $300,000,000  in  total  product  of 
grains,  animals,  food  of  all  kinds;  climatic  conditions,  labour  diffi- 
culties, etc.,  made  the  response  of  1916  less  satisfactory.  During 
the  year  the  Agricultural  Gazette  issued  by  the  Department  made 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        375 

constant  appeal  to  the  farmer  and  its  columns,  together  with  the 
operations  of  the  Experimental  Farms,  Dairy,  Live-Stock,  Seed, 
Fruit  and  other  Branches,  gave  varied  instruction  in  farming 
methods.  ''Production  and  Thrift"  was  the  Minister's  motto  and 
the  Department's  principle.  Early  in  the  year  Mr.  Burrell  suf- 
fered severe  injuries  in  the  Parliament  Buildings'  fire;  on  his 
return  from  the  South  (Aug.  19)  he  reviewed  at  Ottawa  the  work 
of  his  Department  and  dealt  especially  with  the  Live-stock  situa- 
tion. "It  is  obviously  more  desirable  to  feed  and  kill  our  own 
cattle  and  export  the  product  than  to  supply  the  raw  material  to 
the  United  States  for  the  advantage  of  their  packing  houses  and 
transportation  companies.  After  a  conference  with  the  packers  last 
fall,  I  took  the  whole  question  up  with  the  British  War  Office, 
through  the  Acting  High  Commissioner.  As  a  result  of  our  repre- 
sentations an  initial  sale  of  6,000,000  pounds  of  canned  corn  beef 
was  made  and  individual  packers  were  subsequently  enabled  to 
make  considerable  sales  of  meat  products.  Following  this  I  sent 
Mr.  Arkell  to  England  and  France  to  study  conditions  and  confer 
with  the  authorities.  We  hope  that  our  export  trade  in  beef  and 
our  cattle  industry  here  will  be  put  on  a  permanent  basis. ' '  Speak- 
ing at  Vancouver  (Sept.  23)  Mr.  Burrell  said  that  few  realized 
the  part  played  by  Agriculture  in  the  War. 

You  would  be  surprised  if  I  told  you  of  the  amount  of  work  that  has 
fallen  on  this  country  and  of  the  benefit  to  this  country  and  to  the  Empire  in 
connection  with  supplying  the  British  War  Office  with  such  things  as  hay  and 
oats  and  flour  for  the  troops.  While  it  is  not  desirable  to  make  the  figures 
known — they  will  be  known  some  day — I  can  only  say  that  we  do  not  now 
speak  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  tons,  we  speak  of  thousands  of  thousands  of 
tons  and  millions  upon  millions  of  Imshels  and  hundreds  of  shiploads  of  those 
commodities  that  have  gone  from  here  and  out  of  all  those  ships  only  one  has 
been  lost  and  that  was  not  by  a  torpedo. 

At  Victoria  on  Sept.  26  the  Minister  explained  the  National 
Service  policy:  "There  had  been  a  growing  feeling  that  too  many 
men  who  could  ill  be  spared  from  important  work  were  going  to  the 
Front,  while  others  whose  presence  at  home  was  not  so  imperative 
were  remaining  behind.  The  time  did  not  seem  ripe  for  Conscrip- 
tive  measures,  but  it  was  felt  that  a  better  system  of  selection  was 
needed  to  meet  requirements.  Thus  the  system  of  Registration  was 
adopted.  By  it  will  be  ascertained  just  how  vital  to  the  work  of 
the  country  is  a  man 's  labour  here,  and  the  best  service  from  every 
man  will  be  secured."  On  Dec.  2  a  statement  was  issued  from 
Ottawa  that  during  the  past  two  years  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture had  purchased  for  the  British  authorities  hay,  oats  and  flour 
to  the  value  of  nearly  $52,000,000,  had  saved  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  dollars  for  Great  Britain,  and  put  millions  in  the  pockets  of  the 
farmers  of  Canada.  In  the  purchase  of  hay  a  plant  with  Govern- 
ment compressors  had  been  established  in  Montreal  which,  at  the 
height  of  the  season,  handled  6,000  tons  a  week  and  employed  500 
men.  Mr.  Burrell  had  also  been  asked  to  look  after  the  purchase 
of  oats  for  the  War  Office.  This  had  grown  to  be  an  enormous 
business.  The  oats  were  secured  chiefly  in  the  West  and  shipped 


376  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

by  lake  steamers  to  Georgian  Bay  ports  and  Montreal.  The  totals 
to  Oct.  1,  1916,  were  370,891  tons  of  hay,  692,789  tons  of  oats  and 
203,374  tons  of  flour.  It  may  be  added  that  the  Agricultural  ex- 
ports of  Canada  in  the  year  ending  July  31,  1915,  totalled  $97,- 
657,594  and  in  that  of  1916  they  were  $275,849,761. 

Early  in  the  year  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Dr.  W.  J.  Roche, 
found  it  necessary  to  deal  with  a  propaganda  in  the  United  States 
which  aimed  at  discouraging  emigration  to  Canada  and  stated,  for 
instance,  that  a  heavy  war  tax  amounting  to  $5  per  quarter  section 
was  to  be  imposed  by  the  Canadian  Government  and  that  Conscrip- 
tion was  more  than  a  probability.  A  circular  letter  from  the  Minister 
(dated  Jan.  8,  1916)  was,  therefore,  widely  distributed  in  the  Re- 
public in  which  the  Minister  described  these  reports  as  fictitious, 
pointed  out  that  all  troops  from  Canada  had  enlisted  voluntarily, 
that  the  Dominion  Government  had  the  power  but  had  not  consid- 
ered it  advisable  or  necessary  to  enforce  Conscription,  and  that 
even  were  that  plan  adopted  it  would 'apply  to  Canadian  citizens 
only.  On  Jan.  28-29  Dr.  Roche  held  a  Conference  at  Chicago  with 
Canadian  Immigration  Agents  in  the  United  States  to  discuss  the 
decline  in  the  numbers  of  settlers  and,  while  there,  installed  a 
Chicago  exhibit  of  Canada's  agricultural  resources — including 
grains,  grasses  and  manufactured  food  products.  Messrs.  Scott 
and  Norris,  Premiers  of  Saskatchewan  and  Manitoba,  were  present 
also  and  all  were  satisfied  with  the  results  of  the  meeting. 

As  to  this  propaganda  Dr.  Roche  told  the  Victoria,  B.C.,  press 
on  July  19  that  the  campaign  in  the  States  was  systematic.  "It 
was  alleged  unemployment  was  general  and  serious ;  that  Conscrip- 
tion was  forcing  all  men,  citizens  as  well  as  aliens,  into  the  Army ; 
that  heavy  war  taxes  burdened  the  people,  and,  in  fact,  a  host  of 
false  statements  were  made  all  tending  to  stop  the  migration  of 
Americans  to  this  country."  Meanwhile,  a  point  of  importance 
to  the  West  had  come  up  and  a  telegram  from  the  Minister,  read 
at  a  meeting  in  Saskatoon  on  May  5,  stated  that :  ' '  Owners  of  home- 
steads prior  to  enlistment  have  their  time  counted  as  residence  dur^ 
ing  period  of  enlistment;  those  who  make  entry  after  enlistment 
are  not  accorded  this  privilege,  but  will  have  their  entries  pro- 
tected against  cancellation  during  their  absence."  A  Resolution 
was  passed  declaring  that  all  soldiers  should  have  equal  privileges. 

The  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp,  Minister  without  Portfolio,  but  for  some 
time  acting  Minister  of  Militia  and  Chairman  of  the  War  Pur- 
chasing Commission,  did  much  important  work  during  the  year.  It 
was  more  or  less  invisible  to  the  general  public  but  the  abuses 
revealed  by  the  Davidson  Commission  of  Inquiry — though  few  in 
comparison  to  the  very  large  sums  of  money  involved — showed 
how  wise  the  Government  was  in  placing  the  control  of  War  con- 
tracts and  purchases  in  the  hands  of  a  business  Commission  such 
as  that  of  Messrs.  Kemp,  Henri  Laporte  and  G.  F.  Gait.  Originally 
appointed  in  May,  1915,  with  Mr.  Kemp  as  Chairman,  the  work 
of  this  Commission  had  been  thorough  and  systematic  and  its 


MAJOR,  THE  KEV.  DR.  GEORGE  BARRON, 

CUTTEN,    C.E.F., 

President    of    Acadia    University, 
Wolfville,    N.S. 


CAPT.  GEOFFREY  ALLAN  SNOW, 

15th   Battalion;    killed  at   Courcellette ;    son 
of   A.    J.    Russell    Snow,    K.C.,   Toronto. 


MAJOR  EDSON  EAYMOND  PEASE, 

42nd     Battalion.     C.F.A.;     son     of     Edson 
L.    Pease,    Montreal. 


LIEUT.  EODOLPHE  LEMIEUX, 

159th   Battalion,   Montreal;    Son  of  Hon. 
Rodolphe    Lemieux,    M.P. 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        377 

results  without  public  criticism  or  party  charge.  Through  its 
hands  passed  supplies  required  by  all  Departments  for  war  pur- 
poses and  the  total  purchased  under  tender  and  contract  reached 
about  $100,000,000  by  the  end  of  1916.*  It  also  had  charge  of 
purchasing  supplies  such  as  clothing,  boots,  transport,  vehicles, 
harness  and  all  kinds  of  equipment  for  the  Canadian  troops  in 
England.  In  a  statement  issued  at  Ottawa  on  Oct.  21  Mr.  Kemp 
pointed  out  that  all  such  equipment  was  of  Canadian  manufacture 
though  guns  and  technical  instruments  not  made  in  Canada  were 
provided  by  the  "War  Office;  supplies  for  the  troops  in  France 
were  issued  by  the  British  Government  and  would  be  paid  for  by 
Canada  under  later  arrangements.  As  to  the  situation  in  general : 
Purchases  of  supplies,  equipment,  clothing,  etc.,  produced  in  Canada 
have  reached  an  amount  whicli  is  not  merely  proportionate  to  the  requirements 
of  the  Canadian  forces  abroad,  but  is  very  greatly  in  excess  of  such  require- 
ments, varying  in  fact  in  respect  to  various  articles  from  a  ratio  of  two  to 
one  to  a  ratio  of  thirty  to  one.  The  position  that  the  British  Government 
in  making  all  war  purchases,  for  whatever  purpose,  whether  purely  Canadian  or 
not,  should,  wherever  it  was  necessary  to  go  outside  the  British  Isles,  give  a 
preference  to  the  British  Dominions  over  neutrals,  has  been  insisted  upon 
by  the  Canadian  Government  on  numberless  occasions  since  the  outbreak  of 
war.  The  British  Government  have  agreed  to  this  principle,  and  have  repeat- 
edly given  assurance  that  it  has  in  fact  been  carried  out  by  them. 

The  net  result  was  that  Canada  at  this  date  was  shipping  its 
products  abroad  to  a  total  of  $2,000,000  a  day.  The  exports  of 
manufactures  to  the  United  Kingdom  for  the  year  ending  July  31, 
1915,  totalled  $50,373,074  and  in  1916  $202,973,346.  During  Sir 
Sam  Hughes'  visit  to  England  in  April  Mr.  Kemp,  as  Acting  Minis- 
ter of  Militia,  had  to  deal  with  the  speeches  upon  Toronto  recruit- 
ing and  the  English  residents  of  Canada  made  by  the  Hon.  P.  A. 
Choquette  in  the  Senate  on  Apr.  12.  The  latter  had  referred  to 
rejections  from  various  Battalions  in  Toronto  and  then  read  a  let- 
ter from  a  man  named  Eobert  Hazelton  of  Todmorden — a  Toronto 
suburb — describing  English  immigrants  to  Canada  and  residents 
in  Toronto  as  making  up  the  bulk  of  these  enlistments  and  rejec- 
tions and  as  being  * '  degenerate  and  defective ' '  with  ' '  vile  and  filthy 
habits,"  " diseased,  depraved,  deformed,"  etc.  This  letter  (dated 
Mar.  19)  contained  other  statements  of  an  even  worse  kind.  Mr. 
Choquette  went  on  to  say:  "I  see  by  the  papers  that  there  is  no 
recruiting  of  good  men  in  Toronto.  Not  one-third  of  the  men 
recruited  are  able  to  pass  the  examination."  He  quoted  some 
newspaper  statements  to  support  his  opinions. 

Mr.  Kemp  replied  to  this  in  the  Commons  on  the  14th  with 
figures  as  to  recruiting  and  rejections  in  Toronto  which  appeared 
to  completely  disprove  the  assertions.  He  read  a  telegram  from 
Brig.-Gen.  W.  A.  Logic,  commanding  the  District,  who  stated  that 
out  of  37,402  recruits  examined  in  Toronto  7,122  had  been  rejected 
— 25%  in  one  Battalion  being  repeaters  who  came  up  again  and 
again — and  that  the  net  rejections  of  new  men  examined  was  19 

*NOTE. — Sir  Robert  Borden  stated  in  the  Commons  on  Jan.  22,  1917,  that  "some 
time  before"  the  aggregate  was  $80,000,000. 


378  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

per  cent.  Mr.  Kemp  submitted  a  Departmental  statement  review- 
ing and  denying  the  Senator's  allegations;  declaring  that  it  was 
"  absolutely  false  that  there  is  any  substantial  proportion  of  men 
offering  themselves  for  enlistment  who  are  'diseased,  depraved  or 
deformed '  " ;  and  adding  that  ' '  these  men,  who  have  been  so  foully 
slandered,  are  offering  their  lives  with  the  soldiers  of  France  to 
prevent  the  women  and  children  of  that  nation  from  suffering 
horrors,  tortures,  and  cruelties  similar  to  those  which  a  relentless 
foe  perpetrated  upon  the  women  and  children  of  poor,  heart-broken 
Belgium."  Shortly  before  this,  and  in  response  to  a  statement  in 
the  House  by  F.  B.  Carvell  that  the  Shell  Committee  had  given 
orders  to  the  Sheet  Metal  Products  Co.,  of  which  Mr.  Kemp  was 
President,  the  Minister  explained  that  he  was  connected  with 
the  Company  but  he  did  not  know  anything  about  these  orders 
until  Mr.  Carvell  mentioned  them  in  the  House.  He  had  found 
since  that  the  orders,  which  amounted  to  three  per  cent,  of  the 
ordinary  business  of  the  Company,  had  been  secured  through  the 
regular  channels  and  that  their  plant  had  been  of  great  service  in 
providing  supplies  necessary  at  the  time  in  the  manufacture  of 
shells.  The  orders  amounted  to  about  $300,000.  He  added  that 
the  Company  would  have  met  with  his  condemnation  if  it  had 
refused  to  accept  this  or  any  other  order  to  help  in  the  War. 

In  the  middle  of  April  Sir  Sam  Hughes  was  back  at  his  post  and 
Mr.  Kemp  reverted  to  Purchasing  Commission  duties.  In  that  con- 
nection he  issued  on  Aug.  20  an  explanation  of  the  contract  for 
erection  of  the  Lindsay  Arsenal  being  given  to  an  American  firm 
— Westinghouse,  Church,  Kerr  &  Co.,  of  Montreal  and  New  York. 
Special  devices,  inventions,  experience  and  facilities  were  required 
and  this  firm — which  had  erected  the  immense  Ogden  shops  at  Cal- 
gary for  the  C.P.R.,  the  new  C.P.R.  station  at  Vancouver,  sections 
of  the  Chateau  Laurier  at  Ottawa  and  many  similar  buildings  in 
Canada — was,  he  stated,  deemed  best  fitted  for  the  work.  The 
estimated  cost  of  the  building  was  $675,000  and  the  "materials  and 
plant  were  to  be  purchased  on  the  tender  basis,  the  contracts  going 
to  the  lowest  tenderer  and  to  be  submitted  for  approval  of  the 
proper  officials  of  the  Government."  At  a  Toronto  Conservative 
meeting  on  Nov.  4  Mr.  Kemp  dealt  with  an  important  matter  of 
current  discussion  and  declared  that  "an  extension  of  the  Parlia- 
mentary term  had  been  proposed  and  accepted  for  reasons  which 
apply  with  equal,  if  not  greater,  force  to  such  further  extension  as 
will  make  an  election  unnecessary  during  the  continuance  of  the 
War."  He  deprecated  party  politics  at  this  juncture  and  eulogized 
Sir  Robert  Borden  as  a  strong  man  in  the  right  place. 

On  Nov.  23  Mr.  Kemp  was  appointed  Minister  of  Militia  and 
Defence  in  succession  to  Sir  Sam  Hughes.  The  appointment  was 
well  received  as  promising  a  business-like  administration  of  the 
Department  by  a  man  of  high  reputation  in  manufacturing  and 
business  circles  who,  also,  had  proved  his  efficiency  and  done  good 
service  in  various  forms  of  public  work.  The  Toronto  News  de- 


WORK  OF  SIB  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        379 

clared  that  "it  will  be  found  when  all  the  facts  are  disclosed  that 
the  War  Purchasing  Commission  under  Mr.  Kemp's  chairmanship 
has  saved  many  millions  of  dollars  to  the  Canadian  people.  We 
believe  it  will  be  found  that  considerations  of  patronage  have  been 
set  aside  in  the  distribution  of  public  contracts.  We  believe  that 
all  that  human  vigilance  can  do  to  prevent  waste  or  jobbery  has 
been  done."  On  the  day  after  Mr.  Kemp's  appointment  it  was  an- 
nounced from  Ottawa  that  it  was  probable  that  the  practice  of 
authorizing,  recruiting  and  sending  battalions  overseas  intact  would 
be  discontinued;  that  some  of  the  battalions  now  authorized  and 
recruited  in  Canada  would  be  converted  into  draft-giving  bat- 
talions ;  that  a  number  of  senior  officers  now  in  England  would  be 
given  an  opportunity  of  reverting  and  going  to  the  Front.  The 
new  Minister  was  re-elected  by  acclamation  in  East  Toronto  on 
Dec.  14  and  was  the  guest  of  the  Toronto  Council  on  Dec.  16  when 
he  stated  that  he  was  going  to  avoid  making  speeches — to  act  rather 
than  talk. 

The  Hon.  J.  A.  Lougheed,  Government  leader  in  the  Senate  and 
Member  of  the  Government  without  Portfolio,  had  important  War 
duties  as  President  of  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission.*  This 
organization  had  a  representative  membership  appointed  in  1915 
by  Order-in-Council  and  the  following  were  afterwards  added  by 
the  Provincial  Governments:  Ontario,  W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C., 
M.L.A.  ;  Quebec,  Hon.  G.  A.  Simard,  M.L.C.  ;  Nova  Scotia,  Hon.  R. 
M.  McGregor;  New  Brunswick,  T.  H.  Bell;  Manitoba,  Sir  D.  H. 
McMillan;  British  Columbia,  Hon.  H.  E.  Young;  P.  E.  Island, 
Hon.  J.  A.  Mathieson,  M.L.A.  ;  Saskatchewan,  Hon.  E.  L.  Elwood; 
Alberta,  Hon.  C.  W.  Fisher,  M.L.A.  The  Dominion  Government 
added  F.  W.  Peters,  Vancouver,  F.  J.  Shepherd,  M.D.,  Montreal, 
and  Robert  Gill,  Ottawa.  Its  objects  and  work  included  the 
reception  and  placing  of  wounded  soldiers — which  during  1916 
were  confined  to  those  in  a  convalescent  stage;  the  obtaining,  pre- 
paration and  oversight  of  buildings  necessary  as  hospitals  which 
on  Dec.  2  numbered  27  Convalescent  Hospitals  and  18  Sanitaria 
for  Tuberculosis ;  the  development  of  educational  work,  of  out- 
door and  in-door  exercises  and  the  provision  of  artificial  limbs  and 
other  appliances;  the  general  care  and  control  of  the  patients  and 
the  provision  of  vocational  training.  The  Commission  took  great 
interest  in  the  future  of  the  soldiers,  though  the  matter  of  employ- 
ment was  largely  in  the  hands  of  Provincial  Commissions.  As  to 
this  the  Government  approved,  on  Oct.  12,  an  Order-in-Council 
applying  the  principle  of  a  soldier's  preference,  in  filling  Civil 
Service  vacancies,  to  both  the  Outside  and  Inside  Services.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  Commission  in  Toronto  on  Sept.  6-7  the  following 
Resolutions  were  passed : 

That  as  a  large  number  of  returning  soldiers  will  desire  to  settle  on  the 
land,  and  as  such  settlement  is  in  the  best  interests  of  the  men  themselves  and 
of  the  country  in  general,  the  Government  be  urged  to  promulgate  at  once  a 
comprehensive  Land  Settlement  policy  of  an  attractive  character,  so  that 

*NOTE. — See  also  this  Section  in  The  Canadian  Annual  Review  for  1915. 


380  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

steps  may  be  taken  to  acquaint  the  men  now  under  arms  with  the  details  of 
this  policy. 

That  as  a  considerable  number  of  the  men  who  have  enlisted  and  are  at 
present  Overseas,  or  about  to  proceed  thither,  are  unskilled  labourers  for  whom 
it  may  be  difficult  to  provide  employment  immediately  on  their  return,  the 
Commission  advocates  the  building  of  a  National  Highway  by  the  Federal 
Government. 

1.  Temporary    employment   would   be    provided    for    thousands    of   men 
who  would  not  otherwise  find  work. 

2.  No  public  work  would  provide  so  large  an  amount  of  employment  at 
so  small  a  capital  outlay. 

3.  The  Highway  would  be  of  immense  value  as  a  means  for  the  transit 
of  agricultural  and  other  produce. 

4.  It  would  be  the  means  of  attracting  numbers  of  tourists,  entailing  the 
spending  of  money  within  the  borders  of  Canada. 

5.  It  would  solve  the  problem  of  demobilization,  as  it  would  allow  of  a 
gradual  disbanding  of  the  troops  from  coast  to  coast. 

6.  It  would  be  a  most  practical  memorial  to  Canada's  part  in  the  great 
War. 

During  1916  a  Vocational  Secretary  (Thos.  Kidner)  was  ap- 
pointed; instruction  was  arranged  for  hundreds  of  men  in  manual 
arts,  gardening,  poultry-raising,  bee-keeping,  etc.,  with  classes  in 
operation  at  Sydney,  St.  John,  Quebec,  Montreal,  Ottawa  and 
Calgary  and  many  other  points  before  the  close  of  the  year;  a 
Hospital  Unit  was  established  for  the  maintenance  of  discipline  and 
general  military  oversight  of  the  Hospitals — Order  of  June  24; 
offers  continued  to  be  received  of  public  institutions  and  private 
houses  to  be  used  as  hospitals  or  sanitaria.  Of  those  established 
at  the  close  of  the  year  Sydney  had  1,  Halifax  2,  St.  John  2,  Que- 
bec 1,  Montreal  2,  Ottawa  2,  Kingston  3,  Toronto  3,  Hamilton  3, 
St.  Catharines,  Cobourg,  Port  Arthur,  Regina,  Edmonton,  Victoria, 
Kentville,  Gravenhurst,  Lake  Edward,  Que.,  Ninette,  Man.,  River 
Glacie,  N.B.,  Charlottetown,  Frank,  Alta.,  and  Kamloops,  B.C.,  1 
each,  Winnipeg  4,  Calgary  3,  Ste.  Agathe,  P.Q.,  2.  In  connection 
with  the  care  or  training  ofv  convalescent  troops — there  were  on 
Dec.  2nd,  1,768  in-patients  of  Hospitals  in  Canada  and  838  out- 
patients— Sir  James  Lougheed  on  July  25  announced  a  scale  of 
payment  under  which  a  small  sum  for  personal  expenses  was 
granted  to  men  undergoing  training,  while  provision  on  a  sliding 
scale  was  made  for  married  men  and  their  dependents,  and  for  those 
unmarried  men  who  had  persons  legally  dependent  upon  them:  (1) 
a  single  man,  with  pension,  living  in,  received  free  maintenance, 
that  is  board,  lodging  and  washing;  (2)  a  single  man,  with  pen- 
sion, living  out — 60  cents  a  day;  (3)  a  married  man,  with  pen- 
sion, living  in — free  maintenance  and  $8  a  month  with  additions 
for  wife  and  children  running  from  $35  in  the  case  of  no  children 
up  to  $55  a  month  (less  pension  and  allowances)  for  a  wife  and 
family  of  7  or  more. 

Speaking  at  the  opening  of  the  Spadina  Hospital  in  Toronto 
on  Oct.  4  Sir  James  described  the  spirit  of  their  efforts:  ''The 
wounded  men  for  whom  we  must  adequately  provide  have  made 
supreme  sacrifices  for  their  country.  They  placed  their  lives  in 
jeopardy  so  that  we  at  home  may  continue  to  enjoy  liberty  and 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        381 

freedom.  We  cannot  give  them  too  great  recognition."  As  the 
year  neared  its  close  the  Commission  had  to  prepare  for  the  recep- 
tion of  not  only  convalescent  but  also  invalid  soldiers  in  various 
stages  of  recovery.  A  steady  stream  of  men  were  coming  over 
with  12,000  in  England  ready  to  be  sent  back  when  the  Government 
and  Commission  had  made  their  arrangements.  According  to  a 
statement  prepared  by  the  Militia  Department,  up  to  Oct.  5,  1916, 
the  number  of  soldiers  sent  back  to  Canada  because  of  medical 

»unfitness  was  6,208.  Of  these,  961  were  suffering  from  wounds, 
shell  shock  or  the  effect  of  gas ;  122  were  insane ;  245  were  afflicted 
with  tuberculosis;  while  the  remainder,  4,880,  were  suffering  from 
other  diseases  and  disabilities.  To  meet  these  conditions  the  Com- 
mission had  a  Hospital  train  constructed  for  the  safe  and  com- 
fortable carriage  of  some  1,500  Canadian  soldiers  in  the  early  stages 
of  convalescence  from  Atlantic  ports  to  their  destinations  inland. 
It  also  arranged  with  the  Railway  Department  for  the  conversion 
of  ten  ordinary  sleeping  cars  into  hospital  cars.  New  buildings 
underway  at  this  time  were  the  Strathcona  Hospital  at  Edmonton, 
a  part  of  Queen 's  University  at  Kingston,  a  wing  of  the  Grey  Nun- 
nery at  Montreal,  and  the  old  Loyola  building  there. 

Meanwhile  some  differences  and  complications  had  arisen  be- 
tween the  Commission  and  the  Canadian  Army  Medical  Corps 
which  had  medical  charge  of  the  patients  in  these  Hospitals.  A 
conflict  of  jurisdiction  was  probably  inevitable  and  in  September 
and  October  Lieut.-Col.  F.  W.  Marlow,  Assistant  Director  of  Medi- 
cal Services,  visited  and  inspected  all  the  10  Military  Districts  of 
Canada  and  prepared  a  Report  which  he  submitted  to  the  author- 
ities.* Sir  James  Lougheed  was  also  Chairman  of  the  Economic 
and  Development  Commission,  which  had  been  taking  up  the  ques- 
tion of  returned  soldiers  from  another  angle  and,  with  the  Hospi- 
tals Commission,  was  concerned  in  the  visit  of  Sir  Rider  Haggard 
to  Canada  in  June  and  July.  Sir  Rider  had  toured  Australia, 
New  Zealand  and  South  Africa  on  behalf  of  Land  Settlement 
plans  to  meet  after-war  conditions — as  proposed  by  the  Royal  Col- 
onial Institute — and  had  helped  the  Governments  of  Australia 
and  New  Zealand  in  formulating  their  policies.  The  Australian 
plan,  as  presented  by  him  at  various  Canadian  Club  meetings  and 
supported  by  many  in  Canada,  involved  allotments  of  land  and 
State  or  Provincial  advances  to  soldier-settlers  reaching  an  estim- 
ated total  by  1919  of  42,000  allotments  and  loans  of  $115,000,000. 
Sir  Rider  met  a  Cabinet  sub-Committee — Sir  Thomas  White,  Sir 
James  Lougheed,  Hon.  M.  Burrell  and  Hon.  T.  W.  Crothers — on 
July  18  and  presented  his  proposals  which  were  received  sym- 
pathetically but,  it  was  pointed  out,  would  require  special  legisla- 
tion and  arrangement  with  the  Provinces  which,  in  all  but  three 
cases,  controlled  the  Public  lands.  E.  H.  Scammell,  Secretary  of 
the  Hospitals  Commission,  visited  all  important  points  during  the 

*NOTE. — It  was  not  made  public  until  1917  but  then  created  much  controversy  by 
recommending  that  the  C.A.M.C.  be  given  full  control  of  the  patients. 


382  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

year  and  went  West  in  June.  S.  A.  Armstrong  of  Toronto  was 
appointed  Director  or  Chief  Administrative  officer  and  with  him 
in  1916  were  T.  B.  Kidner,  Vocational  Secretary,  Lieut. -Col.  Al- 
fred Thompson,  M.P.,  Medical  Superintendent,  and  Lieut.-Col.  J. 
J.  Sharpies  in  command  of  the  Military  unit.  It  may  be  added 
that  Senator  Lougheed  had  been  made  a  K.C.M.G.  on  June  3. 

Mr.  Cochrane,  Minister  of  Railways,  had  to  deal  with  an  im- 
portant War  matter  at  the  close  of  the  year;  all  transportation 
conditions  and  policy  and  rates  were,  of  course,  affected  indirectly 
by  the  War.  Canada  had  been  helping  through  Railway  Construc- 
tion Corps  in  the  vital  work  of  building  communication  lines  be- 
hind and  around  and  within  the  British  Armies  in  France  and 
on  Dec.  19  it  was  announced  at  Ottawa  that  "the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment has  asked  the  Dominion  to  help  solve  the  difficulties  of 
the  French  railway  situation,  both  in  the  relief  of  port  congestion 
and  the  movement  of  guns  and  munitions  behind  the  lines.  The 
transportation  facilities  in  France  are  inadequate  to  permit  the 
Allies  to  take  full  advantage  of  the  material  and  supplies  avail- 
able." The  British  War  Office,  it  was  stated,  had  on  the  13th 
cabled  a  request  to  secure,  if  possible,  rails  and  other  track  material 
for  emergency  conditions;  the  Minister  was  in  New  York  but  the 
necessary  documents  were  sent  to  him  on  the  14th  and  on  the  next 
day  F.  P.  Gutelius,  General  Manager  of  Government  Railways, 
was  instructed  by  wire  "to  arrange  immediately  to  take  up  300 
miles  of  Government  railway  sidings,  and  also  to  supply  whatever 
track  material  was  immediately  available."  By  the  18th  there 
was  already  under  movement  to  the  seaboard  sufficient  track  mater- 
ial, including  rails,  tie-plates,  bolts,  spikes  and  ties,  to  equip  one 
complete  section  of  20  miles  of  railway  including  siding — the  Can- 
adian Northern  contributing  10  miles  of  spike  materials.  The 
Grank  Trunk,  Canadian  Pacific  and  Canadian  Northern  had  been 
communicated  with  as  to  duplicate  mileage  and  sidings  and  it 
was  estimated  that  1,000  miles  of  railway  material  would  be  sup- 
plied. 

The  Department  of  Public  Works,  presided  over  by  Hon.  Robert 
Rogers,  was  not  directly  associated  with  War  matters  but  the 
Minister,  as  a  conspicuous  member  of  the  Government,  was  inevit- 
ably connected  with  them.  Returning  to  Ottawa  from  the  West 
on  Jan.  4  he  eulogized  that  part  of  the  country  for  its  war  work: 
1 '  Our  boys  out  there  are  volunteering  with  great  eagerness  and,  as 
the  statistics  show,  in  a  most  creditable  proportion  to  population. 
Then,  they  are  the  right  kind  of  lads  to  make  soldiers."  The 
West,  also,  he  declared,  would  do  its  full  share  in  saving  Canada 
from  the  results  of  war  cessation.  "When  the  War  stops,  it  will 
be  a  little  like  a  fast  express  running  into  a  granite  cliff.  The  whole 
world  will  be  rushing  full  speed  ahead  with  war  preparations. 
Then  suddenly  they  will  not  be  wanted.  The  great,  pressing  ques- 
tion for  us  in  Canada  is:  How  to  fortify  this  country  as  fully  as 
possible  against  its  effects.  And  that  is  where  our  vast,  rich 


WORK  OF  SIR  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        383 

prairies  will  come  in.  Out  there  is  where  we  must  'dig  in'  to 
meet  this  last  charge  of  the  enemy.  We  will  have  in  the  prairies 
by  far  the  most  genuinely  tempting  magnet  for  migrating  people  in 
the  world.  There  will  be  nothing  like  them."  The  West  would, 
by  settlement  and  cultivation,  be  "the  solution  of  most  of  the 
problems  which  now  confront  us  as,  for  instance,  how  to  make  our 
Transcontinental  railways  paying  propositions;  how  to  enable  our 
industries  to  find  new  tasks  when  the  war  orders  stop;  how  to 
adjust  our  merchantile  system  to  the  changed  conditions;  how  to 
fill  our  farm  lands  and  start  again. ' ' 

At  a  great  Recruiting  meeting  in  Toronto  on  Mar.  5  Mr.  Rogers 
was  stirring  and  optimistic  in  view.  He  looked  for  the  fighting 
forces  of  Canada  to  become  500,000  and  more ;  declared  that  ' '  the 
greatest  possession  in  this  country  of  Canada  is  our  British  citizen- 
ship" and  that  "no  greater  misfortune  could  come  to  the  world 
than  the  crippling  of  Great  Britain — the  champion  of  liberty  on 
land  and  sea";  described  the  business  of  the  Canadian  people  as 
the  business  of  war  and  declared  that  nothing  was  too  good  for 
the  men  who  returned  to  Canada  after  rendering  "the  greatest  of 
all  services  to  the  Empire  and  humanity ' ' ;  stated  that  ' '  we  will 
finish  this  War  by  robbing  Germany  of  her  militarism,  of  her  covet- 
ousness  of  the  British  Empire,  of  her  covetousness  of  Canada,  of 
her  hope  to  make  this  country  an  overseas  Alsace-Lorraine";  de- 
clared that  "the  greatest  task  of  the  immediate  future  is  to  pre- 
pare for  increased  population — for  the  army  of  settlers  that  is 
bound  to  come  to  Canada  from  the  ravaged  and  stripped  countries 
of  Europe."  At  a  City  Council  luncheon  tendered  to  him  (Mar. 
4)  the  Minister  said:  "We  have  suffered  because  of  our  unprepar- 
edness  for  war  when  war  broke  out;  let  us  be  prepared  for  peace 
when  peace  comes.  The  Government  of  the  Dominion  has  been 
responsible  for  diverting  the  industrial  machinery  of  the  country 
from  the  arts  of  peace  to  the  work  of  war,  and  it  will  be  their  duty 
to  assume  an  equal  responsibility  in  helping  to  successfully  swing 
back  the  industrial  machinery  of  the  country  from  war  to  that  of 
peace."  He  urged  the  inauguration  of  Industrial  Museums  in 
Canada. 

Mr.  Rogers  stood  well  up  beside  Sir  George  Foster  in  pressing 
this  preparedness  for  Peace.  Addressing  a  Canadian  Municipal- 
ities' Convention  in  Toronto  on  Aug.  22,  after  urging  the  men 
who  could  not  or  would  not  enlist  to  help  in  making  munitions  and 
describing  the  War  business  as  vital,  the  Minister  went  on  to  say 
that  only  second  to  it  was  the  business  of  preparing  for  peace.  His 
chief  suggestion  was  vague  but  apparently  involved  the  industrial 
training  of  available  men.  "At  the  coming  of  peace  the  Munition 
factories  will  close.  We  must  see  to  it  that  those  factories  do  not 
remain  idle.  We  must  get  busy  through  Industrial  museums  or 
some  other  equally  effective  means,  by  which  we  can  ascertain  in 
every  detail  what  manufactured  articles  can  be  made  in  Canada 
that  we  have  been  paying  others  in  the  past  to  make  for  us.  We 


384  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

have  an  abundance  of  raw  material,  natural  products,  cheap  power, 
and  capable  labour  in  this  country,  and  there  is  nothing  too  intri- 
cate or  difficult  for  us  to  undertake.  A  few  million  dollars  spent 
upon  education  will  give  us  many,  many  millions  in  wages,  and 
many,  many  millions  in  dividends  after  the  War."  Mr.  Rogers 
received  an  Automobile  delegation  at  Ottawa  on  Oct.  23  which 
urged  the  construction  of  a  Highway  across  the  Continent  (1)  be- 
cause it  would  give  employment  to  thousands  of  returned  soldiers 
and  (2)  because  it  would  be  a  profitable  investment,  prove  a  source 
of  prosperity  to  settlers,  and  be  a  great  attraction  to  tourists.  The 
Minister  said:  "I  look  upon  this  Highway  scheme  as  opportune, 
and  in  my  opinion  we  would  get  enough  American  traffic  to  make 
it  not  a  burden  but  a  profitable  undertaking.  This  scheme  is  going 
to  have  my  full  and  hearty  support,  both  in  Parliament  and  before 
the  people." 

Mr.  Rogers  did  not  mince  words  during  the  year  as  to  Canada's 
duty  in  the  matter  of  Recruiting — though  he  did  not  go  the  length 
of  supporting  Conscription.  At  Windsor  on  Aug.  30  he  declared 
that  the  Government  was  prepared  to  adopt  any  measures  neces- 
sary to  provide  the  500,000  men  promised  by  the  Premier  to  the 
cause  of  the  Motherland.  He  did  not  think  Conscription  would  be 
practicable  until  all  other  means  had  failed,  but  warned  eligible  men 
to  be  ready.  Replying  to  a  Labour  deputation  at  Ottawa  on  Oct. 
6  the  Minister  said  he  did  not  think  Conscription  probable  but  a 
system  of  Registration  would  distinguish  slackers  from  workers. 
At  a  Montreal  Recruiting  meeting  (Nov.  8)  he  made  a  vigorous 
appeal:  "The  all-important  question  which  I  put  to  you,  the  men 
of  Montreal,  the  men  of  Quebec,  the  men  of  Canada,  in  this  solemn 
hour,  who  are  physically  fit  and  who  are  not  now  in  the  King's 
uniform,  is  a  question  which  can  only  be  fully  answered  by  each 
and  every  individual,  when  considered  and  settled  with  his  own 
conscience,  that  conscience  which  will  tell  him  whether  or  not  he 
can  afford  to  remain  idle  without  any  share  or  any  part  in  our 
great  struggle  and  hope  to  expect,  with  the  coming  blessing  of 
peace,  to  be  able  to  enjoy  a  position  of  equality  in  the  citizenship 
of  his  country,  side  by  side  with  those  gallant  men  who  have  gone 
down  into  the  Valley  of  Death,  there  to  safeguard  for  us  and  for 
future  generations  all  of  that  Liberty,  all  of  that  Freedom,  all  of 
that  Democracy,  which  the  centuries  of  the  past  have  won  for  us." 

He  told  the  Montreal  Canadian  Club  on  Nov.  20  that  "we  in 
Canada  have  not  yet  done  our  entire  share  toward  the  winning  of 
this  war.  Up  till  the  present  we  have  only  honoured  our  pledge 
to  the  Motherland  to  the  extent  of  some  three-fifths  of  its  face  value. 
We  must  and  we  will  make  good  the  remaining  two-fifths.  We 
cannot  repudiate.  We  must  not  rank  as  a  defaulting  Dominion. 
We  have  appointed  a  National  Service  Commission  with  full  auth- 
ority to  register  the  man-power  of  Canada."  He  thought  this 
should  shame  the  man  pointed  out  as  eligible  and  free  into  doing 
his  duty.  He  urged  thrift  and  economy,  the  study  of  means  to 


MAJOR      PEREGRINE      ACLAND,      M.C., 

loth     Battalion,     C.E.F. ;       wounded     June 

3rd    and    Sept.    27th,     1916;       son    of 

F.    A.    Acland,     Deputy     Minister 

of    Labour,    Ottawa. 


LIEUT.     GEORGE     BELCHER     MURRAY, 

14th      Canadian      Battalion;       son      of 

Hon.    G.    H.    Murray,    Premier    of 

Nova    Scotia. 


MAJOR    ASHTON    COCKSHUTT, 

125th    Canadian    Battalion;    son    of 
W.      F.      Cockshutt,      M.i'.,      Brantford. 


CAPT.  JOHN  FLINT  CAHAN, 

1st    Pioneer    Battalion;     wounded    at    Cour- 

celette,   Sept.   15,    1916;   son  of  Charles 

H.    Cahan,     K.C.,    Montreal. 


WORK  OP  SIB  GEORGE  FOSTER  AND  OTHER  MINISTERS        385 

prepare  for  after-war  conditions,  the  production  of  more  and  more 
grain.  To  a  political  meeting  in  Montreal  on  Dec.  14  Mr.  Rogers 
said  that  the  Government  hoped,  after  Registration,  to  reach  an 
ideal  state  where  no  slackers  could  escape ;  at  the  same  time  he 
declared  that  "the  men  who  are  making  munitions  and  tilling  the 
soil  in  order  to  produce  food  are  performing  their  national  service 
just  as  much  as  the  men  who  put  on  the  King's  uniform." 

The  Hon.  T.  W.  Crothers,  Minister  of  Labour,  found  conditions 
easier  of  adjustment  owing  to  the  War.  Patriotic  feeling  facili- 
tated the  settlement  of  Labour  difficulties.  An  incident  made 
public  in  January  was  the  obtaining  of  the  Postmastership  of  St. 
Thomas  for  R.  J.  Dunsmore  of  The  Times.  He  had  not  applied 
for  it  nor  had  his  friends,  but  Mr.  Crothers,  as  member  for  that 
constituency,  recommended  him  because  he  had  given  his  two  sons 
— his  only  children — for  active  service.  In  the  Commons  the 
Minister  expressed  his  War  views  on  Mar.  10  as  follows :  * '  I  firmly 
believe  that  a  German  victory  would  mean  a  German  Canada. 
.  .  .  No  man  knows  when  this  war  will  cease,  or  how  it  will 
cease,  and  while  we  are  in  that  position  it  seems  to  me  we  should 
concentrate  all  our  effort  on  the  successful  prosecution  of  that  war, 
and  not  divert  our  strength  in  any  way  whatever."  In  the  course 
of  these  remarks  Mr.  Pugsley  interjected  the  words:  "I  am  sure 
we  are  going  to  win"  and  Mr.  Crothers  replied:  "I  am  not  (so) 
sure."  The  word  in  brackets  was  the  Minister's  corrected  version 
but  the  sentence  without  that  word  aroused  some  comment  in  the 
press.  Mr.  Crothers  early  extended  the  Industrial  Disputes  Act 
and  its  conciliation  clause  to  Munition  factories;  he  made  strong 
efforts  by  advertising  and  other  means  in  the  United  States  to 
bring  50,000  labourers  to  the  West  during  the  Spring  of  1916  for  the 
planting  of  the  crop  but  could  only  get  about  5,000 ;  he  had  to  deal 
with  indifference  amongst  workmen  as  to  the  importance  of  Muni- 
tion-making, as  at  Hamilton  where  in  a  plant  ordinarily  employing 
about  1,500  men,  2,300  men  in  three  months,  for  various  reasons, 
asked  to  be  paid  off,  while  2,100  new  men  were  taken  on;  he  had 
to  face  the  manufacturers'  demand  for  either  suspension  of  the 
Alien  Labour  law  for  a  time  or  lattitude  by  officials  in  its  enforce- 
ment. The  latter  course  was  taken.  On  Sept.  1  in  connection  with 
the  threatened  Railway  strike  Mr.  Crothers  issued  a  statement 
that  "residents  of  Canada  joining  in  this  strike  render  themselves 
liable  to  prosecution  under  the  Industrial  Disputes'  Act,  and  they 
should  observe  Canadian  laws  rather  than  foreign  instructions  " 

As  Minister  of  Labour  Mr.  Crothers  was  given  charge  of  Gov- 
ernment policy  in  the  matter  of  increasing  costs  in  food  and  living. 
Speaking  to  a  Delegation  which  on  Oct.  20  asked  for  Government 
action,  Mr.  Crothers  stated  that  "while  living  had  increased  in 
cost  all  over  the  world  Canada  was  affected  less  than  any  other 
country,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  United  States.  In  Can- 
ada the  advance  was  17  per  cent. ;  in  Great  Britain,  65  per  cent. ; 
in  Germany,  117  per  cent. ;  in  Austria,  161  per  cent. ;  in  Italy,  33 
per  cent.,  and  in  Switzerland,  39  per  cent."  In  Australia  and 
25 


386  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

New  Zealand,  where  measures  had  been  taken  to  control  prices,  liv- 
ing was  still  high.  He  asked  the  delegation  if  they  were  alive  to 
the  fact  that  250,000  men  had  been  taken  from  construction  and 
production.  Canada  had  a  short  crop,  which  also  tended  toward  a 
rise  in  prices.  Wages  must  go  up ;  in  several  lines  they  had  gone 
up.  The  income  of  the  wage-earner  should  be  made  sufficient  for 
his  wants.  The  various  speakers  blamed  cold  storage  plants, 
speculation  in  foodstuffs,  combines,  abattoir  regulations,  expensive 
advertising,  watered  stock,  greedy  manipulators,  and  last,  but  not 
least,  the  tariff,  as  part  causes  of  the  condition.  They  included 
Mayor  Church  of  Toronto,  W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C.,  of  Montreal,  and 
Mrs.  Adam  Shortt  of  Ottawa. 

On  Nov.  10  following  it  was  announced  that  an  Order-in-Coun- 
cil  had  been  passed  which  conferred  wide  powers  upon  the  Minis- 
ter of  Labour  and  other  powers  upon  municipalities  to  deal  with 
the  problem.  "A  necessary  of  life"  was  denned  as  a  staple  or 
ordinary  article  of  food,  whether  fresh,  preserved,  or  otherwise 
treated;  clothing  and  fuel,  including  the  products,  materials  and 
ingredients  from  which  they  were  in  whole  or  in  part  manufactured, 
composed,  derived  or  made.  Any  combination  to  enhance  * '  unduly ' ' 
the  price  of  such  commodities  was  made  a  criminal  offence.  So 
with  any  organized  effort  to  "limit  facilities  for  transporting,  pro- 
ducing, manufacturing,  storing  or  dealing  in  any  necessity  of  life, 
to  restrain  or  injure  trade  or  commerce  in  relation  to  any  necessity 
of  life,  to  prevent,  limit  or  lessen  the  manufacture  or  production 
of  any  necessity  of  life,  or  to  enhance  the  price  thereof  and  to  pre- 
vent or  lessen  competition  in  the  production,  sale,  transportation 
or  supply  of  such  commodity."  Farmers  were  exempted  from  this 
last  clause,  as  were  workmen  organized  for  their  own  protection. 

The  wider  powers  granted  the  Minister  authorized  him  to  re- 
quire any  person  operating,  controlling  or  managing  any  cold 
storage  plant,  packing  house,  cannery,  factory,  mine,  warehouse 
or  other  premises,  where  any  necessary  of  life  was  produced  or 
who  dealt  in  such,  to  make  a  written  return  under  oath.  Power 
was  also  given  to  prosecute  for  infraction  of  these  regulations — 
subject  to  consent  of  the  Attorney-General — and  penalties  were 
provided  running  up  to  a  $5,000  fine  or  2  years'  imprisonment. 
The  Municipal  clause  provided  that  "whenever  any  Council  de- 
clared that,  in  its  opinion,  excessive  prices  were  being  demanded 
within  its  limits  for  any  necessary  of  life,  it  might  require  any 
dealer  to  prepare  and  submit  a  return  under  oath  or  affirmation." 
The  Council  could  thereafter  refer  the  matter  to  the  Minister  for 
full  compulsory  investigation  and  action.  Against  this  Clause 
Mayor  Church  of  Toronto  protested  (Nov.  13)  as  being  inadequate: 
"We  want  Food  inspectors  appointed  and  given  power  to  act 
if  they  find  prices  raised  without  reason."  The  first  inquiry 
made  under  this  Order  was  in  December  when  the  Minister  issued 
a  demand  to  all  Coal  dealers  for  information  as  to  their  business 
and  conditions  affecting  the  price  of  coal.  On  Dec.  24  W.  F. 


WAR-TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      387 

O'Connor  K.C.,  was  appointed  to  represent  the  Labour  Department 
in  all  investigations  into  the  high  cost  of  living. 

As  to  other  Ministers  not  referred  to  their  war-action  turned 
chiefly  upon  public  speeches  and  the  silent  administration  of  De- 
partments. The  Postmaster-General  (Mr.  Chase  Casgrain  and 
then  Mr.  Blondin)  had  to  deal  with  the  attempted  export  of 
seditious  literature  from  the  United  States  and  with  the  diffi- 
culties of  censorship  under  which  250,000  letters  a  day  had,  at 
times,  to  be  dealt  with  ;  the  Justice  Department,  under  Hon.  C.  J. 
Doherty,  had  to  handle  the  Alien  Enemy  situation  both  on  the 
frontier  and  in  the  West.  Mr.  Doherty  stated  on  Aug.  9  that  "the 
Austrian  in  Canada  has  proved  to  be  a  thoroughly  inoffensive  citizen 
and  we  have  released  large  numbers  of  them  from  internment' 
camps.  As  for  the  Germans,  we  have  not  had  much  trouble  with 
them,  though  their  sympathies  are,  as  a  rule,  strongly  with  their 
homeland."  In  connection  with  the  Order-in-  Council  as  to  inter- 
ference with  recruiting  the  Minister  spoke  in  Montreal  on  Sept. 
1st:  "Let  it  be  clearly  understood  that  the  work  of  gathering 
recruits  to  uphold  the  fair  name  of  Canada  and  to  defend  our  most 
precious  liberties  as  subjects  of  the  King,  is  the  holiest  and  most 
important  work  for  the  people  of  Canada.  It  is  second  only  to 
the  work  now  being  done  by  our  soldiers  on  the  fields  of  France 
and  Flanders.  And  let  it  be  understood  that  the  man  who  under- 
takes to  interfere  with  the  doing  of  this  work  is  violating  most  sacred 
obligations  incumbent  upon  him  as  a  Canadian."  The  Hon.  J.  D. 
Reid,  Minister  of  Customs,  had  much  to  do  with  the  Imperial  author- 
ities in  respect  to  prohibited  exports  and  imports,  etc.  The  Hon. 
Arthur  Meighen,  Solicitor-General,  though  not  heard  as  frequently 
as  in  1915  made  some  strong  speeches  during  the  year  —  notably  in 
the  Commons  on  Feb.  29,  at  a  Toronto  recruiting  meeting  on  Mar. 
19  when  he  made  an  appeal  for  the  Irish-Canadian  Battalion,  at 
Montreal  on  Nov.  11  in  a  political  speech  and  in  Toronto  on  Nov. 
23  when  he  reviewed  the  Nickel  question.  Two  important  appoint- 
ments of  the  year,  associated  with  War  conditions,  were  those  of 
Lieut.  -Col.  Hugh  Clark,  M.P.,  as  Parliamentary  Under-Secretary 
for  External  Affairs  —  a  Department  under  the  Prime  Minister 
which  was  growing  greatly  in  duties  and  responsibilities  —  and 
Fleming  Blanchard  McCurdy,  M.P.,  as  Parliamentary  Under-Secre- 
tary for  Militia  and  Defence.  Colonel  Clark  was  well  known  as  a 
journalist  and  speaker,  a  member  of  the  Ontario  Legislature  in 
1903-11  and  of  the  Commons  since  the  latter  date;  Mr.  McCurdy 
was  a  prominent  Halifax  financier  who  had  sat  in  the  House  since 
1911. 


TWO  war-Time  Government  in  1916  had  to  deal 

Problems:  PPO-  with  two  issues  which,  in  their  origin,  were  purely 
hibition  and  Provincial  and  in  their  final  development  would  not, 
Bi-iinguaiism  a£  this  time,  have  required  Federal  consideration 
except  for  War  conditions.  During  these  years  of  war 
the  question  of  Prohibition  of  the  Liquor  traffic  had  made  enormous 


388  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

advances  in  all  the  Provinces — notably  in  Saskatchewan,  Alberta, 
and  P.  E.  Island,  where  legislation  of  this  nature  had  become  law. 
In  Ontario,  Manitoba,  Nova  Scotia  and  British  Columbia,  Prohibi- 
tory legislation  was  at  this  time,  pending  and  was  afterwards 
passed ;  in  Quebec  three-fourths  of  the  Province  was  under  a  species 
of  Local  Option  and  in  New  Brunswick  80%  was  under  local  pro- 
hibition. Temperance  agitators  and  the  churches  and,  in  many 
cases,  politicians,  or  parties  which  had  included  Prohibition  as  a 
plank  in  their  platform,  took  advantage  of  the  War  to  urge  upon 
the  public  mind  the  waste  of  expenditures  upon  liquor,  the  moral 
crime  of  drunkenness,  the  duty  of  personal  economy,  the  respons- 
ibility of  civilians  for  the  well-being  of  soldiers.  The  War  action 
and  example  of  France  and  Russia  and  the  increasing  restrictions 
in  England,  with  the  fact  of  British  expenditures  in  1913  upon 
drink  totalling  $830,000,000,*  were  constantly  pressed  upon  public 
attention. 

Early  in  the  year  an  appeal  was  made  to  Parliament  signed  by 
such  leading  representatives  of  Prohibition  work  and  sentiment  as 
J.  R.  Booth,  Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  G.  H.  Millen,  Hiram  Robinson, 
A.  W.  Fraser,  K.C.,  of  Ottawa,  Mr.  Justice  Lafontaine  and  S.  J. 
Carter,  Montreal,  and  F.  H.  Deacon,  Toronto,  urging  a  Federal 
measure  for  ' '  prohibition  of  the  manufacture,  sale  and  importation 
of  liquor  throughout  the  Dominion  for  the  duration  of  the  War 
and  for  a  three-year  reconstruction  period  after  Peace  is  declared. ' ' 
Mr.  Fraser,  in  an  interview  on  Jan.  16,  stated  that  the  liquor  traffic 
caused  a  direct  and  indirect  loss  to  the  Dominion  of  $150,000,000 
a  year.  On  the  19th  the  following  Resolution  was  approved  by 
the  Dominion  Alliance  Executive  meeting  at  Ottawa:  "That  at 
this  time,  when  the  Empire  is  at  war,  the  conservation  of  the 
wealth  and  resources  of  the  Dominion  and  the  promotion  of  the 
efficiency  of  our  soldiers  and  other  citizens  would  be  materially 
aided  by  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  for  beverage 
purposes;  and  legislation  of  this  character  ought  to  be  enacted 
forthwith  for  a  period  of  at  least  three  years."  A  Committee  was 
appointed  to  wait  on  the  Cabinet  and  present  it  composed  of 
F.  S.  Spence,  Rev.  B.  H.  Spence,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Albert  Moore, 
Toronto;  Rev.  Mr.  Flemington,  Fredericton;  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant, 
New  Glasgow;  J.  H.  Carson  and  J.  H.  Roberts,  Montreal;  Rev. 
Dr.  J.  H.  Hazlewood  and  W.  E.  Raney,  K.C.,  Toronto;  J.  R.  Booth, 
Hiram  Robinson,  G.  H.  Millen,  A.  W.  Fraser,  K.C.,  E.  Seybold, 
J.  W.  Hennessy,  Chas.  Hopewell  and  W.  J.  Keane,  Ottawa.  The 
Committee  was  received  on  Jan.  27  by  the  Premier  and  other 
Ministers  and  a  general  statement  made  by  Sir  Robert  Borden  as 
to  Prohibition  being  primarily  a  Provincial  matter.  He  asked  for 
information  as  to  laws,  licenses,  etc.,  in  the  Provinces  and  this, 
later  on,  was  supplied. 

In  the  Commons  on  Mar.  6  H.  H.  Stevens  (Cons.),  Vancouver, 
moved  a  motion  similar  to  the  above  with  one  slight  verbal  change. 

*NOTE. — Hon.  H.  R.  Brand,  C.M.Q..  before  Ottawa  Canadian  Club,  Dec.  4,  1915. 


WAR- TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      389 

Mr.  Stevens  dealt  chiefly  with  the  economic  or  social  aspect  of  the 
question  but  had  this  to  say  as  to  the  moral  side  of  it :  "  A  nation 's 
moral  character,  like  an  individual 's,  is  developed  and  strengthened, 
and  beautified,  not  by  the  indulgence  of  its  grosser  appetites,  but 
by  their  subjection.  As  a  nation  or  as  an  individual,  we  gain  in 
moral  strength  by  the  diligent  exercise  of  the  virtues  of  industry, 
honesty,  and  service,  rather  than  by  the  assertion  of  so-called  per- 
sonal rights."  He  described  the  growth  of  the  movement  and  the 
impetus  given  it  by  the  War,  and  compared  Prohibition  of  liquor 
drinking  to  the  recent  legislation  forbidding  the  use  of  the  poison- 
ous white  phosphorus  in  making  matches.  He  quoted  various 
Labour  leaders  as  to  the  value  of  temperance  in  connection  with 
industry,  transportation,  etc.,  instanced  the  Russian  action  as  to 
Vodka,  and  British  restrictions  on  the  traffic.  The  Hon.  Charles 
Marcil  (Lib.)  seconded  the  motion  and  declared  that  there  was  a 
tremendous  change  in  Quebec  since  that  Province  in  1898  voted 
against  Prohibition.  He  estimated  the  1915  expenditure  upon  Can- 
adian spirits  as  $24,126,000,  upon  Imported  spirits  as  $23,775,000, 
and  upon  Canadian  malt  liquors  as  $33,569,000,  with  $6,000,000 
upon  wines  and  imported  malt  liquors.  Various  authorities  were 
quoted  to  show  the  need  of  saving  in  Canada  to  meet  war  require- 
ments and  the  large  amount  which  could  be  switched  from  intoxi- 
cants to  more  useful  purposes.  Several  Quebec  Bishops  were  quoted 
in  favour  of  the  motion  and  23  parish  councils  or  organizations. 

W.  G.  Weichel  (Cons.)  argued  against  the  policy  on  the  ground 
that  (1)  human  society  was  based  upon  interchanges  of  thought 
and  compromise  which  recognized  divergence  of  conviction  and, 
in  modern  democracies,  the  equality  of  personal  rights  and  liberty ; 
that  (2)  majorities  must  be  subject  to  control  as  well  as  autocracies 
or  the  minorities  would  have  neither  rights  nor  liberties;  that  (3) 
"the  limitations  so  wisely  imposed  upon  our  modern  form  of  gov- 
ernment by  our  forefathers  are  to-day  in  great  danger  of  being 
removed  at  the  instigation  of  certain  men  and  organizations  who 
are  preaching  the  delusive  doctrine  that  the  needs  of  human  society 
demand  the  sacrifice  of  individual  human  liberty";  that  (4)  there 
was  a  vital  distinction  between  temperance  and  prohibition — the 
former,  "as  taught  by  the  Scriptures,  means  moderation,  and 
goes  hand  in  hand  with  self-control,  whilst  Prohibition  is  the  direct 
negation  of  self-control";  that  (5)  in  order  "to  save  a  very  small 
percentage  of  the  human  race  who  do  not  obey  the  Divine  teach- 
ings, and  who  abuse  the  law  of  Nature  by  not  being  able  to  resist 
their  animal  desires,  it  aims  to  put  chains  and  shackles  on  all,  the 
weak  and  strong  alike,  forgetting  that  the  fundamental  fact  of 
self-control  is,  after  all,  the  growth  and  outcome  of  civilization"; 
that  (6)  "Prohibition  will  have  a  tendency  to  degrade  the  public 
service,  dull  the  public  conscience,  and  make  the  nation  hypocriti- 
cal. ' '  It  had  failed  miserably  in  many  states  of  the  Union. 

"I  believe,"  he  added,  "in  personal  freedom  and  the  right  to 
eat  and  drink  what  I  please  without  the  interference  of  so-called 
moral  reformers,  who,  at  so  much  per  annum,  try  to  make  people 


390  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

abstemious  by  legislation."  He  declared  that  they  would  not  stop 
at  Prohibition :  ' '  Card-playing,  according  to  their  theories,  should 
be  forbidden  in  general,  simply  because  some  men  or  women  go  to 
excess  and  become  card  fiends.  Dancing  is  looked  upon  as  a  sin, 
because,  according  to  their  distorted  ideas  of  morality,  dancing  has 
caused  the  downfall  of  a  few,  and  therefore  all  others  must  abstain 
from  the  pleasure  of  this  amusement.  The  habit  of  using  tobacco, 
according  to  their  theories,  is  a  vicious  practice  and  must  be  stop- 
ped, because  tobacco  contains  nicotine,  which  is  a  poison.  Yet 
they  forget  that  both  coffee  and  tea,  if  taken  to  excess,  are  harm- 
ful, because  both  of  these  beverages  contain  a  certain  amount  of 
caffeine  and  theine. "  After  a  reference  to  Sunday  street-cars  and 
papers,  and  other  objects  of  reform  solicitude,  he  continued:  "All 
these  irksome  restrictions  may  be  placed,  as  a  bar  to  our  happiness 
and  comfort,  on  the  statute  book  of  our  country  by  a  few  well- 
paid  organizers,  backed  up  by  men  who  have  seldom  or  never  been 
up  against  the  real  issues  of  life,  who  draw  weird  pictures  of  misery 
and  degradation" — which  either  were  not  facts  or  were  grossly 
exaggerated. 

Far  better  would  it  be  to  agitate  for  improved  conditions  as  to 
factories,  mines,  tuberculosis,  vile  gossip,  the  social  evil  and  a 
multitude  of  real  dangers  to  the  life  of  our  communities.  He 
claimed  that  in  the  United  States  Prohibition  did  not  prohibit  and 
led  to  greater  evils  of  lawlessness;  he  quoted  Archdeacon  Farrar, 
M.  Pascal,  James  Madison,  Dr.  Parkhurst,  John  A.  Andrew,  as 
against  the  intemperance  of  Prohibition ;  he  advocated  ' '  the  sane 
enforcement  of  liquor  license  laws  coupled  with  moral  suasion  and 
enlightenment."  Other  speakers  were  Levi  Thomson,  C.  J.  Thorn- 
ton and  Wm.  Wright,  in  favour  of,  while  L.  J.  Gauthier  and 
Jacques  Bureau  were  opposed  to  Prohibition.  Mr.  Gauthier  pointed 
out  that  a  Prohibition  Bill  was  passed  in  England  in  1734  and 
that,  "after  two  years'  experience,  the  House  of  Commons  unani- 
mously repealed  the  law,  and  the  House  of  Lords  voted  in  favour 
of  the  repeal  by  84  to  52. ' '  The  debate  was  continued  on  Mar.  27 
when  R.  B.  Bennett  (Cons.)  moved  the  following  amendment, 
seconded  by  A.  L.  Davidson  (Cons.),  which  was  carried  with  little 
further  discussion  by  66  to  46  votes  :* 

This  House  recognizes  the  great  advance  made  during  the  past  20  years  in 
the  several  Provinces  of  Canada  through  the  enactment  of  laws  for  promot- 
ing Temperance  and  for  prohibiting  or  restricting  the  Liquor  traffic;  that  the 
restriction  and  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic  cannot  be  efficiently  accom- 
plished except  through  public  opinion  fully  supporting  enactments  passed  for 
that  purpose;  that  as  public,  opinion  varies  in  the  several  Provinces,  it  is 
desirable  that  such  enactments  depending  for  their  efficient  enforcement  upon 
public  opinion  should  in  the  first  instance  be  determined  by  the  respective 
Legislatures  of  the  several  Provinces;  that  up  to  the  full  measure  of  Pro- 
vincial jurisdiction  the  subject  should  in  the  first  instance  be  dealt  with  by 
the  respective  Provincial  Legislatures;  that  this  Parliament  should  at  the 
present  Session  enact  legislation  to  prohibit  the  transportation  or  importation 
of  intoxicating  liquor  into  any  Province  for  any  use  or  purpose  which  is  or 
may  be  forbidden  by  the  law  of  sut-h  Province. 

*NOTE. — The  Premier  voted  for  the  amendment;   Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  did  not  vote, 


WAR-TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      391 

This  was,  practically,  the  Government  policy.  On  Mar.  30 
the  original  motion,  as  amended,  was  voted  upon  again,  though 
no  word  of  it  remained  except  "That"  and  was  carried  by  103  to 
15  with  most  of  the  party  leaders  (including  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier) 
voting  in  the  affirmative.  Meanwhile,  on  Mar.  20,  the  Hon.  C.  J. 
Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice,  had  introduced  a  Bill  "in  aid  of 
Provincial  Legislation  prohibiting  or  restricting  the  Sale  or  Use 
of  Intoxicating  Liquors."  He  stated  his  opinion,  after  careful 
study  of  the  law  and  jurisprudence,  that  the  Provinces  had  full 
power  to  enact  Prohibition  within  their  territories.  Admitting  this 
the  Minister  thought  it  the  duty  of  the  Federal  Government  to 
support  such  Provinces  as  might  adopt  Prohibition  in  carrying 
out  the  wishes  of  their  people:  "This  Bill  therefore  proposes  to 
enact  a  law  forbidding  the  sending  into  any  Province — which  has 
adopted  a  law  restricting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors — intoxi- 
cating liquors  to  be  used  or  dealt  with  in  any  manner  in  contra- 
vention of  the  law  of  the  Province.  The  effect  sought  to  be  obtained 
is  that  the  Provincial  law  within  the  Province  shall  not  be  ham- 
pered in  its  operation  and  its  effectiveness  by  the  action  of  persons 
outside  of  the  Province."  Various  clauses  were  described  dealing 
with  the  burden  of  proof,  the  infliction  of  penalties,  the  powers 
and  place  of  prosecution,  with  the  legal  definition  of  intoxicating 
liquor  as  that  of  each  individual  Province.  Provincial  legislation 
prohibiting  importation  was  therefore  necessary  before  this  law 
could  come  into  force. 

The  measure  passed  in  due  course  with  little  opposition  and  few 
verbal  changes  with  the  exception  of  one  amendment  to  Section  2 
presented  on  Apr.  17  by  Hugh  Guthrie  (Lib.)  as  follows:  "No 
license  shall  hereafter  be  granted  or  renewed,  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Inland  Revenue  Act,  to  any  person  to  enable  such  person  to 
carry  on  business  as  a  distiller,  brewer  or  maltster  in  any  Province 
wherein  a  Provincial  Act  is  in  force  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating liquor."  There  was  no  debate  and  it  was  defeated  by  43 
to  28.  In  the  Senate,  however,  some  changes  were  made  which 
included  the  striking  out  of  (1)  the  penalty  of  suspension  of 
license  to  be  imposed  upon  manufacturers  of  liquor  violating  this 
law  in  the  first  and  second  offences — leaving  the  penalty  of  for- 
feiture for  the  third  offence  to  stand  and  (2)  providing  that 
prosecutions  for  violations  of  the  Act  could  be  instituted  as  well 
at  the  place  to  which  the  liquor  had  been  sent  as  at  the  place 
whence  it  came.  Mr.  Doherty  also  made  this  legislation  apply,  by 
special  amendment,  to  the  Canada  Temperance  (Scott)  Act. 

Meantime  the  Government  had  received  various  Resolutions  or 
messages  in  favour  of  Federal  Prohibition — the  A.O.U.W.  of  the 
North- West,  the  Ontario  Committee  of  100,  the  Winnipeg  Presby 
tery,  etc.  The  London  Methodist  Conference  undertook  to  aid  in 
reforming  British  conditions  by  a  long  Resolution  which,  in  part, 
declared  that  "the  British  people  are  not  doing  their  part  to  win 
this  war.  The  waste  and  the  hindrance  of  strong  drink  remain 


392  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

undiminished  and  unremoved.  This  waste  and  hindrance  is  in  our 
age  a  mental  blindness,  a  moral  obliquity,  and  a  Divine  judgment, 
and  it  weakens  our  faith  in  the  Divine  blessing  upon  our  Army  and 
our  Navy."  On  Nov.  29  a  Government  order  was  issued  declaring 
that  "permission  for  the  entry  of  intoxicating  beverages  in  Cus- 
toms bonded  warehouses  is  withdrawn  and  ceases  to  be  in  force 
from  Dec.  31  in  all  Provinces  and  districts  of  Canada  where  sale  of 
intoxicating  liquors  is  prohibited  under  Provincial  laws."  At  the 
close  of  1916  the  last  dates  at  which  it  was  lawful  to  sell  liquor  by 
retail  in  the  different  Provinces  of  Canada  were  as  follows: 

P.  E.  Island 1901       Ontario Sept.  16,   1916 

Saskatchewan .  .June   80,   1915        New  Uiunswick    Apr.  30,   1917 

Manitoba    May  31,   1916        British    Columbia     June  30,   1917 

Nova    Scotia    June  29,   1916       The  Yukon  Territory July  13,   1917 

Albert-j    June  30,   1916 

But  the  Prohibition  advocates  were  not  yet  satisfied.  At  Ottawa 
on  Dec.  14th  a  meeting  of  representatives  from  10  aggressive  Pro- 
hibition organizations  in  all  parts  of  Canada  met  to  deal  with  cur- 
rent conditions  and  continue  the  campaign  for  more  stringent  and 
extended  action.  The  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Saskatchewan, 
Manitoba,  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  Pro- 
vincial fighting  organizations  were  represented  and  Hon.  E.  Lafon- 
taine,  President  of  La  Ligue  Anti-alcoholique  de  Montreal,  pre- 
sided. A  Committee  composed  of  James  Hales  and  F.  S.  Spence. 
Toronto,  A.  W.  Coone,  Edmonton,  D.  R.  Harkness,  Winnipeg,  Rev. 
D.  R.  Sharp,  Moose  Jaw,  Rev.  W.  H.  Vance,  Vancouver,  Rev.  W. 
D.  Wilson,  Fredericton,  and  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant,  Halifax,  was 
appointed  to  report  as  to  what  legislation  was  necessary  to  insure 
the  fuller  carrying  out  of  existing  Provincial  Prohibitory  laws 
and  the  following  recommendations  were  submitted  in  due  course 
and  approved: 

1.  That  Provincial  legislation  should  make  commission  houses  or  agencies, 
for  the  soliciting  and  taking  of  orders  for  liquor,  illegal. 

2.  That  similar  legislation  should  be  sought  forbidding  the  advertising 
of  such  liquors  and  the  use  of  the  mails  for  the  sale  of  liquor. 

3.  That  the  Dominion  Parliament  be  "earnestly  urged  to   prohibit  all 
shipping  of  intoxicating  liqaor  for  beverage  purposes  into  any  Province  which 
prohibits  the  sale  of  such  linuor,  and  also  prohibiting  the  delivering  or  receiv- 
ing of  such  liquor  into  any  such  Province." 

4.  That  Provincial  Legislatures  be  urged  "to  prohibit  the  keeping  or 
having  of  intoxicating  liquor  for  beverage  purposes  in  any  warehouse  or  upon 
any  premises  other  than  in  private  residences  or  on  premises  whereon   such 
liquors  are  lawfully  manufactured. ' ' 

5.  That  '  *  the  best  administration  can  be  secured  by  the  appointment  of 
a   Provincial   Commissioner,    or    Commissioners,   of   experience    and    integrity, 
known  to  be  in  full  sympathy  with  the  legislation  which  they  are  called  upon 
to  enforce  and  with  the  power  of  appointment  and  removal  of  all  officers  under 
them. ' ' 

Bi-lingualism,  as  developed  in  1916,  was  a  Federal  question  only 
in  so  far  as  it  could  be  proven  to  involve  a  Provincial  breach  of 
British  guarantees  to  the  people  of  Quebec,  or  of  Federal  customs 
and  legislation,  or  could  be  interjected  into  Dominion  politics. 
Under  ordinary  conditions  the  Ontario  changes  in  school  Regula- 
tions, as  they  affected  the  teaching  of  French  in  that  Province, 


WAR- TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      393 

would  not  have  caused  serious  trouble  in  Quebec  though  some  dis- 
cussion would,  no  doubt,  have  been  aroused.    But  the  Nationalists  I 
were  seeking  opportunities  for  creating  dissatisfaction,  for  draw- 
ing public  attention  away  from  the  War,  and  for  checking  recruit- ' 
ing;  this  subject  was  splendidly  calculated  to  appeal  to  many 
natural  influences  and  feelings  in  Church  and  state.     The  French 
language  was  already  admittedly  guaranteed  in  the  Province  of 
Quebec,   in   Parliament,   in  the   Federal   Courts   and   in   Federal 
official  publications ;  the  question  now  raised  was  as  to  whether  it  j 
could  retain,  as  Bi-lingualists  claimed,  some  kind  of  official  or; 
compulsory  status  in  the  Province  of  Ontario  or,  be  given  such; 
status  by  political  compulsion  against  the  policy  of  the  Provincial 
Government. 

On  Feb.  24  the  Prime  Minister  was  to  receive  a  Deputation  upon 
the  question  and  a  thousand  or  more  French-Canadians  marched 
to  his  office  in  Ottawa  and  sang  songs  outside  while  a  small  Dele- 
gation presented  their  views — headed  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Chabot,  M.P., 
(Cons.),  Ottawa,  Senator  N.  A.  Belcourt,  S.  N.  Genest,  the  Ottawa 
leader  in  the  movement  against  the  Ontario  Government,  Honore 
Achim,  M.P.,  (Cons.),  and  Rev.  Fathers  Campeau  and  Myrand. 
They  asked  the  Premier  to  use  his  influence  to  obtain  a  repeal  of 
the  Ontario  legislation  which  appointed  a  Commission  to  run  the 
Separate  Schools  of  Ottawa ;  in  case  this  were  not  done  they  would 
petition  him  to  advise  the  disallowance  of  the  Act.  Sir  Robert 
Borden  expressed  regret  that  the  differences  which  had  prevailed 
in  some  parts  of  Ontario  had  not  been  found  capable  of  adjustment 
but  explained  that  the  questiou  at  issue  was  one  entirely  within 
Provincial  jurisdiction  and  that  the  Federal  Government,  under 
the  B.  N.  A.  Act,  were  not  in  a  position  to  take  any  official  action. 
He  counselled  moderation  and  respect  for  the  law  and  pointed  out 
that  violence  and  extreme  measures  were  more  than  likely  to  defeat 
the  purpose  which  the  Delegation  had  at  heart. 

In  the  Commons  on  the  same  day  various  references  to  the  sub- 
ject were  made.  H.  Boulay  (Cons.)  stated  that  recruiting  was 
being  greatly  hindered  in  Quebec  by  this  agitation  and  declared  that 
in  his  County  of  Rimouski  1,000  men  would  have  enlisted,  but  for 
it,  in  place  of  200;  L.  T.  Pacaud  (Lib.)  wanted  to  see  French  and 
English  taught  upon  the  same  basis  all  over  the  country.  Follow- 
ing this  a  Petition  to  the  King  was  prepared  asking  His  Majesty 
to  intervene  in  the  controversy,  and  confer  upon  the  French-Can- 
adian population  of  Canada  the  rights  as  to  education  and 
language  which  they  claimed  they  were  entitled  to.  At  a  large 
Ottawa  meeting  on  Mar.  2  Senator  A.  C.  P.  Landry  (Cons.)  took 
the  extraordinary  ground  that  the  Canadian  constitution  guar- 
anteed Bi-lingual  rights  in  all  the  Provinces  and  that  this  constitu- 
tion was  now  being  treated  as  "a  scrap  of  paper."*  Senator  P.  A. 
Choquette  (Lib.)  declared  that  Ontario  was  sowing  a  wind  and 
might  reap  a  whirlwind  by  rousing  a  spirit  of  hatred  in  the  younger 

*NOTE. — Report  in  Ottawa  Citizen,  Mar.   3,   1910. 


394  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

generation  of  the  Province  of  Quebec.  ''These  young  hot-blooded 
fellows  may  start  an  agitation  to  abolish  the  use  of  English  in  the 
Quebec  schools,  despite  the  calmer  councils  of  older  men  like  my- 
self." 

Meanwhile,  in  Ontario  the  Toronto  News  took  vigorous  ground 
against  any  interference  with  Ontario  legislation ;  H.  C.  Hocken  of 
the  Orange  Sentinel  appealed  (Mar.  23),  in  an  open  letter,  to  Sir 
Wilfrid  Laurier  to  assert  his  leadership  of  the  French-Canadians 
over  Henri  Bourassa;  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  (Lib.),  in  a  speech  at 
Quebec  and  through  the  Brockville  Recorder  of  Apr.  13,  urged  a 
settlement  of  the  issue  between  the  races  by  compromise ;  a  Peti- 
tion signed  by  Cardinal  Begin  and  14  French-Canadian  Bishops — 
Legal  of  Edmonton,  Mathieu  of  Eegina,  Roy  of  Quebec,  Latulippe 
of  Haileybury,  Charlebois  of  Keewatin,  Dugas  of  St.  Boniface, 
Pascal  of  St.  Albert,  Larocque  of  Sherbrooke,  Chalifoux  of  Sher- 
brooke,  Labrecque  of  Chicoutimi,  Cloutier  of  Three  Rivers,  Brun- 
ault  of  Nicolet,  Forbes  of  Joliette  and  Leblanc  of  St.  John — was 
presented  to  the  Government,  through  Senator  Landry,  urging  dis- 
allowance of  the  Ontario  legislation  and  declaring  minority  rights 
under  the  B.  N.  A.  Act  to  be  violated.  The  matter  was  brought 
up  in  Parliament  on  May  10 — after  a  good  deal  of  preceding 
speculation,  political  uneasiness  and  party  manipulation — by 
Ernest  Lapointe  (Lib.)  through  the  following  Resolution: 

That  it  has  long  been  the  settled  policy  of  Great  Britain  whenever  a 
country  passed  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  Crown  by  treaty  or  otherwise, 
to  respect  the  religion,  usages  and  language  of  the  inhabitants  who  thus 
become  British  subjects;  that  His  Majesty's  subjects  of  French  origin  in  the 
Province  of  Ontario  complain  that  by  recent  legislation  they  have  been  to  a 
large  extent  deprived  of  the  privilege  which  they  and  their  fathers  have 
always  enjoyed  since  Canada  passed  under  the  sovereignty  of  the  British 
Crown,  of  having  their  children  taught  in  French;  that  this  House,  especially 
at  this  time  of  universal  sacrifice  and  anxiety,  when  all  energies  should  be 
concentrated  on  the  winning  of  the  War,  would,  while  fully  recognizing  the 
principle  of  Provincial  rights  and  1he  necessity  of  every  child  being  given  a 
thorough  English  education,  respectfully  suggest  to  the  Legislative  Assembly 
the  wisdom  of  making  it  eJear  that  the  privilege  of  the  children  of  French 
parentage  of  being  taught  in  their  mother  tongue  be  not  interfered  with. 

Mr.  Lapointe 's  address  was  courteous  arid  conciliatory  and  his 
appeal  for  a  compromise  was  strong:  "The  French-Canadians  of 
Ontario  love  their  language.  We  all  love  it.  We  love  it  because  it 
is  our  own  language.  .  .  .  We  love  the  French  language  also 
because  we  sincerely  feel  that  it  is  the  sweetest  and  purest  and 
noblest  language  which  has  ever  been  spoken  by  human  lips.  We 
love  it  because  of  its  great  literature.  We  love  it  for  its  glorious 
history.  We  love  it  because  of  its  clearness.  .  .  .  The  French- 
Canadians  of  Ontario  are  proud  of  their  language.  They  claim 
that  they  have  the  right  to  speak  it  in  this  country ;  they  intend  to 
speak  it,  and  they  want  their  children  to  enjoy  the  same  privilege 
after  them.  They  are  a  group  of  250,000  people,  and  they  con- 
stitute, with  their  brethern  of  the  other  provinces,  one-third  of  the 
population  of  Canada.  Tallyrand  said  once,  very  properly:  'It 
is  absurd  to  get  angry  about  a  fact.'  "  Mr.  Lapointe  assumed,  as 


WAR-TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      395 

did  nearly  all  the  French-Canadian  speakers,  that  the  Ontario 
Government  really  was  trying  to  hamper  and  restrict  the  teach- 
ing of  French  in  the  schools:  "There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  in 
my  mind,  and  in  the  mind  of  any  one  who  has  received  even  a 
smattering  of  French  education  that  these  Regulations,  although 
they  proceed  more  slowly,  proceed  obliquely,  and  more  insid- 
iously (than  by  proscription),  but  with  no  less  certainty  to  the 
same  end,  namely,  the  strangling  of  the  French  tongue."  He  con- 
cluded with  a  review  of  the  Franco-British  entente  in  Europe 
and  an  appeal  for  similar  harmony  in  Canada.  E.  B.  Devlin  (Lib.) 
seconded  the  motion  and  his  argument  on  the  issue  laid  special 
stress  upon  the  policy  of  Dr.  Eyerson,  when  Chief  Superintendent 
of  Schools  in  Ontario,  which  he  described  as  (1)  a  generous  inter- 
pretation of  the  law  as  to  French  in  schools  and  (2)  infrequent 
legislation  in  special  cases.  The  following  letter,  written  by  Dr. 
Eyerson  on  Apr.  24,  1857,  was  quoted:  "I  have  the  honour  to 
state,  in  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  16th  instant  that,  as  the  French 
is  the  recognized  language  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  English, 
it  is  quite  proper  and  lawful  for  the  trustees  to  allow  both 
languages  to  be  taught  in  their  schools  to  children  whose  parents 
may  desire  them  to  learn  both. ' ' 

Sir  Eobert  Borden  followed  in  a  careful  analysis  of  the  situa- 
tion and  conditions  in  respect  to  the  two  languages.  He  first 
pointed  out  that  the  two  preceding  speakers  had  avoided  consider- 
ation of  the  actual  Eegulations  and  legislation  which  they  proposed 
to  censure  and  had  offered  no  proof  that  these  really  worked  un- 
fairness or  injustice  to  the  French  minority;  nor  had  there  been 
any  claim  that  the  legislation  in  question  was  beyond  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Ontario  House.  He  declared  that  the  least  that  could 
be  done  before  admonishing  a  Legislature  and  Government  and 
majority  of  a  Province  in  the  Confederation  would  be  the  holding 
of  a  Parliamentary  inquiry  into  the  matter  and  the  placing  of  all 
facts  before  the  members.  Even  then  it  was  hardly  the  duty  of 
the  House  to  pass  upon  legislation  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
Province.  He  said  that  there  was  only  one  constitutional  reference 
to  language  and  that  was  the  well-known  Section  133  of  the  B.  N. 

A.  Act  wilich  dealt  with  French  language  rights  in  Parliament,  in 
Quebec,  in  Courts  and  in  public  records.    "Subject  to  that  provi- 
sion, I  would  understand,  so  far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  that 
the  Provinces  of  Canada  have  plenary  power  to  deal  with  the 
question   of  language  within  their  territorial  limits."     Mr.   La- 
pointe's  motion  he  declared  was  not  in  the  best  interests  of  the 
country  and  was  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of  Quebec.     He 
referred  to  the  control  of  the  Provinces  over  Education — a  much 
valued  power  in  the  Province  of  Quebec — and  declared  that  Par- 
liament should  not  seek  to  disallow  such  legislation  or  change  the 

B.  N.  A.  Act  in  such  a  connection  without  the  consent  of  the  Pro- 
vince concerned.    He  criticized  the  mover  for  omitting  all  reference 
to  the  Manitoba  action  in  imposing  far  greater  restrictions,  than 


396  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  Ontario,  upon  the  use  of  the  French  language ;  he  strongly 
deprecated  any  attempt  by  Parliament  to  censure,  to  advise  or  to 
dictate  to,  any  Province. 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  supported  the  Resolution.  "I  appeal,  not 
to  passion  or  prejudice,  but  to  the  sober  reasoning  and  judgment 
of  my  fellow-countrymen  of  all  origins.  I  discard  at  once  all 
reference  to  constitutional  arguments.  I  do  not  here  and  now 
bring  within  the  purview  of  this  discussion  the  B.  N.  A.  Act.  I 
do  not  here  and  now  invoke  the  letter  of  any  positive  law.  Still 
less  do  I  question  the  paramount  power  of  the  Legislature  of  Ontario 
to  finally  pass  judgment  upon  this  question  and  record  the  final 
verdict  of  its  people.  I  rise,  Sir,  not  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
advice  or  admonition  to  the  Province  of  Ontario.  I  rise  to  plead 
before  the  people  of  Ontario,  in  behalf  of  His  Majesty 's  subjects  of 
French  origin  in  that  Province,  who  complain  that,  by  reason  of  a 
statute  passed  by  the  Province,  they  have  been  deprived  of  rights 
in  matters  of  education  which  they  have  enjoyed,  themselves  and 
their  forefathers  before  them,  ever  since  Canada  became  a  posses- 
sion of  the  British  Crown."  It  was  a  very  clever  speech,  an 
appeal  to  natural  instincts  of  conciliation  and  harmony.  He 
found  no  fault  with  the  Government  for  refusing  disallowance.  *  *  I 
do  not  know  that  they  could  have  taken  any  other  course.  The 
remedy  by  disallowance  is  very  illusory.  ...  If  the  law  had 
been  disallowed,  there  was  nothing  to  prevent  it  from  being  re-en- 
acted again." 

But  he  thought  the  Government  should  have  used  its  influence 
with  that  of  Ontario  to  obtain  favourable  consideration  for  the 
complaints  of  the  minority ;  he  urged  for  the  French- Canadians  of 
that  Province  ' '  the  privilege  of  having  their  children  taught  in  the 
French  language  untrammelled";  whether  that  right  was  granted 
or  not  he  declared  that  it  should  be  "no  bar  to  the  duty  which  the 
French- Canadians  owe  to  themselves  and  to  the  honour  of  their 
race  to  come  forward  in  their  fullest  numbers  and  take  part  in  the 
great  struggle  that  is  going  on  to-day  in  the  land  of  our  ancestors 
for  the  cause  of  freedom,  of  liberty,  and  of  the  civilization  of  man- 
kind." In  his  constitutional  argument  Sir  Wilfrid  admitted  that 
the  "only  things  which  are  referred  to  in  the  Articles  of  Capitula- 
tion and  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  are  religious  freedom  and  civil 
rights."  But,  he  contended,  "there  are  jurists  of  eminence  who 
hold  it  as  a  canon  of  the  law  of  nations  that  civil  rights  carry  with 
them,  as  a  corollary,  the  rights  of  language."  He  urged  that 
"wherever  England  has  planted  her  colours  by  conquest,  by 
treaty,  or  in  any  other  manner,  she  has  always  respected  the  laws, 
the  language  and  the  religion  of  her  new  subjects." 

South  Africa,  India,  Mauritius,  Malta  and  the  West  Indies  were 
instanced.  He  analyzed  the  Ontario  law  and  claimed  that ' '  Regula- 
tion 17  has  created  a  restricted  atmosphere  in  which  French  can 
be  taught.  It  can  continue  to  be  taught,  though  in  modified  form, 
in  all  the  schools  where  it  was  taught  before  June,  1912.  But  in 


AVAR-TIME  PROBLEMS:  PROHIBITION  AND  BI-LINGUALISM      397 

other  schools  it  cannot  be  taught.  In  other  words,  in  no  new 
schools  can  the  French  language  be  introduced."  As  to  the  rest 
he  claimed  that  the  "the  language  of  tuition  between  teacher  and 
pupil  is  made  to  be  the  English  language  for  the  French  children, 
even  in  learning  English."  Sir  Wilfrid  concluded  with  an  elo- 
quent appeal  for  toleration  and  was  followed  by  Mr.  Chase-Cas- 
grain,  Postmaster-General,  who  reviewed  Parliamentary  prece- 
dents as  to  intervention  in  Provincial  policy  or  problems.  The 
Hon.  R.  Lemieux  (Lib.)  claimed  that  the  Court  of  Parliament 
could  hear  and  deal  with  any  question  affecting  the  people;  that 
the  Bi-lingual  question  had  reached  a  crisis  and  was  no  longer  a 
theory  but  a  condition;  that  the  suppression  of  a  language  was 
impossible  and  he  instanced  French  in  Alsace,  Polish  in  Posen  and 
Danish  in  Schleswig-Holstein ;  that  Britain  was  only  able  to  hold 
her  Empire  together  because  of  respect  for  the  traditions,  religious 
convictions,  civil  rights,  customs  and  languages  of  her  subjects; 
that  national  unity  was  not  and  could  not  be  based  upon  uniformity 
of  language  and  that  diversity  was  really  healthful — as  in  Wales, 
Ireland  and  the  Scotch  Highlands.  He  contended  that  it  was  a 
matter  of  natural  law  and  that  "the  right  of  a  child  to  learn  and 
to  speak  the  language  of  his  mother  is  just  as  sacred  as  the  duty 
which  devolves  upon  parents  to  look  after  their  children,  just  as 
sacred  as  the  duty  which  devolves  upon  children  to  support  their 
parents  if  they  are  in  need." 

W.  F.  Nickle  (Cons.)  followed  and  contended  (1)  that  there 
was  no  British  guarantee  as  to  the  French  language  and  (2)  that 
Ontario's  policy  was  fair  and  wise  in  the  premises.  The  men  of 
Ontario,  he  declared,  were  annoyed  because  their  sons  were  guard- 
ing Catholic  Belgium  and  helping  France,  while  French-Canadians 
refused  to  enlist  and  tried  to  coerce  Ontario  into  changing  its  edu- 
cational policy.  To  this  Hon.  Charles  Marcil  (Lib.)  on  May  11 
responded  with  the  question:  "Does  it  not  seem  strange  to  you 
that  in  this,  the  premier  Colony  of  the  Empire,  we  should  be 
begging,  craving,  almost  on  our  knees,  to  be  allowed  to  give  to  our 
children  the  language  which  those  heroes  speak  around  the  walls 
of  Verdun?"  He  also  reviewed  the  policy  of  the  Manitoba  Gov- 
ernment in  this  language  connection  while  J.  W.  Edwards  (Cons.) 
made  a  strong  speech  against  the  motion  and  the  French-Canadian 
attitude  in  general.  He  contended  that  the  Government  of  Quebec 
had  no  right  and  the  Parliament  of  Canada  no  right  to  offer 
advice  to  Ontario  in  a  matter  of  educational  policy;  that  accord- 
ing to  the  1901  Census  there  were  10-23%  of  children  of  school 
age  in  Ontario  who  could  neither  read  nor  write  and  22*08%  in 
Quebec,  while  in  1911  the  figures  for  5  years  and  over  were  6-51% 
and  12-66%  respectively ;  that  backward  conditions  in  this  respect 
were  found  in  those  Counties  of  Ontario  which  were  most  favoured 
by  French-Canadian  settlement;  that  the  literacy  of  British  im- 
migrants into  Canada  was  higher  than  that  of  the  native  popula- 
tion with  only  3%  over  21  who  could  not  read  and  write;  that  in 


398  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

60  out  of  86  constituencies  of  Ontario  "there  are  more  German 
Canadians  than  French  Canadians  and  that  in  all  these  years  the 
former  had  made  no  demands  such  as  have  been  made  by  a  part  of 
the  202,000  French-Canadians  in  the  Province." 

He  pointed  out  that  Ontario  Regulation  No.  17  distinctly  stated 
that  "in  the  case  of  French-speaking  pupils  French  may  be  used 
as  the  language  of  instruction  and  communication."  A  party 
denunciation  concluded  the  speech:  "In  1896  the  slogan  of  the 
Liberal  party  was  'Hands  off  Manitoba.'  Should  not  that  apply 
equally  to  the  Province  of  Ontario  as  to  the  Province  of  Manitoba  ? 
Apparently  the  old  battle-cry  still  obtains  so  far  as  Manitoba  is 
concerned,  because  in  this  resolution  it  is  still '  Hands  off  Manitoba, ' 
but  'Hands  on  the  Province  of  Ontario.'  '  P.  E.  Lamarche 
(Cons.)  supported  the  motion  and  declared  that  in  Quebec  "we 
have  bi-lingual  schools ;  we  have  bi-lingual  statesmen ;  we  have  bi- 
lingual homes;  and  we  have  bi-lingual  justice."  His  conviction 
was  a  simple  one:  "We  consider  a  French  education  as  a  duty, 
and  the  acquisition  of  the  English  language  as  a  necessity.  We 
realize  the  necessity  of  a  knowledge  of  English  in  all  walks  of 
life.  .  .  .  We  want  the  country  at  large  to  know  that  no  mat- 
ter what  it  costs  we  will  learn  and  keep  learning  the  language  that 
we  have  inherited  from  our  fathers  and  mothers."  The  Hon. 
Frank  Oliver  (Lib.)  contended  that  in  practice  it  was  only  pos- 
sible, as  an  exception,  to  teach  two  languages  effectively  at  the 
same  time.  He  reviewed  conditions  in  the  West  and  in  British 
Columbia. 

The  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham,  as  the  Opposition  Leader's  right-hand 
man  in  Ontario,  spoke  carefully  and  in  support  of  the  motion.  He 
declared  that  none  of  the  Ontario  leaders  in  Government  or  Opposi- 
tion were  bigots  and  that  they  all  claimed  that  the  Provincial 
legislation  was  not  intended  to  deprive  French-Canadian  children 
of  any  existing  privilege;  that  he  was  not  in  favour  of  disallow- 
ance and  did  not  believe  the  Courts  could  settle  a  matter  which 
touched  the  history,  traditions  and  hearts  of  men ;  that  an  imagined 
grievance  was  sometimes  as  serious  as  a  real  one  and  had  to  be 
dealt  with;  that  the  Federal  Government  and  the  members  from 
Ontario  "should  sit  down  quietly  with  the  members  of  the  Ontario 
Government  and  point  out  that  if  they  will  make  clear  what  they 
say  is  their  intention,  much  of  the  trouble  will  be  removed."  The 
Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice,  protested  vigorously 
against  the  unfairness  of  the  proposed  motion :  "  I  can  conceive  of 
nothing  more  fundamentally  unjust  than  the  condemnation  of  a 
body  of  men  who  have  not  been  heard  and  have  no  opportunity  of 
being  heard;  the  clearest  demonstration  that  we  are  stepping 
beyond  any  attribute  that  belongs  to  us,  when  we  undertake  to 
pronounce  that  judgment,  is  in  the  fact  that  there  is  no  possible 
method  by  which  we  could  have  that  alleged  culprit  before  us  to 
say  one  word  on  his  own  behalf."  F.  F.  Pardee  (Lib.)  described 
the  motion  as  an  appeal,  not  an  admonition.  Other  speakers  were 


PARLIAMENT  AND  WAR;  BURNING  OF  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS      399 

H.  B.  Morphy,  J.  A.  Robb,  A.  C.  Macdonell,  Sir  G.  E.  Foster, 
Hugh  Clark,  E.  Proulx,  G.  H.  Boivin,  D.  0.  L'Esperance,  R.  B. 
Bennett,  E.  M.  Macdonald,  Jos.  Girard  and  H.  Boulay.  The 
Resolution  was  defeated  by  107  to  60.  /  h  A 

Party  lines  were  considerably  broken  and  the  Western  Liberals V  /VL2 
— W.  A.  Buchanan,  Michael  Clark,  R.  Cruise,  J.  M.  Douglas,  W.  E.  j  * 
Knowles,  T.  MacNutt,  G.  E.  McCraney,  Levi  Thomson,  J.  G.  Tur-  \y 
riff,  D.  Warnock  and  Hon.  Frank  Oliver — voted  with  the  Govern- 
ment, as  did  Reuben  Truax  of  Ontario,  while  H.  Achim,  J.  A.  Bar- 
rette,  A.  Bellemare,  H.  Boulay,  P.  E.  Lamarche,  were  the  French- 
Canadian  Conservatives  who  supported  the  Opposition.  Follow- 
ing the  debate  the  chief  Western  Liberal  organ,  the  Manitoba  Free 
Press,  (May  13),  used  strong  terms:  "In  its  essence,  the  Lapointe 
Resolution,  although  craftily  drafted,  was  an  affirmation  of  the 
Nationalist  doctrine,  and  in  voting  for  it  the  Ontario  Liberal  mem- 
bers subscribed  to  the  Nationalist  view  and  declared  that  a  griev- 
ance therefore  existed. ' '  On  the  other  hand  Hon.  A.  C.  P.  Landry 
(Cons.)  resigned  the  Senate  Speakership  (June  2)  "as  a  public 
and  a  sincere  protest  against  the  doctrine  of  the  non-intervention 
of  the  Federal  authorities,  which  has  alarming  effects  as  much  on 
the  future  of  the  country  as  on  the  future  of  our  race."  The 
Hamilton  Spectator,  the  Toronto  News  and  other  Conservative 
journals  claimed  that  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  had  greatly  injured  his 
party  in  Ontario  by  supporting  this  Resolution.  Some  months 
later  the  Opposition  Leader  presided  at  a  concert  in  Ottawa  held 
to  raise  funds  to  pay  the  caretakers  in  the  Separate  Schools  which 
were  fighting  the  Ontario  Government  and  refusing  to  accept  its 
Departmental  Regulations.  He  spoke  in  support  of  the  demand 
for  full  instruction  in  French  and  expressed  doubt  as  to  any 
favourable  decision  from  the  Imperial  Privy  Council. 

The  legislation  and  policy    of    Parliament    dealt 

Parliament  and     .  .,          .f  r  .      •*       .  .. 

the  war:  Bum-  largely  with  the  War  during  this  year;  the  speeches 
ing  of  the  Par-  and  political  action  of  the  members  dealt,  in  the 
nament  main,  with  Dominion  and  party  issues  arising  out  of 

the  War  or  indirectly  associated  with  it.  Party  feel- 
ing had  grown  and  the  discussions  in  January  and  March  were 
particularly  bitter  with  Shells  as  the  never-ending  Opposition  re- 
frain and  Sir  Sam  Hughes  as  the  centre  of  continuous  attack  and 
defence.  The  Houses  were  opened  on  Jan.  13,  1916,  by  H.  R.  H. 
the  Duke  of  Connaught  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  began 
with  a  reference  to  the  War :  ' '  The  Empire  Js  part  therein  has  been 
amply  maintained  at  sea  by  the  inspiring  achievements  of  the 
Navy,  and  on  land  by  the  distinguished  valour  of  the  great  armies 
which  have  enrolled  themselves  in  all  parts  of  His  Majesty's 
Dominions  for  the  common  defence  of  our  liberties.  .  .  .  The 
call  to  service  has  evoked  a  widespread  and  notable  response  in 
Canada.  Already  120,000  men  have  crossed  the  seas,  an  equal 
number  is  now  being  actively  trained  and  equipped  for  service 
abroad,  and  a  call  extending  the  authorized  enlistment  to  half  a 


400  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

million  men  has  been  received  with  warm  enthusiasm.  At  the 
Front  our  gallant  soldiers  have  met  the  enemy  in  repeated  con- 
tests, and  by  their  pre-eminent  courage  and  heroic  endurance  have 
shed  lustre  upon  their  country  and  upheld  its  highest  traditions." 
It  was  pointed  out  that  the  life  of  the  present  Parliament 
expired  in  the  Autumn  with  the  necessity  of  a  dissolution  and 
election  in  the  early  future.  "My  advisers,  however,  are  of  the 
opinion  that  the  wishes  of  the  Canadian  people  and  the  present 
requirements  of  the  War  would  be  best  met  by  avoiding  the  dis- 
traction and  confusion  consequent  upon  a  general  election  at  so 
critical  a  time."  A  Resolution  asking  the  Imperial  Parliament  to 
enact  legislation  for  extension  of  the  term  for  one  year  would  be 
presented.  "Measures  will  be  submitted  for  your  consideration  to 
further  the  effective  co-operation  of  Canada  in  the  defence  of  the 
Empire  and  in  the  maintenance  of  this  War  waged  for  liberty  and 
lasting  peace."  The  first  order  of  business  was  the  election  of 
Albert  Sevigny,  B.A.,  member  for  Dorchester  since  1911,  as  Speaker 
of  the  House.  A  little  later  Edgar  N.  Rhodes,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  member 
for  Cumberland  since  1908,  succeeded  Mr.  Sevigny  as  Deputy 
Speaker.  The  Address  was  moved  (Jan.  17)  by  Dr.  Alfred  Thomp- 
son, Yukon,  seconded  by  Eugene  Paquet  of  L 'Islet,  and  on  Feb.  2 
was  passed  without  division.  During  the  debate  the  War  was  dis- 
cussed in  detail  so  far  as  Canadian  home  policy  and  action  were 
concerned;  the  wider  issues  and  responsibilities,  the  diplomacy  of 
Europe  and  the  policy  of  nations  involved,  were  avoided.  It  was 
very  largely  a  consideration,  pro  and  con,  of  Government  policy  in 
such  matters  as  the  Shell  Committee,  such  investigations  as  that  of 
the  Davidson  Commission.  Recruiting  was  only  dealt  with  inci- 
dentally and  the  Opposition  rang  the  charges  upon  shells  and  con- 
tracts and  alleged  corruption.  The  chief  speeches  of  the  debate 
were  on  Jan.  17,  18,  20,  21,  24-5-6-7-8,  31,  Feb.  1,  2.  The  Budget, 
which  covered  Feb.  15,  17,  22,  21-5,  29,  was  also  debated  at  length 
and  developed  the  usual  Tariff  divergence  of  argument  and  thought 
with  various  Opposition  charges  of  extravagance  and  unwise  ex- 
penditure. Other  War  subjects  discussed  were  as  follows: 

Subject  Date  Introduced  by 

Parliament,    Extension   of    Feb.    8    Sir  Robert  Borden 

England,      Canadian      Troops      and 

Trade  in    Feb.    21    Sir  Robert  Borden 

Canadian   Shell   Committee    Jan.    18,    19,    20,    21,    24,    25,    27, 

Mar.   7,   9,    14,    28,   30,   Apr.   4, 

18,    May    5     Various     Speakers 

Prohibition   during   the   War    Mar.  6,  20,  27,  30,  Apr.  3,  5,  10, 

14    H.    H.    Stevens 

Soldiers'    Pensions    Mar.   13,   May   18    E.    M.    Macdonald 

Government    War    Loan     Mar.   16    Sir  Thomas  White 

Profits,  Taxation  of Mar  17,   21    Sir  Thomas  White 

Apr.    6-7     ' 

War  Trade   of   Canada    Apr.   26    ; Sir   G.    E.   Foster 

War    Loan     May    1     Sir  Robert  Borden 

C.    N.    R.    Loan    May   8,    12,    15    Sir  Thomas  White 

G.   T.    P.    Loan    May    8,    12    Sir  Thomas  White 

Bi-lingual   Question    May   9,    1Q,    11    W.    E.    Knowles 

Small  Arms  Ammunition May    13    D.    D.   McKenzie 

Not  all  the  members  of  the  Commons  were  in  their  seats.     Dr. 
H.  S.  Beland  was  still  a  prisoner  in  Germany,  though  every  effort 


PARLIAMENT  AND  WAR  ;  BURNING  OP  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS      401 

had  been  made  for  his  exchange;  Lieut.-Col.  G.  H.  Baker  was  on 
active  service  and  during  the  year  was  killed  in  action;  Col.  J.  J. 
Carrick  was  on  service  in  England,  while  Lieut.-Col.  H.  F.  McLeod 
and  Capt.  D.  B.  Neely  were  understood  to  be  at  the  front  in 
France.  When  Parliament  opened  Lieut. -Colonels  G.  W.  Fowler, 
Jas.  Arthurs,  H.  B.  Tremain,  J.  Stanfield,  S.  J.  Donaldson,  J.  D. 
Taylor,  G.  H.  Bradbury,  S.  S.  Sharpe  and  W.  H.  Sharpe  were  en- 
gaged in  Canada  raising  Battalions  for  active  service.  Capt.  J.  H. 
Burnham  went  with  his  Battalion  to  England  during  the  year,  while 
Col.  J.  A.  Currie  returned  from  the  front  and  took  his  place  in 
the  House;  Colonel  H.  H.  McLean  also  returned  from  the  front 
and  took  a  command  in  the  Maritime  Provinces;  Hon.  Lieut.-Col. 
W.  F.  Cockshutt  did  recruiting  service  in  Canada,  while  Majors 
E.  N.  Lewis,  G.  V.  White,  B.  R.  Hepburn  and  W.  R.  Smyth  joined 
Overseas  Battalions  and  Major  D.  Stewart  was  attached  to  a 
Medical  unit  in  Nova  Scotia.  W.  F.  Carroll  of  Cape  Breton,  the 
only  member  who  joined  as  a  private,  was  in  his  place  during  this 
Session  and  went  to  the  front  in  due  course.  By  the  end  of  the 
year  22  members  had  left  Canada  on  active  service,  including 
Major  L.  P.  Gauthier,  M.D.,  of  Gaspe.  The  breaking  up  of  Bat- 
talions in  England  and  consequent  necessity  of  taking  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant  and  passing  a  Board  of  Examination  for  fitness  in 
order  to  get  to  France  brought  some  of  them  back.  During  the 
year  the  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  had  a  son  killed  in  action  as  did  J.  G. 
Turriff,  Robert  Cruise  end  the  Hon.  Frank  Oliver.  On  Dec.  2  the 
following  semi-official  list  was  published  of  members  of  the  Com- 
mons and  the  Senate  who  had  sons  at  the  Front : 

Gen.   Sir  S  Hughes 1  E.  M.  Macdonald    1  Donald  Sutherland 2 

R.    F.    Green     1  H.    H.    McLean    2  David    Henderson     1 

Dr.  Michael  Clark    ....        2  Robt.     Rickerdike     1  Hugh    Guthrie    1 

Thomas   MacNutt 1  J.   E.   Marcile    2  W.   F.   Nickle    1 

Robert    Cruise     2  Senator    H.    Bostock    ....  1  F.    N.    McCrea     1 


Hon.    Frank    Cochrane 

A.    C.    Boyce     

George    A.    Elliott    1    Hon.  Frank  Oliver 2    Hon.   G.   P.   Graham 


2    Senator  J.  P.  B.  Casgrain  2    W.   S.  Loggie 

1    F.  H.   Shepherd    .  .2    Senator    William    Power 


Shep 
rank 


W.    F.    Cockshutt     2  S.    J.    Donaldson 

William     Smith     1  J.   G.   Turriff    

H.    B.    Morphy     1  Hon.    Robert   Rogers 

Andrew   Broder    2  W.    R.    Smyth    

Hon.    J.    D.    Hazen     ....  2  James    Arthurs 


Chas.    A.    Gauvreau 
Sir    James    Lougheed 
Senator   J.    H.    Ross 
Senator    D.    Gilmor    . 
Senator  Wm.  Dennis. 


Much  of  the  legislation  of  the  Session  has  been  considered  else- 
where in  connection  with  the  Government's  policy  and  including 
the  Loans  to  the  C.  N  R.  and  G.  T.  P.,  the  Profits'  Tax,  the  vote 
of  $250,000,000  for  War  purposes,  the  power  given  to  Banks  to 
loan  money  on  Live-stock.  So  with  the  Minister  of  Militia  and  his 
much-discussed  Shell  policies  and  action.  The  first  issue  of  im- 
portance, aside  from  those  mentioned,  was  the  extension  of  the 
Parliamentary  term.  On  Nov.  3,  1915,  Sir  Robert  Borden  had 
written  the  Opposition  leader*  making  the  following  suggestions: 
"That  the  term  of  the  present  Parliament  of  Canada,  which  ex- 
pires on  Oct.  7,  1916,  shall  be  extended  until  one  year  after  the 
conclusion  of  Peace;  (2)  that  there  shall  be  no  general  election 
during  the  War,  and  that  after  the  conclusion  of  peace  a  reason- 

*NOTE. — This  correspondence  was  made  public  on  Jan.   15,   1917. 

26 


402  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

able  period  shall  be  allowed  in  order  that  the  Canadian  forces  now 
serving  overseas  may  have  the  opportunity  of  first  returning  to 
their  homes;  (3)  that  during  the  interval  bye-elections  shall  not 
be  contested,  and  that  each  party  shall  retain  the  seats  which  it 
now  holds;  (4)  that  in  Parliament,  and  as  far  as  possible  in  the 
public  press,  party  warfare  shall  be  suspended,  and  the  united 
efforts  of  both  parties  directed  toward  the  best  means  of  assisting 
to  bring  the  War  to  a  successful  conclusion." 

Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  replied  on  the  8th,  objecting  to  any  inde- 
finite extension  of  the  term  but  expressing  willingness  to  accept  a 
one-year  proposal;  desiring  further  information  as  to  the  Legisla- 
tive programme  of  the  Government — especially  in  matters  of  rail- 
way policy;  agreeing  to  the  Bye-election  suggestion  so  far  as 
vacancies  caused  by  death  were  concerned  but  reserving  decision 
as  to  those  caused  by  resignation.  Sir  Robert  Borden  replied  on 
the  9th  with  a  specific  pledge:  ''During  the  continuance  of  the 
War  we  intend  to  confine  our  programme  to  measures  relating  to 
or  arising  out  of  the  War,  following  in  that  regard  the  course 
which  we  pursued  in  the  special  Session  of  1914  and  in  the  session 
of  1915.  We  have  not  in  contemplation  or  under  consideration  at 
present  any  measure  of  general  policy. ' '  He  offered  to  consult  Sir 
Wilfrid  as  to  Railway  action  or  policy ;  modified  his  Parliamentary 
extension  proposal  to  one  year  from  legal  expiration  and  urged 
again  his  non-party  proposals.  Sir  Wilfrid  (Nov.  13)  accepted 
•  the  year 's  extension  and  added :  '  *  I  certainly  agree  with  you  that 
J  the  war  situation  is  of  extreme  gravity  and  I  will,  in  the  future, 
/  as  from  the  first,  to  the  fullest  extent  of  my  ability,  facilitate  all 
I  necessary  war  measures."  But  he  would  not  consent  to  extend 
the  life  of  Parliament  indefinitely.  "As  to  what  should  be  the 
attitude  of  members  of  Parliament  and  the  press  on  party  matters, 
my  desire  all  along  has  been  that  the  field  of  party  controversy  be 
narrowed  and  the  field  of  common  action  broadened." 

The  subject  was  presented  to  the  Commons  on  Feb.  8,  following, 
by  Sir  Robert  Borden  who  moved  an  Address  to  the  King,  asking 
the  presentation  to  the  Parliament  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  a 
measure  amending  the  B.  N.  A.  Act  so  as  to  extend  the  term  of  the 
12th  Parliament  of  Canada  for  one  year  ending  Oct.  7,  1917.  The 
Premier's  speech  was  upon  a  high  constitutional  level  and  dealt 
with  existing  precedents;  reviewed  popular  opinion  in  Canada  as 
to  the  evils  and  undesirability  of  a  general  election  in  war-time — 
with  quotations  from  the  Toronto  Globe,  Winnipeg  Free  Press, 
Halifax  Chronicle,  Edmonton  Bulletin,  Toronto  Star,  Montreal 
Herald  and  other  Liberal  papers;  mentioned  the  receipt  of  many 
letters  and  telegrams  along  similar  lines.  As  to  the  Government: 
"We  do  not  come  before  Parliament  in  any  sense  as  suppliants. 
The  Government  is  quite  prepared  and  willing  to  submit  its  record 
to  the  judgment  of  the  people,  whenever  that  course  becomes  neces- 
sary or  desirable  in  the  public  interest.  We  are  thoroughly  con- 
scious of  the  tremendous  responsibilities  imposed  upon  us  during 


PARLIAMENT  AND  WAR;  BURNING  OF  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS      403 

the  past  18  months.  We  are  equally  conscious  that  we  have  ful- 
filled those  responsibilities  to  the  best  of  our  ability,  and  that  we 
have  unsparingly  and  unremittingly  devoted  ourselves  to  their  ful- 
filment, without  regard  to  any  consideration  but  the  conscientious 
performance  of  our  duty."  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  twitted  the  Gov- 
ernment upon  an  alleged  desire  for  an  Election  in  April,  1915,  and 
the  consequent  change  of  view,  and  expressed  strong  opposition  to 
an  indefinite  extension.  But  Canada  was  in  the  War  and  must  do 
its  duty.  He  reviewed  the  situation  constitutionally  and  politically 
while,  as  to  the  rest:  "If  Germany  should  win  nothing  on  God's 
earth  would  matter. ' '  He  concluded  with  the  hope  that  the  Resolu- 
tion would  pass  the  House  unanimously.  It  was  at  once  agreed 
to  and,  later  on,  was  accepted  by  the  Senate. 

On  Feb.  9  W.  S.  Middlebro  (Cons.)  moved  a  Eesolution  which 
the  House  accepted,  declaring  that  "in  all  future  appointments 
to  the  Civil  Service  of  Canada,  preference  should  be  given  to 
those  properly  qualified  candidates  who  have  served  with  the 
Canadian  Expeditionary  Forces  in  the  present  war. ' '  The  number 
of  such  positions  were  limited  but  they  could  be  enlarged:  "Those 
applicants  for  Civil  Service  employment,  who  could  have,  but  have 
not,  offered  their  services  to  the  State,  cannot  complain  if  prefer- 
ence is  given  to  the  man  who  was  willing  to  sacrifice  his  life  for 
the  State  at  a  time  when  the  national  life  was  at  stake."  For  the 
Opposition  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  spoke  vigorously:  "Heretofore 
we  have  appointed  men  largely  on  account  of  their  being  political 
warriors,  but  now  we  have  an  opportunity  of  giving  our  returned 
soldiers  positions  which  they  have  earned  because  of  duty  cour- 
ageously, ably,  and  nobly  performed.  As  a  nation  we  ought  to 
rise  to  the  situation  without  any  question  or  quibble  about  it. ' '  Sir 
Robert  Borden  stated  that  an  Order-in-Council  of  Nov.  27,  1915, 
already  provided  for  this  preference  subject  to  the  rules  of  the 
Civil  Service  Act. 

Legislation  affecting  or  affected  by  War  conditions  included 
Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty's  Act  authorizing  Provinces  to  prohibit  the 
import  of  intoxicating  liquor  and  his  amendment  to  the  Canadian 
Temperance  Act  restricting  the  wholesale  selling  of  such  liquor  in 
Scott  Act  districts;  Sir  George  Foster's  amendments  to  the  Grain 
Act  for  the  relief  of  current  grain  congestion  by  increasing  the 
powers  of  the  Grain  Commission  in  respect  to  the  disposition  of 
shortages  and  overages  of  grain  at  the  Elevators ;  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid's 
amendment  to  the  Railway  Act  empowering  the  Railway  Commis- 
sion to  order  any  Railway  company  on  whose  lines  grain  was  located 
to  use  its  equipment  to  rush  that  grain  to  the  nearest  elevator,  and 
then  to  order  another  Railway  company  to  take  the  grain  from  the 
elevator  to  Fort  William;  Sir  Thomas  White's  Insurance  Act 
amendments  compelling  these  Companies,  for  a  time,  to  invest  a 
certain  proportion  of  their  net  ledger  assets,  available  for  such  a 
purpose,  in  Dominion  securities;  the  same  Minister's  Bill  provid- 
ing for  the  payment  of  a  bounty  not  exceeding  2  cents  a  pound  on 


404  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

zinc  or  spelter,  produced  in  Canada  from  zinc  ores  mined  in  Can- 
ada, and  applicable  until  the  price  received  for  zinc  by  the  producer 
was  8  cents  or  more  per  pound,  but  not  to  be  payable  on  production 
during  the  period  of  the  War,  or  after  July  31,  1917. 

Meanwhile,  in  the  Senate,  the  Address  had  been  moved  by  Hon. 
T.-S.  Sproule  and  seconded  by  the  Hon.  C.  P.  Beaubien  and  was 
followed  by  speeches  from  Hon.  J.  A.  Lougheed,  Government 
leader,  and  Hon.  Hewitt  Bostock,  Opposition  leader  in  that  House. 
It  passed  in  due  course.  The  chief  War  subjects  discussed  were  (1) 
that  of  Recruiting,  as  to  which  Brig.-Gen.  the  Hon.  James  Mason 
delivered  two  important  speeches  which  are  dealt  with  elsewhere, 
and  (2)  the  attitude  of  the  French-Canadians  which  was  dealt 
with  on  Jan.  19,  Mar.  14,  16,  23,  Apr.  27  and  May  4.  The  speeches 
of  Hon.  P.  A,  Choquette  on  Jan.  19  and  Apr.  27  attracted  much 
attention  from  their  anti-British  character  but  were  met  by  such 
utterances  as  that  of  Hon.  Joseph  Bolduc  (Jan.  19)  :  "I  contend 
that  every  loyal  Canadian  is  bound  to  help  England  at  present, 
and  of  the  two  great  races  in  the  Dominion,  if  there  is  one  that  is 
more  bound  to  help  England  than  the  other,  it  is  the  French.  Why  ? 
Because,  instead  of  having  only  one  mother  country  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  we  have  two  mother  countries."  This  Con- 
servative Senator  was  endorsed  by  a  Liberal — Hon.  N.  A.  Bel- 
court:  "I  hope  there  will  be  no  limit  whatever  to  the  contribution 
of  Canadians,  either  in  men  or  money,  except  that  which  the  neces- 
sities of  the  case  impose  and  our  own  capacity  warrants."  So 
with  Hon.  R.  Dandurand  (Lib.):  "Canada  stands  with  Great 
Britain  and  her  Allies,  and  will  stand,  I  hope,  to  the  last  day  and 
to  the  day  of  victory — Canada  as  a  whole. ' '  Parliament  was  pro- 
rogued— after  important  action  in  the  Prohibition  and  Bi-lingual 
questions — by  H.  R.  H.  the  Governor-General  on  May  18  with  a 
Speech  in  which  it  was  said  that : 

In  this  crisis  of  our  national  life  your  attention  has  been  directed  to 
affairs  of  supreme  importance;  and  it  is  with  gratitude  that  I  recall  the  care 
and  devotion  with  which  you  have  considered  and  approved  all  necessary 
measures  for  effective  prosecution  of  the  War.  Our  Empire,  with  unexampled 
singleness  of  purpose,  is  defending  not  only  its  own  integrity  and  institutions 
but  also  the  rights  of  mankind.  It  is  my  sincere  conviction  that  your  efforts 
will  materially  aid  in  the  achievement  of  that  unquestioned  victory  for  which 
we  shall  not  cease  to  strive  until  it  is  attained. 

During  the  Session  there  occurred  the  burning  of  the  splendid 
Buildings  which  had  graced  Capitol  Hill  for  over  50  years.  At  9 
p.m.  on  Feb.  3rd  the  chief  doorkeeper  of  the  Commons,  (C.  R. 
Stewart)  came  hurriedly  into  the  chamber  and  called  out:  'There 
is  a  big  fire  in  the  reading  room ;  everybody  get  out  quickly. '  The 
sitting  was  immediately  suspended,  without  formality,  and  mem- 
bers, officials  and  visitors  in  the  galleries  fled  from  the  chamber, 
some  being  almost  overcome  by  the  rapidly  advancing  smoke  and 
flames  before  reaching  a  place  of  safety.  The  fire,  which  had 
originated  in  the  reading  room,  gained  momentum  with  extraor- 
dinary rapidity  and  was  soon  beyond  control.  It  continued  till 


PARLIAMENT  AND  WAR  ;  BURNING  OP  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS      405 

the  following  day,  resulting  in  the  almost  total  destruction  (apart 
from  the  Library  Wing  and  the  walls)  of  the  Parliament  Buildings. 
The  deaths  included  two  ladies — Mme.  Bray  and  Mme.  Morin — 
guests  of  Mme.  Sevigny  in  the  Speakers'  Chambers;  B.  B.  Law, 
M.P.  for  Yarmouth,  N.S.,  and  two  men  each  named  Alphonse  Des- 
jardins — one  a  policeman  and  the  other  a  plumber;  J.  B.  R.  La- 
plante,  Assistant  Clerk  of  the  Commons,  and  Eobert  Fanning  of 
the  Post  Office  Department.  Mr.  Burrell,  Minister  of  Agriculture, 
was  badly  injured  but  afterwards  recovered.  Col.  A.  P.  Sherwood, 
Chief  Commissioner  of  Police,  reported  on  Feb.  4  that  the  fire  was 
discovered  at  8.45  in  the  reading  room  by  Constable  Moore,  had 
apparently  just  started,  and  had  not  serious  proportions. 

After  15  minutes'  exertion  of  policemen  and  caretakers  noth- 
ing remained  but  to  warn  those  in  the  buildings.  Col.  Sherwood 
added  that  he  had  * '  no  reason  to  believe  the  fire  was  the  result  of  a 
malicious  act."  Col.  H.  R.  Smith  also  reported  to  the  Premier 
that  the  fire  "spread  with  the  greatest  rapidity  up  the  corridors 
of  the  House  and  through  the  second  flat,  such  dense  and  suffocat- 
ing volumes  of  smoke  preceding  the  actual  fire  as  prevented  all 
efforts  to  effectively  fight  the  fire  from  the  inside.  "  Parliament 
met  on  the  next  day  in  the  Victoria  Memorial  Museum  building 
and  continued  there  during  the  Session.  The  Premier  read  a 
despatch  from  His  Majesty  the  King  and  a  letter  of  regret  from 
H.  R.  H.  the  Governor- General  and  made  this  comment  upon  the 
fire:  "When  I  myself  went  down  the  corridor  leading  past  the 
press  room,  the  smoke  and  flames  were  rolling  through  the  cor- 
ridor which  led  to  the  reading  room  in  an  appalling  volume;  and 
the  fire  and  Asmoke  seemed  to  be  accompanied  by  a  series  of  short, 
sharp  explosions,  indicating  the  fierceness  with  which  the  fire  was 
making  its  headway."  A  flood  of  telegrams  poured  in  from  all 
parts  of  Canada,  from  Mr.  Premier  Asquith,  the  Governor-General 
of  Australia,  the  New  Zealand  Premier,  Earl  Kitchener,  General 
Botha  and  many  others.  .  On  the  14th  the  Librarians  of  Parliament 
reported  that  the  chief  Library  losses  were  (1)  an  extensive  collec- 
tion of  rare  editions  of  the  Bible;  (2)  a  very  large  collection  of 
English  pamphlets;  (3)  a  still  larger  collection  of  reviews,  maga- 
zines and  periodicals;  (4)  a  valuable  collection  of  ecclesiastical 
literature  and  law;  (5)  some  valuable  scientific  encyclopedias  and 
dictionaries  in  the  French  language;  (6)  a  great  number  of  valu- 
able donations  from  the  Imperial  Government  such  as  the  Rolls 
series,  etc.;  (7)  a  fine  collection  of  the  reports  of  the  American 
Bar  Association.  It  was  thought  that  most  of  these  losses  could, 
in  time,  be  repaired.  On  the  17th  J.  A.  Pearson  and  J.  0.  March- 
and,  Architects,  reported  to  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  (Mr. 
Rogers)  that: 

The  major  portion  of  the  buildings  at  present  left  standing,  more  parti- 
cularly as  regards  the  internal  and  external  walls,  have  suffered  no  material 
damage.  The  west  wing,  which  was  recently  built  on  modern  fireproof  meth- 
ods, is  uninjured  by  fire  and  but  slightly  damaged  by  water.  .  .  .  That 
the  walls  have  suffered  so  little  damage  from  the  fire  is  due  to  the  nature  of 


406  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  construction,  which  might  be  termed  'semi-fireproof.  .  .  .  The  area 
in  the  heart  of  the  building  formerly  occupied  by  the  Commons  Chamber  and 
the  Senate  Chamber,  from  the  north  wall  of  the  main  corridor  with  the 
exception  of  the  basement  and  foundation  walls,  is  a  total  loss.  The  build- 
ing as  it  stands  to-day  represents  an  asset  in  labour  and  material  in  position, 
of  fully  $2,000,000,  that  can  be  re-used.  The  external  walls  require  but  few 
repairs,  and  when  these  are  made  all  evidence  of  fire  will  be  obliterated. 

Meantime,  public  opinion  was  inclined,  though  not  vehemently 
so,  to  allege  German  explosives  as  the  cause  of  the  fire.  The  Provi- 
dence, U.S.  Journal  (Feb.  3)  early  made  the  charge  that  it  had  three 
weeks  before  "notified  the  Department  of  Justice  that  it  had 
received  information  directly  through  employees  of  the  German 
Embassy  that  the  Parliament  House  of  Ottawa,  Rideau  Hall,  the 
home  of  the  Governor-General  in  Ottawa,  and  large  munitions 
plants  in  Ontario  were  to  be  the  next  objects  of  German  attack  on 
this  continent. ' '  The  receipt  of  this  warning  was  denied  at  Ottawa 
where  official  opinion  was  disposed  to  reject  the  theory  of  violence — 
though  on  Feb.  6  R.  A.  Pringle,  K.C.,  and  Judge  D.  B.  MacTavish 
were  appointed  Commissioners  to  inquire  into  the  origin  of  the 
fire.  The  testimony  heard  by  them  varied  greatly.  Sir  Thomas 
White  (Feb.  23)  stated  that  "the  fire  was  a  very  fierce  blaze, 
rather  reddish  in  colour,  like  the  flame  from  a  pine  stump."  He 
heard  no  explosions.  E.  M.  Macdonald  said  he  heard  "two  noises, 
like  explosions  or  something  of  the  kind,  and  noticed  a  tremendous 
volume  of  smoke  of  a  peculiar  colour. ' '  He  thought  the  rapidity  of 
the  fire  was  too  great  to  be  natural.  Col.  Sherwood  testified  that 
he  had  recommended  use  of  only  one  entrance  of  each  building 
but  had  no  control  over  the  entrance  to  the  Speaker's  Chambers, 
which,  it  was  said,  had  been  left  open.  He  did  not  believe  the  fire 
was  incendiary  but  admitted  that  he  had  received  confidential 
information  last  July  which  had  led  to  extra  precautions  being 
taken.  Many  witnesses  stated  that  there  was  a  roar  and  a  great 
burst  of  flame  and  expert  testimony  was  given  as  to  chemicals 
igniting  paper  after  an  interval  of  from  5  to  60  minutes.  Senator 
Sproule  expressed  to  the  papers  the  belief  that  the  fire  was  of 
incendiary  origin  as  did  T.  G.  Wallace,  M.P.,  A.  A.  McLean,  M.P.  for 
Queens,  P.E.I. ;  Gerald  White,  G.  H.  Bradbury  and  Hon.  R.  Rogers 
all  referred  in  press  interviews  to  the  remarkable  rapidity  of  the 
fire ;  Chief  Graham  of  the  Ottawa  Fire  Department  heard  explo- 
sions and  believed  that  the  fire  could  not  have  spread  so  quickly 
unless  through  prepared  plans;  H.  F.  Gadsby,  the  journalist,  who 
was  in  the  vicinity,  expressed  belief  in  the  chemicals'  theory.  The 
Canadian  press  was  guarded  in  its  comments ;  outside  papers  such 
as  the  London  Observer  and  New  York  Herald  inclined  to  the 
idea  of  German  action. 

The  Report  was  presented  on  May  15th,  and  stated  that  the 
first  person  to  see  the  fire  was  Francis  Glass,  M.P.,  of  London, 
that  it  spread  with  ' '  tremendous  rapidity, ' '  and  that  strangers  were 
seen  about  the  building  just  before  the  fire  by  W.  B.  Northrup, 
M.P.,  E.  M.  Macdonald,  M.P.,  and  Hon.  Albert  Sevigny.  The  fol- 
lowing conclusion  was  come  to  with  a  recommendation  that  the 


PARLIAMENT  AND  WAR  ;  BURNING  OF  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS      407 

Report  be  considered  an  interim  one  and  the  inquiry  resumed  at  a 
later  date :  * '  Your  Commissioners  are  of  the  opinion  that  there  are 
many  circumstances  connected  with  this  fire  that  lead  to  a  strong 
suspicion  of  incendiarism,  especially  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the 
evidence  is  clear  that  no  one  was  smoking  in  the  reading  room  for 
some  time  previous  to  the  outbreak  of  fire,  and  also  to  the  fact  that 
the  fire  could  not  have  occurred  from  defective  electric  wiring. 
But  while  your  Commissioners  are  of  such  opinion,  there  is  nothing 
in  the  evidence  to  justify  your  Commissioners  in  finding  that  the 
fire  was  maliciously  set."  It  was  also  stated  that  the  claim  of  J. 
E.  Rathom  of  the  Providence  Journal  as  to  having  notified  U.  S. 
Attorney  H.  S.  Marshall  at  New  York,  three  weeks  before  the  fire, 
that  it  would  occur  at  the  end  of  that  period  had  been  confirmed 
in  a  statement  to  the  Commission  with  the  addition  that  this  in- 
formation had  been  obtained  from  the  German  Embassy. 

Re-building  operations  had,  meanwhile,  been  in  progress.  On 
Mar.  22  Hon.  Mr.  Rogers  told  the  Commons  that  he  had  asked 
Messrs.  Pearson  and  Marchand  "to  prepare  preliminary  plans 
along  the  lines  which  were  thought  most  suitable  for  the  rebuilding 
of  the  structure."  These  plans  had  been  inspected  by  members  and 
generally  approved  but  he  felt  his  responsibilities  in  the  matter  and 
wanted  the  friendly  and  sympathetic  co-operation  of  both  sides  of 
the  House.  "In  the  hope  of  being  able  to  secure  this,  I  am  going 
to  ask  the  Prime  Minister  and  the  Leader  of  the  Opposition  to  be 
good  enough  to  name  three  members  from  each  side  of  the  House  to 
act  with  me. ' '  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  expressed  satisfaction  with  the 
Architects  and  all  that  had,  so  far,  been  done  while  approving,  in 
a  general  way,  the  plans  proposed.  On  Apr.  25  the  Premier  ap- 
pointed Hon.  P.  E.  Blondin,  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid,  Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen  and 
Senator  J.  A.  Lougheed — all  members  of  the  Government — to  act 
on  the  Joint  Parliamentary  Committee  and  the  Opposition  Leader 
appointed  Hon.  Chas.  Murphy,  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley,  Hon.  R. 
Lemieux  and  Senator  R.  Watson  as  the  Liberal  members.  Mr. 
Rogers,  as  Minister  of  Public  Works,  was  Chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee. Further  investigation  by  the  Committee,  and  discoveries  by 
the  Architects  following  the  work  of  demolition,  seemed  to  show  the 
need  of  far  wider  operations,  owing  to  defective  masonry,  than  had 
at  first  been  expected  when  the  reconstruction  work  was  estimated 
at  $1,500,000.  On  Aug.  8  the  Architects  reported  that,  following 
their  first  statement,  great  changes  were  found  necessary  and  that, 
after  allowances  on  the  developed  plans  the  cost  of  the  main  build- 
ing and  power  house  would  be  $5,000,000. 

The  contract  had  been  let  by  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  to 
P.  Lyall  &  Sons,  Montreal,  on  a  basis  of  8%  on  the  actual  cost  of 
the  buildings,  with  4%  to  the  Architects,  computed  on  the  cost  of 
materials,  labour  and  plant  employed.  Whether  the.  Committee 
unanimously  approved  the  contract  or  not  became  the  subject  of 
some  party  controversy  but  it  appeared  that  on  May  12  Mr.  Pugsley 
and  Senator  Watson  had  supported  it  in  the  Committee.  Then 


4:08  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

came  the  tearing  down  of  the  walls — valued  at  $2,000,000 — with  a 
controversy  as  to  who  was  responsible  and  talk  of  the  Liberals 
retiring  from  the  Committee.  On  Sept.  1st  H.  R.  H.  the  Duke  of 
Connaught  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  new  Buildings  with  an 
elaborate  ceremony  and  guests  present  from  all  over  Canada.  Ad- 
dresses were  delivered  by  Sir  Robert  Borden  and  Hon.  Robert 
Rogers.  In  his  speech  the  Duke  declared  that  "it  is  a  proud  posi- 
tion for  myself,  as  His  Majesty's  representative  in  Canada,  to  have 
been  associated  with  this  great  Dominion  and  with  its  Government 
in  the  times  through  which  we  have  been  passing.  They  will  ever 
be  cherished  by  me  as  days  of  anxiety  yet  days  of  satisfaction  for 
the  manner  in  which  Canada  has  recognized  her  role  amongst  the 
great  peoples  that  make  up  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain." 

On  Sept.  3rd  J.  B.  Hunter,  Deputy  Minister  of  Public  Works, 
was  authorized  by  the  Parliamentary  Committee  to  issue  a  state- 
ment. The  Architects'  final  decision  as  to  the  old  walls  was  stated 
with  reasons  for  the  changes  of  opinion  and  construction  which 
made  their  use  undesirable.  "The  Committee,  after  very  careful 
consideration,  have  no  hesitation,  upon  the  evidence  on  which  was 
based  the  removal  of  the  walls  by  the  Architects,  in  agreeing  with 
them  that  the  taking  down  of  these  walls  was  an  absolute  necessity. ' ' 
The  Committee  stated  that  no  political  influence  would  be  per- 
mitted in  the  construction  work,  and  had  so  instructed  the  Con- 
tractors, while  appointing  a  Board  to  supervise  the  labour  em- 
ployed. Mr.  Lemieux  resigned  at  this  point  and,  in  a  letter  on 
Sept.  5,  stated  that  his  view — not  accepted  by  the  Committee 
— was  as  follows:  "The  $1,500,000  voted  by  Parliament  and 
the  powers  granted  to  the  Committee  only  contemplated  the  restor- 
ation of  the  building.  It  was  then  stated  that  the  walls  could  be 
used  and  that,  with  a  moderate  amount  of  money,  the  buildings 
would  soon  be  restored.  Since  then  all  the  walls  have  been  razed, 
including  those  of  the  new  wing.  We  are,  therefore,  facing  a  new 
condition  of  things.  It  is  no  more  a  restoration  but  a  complete 
reconstruction  of  the  main  buildings,  plus  a  library  stock-room  and 
a  power-house,  involving  not  only  much  longer  delays,  but  a  much 
larger  expenditure  of  money.  I  do  not  feel  justified  under  these 
circumstances  and  in  the  absence  of  complete  plans,  specifications 
and  an  estimate  of  the  cost,  to  award  such  a  large  contract  with- 
out calling  for  tenders."  The  Toronto  Globe  endorsed  this  view 
strongly  (Sept.  5)  :  "It  remains  for  the  Government  of  Canada, 
assisted  by  Hon.  Messrs.  Pugsley  and  Watson,  representing  the 
Liberal  party,  to  authorize  the  construction  of  the  greatest  build- 
ing ever  projected  in  the  Dominion  without  even  sitting  down  to 
count  the  cost."  Mr.  Rogers  was  described  as  the  real  power 
behind  Committee  and  Contractors.  Mr.  Murphy,  it  may  be  added, 
had  retired  from  the  Committee  in  the  preceding  June.  As  stated 
a  little  later  the  final  cost  of  the  new  Buildings  would  be  $5,750,000. 


LIBERALS  AND  TPIE  WAR;  SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER  's  POLICY    409 


The  Liberals  Government  during  1916  tried  to  stand  before 

and  the  war:  the  bar  of  public  opinion  upon  its  actual  accomplish- 
sip  Wilfrid  ments  —  an  army  great  for  Canada's  population,  a 
Laurier's  munition  production  great  for  any  country  of  its 

Policy  size,  abundant  revenues  and  considerable  loans  to  the 

Mother-country,  Executive  action  in  a  thousand  directions  caused 
by  the  War,  immense  trade  expansion  and  real  participation  in 
Empire  counsels.  The  Opposition  was  insistent  as  to  things  not 
done,  as  to  things  done  which  might  have  been  more  effective  if 
properly  conducted,  as  to  the  Government  lacking  energy,  initia- 
tive and  force,  as  to  alleged  manipulation  of  war  contracts,  profits 
and  policy  for  selfish  ends,  as  to  the  peculiar  personal  conditions  of 
Sir  Sam  Hughes'  military  administration.  It  was  claimed  by  Lib- 
erals and  asserted  by  some  Conservatives  that  Sir  Robert  Borden 
lacked  aggressive  personal  character  ;  the  same  thing  had  been  said 
of  Mr.  Asquith  and  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier;  the  facts  are  that  the 
qualities  of  statecraft  seldom  meet  in  the  one  man  with  those  of 
personal  aggressiveness. 

Upon  the  vital  issue  —  the  justice  of  the  War,  the  greatness  of 
the  crisis,  the  need  of  effective  aid  to  the  Empire  and  the  Allies  — 
there  was  no  party  division.  Since  the  War  began  Sir  Wilfrid 
Laurier  had  delivered  up  to  July  1,  1916,  14  recruiting  speeches* 
of  a  character  calculated  to  lead  elements  which  need  leading  in  all 
parties  ;  his  years  and  his  health  prevented  much  greater  exertion. 
In  Parliament  his  speeches  rang  out  clearly  upon  the  great  point 
at  issue  —  though  always  with  the  Liberal  assumption  of  freedom 
for  Canada  to  do  as  it  liked.  On  Feb.  8,  for  instance,  he  used  these 
words  :  '  *  rQigre  was  nojobligation,  _no  c^^on^ulsipn^  Canada  was  free  : 
free  to  go  in,  and  free  to  stay  out.  But  what  use  were  we  to  make 
of  our  liberty?  We  knew  that  England  was  engaged  in  mortal 
combat  with  an  enemy  strong  in  preparation  —  even  more  prepared 
than  we  had  supposed  hitherto  —  an  enemy  animated  by  the  black 
ambition  of  universal  domination.  Under  such  circumstances 
there  was  nothing  for  Canada  to  do  but  to  do  what  she  did;  to 
place  at  the  disposal  of  England  all  her  resources  in  men  and 
money."  Similarly,  with  the  party  which  he  led.  It  supported 
and  would  support  the  Government  in  all  measures  which  had  for 
their  object  the  successful  prosecution  of  the  War.  "But,  Sir,  to 
all  wrongs,  to  all  frauds,  we  shall  offer  determined  opposition  — 
these  cannot  be  condoned,  they  must  be  exposed  and,  when  exposed, 
they  must  be  treated  accordingly."  A  few  weeks  before  (Jan.  17) 
he  had  taken  issue  with  those  in  Quebec  who  said  that  Canada  had 
no  direct  or  material  interest  in  the  War  :  '  '  Sir,  I  take  a  very  dif- 
ferent attitude  ;  I  take  issue  with  that  statement,  and  I  not  only 
assert  that  Canada  has  a  direct  interest  in  this  war,  but  I  go  much 
further  and  I  say  that  there  is  not  to-day  a  civilized  nation  in  the 
world  which  has  not  an  interest  in  this  war.  '  '  Germany  threatened 
the  world  and  must  be  thoroughly  beaten.  '  '  If  we  had  only  half  a 

*NOTE.  —  List   in   Canadian  Liberal  Monthly   of  July,    1916. 


410  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

victory,  then  Germany  would  be  humiliated,  but  would  still  be  de- 
fiant. She  would  be  preparing  and  arming,  and  even  on  this  con- 
tinent, Sir,  we  would  not  escape  the  vortex  of  European  mili- 
tarism. ' ' 

To  Conscription  he  was  opposed  and  in  the  above  speech 
declared,  as  to  the  Government  proposal  of  500,000  men,  that  "we 
must  repel  at  once  the  impression  which  has  been  sought  to  be 
created  that  this  offer  is  a  preliminary  step  to  Conscription.  There 
is  to  be  no  Conscription  in  Canada. ' '  Reference  has  been  made  else- 
where to  the  Opposition  Leader's  acceptance  of  the  extension  of 
Parliament  as  proposed  by  the  Government.  His  reasons  were 
explained  on  Feb.  8.  There  was  "a  growing  disinclination  to  have 
an  Election  during  the  War";  at  a  time  when  "the  energies  of 
the  nation  should  be  bent  towards  one  end,  and  one  end  only,  the 
very  thought  that  there  might  be  an  Election,  with  all  its  concom- 
mitant  strife  and  division,  was  alarming  to  a  large  section  of  the 
community";  the  present  war  was  an  exception  to  all  things  and 
warranted  unusual  actions  or  policies;  Canada  would  be  delivered 
from  Government  threats  of  an  Election  and  consequent  uncer- 
tainties. If  Parliament  did  not  accept  the  Government  proposals 
unanimously  an  Election  would  be  necessary.  "That  Election 
would  take  place  not  upon  the  broad  questions  of  the  war,  not 
upon  the  great  ideas  which  have  been  suggested  by  the  war,  not 
upon  the  conduct  of  the  war  by  the  Government,  not  upon  the 
problems  which  are  facing  us  on  account  of  the  war,  but  upon 
the  refusal  of  the  Opposition  in  the  Canadian  Parliament  to  grant 
an  extension  of  the  term  of  Parliament."  That  must  be  avoided. 
Sir  Wilfrid's  Bi-lingual  speech  was  an  eloquent  and  effective  effort 
whatever  might  be  thought  of  the  policy  outlined  and  the  Ottawa 
correspondent  of  the  Toronto  World  writing,  from  much  experience, 
described  it  as:  "the  greatest  speech  from  an  oratorical  standpoint 
to  which  I  have  ever  listened.  Sir  Wilfrid  was  in  splendid  form, 
and  he  spoke  with  deep  feeling.  As  he  proceeded  his  years  dropped 
from  him  like  a  garment,  and  he  seemed  as  vigorous  and  resolute 
as  a  man  of  35." 

On  June  3rd  the  veteran  leader  addressed  a  gathering  held 
in  Montreal  to  collect  funds  for  the  178th  Battalion.  He  dealt 
with  those  who  thought  Canada  should  have  stayed  out  of  the  War. 
"  If  we  had  listened  only  to  the  suggestion  of  our  material  interests 
and  the  dictates  of  egoism,  if  we  had  thought  the  thing  did  not 
affect  us  directly,  was  not  at  our  door,  we  would  have  said:  'No, 
it  is  no  concern  of  ours.'  '  Had  that  course  been  taken  "we 
would  have  been  false  to  the  blood  that  flows  in  our  veins.  But  our 
motto  is  'noblesse  oblige/  and  we  could  not  forget  the  blood  of  cen- 
turies." He  compared  the  struggle  to  the  Crusades  of  old,  with 
the  substitution  of  Germanism  for  Islamism,  and  pointed  out  that 
the  German  "scraps  of  paper"  declaration  particularly  affected 
Canada:  "For  we,  an  integral  part  of  the  Empire,  have  ever  been 
invoking  respect  for  treaties,  and  if  there  be  no  one  amongst  us 


LIBERALS  AND  THE  WAR;  SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER'S  POLICY      411 

to  stand  up  and  fight  for  the  integrity  of  treaties,  who  will  defend 
it  for  us?"  He  paid  a  lofty  eulogy  to  the  French  Army  whose 
spirit,  conduct  and  character  were  embodied  in  those  scribbled 
words  of  a  dead  French  soldier:  "My  body  to  earth,  my  soul  to 
God,  my  heart  to  France."  French-Canadians  were  urged  to 
stand  by  a  country  which  had  shown  ' '  a  sublime  conception  of  the 
highest  patriotism. ' '  He  dealt  with  the  argument  used  in  Quebec : 
"Why  should  we  go,  since  the  English  themselves  are  not  going?" 
The  answer  was  that  "England  has  done  her  duty,  her  whole 
duty,  and  more  than  her  Allies  could  expect  from  her.  If  we  wish 
to  assure  ourselves  of  this  we  have  but  to  look  at  the  Navy."  He 
concluded  by  an  appeal  for  support  to  the  178th  and  the  great 
cause — that  France  might  live  and  Belgium  be  freed  and  ' i  Britain 
continue  her  glorious  career  foremost  in  the  ranks  of  civilized 
nations."  Colonel  Girouard  and  Sir  Joseph  Pope  also  spoke.  In 
a  later  speech  at  Toronto  (July  2)  G.  H.  Boivin,  M.P.,  mentioned 
this  and  other  appeals  of  Sir  Wilfrid  and  especially  the  aid  he  had 
given  the  178th  by  letters  and  personal  influence.  To  an  out-door 
meeting  of  15,000  or  more  in  Maisonneuve  the  Opposition  leader 
again  spoke  on  Sept.  27 : 

There  are  people  who  say  we  will  not  fight  for  England;  will  you  then 
fight  for  France?  Ah,  gentlemen,  remember  that  it  is  not  on  England  that 
Germany  throws  her  forces,  it  is  on  France  and  on  Belgium.  If  England  had 
refused  to  give  her  aid,  those  who  say  we  should  not  fight  for  England  would 
be  the  first  to  accuse  England.  I  speak  to  you  of  French  origin;  if  I  were 
young  like  you  and  had  the  same  health  in  my  youth  that  I  enjoy  to-day,  I 
would  join  those  brave  Canadians  fighting  to-day  for  the  liberation  of  French 
territory.  I  would  not  have  it  said  that  the  French-Canadians  do  less  for  the 
liberation  of  France  than  the  citizens  of  British  origin.  I  ask  this,  that  for 
the  honour  of  the  French  name  it  may  not  be  said  that  Canadians  of  French 
origin  have  less  courage  than  those  of  British  origin.  For  my  part,  I  want  to 
fight  for  England  and  also  for  France.  To  those  who  do  not  want  to  fight 
either  for  England  or  for  France  I  say:  Will  you  fight  for  yourselves?  .  .  . 
Canada  is  a  free  country;  we  have  complete  freedom,  nothing  obliges  us  to 
take  part  in  Britain's  war.  Still  there  is  no  doubt  that  when  Great  Britain 
is  at  war  we  are  at  war. 

As  to  the  future  there  must  be  no  Militarism.  "What  I  was  in 
the  past  I  still  am  to-day;  I  always  was  anti-militarist,  and  I  am 
anti-militarist  to-day.  I  am  anti-militarist  like  Lloyd  George,  like 
Henderson,  like  the  Radicals  of  France,  like  the  Clericals  of  France 
who  entered  this  war  to  save  the  life  of  France."  In  the  Bi- 
lingual matter  he  urged  conciliation  and  compromise.  At  London 
in  addressing  an  Ontario  Liberal  Club  Convention  (Oct.  11)  Sir 
Wilfrid  said:  "I*  abate  not  a  jot  of  my  lifelong  profession,  reiter- 
ated in  the  House  of  Commons  and  upon  many  a  platform  of  this 
country,  that  I  am  a  Pacifist.  I  have  always  been  against  mili- 
tarism. .  .  .  But  it  has  been  clear  to  all  the  Pacifists  in  the 
world ;  to  the  Radicals  of  England ;  to  the  Labour  party  of  England ; 
to  the  Radicals,  nay,  to  all  classes,  in  'France ;  to  the  Radicals  of 
Italy ;  that  in  face  of  the  avowed  intention  of  Germany  to  dominate 
the  world,  nothing  would  avail  but  such  a  victory  as  would  crush 

*NOTE. — Report  in  Canadian  Liberal  Monthly  for  November,   1916. 


412  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

forever  from  the  minds  of  the  German  authorities  the  belief  in 
such  atrocious  theories."  He  denounced  preparation  for  war  in 
order  to  preserve  peace  and  instanced  the  opposing  examples  of 
England  and  Germany.  ' '  What  comes  after  peace  must  depend  upon 
the  extent  of  our  victory. ' '  He  declared  the  German  military  author- 
ities and  not  the  people  responsible  for  German  policy  and  atro- 
cities ;  he  concluded  with  a  declaration  that  for  the  young  Liberals 
before  him  "Love  was  better  than  hate,  faith  better  than  doubt." 
Following  this  came  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  refusal  of  Oct.  14  to 
join  the  Premier  in  a  non-political  Parliamentary  appeal  for  war 
service  on  the  ground  that  the  National  Service  Commission  which 
had  been  created  to  promote  this  object  appeared,  by  Sir  Thomas 
Tait's  retirement,  to  be  a  partisan  organization.  He  supplemented 
the  statement,  elsewhere  quoted,  in  this  telegraphic  correspondence : 

From  F.  C.  Wade,  K.C.,  Vancouver,  Oct.  27: 

I  assume  that  you  became  weary  of  seeing  Canada's  greatest,  most 
patriotic  and  noblest  task  withheld  from  her  people  and  committed  to  a  party 
machine  for  sordid  party  ends. 

From  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  Oct.  28: 

You  have  it  just  right.  If  the  best  man  that  could  be  found  to  head  and 
direct  National  Service  found  himself  so  much  hampered  and  interfered  with 
that  he  found  his  usefulness  gone,  my  acceptance  after  his  resignation  would 
have  amounted  to  countenancing  a  situation  which  has  become  intolerable. 

At  a  Liberal  banquet  in  Ottawa  on  Nov.  16  Sir  Wilfrid  declared 
that  the  country  now  realized  the  lack  of  firm  leadership  in  the 
present  Administration.  He  asserted  again  that  the  Liberals  had 
done  their  best  to  preserve  the  political  truce  while  the  War  lasted, 
and  would  continue  to  put  the  case  of  the  Allies  above  the  cause 
of  party ;  but,  he  added,  there  was  a  general  feeling  that  confidence 
in  the  Government's  ability  to  play  their  part  in  a  great  war  had 
been  misplaced,  and  the  responsibility  which  might  soon  come  to 
him  and  the  Liberal  party  would  not  be  shirked.  This  was  more 
or  less  a  Party  leader's  speech  but  in  Quebec  East  on  Dec.  8  he 
addressed  a  large  recruiting  meeting  in  clear  War  terms.  Sir 
Lomer  Gouin  was  Chairman  and  Sir  Wilfrid  re-iterated  his  state- 
ment that  when  Britain  was  at  war  Canada  was  at  war — with  the 
fact  and  details  of  its  action  or  co-operation  in  the  hands  of  Parlia- 
ment. England,  he  declared,  was  fighting  to  save  France  and 
Belgium  and  this  was  sufficient  answer  to  the  street  talk  of  "why 
send  our  sons  to  fight  for  England?"  He  declared  it  the  duty  of 
all  to  fight  or  share  the  sacrifices  of  those  who  fought.  "Do  not 
believe  that  if  England  dies  and  France  dies,  Canada  will  continue 
to  live  and  enjoy  her  liberties."  He  dealt  at  length  with  the  aggres- 
sion, atrocities,  ambition  and  mighty  power  of  Germany;  declared 
those  who  claimed  Canada  had  no  interest  in  the  result  to  be  talk- 
ing blasphemy ;  described  the  voluntary  position  of  Canada  and  the 
fact  that  * '  we  have  no  Conscription  among  us  and  never  will  have. 
It  is  only  our  sentiment  and  heart  that  compel  us  to  fight. ' ' 

The  policy  of  the  rank  and  fyle  and  press  of  the  Liberal  party 


LIBERALS  AND  THE  WAR;  SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER'S  POLICY      413 

was  a  little  more  politically  aggressive  than  that  of  its  Leader. 
The  Party  truce  in  1916  was  not  nearly  as  obvious  as  in  1915.  Sir 
Sam  Hughes  and  his  speeches,  the  Ross  Rifle  and  Camp  Borden, 
Recruiting  slackness  and  high  cost  of  living,  the  Shell  Committee 
and  its  operations,  the  alleged  extravagance  at  Ottawa,  and  Muni- 
tion contracts  with  J.  Wesley  Allison  as  the  central  figure,  the  old- 
time  Nationalist  affiliations  of  certain  members  of  the  Government, 
the  charges  against  Conservative  Governments  in  Manitoba,  New 
Brunswick  and  British  Columbia,  were  all  used  vigorously  to  reflect 
upon  a  Federal  party  and  Government  which  were  said  to  conduct 
their  War  policy  without  vigour  or  organized  effectiveness.  There 
was  no  doubt  as  to  the  Liberal  leaders  in  general  and  their  War 
opinions.  In  the  Commons  on  Feb.  1  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham  declared 
that  "to  my  mind  the  first  duty  of  the  Government  should  be  to 
provide  for  the  great  need  of  the  moment — the  vigorous  prosecution 
of  the  War  in  which  we  are  engaged."  After  reviewing  many 
matters  he  concluded  as  follows :  ' '  Let  it  be  understood  the  world 
over,  let  it  be  understood  throughout  the  British  Empire,  let  it  be 
understood  by  friend  and  by  foe,  that  until  victory  perches  on  the 
banner  of  the  Allies,  Canada,  from  the  East  to  the  West,  from 
Charlottetown  to  the  Yukon,  will  stand  by  the  Empire  as  one  man, 
united  in  a  great  common  cause." 

Like  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  Mr.  Graham  feared  the  future  a  little 
and  on  Apr.  12  said  in  the  House :  "We  shall  always  have  to  have  a 
certain  preparedness,  as  becomes  the  dignity  of  a  nation;  but  it 
will  be  our  duty  also  to  guard  against  being  stampeded  into  making 
Canada  an  armed  camp."  -As  to  the  War  he  thought  that  "Can- 
ada's place  would  be  in  the  War  even  if  she  were  not  a  part  of  the 
British  Empire."  Speaking  at  a  recruiting  church  service  in 
Montreal  (May  7)  Mr.  Graham  said:  "There  is  a  school  of  thought 
in  Montreal  and  Quebec  and  also  in  other  parts  of  Canada,  that  is 
opposed  to  Canada  taking  part  in  this  war.  Such  people  believe 
only  in  Canadians  fighting  in  Canada  for  defence  of  their  own 
shores.  Years  ago  the  Defence  Act  did  imply  that  fact.  But,  to- 
day, after  years  of  development  and  growth,  Canada  is  no  longer 
regarded  merely  as  part  and  parcel  of  the  British  Empire,  merely 
as  a  piece  of  property ;  but  as  part  proprietor  of  that  Empire.  It 
is  not  only  a  duty  but  a  privilege  for  Canada  to  send  her  sons 
abroad  to  fight.  ...  As  long  as  Britain  requires  men  and 
money  she  will  have  them  to  Canada's  last  man  and  last  dollar." 
On  Dec.  10  he  sent  a  cable  to  Mr.  Lloyd  George  as  follows:  "As 
Britain's  First  Minister,  Canadian  Liberalism  lines  up  beside  you. 
The  prosecution  of  the  War  to  successful  completion  is  the  first 
consideration  of  every  true  Britisher.  May  victory  be  as  swift  as 
your  responsibilities  are  great.  Canada  is  with  you  to  the  finish. ' ' 

In  Quebec  the  Hon.  R.  Lemieux  did  not  speak  as  frequently  as1 
in  1915.  When  he  did  so  his  views  were  those  of  a  Montreal  meet- 
ing on  Dec.  18:  "The  clear  duty  of  Canada  is  to  win  the  War— 
this  is  the  supreme  goal.  But  would  the  existence  of  grievances 


414  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

justify  us  in  abstaining  from  this  great  conflict  or  in  confining 
ourselves  to  neutrality?  After  20  years  of  public  life,  I  do  not 
hesitate  to  say  that  the  defence  of  civilization  and  liberty  is  in  my 
judgment  more  urgent  and  more  important  than  the  perpetuation 
of  old  rivalries."  The  Hon.  Frank  Oliver  was  pronounced  in  his 
views.  In  the  House  on  Jan.  19  he  declared  that  500,000  was  not 
a  man  too  many.  "  Every  man  is  needed,  and  he  is  needed  now. 
We  have  already  enlisted  something  less  than  one-half  that  num- 
ber. The  country  has  responded  marvellously,  when  we  consider 
the  Pacifist  principles  under  which  many  of  us  were  reared.  .  . 
I  wish  to  say  that  in  my  humble  opinion,  with  the  world  in  arms 
and  with  the  world  having  adopted  the  principle  of  universal 
military  service,  for  a  single  nation  to  refuse  to  adopt  that  prin- 
ciple is  to  leave  itself  at  a  very  serious  disadvantage."  E.  M. 
Macdonald  (Jan.  24)  believed  the  men  could  be  obtained  but  only 
by  Parliament  and  Government  living  up  to  high  ideals  and  set- 
ting an  example  of  sacrifice.  P.  F.  Pardee  on  Jan.  31  described 
the  correct  Government  and  Opposition  policies  as  follows — with  a 
few  verbal  omissions : 

(1)  The  duty  of  the  Government  is  to  give  leading  to  the  patriotic  senti- 
ment;   to   sacrifice   all   other   considerations   to   make   Canada's   share  in   the 
struggle  a  worthy  and  efiective  one;   sternly  and  rigorously  to  banish  party 
politics  and  middlemen;  to  legislate  with  an  eye  single  to  the  great  task  of 
the  Empire;  to  deal  resolutely  with  every  instance  of  impropriety. 

(2)  The  duty  of  the  Opposition  is  to  give  hearty  support  to  the  Govern- 
ment in  all  legislation  making  for  the  National  and  Imperial  objects  immedi- 
ately in  view ;   to  pass  with  freedom  and  despatch  all  War  grants  and  all 
Bills  designed  to  make  more  effectual  Canada's  part  in  the  conflict;  to  bring 
promptly  to   the   Government's  attention  all   cases   of  impropriety  or  worse 
that  may  come  to  its  attention;  to  put  aside  mere  party  criticism  and  devote 
its  energies  solely  to  its  foremost  responsibility  at  this  hour. 

On  May  2  Dr.  Michael  Clark,  an  eloquent  and  popular  platform 
speaker,  an  old-time  free-trade  Western  Liberal,  with  a  son  on 
active  service — like  Messrs.  Graham,  Lemieux,  Oliver  and  Mac- 
donald— spoke  in  the  House  more  strongly  than  any  of  the  others. 
He  seemed  to  feel  something  of  the  burden  and  responsibilities 
which  had  come  to  the  Government  with  the  outbreak  of  war;  he 
expressed  appreciation  of  what  had  been  done  by  the  Government 
and  especially  the  Militia  Department,  and  gratitude  to  the  British 
fleet  for  its  protection ;  he  deprecated  party  criticism  at  this  junc- 
ture: "My  talk,  and  such  effort  as  I  am  able  to  exert,  have  been 
from  the  beginning  behind  the  clear-eyed  purpose  of  the  Prime 
Minister,  and  they  are  so  now ;  and  so,  I  believe,  are  the  thoughts 
and  efforts  of  the  people  of  Canada."  Speaking  at  Calgary  on 
Dec.  18  Dr.  Clark  re-iterated  this  view:  "Since  the  first  shot  was 
fired  I  have  never  veered  from  the  conviction  that  when  the  Em- 
pire is  in  danger  and  the  flag  threatened,  I  must  strain  a  point 
in  favour  of  the  Government  in  its  conduct  of  the  War. ' ' 

Several  important  Liberal  Conventions  were  held  during  the 
year.  On  July  18  members  of  the  National  Liberal  Advisory  Com- 
mittee, formed  in  1915,  met  at  Ottawa,  from  all  parts  of  Canada, 


LIBERALS  AND  THE  WAR  ;  SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER  's  POLICY      415 

to  report  the  work  and  conclusions  of  various  sub- Committees 
which  had  been  studying  special  problems.  All  kinds  of  social 
and  economic  conditions  were  dealt  with  and  the  following  con- 
clusions of  a  Report  of  the  Returned  Soldiers'  Committee,  headed 
by  H.  B.  McGiverin,  CX-M.P.,  Ottawa,  referred  to  the  only  War  topic 
dealt  with:  (1)  that  the  system  of  Pensions  approved  by  the  Com- 
mons on  May  15  last  should  be  carried  out  in  every  particular;  (2) 
"that  Canada's  obligations  to  returned  soldiers  cannot  be  ade- 
quately discharged  by  the  provision  of  pensions  for  those,  or  the 
dependents  of  those,  who  have  died  or  been  wounded  and  in- 
capacitated in  defence  of  their  country's  liberties";  (3)  "that  a 
Federal  Board  should  be  appointed  by  the  Crown,  composed  of 
capable,  leading  men  having  agents  at  each  Provincial  capital  and 
in  the  other  chief  cities  of  Canada,  with  power  to  administer  the 
provisions  of  the  Pension  Act  and  to  deal  with  all  questions  con- 
cerning the  welfare  of  returned  soldiers,  their  families  and  de- 
pendents." At  a  meeting  of  the  Ontario  Reform  Association  on 
Nov.  24  a  ringing  message  from  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  was  read  by 
E.  M.  Macdonald,  M.P.  :  "Let  it  be  our  first  aim  and  purpose  to  do 
our  whole  part  in  aiding  Canada  to  do  her  full  duty  to  the  Empire 
at  this  time,  and  in  making  Canada  worthy  of  the  fight  her  boys 
are  waging  and  a  fit  heritage  for  them  when  they  return  victor- 
ious. ' ' 

N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Ontario  leader,  declared  winning  the  War  to 
be  the  first  objective  and  this  Mr.  Graham  endorsed :  ' '  The  watch- 
word for  Liberals — the  watchword  for  Canadians — the  message  I 
have  sought  to  carry  to  recruiting  meetings  in  our  own  Province 
and  in  Quebec  is  individual  responsibility.  So  with  the  greatest 
earnestness  I  speak  to  Liberals. ' '  A  Resolution  was  passed  express- 
ing "unanimous  Liberal  determination  to  give  individed  support 
to  the  heroic  efforts  of  Canada's  army  in  co-operation  with  other 
British  and  Allied  forces."  Several  other  Conventions  were  held 
but  the  discussions  were  chiefly  political.  At  some  of  them  heated 
references  were  made  to  a  party  speech  by  W.  K.  McNaught, 
C.M.G.,  made  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  7  when  he  was  reported  as  saying 
that  "the  fighting  in  the  War  is  being  largely  done  by  the  Conserva- 
tive party."  Mr.  McNaught  denied  this  reference  so  far  as  the 
rank  and  fyle  of  Liberalism  was  concerned  but,  whatever  he  meant, 
it  evoked  very  strong  comments.  The  Globe  compiled,  for  Ontario 
only,  a  list  of  25  Liberal  members  or  candidates  for  Parliament  who 
were  in  khaki  and  of  whom  several  had  been  killed.  It  was  pointed 
out  that  prominent  Liberal  names  were  largely  represented  in  the 
Army — Oliver,  Graham,  Turriff,  Bickerdike,  Graham,  Clark,  Em- 
merson,  Pardee,  Macdonald,  Gauvreau,  Gouin,  Murray,  Mowat, 
Moss,  Aylesworth,  Beland,  McLean,  Loggie,  Cruise,  Neely,  Carroll, 
Power,  Ross,  Bostock,  etc. 

The  War  attitude  of  the  Toronto  Globe  continued  to  be  vigorous ; 
to  Liberalism  in  all  Canada  this  was  important  and  influential.  It 
commenced  the  year  by  urging  thrift  and  work  and  (Jan.  3)  de- 


416  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

clared  that ' '  this  is  no  time  for  limited  hours  and  shop  rules.  Every 
factory  capable  of  turning  out  the  military  supplies  the  country 
needs  should  be  operated  to  capacity."  As  to  Germany  (Apr.  7) 
"the  world  is  beginning  to  know  that  there  can  be  no  world-peace 
until  the  wild  beast  from  the  war- jungle  is  put  under  restraint,  its 
teeth  pulled,  and  its  claws  cut. ' '  Take  up  the  sword  of  justice  was 
its  cry  to  young  Canada  on  May  17.  Had  Britain  failed  Belgium 
"the  sinews  of  justice  would  have  been  shrivelled  throughout  the 
civilized  world."  There  was  no  evading  the  call  or  avoiding  it 
(June  17)  :  "We,  all  of  us,  are  called  to  live  for  the  truth — and  if 
needs  be  to  die  for  it — the  truth  of  liberty  and  justice,  which  has 
sent  and  is  sending  so  many  other  Canadians  to  the  war  trenches  in 
Europe."  As  to  the  future  (June  24)  "there  can  be  no  Peace,  and 
no  settlement  should  be  sought  or  accepted,  so  long  as  one  atom  of 
war-power  is  left  in  Germany,  one  principle  of  Germany 's  arrogant 
nationalism  left  unrepudiated-by  the  German  people,  or  one  scion 
of  the  Hohenzollern  dynasty  of  assassins  left  to  lift  again  the 
accursed  banner  of  his  breed. ' ' 

Of  recruiting,  when  the  autumn  collapse  in  response  began,  The 
Globe  (Oct.  10)  said:  "Ottawa  has  definitely  rejected  Conscrip- 
tion, and  has  served  notice  that  Registration  is  not  to  be  regarded 
as  a  first  step  toward  it.  That  action  must  be  followed  up  by 
organization  for  voluntary  enlistment  of  a  far  more  thorough  sort 
than  has  yet  been  attempted. ' '  On  Oct.  16  was  penned  an  editorial 
attack  upon  Britain  for  its  non-Prohibition  policy  which  seemed 
strange  from  a  staunch  advocate  of  Canadian  political  autonomy, 
and  which  included  a  quoted  description  of  England  as  "half- 
drunken,  saddled  by  distillery  interests,  guided  by  a  lot  of  tip- 
pling ecclesiastics  not  loyal  enough  to  follow  their  King's  example, 
and  misguided  by  a  Press  silent  as  the  grave  on  this  entrenched 
evil ! ' '  Other  editorials  of  this  kind  followed  on  Oct.  21  and  Dec.  5. 
Denunciation  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  was  a  frequent  matter  with  The 
Globe  and  following  his  resignation  this  suggestion  (Nov.  15)  was 
made:  "Recruiting  by  every  means  available  must  be  the  chief 
duty  of  the  new  Minister  of  Militia.  The  methods  pursued  in 
Quebec  will  have  to  be  entirely  changed.  French-Canadian  military 
leaders  must  be  obtained,  such  as  Sir  Percy  Girouard,  General 
Lessard,  Major  Asselin  and  Capt.  Papineau." 

As  to  this  (Nov.  17)  "whatever  the  sins  of  the  Government  at 
Ottawa,  it  is  entitled  to  and  will  receive  the  loyal  support  of  all 
Canadians,  irrespective  of  party,  in  any  measures  that  are  cal- 
culated to  stimulate  voluntary  recruiting."  While  criticizing  the 
Government  for  lack  of  co-operation,  organizing  ability  and  leader- 
ship (Nov.  25)  it  supported  the  National  Service  plan  and  the 
Premier's  December  campaign.  "The  nation  (Dec.  22)  must  be 
transformed  into  a  fighting  machine,  and  to  that  end  must  be 
organized  with  a  singleness  of  purpose  that  will  bring  every  worker 
in  factory,  field,  or  forest  into  direct  co-operation  with  the  men 
on  the  firing  line."  As  to  Conscription  the  close  of  the  year 
(Dec.  29)  saw  this  statement:  "Let  there  be  no  mistake:  Canada 


LIBERALS  AND  THE  WAR  ;  SIR  WILFRID  LAURIER'S  POLICY      417 

has  the  authority  and  the  power  to  call  out  every  man  of  us  to 
defend  our  country.  And  more  than  that :  The  Militia  Act  is  very 
explicit  in  the  power  it  puts  into  the  hands  of  the  Government  of 
Canada."  The  Toronto  Star  was  another  of  the  Liberal  organs 
which  insistently  urged  recruiting ;  it  was  in  its  general  policy  much 
less  severe  in  its  denunciation  of  the  Government;  it  supported 
(Dec.  22)  a  National  Government  of  picked  men  from  all  parties 
and  opposed  a  war-time  Election;  it  was  consistent  in  support  of 
all  possible  war  measures  and  aggressive  war  policies. 

There  was  a  good  deal  of  discussion — largely  in  Liberal  ranks 
and  the  Liberal  press — of  a  reorganized  Government  in  a  coalition 
such  as  the  Asquith  Cabinet  or  a  National  Cabinet  such  as  that  of 
Lloyd  George.  The  St.  Catharines  Standard,  edited  by  W.  B. 
Burgoyne,  Mayor  of  St.  Catharines,  was  the  leading  Conservative 
advocate  of  the  former;  the  Toronto  World,  edited  by  W.  F. 
Maclean,  M.P.,  of  the  latter.  For  both  of  these  policies  the  advan- 
tages claimed  were  unity  of  action,  better  organization  of  work, 
greater  concentration  along  specific  lines,  easier  and  closer  touch 
with  public  opinion,  stronger  action  in  meeting  difficult  problems. 
The  advocates  of  the  National  Government  plan  made  no  reference 
to  the  long  apprenticeship  through  which  Britain  had  passed  by 
its  experience  of  Coalition  and  apparently  expected  one  to  leap  at 
once  into  the  arena,  complete,  and  with  a  national  following  and 
support.  The  Toronto  Star,  (Feb.  4)  made  the  more  feasible  sug- 
gestion that  Sir  Robert  Borden  might  select  for  special  Depart- 
ments men  outside  of  political  ranks — such  as  those  put  in  charge 
of  certain  Commissions.  On  Nov.  17  it  stated  that  if  there  was  an 
Election  and  the  Liberals  were  returned  to  power  it  would  advise 
Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  to  form  a  Cabinet  composed  of  the  best  men 
of  the  Dominion  without  reference  to  party.  The  London  Ad- 
vertiser (May  27)  proposed  a  great  War-board  including  such  men 
as  Sir  Clifford  Sifton,  W.  S.  Fielding,  Sir  D.  D.  Mann,  Pat  Burns, 
and  R.  J.  Fleming.  There  were  some  suggestions  of  a  National 
Government  under  Sir  Thomas  White  and  this  Minister  on  Dec. 
18  found  it  necessary  to  strongly  and  publicly  deny  any  such 
thought  on  his  part,  while  J.  W.  Flavelle  repudiated  a  press  state- 
ment that  he  had  made  such  a  proposal.  The  Rev.  Dr.  S.  G.  Bland, 
a  Western  Liberal,  suggested  such  a  Government  (Toronto  Star, 
Nov.  11)  with  Mr.  Flavelle,  N.  W.  Rowell,  J.  H.  Ashdown,  Winni- 
peg, and  Sir  Adam  Beck  as  members.  The  Coalition  idea  was 
endorsed  by  R.  W.  Leonard,  St.  Catharines,  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C., 
A.  E.  Ames  and  Prof.  G.  M.  Wrong  of  Toronto.  As  the  Govern- 
ment and  its  organs  gave  no  support  to  these  proposals  they  could, 
of  course,  only  remain  political  ideals  or  party  suggestions. 

As  to  future  Empire  policy,  or  changes  caused  by  War,  the 
party  was  non-committal  in  detail,  the  leaders  silent  upon  the 
whole,  their  press  without  conspicuous  change  in  view — though 
some  Liberal  journals  such  as  the  Saskatoon  Phoenix  (June  30) 
admitted  that  "the  need  for  closer  Imperial  relations  has  been  made 
27  - 


418  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

so  very  apparent  that  it  is  extremely  desirable  it  should  become  a 
subject  for  free  and  full  public  discussion."  La  Presse  and  the 
French  Liberal  papers  remained  opposed  to  organized  closer  union ; 
the  Toronto  Globe  opposed  its  discussion  during  War-time.  As  to 
the  rest  it  diagnosed  Imperial  re-organization  as  Centralization  and 
denounced  such  a  policy  with  vigour.  Much  could  be  done,  how- 
ever, without  Federation  or  Centralization  (Oct.  5)  :  "Uniformity 
of  weapons  has  been  shown  to  be  an  absolute  necessity.  The  various 
Dominions  and  Colonies  will  have  to  maintain  the  proportion  of 
infantry  and  artillery  and  cavalry  and  technical  troops  that  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Imperial  Headquarters  Staff  they  ought  to  main 
tain  as  their  contribution  to  the  general  defence  of  the  Empire. 
The  planning  and  construction  of  the  various  local  Navies  must  be 
so  carried  out  that  from  them  shall  be  assembled  in  time  of  peril 
consolidated  Imperial  fleets,  with  their  due  proportions  of  battle- 
ships, cruisers,  destroyers  and  submarines."  So  with  Naval  and 
Tariff  questions.  The  workers  for  closer  unity,  the  new  Imperial- 
ists, were  described  (Mar.  29)  as  trying  to  make  a  Germany  of 
Britain — a  Prussian  despotism  within  the  Empire.  Co-operation, 
not  consolidation,  may  be  said  to  summarize  the  policy  of  this 
journal. 

The  Winnipeg  Free  Press,  holding  a  position  in  the  West 
similar  to  that  of  The  Globe  in  the  East,  took  a  ground  against 
Imperialism  which  almost  involved  Independence.  "Canada, 
(June  22),  we  cannot  but  think,  would  have  done  better  for  her- 
self and  for  the  cause  of  the  Allies  if  from  the  very  beginning  she 
had  gone  into  this  war  as  a  principal,  not  as  an  assistant;  as  a 
nation,  not  as  a  colony."  On  July  1st  it  protested  against  any 
"surrender  of  our  freedom  to  determine,  under  all  circumstances, 
our  course  in  the  world."  On  the  18th,  however,  it  declared  itself 
"passionately  devoted  to  the  vital  maintenance  of  the  solidarity  of 
the  British  Empire  and  an  exponent  of  the  Free  or  Liberal  theory 
of  Empire."  It  was  opposed  to  federation  or  consolidation,  to  an 
Imperial  Council  or  Parliament,  to  any  Central  body,  representative 
or  otherwise,  to  any  tightening  of  bonds  which  "left  loose  have 
proven  strong  as  iron. ' '  The  Toronto  Star  was  influential  in  party 
councils  because  of  its  ability  and  it  took  the  clear  line  of  combined 
liberty  and  loyalty.  It  was  put  thus  on  Jan.  7 :  "  Tested  and 
tried  by  the  fiery  ordeal  of  war,  British  unity  seems  to  be  strong, 
while  each  part  of  the  British  Empire  enjoys  liberty  to  go  its  own 
way  and  is  developed  along  its  own  lines.  Experience  has  been 
the  best  vindication  of  freedom.  Surely  the  lesson  is  that  freedom 
ought  to  be  extended,  not  contracted.  By  all  means  let  there  be 
consultation  and  co-operation  for  common  ends." 

women  and  the  Canadian  women,  during  1916,  as  in  the  earlier 
war;  i.o.D.E.;  period  of  the  War,  did  a  good  deal  to  aid  Patriotic 
woman's  objects  and  to  help  their  country  and  Empire.  There 

were  slackers  amongst  them  as  amongst  the  men,  with 
similar  elements  of  indifference  and  inertia  or  worse;   Suffrage 


WOMEN  AND  THE  WAR;  I.O.D.E. ;  WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE      419 

and  Prohibition,  Pacificism  and  Society,  kept  some  from  labour 
and  helpfulness  just  as  business  and  profits  and  prosperity  and 
selfishness  held  back  many  men  from  active  service.  But,  upon 
the  whole,  a  splendid  spirit  was  shown;  the  organization  of  the 
greater  societies  and  their  myriad  branches  or  interests  was  cap- 
able and  efficient ;  the  work  done  by  thousands  of  individual  women 
was  earnest^  even  strenuous.  It  included  attention  to  the  needs 
of  the  men  in  the  trenches  with  supplies  of  reading  matter,  clothing 
comforts,  games,  tobacco  and  smoking  materials;  the  Red  Cross 
work  with  its  large  requirements  of  Hospital  supplies,  ambulances, 
motors,  lorries  and  immense  numbers  of  sheets,  bedding,  towels, 
socks,  toilet  articles,  surgical  garb,  bandages,  ligatures,  splints,  cot- 
ton, lint,  hot-water  bottles,  books,  games,  and  musical  instruments ; 
the  feeding  of  prisoners  in  Germany  and  Austria  with  supplies  of 
bread  baked  at  Berne  and  the  sending  of  clothing,  shoes,  etc. ;  the 
methodical  arrangement  of  work  in  Canadian  centres  and  local 
care  of  the  dependents  of  soldiers  with  the  systematizing  of  pack- 
ing, sorting,  classifying,  recording  and  shipping  of  supplies;  the 
collection  and  use  of  moneys  which  Sir  Robert  Borden  stated  at 
New  York  on  Nov.  21  had  totalled  from  40  to  50  millions  since  the 
War  began. 

Of  the  Dominion  organizations  the  National  Committee  of 
Women  for  Patriotic  Service  dealt  with  public  issues  such  as  the 
Pacifist  propaganda  or  the  need  of  recruits  and  might  have  dealt 
with  the  food  supply  and  home  economics;  it  laboured  especially 
in  the  collection  of  comforts  for  soldiers  at  the  Front.  Other 
societies  were  strong  in  numbers  but  with  varying  degrees  of 
work.  The  National  Council  of  Women  for  Canada,  with  its 
many  affiliated  societies,  had  an  estimated  membership  of  150,000; 
the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire  had  30,000,  and 
the  Women's  Institutes  of  Ontario  30,000;  the  Home  Makers'  Clubs 
of  the  West  and  the  Women's  Grain  Growers'  Association  had  at 
least  50,000  more ;  the  Women 's  Clubs  for  social,  political,  business, 
journalistic,  suffrage,  trade  union  purposes,  or  in  connection  with 
music,  art,  literature,  travel,  and  various  Associations  of  nurses, 
teachers,  etc.,  had  a  very  large  membership  in  separate  form  and 
with  isolated  activities ;  a  religious  and  missionary  group  connected 
with  the  various  Churches  had  an  estimated  membership  of  200,000.* 
A  large  proportion  of  these  organizations  did  some  kind  of  war- 
work  and  all  the  chief  ones  had  branches  and  a  co-operative  system 
in  the  different  Provinces. 

The  greatest  of  these  organizations,  so  far  as  war-work  was 
concerned,  was  the  I.O.D.E.  Its  500  branches  or  chapters  were  in 
closer  co-operation,  its  policy  more  precise  and  clear,  its  practical 
efforts  better  co-ordinated,  than  in  other  cases.  In  January  310 
chapters  reported  $443,750  collected  for  patriotic  local  purposes; 
the  Order,  as  a  whole  and  in  its  units,  contributed  to  every  kind  of 

*NOTE. — Miss  Marjorie  MacMurchy  had  a  mass  of  detailed  information  on  this 
subject  in  Toronto  Saturday  Night,  Oct.  7,  1916. 


420  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

object — Hospitals  in  England,  Belgian,  Serbian,  Russian,  Polish 
and  French  relief,  Sailors'  Aid  Funds  and  Red  Cross;  the  Provin- 
cial Chapter  of  Manitoba  undertook  in  1916  to  provide  an  Annex 
for  Canadians  to  a  London  Hostel,  it  was  already  maintaining  a 
Returned  Soldiers'  Convalescent  Home  in  "Winnipeg  and,  during 
this  year,  purchased  a  burial  plot  in  a  Winnipeg  cemetery  for 
soldiers  without  friends  or  relatives,  while  its  President,  Mrs. 
Colin  H.  Campbell,  stated  on  Jan.  20  that  the  Order  should  give  at 
least  $500,000  yearly  to  War  objects;  the  Provincial  Chapter  of 
Saskatchewan  illustrated  a  less  conspicuous  phase  of  activity  by 
the  address  of  its  President,  Mrs.  Melville  Martin,  (Apr.  12)  in 
her  statement  that  "perhaps  the  most  important  part  of  our  work 
has  consisted  in  the  preparation  and  sending  forward  of  field  com- 
forts for  the  men  in  the  trenches  with  chapters  working  untiringly 
to  prepare  socks,  shirts,  mufflers,  helmets  and  mitts,  and  the 
result  has  been  that  very  large  quantities  of  these  articles  have 
gone  forward  from  this  Province ' ' ;  the  British  Columbia  Provincial 
Chapter  required  two  pages  in  the  local  press  to  describe  a  detailed 
and  infinitely  varied  year's  work  which,  under  the  leadership  of 
Mrs.  Henry  Croft  and  Mrs.  B.  M.  Hazell,  General  Secretary,  cov- 
ered every  phase  of  War  help — Imperial,  Allies  and  purely  local. 
The  miscellaneous  nature  of  the  work  done  by  individual  Chapters 
was  vastly  varied.  It  included  the  raising  of  money  by  tea-rooms, 
collection  boxes  in  shops  and  hotels,  concerts,  church  entertainments, 
bazaars,  military  tournaments,  picnics,  tag-days  and  special  collec- 
tions on  Alexandra  (Rose)  Day,  Kitchener  Day,  Discovery  Day 
(Yukon),  Belgian  and  Red  Cross  Days,  etc.,  the  contribution  of 
field  comforts  and  all  forms  of  supplies  for  the  Front,  the  making 
of  multitudes  of  socks,  mufflers  and  articles  of  clothing,  the  opening 
and  maintenance  of  local  reading  rooms,  recreation  tents  and  sol- 
diers' clubs,  the  supply  of  churches  with  Honour  Rolls  of  men 
enlisted,  the  contribution  of  beds  to  Canadian  hospitals,  the  col- 
lection and  presentation  of  thousands  of  books,  the  making  of 
thousands  of  jars  of  jam,  the  presentation  of  flags  and  flag-poles. 
The  16th  annual  meeting  of  the  Order  was  held  in  Toronto  on 
May  16-19  with  290  Delegates  present  from  387  chapters  and  Mrs. 
A.  E.  Gooderham,  President,  in  the  chair.  Reports  were  read 
from  the  Provincial  Chapters  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and 
British  Columbia  and  the  Municipal  Chapters  of  Victoria,  Van- 
couver, Hamilton,  Kingston,  London,  Edmonton,  Sherbrooke,  Mon- 
treal, St.  Catharines,  Toronto  and  Quebec,  together  with  statements 
from  the  Imperial  Order  of  the  British  Empire  in  the  United 
States,  read  by  its  President,  Mrs.  Elliott  Langstaff,  and  from  the 
Victoria  League,  London.  Resolutions  were  passed,  unanimously, 
in  favour  of  Military  Training  in  the  Schools  and  asking  the  Domin- 
ion Government  to  prohibit  the  importation  of  enemy  goods  after 
the  War.  Mrs.  Gooderham,  in  her  annual  Address,  reviewed  the  War 
situation  briefly  and  declared  that  the  I.O.D.E.  had  done  its  share : 
"The  growth  of  the  Order  in  the  past  two  years  has  been  phe- 


WOMEN  AND  THE  WAR;  I.O.D.E.;  WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE      421 

nomenal.  It  is  now  immeasurably  the  largest  Woman 's  organization 
in  the  Empire,  and  its  leadership  in  patriotic  work  is  everywhere 
recognized.  But  it  is  not  merely  on  account  of  its  bigness  that  we 
feel  a  pride  in  our  Order,  but  because  of  the  earnestness  of  its 
members."  She  denounced  fault-finding  and  slander  as  being 
destructive  of  the  Empire 's  ideals  of  justice  and  truth,  freedom  and 
honour ;  described  the  most  important  corporate  work  of  the  Order 
during  the  year  as  the  founding  of  the  Empire  annex  to  the  Maple 
Leaf  Club  in  London,  and  dealt  with  the  work  of  the  I.O.D.E.  Red 
Cross  Hospital ;  eulogized  the  voluntary  recruiting  spirit  of  Britain 
and  Canada  but  declared  the  time  had  come  here  for  a  change  of 
system  as  in  England ;  referred  to  the  splendid  work  of  the  Royal 
Navy  and  the  Order 's  contribution  of  a  wing  to  the  Naval  Hospital. 
As  to  the  future:  "Thousands  of  men  who  have  learned  to  make 
sacrifices  for  their  ideals  are  going  to  be  among  the  builders  of  our 
new  Canada.  They  will  be  helped  by  the  presence  of  the  noble 
women  who  have  worked  and  watched  and  prayed  during  the  dark 
hours  of  the  War  and  we  Daughters  of  the  Empire  must  do  our 
part."  An  able  address  followed  from  Mrs.  A.  W.  McDougald  of 
Montreal  and  Reports  were  read  by  various  officers  and  from  the 
National  Chapters  of  the  Bahamas  and  Newfoundland.  The  officers 
elected,  or  re-elected  in  most  cases,  were  as  follows : 

President     Mrs.  A.   E.   Gooderham    Toronto 

Vice-President Lady  Mackenzie    Toronto 

Vice-President Mrs.   E.   F.   B.  Johnston    Toronto 

Vice-President Mrs.   Charles   G.   Henshaw    Vancouver 

Vice-President Mrs.  W.   R.  Riddoll    Toronto 

Hon.    Secretary    Mrs.   H.   W.   Auden    Toronto 

Hon.    Treasurer    Mrs.   John  Bruce    Toronto 

Org. -Secretary     Mrs.  J.  Murray  Clark    Toronto 

Educational  Secretary    Mrs.   Geo.   H.   Smith St.  Catharine! 

Standard   Bearer    Mrs.  H.  R.  Fraser   /.  .  .  .  Sherbrooke 

This  work  of  the  I.O.D.E.  was  organized  but  in  details  it  was 
the  same  as  that  of  many  other  Women's  organizations  in  Canada. 
Women's  Institutes,  etc.,  on  the  farms,  Women's  Canadian  Clubs 
and  special  War  Societies  in  the  cities,  Ladies'  Aid  Societies  in 
the  churches,  the  Y.W.C.A.  amongst  social  organizations,  showed 
many  activities  and  much  work.  Speakers  such  as  Lady  Gwendolen 
Guinness,  the  Countess  of  Limerick,  Mrs.  Pankhurst,  the  Marchion- 
ess of  Aberdeen,  and  others  who  visited  Canada  during  the  year, 
helped  to  stir  up  enthusiasm  and  effort.  Mrs.  Pankhurst,  in  parti- 
cular,— at  Toronto  on  Mar.  10-12,  Winnipeg  Mar.  19,  Victoria 
June  7,  Vancouver  June  8,  Edmonton  June  14 — made  eloquent 
appeals  to  the  manhood  of  Canada  for  aid  in  the  trenches  and  to 
the  women  for  work  and  support.  At  Toronto  she  spoke  strongly 
against  any  man  fit  for  military  service  occupying  the  place  that  a 
woman,  with  a  little  training,  could  fill,  and  said  that  while  there 
were  at  present  three  women  to  one  man  in  munitions  factories  in 
England,  they  would  not  relax  efforts  there  until  they  had  six 
women  to  every  man.  At  Winnipeg  Mrs.  Pankhurst  declared  that 
"the  fight  is  for  justice  and  for  civilization,  and  the  Empire  will 
not  be  fully  prepared  until  every  man  is  ready  to  fight  as  are  the 
men  of  other  countries."  At  Victoria  she  pointed  out  that  this 


422  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

was  also  a  woman's  war:  "All  that  woman  has  been  hoping  for 
is  in  the  balance.  If  this  struggle  is  lost  civilization  that  is  based 
on  right  and  justice  will  disappear  and  the  policy  of  force  and 
autocracy  will  come  in  its  place. ' '  She  favoured  compulsory  service 
but  at  Vancouver  made  a  strong  recruiting  appeal :  ' '  How  will  you 
like  to  think  that  the  man  you  love  has  allowed  other  men  to  do 
his  duty  for  him  while  he  sheltered  himself  behind  the  sacrifice  of 
other  men?  How  will  you  like  to  feel  as  a  mother  of  sons  when 
other  mothers  have  sacrificed  their  sons  for  you  and  your  sons* 
It  is  the  duty  of  women  to  remind  men  that  they  are  not  fully 
awake  to  the  War  and  their  need  of  service. ' ' 

All  over  the  country  the  women  were  working  on  Red  Cross 
supplies  and,  as  an  illustration  may  be  mentioned  the  Winnipeg 
Women's  Auxiliary  which  in  a  year  and  a  half  prepared,  packed 
and  shipped  5  carloads  valued  at  $55,988,  with,  in  May,  1916,  140 
women  meeting  daily  for  work  and  a  record  in  surgical  dressings, 
alone,  of  885  tins  despatched  in  six  months — made,  sterilized,  can- 
ned and  sealed.  The  Local  Council  of  Women  in  London  raised 
$100,000  during  the  year  for  patriotic  and  relief  purposes;  the 
Toronto  Women's  Patriotic  League  had  a  record  of  really  amaz- 
ing work  which  included  4,000,000  articles  of  all  kinds  sent  to  the 
Front,  270  Eed  Cross  Circles  and  untiring  individual  workers; 
Queen  Mary's  Needlework  Guild  conducted  in  Canada  by  Miss 
Welland  Merritt,  Lady  Williams- Taylor  and  others,  continued  a 
work  of  which  the  nature  was  indicated  in  an  appeal  from  Her 
Majesty  the  Queen  in  November  asking  for  mittens,  mufflers,  socks, 
gloves,  pyjamas,  blankets,  etc.,  and  to  the  receipt  of  nearly  4,000,- 
000  articles  from  many  lands  in  the  past  26  months. 

The  work  of  the  900  Women's  Institutes  in  Ontario  was  varied. 
Sales  of  home  cooking  were  held,  butter  and  eggs  were  contributed 
for  sale,  meals  were  served  at  the  autumn  fairs,  autograph  quilts 
were  made,  jitney  lines  were  run,  papers  and  rubbers  were  col- 
lected and  sold;  there  were  tag  days,  flag  days,  Rose  days  and 
$50,000  was  contributed  to  the  Hospital  Ship  Fund,  Red  Cross  and 
Belgian  Relief ;  a  motor  ambulance  was  given  by  the  Simcoe  County 
Institutes  and  several  districts  gave  machine  guns  and  field  kitch- 
ens; many  individual  Institutes  paid  for  cots  in  field  and  sta- 
tionary hospitals ;  innumerable  shipments  of  jams,  jellies,  and  home- 
made candies  were  sent  overseas  with  many  bundles  of  hospital  and 
medical  supplies,  clothing  and  knitted  goods.  The  Women's  Con- 
servative Club  of  Toronto,  headed  by  Mrs.  Arthur  Van  Koughnet, 
did  splendid  service  in  the  collection  and  despatch  of  soldiers '  com- 
forts of  every  description — the  annual  Report  to  June  1,  1916, 
showing  719,211  articles  sent  forward  and  including  98,111  hos- 
pital supplies,  95,000  candles,  173,050  woollen  socks— with  also 
large  quantities  of  tobacco,  packages  of  cigarettes,  soap,  boric  acid, 
maple  sugar,  etc.;  the  Toronto  Women's  Liberal  Association  was 
also  active  with  thousands  of  suits  of  pyjamas,  surgical  dressings, 
etc.,  forwarded  together  with  the  equipment  of  recreation  rooms 


WOMEN  AND  THE  WAR;  I.O.D.E.;  WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE      423 

and  officers'  wards  at  the  Gerrard  Street  Base  Hospital.  The 
Women's  Canadian  Clubs  did  not  organize  work  with  the  same 
energy  as  many  other  Societies — the  members  merged  largely  in 
other  organizations.  That  of  Montreal  gave  $2,140  to  various  Funds, 
urged  compulsory  military  service  (Nov.  24)  and  inaugurated  a 
Woman 's  War  Register  for  workers ;  the  Vancouver  Club  gave  $3,- 
500  to  the  Prisoners  of  War  Fund  and  the  Winnipeg  and  Victoria 
Clubs  were  exceptionally  active — the  latter  collecting  $6,000  on 
June  4  to  help  returned  soldiers  and  sending  many  comforts  to  the 
troops ;  that  of  Toronto  under  Mrs.  James  George  did  good  work  in 
aiding  recruiting. 

Women  did  much  in  this  last  connection.  In  Toronto  on  Jan.  j 
1  the  Woman's  Emergency  Corps  of  No.  2  Military  District  was 
organized  with  Mrs.  A.  M.  Huestis  as  President  and  Mrs.  E.  D. 
Fairbairn  as  Hon.  Secretary;  of  the  Toronto  branch  Mrs.  Wil- 
loughby  Cummings  was  appointed  President.  The  object  was  to  \ 
aid  recruiting  through  a  registration  of  all  women  available  to 
take  the  places  and  do  the  work  of  men  eligible  for  active  service. 
Delegates  were  present  from  20  Ontario  centres  and  other  branches 
were  quickly  formed.  Mrs.  L.  A.  Hamilton,  President  of  the  Equal 
Franchise  League,  made  a  vigorous  appeal  in  London  on  Feb.  24 
and  a  Branch  was  formed  with  Mrs.  Gordon  Wright  as  President  : 
' '  There  is  just  one  important  job  at  this  present  moment,  and  that 
is  the  defence  of  our  country.  Nothing  in  the  world  should  stand 
before  that.  If  we  don't  defend  our  country  we  won't  have  it. 
.  .  ..  This  work  for  our  country  must  come  first.  If  it  does  not, 
what  then?  If  Germany  overcomes  the  British,  Canadians  will  be 
very  much  in  her  way.  There  will  be  things  done  in  Canada  we 
cannot  speak  of."  The  women  of  Belgium,  of  Serbia,  Roumania, 
Poland  and  Montenegro  deserved  sympathy  and  support. 

Mrs.  Grace  McLeod  Rogers,  the  Canadian  authoress,  was  an- 
other woman  who  did  her  bit  in  speaking.  At  St.  John  on  Feb.  28 
she  deprecated  so-called  Patriotic  dances  and  referred  to  the  effect 
these  social  gatherings  had  on  ''the  young  men  who  were  there  in 
their  silk  hose  and  patent  slippers,  while  other  boys  at  the  Front 
were  standing  on  guard  all  through  the  night  knee  deep  in  water. ' ' 
From  the  Citizens'  Recruiting  League  of  Saskatoon  at  this  time 
(Mar.  11)  went  out  10,000  circulars  signed  by  the  mothers  and 
wives  of  local  men  who  had  enlisted,  urging  the  social  boycott  of 
the  slacker — dealing  with  "the  man  who  prefers  to  allow  others  to 
fight  for  him  so  that  he  may  pursue  a  comfortable  occupation,  the 
man  who  is  influenced  by  the  selfish  appeal  either  of  mother  or 
wife,  the  man  who  claims  his  business  would  go  to  pieces  without 
him,  and  the  others — call  them  what  you  may.  You  entertain 
these  wretched  apologies  in  your  homes,  you  accept  their  donations, 
their  theatre  tickets,  their  flowers,  their  cars.  You  go  with  them 
to  watch  the  troops  parade.  You  foully  wrong  their  manhood  by 
encouraging  them  to  perform  their  parlour  tricks  while  Europe  is 
burning  up." 


424  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

At  Toronto,  on  June  12,  a  mass  meeting  of  Women  workers  in 
the  War  was  held  with  Presidents  or  delegates  present  from  120 
Women's  organizations.  Col.  G.  H.  Williams,  Ontario  Recruiting 
Officer,  was  Chairman  and  a  number  of  prominent  ladies  were  on 
the  platform.  Everyone  was  knitting  socks  and  speeches  were 
delivered  by  Lieut.-Col.  Lome  Mulloy  and  Mrs.  Willoughby  Cum- 
mings,  who  urged  that  women  be  allowed  to  do  their  share  in  muni- 
tion work  as  in  England  and  France ;  Mrs.  A.  M.  Huestis,  Mrs.  A. 
E.  Gooderham  and  Mrs.  H.  P.  Plump tre  were  chosen  as  delegates 
to  present  this  view  at  the  coming  annual  meeting  of  the  Manufac- 
turers '  at  Hamilton.  Miss  Constance  Boulton  was  emphatic :  * '  The 
voluntary  system  is  testing  our  democracy  through  the  individual 
response  of  our  men  to  their  national  obligations.  If  they  do  their 
duty  the  voluntary  system  is  the  finest  thing  in  the  world,  but  if 
they  are  going  to  let  others  fight  their  battles,  it  is  the  most  de- 
graded, the  most  cruel,  the  most  selfish  system  that  ever  existed  in 
the  world."  Resolutions  were  passed  (1)  calling  upon  the  Domin- 
ion Government  "to  register  all  men  of  military  age,  and  to  give 
badges  to  all  those  who  are  required  at  home  for  the  essential 
industries  of  the  nation,  including  women,  and  those  who  are 
medically  unfit,  and  further,  to  classify  all  sources  of  national 
wealth,  including  the  services  of  women";  and  (2)  recording  "un- 
dying gratitude  to  our  brave  men,  together  with  our  sympathy  for 
the  mourners,  the  wounded  and  the  prisoners,  and  the  pledge  to  do 
all  in  our  power  to  secure  victory."  A  Montreal  incident  of  the 
year  was  the  address  of  Lady  Williams-Taylor  (June  22)  at  a 
recruiting  meeting  for  the  Irish-Canadians  with  these  heartfelt 
and  eloquent  words  used  after  a  reference  to  German  atrocities: 

I  was  told  yesterday  that  'this  sort  of  thing  is  not  women's  work.'  If 
it  is  not  then  what  is  a  woman's  work?  Haven't  women  souls  to  shrink  with 
horror  at  such  atrocities  as  this  world  has  never  known?  Haven't  women 
homes  to  cherish?  Haven't  women  hearts  and  souls  to  sicken  at  the  treatment 
these  Huns  have  meted  out  to  our  sisters  of  Belgium,  France  and,  worst  of 
all,  Poland?  .  .  .  Those  of  you  who  have  not  felt  the  proud  glow  of  put- 
ting on  the  King's  khaki,  or  thrilled  to  the  rhythm  of  marching  shoulder  to 
shoulder  with  your  fellowmen — join  to-night.  Think  of  broken,  betrayed  Bel- 
gium, of  blood-drenched  Flanders,  of  that  fair  Northern  France,  that  garden 
of  peace  and  plenty,  now  a  shell-ploughed  field  of  sudden  death.  Think  of  the 
broken  altars  and  desecrated  shrines,  and  think  of  the  foul  orgies  now  held, 
where  but  two  years  ago  the  novice  prayed.  Again  and  again  I  ask  you  to 
think  well,  and  if  you  are  men  with  red  blood  in  your  veins  you'll  go. 

At  Regina  on  June  26  a  Woman's  Recruiting  League  was  formed 
after  an  address  from  Mrs.  John  Scott  of  the  Montreal  Women's 
Recruiting  League  and  Lieut.-Governor  R.  S.  Lake;  in  Saskatoon 
Miss  Florence  Moffitt  donned  khaki  and  worked  hard  to  obtain 
recruits,  while  at  Moose  Jaw  Miss  F.  G.  Wood,  with  Lieutenant's 
rank  and  uniform,  rode  5,000  miles  over  the  prairies,  enlisted  700 
men  and  in  October  was  on  her  way  to  a  base  hospital  in  France  ; 
at  Hamilton  on  June  27  a  meeting  of  2,000  women  passed  a  Resolu- 
tion similar  to  that  of  Toronto;  at  Montreal  on  Sept.  12  a  mass- 
meeting  with  Dr.  Grace  Ritchie  England  in  the  chair,  passed  a 


WOMEN  AND  THE  WAR;  I.O.D.E. ;  WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE      425 

motion  in  favour  of  Government  Registration.  In  Toronto  on  Nov. 
21  the  Local  Council  of  Women  carried  a  Resolution  in  favour  of 
Conscription  after  Dr.  Margaret  Gordon,  the  Suffrage  leader,  had 
declared  that  "mothers  who  have  sons  at  the  Front  are  anxious  to 
have  other  mothers'  sons  sent  over  to  be  shot!"  Mrs.  E.  A.  Kantel 
and  Mrs.  A.  C.  Courtice  joined  her  in  voting  against  the  motion. 
For  War  services  in  Canada  a  number  of  women  were  decorated 
with  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  including  Miss  Mary 
Pinkham,  Calgary,  Mrs.  R.  Wilson  Reford,  and  Mme.  J.  R.  Thi- 
baudeau,  Montreal,  Lady  Gibson,  Hamilton,  Miss  Laura  M.  Ryer- 
son,  Toronto,  Lady  Tupper,  Vancouver,  Mrs.  Henry  Croft,  Vic- 
toria, Miss  Helen  Reid,  Montreal,  and  Mrs.  P.  D.  Crerar,  Hamilton. 
A  proposal  made  by  W.  A.  Fraser,  the  Toronto  novelist,  that  a 
Silver  Cross  should  be  granted  by  the  Government  to  the  Mothers 
or  wives  of  slain  soldiers  was  warmly  received  and  endorsed  in 
various  quarters  but  the  right  method  for  invoking  such  a  com- 
pliment was  apparently  not  taken — the  King  and  not  the  Govern- 
ment being  the  fountain  of  Honour  for  the  Empire. 

As  with  men  so  with  women,  there  was  a  class  who  hampered 
recruiting  and  all  the  appeals  of  1916  speakers  showed  the  force  of 
this  negative  influence.  The  Hamilton  Recruiting  League  pro- 
tested (Jan.  4)  against  women  refusing  to  allow  their  sons  to 
enlist ;  the  109th  Overseas  Battalion  in  Toronto,  at  this  time,  made 
an  advertising  appeal  to  women  to  rise  to  the  occasion  and  persuade 
their  sons  to  do  their  duty;  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott,  after  much  experi- 
ence in  the  work,  stated  (Apr.  5)  that  " there  are  certain  churches 
in  the  Province  where  ministers  have  not  dared  to  preach  sermons 
on  the  War,  since  the  very  outbreak  of  hostilities,  because  the 
women  of  these  communities  will  not  hear  anything  that  savours  of 
recruiting";  there  was  continued  work  by  the  W.C.T.U.  against 
what  it  called  Militarism  and  a  persistent  talk  of  peace  which 
helped  to  deaden  many  a  woman 's  conscience  as  to  the  existing  war 
and  the  duty  of  her  sons.  Mrs.  Cummings,  at  a  Women's  meeting 
in  Toronto  on  Mar.  30,  declared  that  there  was  "appalling  apathy 
among  many  women  while  some  were  openly  hostile  to  recruiting ; ' ' 
Lieut.-CoL  Bradley  of  the  149th  Battalion  told  a  Sarnia  meeting 
(Apr.  2)  that  "there  are  two  classes  of  women  in  the  country, 
those  who  give  their  men,  seeing  their  duty,  and  those  who  try  to 
prevent  them  from  enlisting ' ' ;  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H.  Price  of  the  204th 
made  this  point  (Apr.  8)  in  Toronto:  "I  am  not  blaming  the 
young  men.  I  am  blaming  the  women.  Some  mothers  seem  to 
think  there  is  something  different  about  their  sons,  some  peculiar 
reason  why  their  sons  should  not  enlist,  while  the  sons  of  other 
women  on  the  same  street  should."  Still,  with  all  this  the  slack- 
ness amongst  women  was  not  more  general  than  amongst  men  and 
it  was  much  more  natural.  All  the  more  honour  to  those  who  saw 
their  duty  and  did  it : 

"Eoom,  sirs,  room,  within  your  portals, 
Bare  your   foreheads   if   you   can, 

She  who  stands  upon  your  threshold 
Is  the  mother  of  a  man. ' ' 


426  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

As  to  war- work  in  factories,  etc.,  the  development  was  gradual 
during  the  year  and  part  of  the  difficulty  was  due  to  the  reluctance 
of  many  manufacturers  to  employ  women  as  long  as  they  could  get 
men — though  the  1911  Census  showed  98,561  women  as  engaged 
in  industrial  work  and  266,000  other  female  workers.  At  no  time 
was  there  any  effort  proportionate  to  that  of  Great  Britain  where 
at  the  close  of  1916  there  were  420,000  women  engaged  in  muni- 
tions, 120,000  as  clerks,  40,000  in  transport  services,  58,000  in 
metal-work  apart  from  munitions,  111,000  in  clothing  and  similar 
trades,  84,000  in  agriculture  and  gardening,  and  so  on.  In  Canada 
they  early  found  a  place  in  Banks,  in  the  shipping  departments  of 
Express  offices,  in  summer  berry-picking,  as  drivers  of  Red  Cross 
ambulances,  in  the  taking  of  courses  of  St.  John 's  Ambulance  train- 
ing for  nurses,  etc.,  in  the  preparing  and  shipping  of  $8,000,000 
worth  of  Red  Cross  supplies  and  Belgian  or  French  relief  work. 
But  there  was  no  organized  replacement  of  eligible  men  when,  in 
January,  the  campaign  was  started  in  Toronto  and  Ontario  with 
that  object  in  view.  .  So  far  as  Toronto  was  concerned  it  was  said 
that  there  were  14,700  men  engaged  as  sales  clerks,  street  car  con- 
ductors, book-keepers,  tailors,  chauffeurs  or  in  the  delivery  of  bread 
and  groceries,  and  in  Banks,  the  Postal  service  or  munition  work, 
who  could  be  replaced  by  women.  The  Women's  Emergency  Corps 
did  splendid  work  along  these  lines.  With  the  energetic  co-opera- 
tion of  J.  M.  Godfrey  of  the  Recruiting  League,  conferences  were 
held  with  other  organizations  such  as  the  Manufacturers,  Retail 
Merchants  and  Board  of  Trade ;  women  were  registered  by  hun- 
dreds and  then  thousands;  similar  Leagues  were  formed  in  Lon- 
don, Brantford,  Peterborough,  Hamilton,  Saskatoon,  Montreal  and 
other  points. 

The  labour  shortage  of  August  strengthened  the  movement,  the 
Imperial  Munitions  Board  backed  it  up  vigorously  and  the  Ontario 
Government  joined  in.  Still  the  manufacturers  hesitated  and  with 
800  women  registered  in  Toronto  on  Aug.  14  only  200  had  been 
called  though  in  County  Grey  at  this  time  500  women  were  said  to 
be  doing  field-work.  Gradually,  however,  the  demand  forced  the 
issue  so  far  as  munitions  were  concerned  and  then  difficulties  be- 
came obvious — unsanitary  surroundings,  lack  of  conveniences,  too 
many  hours'  work  and  lack  of  comprehension  or  care  as  to  the 
strain  on  a  woman's  physique.  Miss  Wiseman,  appointed  by  the 
Munitions  Board  to  supervise  matters,  stated  on  Oct.  18  that  work- 
ers generally  received  25  cents  an  hour  and  that  matrons  had  been 
appointed  in  the  factories.  Canteens  were  established  in  the  larger 
factories  and  certain  comforts  slowly  introduced  with  the  Y.W.C.A. 
in  charge.  M.  H.  Irish,  M.L.A.,  who  was  looking  after  labour  con- 
ditions in  Dominion  munition  factories,  stated  on  Nov.  8  that  the 
adaptability  of  female  workers  in  an  8-weeks'  trial  had  been  fully 
tested  and  that  6,000  were  employed  in  Canada  with  4,000  of 
these  in  Toronto.  Miss  Wiseman  (Nov.  14)  aroused  a  storm  by 
saying  that  educated  women  were  not  needed  at  Munitions;  Miss 


WOMEN  AND  THE  WAR;  I.O.D.E.;  WOMAN'S  SUFFRAGE      427 

Boulton  vigorously  denied  the  statement  and  regretted  the  slur 
upon  the  leisured  women  who  had  accepted  the  patriotic  call  of 
the  Munitions  Board.  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott  largely  agreed  with  Miss 
Wiseman  and  put  the  matter  as  follows:  "Women  of  the  untrained 
leisure  class  desiring  to  do  patriotic  work  should  go  into  factories, 
other  than  munition  plants,  and  learn  to  handle  machinery. ' '  Mean- 
while, the  British  Columbia  manufacturers  had  opened  a  Bureau 
to  register  women ;  on  Dec.  30,  1,200  Toronto  munition  women 
were  entertained  at  supper  by  organizations  interested. 

Despite  the  War,  really  helped  by  the  War,  the  work  of  Woman 
Suffrage  advocates  went  on  in  1916  and  triumphed  in  Manitoba, 
Alberta  and  Saskatchewan.  Its  influence,  in  a  war  connection, 
was  very  like  that  of  Prohibition  amongst  the  men — confusing  the 
issue,  distributing  energies,  dividing  counsels.  Women  like  Mrs. 
Nellie  McClung  were  labouring  earnestly  for  a  vote  when  their 
force  and  eloquence  could  have  done  much  to  aid  recruiting.  The 
work  of  women  in  the  War  which  proved  their  capacity  aided  the 
women  who  were  agitating  for  the  suffrage;  the  combined  forces 
won  much  success.  The  Hon.  Wm.  Pugsley  (Lib.)  introduced  the 
subject  in  Parliament  on  Feb.  28  in  a  motion  asking  the  Government 
"to  amend  the  Dominion  Elections  Act  so  as  to  provide  that  upon 
any  Province  of  Canada  enacting  legislation  giving  women  the 
right  to  vote  for  members  of  the  Provincial  Legislature,  such 
women  as  are  on  the  Provincial  voters'  lists,  or  as  are  otherwise 
entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  Legislature  in  such  Province, 
shall  also,  unless  otherwise  disqualified,  have  the  right  to  vote  at 
elections  for  members  of  this  House."  He  reviewed  the  action 
or  policy  of  Canada  historically  and  based  his  claim  chiefly  upon 
the  conduct  of  women  in  the  War.  G.  W.  Kyte  (Lib.)  strongly 
opposed  the  motion.  Women  were  the  equals  of  men  yet  they  were 
not  on  the  Boards  of  great  financial  or  industrial  bodies,  nor  were 
they  the  creators  of  wealth  in  this  country.  If  they  had  the  same 
privileges  as  men  they  must  have  the  same  obligations — shoulder 
their  guns  and  take  their  places  in  the  trenches!  He  pointed  to 
the  vast  differences  between  the  functions  of  men  and  women — 
natural,  physical,  mental  and  social ;  he  claimed  that  ' '  the  right  to 
vote  is  not  a  contest  between  the  women  in  the  United  States  and 
England  who  seek  the  franchise  and  the  men  who  are  opposed  to 
it,  but  is  rather  between  the  women  who  are  in  favour  of  the 
exercise  of  the  suffrage  and  the  vast  majority  of  the  women  in 
those  countries  who  do  not  want  to  exercise  the  suffrage." 

G.  E.  MeCraney,  E.  W.  Nesbitt,  J.  G.  Turriff,  E.  B.  Devlin, 
(Liberals)  supported  the  motion,  and  Edmond  Proulx  (Lib.) 
opposed  it  as  the  Suffrage  would,  in  his  opinion,  bring  politics  and 
dissension  into  the  home;  Dr.  Michael  Clark  (Lib.)  contended 
that  the  policy  would  purify  politics,  check  corruption,  promote 
peace  and  improve  society.  The  Hon.  Robt.  Rogers  was  in  favour 
of  a  Dominion-wide  franchise  for  women;  Sir  Robert  Borden  de- 
precated the  grant  of  a  Federal  vote  to  women  in  one  Province  and 


428  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

not  in  all.  "When  the  whole  question  of  the  Federal  franchise  is 
taken  into  consideration,  the  enfranchisement  of  women  must  be 
considered,  not  in  relation  to  any  individual  province  or  provinces 
of  Canada,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  the  whole  Dominion."  The 
motion  was  negatived  on  division.  The  policy  it  outlined  was  sup- 
ported by  the  Toronto  Globe  on  Sept.  9. 

Mrs.  Nellie  L.  McClung  of  Edmonton  continued  her  advocacy 
of  Suffrage  rights  during  this  year,  and  at  Minneapolis,  U.S.  (May 
7)  made  this  characteristic  remark:  "Women  have  cleaned  up 
things  since  time  began;  and  if  women  get  into  politics  there  will 
be  a  cleaning  up  of  pigeon-holes  and  forgotten  corners  in  which  the 
dust  of  years  has  fallen."  At  a  meeting  in  Regina  on  June  24, 
attended  by  Mrs.  A.  B.  Ormsby,  Toronto,  Mrs.  Gordon  Wright, 
London,  Mrs.  John  Scott,  Montreal  and  others,  it  was  decided  to 
form  a  Federal  Equal  Franchise  League  and  a  representative  Com- 
mittee was  appointed  with  Mrs.  McClung  as  Chairman.  In  a 
Winnipeg  church  on  Oct.  15  Mrs.  McClung  expressed  the  view, 
running  like  a  silver  thread  through  the  whole  advocacy  of  Woman 
Suffrage,  that  religious-moral  legislation  was  the  main  thing,  that 
everything,  war  and  peace  alike,  turned  upon  it,  with  Prohibition 
of  the  liquor  traffic  as  the  greatest  modern  need.  A  Suffrage 
tour  of  14  American  States  followed  with  meetings  at  Philadelphia, 
Boston,  Providence,  Baltimore,  etc.  At  New  York  on  Nov.  3  she 
was  entertained  by  the  American  Woman's  Suffrage  Association 
at  luncheon  and  spoke  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  6.  Other  speeches  fol- 
lowed in  the  States  and  Canada. 

A  curious  phase  of  women's  first  essays  in  public  affairs  was  a 
request  presented  to  Sir  Robert  Borden  in  Winnipeg,  on  Dec.  10, 
by  Mrs.  McClung,  Mrs.  A.  V.  Thomas  and  others  that  ' '  the  Domin- 
ion Government  should  actively  discourage  any  further  action  on 
the  part  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  bringing  to  Canada  from  Eng- 
land 10,000  war  widows  with  their  dependents,  and  further  that 
the  Dominion  Government  should  refuse  to  allow  any  individuals 
or  private  corporations  to  carry  on  any  immigration  schemes." 
Competition  with  Canadian  women  was  the  chief  argument  used. 
A  strong  and  expected  element  of  opposition  to  this  movement  was 
that  of  Roman  Catholicism  and,  of  course,  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec, and  the  following  extract  from  a  public  message  by  Cardinal 
Gibbons  indicated  the  point  of  view:  "I  regard  'woman's  rights' 
women,  and  the  leaders  of  the  new  school  of  female  progress  as  the 
worst  enemies  of  the  female  sex.  The  most  precious  undeveloped 
asset  of  any  nation  is  its  children.  An  all-wise  God,  through  the 
law  of  nature,  has  committed  this  precious  treasure  in  a  special 
manner  to  the  mother.  Any  occupation,  however  alluring  in  its 
specious  pretense,  which  draws  woman's  attention  from  her  most 
exalted  duties  of  motherhood,  will  result  in  detriment  to  the  nation 
and  the  race."  In  Toronto  the  local  Women's  Patriotic  League 
passed  a  Resolution  on  Nov.  27  declaring  that  "we  deprecate  the 
fact  that  organized  societies  of  women  are  spending  money,  time 


CANADIAN  LABOUR  AND  THE  WAR;  ALIEN  PROBLEMS          429 

and  energy  on  a  campaign  which  tends  to  divide  women  at  a  time 
such  as  the  present  when  the  united  efforts  of  the  women  of  Canada 
should  be  put  forth  in  valiant  service  for  the  Empire.  '  '  Some  active 
women  workers  in  Canada  during  the  year,  in  addition  to  those 
referred  to  above,  may  be  mentioned  as  follows  : 

Mrs.   E.  Atherton  Smith    ........  St.   John  Mrs.  Vere  Brown    .............  Winnipeg 

Mrs.   Chas.    Archibald    ...........  Halifax  Mrs.   R.    C.    Osborne    ..........  Winnipeg 

Mrs.   R.  M.  Dennistoun    ........  Winnipeg  Mrs.*  Duncan    Smith    ..........  Edmonton 

Mrs.   P.   D.   Crerar    ..........  .  .  Hamilton  Mrs.   Arthur    Murphy    .........  Edmonton 

Miss    Helen    Reid     .............  Montreal  Miss  Pinkham    .................  Calgary 

Lady   Tilley    ..................  St.    John  Mrs.   G.  A.   Kuhring    ...........  St.   John 

Lady    Tupper     ...............  Vancouver  Mrs.   E.    M.    Renouf    ...........  Montreal 

Mrs.  H.    R.   Praser    ..........  Sherhrooke  Mrs.   A.   F.   Griffiths    ............  Victoria 

Mrs.  Wm.   Dennis    ..............  Halifax  Mrs.  P.   S.  Barnard    ............  Victoria 

Mrs.   R.  Wilson  Reford   .........  Montreal  Mrs.   L.    A.    Hamilton  ............  Toronto 


workingmen  of  Canada  did  well  in  this  time 
of  stress  ;  they  did  much  better  than  some  had  ex- 
the  war:  Alien  pected  in  view  of  their  close  affiliation  with  U.  S. 
Problems  in  Trades  Unionism  —  chiefly  the  American  Federation 
of  Labour.  The  membership  of  the  Trades  and 
Labour  Congress  of  Canada,  which  was  international  in  its  rela- 
tions and  responsibilities,  was  (1915)  71,419,  and  of  other  organ- 
izations 71,924;  enlistments  up  to  the  close  of  1915,  reported  to 
the  Department  of  Labour  were  11,972  with  439  reservists  leaving 
for  active  service,  while  to  the  close  of  1916  the  figures  were, 
respectively,  21,599  and  593.  As  there  was  a  membership  decrease 
of  22,820  in  1915  it  is  probable  that  the  number  of  recruits  was  still 
larger,  though  a  number  of  men,  it  was  known,  were  diverted  to 
Munition  work  in  Great  Britain  and  railway  construction  in  Rus- 
sia. In  1916  the  membership  showed  an  increase  of  17,064. 

In  the  matter  of  strikes  distinct  patriotism  was  shown  though, 
no  doubt,  high  wages  and  plentiful  employment  were  factors.  There 
was  trouble  at  Fernie,  at  Cobalt,  in  Hamilton,  but  it  was  not 
serious  or  prolonged  ;  Munition  workers  objected  to  being  placed  by 
the  Government  under  the  Industrial  Disputes'  Act  and  for  a  time 
there  was  friction  but  the  storm  blew  over;  so,  for  a  short  time, 
with  the  work  of  women  on  Shells  and  their  receipt  of  lower  wages. 
As  to  the  great  Eailway  strike  threatened  in  the  United  States  it 
was  stated  on  June  23  by  James  Murdock  of  the  Railroad  Train- 
men that  '  '  the  railroad  workers  of  Canada  have  decided  to  postpone 
their  effort  to  secure  an  eight-hour  working  day  on  all  railways." 
In  August  it  was  announced  that  Western  railway  men  had  de- 
cided by  unanimous  vote  not  to  take  any  part,  throughout  the 
duration  of  the  War,  in  the  propositions  being  submitted  by 
American  railway  employees  for  an  eight-hour  day  and  other  con- 
cessions. 

To  any  kind  of  military  compulsion  many  Unions  were  opposed. 
When  the  Toronto  Recruiting  Committee  passed  a  Conscription 
motion  the  local  Trades  and  Labour  Council  responded  on  Mar. 
16  with  this  unanimous  Resolution:  "That  as  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment has  said  that  voluntary  enlistments  are  perfectly  satisfac- 
tory, and  that  Conscription  in  any  form  is  not  necessary  in  Can- 


430  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

ada,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  organizations  such  as  the  Recruit- 
ing League  should  not,  in  any  way,  embarrass  the  Government  by 
forwarding  resolutions  on  national  questions  such  as  this."  Inci- 
dentally, this  body  sent  a  delegation  to  the  Board  of  Education  on 
Apr.  12  to  protest  against  any  form  of  military  training  for  boys ; 
later,  on  Nov.  16,  James  Simpson,  a  well-known  Socialist,  declaimed 
strongly  against '  '.training  little  babies  to  fight  on  the  battlefields  of 
Europe."  On  May  10  the  New  Westminster  (B.C.)  Trades  and 
Labour  Council  passed  a  Resolution  against  Conscription  in  Canada 
and  pledged  the  workers  to  use  the  utmost  power  of  the  trades 
union  movement  to  oppose  it — even  to  the  length  of  calling  a  gen- 
eral strike. 

The  Vancouver  Printing  Pressmen 's  Union  took  a  different  view 
(May  10)  :  "This  Union  desires  to  go  on  record  as  being  willing  to 
deal  with  the  question  of  Conscription  through  our  Parliamentary 
representatives  as  British  workmen  have  done,  and  that  our  coun- 
try shall  have  first  consideration  in  time  of  peril."  The  Victoria 
Trades  and  Labour  Council  (Dec.  6)  protested  against  National 
Registration  as  probably  leading  to  Conscription;  the  Winnipeg 
Council  (Dec.  21)  appointed  a  large  Committee  to  actively  oppose 
Registration  and  President  Harry  Veitch  declared  that  he  would 
not  sign  the  National  Service  cards.  The  Social-Democratic  Party 
in  Winnipeg,  the  Socialist  organizations  in  general,  and  the  Single 
Tax  League,  joined  in  this  opposition.  At  a  large  Winnipeg  meet- 
ing on  Dec.  23,  attended  by  E.  R.  Chapman  of  the  National  Service 
Board,  who  received  a  very  poor  hearing,  that  movement,  Regis- 
tration and  Conscription,  alike  were  vigorously  denounced  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Horace  Westwood,  F.  J.  Dixon,  M.L.AV  Comptroller  A.  W. 
Puttee  and  Aid.  J.  Queen  and  S.  J.  Farmer.  Mr.  Dixon  declared 
that  "National  Service  is  the  first  step  toward  compulsion.  .  . 
If  there  are  justice  and  liberty  at  home  there  will  be  no  need  of  con- 
scription. Compulsory  military  service  has  been  defeated  in  Aus- 
tralia, and  it  will  be  in  Canada  if  it  is  put  to  a  vote."  Then 
came  the  Conference  at  Ottawa  and  the  instructions  from  Dominion 
Labour  officials  to  support  National  Service.  Meantime  the  Mon- 
treal Trades  and  Labour  Council  had  passed  a  Resolution  opposing 
National  Service. 

At  the  Toronto  meeting  of  the  Trades  and  Labour  Congress  of 
Canada  (Sept.  25-30)  the  Report  of  the  Executive  Council  re- 
affirmed the  declaration  of  the  Convention  of  1915  that  it  was  the 
duty  of  the  Labour  world  to  lend  every  assistance  possible  to  Great 
Britain  and  her  Allies,  and  that  it  was  the  desire  of  the  Congress  to 
co-operate  with  all  the  great  Labour  bodies  of  America  and  Europe 
in  bringing  about  a  Peace  Conference.  Labour  representation  at 
this  Conference  was  asked  for,  a  protest  against  Conscription  was 
urged,  the  Government  was  asked  to  undertake  the  manufacture 
of  Munitions  in  Government-owned  shops.  It  was  urged  that 
after  the  War  ' '  the  disbanding  of  enlisted  men  should  be  gradual, 
covering  a  period  of  at  least  two  years  after  its  termination." 


CANADIAN  LABOUR  AND  THE  WAR  ;  ALIEN  PROBLEMS  431 

Resolutions  were  passed  (1)  asking  the  Canadian  Government  to 
suggest  to  the  British  Government  the  necessity  of  increasing  the 
Imperial  pension  to  the  Canadian  standard  for  reservists;  (2)  sug- 
gesting a  re-classification  of  soldiers'  pensions  with  a  rate  based 
on  the  local  cost  of  living;  (3)  by  acceptance  of  the  Executive 
Report  the  delegates  re-affirmed  their  opposition  to  the  adoption  of 
Conscription  and,  indeed,  to  any  form  of  Registration  which  might 
be  regarded  as  a  preliminary  to  compulsory  military  service. 

Outside  Labour  set  the  pace  in  war  matters  for  the  Unions  of 
Canada.  Sam  Gompers,  President  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labour,  issued  a  world  appeal  on  Apr.  1  inviting  attendance  at  a 
Labour  World's  Peace  Conference  to  sit  concurrently,  and  at  the 
same  place,  as  the  International  Peace  Congress — when  that  time 
came.  The  Canadian  Labour  Congress  agreed  to  send  representa- 
tives. The  British  Trade  Unionists  declined  the  suggestion  as  im- 
practicable because  British  representatives  would  be  at  the  same 
time  officially  presenting  and  negotiating  terms  of  peace  with  the 
enemy.  James  Simpson,  the  Toronto  Socialist,  came  into  the  matter 
as  representing  organized  Canadian  labour  at  the  British  Labour 
Congress  (Birmingham,  Sept.  7)  with  the  following  statement* :  "In 
regard  to  the  question  of  a  Conference  after  the  War,  I  may  say 
that  we  in  Canada  have  committed  ourselves  to  the  policy  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labour.  You  have  taken  a  course  that  is 
not  in  harmony  with  ours.  Now,  I  ask  you,  what  are  you  going 
to  do  if  you  find  the  Colonies  present  at  the  Conference  and  the 
representatives  of  the  Mother  Country  are  entirely  absent"?  The 
vote  of  the  Congress  was  1,486,000  against  Mr.  Gompers'  policy 
and  723,000  in  favour.  As  the  year  passed  on,  British  Labour 
Unions  abandoned  short-hour  movements,  opposition  to  dilution  of 
labour,  and  all  rules  hampering  production. 

Alien  labour  was  not  a  serious  issue  in  Canada  during  1916; 
there  was  too  great  a  demand  for  men  in  every  field  of  work  and 
war.  But  the  problem  of  handling  167,441  (1911)  enemy  aliens, 
born  in  enemy  countries,  and  of  meeting  the  varied  political  and 
other  conditions  of  752,732  foreign-born  persons — 303,680  were 
Americans — presented  some  difficulties  which,  upon  the  whole, 
were  well  met.  No  serious  trouble  developed  though  there  was 
inevitable  political  friction  in  Provinces  such  as  Saskatchewan 
with  162,610  foreign-born  out  of  492,432,  or  Alberta  with  142,711 
out  of  374,663.  The  Dominion  Government  handled  the  problem 
well.  Enemy  reservists  numbering,  perhaps,  1,000  men  had  been 
interned  early  in  the  War;  others  in  larger  numbers — estimated 
at  10,000 — were  kept  in  the  Internment  camps  and  put  at  Gov- 
ernment work  in  lumber  camps  or  road-building  with  a  small  com- 
pensation ;  a  third  class  were  under  Police  regulation,  registered  at 
various  points  throughout  Canada  and  compelled  to  report  at 
regular  intervals.  The  Minister  of  Justice  (Hon.  C.  J.  Doherty) 
had  charge  of  enemy  alien  affairs  and  there  was  some  complaint 

*NOTE. — From  official  Report  of  Trades  Union  Congress. 


432  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 

as  to  the  release  of  aliens  from  Internment  Camps  and  their  em- 
ployment on  railways,  in  steel-works,  and  coal-mines  and,  finally, 
on  the  farms.  Amongst  them  was  one  from  the  South  Vancouver 
Council.  On  Oct.  20  a  reply  was  read  to  that  body  from  the 
Premier  in  which  Sir  Robert  explained  (1)  that  many  of  these 
men  had  been  interned  originally  to  save  them  from  starving, 
and  (2)  that  the  releases  were  made  for  the  sake  of  helping  Can- 
ada's essential  industries.  German  clubs  -and  societies  were  sup- 
pressed during  these  years;  German  teachers  were,  as  a  rule,  com- 
pelled to  give  up  their  positions,  except  in  Western  German  cen- 
tres or  in  Waterloo  County,  Ontario;  German  preachers  were 
generally  allowed  to  retain  charge  in  German  congregations. 

There  was  some  trouble  over  Germans  in  official  positions  or 
work.  Senator  H.  J.  Cloran  stated  in  his  place  on  Feb.  9  that  * '  on 
the  day  of  the  burning  of  the  Parliament  Buildings  an  employee, 
in  the  post  office  in  the  Union  Bank  building  declared  his  satisfac- 
tion with  the  destruction  of  the  Parliament  Buildings.  In  connec- 
tion with  reconstruction  work  he  had  asked  a  policeman,  *  Are  there 
any  Germans  around?'  He  replied:  'Yes,  there  are  four  of  them, 
skilled  mechanics.'  '  Reference  has  been  made  elsewhere  to  Mr. 
Hazen's  Secretary,  Gustav  Heidmann;  on  the  other  hand  Sir  Sara 
Hughes  deprecated  such  attacks  and  instanced  Capt.  James  E. 
Hahn  of  Stratford,  winner  of  a  D.S.O.  at  the  Front,  whose  father 
had  been  a  German  reservist;  he  stated  in  the  Commons  on  Feb. 
10  that  38  German-Canadians  had  fallen  in  action  and  many  more 
been  wounded.  The  question  of  incendiary  or  German-started  fires 
was  one  much  discussed  in  1916  with  the  Parliament  Buildings  as, 
of  course,  the  conspicuous  issue.  The  burning  of  Red  Cross  sup- 
plies, ready  for  shipment,  at  Halifax  early  in  March  was  one  of 
these  affairs ;  the  burning  of  the  American  Club  in  Toronto  on  Feb. 
16  was  under  investigation  for  some  time  and  the  employment  of 
a  waiter  named  Ziegler  a  suspicious  circumstance  with,  however, 
nothing  proven;  many  believed  and  charged  that  the  Quebec 
Bridge  disaster  (Sept.  11)  with  the  collapse  of  its  great  Central 
span  weighing  5,000  tons,  had  some  such  origin  but  nothing  was 
officially  indicated  to  that  effect;  at  St.  John  on  Mar.  10  the  cal- 
cium-carbide cargo  of  the  Malatua,  an  Australian  steamer,  was 
burned;  the  forging  department  building  of  the  Canada  Car  & 
Foundry  Co.  at  Turcot  was  burned  on  Feb.  12  with  considerable 
delay  in  Munitions  as  a  result;  the  historic  Beauport  Church  near 
Quebec  was  destroyed  on  Feb.  21  with  several  suspicious  incidents 
reported  by  Le  Soleil;  the  Engineers'  camp  at  Petawawa  was 
burned  with  the  loss  of  many  valuable  maps  and  drawings,  as  were 
a  Hespeler  Munition  plant  and  others.  Nothing  was  actually 
proven  in  these  cases. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  discussion  as  to  the  Govern- 
ment's policy  in  not  appointing  an  Alien  Registrar  for  Berlin, 
or  Kitchener  as  it  afterwards  became ;  the  organization  of  an  Anti- 
German  League  in  Toronto  on  Feb.  9  with  a  policy  of  rigorous 


5?    - 
K    ^ 


I! 


I  £ 


o    s 

ffi 


CANADIAN  LABOUR  AND  THE  WAR;  ALIEN  PROBLEMS  433 

exclusion  of  German  influence,  German  goods  and  German  immi- 
grants from  Canada  after  the  War,  and  the  dismissal  from  public 
service  of  all  Germans  or  Austrians  whether  naturalized  or  not; 
the  statement  in  the  annual  Report  of  the  Eoyal  North- West 
Mounted  Police  that  the  increase  of  500  given  them  for  Western 
duty  was  not  required  and  that  * '  the  fair  and  impartial  treatment 
of  this  population  by  the  authorities  and  the  admirable  self- 
restraint  on  the  part  of  the  loyal  population  toward  the  enemy 
aliens  and  the  recognition  by  these  nationalities  that  as  long  as 
they  pursued  their  ordinary  avocations  and  refrained  from  inimi- 
cal acts,  they  would  not  be  arrested  or  interfered  with,  has  pro- 
duced a  singularly  quiet  and  orderly  year  in  the  West ' ' ;  the  sen- 
sational and  quite  opposite  statement  by  G.  W.  Brown,  late  Gov- 
ernor of  Saskatchewan,  in  Toronto  (Feb.  6)  "that  30  per  cent,  of 
the  population  of  the  newer  Provinces  of  Canada  was  made  up  of 
alien  enemies,  who  made  little  secret  of  their  desire  to  see  the  flag 
of  Germany  waving  over  the  Canadian  West";  the  refusal  of  A. 
Kastella,  a  German-born  official  of  the  Public  Works  Department 
at  Ottawa — naturalized  after  the  War — to  resign,  and  his  conse- 
quent dismissal;  the  statement  of  the  Secretary  of  the  English 
Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  Central  Canada  (Mar.  17)  that 
they  had  no  organic  connection  with  the  Lutheran  Church  of  Ger- 
many. 

An  amusing  statement  was  made  by  The  Fatherland  of  New 
York  (Dec.  6)  as  to  Western  homesteaders  that  the  "fate  of  these 
deluded  victims  of  British  greed  is  a  blot  on  civilization.  They 
were  taken  from  their  farms  and  thrown  into  concentration  camps 
by  thousands,  their  women  and  children  left  to  shift  for  themselves, 
many  of  them  abandoned  to  a  life  of  beggary  and  degradation." 
The  banning  of  many  German  or  pro-German  papers  published  in 
the  United  States  was  a  necessary  step  in  keeping  quiet  conditions 
in  Canada  and  the  Post  Office  Department  on  Aug.  14  announced 
a  list  of  33  journals  which  were  prohibited  entry  and  including  The 
Fatherland,  Gaelic- American,  and  Irish  World  of  New  York,  the 
Illinois  Staats  Zeitung  and  Irish  Voice  of  Chicago.  The  penalty 
was  a  fine  not  exceeding  $5,000  or  5  years'  imprisonment.  In 
November  the  Hearst  newspapers  were  also  banned.  As  to  sedi- 
tion there  was  some  but  it  was  gently  treated  by  the  press  and 
the  Courts.  At  St.  Thomas  (Mar.  17)  an  Austrian  named  Zimmins 
was  given  one  month  in  gaol;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  (Jan.  9)  P. 
Mortensen  was  sentenced  to  a  month's  imprisonment  and  a  fine 
of  $100  for  assisting  Austrians  to  escape  over  the  border ;  Constable 
Steiss  in  Berlin  was  fined  $25  (Mar.  13)  for  a  disloyal  remark 
about  the  King,  while  in  the  same  city  it  was  judicially  decided 
on  Dec.  22  that  aliens  of  enemy  birth  could  not  be  naturalized 
during  the  War;  at  Portage  la  Prairie,  a  man  named  Schaff  was 
given  two  months  in  gaol  at  hard  labour  for  sedition  in  saying  that 
it  needed  10  British  soldiers  to  deal  with  one  German ;  at  Sydney, 
N.S.  (Nov.  15)  G.  Fehr,  an  Austro-Hungarian,  was  acquitted  of 
treason,  upon  a  technicality,  for  subscribing  to  the  New  York  Aus- 
28 


434  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

trian  war-loan;  at  Red  Deer,  Alberta  (Sept.  20)  Charles  Clansen 
was  fined  $500  for  saying  that  if  King  George  were  here  he  would 
kill  him.  There  were  other  cases  but  these  illustrate  conditions. 

All  religious  Denominations  in  Canada  did  their 
The  churches  share  in  war-work  during  this  year,  with  an  increas- 
ancUhTwar  *n^>  tendency  amongst  the  clerical  element  to  throw 
in  1916  themselves  into  active  fighting.  They  had  first  tried 

to  get  to  the  Front,  as  chaplains  and  Sir  Sam  Hughes, 
in  a  letter  to  Rev.  R.  H.  Leitch,  Saskatoon,  (Apr.  30)  stated  that 
5,000  applications  then  were  in  hand;  many  of  the  best  and  most 
earnest  recruiting  speakers  were  Ministers,  and  in  Toronto  a  Clerical 
Patriotic  Association,  consisting  of  six  clergymen  from  each  denom- 
ination with  Rt.  Rev.  M.  D.  Whelan  representing  the  Catholics,  was 
organized  to  send  speakers  all  over  the  Province;  the  Congrega- 
tional Union  of  Canada  (June  9)  approved  at  Sherbrooke  a  Resolu- 
tion calling  upon  the  Government  "to  mobilize  all  men  eligible  for 
service,  either  by  registration  or  conscription,  or  in  any  other 
method  deemed  advisable."  Out  of  263,111  recruits  to  Mar.  1, 
1916,  an  authoritative  estimate  showed  124,688  as  belonging  to  the 
Church  of  England,  63,146  Presbyterians,  32,836  Catholics,  18,418 
Methodists,  10,525  Baptists  and  Congregationalists  and  the  rest 
scattering. 

To  the  2,833,041  Catholics  of  Canada  reference  has  been  made 
elsewhere  as  to  the  French-Canadian  portion.  His  Holiness  the 
Pope,  as  head  of  the  Church,  was  earnest  in  his  desire  and  advo- 
cacy for  peace  amongst  Belligerents  who  included  Austria — that 
most  Catholic  of  countries — with  Italy,  his  own  home-land,  and 
Belgium  amongst  the  others.  He  took  no  sides  but  a  cabled  mes- 
sage of  May  17  from  the  Vatican  State  Chancellor  to  the  United 
States  declared  that  "His  Holiness  has  openly  condemned  the  cuel 
practices  of  war,  which  caused  the  slaughter  of  innocents,  the  use  of 
asphyxiating  gases,  the  bombardment  of  open  cities,  the  violation  of 
the  neutrality  of  small  nations,  and  has  raised  his  voice  in  favour 
of  Belgium  and  of  Armenia."  In  Canada  on  Jan.  2  Rev.  J.  J. 
0 'Gorman  of  Ottawa,  prior  to  going  to  France  as  a  chaplain,  told 
his  congregation  that  the  only  way  in  which  Canada  could  avoid 
going  into  this  war  was  by  secession  from  the  British  Empire. 
'  *  There  is  no  Canadian  citizen,  however,  who  would  have  favoured 
secession.  Whether  you  consider  the  relations  of  the  Home  Govern- 
ment towards  the  French-Canadian,  towards  the  Catholic  Church, 
or  towards  Colonial  autonomy,  or  study  any  other  test  case,  the 
answer  is  that  Britain  has  been  our  benefactor.  .  .  .  Had  Can- 
ada deserted  Britain  in  her  hour  of  trial  in  August,  1914,  there 
would  have  been  few  examples  in  history  of  ingratitude  so  black. ' ' 
As  to  recruiting  he  was  explicit :  ' '  For  a  man  to  shirk  what  is  evi- 
dent to  him  as  his  manifest  duty,  and  through  selfishness  refuse  to 
enlist,  is  undoubtedly  a  sin." 

On  the  9th  he  again  preached  along  the  same  lines :  ' '  Every  able- 
bodied  Canadian  bachelor,  who  is  not  detained  by  a  more  urgent 
duty,  is  in  conscience  bound  to  enlist.  .  .  .  Catholics  of  Can- 


THE  CHURCHES  AND  THE  WAR  IN  1916  435 

ada,  your  Catholicity  is  now  being  tested  by  the  white  fire  of  sacri- 
fice. A  census  will  be  taken  of  the  shirkers  of  Canada.  Every 
good  Catholic  in  that  number  will  be  a  scandal  to  the  Church. ' '  To 
the  Canadian  Knights  of  Columbus  he  had  this  to  say:  "If  at  the 
end  of  the  War  it  should  be  found  that  your  proportion  under 
colours  is  less  than  the  average  proportion  of  the  nation,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  purify  your  ranks  by  wholesale  expulsions  or  to  drop 
the  word  Knight  from  your  title."  Dr.  M.  J.  O'Brien,  Bishop  of 
Peterborough,  addressed  a  recruiting  gathering  there  on  Jan.  23 
and  again  at  Cobourg  on  May  8  and  urged  response  to  the  call  of 
duty;  Archbishop  O'Brien  took  the  platform  on  various  occasions 
in  Toronto  and  was  earnest  in  loyal  work;  Archbishop  Casey  of 
Vancouver  on  Feb.  2  issued  a  Pastoral  urging  the  need  of  recruits 
upon  his  people.  After  a  careful  review  of  the  war  issues  and 
situation  His  Grace  added :  * '  Great  Britain  calls  on  her  gallant  sons 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  welcomes  her  devoted  volunteers  from 
the  vast  Empire  of  which  it  is  the  centre,  to  protect  her  honour  and 
fidelity,  her  beneficent  exercise  of  freedom  and  justice  in  the  world. 
.  .  .  Let  our  patriotism,  heroism  and  generosity  shine  out  at 
their  best.  Let  the  command  of  Judas  Machabaeus  be  our  slogan 
with  victory  in  sight  to-day:  'Suffer  no  man  to  stay  behind;  but 
let  all  come  to  the  battle. '  I  beg  God  to  bless  in  particular  all  who 
volunteer  or  in  any  way  contribute  to  a  favourable  and  lasting 
peace. ' ' 

To  the  students  of  St.  Michael's  College,  Toronto,  on  Mar.  7 
Rev.  Father  Carr  urged  enlistment:  "We  are  at  war.  Our  Gov- 
ernment has  with  unprecedented  unanimity  taken  this  momentous 
step.  Our  duty  as  Catholic  citizens  is  simple,  clear  and  distinct. 
We  must  obey  without  questioning.  ...  I  am  proud  that  I  am 
a  Canadian  and  am  jealous  to  have  some  share  in  Canadian  deeds. 
We  have  rallied  to  the  aid  of  a  great  race.  It  would  be  a  deep 
humiliation  for  me  were  St.  Michael's  sons  not  to  be  in  their  pro- 
portion on  the  field  of  war.  Communicate  with  your  parents  and 
see  if  you  cannot  agree  to  win  your  share  of  the  glory  that  will 
shine  down  the  centuries  to  come  from  Canada's  noble  part  in  this 
war."  Dr.  James  Morrison,  Bishop  of  Antigonish,  N.S.,  delivered 
an  eloquent  recruiting  speech  there  on  Mar.  20:  "I  wish  I  were 
younger  myself.  The  task  is  now  before  us  and  it  is  our  sacred 
duty  to  perform  that  task  as  faithfully  and  fully  as  lies  in  our 
power."  This  was  His  Lordship's  third  address  of  the  kind  and 
25  recruits  responded. 

No  more  powerful  appeal  was  made  in  Canada  during  the  War 
than  that  of  Dr.  M.  F.  Fallon,  Bishop  of  London,  addressed  as  a 
circular  (Mch.  21)  to  Knights  of  Columbus  and  the  Ancient  Order 
of  Hibernians,  of  whom  there  were  in  Ontario  4,000  of  the  former 
and  5,000  of  the  latter.  As  fundamental  truths  he  instanced  these : 
"That  the  British  Empire  is  engaged  in  a  just  war,  that  the  War 
is  as  much  Canada's  as  England's,  and  that  Canada's  citizens  have 
a  bounden  duty  to  spare  no  effort  in  bringing  that  war  to  a  victor- 
ious issue. ' '  His  appeal  was  direct :  ' '  Honour  calls  on  every  Knight 


436  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

of  Columbus  who  is  fit  and  free  for  overseas  service,  to  offer  himself 
for  the  work.  Patriotism  adds  its  urging  to  the  call  of  honour.  The 
danger  is  just  as  real  to  Ottawa,  Toronto  and  London,  as  to  the 
shores  of  Sussex  or  the  banks  of  the  Thames.  The  rights  of  human- 
ity require  that  we  make  the  sacrifice.  Have  martyred  Belgium 
and  stricken  Serbia  and  sorely-pressed  France  no  power  to  awaken 
a  responsive  cry  in  our  bosoms?  The  defence  of  civilization  de- 
mands that  we  hurry  to  its  assistance.  It  is  our  civilization — the 
civilization  that  suits  us — that  is  in  jeopardy.  I  say  no  word  of 
the  demands  of  conscience.  The  man  who  is  dead  to  the  appeal  of 
honour  and  patriotism,  of  humanity  and  civilization,  is  not  apt  to 
be  alive  to  the  call  of  conscience."  To  a  Chatham  audience  on 
Apr.  3  His  Lordship  said:  "After  this  war  is  over,  if  any  young 
man  comes  to  me  for  advice  or  counsel,  I  will  ask  him  where  he 
was  in  this  hour  of  crisis,  and  if  he  has  no  satisfactory  explanation 
he  had  better  not  come."  To  a  Catholic  audience  in  St.  John 
(Apr.  11)  Rev.  C.  J.  McLaughlin  made  a  ringing  appeal:  "I  am 
prepared,  if  necessary,  subject  to  the  permission  of  my  ecclesiastical 
superiors,  to  offer  my  own  services,  not  only  to  recruit  a  battalion 
of  the  best  blood  of  the  youth  of  these  Provinces  by  the  sea,  but  to 
lead  them,  in  person,  and  draw  the  sword  in  defence  of  my  own — 
my  native  land."  Bishop  Le  Blanc  of  St.  John  was  vigorous  in 
several  speeches.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Ontario  Bishops  in  Toronto 
on  Oct.  10  it  was  decided  to  supply  5  more  Chaplains  for  the  Front 
to  add  to  the  41  already  there  for  all  Canada ;  it  may  be  mentioned 
that  Cardinal  Bourne  in  writing  Cardinal  Farley  of  New  York  on 
July  27  had  eulogized  the  British  Government  in  this  respect  and 
stated  that  "the  proportion  of  Catholic  Chaplains  accorded  to  us 
is  always  in  excess  of  the  proportion  of  Catholics  actually  serv- 
ing in  the  Army. ' '  In  this  general  connection  it  may  be  added  that 
Canadian  Catholic  journals  occasionally  quoted  from  that  most 
ardent  hater  of  Great  Britain — the  New  York  Freeman's  Journal. 
Much  was  said  about  the  War,  and  recruiting,  in  Methodist  pul- 
pits and  Conferences  and  the  Ministers  of  this  1,079,892  part  of 
the  population  did  their  full  duty  and  sometimes  more.  Of  the 
Conferences  Toronto  asked  the  Government  (June  12)  for  organ- 
ized recruiting  and  Registration;  that  of  Quinte  had  2,500  adher- 
ents under  enlistment  and  (June  1)  endorsed  the  Government's 
military  work ;  that  of  British  Columbia  had  23  members  and  pro- 
bationers on  active  service  and  passed  a  Resolution  (May  30) 
assuring  all  probationers  attending  College  that  it  "recognized  the 
claim  of  the  Army  upon  the  nation's  manhood  and  assured  these 
probationers  that  every  facility  would  be  provided  them  should  they 
see  fit  to  enter  on  active  service";  the  Alberta  Conference  contri- 
buted up  to  June,  1916,  53  of  her  ministers  and  probationers — 
mostly  as  privates — to  the  Overseas  forces  and  had  lost  3  killed  in 
action ;  that  of  Saskatchewan  had  9  ordained  ministers  and  49  pro- 
bationers with  the  colours — nearly  all  privates — with  several 
casualties.  Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  9  Dr.  S.  D.  Chown, 
Superintendent  of  the  Methodist  Church  in  Canada,  stated  that 


THE  CHURCHES  AND  THE  WAR  IN  1916  437 

there  were  310  clergymen  of  this  denomination  in  khaki  and  of 
that  number  258  were  fighting  in  the  ranks  of  the  Army.  ''While 
at  the  beginning  of  the  War  I  would  never  have  believed  that  I 
could  favour  Conscription,  I  have  now  swung  completely  around. ' ' 

In  the  address  of  this  Church  to  His  Excellency  the  Duke  of 
Devonshire,  a  little  later,  Dr.  Chown  confirmed  these  figures  and 
added:  "We  deem  it  not  an  indignity  that  a  Minister  of  the  Gospel 
should  be  found  fighting  in  defence  of  the  principles  of  govern- 
ment upon  which  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven  is  to  be  established  on 
the  earth."  A  large  number  of  Methodist  ministers'  sons  also 
volunteered  and  the  total  on  Mar.  1  was  270  and  on  Dec.  1st  360. 
An  Overseas  Methodist  Battalion  (203rd)  was  raised  in  the  West- 
ern Provinces  with  abstention  from  all  liquor-drinking  as  one  of 
its  members'  pledges.  The  0.  C.  was  Lieut.-Col.  J.  E.  Hansford, 
Winnipeg,  and  the  Rev.  W.  B.  Caswell  was  Chaplain;  two  of  the 
officers  were  Lieut.  Lloyd,  a  son  of  the  Principal  of  Emmanuel  Col- 
ege,  Edmonton,  and  Lieut.  (Eev.)  J.  W.  Melvin  of  Wesley  Col- 
lege. It  may  be  added  that  Methodism  in  Canada  was  insulted  dur- 
ing the  year  by  the  circulation  of  the  pro-German  Christian  Herald 
of  New  York. 

The  Church  of  England,  with  its  1,043,017  adherents,  had  ai 
larger  number  of  recruits  than  other  churches  because  so  many  of 
its  people,  by  birth  and  recent  migration,  were  in  closer  touch  ( 
with  the  War  and  British  conditions  than  the  native-born  Methodist 
or  Catholic.  Dr.  J.  C.  Farthing,  Bishop  of  Montreal,  in  charging 
his  Synod  on  Feb.  8  declared  that  "with  all  my  heart  I  believe 
that  God  is  saving  us  by  His  power  from  defeat  in  spite  of  our 
many  blunders,  that  God  is  withholding  victory  because  if  victory 
came  to  a  people  morally  and  spiritually  unprepared  it  would 
injure  rather  than  help  them."  At  the  same  time:  "Whatever  the 
Government  says  is  necessary  we  as  a  people  are  ready  to  give. 
The  response  has  been  wonderful — far  beyond  our  most  sanguine 
expectations.  The  Church  has  stood  up  loyally  behind  all  these 
movements,  has  worked  heartily  for  them,  has  gladly  co-operated  in 
every  way."  To  the  British  Columbia  Synod  on  Feb.  15  Bishop 
Scriven  declared  that :  "It  is  our  duty  to  pray  for  victory,  and  to 
work  for  it  and  to  fight  for  it,  because  we  believe  that  the  things 
for  which  we  are  fighting  are  the  things  which  God  would  have 
prevail  upon  the  earth. ' '  Bishop  Farthing,  in  addressing  the  Irish- 
Canadian  Battalion  on  June  26,  urged  Conscription :  "  It  is  a  very 
great  shame  that  you  men  who  have  given  yourselves  to  go  forth 
to  fight  for  your  country  should  have  to  spend  your  time  in  the 
unpleasant  and  difficult  task  of  getting  recruits ;  it  is  a  shame  upon 
the  manhood  of  Canada  that  they  do  not  respond  to  the  call. ' '  Of 
the  Synods  that  of  Winnipeg  (June  22)  expressed  willingness  "to 
stand  behind  the  Government  in  any  scheme,  whether  under  the 
Militia  Act  or  under  the  Defence  of  the  Realm  Act,  or  otherwise, 
as  may  seem  most  advantageous  for  the  more  complete  and  effec- 
tual mobilization  of  the  entire  resources  of  Canada  in  men,  and 
materials";  that  of  Ontario  (Sept.  14)  urged  "that  immediate 


438  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

steps  be  taken  for  the  effective  organization  of  the  resources  of  this 
country  in  men  and  materials,  so  that  at  least '  500,000  men  and 
the  munitions  required  for  their  support  may  be  provided ' ' ;  that 
of  Toronto  (June  8)  declared  itself  ready  along  the  lines  of  the 
Winnipeg  Resolution. 

Presbyterianism,  with  its  1,115,324  adherents,  had  little  to 
say,  officially,  during  the  year.  Its  General  Assembly  (June  15) 
expressed  the  desire  for  a  military  census  of  Canada;  the  Toronto 
Presbytery  stated  in  April  that  it  had  5  Ministers,  37  Ministers' 
sons,  9  Elders  and  133  Elders'  sons  on  active  service;  the  Montreal 
Presbytery  on  Nov.  12  urged  the  Government  "to  make  a  proper 
enrollment  of  all  the  men  of  military  age  in  Canada,  and  if  the 
requisite  number  to  make  up  the  500,000  promised  be  not  forthcom- 
ing within  a  reasonable  time,  it  enforce  a  form  of  Conscription, 
especially  of  unmarried  men  of  military  age."  Capt.  E.  H.  Oliver, 
D.D.,  Principal  of  the  Saskatoon  Presbyterian  College,  before  leav- 
ing with  the  196th  Battalion,  preached  a  sermon  (Sept.  3)  which 
contained  much  food  for  thought:  "In  this  contest  Heaven  is  not 
a  neutral,  Heaven  is  not  too  proud  to  fight.  t  .  .  .  Why  do  we 
share  in  the  struggles  of  Heaven?  Because  we  share  in  its  aspira- 
tions. We  fight  Germany  because  in  Canada  we  too  prize  liberty. 
We  too  want  to  see  the  constituted  self-government,  even  of  little 
nations,  respected.  We  struggle  side  by  side  with  the  Motherland 
because  our  aspirations  range  themselves  side  by  side  with  hers." 
The  Baptists,  though  small  in  numbers  (382,666)  did  splendidly 
in  enlistments.  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.  McKay,  Toronto,  suggested  to  the 
Minister  of  Militia  on  Jan.  16  that  there  should  be  a  fighting  Bat- 
talion of  Canadian  preachers.  At  the  same  time  Rev.  W.  A.  Cam- 
eron of  the  Toronto  Bloor  Street  Church  enlisted  in  the  109th  Bat- 
talion with  the  temporary  rank  of  Captain  for  which  he  intended 
to  qualify,  and  with  this  explicit  reason:  "It  has  become  increas- 
ingly clear  that  the  supreme  duty  of  every  able-bodied  single  man 
is  to  equip  himself  for  military  service  if  he  desires  to  hold  the 
title  to  manhood."  It  may  be  added  that  the  Salvation  Army  in 
Canada  (Feb.  22)  gave  5  ambulance  cars  to  Russia.  Of  the  many 
clergymen  enlisting  during  the  year  the  following  may  be  men- 
tioned : 

Rev.   Edwin   Smith    (R.N.)     Tilsonburg Presbyterian 

Rev.   R.   D.   Turnbull    St.    Catharines    Presbyterian 

Rev.   Canon  J.  O.  Murray    Winnipeg Anglican 

Rev.  J.  L.  Williams Toronto      Anglican 

Rev.  T.   E.   Bourke,   B.D Montreal    Methodist 

Rev.   W.  C.  Graham    Toronto    Methodist 

Rev.  F.    M.    Bell-Smith     Toronto    Methodist 

Rev.   Arthur  Loft,   B.A Stoughton    Methodist 

3v.  A.  P.  Hodges   St.   John    "Christian" 


Rev.  W.   P.  Davy    Toronto 


Rev.   Wm.    Brailsford 
Rev.   R.    H.    Gilmour 

Rev.  Walter    Pavy    

Rev.    George    Paterson     , 

Rev.  W.    C.    Corey    

Rev.   Gordon   S.  Jury    .  .  , 
Rev.  J.  R.   Routledge    .  . 

Rev.   C.    K.    Morse    

Rev.  J.   D.   Spidell    

Rev.  J.   A.   Barker    

Rev.   G.   C.   F.   Kierstead 


Kinistino 

Kinistino 

Kinistino 

.  .Toronto 


,  Methodist 
.Anglican 


Presbyterian 


Methodist 
,  Methodist 


Moncton     Baptist 

Belleville    Baptist 

tJaldimand     Baptist 

Winnipeg     Baptist 

Kentville    Baptist 

Port  Elgin Baptist 

Regina   Baptist 


Canadian  War  Notes  of  1916 


Pensions,  Plans  and  Changes.  During  the  year  an  ela 
borate  Pension  scheme  was  evolved  by  the  Government  following  upon  investiga- 
tion by  a  Parliamentary  Committee.  Up  to  Feb.  14,  1916,  the  Pensions  granted 
were  under  authority  of  the  Canadian  Pensions  and  Claims  Board,  sitting  in 
England  and  had  totalled  2,502  in  number  and  $422,452  in  amount.  This 
Board — composed  of  Colonel  J.  S.  Dunbar  (President)  and  Lieut. -Colonels  C. 
W.  Belton  and  C.  L.  Panet — considered  the  existing  scale  of  pensions  to  be 
inadequate  and  unsatisfactory  and  urged  reorganization  and  increases.  In 
this  the  Military  Hospitals'  Commission  concurred.  On  May  18  Hon.  J.  D. 
Hazen,  Minister  of  Marine,  presented  to  the  Commons  the  Eeport  of  a 
Special  Committee  appointed  on  Mar.  14  to  consider  the  rates  of  Pensions 
and  the  establishment  of  a  Pension  Board.  The  members  of  the  Committee 
originally  appointed  were  Mr.  Hazen,  B.  F.  Green,  Hon.  B.  Lemieux,  E.  M. 
Macdonald,  A.  C.  Macdonell,  Hon.  F.  Oliver  and  F.  S.  Scott.  One  of  the 
chief  recommendations  was  "that  three  persons,  to  be  known  as  the  Board  of 
Pension  Commissioners,  be  appointed  to  hold  office  during  good  behaviour  for 
ten  years,  unless  removed  for  cause,  and  to  this  Commission  be  entrusted  the 
consideration,  determination  and  administration  of  all  military  and  naval 
pensions. ' ; 

The  Minister  in  his  speech  declared  that  a  special  object  was  to  avoid 
all  political  considerations  and,  therefore,  it  was  proposed  to  have  no  appeal 
from  the  decision  of  the  Board,  though  a  soldier  could  appeal  to  the  Board 
itself  for  reconsideration?  The  rates  suggested  by  the  Committee  were  to 
apply  to  all  who  had  enlisted  in  the  C.E.F.,  and  there  was  to  be  a  general 
increase  in  the  amounts  granted  from  Lieutenant  down  through  the  ranks.  It 
was  recommended  that  in  the  case  of  total  disability  there  might  be  allowed, 
in  the  discretion  of  the  Board,  an  extra  sum  of  $250.  This  applied  to  both 
married  and  single  men  and  to  all  ranks  up  to  and  including  the  rank  of 
lieutenant.  Provision  was  made  for  children.  A  disabled  member  of  the 
force,  entitled  to  a  pension  in  the  1st,  2nd  or  3rd  class,  in  addition  to  his 
personal  pension,  would  be  entitled  to  draw  $6  a  month  for  each  child;  of  the 
rank  of  captain,  $7  a  month  for  each  child;  of  the  rank  of  major,  $8  a 
month  for  each  child;  of  the  rank  of  lieut.-colonel,  or  brigadier-general,  $10 
a  month  for  each  child,  a  child  to  include  a  step-child  in  respect  of  which  such 
member  was  in  loco  parentis.  Widows  were  to  receive  pensions  until  re-mar- 
riage and  then  a  gratuity ;  orphan  children  of  a  widower  killed  were  to  receive 
$12  a  month  until,  as  with  other  pensioned  children,  able  to  earn  their  living 
— at  the  age  of  16  for  a  boy,  or  17  for  a  girl;  a  woman  living  publicly  with  a 
soldier  as  his  wife,  and  their  children,  would  receive  the  same  pensions  as 
the  lawfully-married  women;  settlement  of  the  question  of  reservists  of 
Allied  nations  was  held  over  for  further  information  but  the  Canadian 
Patriotic  Fund  was  urged  to  look  after  their  dependents  in  the  meantime. 
Mr.  Hazen  pointed  out  that  the  proposed  changes  would  involve  heavier 
expenses:  "Under  the  scale  at  the  present  time,  it  is  estimated  that  for  a 
force  of  100,000  men  of  all  ranks  in  the  field  for  one  year  the  Pension  list  of 
Canada  will  amount  to  $5,481,500.  It  is  estimated  that,  under  the  Pension 
laws  which  we  recommend,  the  total  pensions  for  a  similar  force  in  the  field 
for  a  similar  length  of  time  will  be  $7,184,181  a  year."  E.  M.  Macdonald 
(Lib.)  seconded  the  Minister's  motion,  and  in  his  speech  extended  the 
estimates  of  cost:  "For  the  300,000  men  who  are  already  under  arms  the 
annual  cost  for  pensions  would  be  $21,552,543.  For  400,000  men  the  annual 
charge  would  be  $27,736,724."  W.  F.  Nickle  reviewed  the  Eeport  statistically 
and  gave  the  following  comparative  figures: 
Comparative  Rates  for , 


Totally    Disabled 
Soldiers 

'rivate 

rgeant 

Warrant  Officer 
Lieutenant    .... 

Captain     

Major    

Lieut. -Colonel 


Unmarried  Soldier 

Present  Suggested 

$264  $480 

336  510 

480  680 

480  720 

720  1,000 

960  1,260 

1,200  1,560 


[439] 


Soldier  and  Wife  * 

Soldier,  Wife  and  3 
Children 

Present 

Suggested 

Present 

Suggested 

$396 

$480 

$576 

$696 

504 

510 

684 

726 

672 

680 

852 

896 

702 

720 

918 

936 

990 

1,000 

1,242 

1,252 

1,260 

1,260 

1,548 

1,548 

1,560 

1,560 

1,920 

1,920 

440  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Widow  and  3 

Widow  Children 

Present   Suggested  Present   Suggested 

Private     $264          $384          $444          $600 

Sergeant 336  408  516  624 

Warrant  Officer 384  544  564  760 

Lieutenant    444  576  660  792 

Captain     .  540  800  792         1.052 

Major    .  600         1,008  888         1,296 

Lieut.-Colonel     720         1,248         1,080         1,608 

By  an  Order-in-Council  of  June  3  the  powers  of  a  Canadian  Board  of 
Pension  Commissioners  were  denned  and  new  regulations  issued  increasing  the 
scale  of  Pensions  granted.  The  Board  appointed  was  composed  of  Lieut. 
J.  K.  L.  Eoss,  Montreal,  (Chairman),  Col.  E.  W.  Labatt  and  Major  J.  L.  Todd, 
Commissioners.  They  were  appointed  for  a  period  of  10  years  and  were  given 
wide  powers:  " Subject  to  the  relations  hereinafter  set  out,  the  Commission 
shall  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  and  authority  to  consider  and  make  all  grants 
and  payments  of  military  and  naval  pensions,  and  of  gratuities,  allowances, 
and  assistance  to  persons  wounded,  injured  or  incapacitated  in  the  military 
or  naval  service  of  Canada,  or  to  their  dependent  relatives,  and  shall  have 
exclusive  jurisdiction  and  authority  to  deal  with  all  matters  pertaining  to 
such  pensions,  gratuities,  allowances  and  assistance." 

The  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund.     The  year  1916  began 

with  a  call  from  H.E.H.  the  Governor-General,  President  of  the  Fund, — Sir 
Thomas  White  was  Hon.  Treas.,  Sir  H.  B.  Ames,  Hon.  See.  and  P.  H.  Morris, 
Ottawa,  Ass't  Secretary— for  an  addition  of  $8,000,000  to  a  total  already 
received  (including  Manitoba)  of  about  $7,800,000  in  contributions  and  then 
supporting  25,000  families.  On  Jan.  31  this  sum  was  stated  to  have  been  over- 
subscribed with  Montreal,  Toronto  and  Ottawa  giving  $5,000,000,  Guelph  $90,- 
000,  Brantford  $167,000,  Hull  $30,000,  Barrie  $27,000.  Wellington  County 
Council  gave  $34,000,  Peel  $48,000,  Ontario  $60,000,  Elgin  $55,000,  Huron  $74,- 
000,  Bruce  $91,000,  Oxford  $60,000,  Lambton  $44,000,  Essex  $30,000,  Middle- 
sex $60,000,  Northumberland  $60,000,  King's  County,  N.B.,  $15,000,  York  and 
Sunbury,  N.B.,  $25,000.  In  these  subscriptions  Toronto  was  asked  for  $2,000,- 
000  and  obtained  $2,300,000,  Montreal  for  $1,500,000  and  obtained  $2,500,000, 
Ottawa  $400,000  and  collected  $500,0'00. 

Incidents  of  these  collections  included,  in  Montreal,  the  receipt  of  $20,000 
from  J.  P.  Morgan  of  New  York,  $150,000  from  the  C.P.E.,  and  $52,000 
from  its  employees,  $117,000  from  the  Munitions  factories,  $40,000  from  the 
Grand  Trunk  employees;  in  Ottawa  contributions  of  $130,000  from  Civil 
Servants  and  $60,000  from  the  City;  the  gift  in  Ontario  of  $50,000  by  the 
Gore  District  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Co.  The  Manitoba  Patriotic  Fund  was  an 
independent  one  and  raised  $1,019,000  up  to  the  close  of  1915  with  a  successful 
$500,000  campaign  in  April,  1916.  Brandon  raised  $58,000  in  two  days, 
Camrose,  Alberta,  sent  in  $20,000.  On  Apr.  5  it  was  announced  that  over 
$10,000,000  had  been  subscribed  or  more  than  enough  to  cover  the  needs  of 
1916.  At  a  Conference  in  Toronto  of  officers  of  the  Fund  (May  18)  it  was 
decided  (1)  that  childless  wives  married  before  husband's  enlistment,  and 
who  had  complied  with  the  requirements  of  the  Fund,  should  be  entitled  to  an 
allowance  of  $5  per  month;  (2)  that  no  post -enlistment  wives  should  be  helped 
until  the  wife  became  a  mother;  (3)  that  women  whose  domestic  duties  did 
not  require  their  attention  at  home  should  be  encouraged  to  work  and  that  no 
deduction  be  made  on  account  of  casual  earnings.  According  to  figures  given 
out  in  Winnipeg  on  June  27  by  Sir  Herbert  Ames,  Hon.  Secretary,  the  total 
amount  received  by  the  Fund  up  to  June  22  was  $11,540,501  and  expended 
$8,474,796.  Sir  Herbert  put  the  current  expenditure  at  $950,000  a  month. 
The  Provincial  statistics  were  stated  by  him  as  follows: 

Province  Basis  of  Population     Amount  Contributed     Per  Capita 

Manitoba      525,000  $1,455,670  $2 . 77 

Ontario    2,600,000  5,083,605  1.95 

British  Columbia  and  Yukon 475,000  750,297  1.58 

Quebec     2,100,000  3,029,635  1.43 

Alberta     600,000  668,358  1 . 34 

Nova    Scotia    ,     435,000  461,786  1.06 

New    Brunswick     '     375,000  356,810  .95 

Saskatchewan    600,000  483,947  .80 


Prince  Edward  Island 90,000  54,382  .60 


CANADIAN  WAR  NOTES  OF  1916  441 

Conferences  of  Fund  officials  in  Eegina  for  the  West  and  in  Toronto  for 
the  East  decided,  at  this  time,  not  to  ask  the  Dominion  Government  for  aid 
but  to  continue  the  voluntary  system — to  which,  however,  Provincial  Govern- 
ment aid  was  solicited.  At  a  meeting  of  the  National  Executive  in  Ottawa  on 
Oct.  4  it  was  decided  that  the  requirements  for  1917  would  be  $13,500,000 
and  stated  that  the  Dominion  Government  was  paying  $2,000,000  a  month  in 
Separation  allowances  to  soldiers'  dependents.  Speaking  in  Toronto  on  Nov. 
16  Sir  Herbert  Ames,  who  had  been  making  a  tour  of  the  West,  said  that  it 
was  hoped  to  raise  $6,000,000  in  Ontario;  and  that  Nova  Scotia  had  promised 
$800,000,  New  Brunswick  $550,000  and  the  Province  of  Quebec  $3,000,000. 
In  January  all  the  County  Councils  in  Ontario  which,  almost  without  excep- 
tion had  contributed  to  the  Fund,  would  be  asked  to  renew  their  grants  for 
another  year,  and  in  some  instances  to  increase  them.  By  Dec.  31,  1916,  the 
following  were  the  contributions  and  payments  since  the  beginning  of  the 
War: 

Provinces  Receipts  Advances 

Alberta $1,064,047 .  30  $1,801,048 . 61 


British    Columbia 

Manitoba    

New    Brunswick     .  .  .  , 

Nova    Scotia    

Ontario     

Prince  Edward  Island 


1,354,185.35  1,990,873.20 

114,440.52  112,000.52 

629,591.73  550,448.22 

728,052.75  610,620.48 

8,624,090.21  6,192,402.77 

78,112.40  34,300.00 


Quebec    4,499,671  . 59  2,017,021 .00 

Saskatchewan     929,533.49  980,000.00 

Yukon     25,570 .45                    

Sundries     326,198.24  6,754.99 


Total    $18,373,494.03  $14,295,469.79 

The  Canadian  Red  Cross  Society.     This   organization, 

of  which  H.  E.  H.  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  was  President  in  1916,  with  Lieut.- 
Col.  Noel  G.  L.  Marshall,  as  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  and  Brig.- 
Gen.  the  Hon.  James  Mason,  as  General  Treasurer,  did  an  important  work  dur- 
ing the  year.  Col.  Marshall  told  a  London,  Ont.,  audience  on  Jan.  13  that  since 
the  outbreak  of  war  $1,108,000  had  been  turned  over  in  cash  to  the  Society,  of 
which  Ontario  contributed  two-thirds  or  $707,000;  that,  in  addition,  from  $2,- 
500,000  to  $3,000,000  worth  of  goods  had  been  shipped  abroad;  that  the  total 
receipts  for  the  year  and  a  half  were  about  $4,000,000.  Motor  ambulances  num- 
bering 118  had  been  supplied.  During  1915-16  the  Canadian  Red  Cross  supplied 
$335,000  for  equipment  of  Hospitals  and  Homes  for  Canadian  troops,  etc., 
in  England  or  abroad;  money  grants  of  $280,000  to  the  British  and  French 
Bed  Cross,  St.  John  Ambulance  and  other  Funds  abroad;  while  feeding  2,196 
Canadian  prisoners  in  91  German  camps  at  an  estimated  cost  of  $263,520  a 
year.  Col  Marshall,  on  his  return  from  a  visit  to  the  Front  stated  (July  24) 
that:  "I  can  assure  the  relatives  of  Canadian  soldiers  who  are  wounded  that 
they  get  the  most  expert  and  attentive  treatment  that  human  ingenuity  and 
care  can  furnish.  The  work  of  the  people  of  the  Dominion  will  never  be  for- 
gotten in  France.  Every  month  the  French  Government  distributes  5,000  cases 
of  material  furnished  by  the  Canadian  Bed  Cross  Society,  in  Verdun  and  sur- 
rounding districts." 

The  Canadian  work  by  this  time  was  thoroughly  organized  with  a  Com- 
missioner in  London,  Col.  C.  A.  Hodgetts,  an  Information  department  in 
London  under  Lady  Drummond,  a  Prisoners  of  War  department  under  Mrs. 
Eivers-Bulkely,  warehouses  at  Folkestone  and  direction  of  the  work  in  France 
by  Major  H.  W.  Blaylock  at  Boulogne.  In  July  Bed  Cross  workers  were  spe- 
cially asked  for  socks,  shirts,  pyjamas,  dressing-gowns,  housewives,  kit  and 
comfort  bags.  There  was  uneasiness  in  many  circles,  at  this  time,  and  later, 
as  to  the  receipt  of  supplies  sent  to  prisoners  in  Germany  and  though  reassur- 
ing statements  were  made  it  appeared  from  a  British  Government  statement  of 
Aug.  llth  that  20  per  cent,  of  all  supplies  were  confiscated  by  the  German 
Government.  In  October  the  Society  leased  and  fitted  up  a  new  Hospital  at 
Ramsgate  called  after  Princess  Patricia.  On  Dec.  30  it  was  stated  by  Col. 
Noel  Marshall  that  since  the  War  began  the  Society  had  received  $2,000,000 
in  cash  and  nearly  $8,000,000  worth  of  supplies.  "We  have  established  700 
local  branches  of  the  Society  as  well  as  a  Provincial  branch  in  each  Province. 


442  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

We  have  established  the  Duchess  of  Connaught  Hospital  at  Taplow  with  900 
beds;  the  King's  Canadian  Hospital  at  Bushey  Park,  with  400  beds;  the 
Canadian  Supply  Hospital  at  Buxton,  with  300  beds,  and  the  Nurses'  Home  at 
Margate,  with  60  beds.  We  are  now  completing  the  Princess  Patricia  Hospital 
at  Ramsgate,  to  contain  1,000  beds.  We  have  also  let  the  contract  for  the 
building  of  a  Hospital  in  Paris  to  contain  1,000  beds. ' '  The  total  Cash  dona- 
tions for  the  year  1916  were  as  follows: 

Ontario   $542,098.  lONew    Brunswick    23,653.46 

Saskatchewan     217,452 . 40Nova    Scotia     23,642 .16 

Manitoba     147,156. 60 Yukon   Territory    10,506.02 

British  Columbia    76,534. 25Prince   Edward  Island    7,400.25 

Alberta      63,914 .  73United   States,   etc 17,330 .  93 

Quebec    $28,195  . 25 

Total $1,157,884 . 15 

The  St.  John  Ambulance  Association.  This  organi- 
zation— founded  in  1877  as  a  branch  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in 
England,  with  the  Canadian  Branch  formed  in  1910 — had  as  its  objects  (1) 
Instruction  of  persons  in  rendering  First  Aid  in  cases  of  accident  or  sudden 
sickness  and  in  the  transport  of  the  sick  and  injured;  (2)  the  instruction  of 
persons  in  the  elementary  principles  and  practice  of  nursing,  and  also  of  hygiene 
and  sanitation,  especially  of  a  sick  room;  (3)  the  manufacture  and  dis- 
tribution by  sale  or  presentation,  of  ambulance  material,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  ambulance  depots  in  mines,  factories,  and  other  centres  of  industry 
and  traffic;  (4)  the  organization  of  Ambulance  Corps,  Invalid  Trans- 
port Corps  and  Nursing  Corps;  (5)  and  generally  the  promotion  of  instruction 
and  carrying  on  work  for  the  relief  of  suffering,  of  the  sick  and  injured  in 
peace  and  war,  independently  of  class,  nationality  or  denomination.  The  Hon- 
orary officials  of  the  Canadian  Branch  were  numerous  and  influential;  the  Presi- 
dent was  J.  M.  Courtney,  C.M.G.,  i.s.o.,  of  Ottawa,  and  the  President  of  Provin- 
cial and  Eailway  Councils  were  as  follows: 

Alberta     H.   M.   Tory,   D.SC.,   LL.D Edmonton 

British     Columbia     VV.  D.  Brydone-Jack,  M.D Vancouver 

Manitoba      E.    E.    Sharpe     Winnipeg 

New  Brunswick    Stewart    S.    Skinner,    M.D St.  John 

Nova    Scotia '. Mr.    Justice    Chisholm    Halifax 

Ontario    Brig. -Gen.    The    Hon.    James   Mason.  .  .Toronto 

P.   E.  Island   Hon.    F.    L.    Haszard    .  .' Charlottetown 

Quebec     W.   F.    Angus    Montreal 

Saskatchewan      W.    D.    Cowan    Regina 

C.P.R Geo.  Bury   Montreal 

G.T.R Howard    G.    Kelley    Montreal 

Government   Railways    F.   P.   Gutelius Mo.ncton 

During  1916  the  number  under  instruction  was  10,024  and  the  certificates 
issued  were  8,160.  At  the  request  of  the  Association  the  Minister  of  Militia 
instituted  a  course  in  First  Aid  instruction  to  the  troops  in  training  in  the 
Militia  camps  of  Canada,  preparatory  to  going  overseas  and  it  had  excellent 
results.  All  the  Instructors  were  nominated  by  the  Provincial  Branches  of 
the  Association,  and  in  every  case  these  men  made  good.  First  Aid,  the  organ 
of  the  parent  Association  in  England,  noted  the  success  of  the  Canadian 
experiment,  and  said  in  its  October  issue :  ' '  The  Canadian  troops  are  all  in- 
structed in  the  methods  of  rendering  succour  to  their  comrades  in  case  of 
wound  or  accident,  and  we  see  no  reason  why  this  training  should  not  be  ex- 
tended to  the  British  soldier,  as  timely  assistance,  when  there  is  no  doctor, 
stretcher  bearer,  or  R.A.M.C.  man  about,  may  be  the  means  of  saving  life. ' ' 
150,000  copies  in  English  and  French,  of  an  abridged  edition  of  Cantile's  First 
Aid,  were  printed  by  the  Department  of  Militia  after  condensation  at  the  Asso- 
ciation Office  in  Ottawa.  In  addition  to  such  books  supplied  to  troops  embarking 
for  overseas  during  1915,  and  the  many  classes  held  among  troops,  in  the  regular 
manner,  for  which  certificates  were  issued,  over  130,000  members  of  the  C.E.F. 
were  taught  the  principles  and  given  a  thorough  grounding  in  the  methods  of 
arresting  hemorrhage,  care  of  fractures,  artificial  respiration  and  resuscitation 
as  well  as  the  proper  way  to  bandage  and  carry  the  wounded.  The  Canadian 
force  was  said  to  be  the  first  Army  to  adopt  systematic  training  in  these 
matters.  Voluntary  Aid  Detachments  were  organized  in  Canada  at  Ottawa, 
Montreal,  Quebec,  Victoria  and  St.  John,  in  this  year,  for  the  work  at  Military 
Convalescent  Homes  and  met  with  much  success. 


CANADIAN  WAR  NOTES  OP  1916 


443 


The  British  Red  Cross  and  Canada.  TMS  great  or- 
ganization on  Oct.  19,  1916,  had  13  British  Hospitals  with  2,214  beds  in  France, 
besides  20  private  hopiials  which  it  supervised  and  staffed;  in  Egypt  it  had 
established  10  Hospitals  with  1,971  beds  and  in  Great  Britain  1,050  buildings 
with  41,000  beds  were  equipped,  staffed  and  under  operation;  $20,000,000  had 
been  given  and  expended  in  this  work  of  which  details  included  relief  of  Bel- 
gian distress  at  its  most  acute  stages,  a  motor  ambulance  fleet  raised  shortly 
after  Mons,  great  stores  of  supplies  sent  to  Serbia  during  the  typhus  epidemic, 
a  splendid  service  in  the  Mediterranean  with  base  hospitals  at  Malta,  Cairo  and 
Alexandria,  and  a  Red  Cross  store  on  Gallipoli  itself,  motor  boats  on  the  Tigris 
and  ambulances  on  land  in  Mesopotamia,  work  also  at  Salonika,  in  East 
Africa,  Montenegro,  Italy  and  Eussia.  In  the  Canadian  campaigns  to  aid 
the  British  Red  Cross  Ontario  collected  $1,515,000  on  Trafalgar  Day,  1915; 
the  appeal  of  Oct.  17-19  was  for  it  and  the  Order  of  St.  John  and  the  response 
exceeded  the  previous  year  and  totalled  $1,656,000,  while  Toronto  gave  $740,000 
instead  of  the  $250,000  asked  for.  The  Ontario  work  was  in  charge  of  the 
Organization  of  Resources  Committee  of  which  Lieut. -Governor  Sir  John 
Hendrie  was  Chairman  and  Dr.  A.  H.  Abbott,  Secretary;  the  Chairman  of 
the  Toronto  Committee  was  R.  J.  Copeland  with  W.  S.  Dinnick  as  Organizer. 
It  may  be  added  that  early  in  the  year  the  British  Red  Cross  gave  the  Can- 
adian Red  Cross  in  England  £25,000  for  building  and  equipment  recreation 
rooms  at  the  Canadian  hospitals  and  convalescent  homes  as  a  recognition  of 
Canada's  generosity  to  British  Institutions. 

Belgian  and  Other  Relief  Funds.     According  to  w.  s. 

Terry,  Belgian  Consul  at  Victoria,  B.C.,  (Jan.  23)  the  American  Relief  Com- 
mission during  its  first  year's  existence  delivered  into  Belgium  and  Northern 
France  enough  food  to  keep  9,000,000  persons  alive,  involving  an  approximate 
expenditure  of  $80,000,000  which  provided  almost  1,000,000  tons  of  provisions 
"with  the  result  that  rhe  population  of  Belgium  was  to-day  better  than  its  nor- 
mal health."  Official  Washington  statistics  published  in  May,  1916,  showed 
$1,051,139  worth  of  supplies  shipped  from  the  United  States  in  the  first  19 
months  of  the  War.  M.  Goor,  the  Consul-General  at  Ottawa,  said  on  Jan.  4: 
' '  The  Germans  have  violated  all  the  laws  that  have  previously  governed  war- 
fare, all  the  laws  of  God  and  man,  and  have  resorted  to  barbarity  in  its 
cruelest  forms,  but  one  trust  they  have  kept  and  that  is  their  pledge  to  leave 
untouched  the  food  supplied  to  Belgium."  Contributions  continued  to  come 
in  from  Canada  during  1916  to  an  estimated  total  since  1914  of  $3,000,000. 
A  campaign  in  Peterborough  brought  $12,000,  a  tag-day  in  Montreal  $10,000 
and  one  in  Toronto  $24,500,  the  schools  of  Canada,  in  response  to  an  appeal 
from  the  Duke  of  Connaught,  gave  largely,  with  $13,000  from  British  Colum- 
bia alone.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  Commission  reported  that  out  of 
$327,000,000  worth  of  goods  distributed  by  it,  the  United  States  contributed 
$10,000,000. 

The  Central  Executive  of  the  Canadian  Relief  Work,  with  headquarters  in 
Montreal,  was  unremitting  in  its  work  during  1916.  Its  President  was  M. 
Goor,  and  the  Sec.-Treasurer,  M.  H.  Prud'Homme,  Montreal,  and  the  total 
collections  up  to  Mar.  31,  1917,  were:  Donations  in  Goods  $1,495,042  and 
Donations  in  Cash  $1,224,247— a  total,  with  certain  Sundries,  of  $2,774,053.  It 
was  about  38  cents  per  head  of  the  population  compared  with  $1.23  per  head 
in  Australia,  $1.98  in  New  Zealand  and  about  10  cents  in  the  United  States. 
By  Provinces  and  excluding  the  $50,000  from  the  Dominion  Government  and 
a  few  miscellaneous  sums,  the  contributions  were  as  follows: 


Province 

Nova    Scotia     

New    Brunswick    

Prince  Edward  Island 

Quebec    

Ontario     

Manitoba    

Saskatchewan     

Alberta      

British    Columbia    . 


Total 


Tn  Goods 

$514,907.52 

142,170.74 

33,074.62 

167,207.61 

381,545.23 

68,091.37 

40,383.45 

65,280.23 

79,616.24 

$1,492,277.01 


In  Cash 
$   15,725.68 

30,714.84 
2,816.80 
180,307.09 
525,449.79 
196,276.82 
114,368.09 

45,331.92 

55,777.53 

$1,166,768.56 


444  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

For  French  relief  the  Secours  Nationale  of  Ontario,  of  which  Sir  Glen- 
holme  Falconbridge  was  President  and  J.  M.  Lyle,  Hon.  Secretary,  sent 
$74,000  worth  of  supplies  up  to  the  close  of  1915,  while  a  French  flag-day  in 
July  brought  $28,000  in  Ontario  and  considerable  sums  from  other  Provinces. 
The  Canadian  Serbian  Belief  Committee — President,  Dr.  W.  D.  Sharpe,  Bramp- 
ton,  1st  Vice-President,  Mrs.  L.  A.  Hamilton,  and  Treasurer,  A.  H.  Campbell, 
Toronto, — was  supported  by  earnest  appeals  from  Mrs.  Pankhurst  and  Mdle. 
Losanitch  of  Belgrade  and  was  aided  by  small  sums  from  all  over  Canada 
which  in  their  total  made  a  considerable  sum.  A  Eussian  Jews'  Belief  Fund 
was  organized  with  an  influential  Committee  of  which  Sir  W.  Mortimer 
Clark  was  Chairman  and  Thos.  Findley,  Toronto,  Treasurer.  Out  of  a  total 
of  14  million  Jews  it  was  stated  that  no  less  than  10  millions  were  affected  by 
the  War  and  that  fully  600,000  were  fighting.  The  majority  of  the  Jews 
for  whom  relief  was  needed  had  their  homes  in  Kussia,  Poland  and  Galicia. 
The  Armenian  Relief  Fund  of  Canada  collected  a  few  thousand  dollars  .while 
the  Tobacco  Fund  of  the  Overseas  Club  for  Canadian  soldiers  totalled  in 
these  War  years  $120,000.  The  Duchess  of  Connaught's  Prisoners  of  War 
Fund  received  in  1916  a  total  of  $54,127. 

Patriotic  Support  for  Sailors.  The  British  Sailors'  Ee- 
lief  Fund  was  inaugurated  at  a  meeting  in  Montreal  on  June  13  with  W.  G. 
Eoss  elected  President,  Jas.  Carruthers  Vice-President,  Major  David  Seath, 
Hon.-Treas.  and  M.  P.  Fennell,  Jr.,  Hon.  See.  The  stated  object  was  to  show 
"the  appreciation  anl  gratitude  of  the  citizens  of  Canada  for  the  great  services 
rendered  by  the  seamen  of  the  Royal  Navy  and  Merchant  Marine,"  and  to 
establish  a  fund  for  the  relief  of  sailors'  families  and  Marine  Hospitals.  An 
influential  General  Committee  was  appointed  and  within  two  months  $100,000 
was  collected.  Mr.  Fennell  made  a  tour  of  the  West,  addressed  28  meetings 
and  organized  branches  or  Committees  in  Winnipeg,  Saskatoon,  Edmonton, 
Calgary,  Vancouver,  Victoria,  Medicine  Hat,  Regina,  Brandon,  Kenora,  Port 
Arthur  and  Fort  William.  The  Maritime  Provinces  were  also  visited  and 
branches  established  in  St.  John,  Halifax,  Sydney,  Charlottetown  and  Monc- 
ton. 

In  a  speech  at  Edmonton,  Aug.  12,  Mr.  Fennell  stated  that  the  Province 
of  Quebec  had  pledged  $200,000  of  which  Montreal  would  contribute  $100,000 
or  more;  Nova  Scotia  had  promised  $25,000,  and  New  Brunswick  $35,000; 
Manitoba  was  expected  to  raise  $100,000  and  Ontario  $150,000.  In  October 
the  Secretary  started  to  organize  Ontario  and  held  meetings  in  Toronto, 
Kingston,  Hamilton,  London,  St.  Catharines,  Niagara  Falls,  Windsor,  St. 
Thomas,  Brantford,  Stratford,  Kitchener,  Waterloo,  Sarnia,  Walkerville,  God- 
erich,  Midland,  Orillia,  Peterborough,  Ottawa,  Carleton  Place,  Arnprior,  Ren- 
frew and  Pembroke.  By  the  close  of  the  year  large  sums  had  been  contributed 
and  on  Nov.  12  the  recruiting  of  Canadians  for  the  Navy  caused  the  reorgan- 
ization of  the  Fund  into  a  branch  of  the  British  Sailors'  Belief  Society  with, 
however,  no  important  change  in  officials  or  objects.  Akin  to  this  Society 
was  the  Canadian  National  Ladies'  Guild  for  Sailors,  which  was  formed  in 
1913  and,  under  Lady  Willison  of  Toronto  as  President,  had  collected  $3,600 
in  money  and  contributed  woollens,  fruit  and  other  comforts  for  the  Grand 
Fleet,  grants  to  the  Seamen's  Hospital  at  Greenwich  and  comforts  for  the 
fleets  on  the  Atlantic.  The  Canadian  Branch  of  the  British  and  Foreign 
Sailors'  Society,  under  Hon.  James  Craig,  also  did  good  service,  with  Sailors' 
Institutes  at  10  Canadian  ports  and  contributions  of  various  kinds  to  the 
Grand  Fleet,  and  to  the  Malta,  St.  Helena  and  other  Naval  centres.  Major- 
Gen.  F.  L.  Lessard,  Chairman  of  the  Greenwich  Seamen's  Hospital  Fund,  col- 
lected $38,452  up  to  September,  1916. 

Industrial  Research  in  Canada.     This   important   War 

subject — the  utilization  of  Science  to  help  industry  in  War-time — was  vigor- 
ously taken  up  in  Canada.  Prof.  J.  C.  McLennan,  F.R.S.,  of  Toronto  University, 
J.  Murray  Clark,  K.C.,  and  Dr.  A.  C.  McKay,  Principal  of  the  Toronto  Techni- 
cal School,  were  the  first  promoters  of  the  movement,  aided  by  the  Boyal  Can- 
adian Institute  of  Toronto  and  its  President,  Frank  Arnoldi,  K.C.  The  Govern- 
ment took  action  and  on  Dec.  1  it  was  announced  that  the  Minister  of  Trade 


CANADIAN  WAR  NOTES  OP  1916  445 

and  Commerce,  who  for  more  than  a  year  had  been  considering  how  best  to  pro- 
mote and  strengthen  the  application  of  science  to  the  processes  of  production 
and  manufacture,  had  decided  to  follow  the  British  plan  and  appoint  an  Advi- 
sory Council  in  Industrial  and  Scientific  Besearch.  The  names  of  six  Professors 
in  leading  Universities  were  announced  as  members — A.  S.  Mackenzie,  Dal- 
housie;  F.  D.  Adams  and  R.  F.  Euttan,  McGill;  J.  C.  McLennan  and  A.  B. 
Macallum,  Toronto ;  W.  C.  Murray,  Saskatoon ;  together  with  E.  Hobson,  Ham-  - 
ilton;  E.  A.  Boss,  Montreal,  and  T.  Bienvenue  of  Montreal. 

Their  duties  were  to  (1)  consult  with  all  responsible  bodies  and  persons 
carrying  on  scientific  and  industrial  research  work  in  Canada;  (2)  to  co- 
ordinate as  far  as  possible  all  such  work  so  as  to  avoid  over-lapping  of  effort 
and  to  direct  the  various  problems  requiring  solution  into  the  hands  of  those 
whose  equipment  and  ability  were  best  adapted  thereto;  (3)  to  select  the 
most  practical  and  pressing  problems  and  present  them  to  the  research  bodies 
for  earliest  possible  solution;  (4)  to  report  from  time  to  time  the  results  of 
their  work  to  the  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce.  Dr.  A.  B.  Macallum, 
F.R.S.,  was  appointed  Chairman  and  J.  B.  Challies,  Ottawa,  Hon.  Secretary. 
On  Nov.  4,  1916,  Prof.  McLennan  delivered  an  elaborate  address  in  Toronto, 
reviewing  the  situation  as  to  natural  resources  and  national  industries.  He 
urged  (1)  the  conservation  of  electric  power  and  its  application  to  many  pur- 
poses not  yet  developed,  such  as  the  treatment  of  minerals;  (2)  proposed  the 
creation  of  an  Empire  Department  of  Mines  and  Minerals  to  organize  resources 
in  that  respect,  co-ordinate  and  disseminate  information;  (3)  approved 
the  scope  and  work  of  the  Canadian  Advisory  Council  upon  Industrial  and 
Scientific  Eesearch  and  declared  that  steps  would  have  to  be  taken  to  establish 
in  Ottawa,  and  probably  also  in  such  industrial  centres  as  Montreal,  Toronto 
and  Winnipeg,  large  and  fully  equipped  technical  libraries,  with  also  copies  of 
all  patents  with  their  specifications  wherever  issued;  (4)  suggested  the  co- 
operation of  manufacturers  of  particular  lines  in  combined  action  and  the 
obtaining  of  scientific,  technical  information;  (5)  urged  the  establishment  of 
research  laboratories,  subsidized  as  to  special  industries  by  the  Dominion 
Government  and  directed  and  controlled  by  the  Universities;  (6)  suggested 
Government  support  to  the  Eoyal  Canadian  Institute's  Bureau  of  Industrial 
Eesearch.  As  to  the  after-war  future  he  was  hopeful:  "The  accumulation  of 
vast  mechanical  equipment,  the  establishment  of  enormous  works  of  all  kinds, 
the  mobilization  of  industry,  practice  in  the  successful  production  of  all  types  of 
manufacture  in  enormous  quantities,  tremendous  advances  in  the  manipulative 
and  mechanical  skill  of  millions  of  our  people,  and  a  recognition  of  the  vital 
necessity  of  co-operation  between  science,  industry,  labour,  finance,  and  gov- 
ernment— these,  together  with  the  wider  outlook,  the  intensity  of  effort,  the 
moral  uplifting  and  the  spiritual  exaltation  which  the  War  has  brought  to  us 
in  its  train  are  all  assets  which  in  themselves  connote  national  greatness." 

Pacificism  in  Canada.  This  habit  of  mind,  or  phase  of  ideal- 
ism, took  different  forms  in  different  countries  prior  to  the  War.  In  Canada  it 
assumed  (1)  the  American  view,  without  the  United  States  power  and  popula- 
tion to  back  it,  that  military  training  and  preparedness,  military  teaching  or 
ideals,  or  defence-patriotism,  were  not  necessary  in  Canada;  (2)  a  certain  belief 
in  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  the  immunity  of  this  continent  from  War,  the  power  of 
the  United  States  in  th«  last  resort  to  protect  Canada — behind  it  all  an  uncon- 
scious Americanization  of  sentiment;  (3)  an  uncompromising  antagonism  to 
all  war  as  essentially  wicked  and  belief  in  Peace  as  the  embodiment  of  Chris- 
tianity, combined  with  a  curious  willingness — even  while  denouncing  the 
Militarism  of  Europe — to  trust  and  believe  that  Peace  would  never  again  be 
seriously  broken.  Of  some  of  these  elements  of  thought  Dr.  J.  A.  Macdonald 
of  Toronto  was  a  forcible  exponent.  A  representative  in  Canada,  for  many 
years,  of  United  States  Peace  organizations,  he  was  a  constant  speaker  in 
the  Eepublic  upon  the  practical  one-ness  of  this  continent  or,  as  he  put  it  at 
New  York  (Jan.  30,  1916):  "What  is  North  America?  It  is  something 
more  than  so  many  million  square  miles  of  territory,  something  more  than  a 
continent  on  the  map  of  the  globe.  North  America  is  an  ideal  in  the  heart  of 
humanity.  It  is  a  passion  and  a  purpose  in  the  soul  of  the  world.  For  the 
world  to  come  to  its  crisis  and  North  America  not  to  know,  not  to  care,  not  to 


446  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

face  the  infinite  agony,  and  not  to  rise  to  the  tragic  solemnity  of  the  hour — 
that  would  be  for  this  generation  of  Americans  to  renounce  their  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  to  repudiate  Washington,  to  prove  unworthy  of  Montcalm  and 
Wolfe,  and  to  count  the  blood  of  the  Martyred  Lincoln  an  unholy  thing. ' ' 

Always  willing  to  believe  in  the  Peaceful  policies  of  other  peoples  Dr. 
Macdonald  shared  with  Keir  Hardie  and  Norman  Angell,  F.  W.  Hirst  and 
Henry  Ford,  A.  G.  Gardiner  and  Starr  Jordan,  opposition  to  military  pre- 
paredness and  the  belief  that  preparation  for  war  caused  war — in  peace-loving 
peoples  as  well  as  in  a  war-inspired  nation.  As  he  put  it  at  Atlantic  City 
(May  21):  "My  plea  is  for  the  preparedness  of  the  American  mind,  of  the 
American  conscience,  of  the  American  will."  How  far  that  process  would 
meet  German  soldiers  or  submarines  he  did  not  explain!  As  to  the  present 
War  at  the  present  time,  however,  these  views  were  not  maintained;  he 
declared  Canada  right  in  its  policy  and  hoped  that  the  United  States  would 
join  in  the  battle  for  freedom.  Prof.  Ira  D.  MacKay  of  the  University  of 
*  Saskatchewan  expressed  strong  opinions  during  the  year.  At  Saskatoon  on 
May  23  he  declared  that  Germany  has  been  ''the  most  magnificent  exponent 
of  the  human  mind  the  world  has  ever  seen"  and,  in  a  number  of  other 
speeches  eulogized  the  greatness  of  that  country — perverted,  though  it  was, 
by  Militarism.  At  the  same  time  he  favoured  compulsory  military  training 
for  Canada.  On  Nov.  30  he  pleaded  for  Peace  negotiations  and  urged  that  it 
was  time  for  the  Allies  to  seek  Peace  by  means  of  arbitration.  At  Saskatoon 
on  Dec.  10  he  said:  "We  are  not  fighting  to  exterminate  the  German  race. 
You  cannot  exterminate  a  race.  We  are  not  fighting  to  humiliate  the  German 
people.  You  cannot  humiliate  a  whole  nation.  We  are  not  fighting  to  punish 
our  enemies.  We  had  better  leave  it  to  some  higher  Power  to  punish  135,000,- 
000  souls.  We  are  not  fighting  for  victory.  We  are  not  fighting  for  German 
territory.  We  covet  not  one  inch  of  her  soil.  We  do  not  need  her  colonies. 
Let  there  be  no  talk  of  boycotting  Germany. ' ' 

In  Toronto  W.  Greenwood  Brown  of  the  Quaker  organization,  Mrs.  Hector 
Prenter,  the  vigorous  opponent  of  military  training  for  boys,  and  Miss  Laura 
Hughes,  were  the  prominent  representatives  of  what  may  be  termed  Pacificism. 
Mrs.  Prenter  told  the  Toronto  News  on  Mar.  18  that  she  would  not,  in  any 
way,  aid  recruiting.  Another  product  of  this  line  of  thought  was  the  Eev. 
E.  Whiting  of  Winnipeg  who  thought  (Mar.  27,  Free  Press)  that  Canada 
was  fighting  for  liberty  but  it  was  liberty  for  the  slacker  as  well  as  the 
soldier.  The  War  was  a  judgment  upon  wrong-doing  and,  in  some  vague 
way,  Bussia,  France  and  Canada — even  England — were  making  amends  by 
adopting  Prohibition  or  restriction  of  the  Liquor  traffic.  The  Eev.  J.  S. 
Woodsworth  (Winnipeg,  June  4)  declared  that  Christ  was  against  War.  "I 
do  not  believe  in  moral  issues  being  settled  by  physical  force."  The  W.C.T.U. 
was  a  continuous  medium  for  the  presentation  of  Peace  views — the  superiority 
of  moral  issues  over  all  the  other  problems  of  nations  or  life.  An  illustration 
of  such  teachings  current  from  time  to  time  was  seen  in  a  paper  by  Mrs. 
Chesley  of  Nova  Scotia,  read  at  the  Saskatchewan  W.C.T.U.  on  June  23. 
Like  most  Pacifists — especially  in  the  United  States — the  writer  mixed  up  all 
the  nations  concerned  in  the  War :  ' '  The  leading  nations  of  Europe,  having 
sown  the  wind  by  military  preparation  and  expenditure  are  now  reaping  the 
whirlwind.  But  to  me  nothing  seems  more  disheartening  than  the  present  ob- 
session of  the  American  Republic.  .  .  .  Surely  all  who  have  hoped  that 
this  new  world  might  be  kept  free  from  the  domination  of  Militarism  should 
pray  that  the  preparedness  frenzy  may  subside. ' '  S.  J.  Farmer  of  Winnipeg 
alligned  himself  frankly  (June  28)  with  Eamsay  Macdonald  and  British 
Pacifists  and  denounced  ' '  the  suppression  of  free  speech,  the  wholesale  seizure 
of  Peace  literature,  the  rigid  censorship."  The  Pacifist  confusion  of  military 
preparation  for  defence  with  military  aggressiveness  and  offence  was  indicated 
by  Eev.  G.  B.  McLeod  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  6  when  he  described  the  brutal 
spirit  of  Germany  in  this  war  as  simply  a  product  of  that  which  sought  to 
train  the  school-boy  in  military  discipline  and  physical  strength.  Another 
element  was  represented  by  Wm.  Houston,  School  Trustee  in  Toronto,  who 
told  the  Parkdale  Collegiate  (Nov.  25)  that  he  did  not  and  would  not  hate 
the  Germans — because  of  their  literature  and  language! 


CANADIANS  AT  THE  FRONT 


onthewa  to  contr°l  °^  Canadian  troops  and  their  train- 

the  Front  ing  in  England,  the  care  and  welfare  of  Canadian 

in  1916;  troops  in  France,  the  oversight  of  expenditures  run- 

Canadians  njng  into  the  hundreds  of  millions,   the   charge  of 

in  Britain  Medical  services  and  wounded  and  Hospitals  abroad, 

the  obtaining  of  Munition  and  other  contracts  for  Canada,  the 
Army  supplies,  contracts,  and  a  myriad  branches  of  military 
activity  and  organization  in  England,  lay  during  1916  in  the 
somewhat  divided  control  of  Sir  George  Perley,  Acting  High  Com- 
missioner at  London,  and  Sir  Sam  Hughes,  Minister  of  Militia,  at 
Ottawa.  Between  these  two  members  of  the  Ottawa  Government, 
and  with  large,  somewhat  undefined  powers,  were  Ma j. -Gen.  J.  W. 
Carson,  C.B.,  official  representative  in  London  of  the  Minister  of 
Militia  and  Sir  Max  Aitken,  M.P.,  General  representative  of  Can- 
ada* at  the  Front  (without  remuneration)  and  also  Canadian 
"Eye-Witness,"  with  charge  of  the  Canadian  War  Records  Office 
in  London.  Sir  George  Perley  did  not  have  an  easy  time  during 
the  year.  When  he  went  to  London  in  1914  he  had  not  intended  to 
stay  beyond  a  few  months;  then  came  the  War  and,  as  the  Prime 
Minister  put  it  in  the  Commons  (Feb.  21,  1916)  :  "He  has  satis- 
factorily discharged  the  duties  of  High  Commissioner  and  he  has 
also  done  a  great  deal  of  work,  and  has  had  to  do  with  a  great  many 
affairs,  which,  strictly  speaking,  might  not  come  within  the  pur- 
view of  the  duties  of  High  Commissioner."  No  change,  he  added, 
was  proposed  at  present. 

One  of  the  important  points  dealt  with  was  the  payment  of 
troops  and  arrangement  of  Canadian  expenditures  in  England  and 
France.  In  a  cable  of  Apr.  27,  1915,  the  Canadian  Government 
had  formally  notified  its  desire  to  bear  the  whole  cost  of  the  Can- 
adian contingents  sent  for  service  in  the  War.  It  was  then  agreed 
that  those  services  in  the  field  directed  by  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment, and  which  could  not  be  directly  charged  to  the  Dominion 
Government,  should  be  adjusted  at  an  estimated  rate  per  head  based 
on  the  average  cost  of  maintaining  troops  in  the  field.  The  scope 
and  amount  of  the  rate  to  be  fixed  were  discussed  personally  be- 
tween Mr.  Secretary  Bonar  Law,  Sir  George  Perley  (on  behalf  of 
the  Canadian  Government)  and  Sir  Charles  Harris  (on  behalf  of 
the  War  Office),  and  a  rate  of  6s  per  head  per  diem  arrived  at. 
As  the  estimates  were  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  Dominion 
troops  took  the  field  fully  equipped  and,  while  there,  were  main- 
tained from  Imperial  sources,  it  was  stated  (1)  that  the  articles 
issued  in  the  field  to  maintain  or  replace  articles  of  original  equip- 

*NOTE. — So  described  by  Sir   Sam  Hughes,   Commons,   Feb.   3,    1916. 

[447] 


448  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ment  would  be  the  property  of  the  Dominion  Government  at  the 
end  of  the  War,  and  (2)  that  it  would  be  open  to  the  Dominion 
Government  to  raise  a  counter  claim  against  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment for  any  rifles  or  other  articles  covered  by  the  rate,  which 
might  have  been  issued  in  the  field  out  of  Canadian  stocks. 

To  meet  such  expenses  as  did  not  require  future  adjustment 
and  which  began  upon  landing  in  France,  large  temporary  advances 
were  made  to  the  Canadian  Government.  Current  Canadian  ex- 
penditures in  England,  also,  were  heavy  and,  as  correspondence 
elsewhere  given*  shows,  caused  alarm  to  Sir  Thomas  White  and  a 
belief  that  a  Minister  at  Ottawa  could  not  supervise  such  affairs 
abroad.  Eventually,  in  October,  Sir  Sam  Hughes  tried  to  reor- 
ganize conditions  and  appointed,  without  authority  from  the 
Ottawa  Government,  an  Acting  Overseas  Military  Council,  com- 
posed of  Col.  A.  D.  McRae,  Brig.-Gen.  R.  G.  E.  Leckie,  C.M.G.,  Col. 
F.  A.  Reid  and  Major  Byron  Green,  with  Col.  McRae  as  Deputy 
Minister  of  Militia  Overseas.  Though  formally- announced  in  the 
London  Gazette  the  appointments  were  not  confirmed  at  Ottawa 
and  it  was  stated  had  not  been  agreed  to  by  Sir  George  Perley.  At 
this  time,  also,  Sir  Max  Aitken  resigned  his  position  of  representa- 
tive of  the  Minister  of  Militia  in  France  and  for  a  time  was  replaced 
by  Brig.-Gen.  Lord  Brooke.  Then  came  Sir  Robert  Borden's  an- 
nounced policy  of  a  complete  reorganization  in  England  with  Sir 
George  Perley  as  Minister  of  Overseas  Military  Forces  for  Canada 
in  the  United  Kingdom  (so  gazetted  on  Oct.  31)  as  well  as  Acting 
High  Commissioner.  Sir  Sam  Hughes  retired  shortly  afterwards. 
There  were  at  this  time  258,000  Canadian  troops  in  England  or  at 
the  Front  and  the  official  announcement  of  these  changes  at  Ottawa 
on  Nov.  1  reviewed  the  fact  of  heavy  expenditures  on  organiza- 
tion, maintenance  and  equipment  and  a  need  for  "the  highest 
degree  of  efficiency,  the  most  thorough  and  prompt  co-operation 
with  the  Forces  of  the  Mother  Country  and  of  the  other  Domin- 
ions, as  well  as  the  most  economical  and  careful  administration." 
It  was,  therefore,  felt  that  a  member  of  the  Government  resident 
in  London  should  have  charge  of  these  matters. 

Up  to  this  time  the  new  Minister  had  received  no  salary  as 
Acting  High  Commissioner  and  did  not  receive  any  in  his  new  and 
arduous  post.  In  the  British  Commons  on  Nov.  16  Mr.  Bonar  Law 
stated  that  "Sir  George  Perley 's  powers  included  everything  con- 
nected with  the  Canadians,  and  also  consultation  with  His  Majesty 's 
Government  regarding  the  best  methods  of  employing  the  Canadian 
forces. ' '  During  these  changes  Sir  Thomas  White  and  the  Auditor- 
General,  John  Fraser,  were  in  England  and  were  understood  to 
have  gone  into  the  complex  financial  conditions  which  existed.  Fol- 
lowing his  appointment  Sir  George  Perley  reorganized  the  provi- 
sional Overseas  Military  Council  with  Brig.-Gen.  P.  E.  Thacker, 
C.M.G.,  as  Adjutant  General,  Brig.-Gen.  A.  D.  McRae  as  Acting 
Quartermaster  General  and  Chief  Executive  Officer,  and  Maj.-Gen. 

NOTE. — See  Pages  362-3  of  this  Volume. 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FRONT  ;  CANADIANS  IN  BRITAIN        449 

R.  E.  W.  Turner,  v.cv  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  as  Commander  of  the  Canadian 
troops  in  England.  It  may  be  added  here  that  the  following  Can- 
adian appointments,  in  England,  amongst  others,  were  made,  or 
positions  occupied,  during  the  year : 

Inspector-General  of  Canadian  Force* Lieut.-Gen.    Sir   E.   A.    H.   Alderson,    K.C.B. 

Quartermaster-General    Colonel  Geo.   P.  Murphy. 

O.   C.   6th   Howitzer   Brigade    Lieut.-Col.   Wm.   B.   King,   D.S.O. 

G.  O.  C.  Shorncliffe  District    Maj.-Gen.    S.    B.    Steele,    C.B.,    M.v.o. 

Director    of    Dental    Services    Lieut.-Col.   J.   A.   Armstrong. 

Director    at    the    War    Office     Lieut.-Col.   D.   S.   Maclnnes,   D.S.O. 

Chief  Paymaster Lieut.-Col.    J.    G.    Ross. 

Director  of  Recruiting  and   Organization Colonel  Frank  A.   Reid. 

Director  of  Supplies  and   Transport    Colonel  Alex.   D.   McRae. 

Commandant  Brighton  Camp    Maj.-Gen.  J.  C.  MacDougall,  C.M.G. 

1   Brig.-Gen.    Lord    Brooke,    C.M.G.,    M.v.O. 

Commandants  Bramshott   Camp    f  Brig.-Gen.  F.  S.  Meighen. 

Director  of  Pay  and  Record  Offices   Colonel  W.  R.  Ward. 

Director  of  Medical   Services    Surg.-Gen.   G.   Carleton  Jones,   C.M.G. 

Commandant  Camp  at  Shorncliffe    Colonel   E.   C.   Ashton. 

Assistant- Adjutant  and  Quartermaster-General.  Lieut.-Col.  D.  W.  B.  Spry. 
Commandant    Artillery    at    Shorncliffe Brig.-Gen.   E.  W.   B.  Morrison,  D.S.O. 

Meanwhile  Sir  George  Perley  had  been  taking  his  part  in  Im- 
perial public  life.  In  addressing  the  Associated  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce at  London  (Mar.  1)  he  urged  a  self-contained,  self-sustain- 
ing Empire  after  the  War.  *  *  Could  our  enemies, ' '  he  asked,  * '  have 
lasted  so  long  had  they  been  unable  to  produce  in  their  own  borders 
all  the  necessaries  for  the  War  and  food  for  the  population  ? "  To 
the  National  Liberal  Club  (Apr.  6)  he  stated  that:  " Our  people 
are  proud  to  be  doing  their  share,  but  it  is  evident  that  when  we 
carry  our  part  of  the  burden  we  should  at  the  same  time  have  a 
voice  in  all  decisions  regarding  matters  of  common  concern."  A 
little  later  he  was  in  France  to  receive  President  Poincare  at  the 
French-Canadian  Hospital  of  St.  Cloud.  He  also  conferred  with 
the  French  Minister  of  War  and  M.  Hanotaux,  who  had  just 
returned  from  Italy.  In  August  he  was  home  in  Canada  for  a 
brief  visit  and  spoke  at  Arundel,  Quebec,  (Aug.  7)  in  support 
of  Recruiting,  at  Lachute  (Aug.  13),  and  other  points  in  his  con- 
stituency of  Argenteuil.  He  was  at  Sherbrooke  on  Sept.  4  and 
took  special  interest  at  Montreal  in  the  British  Sailors'  Relief 
Fund. 

Of  other  Canadians  in  London  it  may  be  said  that  Col.  Sir 
Hamar  Greenwood,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  in  February  gazetted  Deputy 
Assistant  Adjutant  General  at  the  War  Office  and  that  Sir  Gilbert 
Parker,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  on  June  1st  made  a  Privy  Councillor.  Sir 
W.  Max  Aitken  issued  a  statement  on  Feb.  10  supporting  Lord 
Rosebery  in  urging  reprisals  against  the  Germans  and  denouncing 
too  much  refinement  of  policy  in  such  a  case.  His  first  volume  of 
Canada  in  Flanders,  giving  the  official  story  of  the  C.E.F.,  was 
issued  during  1916  and  received  with  great  interest;  in  Sir  Sam 
Hughes'  October  correspondence  he  urged  the  Prime  Minister  to 
appoint  Sir  Max  as  head  of  the  proposed  Militia  Council  but  on 
the  28th  the  latter  cabled  that :  * '  I  cannot  accept  as  I  am  not  quali- 
fied to  fill  post. ' '  Sir  Max  was  also  in  charge  of  the  Canadian  War 
Records  Office  in  London  which  had  a  large  staff  busy  collecting 
and  collating  an  enormous  quantity  of  official  and  extra-official 
information — reports,  diaries,  photographs,  maps,  drawings,  and 
29 


450  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

facts  from  the  Front  relating  to  the  battles  and  individual  casual- 
ties of  the  Canadian  troops.  This  department  co-operated  with  the 
Historical  section  of  the  Imperial  Defence  Committee,  to  which  was 
entrusted  the  work  of  collecting,  arranging  and  fyling  the  official 
British  records  of  the  War  under  control  of  Sir  Maurice  Hankey. 
In  June  Sir  Max  had  been  made  a  Baronet ;  at  the  close  of  the  year 
he  was  elevated  to  the  Peerage  at  the  astonishingly  youthful  age 
of  38  and  with  a  record  of  success  in  financial  affairs,  politics  and 
public  work  such  as  stamped  him  a  man  of  exceptional  ability.  He 
chose  the  title  of  Baron  Beaverbrook.  Major  A.  G.  Doughty,  Domin- 
ion Archivist,  was  appointed  early  in  1916  to  aid  in  collating  the 
Canadian  records.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  some  criticism  was 
aroused  over  the  large  number  of  men — totalling  2,500  and  many 
eligible  for  service — who  were  employed  in  this  and  the  Pay  Ser- 
vice. Many  were,  of  course,  needed  but  on  Oct.  14  Col.  W.  R. 
Ward,  Director  of  Canadian  Pay  and  Eecord  Services,  hinted  that 
a  combing  out  process  might  be  advisable. 

Meanwhile  the  Canadian  troops  in  England  had  varied  greatly 
in  numbers,  had  been  constantly  under  training,  and  had  acted  as 
reserves  to  the  main  force  of  three  Divisions,  and  eventually  four, 
which  were  at  the  Front.  Official  figures  of  Mar.  18  showed  60,000 
troops  in  Belgium,  44,000  in  Britain  or  on  the  way  there,  and 
134,000  in  Canada.  Forces  sent  abroad  up  to  Dec.  31  following 
were  stated  by  Sir  Robert  Borden  as  totalling  280,562  of  which 
110,000  were  in  France  (including  some  Hospital  detachments  in 
the  Mediterranean)  and  10,000  under  orders  to  go  there  from 
England.  The  total  number  despatched  Overseas  during  1916  was 
165,000  men ;  of  those  still  in  England  were  3,998  men  in  Forestry 
work  and  Railway  construction,  2,752  in  the  Pay  and  Record 
Offices,  1,497  in  the  Headquarters  Staif,  Veterinary,  Postal  and 
other  services,  8,686  in  the  Medical  Service,  Ordnance  stores  and 
Army  Service  Corps — a  total  of  17,383.  The  casualties  to  date 
were  70,263  with  39,559  unfit  to  rejoin  the  ranks.*  During  1915 
2,701  medically  unfit  were  returned  to  Canada  and  in  1916  3,651. 
From  June  30,  1915,  to  Mar.  18,  1916,  there  were  776  enlistments 
in  the  Canadian  forces  while  in  England.  There  was  much  talk  at 
this  time  as  to  30,000  "unfit"  Canadian  soldiers  being  maintained  in 
England — men  who  had  been  passed  by  Canadian  medical  services 
but  who  proved  unable  to  meet  the  sterner  British  tests.  No 
official  statement,  however,  was  made  and  the  facts  were  not  avail- 
able. 

During  these  years  of  war  there  was  some  inevitable  friction 
between  a  Minister  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes'  temperament  and  the  War 
Officials  in  England.  Some  Canadian  equipment  was,  undoubtedly, 
"scrapped"  as  not  harmonizing  with  the  uniformity  which  was 
considered  absolutely  essential  in  such  huge  army  movements  and 
requirements  as  were  involved;  trouble  was  inevitable  over  sup- 

*NOTE. — House  of  Commons,  Jan.  22,  1917.  The  casualties  stated  probably  included 
a  couple  of  weeks  in  January,  1917. 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FRONT  ;  CANADIANS  IN  BRITAIN        451 

plies  such  as  boots  or  rifles  prepared  amidst  the  rush  and  inex- 
perience of  a  young  country  in  its  first  great  war.  The  Canadian 
soldiers  received  every  care  that  could  be  given  under  difficult 
conditions  and,  when  on  leave,  the  hospitality  was  almost  too  gen- 
erous. Wet  canteens  were  an  immemorial  privilege  of  the  British 
soldier  and  they  were  continued  to  the  Canadian  troops,  but  the 
distribution  of  liquor  was  limited  and  guarded  and  was  chiefly 
beer ;  in  the  trenches,  amid  conditions  of  serious  wet  and  dampness, 
something  stronger  was  considered  as  important  as  food  or  medi- 
cine. At  Bramshott  and  Shorncliffe  not  only  was  the  Y.M.C.A. 
conspicuous  in  its  work  but  English  religious  interests  provided 
fully  for  this  side  of  camp  life  with  all  kinds  of  concerts  and  ser- 
vices. A  small  army  of  150  Canadian  Chaplains,  representing 
every  denomination  and  including  even  the  Jews  and  the  Salva- 
tion Army,  were  in  attendance  in  England  or  at  the  Front  with 
Col.  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Steacey  in  charge. 

As  to  training  a  great  deal  was  needed.  In  this  terrific  strug- 
gle one  of  the  distinct  essentials  was  found  to  be  discipline;  some 
of  the  worst  British  and  Canadian  disasters  of  the  War  were  due 
to  failure  in  obeying  orders.  Coolness,  courage,  success,  were  all 
dependent  upon  discipline  and  too  many  Canadians  at  first  were 
filled  with  the  idea  that  courtesy  meant  servility,  that  obedience 
was  not  quite  manly.  Major  A.  T.  Hunter  of  Toronto,  after  his 
return  from  a  year 's  active  service,  held  the  same  view  that  he  had 
as  a  public  man  before  he  went  to  the  Front  and  expressed  clearly, 
in  an  address  at  Orillia  on  Oct.  12,  his  dislike  for  the  Regulars,  in 
this  connection,  and  the  English  officer.  "But  we  must  remember 
that  we  are  tied  until  the  end  of  the  War  to  English  forms,  sym- 
bols, and  manifestations  of  discipline  which  forms,  symbols  and 
manifestations  many  people  mistake  for  discipline  itself."  This 
and  similar  opinions  were  based  upon  a  suspicion  of  precedent  and 
dislike  for  experience — even  of  centuries — which  was  as  wide  as 
the  American  continent.  Delays  in  sending  Canadian  troops  to 
the  Front  were  due  very  often  to  the  long  course  of  training  re- 
quired— as,  for  instance,  in  the  matter  of  carelessness  in  trenches, 
which  had  caused  many  a  Canadian  death  in  the  first  months  at 
the  Front.  Another  subject  not  understood  in  Canada  was  that  of 
surplus  officers.  During  many  months,  whenever  wastage  in  France 
required  reinforcement — as  at  the  Somme,  where  on  one  occasion 
19,000  men  were  called  for  in  a  hurry — the  best-trained  men  in 
the  reserve  battalions  were  sent  forward  and  the  officers  of  higher 
rank  were,  in  most  cases,  not  required.  There  was,  therefore,  an 
accumulation  of  these  officers  in  England  which  really  became  a 
problem. 

Many  of  them  were  too  old  to  revert  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant 
or  to  go  as  privates,  or  else  could  not  afford  to  do  so;  in  one  case 
80  did  go  forward  as  supernumary  lieutenants  with  no  real  duties 
and  they  joined  the  men  in  a  certain  trench  attack.  According  to 
the  story  all  but  20  were  casualties.*  There  were  others,  of  course, 


I 


*NOTE. — Lieut.-Col.   J.   D.   Taylor,   M.P.,   Commons,   Feb.    6,    1917. 


452  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

who  had  no  real  desire  to  go  but  they  were  a  small  minority.  In 
the  Commons  on  Mar.  2  the  Minister  of  Militia  stated  that :  ' '  There 
is  no  officer  in  the  Canadian  service  in  England  who  is  not  on 
some  duty  or  another.  A  number  lost  their  places  in  their  old  regi- 
ments, and  a  number  who  went  over  with  the  first  Contingent  have 
returned  to  England,  but  every  officer  is  on  duty.  I  may  say  that 
it  is  more  difficult  for  a  senior  officer  to  get  to  the  Front  than  for 
a  junior  officer.  They  are  sending  over  lieutenants,  and  leaving 
the  captains  and  majors  out,  and  these  are  put  on  instructional 
duty  in  England.  A  great  many  officers  have  come  back  to  Can- 
ada, and  we  have  put  them  at  training  here. ' '  At  the  close  of  the 
year  it  was  stated  that  300  senior  officers  still  in  England,  unat- 
tached, would  have  to  return  home  or  revert  in  rank. 

Incidents  of  the  year  in  connection  with  the  troops  in  England 
included  three  great  entertainments  given  in  March  by  the  King 
and  Queen  at  Buckingham  Palace  to  thousands  of  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers  and  sailors — amongst  whom  were  many  Canadians ;  a 
review  of  the  Canadian  Division  at  Bramshott  by  His  Majesty  on 
Dominion  Day  with  Lord  French,  Sir  Archibald  Hunter,  Sir 
George  Perley  and  Sir  George  Foster  in  attendance ;  a  presentation 
by  Princess  Louise  to  General  Steele  (June  8)  of  a  silken  Union 
Jack  and  silver  shield  from  British  women  and  children  in  ack- 
nowledgment of  Canada's  support — the  shield  being  intended  to 
record  great  Canadian  deeds.  An  inspection  of  the  troops  at 
Bramshott  was  made  by  Mr.  Lloyd  George,  Secretary  for  War,  on 
Aug.  7,  with  a  speech  in  which  he  eloquently  declared  that :  ' '  Just 
as  the  Rocky  Mountains  hurl  back  the  storms  of  the  West,  so  did 
these  heroes  in  the  2nd  Battle  of  Ypres  break  the  hurricane  of  the 
Germanic  fury;  amid  the  flames  and  poisonous  fumes  of  Gehenna 
hold  high  the  honour  of  Canada,  and  save  the  British  Army.  You 
have  the  deep-felt  gratitude  as  well  as  admiration  of  every  man, 
woman,  and  child  in  these  Islands,  and  such  men  as  were  produced 
then  I  am  sure  you  will  prove  yourselves  to  be  in  this  struggle." 
These  were  the  men  of  the  4th  Division  which  was  about  to  proceed 
to  the  Front. 

The  Women's  organizations  continued  their  activities  during 
1916.  The  Canadian  Field  Comforts  Commission,  Shorncliffe,  of 
which  Lieut.  Mary  Plummer  and  Lieut.  Joan  Arnoldi  were  Com- 
missioners, did  a  great  work  indicated  by  the  fact  that  from  Jan. 
1  to  Mar.  31,  1916, 'they  distributed  194,851  articles  to  the  troops- 
including  102,162  tins  of  cigarettes  or  tobacco — together  with  the 
forwarding  of  16,135  parcels  specially  addressed  to  soldiers  at  the 
Front  or  in  England.  Later  in  the  year  Miss  Doris  Aldous  of  Win- 
nipeg joined  the  others  in  this  work  with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant. 
Lady  Drummond  of  Montreal,  but  resident  in  London,  was  unceas- 
ing in  her  efforts  for  the  soldiers  with  her  whole  time  devoted  to 
sympathetic  attention  to  their  needs.  Much  was  done  for  the  Red 
Cross  and  in  June  she  made  a  vigorous  appeal  for  funds  to  pro- 
vide for  the  further  organization  of  Maple  Leaf  Clubs  for  soldiers 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FRONT  ;  CANADIANS  IN  BRITAIN        453 

on  leave.  In  a  letter  issued  at  this  time  she  asked  for  $25,000  as 
a  beginning  and  stated  that  she  would  give  $5,000,  Lady  Strathcona 
$2,500  and  Sir  George  Perley  $1,000.  The  first  of  such  Clubs  had 
been  aided  by  Lord  Milner,  Mr.  Kipling  and  others  in  England, 
with  $11,000  raised  by  the  I.O.D.E.  for  Annexes,  and  was  under 
special  Royal  patronage.  The  money  asked  by  Lady  Drummond 
was  secured  at  once  in  Montreal  and  in  Toronto — where  Angus 
Sinclair  collected  $10,015.  On  Dec.  22  the  Duke  of  Connaught 
opened  several  new  Clubs  in  London  at  a  single  ceremony.  After 
speeches  by  Sir  George  Perley  and  Mr.  Kipling,  Lieut.-Col.  Richard 
Reid,  Ontario  Agent-General,  stated  that  the  Government  of  that 
Province  would  increase  its  grant  to  $30,000. 

Of  individual  work  by  women  there  was  too  much  to  specify. 
Mrs.  Malcolm  McAvity  (St.  John)  ran  a  dainty  tea-room  for  sol- 
diers in  London  and  devoted  the  profits  to  soldiers'  comforts  and 
this  may  be  left  as  an  illustration.  The  Ladies'  Committee  of  the 
Canadian  War  Contingent  Association,  of  which  Lady  Perley  and 
Mrs.  McLaren  Brown  were  active  officials,  did  an  incessant  work  in 
looking  after  the  receipt,  unpacking  and  acknowledgment  of  the 
many  cases  of  hospital  supplies  and  general  comforts  of  all  kinds 
for  the  troops  which  arrived  from  Canada  almost  daily,  and  in 
keeping  a  record  of  everything  received  and  distributed.  The  main 
organization,  of  which  Sir  George  Perley  and  J.  G.  Colmer,  C.M.G., 
were  the  chief  officials,  continued,  in  1916,  a  work  illustrated  by 
the  previous  year's  distribution  from  Canada  of  127,376  pairs  of 
socks,  17,615  mufflers  and  other  things  in  proportion,  and  in  the 
maintenance  of  the  Beachborough  Park  Hospital  at  Shorncliffe 
for  which  £34,000  had  been  collected.  Meantime,  however,  too 
many  Canadian  women  had  been  coming  to  England,  in  an  irre- 
sponsible way,  merely  to  be  near  relatives  whom  they  might  not  see 
once  in  a  year.  Some  of  them  lived  extravagantly  and  aroused 
surprise  or  comment,  while  some  were  stranded  or  in  difficulties; 
others  helped  in  any  work  possible  and  still  others  could  not  adjust 
themselves  to  work  and  war  environment.  In  May  it  was  stated 
that  3,000  wives  of  Canadian  soldiers  were  then  in  England  and 
at  Ottawa,  in  December,  it  was  officially  announced  that  during  the 
previous  six  months  6,000  Canadian  women  had  landed  in  Great 
Britain.  An  official  warning  was  therefore  issued  that  transporta- 
tion difficulties  might  prevent  the  return  of  many  for  an  inde- 
finite period. 

There  were  many  Canadian  Hospitals  in  England  and  at  the 
Front,  in  France  and  the  East.  Upon  this  subject  Hon.  A.  E. 
Kemp,  Minister  of  Militia,  stated  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  4  that  the 
Canadian  Army  Medical  Corpg  work  was  valuable  and  important. 
"At  the  present  time  there  are  in  France  13  field  ambulances,  each 
with  an  establishment  of  192,  and  there  are  7  Canadian  General 
Hospitals — 5  in  France  and  2  in  Greece — each  with  an  establish- 
ment of  310,  with  1,040  beds  and  equipment.  .  .  .  We  are  also 


454  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

conducting  8  Canadian  Stationary  Hospitals  with  an  establishment 
of  160  and  each  containing  400  beds.  Four  of  these  are  in  France, 
3  in  England,  and  1  in  Greece.  The  C.A.M.C.  are  also  in  charge 
of  4  casualty  clearing  stations,  with  an  establishment  of  87  and 
each  containing  200  beds.  Three  of  these  are  in  France  and  1  in 
England."  In  England  there  were  22  purely  Canadian  hospitals. 
Of  those  in  France  that  at  St.  Cloud  was  officered  and  manned 
by  French-Canadians  and  had  been  presented  to  the  French  author- 
ities by  the  Dominion  Government;  that  at  Boulogne  had  been 
organized  by  McGill  University,  Montreal,  and  another  at  Dinard 
also  was  organized  by  French-Canadians.  Col.  Arthur  Mignault, 
M.D.,  was  in  July  appointed  as  Senior  Officer  in  command  of  Can- 
adian Hospitals  in  Paris  and  district. 

Major  F.  McKelvey  Bell,  C.A.M.C.,  of  No.  2  Hospital  in  France, 
wrote  a  statement  as  to  Canadian  Hospitals  in  April  with  this  sum- 
mary: "The  medical  equipment  and  personnel  of  the  Canadian 
Hospitals  is  of  a  type  and  quality  that  is  a  matter  of  pride  to  all 
Canadians.  The  chain  of  organization  is  so  perfect  that  there  is 
not  a  single  break  in  its  continuity  from  the  farthest  point  in  the 
firing-line,  through  France  and  England,  and  even  back  to  Can- 
ada. The  soldier  is  treated  throughout,  not  as  a  public  care,  but 
as  the  private  patient  of  the  Dominion.  It  is  greatly  to  the  credit 
of  the  Director,  Surgeon-Gen.  G.  C.  Jones,  C.M.G.,  that  he  has  organ- 
ized and  perfected  what  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  finest  medical 
services  in  the  world."  Convalescent  Homes,  such  as  that  of  the 
Massey-Harris  Co.  at  Dulwich,  or  of  Miss  Lewis  of  Ottawa  at 
Roehampton,  or  of  Mrs.  Sandford  Fleming  at  Lympne  Castle  or 
semi-private  Hospitals  and  the  V.A.D.,  or  Voluntary  Aid  Depots, 
were  very  numerous.  During  1916  the  Ontario  Government  Hos- 
pital at  Orpington,  the  I.O.D.E.  Hospital  for  Officers  in  Hyde 
Park,  London,  and  the  Naval  Hospital,  Canadian  Wing,  at  Chat- 
ham, were  all  opened  for  service.  Of  the  general  situation  Sir 
George  Foster  said  in  a  Vancouver  speech  on  Sept.  24  that  all 
that  art  and  skill  and  loving  care  could  do  was  done  for  Canadian 
wounded:  "The  Canadian  Hospitals  in  England  and  in  France 
employ  11,000  doctors  and  nurses.  In  Egypt,  formerly  in  Meso- 
potamia, at  Salonika,  in  Paris  and  in  England,  everywhere  there 
are  these  Canadian  hospitals,  manned  and  carried  on  by  our  own 
people  ministering  to  poor  stricken  humanity."  Sir  George  told 
of  one  Canadian  hospital  through  which  there  had  passed  21,000 
casualties  in  three  months  of  which  less  than  two  per  cent,  resulted 
fatally.  The  following  official  figures  as  to  hospitals  in  England 
were  made  public,  for  Nov.  17,  with  the  statement  that  19,818 
wounded  members  of  the  C.E.F.  were  then  in  England — 9,981 
being  in  British  hospitals*  : 

*NOTE. — It  was  stated  in  Toronto  by  W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C.,  Hospitals  Commission 
(Dec.  24)  that  12,000  were  then  ready  for  return  to  Canada;  official  Canadian  figures 
showed  on  Nov.  17,  5,181  patients  in  Convalescent  Hospitals  in  Canada  with  accom- 
modation for  5,389. 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FRONT  ;  CANADIANS  IN  BRITAIN        455 


Canadian  Primary  Hospitals 
Duchess  of   Connaughtt's,   Taplow    .  .  . 

Bramshott    Military    Hospital    

Daughters  of  the  Empire,  Hyde  Park 

Moore  Barracks,   Shorncliffe    

Ontario  Military  Hospital,   Orpington 
Shorncliffe    Military    Hospital     

Canadian  Special  Hospitals 
Buxton  Canadian  Red  Cross  Special    . 

Canadian  Hospital,  Etchinghill 

Granvillo    Special,    Ramsgate     

Westcliffe    Eye    and    Ear,    Folkestone 

Canadian  Convalescent  Hospitals 

Bearwood     Park,     Wokingham     

Bromley    

Hillingdou    House,    Uxbridge     

King's    Canadian,    Bushey    Park 

Woodcote     Park,     Epsom     

Shorncliffe  Military  .(Conv.   Section)    . 

Special  Sanatoria 

Hastings   Sanatorium    , 

Pinewood    .  


Sick 
23 

556 
4 

844 
82 

513 


241 
312 
161 
252 


252 

110 

143 

95 

1,013 
347 


Wounded 

99 

30 

16 

120 

168 

289 


46 


747 
59 


436 
184 
393 
301 
1,672 
235 


Total 
122 
586 
20 
964 
250 
802 


287 
312 
908 
311 


294 
536 
396 
2,685 
582 


Meanwhile  certain  influences  had  been  at  work.  There  was  no 
doubt  some  conflict  of  jurisdiction  as  to  Canadians  in  British  hos- 
pitals, some  difficulties  in  keeping  them  in  touch  with  their  rela- 
tives, some  additional  expense  in  Canada's  outlay.  On  the  other 
hand  the  men  obtained  a  wide  circle  of  acquaintances  and  friends 
from  all  over  the  Empire,  the  best  of  attention  while  sick,  and 
every  kind  of  hospitable  kindness  and  pleasant  experience  when 
convalescent.  Sir  Sam  Hughes,  however,  wanted  them  all  together, 
segregated,  under  Canadian  roofs  and  control,  under  the  care  of  the 
C.A.M.C. ;  other  conditions  in  England  seemed  to  indicate  reorgan- 
ization as  necessary.  In  order  to  look  into  the  situation  and  inspect 
all  Canadian  hospitals  and  medical  institutions  in  England  "to 
which  the  Canadian  Government  in  any  way  contributes"  Colonel 
H.  A.  Bruce,  M.DV  of  Toronto,  was  appointed  (July  31)  Special  In- 
spector-General of  Medical  Services ;  with  him,  as  a  Committee  of 
Inquiry,  were  also  appointed  Col.  F.  A.  Reid,  Col.  Wallace  Scott, 
Lieut.-Col.  Walter  McKeown,  Lieut.- Col.  F.  W.  E.  Wilson  and 
Capt.  Charles  Hunter — the  four  latter  well-known  Canadian  phy- 
sicians or  surgeons.  When  finally  submitted  to  the  Government 
and  made  public  on  Oct.  15,  after  investigation  lasting  until  Sept. 
26,  the  Report  of  Col.  Bruce  and  his  colleagues  was  unanimous  and 
elaborate  and  proved  to  be  a  serious  reflection  upon  the  general 
Medical  administration  of  the  Canadian  forces.  The  following 
extract  was  more  than  that:  "The  present  Medical  Board  situa- 
tion is  a  disgrace  to  the  Canadian  Medical  Service,  and  is  respons- 
ible largely  for  excessive  wastage  of  the  C.E.F.  and  for  the  unsatis- 
factory estimation  of  pensions.  .  .  .  The  Medical  Board  De- 
partment practically  runs  itself;  there  is  no  central  control,  no 
uniformity  of  standard  among  the  different  boards,  no  supply  of 
an  adequately  permanent  and  efficient  personnel  for  medical 
boards,  no  records  of  a  satisfactory  nature  available  regarding  very 
many  casualties,  no  instructions  regarding  pensions."  Lack  of  co- 
ordination, the  need  of  concentration  for  hospitals  and  patients  and 


456  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW     * 

nurses  and  medical  attendance  were  the  main  points  and,  as  to 
details,  the  following  summary  will  be  sufficient: 

1.  Many  soldiers  arrived  in  England  from  Canada  medically  unfit  who 
should  never  have  been  enlisted. 

2.  The  system  of  disposing  of  casualties  from  the  Front  to  Imperial 
hospitals  in  England,  Wales,  Scotland  and  Ireland  was  extremely  unsatisfac- 
tory;  the  method  of  having  Canadian  hospitals  scattered  over  such  a  large 
area  was  very  objectionable. 

3.  There  was  unnecessary  detention  in  hospitals.     There  had  been  no 
medical  inspection  by  the  Canadian  Medical  Service  of  Canadian  soldiers  in 
Imperial   hospitals,   and   there   had   been   no   efficient   medical    inspection   of 
Canadian  hospitals.     The  lack  of  system  permitted  of  the  aimless  moving  of 
patients  from  hospital  to  hospital. 

4.  The  use  by  the  Canadian  Service  of  Voluntary  Aid  Hospitals  was  very 
undesirable,  as  they  were  inefficient,  expensive   and  unsatisfactory;    the   ad- 
ministration of  the  group  of  57  such  Hospitals  at  Shorncliffe  by  the  Can- 
adian Medical  Service  was  unsatisfactory  and  expensive. 

5.  The  method  of  operating,  jointly  with  the  Bed  Cross,  certain  hospi- 
tals built  and  equipped  by  them  was  unsatisfactory.     Such  dual  control  was 
undesirable. 

6.  It  was  improper  to  detail  C.A.M.C.  personnel  to  Imperial  hospitals, 
and  still  retain  them  on  a  Canadian  pay  roll ;   the  situation  at  Shorncliffe, 
owing  to  the  Canadian  A.D.M.S.  acting  in  a  similar  capacity  over  a  large  area 
for  the  Imperial  authorities  was  unsatisfactory. 

7.  No   attempt   had   been   made    to    restrict   surgical    operations   which 
produced  no  increased  military  efficiency;  the  installation  of  an  expensive  plant 
at  Eamsgate  was  inadvisable,  as  a  large  number  of  the  cases  treated  there 
should  have  gone  to  Canada  for  treatment. 

8.  The  establishment  at  Buxton  of  a  special  hospital  for  the  treatment 
of  rheumatics  was  ill-advised,  as  the  majority  of  rheumatics  would  not  be  fit 
again  for  active  service,  and  could  be  better  and  more  cheaply  treated  in 
Canada. 

9.  The  system  of  handling  Canadian  venereal  patients  was  very  strongly 
condemned   and   the   method   of   handling   infectious    diseases    declared    most 
unsatisfactory. 

10.  Medical  Boards  which  regulated  the  classification  of  casualties  were 
not  available  and  the  important  question  of  pensions  had  been  neglected  by 
the  Canadian  Medical  Service. 

11.  Lack  of  co-ordination  in  the  Canadian  Medical  Service  between  Can- 
ada, England,  and  the  Front,  was  stated  and  the  medical  personnel  had  not 
been  used  to  the  best  advantage. 

12.  The  Canadian  Army  Medical  Corps  Training  School  in  England  had 
never  been  properly  organized,  although  of  the  greatest  importance  and  in  the 
operation  of  the  Medical  Service  sufficient  regard  had  not  been  paid  to  econ- 
omy in  management. 

The  Report  created  a  sensation  in  Medical  and  political  circles 
and  caused  rumours  of  the  resignation  and  return  to  Canada  of 
Surg.-General  Jones;  it  was  obviously  approved  by  Sir  S.  Hughes 
in  his  Empire  Club  speech  at  Toronto;  it  was  apparently  disap- 
proved by  the  Premier,  who  instructed  General  Jones  to  remain 
in  England,  and  by  Sir  George  Perley  whose  War  Contingent  Hos- 
pital at  Beachborough  came  under  the  V.A.D.  censure;  Sir  Wm. 
Osier  and  others  contended  in  England  that  General  Jones  had 
not  been  heard  and  that  he  should  have  been  a  member  of  the 
Bruce  Board  of  Inquiry.  General  Jones  replied  to  the  charges 
in  an  elaborate  document  which,  however,  had  no  publicity  in  Can- 
ada. On  Nov.  25  the  War  Office,  apparently  at  the  request  of  Sir 
George  Perley,  as  Minister  of  Overseas  Services,  appointed  a  Board 


LIEUT.  JAMES  MURRAY  HAZEN, 

25th    Battery,    7th    Brigade;      son    of    Hon. 

J.   D.    Hazen,    Minister  of  Marine 

and    Fisheries,    Ottawa. 


CAPT.  EDWIN  LYLE  BERKINSHAW, 

Killed,   3rd  Battle  of  Ypres,  June  3,   1916: 
son    of    W.    H.    Berkinshaw,    Calgary. 


SERGT.  WILLIAM   TAYLOR  CRUMMY, 

Seaforth    Highlanders;     killed    in    action    at 

St.   Eloi,    1916;    son   of  Rev.   Dr.   Eber 

Crummy,    Winnipeg. 


LIEUT.   CLIFTON   MAWBANK  HORSEY, 

13th     Battalion;     killed     in     action,     April 

22,    1916;    son   of  J.   Hayden   Horsey, 

London,    England. 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  THE  FRONT  ;  CANADIANS  IN  BRITAIN        457 

of  Inquiry  to  investigate  conditions  and  to  deal  with  the  Bruce 
Report  and  the  General's  reply.  The  members  were  as  follows: 
Surg.-Gen.  Sir  Win.  Baptie,  Director  of  Medical  Services  at  the 
War  Office ;  Col.  E.  C.  Ashton,  M.D.,  o.c.,  Shorncliffe  Division ;  Col. 
J.  T.  Fotheringham,  M.D.,  Assistant  Medical  Director,  2nd  Division, 
at  the  Front;  Col.  A.  E.  Ross,  C.M.G.,  M.D.,  Assistant  Medical  Direc- 
tor, 1st  Canadian  Division;  Lieut.-Col.  J.  M.  Elder,  M.D.,  of  No.  3 
General  Hospital,  Boulogne. 

At  the  close  of  the  year  this  new  Report  was  made  public  after 
the  evidence  of  both  Dr.  Bruce  and  Surgeon-General  Jones  had 
been  taken  at  great  length,  as  well  as  that  of  a  number  of  promin- 
ent officials  of  the  War  Office  and  the  Hospitals.  Its  conclusions 
were  not  altogether  conclusive.  In  many  points  it  partly  agreed 
with  Dr.  Bruce  and  partly  disagreed ;  its  tendency  was  to  describe 
his  criticisms  as  too  strong  or  sweeping.  In  general  it  was  said  that 
(1)  Col.  Bruce  was  sometimes  misled  by  a  lack  of  intimate  know- 
ledge of  army  organization  or  the  inter-relation  of  various  branches 
of  the  Service;  that  (2)  large  numbers  of  men  had  been  passed  by 
Medical  officers  who  were  unfit,  owing  to  age  or  physical  disability, 
and  that  this  condition  still  continued;  that  (3)  such  arguments  as 
Col.  Bruce  adduced  for  segregation  might  be  met  by  an  extension 
of  the  system  of  Canadian  Convalescent  Hospitals  and  organized 
co-operation  as  to  inspection  between  the  Canadian  and  Imperial 
services;  that  (4)  the  Board  failed  to  discover  any  general  senti- 
ment amongst  Canadian  troops  in  Hospitals  favourable  to  segre- 
gation which,  incidentally,  would  involve  Canadian  accommodation 
for  9,000  more  patients — apart  from  sudden  battle  casualties;  that 
(5)  additional  inspection  of  all  Hospitals  was  desirable,  that  the 
Canadian  staffs  in  the  Shorncliffe  V.A.D.  group  were  too  large, 
and  that  Surgeon-General  Jones  had  allowed  glaring  departures 
from  accepted  Service  methods  to  pass  unnoticed  at  certain  Can- 
adian hospitals.  Upon  the  main  points  the  Board  reported  as  fol- 
lows: 

I.  All  through  the  report  of  the  Inspector-General  the  dominating  idea  is 
a  conception  that   the   Canadian  Expeditionary   Force   is   something   separate 
and  apart  from  the  Imperial  Army,  a  conception  that  may  be  summarized  as 
the  'water  tight'  policy  in  matters  medical.     The  Board  is  of  opinion  that  as 
long  as  the  C.  E.  F.  forms  an  integral  part  of  the  Imperial  Army,  such  a 
view  is  no  more  possible  in  the  United  Kingdom  than  it  is  in  France,  and  so 
long    as    Canadian    troops    continue    to    operate     under     the     (British)    Com- 
mander-in-Chief,   it   must   continue   to   be   impossible   to    discriminate   in   the 
medical    arrangements   of   the    Canadian    and    British    troops.      The    personal 
experience  of  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the  Board  amply  confirms  this 
view,  so  far  as  the  arrangements  at  the  French  front  and  at  the  overseas  Bases 
are  concerned;  and  the  Board  has  satisfied  itself  that  it  would  be  inadvisable 
to  attempt  separation  on  the  return  of  the  sick  and  wounded  to  the  United 
Kingdom. 

II.  The  Board  is  abundantly  satisfied  that  the  Canadian  sick  and  wounded 
have  been  thoroughly  well  cared  for,  not  only  in  the  Central  hospitals,  whether 
British  or  Canadian,  but  in  the  Voluntary  Aid  Hospitals,  which  Colonel  Bruce 
criticizes.     These  latter  hospitals   are   the   outcome   of  a  mobilization   of  the 
medical  resources  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  in  them  Canadian  soldiers  are 
not  only  well  cared  for  professionally  but  are  comfortable,  happy  and  at  home. 


458  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Board  desires  to  emphasize  its  dissent  from  the  criticisms  of  these  institu- 
tions, which  it  believes  to  be  unjust  and  undeserved. 

III.  The  Board  does  not  concur  in  Colonel  Bruce 's  view  that  a  complete 
reorganization  from  'top  to  bottom'  of  the  Canadian  Army  Medical  Service  is 
necessary.     In   its   opinion  the  reforms  he   suggests  would   not   remedy  the 
defects  he  deplores,  which  are  not  due  to  the  system  but  to  inexperience  on  the 
part  of  Officers,  Military  and  Medical,  and  to  defaults  in  administration. 

IV.  The  Board  cannot  conclude  without  adding  that  the  report  of  the 
Inspector-General  ignores  the  good  work  done  by  Surgeon-General  Jones  and 
his  Staff  under   circumstances   of  novelty   and   great   difficulty.     The  Board 
has  not  hesitated  to  criticize  those  matters,  wherein,  in  its  opinion,  the  Director 
of  Medical  Services  has  failed  but  does  so  with  great  reluctance,  for  it  is  satis- 
fied that  much  of  what  has  been  accomplished  has  been  the  result  of  his  zeal 
and  industry,  while  the  good  relations  of  the  Imperial  and  Canadian  services 
are  largely  due  to  the  tactful  performance  of  the  many  delicate  duties  that 
fell  to  his  lot. 

The  charge  that  many  of  the  Canadian  Medical  Corps  officers 
were  failures  at  home  as  medical  men,  or  were  addicted  to  drugs 
or  alcohol,  was  met  by  the  conclusion  that  "the  proportion  of 
undesirables  in  the  Corps  is  at  least  as  low  as  in  any  other  branch 
of  the  Service."  A  special  Board  and  subsidiary  inquiry  by  Lieut. - 
Col.  Harold  Machin  described  the  Service  as  managed  with  due 
economy.  The  segregation  proposals  of  Col.  Bruce  and  the  an- 
nounced policy  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes  in  that  respect  had,  meanwhile, 
aroused  more  criticism  than  all  the  other  statements  combined.  The 
British  press,  in  general,  expressed  great  regret  at  any  thought 
of  hiding  or  segregating  Canadians  from  a  people  who  desired  to 
show  their  sympathy  and  appreciation;  in  part  of  the  Canadian 
press  there  was  a  tendency  to  assume  that  Canadians  would  get 
better  treatment  in  their  own  Hospitals.  Lady  Drummond  wrote 
vigorously  to  The  Times  (Weekly,  Oct.  13)  urging  the  sentimental 
and  Imperial  point  of  view :  ' '  The  reasons  for  separation  we  have 
not  found.  Those  for  blending,  it  may  be  said,  are  largely  senti- 
mental. We  frankly  admit  it.  For,  in  truth,  our  Empire  is  held 
together  by  two  things — sentiment  and  a  point ,  of  view. ' '  This 
protest  was  endorsed  by  Mrs.  A.  E.  Gooderham  as  President  of 
the  I.O.D.E.  in  a  letter  to  The  Times  dated  Oct.  6:  "If  this  proposal 
goes  through,  Canada  will  stand  to  lose  the  very  things  which  her 
manhood  came  to  fight  and  die  for.  The  women  of  Canada  pro- 
test against  this  attempt  to  keep  away  from  their  sons  the  privileges 
and  opportunity  of  mixing  with  the  other  soldiers  of  the  King." 
It  was  also  pointed  out  that  the  Beachborough,  Taplow  and  Orping- 
ton Canadian  Hospitals  had  been  given  explicit  provisos  by  the 
donours  that  they  were  not  to  be  confined  to  Canadian  cases. 

Passing  to  various  matters  it  may  be  added  that  in  October 
the  Dominion  Government  received  a  War  Office  Memorandum  as 
to  the  strong  and  organized  effort  being  made  to  identify  and  mark 
all  graves  of  British  officers  and  men — including,  of  course,  Can- 
adians— but  describing  the  insuperable  obstacles  in  many  cases; 
that  the  Colonial  Secretary  stated  in  the  Commons  on  May  25  that 
a  proviso  had  been  inserted  in  the  Military  Service  Bill  exempt- 
ing Canadians  residing  in  Great  Britain ;  that  the  Medical  Research 


CANADIAN  TROOPS  IN  ACTION  ;  BATTLES  OF  THE  YEAR       459 

Committee  reported  in  February  as  to  Meningitis  that  it  was  a 
disease  due  to  "carriers"  and,  while  not  new,  had  been  introduced 
to  England  in  a  very  virulent  strain  by  Canadians.  The  condi- 
tions of  sending  Parcels  to  British  (including  Canadian)  prisoners 
in  Germany  were  re-organized,  with  regulations  to  come  into  effect 
on  Dec.  1st,  and  to  be  controlled  for  Canada  by  the  Canadian  Red 
Cross  Committee  in  London.  As  there  was  much  discussion  of  the 
matter  in  Canada  based  upon  inadequate  cabled  information  and 
ignorance  as  to  the  general  situation,  the  following  is  quoted  here 
(as  to  privates)  from  official  instructions  published  on  Oct.  21: 

No  parcel  will  be  sent  unless  it  has  been  examined  or  packed  by  the 
Central  Prisoners  of  War  Committee,  or  by  an  organization  authorized  by 
that  Committee  in  accordance  with  regulations  issued  by  the  Government. 
Every  prisoner  will  be  sent  parcels  by  one,  and  only  one,  authorized  organiza- 
tion. Adequate  supplies,  but  not  excessive  quantities,  of  food  will  be  sent 
by  the  authorized  organizations  from  their  own  stores  to  every  prisoner.  As 
it  is  difficult  to  censor  bread,  cakes,  and  tinned  food  without  spoiling  them, 
no  other  person  will  be  permitted  to  send  such  articles.  .  .  .  The  gross 
weight  of  parcels  of  food  (including  bread)  sent  to  an  individual  prisoner 
must  not  exceed  30  Ibs.  a  week.  Parcels  despatched  by  an  authorized  organ- 
ization will  be  distinguished  by  a  special  label. 

Canadian  troops  were  reported  to  have  reached  England  during 
the  year  as  follows :  Feb.  16th,  14  Battalions  of  about  14,000  officers 
and  men ;  Mar.  28th,  3  Battalions  and  sundry  units  and  reinforce- 
ments ;  May  1st,  2  Battalions  and  various  units  and  details,  2,958  in 
number;  May  9th,  10  Battalions,  various  drafts  and  units,  14,504 
officers  and  men;  July  26th,  4  Battalions  with  cavalry,  artillery 
and  other  drafts ;  Oct.  8th,  12  Battalions  and  other  details,  15,000 ; 
Nov.  13th,  13  Battalions  and  various  drafts. 

Troops  in  ^  *^e  beginning  of  1916  the  Canadians  at  the 

Action ;  The  3rd  Front  consisted  of  three  Divisions — the  1st  under 
Battle  of  Ypres;  Maj.-Gen.  A.  W.  Currie,  C.B.,  the  2nd  under  Maj.-Gen. 
st.  Eioi  and  R  E.  W.  Turner,  v.c.,  D.S.O.,  C.B.,  the  3rd  under  Maj.- 
Gen.  M.  S.  Mercer.  The  Brigades  of  the  1st  Division 
were  under  command  of  Brig.-Gen.  Garnet  B.  Hughes,  D.S.O.,  Brig.- 
Gen.  L.  J.  Lipsett,  C.-M.G.,  Brig.-Gen.  R.  G.  E.  Leckie,  C.M.G.  ;  those 
of  the  2nd  Division  were  commanded  by  Brig.-Gen.  Robert  Rennie, 
D.S.O.,  M.V.O.,  Brig.-Gen.  David  Watson,  C.B.,  Brig.-Gen.  H.  D.  B. 
Ketchen;  those  of  the  3rd  Division  were  under  Brig.-Gen.  A.  C. 
Macdonell,  C.M.G.,  D.S.O.,  Brig.-Gen.  V.  A.  S.  Williams,  Brig.-Gen. 
F.  W.  Hill,  C.B.  In  March  Gen.  Leckie  of  the  3rd  Brigade  was 
wounded  and  replaced  by  Brig.-Gen.  F.  0.  W.  Loomis,  D.S.O.,  and 
Gen.  Macdonell  of  the  7th  Brigade,  also  wounded,  was  succeeded 
by  Brig.-Gen.  G.  S.  Tuxford,  C.M.G.  In  June  it  was  announced  that 
General  Lipsett  would  succeed  the  late  Gen.  Mercer  as  Commander 
of  the  3rd  Division  and  that  Brig.-Gen.  W.  St.  Pierre  Hughes  would 
replace  him  in  command  of  the  2nd  Brigade.  Brig.-Gen.  J.  H. 
Elmsley,  D.S.O.,  replaced  Gen.  Williams  (a  prisoner  in  Germany) 
in  his  Brigade  command.  Gen.  Turner  was  appointed  in  November 
to  command  the  Canadian  troops  in  England  and  was  succeeded 
in  the  2nd  Division  at  the  Front  by  Brig.-Gen.  H.  E.  Burstall,  C.B. 


460  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Finally,  the  4th  Division,  after  being  depleted  by  drafts  for  France 
during  the  Somme  fighting,  was  finally  sent  to  the  Front  in  August 
under  command  of  Maj.rGen.  David  Watson,  C.B.,  with  Brig.-Gen. 
J.  F.  L.  Embury  in  charge  of  one  of  the  Brigades.  Of  the  Artillery 
during  this  year  Brig.-Gen.  J.  H.  Mitchell,  Col.  J.  J.  Creelman, 
Brig.-Gen.  E.  W.  B.  Morrison,  *>.s.o.,  and  Brig.-Gen.  J.  H.  Elmsley 
were  in  command  of  Brigades  at  one  time  or  another  with  Brig.- 
Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Seeley,  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  lately  British  Secretary  of  War  in 
command  of  the  Cavalry  and  Brig.-Gen.  C.  J.  Armstrong,  C.M.G.,  as 
Chief  Engineer  of  the  Canadian  Corps  in  France. 

Meanwhile,  and  up  to  May,  1916,  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  E.  A.  H. 
Alderson,  K.C.B.,  had  been  in  command  of  all  the  Canadian  forces 
in  France.  He  was  popular  with  the  men  and  under  him  the  Can- 
adians had  done  much  hard  work,  become  splendid  soldiers  and 
distinguished  themselves  in  the  field.  Differences  with  the  Minis- 
ter of  Militia  at  Ottawa,  however,  made  his  retirement  unavoidable 
and  he  was  replaced  by  Lieut.-Gen.  the  Hon.  Sir  Julian  H.  G. 
Byng,  K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  M.V.O.,  who  had  won  a  reputation  in  South 
Africa  as  an  alert,  devoted  and,  of  course,  gallant  soldier.  Under 
Gen.  Alderson  the  Canadian  1st  Division  had  saved  Calais  and 
the  Coast  at  the  2nd  Battle  of  Ypres — St.  Julien  and  Langemarck 
— as  British  troops  had  done  at  the  1st  Battle  of  that  name ;  under 
him  the  same  Division  had  fought  at  Givenchy  and  Festubert 
beside  the  Guards  and  the  famous  ".fighting  Seventh"  of  the  British 
Army ;  under  him  early  in  1916  they  still  were  fighting  at  St.  Eloi 
in  the  war-blasted  Ypres  region.  Under  Sir  Julian  Byng  the  first 
three  Divisions  and  Princess  Patricias  fought  at  the  3rd  Battle 
of  Ypres,  while  all  four  Canadian  Divisions  were  under  him  at 
the  struggle  on  the  Somme.  During  this  year  the  already  estab- 
lished reputation  of  Canadian  troops  was  enhanced;  they  were 
equal  to  the  best  of  their  British  comrades  and  no  higher  praise 
could  be  given.  Where  all  were  brave,  all  cheerful  and  patient, 
all  earnest  in  the  desire  to  get  at  the  enemy,  comparisons  are  im- 
possible but,  as  with  the  Australians  and  South  Africans  and  New 
Zealanders  at  their  special  points  of  struggle  and  success,*  Can- 
adians naturally  took,  and  always  will  take,  special  interest  in  the 
Canadian  portions  of  the  great  battles  which  often  ran  for  scores  of 
miles  along  the  Front  and  involved  millions  of  men. 

During  January  of  1916  the  Princess  Patricias  were  transferred 
from  the  80th  British  Brigade  to  the  Canadian  Army  Corps  and 
Gen.  W.  E.  B.  Smith,  in  a  farewell  Order,  declared  that  "the  gal- 
lantry of  the  P.P. C.L.I,  during  the  fighting  of  St.  Eloi,  and  later 
during  the  2nd  Battle  of  Ypres,  when  the  Battalion  hung  on  to 
their  trenches  with  unparalleled  tenacity,  and  lost  75  per  cent,  of 
their  effectives,  has  won  for  them,  not  only  the  admiration  of  their 
comrades  but  a  reputation  which  will  stand  amongst  the  highest  in 
the  record  of  the  exploits  of  the  British  Army."  It  was  pointed 
out  at  the  time  that  this  Regiment  and  those  of  the  1st  Canadian 

*NOTB. — See   Sections  relating   to   these   different   Dominions. 


CANADIAN  TROOPS  IN  ACTION  ;  BATTLES  OF  THE  YEAR       461 

Contingent  were  the  first  volunteer  soldiers  that  Britain  allowed 
to  go  to  the  Front.  The  press  of  the  early  part  of  the  year  con- 
tained many  tributes  to  the  Canadians  from  British  and  United 
States  war  correspondents — the  latter,  as  being  neutral,  were  more 
significant  and  included  Frederick  Palmer;  Selmar  Fogenor,  New 
York  Sun ;  John  Burke,  New  York  Herald ;  A.  W.  Stiles,  New  York 
Tribune,  and  others.  The  fighting  at  this  stage  was  mostly  trench 
warfare,  bombing  raids  and  scouting  affairs  in  which  much  skill 
and  courage  were  shown,  patient  defence  of  a  part  of  the  difficult 
Ypres  salient.  Canadian  correspondents  were  allowed  to  visit  the 
lines  in  the  middle  of  February  and  W.  A.  Willison  wrote  of 
Battalions  enduring  much  in  the  way  of  mud  and  wet  trenches  but 
as  being  filled  with  optimism  and  self-confidence.  During  March 
the  fighting  was  more  frequent,  the  shelling  of  the  Canadian  and 
other  British  trenches  more  severe,  and  the  2nd  Canadian  Division 
was  put  in  charge  of  a  new  line. 

On  Apr.  3rd  there  began  the  most  important  conflict  shared  in 
by  Canadians  since  St.  Julien.  The  2nd  Division  occupied  on  that 
date  the  ground  at  St.  Eloi,  won  in  recent  actions  by  the  3rd  British 
Division  and  held  as  a  sharp  salient  thrust  into  the  German  posi- 
tion ;  it  comprised  trenches  running  alongside  of  great  mine-craters. 
These  crowned  a  slight  rising  and  had  been  created  by  a  German 
explosion  and  from  them  the  enemy's  trenches  might  have  been 
dominated.  During  the  week  of  Mar.  28  many  German  efforts  and 
an  intense  artillery  concentration  had  been  made  to  dislodge  the 
British,  after  their  advance  of  Mar.  27,  and  then  the  Canadian 
troops  to  whom  the  trenches  were  turned  over,  but  they  had  been 
resisted  and  the  lines  connected  up  on  the  right  to  a  new  British 
line.  There  were  many  Canadian  bombing  attacks,  all  gallant 
efforts,  and  some  effective  ones  during  the  week.  The  Canadians 
by  Apr.  3  had  barely  got  settled  in  their  new  positions,  with  most 
of  the  crater-ground  behind  them,  and  a  "No  Man's  Land,"  of 
desolate  and  shattered  history  in  the  immediate  front,  when  the 
struggle  began. 

Upon  them  and  the  craters  poured  a  heavy  concentrated  artil- 
lery fire  for  three  days,  which  increased  steadily  in  intensity,  with 
the  27th  (Winnipeg)  Battalion  as  the  chief  sufferers;  on  the  6th 
the  Germans  followed  it  up  and  succeeded  in  getting  through  and 
occupying  two  of  the  craters.  Fighting  continued  for  days,  at 
close  range,  for  the  German  capture  of  the  other  craters  and,  by 
the  Canadians,  for  the  capture  of  the  two  which  the  enemy  had 
occupied.  At  first  the  Canadians  had  to  retire — the  trouble  being 
largely  due  to  a  mistake  as  to  the  location  and  occupation  of  certain 
craters  which  for  days  held  the  Canadian  Artillery  back  from 
action  and  which  had  changed  owing  to  new  mines  altering  the 
map  of  the  Mound.  For  the  same  reason  the  first  counter-attacks 
failed.  This  part  of  the  battle  had  been  conducted  by  the  6th 
Brigade  under  Gen.  Ketchen,  with  casualties  of  617  officers  and 
men;  in  the  latter  part  of  it  the  4th  Brigade  under  Gen.  Eennie, 


462  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

after  relieving  the  other  on  Apr.  7  and  making  several  fierce  at- 
tempts to  recapture  the  craters,  gave  way  on  the  llth  to  the  5th 
Brigade  under  Gen.  Watson  and  with  casualties  of  403.  Then  the 
facts  were  discovered  as  to  the  craters,  the  Artillery  got  in  its 
work,  and  on  the  17th  the  Germans  were  driven  out  and  the  battle- 
scarred  region  reoccupied.  Lord  Beaverbrook  summed  up  a  long 
detailed  record  of  these  movements  as  follows* : 

The  story  of  the  craters  is  like  that  of  most  of  the  Battle  of  St.  Eloi, 
one  of  misfortune  for  the  2nd  Division;  but  it  is  not  one  of  blame.  The  suc- 
cessive regiments  who  held  the  outposts  were  from  the  very  outset  at  a  great 
disadvantage  compared  with  their  enemies.  They  were  not,  and  could  not  be, 
properly  supported  by  their  own  gunners  while  the  enemy's  artillery  was 
pounding  them  to  pieces.  They  endured  the  horrors  of  this  experience  with 
fortitude,  and  repelled  the  earlier  assaults  with  success.  But  their  defences 
were  like  a  child's  castle  on  the  sand,  as  wave  after  wave  creeps  up  the  shore 
on  an  incoming  tide.  The  outlines  became  blurred  and  faded  under  the 
remorseless  gunfire,  until  the  final  wave  quietly  and  calmly  swept  the  29th  out 
of  existence. 

The  region  in  which  this  battle  took  place  was  an  extraordinary 
one  and  was  partly  responsible  for  its  prolongation.  With  the 
Germans  overlooking  the  greater  part  of  the  area  and  a  ground 
sodden  with  water,  the  construction  'and  even  repair  of  trenches 
was  difficult.  With  the  damp  earth  ploughed  into  a  veritable  por- 
ridge and  dented  with  countless  pits  and  holes,  and  with  steamy 
vapours  veiling  the  landscape  and  blotting  from  view  all  familiar 
landmarks  movement  was  hazardous  and  exhausting,  and  recon- 
naissance almost  an  impossibility.  The  29th  (Vancouver)  Bat- 
talion shared  with  the  Winnipeg  Regiment  the  chief  honour  and 
losses;  Ontario  and  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  Battalions 
also  did  their  share  with,  in  one  case,  Lieut.  E.  J.  Brooke,  a  one- 
time Nova  Scotia  clergyman,  holding  a  crater,  with  a  small  party, 
for  48  hours  against  two  German  assaults.  In  another  part  of  the 
ground  the  Northumberland  Fusiliers  and  the  Royal  Fusiliers  of 
the  British  army  helped  in  the  struggle.  On  May  1  the  total 
casualties  reported  to  Ottawa  were  2,759  officers  and  men. 

During  the  next  month  or  so  there  was  much  work  in  these 
positions,  the  digging  of  new  trenches,  erecting  entanglements, 
carrying  food  and  ammunition  through  dangerous  and  difficult 
zones  of  fire,  effecting  relief,  bombing,  scouting,  and  holding  on, 
amid  conditions  described  by  the  Eye-Witness  on  May  16:  "Day 
after  day,  night  after  night,  on  the  Canadian  front  guns  thunder 
and  boom.  There  is  little  rest  or  security  even  in  the  rearward 
areas.  Often  the  labour  of  weeks  is  undone  in  a  single  moment, 
fortifications  crumble,  parapets  collapse,  buildings  fall  and  dug- 
outs cave  in  under  the  ruthless  violence  of  explosive  shells.  Burst- 
ing shrapnel  rains  a  vicious  stream  of  bullets  on  trench,  path  and 
field.  Fixed  rifle  batteries  and  machine  guns  sweep  roads  and  ap- 
proach at  uncertain  intervals,  and  from  points  of  vantage  keen- 
eyed  snipers  watch  patiently  for  the  unwary."  Deeds  of  in- 
dividual gallantry  were  many.  Then,  on  June  2,  the  area  of 

*NOTE. — Canada  in  Flanders,  Vol.  II. 


CANADIAN  TROOPS  IN  ACTION  ;  BATTLES  OF  THE  YEAR       463 

active  fighting  was  transferred  to  the  positions  held  by  the  1st  and 
3rd  Divisions,  not  far  from  Ypres  and  the  battle-ground  of  St. 
Julien,  at  a  point  centering  (1)  around  Sanctury  Wood,  (2)  around 
the  ruined  village  of  Hooge. 

The  storm  broke  in  Sanctuary  Wood  on  the  above  date  with  a 
sudden  and  intense  German  bombardment  which  in  its  earlier  results 
killed  Ma j. -Gen.  M.  S.  Mercer  who,  with  Gen.  Williams>  was  on  an 
inspection  tour  of  the  trenches — the  latter  being  made  prisoner 
under  conditions  which  were  not  clearly  known.  The  shelling  was 
one  of  the  most  intense  yet  met  with  on  the  British  front  and  strong 
trenches  over  a  wide  area  were  swiftly  swept  out  of  existence.  Suc- 
ceeding months  saw  many  similar  events  with,  in  the  end,  artillery 
supremacy  on  the  British  and  French  side;  but  at  this  time  the 
Germans  were  still  on  top.  It  was  compared  to  a  tropical  tornado 
which  presses  men  flat  to  the  ground  and  suffocates  them,  which 
uproots  forests  and  hurls  them  headlong,  which  obliterates  ancient 
landmarks,  homes  and  shelters  and  leaves  nothing  but  wreckage 
and  desolation.  Following  it  came  the  German  advance  and  in  this 
inferno  the  4th  C.M.E.,  under  Colonel  J.  F.  H.  Ussher,  suffered  the 
brunt  of  the  onslaught  of  guns  and  men  with  637  casualties ;  the  1st 
Canadian  Mounted  Rifles,  under  Col.  A.  E.  Shaw,  who  fell  while 
leading  his  men,  then  bore  the  strain  of  the  attack  with  casualties 
of  367. 

Meanwhile,  two  Companies  of  the  Princess  Patricias  faced  the 
wave  and  Col.  H.  C.  Buller,  the  gallant  leader  of  the  Regiment, 
was  killed,  and  Major  Hamilton  Gault  and  Capt.  H.  W.  Niven 
wounded.  Lord  Beaverbrook  described  (Canada  in  Flanders) 
what  ensued:  " There  followed  a  dark  and  bloody  melee  between 
the  Germans  and  the  Canadians  in  the  communication  trenches, 
the  former  trying  to  press  on  and  rush  the  support  line  and  the 
latter  trying  to  build  blocks  down  the  communication  trenches  to 
stave  them  off  until  that  line  could  be  fully  manned.  At  one  time 
the  Princess  Patricias  in  the  communication  trench,  though  attacked 
across  the  open  simultaneously  on  both  sides,  resisted  the  enemy, 
thus  emulating  the  traditions  of  the  famous  British  regiment  which, 
when  attacked  from  behind,  simply  turned  its  rear  rank  about  and 
fired  in  both  directions."  Supports  came  under  Gen.  A.  C.  Mac- 
donell  and  a  vital  position  in  front  of  Ypres  was  saved  for  the 
moment  though  some  ground  was  lost  on  the  east  and  two  guns 
which  Lieut.  C.  P.  Cotton  and  his  men  died  in  defending. 

The  attack  continued,  however,  on  the  left  at  Hooge,  on  high 
ground  which  threatened  the  heart  of  the  Canadian  position  and 
on  what  was  called  the  Apex  line  to  Maple  Copse,  in  the  direction 
of  Zillebeke,  upon  which  2,000  Germans  were  advancing  with  only 
three  Companies  of  the  5th  C.M.R.  under  Col.  G.  H.  Baker — who 
was  killed  in  the  struggle — opposed  to  them  and  what  was  left  of  the 
Princess  Patricias'  Companies  and  of  the  1st  and  4th  C.M.R. 
The  situation  had  been  greatly  helped  by  Gen.  Macdonell  scraping 
together  reinforcements,  by  a  certain  hesitation  of  the  enemy  in 


464  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

taking  advantage  of  his  opportunity,  and  by  the  gallant  stand  of 
the  5th  C.M.R.,  who  held  good  their  main  position  though  shelled  to 
pieces  for  hours  at  a  stretch  and  hunted  from  cover  to  cover.  Mean- 
while Col.  F.  W.  Hill  had  held  the  positions  at  Hooge  with  coolness 
and  courage.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  the  first  line  was  pushed 
back  on  a  front  of  a  mile  and  a  half.  As  to  this  struggle  the  Lon- 
don Times  correspondent  described  the  awful  nature  of  the  German 
artillery  preparation  over  Maple  Copse,  Observatory  Ridge  and 
Armagh  Wood:  "Each  one  of  these  names  will  be  written  large  in 
history.  The  lines  in  front  of  these  points  were  held  then  by  a 
battalion  of  the  Canadian  Mounted  Rifles,  and  other  battalions 
came  up  later  to  assist  them  through  the  barrage,  and  few  things 
finer,  it  is  said,  were  ever  seen  in  war  than  the  way  in  which  they 
came."  The  enemy's  advance  was  preceded  by  a  smoke  barrage: 
"To  the  dazed  and  broken  remnants  of  the  men  in  our  trenches, 
then,  the  enemy  was  not  visible  until  he  was  close  at  hand.  Of  one 
Battalion  few  of  the  men  who  remained  had  any  rifles  left  that  were 
fit  for  use  even  if  the  men  had  been  fit  to  use  them.  But  when  they 
saw  the  enemy  coming  and  close  at  hand  they  climbed  from  the 
trenches  to  meet  them  and,  some  blind  and  deaf  and  staggering, 
they  charged  magnificently  but  pitifully  to  their  death  with  no 
weapons  but  broken  rifle  butts,  bits  of  entrenching  tools,  and  in 
some  cases  their  fists."  To  his  troops  General  Byng  sent  this 
message :  "  I  am  proud  of  the  Canadians  under  my  command.  Their 
behaviour  has  been  magnificent.  I  have  never  known  fiercer  nor 
more  deadly  barrage,  nor  have  I  seen  any  troops  fight  with  more 
earnestness,  courage  and  cheerfulness." 

Finally,  at  midnight,  reinforcements  arrived  and  a  counter- 
attack began  in  the  early  morning  of  June  3rd.  According  to  Mr. 
John  Buchan*:  "They  pressed  on  most  gallantly,  and  won  back 
much  of  the  lost  ground.  But  they  could  not  stay  in  it,  owing  to  the 
intensity  of  the  German  artillery  fire,  and  they  were  compelled  to 
fall  back  from  most  of  that  shell-swept  area,  which  became  a  kind 
of  extended  No  Man's  Land.  For  two  days  the  battle  was  sta- 
tionary, and  then  at  midday  on  6th  June  the  German  guns  opened 
again,  concentrating  on  the  front  south  and  north  of  the  shattered 
village  of  Hooge.  North  of  that  place  they  exploded  a  series  of 
mines  between  three  and  four  in  the  afternoon,  and  presently  their 
infantry  had  penetrated  our  first-line  trenches.  .  .  .  For  a 
week  the  battle  declined  to  an  intermittent  bombardment,  for  in- 
fantry raids  were  impossible  owing  to  the  downpour  of  rain.  Then 
at  1.30  on  the  morning  of  June  13  a  fresh  Canadian  Division — the 
1st,  under  Major-General  A.  W.  Currie — attacked  on  a  front  of  500 
yards,  extending  from  the  south  end  of  Sanctuary  Wood  to  a  point 
1,000  yards  north  of  Hill  60.  They  found  that  the  enemy  had  not 
gone  far  in  consolidating  his  gains,  and  they  found,  too,  that  our 
previous  bombardments  had  done  great  execution.  They  occupied 
all  his  advanced  line,  and  regained  their  original  front  trenches  in 

*NOTE. — Nelson's  History  of  the  War,  Vol.  XIV. 


CANADIAN  TROOPS  IN  ACTION  ;  BATTLES  OF  THE  YEAR        465 

the  most  important  part  of  the  section,  inflicting  heavy  losses  on  the 
enemy,  and  taking  123  prisoners." 

Part  of  the  trouble,  a  condition  which  enhanced  difficulties  in 
all  these  military  movements,  was  the  inadequate  supply  of  light 
railways  and  the  delays  caused  by  blocked-up  roads.  Amongst  the 
Battalions  suffering  greatly  were  the  14th  of  Montreal  which  had 
casualties  of  387,  the  49th  of  Edmonton,  the  42nd  of  Montreal.  The 
3rd  Division  proved  themselves,  in  this  their  first  fight,  while 
various  battalions  of  the  1st  Division  showed  themselves  as  veter- 
ans of  the  War.  Col.  A.  E.  Shaw  (Brandon)  of  the  C.M.E.  met  a 
most  gallant  death.  The  casualties  of  the  7th  Brigade  were  45 
officers  and  1,051  men  and  those  of  the  8th  Brigade  over  1,900. 
Lieut.-Colonels  J.  G.  Rattray  and  W.  A.  Griesbach,  Capt.  W.  E. 
Manhard,  R.E.,  Lieut.-Colonels  W.  J.  H.  Holmes,  (3rd  Pioneers), 
G.  S.  Cantlie  (42nd  Battalion)  and  H.  M.  Dyer  (5th  Battalion) 
were  amongst  those  who  distinguished  themselves.  In  the  success- 
ful attack  Gen.  H.  E.  Burstall  had  commanded  a  tremendous  and 
carefully  prepared  assemblage  of  big  guns  and  the  Germans 
received  a  dose  of  their  own  medicine.  Generals  Lipsett  and  Tux- 
ford  were  in  command  of  this  assault  with  Ma  j. -Gen.  Currie  as 
Divisional  Commander  and  General  Byng  in  control  of  the  whole. 
Col.  J.  E.  Leckie  (16th  Battalion,  Lieut.-Col.  V.  C.  Buchanan  (13th 
Battalion),  Col.  H.  A.  Genet  of  the  58th,  Major  W.  B.  Lindsay  of 
the  Engineers,  may  be  mentioned  in  this  connection. 

F.  M.  Sir  Douglas  Haig  dealt  briefly  with  this  battle  in  a  Dec. 
23rd  despatch :  '  *  The  second  enemy  attack  was  delivered  on  June  2 
and  on  a  front  of  over  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Mount  Sorrell 
to  Hooge,  and  succeeded  in  penetrating  to  a  maximum  depth  of 
700  yards.  As  the  southern  part  of  the  lost  position  commanded 
our  trenches,  I  judged  it  necessary  to  recover  it,  and  by  an  attack 
launched  on  June  13,  carefully  prepared  and  well  executed,  this 
was  successfully  accomplished  by  the  troops  on  the  spot."  The 
press  correspondents  described  this  battle  or  series  of  battles  which 
was  variously  called  the  3rd  of  Ypres,  Sanctuary  Wood,  Hooge 
and  Zillebeke,  as  the  fiercest  British  action  since  Loos  and  tributes 
to  Canadians,  and  especially  the  Princess  Patricias,  were  many 
—Philip  Gibbs  describing  (June  8)  the  latter  Regiment's  "superb 
self-sacrificing  courage."  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  of  June  15,  fol- 
lowing the  final  victory,  said  what  all  British  papers  were  saying  in 
different  ways:  "The  fierceness  with  which  the  Canadians  fought 
for  every  position,  even  against  hopeless  odds,  has  been  described 
in  terms  which  must  have  brought  fresh  pride  to  the  hearts  of 
their  countrymen,  and  the  news  to-day  showing  that  the  territory 
so  hardly  wrested  from  them  has  been  regained  and  consolidated, 
puts  a  seal  on  a  chapter  that  will  not  be  readily  eclipsed  for  its 
revelation  of  intrinsic  qualities,  both  of  old  and  new  warfare." 

Following  this  series  of  struggles  the  Canadians  were  given  a 
brief  rest  and  then  moved  to  somewhere  in  the  Somme  district, 
where  in  September  they  again  distinguished  themselves.  During 
30 


466  THE    CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Battle  of  the  Ancre,  and  the  prolonged  struggle  which  swept 
along  the  Somme,  different  British  divisions  had  special  work  to 
do,  and  on  Sept.  15-16,  while  Martinpuich,  Belmont  Hamel,  Flers 
and  others  village-fortresses  were  being  stormed,  the  Canadians — 
who  had  recently  relieved  the  Australians  under  conditions  of 
extreme  difficulty  from  shell-fire — were  given  the  region  in  front 
of  Courcelette  to  capture.  It  was  their  first  real  offensive  and 
nothing  could  stop  them.  Their  action  was  part  of  an  attack  on  a 
quadrilateral  chain  of  fortresses  in  which  British  Guards,  London 
Territorials  and  New  Zealanders  also  shared.  The  4th,  5th  and 
6th  Canadian  Brigades  took  part.  Just  before  the  advance  a  cer- 
tain line  of  trench  upon  which  that  advance  hinged  had  to  be 
straightened  out  and  the  2nd  Battalion  (Col.  Swift)  of  the  1st 
Division  was  given  the  task  which  was  successfully  performed. 
During  one  stage  of  the  attack  a  critical  situation  developed* :  "  A 
German  machine  gun  was  being  mounted  on  a  parapet,  and  its 
position  was  such  as  to  command  the  whole  line.  Without  a  mom- 
ent's hesitation  Lieut.  Pringle  (son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Pringle  of 
Sydney)  dashed  forward.  Running  through  an  inferno  of  bombs 
and  bullets,  he  made  straight  for  the  gun.  .  .  .  His  body  was 
found  later  lying  across  its  muzzle  with  the  crew,  dead,  all  around 
it." 

The  first  advance  was  in  skirmishing  order  and  in  six  waves  of 
attack.  The  artillery  barrage  moved  before  them,  pounding  the 
ground.  The  moment  they  topped  a  certain  ridge  the  Canadians 
came  into  full  view  of  the  enemy  who  opened  upon  them  with  rifle 
and  machine-gun  fire,  and  placed  a  barrage  of  shell-fire  in  front 
of  them.  The  Canadians  moved  forward  steadily,  passed  through 
the  German  barrage,  captured  Mouquet  Farm  after  desperate  re- 
sistance, and  then  swarmed  into  the  fortified  ruins  of  a  Sugar  Refin- 
ery. These  ruins,  strongly  garrisoned,  were  a  veritable  nest  of 
machine-gun  emplacements  and  it  was  here  that  the  units  on  the 
right  of  the  attack  did  their  heaviest  fighting  of  the  day ;  but  they 
took  the  position,  garrisoned  it,  then  moved  forward  and  dug  them- 
selves in.  In  the  meantime  battalions  on  the  left  had  kept  pace 
with  this  advance.  They  crossed  a  German  trench  and  encoun- 
tered several  fortified  sunken  roads  which  had  to  be  cleared  of  the 
enemy  with  grenades  and  bayonets;  then  they  continued  through 
the  hostile  barrage,  came  abreast  of  the  Sugar  Refinery,  passed  it 
and  dug  themselves  in. 

•4The  Canadians  thus  had  reached  and  taken  their  formidable 
objectives  and  secured  themselves  in  their  new  positions.  It  was 
a  splendid  piece  of  work,  planned  and  carried  out  with  mathemati- 
cal precision,  and  in  detail  showed  hundreds  of  incidents  of  in- 
dividual heroism.  Following  this  the  Artillery  got  to  work  again 
and  the  quick  advance  upon  Courcelette  village  was  made — a 
French-Canadian  Battalion  leading  in  the  final  assault  and  Mon- 
treal, Toronto,  Vancouver,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  Batta- 

*NOTE.— Private  letter  published  in  Ottawa  Free  Press. 


CANADIAN  TROOPS  IN  ACTION  ;  BATTLES  OF  THE  YEAR       467 

lions  and  the  Princess  Patricias  sharing  in  the  preliminary  work,  or 
the  final  assault  of  the  5th  Brigade.  Of  this  the  London  Times  cor- 
respondent wrote  on  Sept.  16 :  "  There  were  very  formidable  German 
positions  in  front  of  Courcelette,  especially  two  trenches,  which 
the  enemy  had  fortified  in  every  possible  way.  Twice  the  waves 
of  men  went  forward  and  failed  to  reach  the  trenches.  The  third 
wave  swept  into  and  over  both  trenches  and  into  the  outskirts  of 
Courcelette.  It  was  not  supposed  that  the  place  could  be  taken  at 
this  stage  of  the  fighting  but  our  men,  having  won  all  that  they  were 
set  to  win,  clamoured  to  be  allowed  to  go  on.  It  was  after  six  in 
the  evening  before  the  troops  on  right  and  left  of  this  attack  had 
both  completed  their  work  and  firmly  held  the  ground  up  to  the 
village  itself.  Then  they  went  on;  and  by  8.10  o'clock  at  night 
they  had  worked  clear  through  the  ruins  and  had  carried  two  espe- 
cially strong  positions  on  the  farther  side — the  cemetery  on  the 
north-east  and  a  quarry  on  the  north  of  the  village. ' '  The  prisoners 
taken  were  over  1,200,  including  32  officers,  with  two  guns  and  a 
large  number  of  machine  guns;  the  Canadian  casualties  were 
estimated  at  4,000. 

Much  desultory  fighting  followed  this  success.  In  his  report 
for  the  week  of  Sept.  20-27  the  Canadian  Eye-Witness  stated  that 
"as  a  result  of  further  severe  fighting  the  Canadians  have  cap- 
tured several  important  German  positions  and  have  advanced  their 
own  line  upon  a  frontage  of  nearly  two  miles  to  a  maximum  depth 
of  900  yards.  The  total  number  of  prisoners  in  their  hands  since 
the  beginning  of  the  great  offensive  now  amounts  to  38  officers  and 
1,610  other  ranks.  They  have  also  captured  about  25  machine  guns, 
11  trench  mortars  and  a  great  quantity  of  ammunition  of  all  sorts 
and  other  war  materials. ' '  They  were  greatly  assisted  in  important 
trench  captures  on  Sept.  22  and  other  dates  by  powerful  Artillery 
preparations.  On  the  26th  the  strong  Zollern  Graben  redoubt  was 
captured  with  Battalions  from  Vancouver,  Calgary,  Montreal, 
Toronto,  Saskatchewan  and  Winnipeg  participating.  Following 
this  capture  they  went  on  toward  the  crest  of  the  high  ground 

Corth  of  Courcelette  and  captured  the  Hessian  and  Kenora  trenches. 
Attacks  and  counter-attacks  ensued  around  these  positions  and, 
during  the  month  of  October,  Canadian  cavalry  patrols  were  also 
active,  while  upon  three  occasions  the  powerful  Regina  trench  was 
partly  taken  and  then  lost  again.  On  Oct.  21  the  Canadians  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  the  greater  part  of  the  trench  from  the  Prus- 
sian Guards  during  a  general  advance  of  the  British  forces.  The  re- 

;  maining  portions  were  finally  won  in  a  brilliant  assault  on  Nov.  11. 
A  week  later  the  capture  of  Desire  trench  by  an  Ottawa  Battalion 
saw  14  out  of  15  officers  killed  or  wounded  but  the  objective  was 
gained,  over  400  prisoners,  including  17  officers,  captured  with  a 

8  number  of  machine  guns.  The  4th  Division  under  Gen.  Watson 
took  part  in  many  of  these  operations.  With  the  close  of  the 
Somme  offensive  the  troops  reverted  to  ordinary  trench  warfare. 
Brigade  Orders  were  issued  by  Brig.-Gen.  A.  H.  Macdonell  at 


468  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  close  of  the  year  which  paid  special  tribute  to  the  conduct  of 
the  Princess  Patricias,  the  Royal  Canadian  Regiment  and  the  42nd 
and  49th  Battalions  in  the  actions  of  September  and  October.  In 
these  months  of  fighting  Canadian  casualties,  as  recorded,  showed 
11,797  in  June,  in  July  3,684,  in  August  3,079,  in  September  9,051, 
in  October  14,321,  in  November  3,595  and  in  December  2,230. 

The  total  Canadian  casualties  from  the  beginning 
Canadian  war      of  the  War  to  Dec.  31,  1916,  were  67,890,  of  whom 

Ca^ualtieiand       10'854    W6re    killed>    4>010    dead    °f   W0unds    and    494 

war  Honours  dead  of  sickness,  with  1,108  presumed  dead,  48,454 
wounded  and  2,970  missing.  Incidents  of  1916  in- 
cluded the  official  statement  from  Ottawa  that  Major  Hamilton 
Gault,  D.S.O.,  who  again  was  wounded  in  the  Ypres  fighting,  had 
paid  the  $100,000  which  he  promised  in  the  raising  of  the  Princess 
Patricias;  the  fact  of  many  indivdual  Canadians  serving  in  Meso- 
potamia, including  Lieutenants  W.  W.  S.  Lighthall,  Arch.  McGoun, 
Norman  Shears,  Stanley  Young  and  Capt.  A.  Piddington — all  of 
Montreal — Capt.  H.  0.  Boyd,  M.C.,  Bobcaygeon,  and  Lieut.-Col.  W. 
F.  Rawle,  Toronto ;  a  Resolution  passed  by  the  Dominion  Parliament 
on  Apr.  19  "that  this  House  desires  to  place  on  record  its  admira- 
tion and  pride  in  the  valour  and  heroism  displayed  by  the  Can- 
adian Expeditionary  Forces  at  the  Front  and  its  profound  appre- 
ciation of  their  service  to  Canada  and  the  Empire"  and  urging  a 
nation-wide  commemoration  of  the  2nd  Battle  of  Ypres  and  its 
memorable  struggle  at  St.  Julien  on  Apr.  22-24,  1915;  the  visit  of 
the  King  to  the  Canadian  trenches  in  Belgium  on  Aug.  14  and 
review  of  the  troops  behind  the  Front  following  upon  a  visit  and 
inspection  by  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  Jan.  27  and  of  Mr.  Bonar 
Law  on  the  30th.  A  high  tribute  was  paid  to  Canada  by  General 
Leonard  Wood,  head  of  the  United  States  Army,  at  a  New  York 
banquet  (Nov.  18)  when  he  said:  "We  can  admire  the  splendid 
spirit  and  conduct  of  Canada  and  her  people  and  take  unto  our- 
selves— we  are  not  entirely  dead — a  lesson  from  her  free  and  splen- 
did performance  of  duty.  ...  I  believe  that  out  of  the  War 
is  bound  to  come  a  far  more  vigorous,  more  virile,  more  moral 
people."  Similarly,  Col.  Roosevelt,  in  a  letter  to  Prof.  W.  H. 
Schofield  of  Boston  on  Nov.  25,  said :  ' '  Canada  has  played  a  great 
and  noble  part  in  the  World-war,  showing  that  combination  of 
high  idealism  and  masterly  efficiency  which  must  exist  in  any  peo- 
ple that  is  to  play  a  mighty  part  in  the  world.  Neither  quality  is 
enough  in  itself;  and  Canada  has  proved  her  possession  of  both 
qualities. ' ' 

One  of  the  remarkable  features  of  this  war  was  the  patriotism 
evoked  amongst  the  well-known  or  prominent  families  of  Canada 
as  well  as  Great  Britain.  The  Macdonells  of  Toronto  were  repre- 
sented by  Brig.-Generals  A.  C.  and  A.  H.  Macdonell,  by  a  son  of 
the  former,  Lieut.  I.  C.  Macdonell,  R.F.C.,  and  by  two  nephews — 
Lieutenants  A.  M.  and  P.  B.  German;  A.  S.  Goodeve,  CX-M.P.,  of 
Ottawa  lost  one  son  killed  in  action  and  had  two  others  at  the  Front, 


CANADIAN  WAR  INQIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS      469 


with  a  daughter  acting  as  a  Nurse  at  Salonika;  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  I. 
Rexford  of  Montreal  had  three  sons  on  active  service  as  did  Wm. 
Power,  M.P.,  of  Quebec ;  John  J.  McGee  of  Ottawa,  a  half-brother  of 
the  Irish-Canadian  statesman,  Thomas  D'Arcy  McGee,  had  four 
sons  at  the  Front  and  Senator  D.  Gillmor  of  St.  George,  N.B.,  three 
sons ;  the  Rev.  Dr.  H.  Symonds,  Montreal,  was  represented  by  three 
sons— Lce.-Corp.  H.  B.,  Pte.  S.  R.,  and  Gnr.  G.  V.  Symonds;  the 
late  Remy  Elmsley  of  Toronto  had  three  sons  on  service — Brig.- 
Gen.  J.  H.  Elmsley,  D.S.O.,  Lieut.  Basil  and  Lieut.  Theodore  Elms- 
ley,  R.N.  ;  Clarence  J.  McCuaig,  Montreal,  was  represented  by  three 
sons  as  was  Frank  Arnoldi,  K.C.,  of  Toronto,  with  Miss  Joan  Arnoldi 
as  a  Lieutenant  in  charge  of  War  Comfort  distribution  work  in 
England ;  Sir  Clifford  Sif ton,  Ottawa,  had  three  sons  at  the  Front 
as  did  J.  Colin  Forbes,  R.C.A.,  of  Toronto,  Judge  E.  C.  S.  Huycke  of 
Peterborough,  G.  F.  R.  Harris  of  Winnipeg,  and  Dr.  H.  T.  Maehell 
of  Toronto;  T.  C.  Irving,  Toronto,  also  had  three  sons  on  active 
service  while  the  late  Sir  W.  H.  Hingston,  M.D.,  of  Montreal,  was 
represented  by  four  sons ;  Col.  G.  T.  Denison  of  Toronto  by  two  sons 
and  an  exceptional  number  of  grandsons,  nephews  and  other  rela- 
tives in  every  form  of  active  service;  the  family  of  the  late  Sir 
Hugh  Allan  of  Montreal  was  represented  by  three  grandsons  killed 
in  action  and  by  Lieut.  Hugh  Allan,  another  grandson,  while  that 
of  the  Molsons  included  Lieut.  F.  C.  Molson,  Captains  Herbert 
and  Percival  Molson;  Colonel  A.  E.  Panet,  Ottawa,  had  five  sons 
on  active  service.  Of  the  Armours,  Toronto,  there  were  seven 
at  the  Front  while  Commander  F.  C.  Law,  R.NV  had  five  sons  on 
active  service.  Other  well-known  families  or  names  over  the  length 
and  breadth  of  Canada  were  represented  on  War  service  as  follows* : 

....         Son   of 


Lieut.   P.    G.    Stupart    .  .  . 
Alan  V.  Stupart.  E.F.C... 

Pte.  F.  H.   Pyne    

Capt.   G.   K.   Lucas    

Lieut.   Geo.  McPherson    .  . 
Lieut.   Norman  McPherson 
Capt.    W.    B.    McPherson 
Lieut.   W.   J.   Withrow    . 


Major   Eric    Armour,    K.c 

Lieut.-Col.  Donald  Armour,   M.D. 
Fl.-Lieut.    Theodore    Glasgow.  .  . 

Major  Kenric  R.  Marshall 

Lieut.  A.   E.   Grasett    

Lieut.   S.  H.   B.   Grasett 

Sergt.   W.   A.   Murray    

Corp.    S.    A.    Murray    

Lieut.   Norman   C.   Nelles    

Lieut.    R.    L.    Junkin    

Capt.    Gault    Kingsmill    

Lieut.-Col.  W.   B.  Kingsmill    .  .  . 

Lieut.    S.    S.    Burnham    

Lieut.  P.  W.  Beatty,  M.C 

Lieut.    E.    G.    Clarkson    

Lieut.  M.   A.   Clarkson    

Capt.  A.  T.   Davidson    

Lieut.   W.   M.    Davidson    

Lieut.  A.  B.  Garrow   

Lieut.  J.  U.  Garrow    

Capt.  Stanley  C.  S.  Kerr 

Lieut.  E.  P.  B.  Armour 


Sir  Frederic  Stupart Toronto 

Sir  Frederic  Stupart 

Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne,  M.L.A.  .  .  . 
Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  M.L.A.  .  .  . 
Hon.  W.  D.  McPherson .  .  . 
Hon.  W.  D.  McPherson... 
Hon.  W.  D.  McPherson .  .  . 
Late  Rev.  Dr.  W.  H.  With- 
row   

Late    Hon.    J.    D.    Armour.. 
Late   Hon.    J.    D.    Armour .  . 

"  Robert   Glasgow    

Col.  Noel  Marshall 

Nephew  of     Lieut.-Col.   H.   J.    Grasett... 
Lieut.-Col.   H.   J.    Grasett .  . . 

Son   of         J.     P.     Murray     

J.    P.    Murray     

Lieut.-Col.  C.  M.  Nelles 

Robert   Junkin    

Late    Nicol   Kingsmill,    K.c.  . 
Late    Nicol   Kingsmill,    K.c.  . 

Dr.   G.  H.  Burnham    

E.  Percy  Beatty 

E.    R.    C.    Clarkson    

E.    R.    C.    Clarkson    

Wm.    Davidson,    K.o 

Wm.    Davidson,    K.c 

Hon.  J.  T.  Garrow   

Hon.  J.  T.  Garrow   

Senator   J.    K.    Kerr    

Hon.    E.    Douglas   Armour.. 


*NOTE.— For  members  of  Parliament  and  the  Senate  and  others  see  Page  221   1915 
volume;    also   Pages  290-1   in   1914   volume   and   Page   401   in   this    (1916)    issue. 


470 


THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Lieut.  H.  S.  Gooderham Son   of 

Lieut.    Neil   Hanna    

Lieut.  A.   C.    Ryerson    

Capt.  G.  C.  Ryerson    

Lieut.   Eric   Ryerson 

Capt.  Hugh  Aird    

Fl.-Lieut.    John    Aird    

Lieut.   Chester   Hughes    

Major  Featherston  Aylesworth. . 
Lieut.-Col.  T.  G.  Delamere    .... 

Pte.  Alex.   Bell  Gzowski    Grandson     of 

Pte.  John  S.  Gzowski    

Major  H.  N.  Gzowski 

Capt.  B.  S.  Turner 

Lieut.  H.  V.  Hearst Son   of 

Lieut.   W.   I.   Hearst    

Lieut.    W.    T.    Willison     

Lieut.  Walter  M.  Nicholls 

Capt.  E.  R.  Street 

Lieut.  W.  C.  McNaught    

Lieut.  W.  H.  Denton    

Lieut.   Irvine  G.   Robertson    .  .  .      Nephew  of 

Pte.  Edward  A.  Foy Son    of 

Lieut.   James  Foy    

Lieut.  Kenneth  Maclaren 

Lieut.    Thomas    Moss     

Major  Chas.  A.  Moss    

Lieut.   J.   H.   Phippen    

Capt.   J.   R.  Meredith    

Lieut.  R.  E.  N.  Jones 

Lieut.    J.    R.    Woods     

Lieut.   Arnold   C.   Matthews    .  . . 

Lieut.    Evan   Ryrie    " 

Capt.  W.  G.  Hagarty    Grandson  of 

Lieut.    Gerald  A.    Holland    ....         Son    of 

Lieut.  R.  H.  Hocken    

Lieut.  Gavin  I.  Langmuir    .... 

Lieut.   J.   W.   Langmuir    .:....  " 

Capt.  D.  H.  C.  Mason 

Capt.   Ross  Gooderham    

Percy  D.  Ham   

Capt.   W.   H.   Vandersmissen . . . 

Pte.    G.    G.    Mowat    Grandson  of 

Pte.  Ralph  M.  Law Son   of 

Pte.  Ronald  E.  Law 

Capt.  W.  D.  Allan,  D.S.O " 

Major   J.    C.    Allan    " 

Fl.-Lieut.  J.  T.  Anglin 

Corp.  J.  M.  Dymond 

Lieut.    Guy    Dymond    

Lieut.  A.  B.  Kirkpatrick    

Lieut.  .aSmilius  Jarvis 

Lieut.  W.  D.   P.  Jarvis    

Lieut.  M.  S.  Gooderham 

Major  Wilfrid  Mavor,   M.c 

Lieut.  G.  A.  L.  Gibson 

Lieut.   Hamilton   Cassels    

Lieut.   G.   Loranger  Magann    . . 
Rev.  R.  F.  Thompson,   M.c.    ...     Grandson  of 
Lieut.   M.   Lockhart  Gordon    .  .  .          Son    of 
Capt.  W.  L.  Lockhart  Gordon  .  .  " 

Admiral  John  Denison,  E.N Brother  of 

Lieut.-Col.    G.   T.   Denison    ....          Son   of 
Lieut.-Col.  G.  W.  Denison,  D.S.O. 

Lieut.    Martin    Dunsford     Grandson  of 

Sergt.  Sydney  Denison    .' 

Lieut.    Geo.   Kirkpatrick    

Lieut.    Douglas  Kirkpatrick    . . . 

Comr.  Harold  Denison,  K.N  ....      Nephew  of 

Major  Walter  W.  Denison,  D.S.O. 

Capt.  John  L.  Denison 

2nd    Lieut.    Gordon    Denison    .  . 
2nd   Lieut.   Egerton   Denison . . . 

Capt.    Bertram    Denison    

Lieut.  Edgar  Denison    

Fl.-Lieut.    E.   G.    Ryckman    ....          Son    of 

Brig.-Gen.  W.  F.  Sweny 

Lieut.  Thos.  Plummer 

Lieut.    Oswald   E.    Lennox    .... 

Lieut.   A.  W.   Macdonald    

Lieut.  G.  K.  K.  Wilgress    

Lieut.    Wm.    C.    Ince     


G.  H.  Gooderham,  M.L.A.  . .  .  Toronto 
Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna,  K.c.  .  .  . 
Surg.-Gen.    G.    S.    Ryerson.  . 
Surg.-Gen.    G.    S.    Ryerson.. 
Surg.-Gen.    G.    S.    Ryerson.. 

Sir  John  Aird 

Sir  John  Aird 

J.   L.   Hughes,   LL.D 

Sir   Allen   Aylesworth    

Lieut.-Col.  J.  M.  Delamere. 
Late  Sir  Casimir  Gzowski.. 
Late  Sir  Casimir  Gzowski .  . 
Late  Sir  Casimir  Gzowski .  . 
Late  Sir  Casimir  Gzowski . . 

Hon.  W.   H.  Hearst    

Hon.   W.   H.   Hearst    

Sir  J.   S.  Willison    

Hon.   Fred.    Nicholls    

Late  Hon.  W.  P.  R.  Street. 
W.  K.  McNaught,  c.M.G... 

Judge    Denton     

J.    Ross    Robertson    

Hon.  J.  J.  Foy    

Hon.  J.  J.  Foy    

Hon.  J.  J.  Maclaren    

Late   Sir   Charles   Moss    .... 

Late  Sir  Charles  Moss 

Hon.   F.   H.    Phippen,    K.c.  . 

Sir  Wm.  R.  Meredith 

H.  V.  F.  Jones    

J.  W.  Woods    

W.   D.  Matthews    

Harry  Ryrie   

Late  Sir  J.  H.  Hagarty   . .  . 

W.   H.   Holland    

H.   C.   Hocken    

A.   D.    Langmuir    

A.   D.    Langmuir    

Late  J.  Herbert  Mason   .... 

Late  Geo.  Gooderham 

Albert  Ham,  Mus.D 

Prof.  W.  H.  Vandersmissen. 

Sir   Oliver  Mowat    

Prof.   Robt.  Law    

Prof.   Robt.   Law    

James  D.   Allan    

James  D.   Allan    

Arthur  W.  Anglin    

A.  M.  Dymond,  K.c 

A.  M.   Dymond,   K.c 

A.  M.  M.  Kirkpatrick    

-iEmilius    Jarvis    

JEmilius    Jarvis    

Col.   A.   E.   Gooderham    .... 

Prof.    James    Mavor    

Thomas  W.   Gibson    

Hamilton  Cassels,  K.c 

G.   Plunkett  Magann    

Late  Hon.  Alex.  Mackenzie. 
W.  H.  Lockhart  Gordon  . . . 
W.  H.  Lockhart  Gordon  . .  . 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

Col.  Geo.  T.  Denison 

E.  B.  Ryckman,  K.c 

Col.   G.   A.   Sweny    

J.   H.    Plummer    

Hon.   Haughton   Lennox    .  .  . 

Dr.   A.   A.   Macdonald    

A.    T.    Wilgress    

Wm.  Ince    


CANADIAN  WAR  INCIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS      471 


Lieut.  A.   Strachan  Ince,  D.s.o. 
Sergt.    P.    A.    O'  Sullivan    ...... 

Sergt.  D.  E.  S.  Wishart    ...... 

Lieut.  George  Kingsford   ...... 

Fl.-Lieut.  Morris  Kingsford 
Capt.  W.  R.   Kingsford    ....... 

Lieut.   John   F.    McCarthy    ---- 

Lieut.  T.  Irving  Findley  ....... 

Capt.   A.  W.  M.   Ellis    ........ 

Lieut.   D.   G.  Hagarty    ........ 

Lieut.   Walter   E.   Curry    ...... 

Lieut.  J.   K.   Cronyn    ......... 

Lieut.  Hollis  H.  Blake  ........ 

Capt.   Victor  Moorhouse,   M.c... 
Capt.   W.  M.  Moorhouse    .....  , 

Lieut.   J.   W.   G.   Clark    ....... 

Lieut.   Geoffrey   Snow    ....... 

Lieut.    Bradley   Snow    ....... 

Capt.    J.    Ewart   MacKay    ..... 

Lieut.  L.  E.  Clarke    ...... 

Lieut.  L.  E.  Gooderham    ..... 

Capt.  Alan  Turnbull,  M.C  ...... 

Lieut.  A.   S.  Robertson    ......  , 

Lieut.    R.    H.    Massey    .......  , 

Gnr.   G.   W.  Hague    ......... 

Lieut.   E.   S.   Gooderham    ..... 

Lieut.  Guy  W.  Rutter   ....... 

Major  Edmund  F.  Osier    ..... 

Lieut.-Col.   Hugh   F.   Osier    .  .  . 
Lieut.    Ralph    Osier    ......... 

Capt.  L.  B.  N.  Loudon    ......  , 

Capt.   H.    L.    Hoyles    ........  , 

Lieut.   Warring  K.   Clarke    .  .  . 
Lieut.   F.   Guy   Dunstan    ..... 

Lieut.  N.  C.  Milman,  B.A.SC  .  .  . 
Spr.  N.  A.  Burwash   ........ 

Col.  D.  F.  Campbell,  D.S.O.,  M.P 
Capt.  G.  R.  P.  Cotton   ....... 

Lieut.  C.  P.  Cotton   ......... 

PI.   Lieut.   C.   E.   Rogers    ..... 

Lieut.    Harry   Walker    ....... 

Pte.   G.   Clarke   Duff    ........ 

Lieut.   G.   O.   Fleming    ....... 


Lieut.   A.   L.   Fleming 
Lee.  -Corp.    Gordon    Ball 
Lieut.   H.    M.    Ince 


Capt.  C.  B.  Lindsey   ......... 

Pte.   J.   Beverley  Robinson.... 


Martin    Baldwin     

Pte.  Deric  Broughall 

Lieut.    F.    W.    Macdonald     .  .  . 

Lieut.    H.    C.   Walker    

Lieut.    George    Blackstock     .  .  . 
Capt.    Beverley    Crowther     .  .  . 

Capt.   Austin   Crowther    

Fl.-Lieut.    Lome    Crowther.  .  .  . 

Capt.  J.   Ewart  Osborne    

Lieut.   Hugh   A.   Barwick    .... 

Lieut.    Harold   V.   Wrong 

Lieut.   G.   V.   Whitehead    

Capt.    E.    A.    Whitehead    

Capt.    Ward    Whitehead    

Lieut.-Col.  John  J.   Creelman .  . 
Tpr.   Bruce   C.  Hutchison 

Pte.  Keith  O.  Hutchison 

Spr.   Ross  R.  Hutchison    

Lieut.   Barclay   Drummond    .  . . 

Lieut.  Wm.  G.  Peterson 

Corp.  L.  M.  Morris    

Lieut.    Andrew   P.   Holt    

Lieut.    Herbert    Holt     

Pte.   A.   A.    de   Turenne    

Capt.   Herbert  F.  Walker    

Lieut.    Hugh   Allan    

Lieut.-Col.  J.  H.  Dausereau    .  . 

Lieut.    G.    L.   Davidson    

Lieut.    Victor    Beique     

Lieut.   B.   A.   Wilson    

Gnr.    Allan    I.    Richardson    .  .  . 

Lieut.  G.  T.  Richardson    

Lieut.    A.   A.   Tippet    


Son   of         Wm.  Ince Toronto 

Late  D.  A.   O'Sullivan,   LL.D.  " 

Dr.  D.  J.  Gibb  Wishart    ... 

R.  E.  Kingsford " 

R.  E.  Kingsford " 

R.  E.  Kingsford " 

Leighton   McCarthy,    K.c.    .  .  " 

Thomas  Findley    " 

Prof.  W.   H.   Ellis    

Lieut.-Col.   E.  W.  Hagarty.. 

J.    Walter   Curry,    K.c 

B.  B.  Cronyn 

Hume  Blake,   K.c 

Dr.  H.  H.  Moorhouse " 

Dr.  H.  H.  Moorhouse 

J.  T.  Clark 

A.  J.  Russell  Snow,  K.C....  " 

A.  J.  Russell  Snow,  K.c.  ...  " 

J.   F.   MacKay    

Lionel    H.    Clarke    

S.    G.    Gooderham    

James   Turnbull    

Rev.  Dr.  Andrew  Robertson.  " 

Chester  D.  Massey 

Rev.    Dyson    Hague     " 

W.  G.  Gooderham    " 

A.   F.    Rutter    

Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  M.P 

Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  M.P 

Nephew    of     Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  M.P 

Son   of         Late   James   Loudon,    LL.D.  .  " 

N.  W.  Hoyles,  K.c ',      ,M 

Late  E.  F.  Clarke,  M.L.A.  .  .  . 

K.    J.    Dunstan    

Dr.    W.    H.    Milman    " 

Rev.  Dr.  Nathaniel  Burwash  " 

Grandson  of   Late  Col.  F.  W.  Cumberland.       '  ,'* 

Son  of        Late  Ma j. -Gen.  W.  H.  Cotton          " 
Late  Maj.-Gen.  W.  H.  Cotton 

EJias    Rogers    

A.    H.   Walker    

Hon.  Jas.   S.  Duff   " 

R.  J.  Fleming 

R.  J.  Fleming 

Nephew  of     Late  Hon.  George  Brown   .  . 

Grandson  of    Late    IV Alton   McCarthy    .  .  . 

Gt.     Grandson  William   Lyon   Mackenzie    .  . 

Late      Sir      John      Beverley 

Robinson,     Bart " 

Son    of         L.    H.    Baldwin    

Rev.  Dr.  A.  J.  Broughall.. 
Late  Col.  W.  C.  Macdonald. 
Sir  Edmund  Walker,  c.V.O.  . 
Late  T.  G.  Blackstock,  K.c.  . 

W.    C.    Crowther    

"  W.  C.  Crowther 

W.  C.  Crowther 

Late  J.  Kerr  Osborne  .... 
Late  Walter  Barwick,  K.c .  . 

Prof.   Geo.  M.  Wrong    

Lieut.-Col.  E.  A.  Whitehead.  Montreal 
Lieut.-Col.  E.  A.  Whitehead. 
Nephew   of     Lieut.-Col.  E.  A.  Whitehead.  " 

Son   of         Late  A.  R.  Creelman,  K.c...  .      , 

Dr.  J.  Alex.  Hutchison 

Dr.  J.  Alex.  Hutchison 

Dr.  J.  Alex.  Hutchison " 

Late   Dr.   W.   H.   Drummond 

"  Sir  Wm.   Peterson    

Hon.    A.   W.   Morris    

Sir   Herbert   S.   Holt    " 

Sir  Herbert   S.   Holt    

Grandson  of   Late  Hon.  Louis  Beaubien.  .  " 

Son   of         H.  B.  Walker 

Sir  H.  Montagu  Allan  .... 
C.  Adolphe  Dansereau  .... 

Sir  C.  P.  Davidson    

Hon.    F.    L.    Beique    

Brig.-Gen.   E.   W.   Wilson    .  . 

J.  A.  Richardson 

J.  A.  Richardson 

Nephew  of     Arthur  P.  Tippet 


472 


THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Juggai 

Lieut.   H.    Quintal    

Capt.   L.  W.   Whitehead    

Lieut.  Francis  S.  Molson 

Capt.  F.  A.  C.  Scrimger,  v.c .  . 
Lieut.  F.  Chattan  Stephens  .  . 
Lieut.  L.  de  K.  Stephens  .... 

Capt.  Marc  A.  Fiset 

Lieut.  Chas.  Greenshields  .  .  . 
Lieut.  Melville  Greenshields  .  . 
Lieut.  B.  M.  Gushing  .... 
Capt.  John  F.  Cahan  ... 
Lieut.-Col.  R.  P.  Campbell 

Major  E.   R.  Pease    

Lieut.    S.    M.    Bosworth    . 

Lieut.   H.   G.  Birks    

Capt.   Leon  H.   Curry 
Capt.    Victor    G.    Curry     . 
Capt.   Andrew  H.   Allan    . 

Capt.   W.   L.    Bond    

Lieut.  M.  Magill  Tait    

Major   L.    D.    Laviolette    . 

Capt.  R.  Bickerdike 

Lieut.    P.    P.   Hutchison    

Capt.    L.    L.    Reford    

Lieut.  Hugh  Farthing    

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Shaughnessy. 
The  Hon.  A.  T.  Shaughnessy. 

Lieut.    R.   L.   H.   Ewing    

Lieut.  W.  S.  Fielding    

Lieut.  G.  A.  E.  Bury 

Lieut.   A.   T.   Ekers    

Lieut.  Abel  P.  Beaudry    

Major  A.  L.  H.  Renaud    

Lieut.   R.   Anderson   Gault    .  .  . 

Capt.  B.   St.  G.  French    

General  W.  C.   G.   Heneker .  .  . 

Major  F.   C.  Heneker    

Lieut.  H.  T.  Heneker    

Lieut.  W.  S.  Lighthall  .  . . 

Lieut.   D.   C.   Macmaster    

Lieut.  Guy  M.  Drummond 
Lieut.  T.  Williams-Taylor 
Major  Kelvin  Carson,  M.C.... 

Lieut.    G.    D.    H.    Atkin    

Lieut.  Andrew  A.  Wanklyn  .  .  , 
Capt.  Talbot  M.  Papineau,  M.c 

Pte.    Alex.    Lacoste    

Lieut.    Louis    Lacoste    

Capt.    A.   H.   Allan    

Graham'  R.  Allan   

Lieut.   E.   B.   Allan    

Sergt.   H.   C.   Mclntyre    

Paul  Gouin 

De  Gaspe  Taschereau    

Henri   Taschereau    

Brig.-Gen.  R.  E.  W.  Turner.., 
Lieut.  Beaudry  R.  LeBlanc  .  . 

Capt.   J.   M.    LeBlanc    , 

Corp.   Charles  E.   Langelier    . . 

Lieut.    Brown   Langelier    

Lieut.   W.   B.   Scott    

Lieut.  Henry  H.  Scott 

Lieut.   R.  A.   Pelletier    

Lieut.   James  W.   Williams    

Pte.    Chas.    K.    Palliser    

Lieut.  Chas.  J.  Duchesnay   .  . . 

Lieut.   Louis  Duchesnay    


Capt.    John    Thompson,    K.C... 

Lieut.    A.    S.    Bourinot 

Capt.  Edgar  W.  Pope    

Lieut.  George  W.  Hodgins    .  .  . 

Capt.  Fred  O.  Hodgins 

Lieut.   Ogden  Cochrane    

Lieut.  W.  C.  Cochrane 

Lieut.   C.   N.   Cochrane    

Lieut.  V.  G.  Brodeur,  R.N.  .  .  . 

Pte.    Martin    J.    Fiset    

Lieut.  Perigine  P.  Acland 

Gnr.  C.  S.  Fleming   .......... 


Son    of         G.    Herrick    Duggan    Montreal 

Jos.    Quintal     " 

W.    T.    Whitehead    

T.    W.    Molson    

Late    Principal    Scrimger    .  .  " 

Major   George   W.    Stephens. 
Major   George   W.    Stephens.  " 

Hon.  J.   B.   R.   Fiset    

J.  N.  Greenshields 

J.  N.  Greenshields 

Grandson  of    Late  Robertson  Macaulay   .  .  " 

Son   of         C.  H.  Cahan,  K.c " 

Rev.    Dr.    Campbell    

Edson  L.  Pease    

G.    M.    Bosworth    

Henry    Birks     

Hon.   Nathaniel  Curry 

Hon.   Nathaniel  Curry 

Nephew  of     Hugh   A.   Allan    

Grandson  of   Late   Archbishop   Bond    .... 

Son   of        Sir  Melbourne  Tait    

Nephew  of     Sir  Rodolphe  Forget    

Son   of         Robt.  Bickerdike,   M.P 

W.   W.   Hutchison    

R.   Wilson  Reford    

Bishop  Farthing 

Lord    Shaughnessy     

Lord    Shaughnessy     

Late  A.   S.   Ewing , 

Nephew  of     Hon.  W.  S.  Fielding 

Son   of         Sir  Geo.   J.   Bury    " 

H.    A.    Ekers    

Nephew  of      Late  Mayor  J.  L.  Beaudry.  .  " 

Son   of        Rev.   Canon   Renaud    " 

Nephew  of     C.    E.    Gault,    M.L.A 

Son   of         Rev.    Arthur   French    

Late  R.   T.  Heneker    " 

Late  R.  T.  Heneker    " 

Grandson  of    Late   R.  T.   Heneker    

Son   of        W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.c " 

Donald    Macmaster,    M.P.     .  .  " 

Late  Sir  G.  A.  Drummond .  .  " 

Sir  F.   Williams-Taylor    " 

Maj.-Gen.  J.  W.  Carson,  c.B. 
Grandson  of    Late  Sir  Wm.  Dawsojn    .... 

Son    of         F.    L.    Wanklyn    " 

Gt.      Grandson  Late   Louis  J   Papineau    .  .  . 

Nephew  of     Sir  Alex.  Lacoste 

Sir  Alex.  Lacoste   " 

Son   of        Late    J.    S.    Allan    

Late    J.    S.    Allan    

Late    J.    S.    Allan    " 

Late  Hon.  P.  A.  Mclntyre .  .  Charlottetown 

Sir    Lomer   Gouin    Quebec 

Late    Liniere    Taschereau...  " 

Late    Liniere    Taschereau.  .  .  " 

Hon.    R.    Turner    " 

Sir  P.  E.  LeBlanc 

Sir  P.  E.  LeBlanc 

Nephew  of      Late  Sir  Francois  Langelier.  " 

Son    of         Late  Sir  Francois  Langelier.  " 

Rev.   Canon  F.   G.   Scott    ...  " 

Rev.   Canon  F.   G.   Scott    ...  " 

Col.  Oscar  Pelletier " 

Son   of        Bishop  Williams 

Joseph  Palliser,  K.c Lachute 

Grand  Nephew  Late    Lieut.-Col.     C.    M.     de 

Salaberry,   C.B Quebec 

Late    Lieut.-Col.     C.    M.     de 

Salaberry,     c.B " 

Son   of        Late  Sir  John  Thompson  .  .  .  Ottawa 
Late  Sir  John  Bourinot    ...  " 

Sir  Joseph   Pope    " 

Brig.-Gen.   W.   E.  Hodgins.  .  " 

Brig.-Gen.   W.   E.  Hodgins.  .  " 

Hon.   F.   Cochrane    " 

Hon.  F.   Cochrane    " 

Hon.   F.   Cochrane    " 

Hon.   L.   P.   Brodeur    " 

Brother      of    Surg.-Gen.   Sir   Eugene   Fiset  " 

Son    of         F.   A.   Acland    

Grandson  of   Late  Sir  Sandford  Fleming. 


CANADIAN  WAR  INCIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS      473 


Capt.    G.    C.    Chrysler    

Lieut.   Lewis  P.   Sherwood    .  .  . 

Capt.    Donald   A.   White    

Brig.-Gen.   Garnet   B.   Hughes. 
Brig.-Gen.   W.    S.    Hughes    .  .  . 

Lieut.   A.   H.   Helmer    

Capt.   J.   A.   C.   Macpherson    .  . 
Capt.   K.   Clark  Macpherson    .  . 

Major   C.   H.   MacLaren    

Sergt.  Allen  P.  Dowling 

Capt.    P.   A.    G.   MacCarthy    .  . 

Lieut.   E.   H.   Holland    

Pte.  L.  H.  Holland   

Lieut.    A.   N.   Morgan    

Lieut.   James  M.   Hazen    

Capt.  D.  King  Hazen    

Capt.  Hugh  N.  Fraser 

Lieut.   M.    O'Halloran    

Capt.   Forest  Mitchell,   D.S.O.  .  . 

Eric    Fisher     

Phillip    Fisher     

Lieut.    A.    L.    Biggar     

Pte.  Vincent  McKenna    

Pte.   Damien  McKenna    

Lieut.  Cyril  D.  Boyce 


So,n   of 


Lieut.   Laughlin  M.  Hughes    .  .  . 

Major  W.  L.  Grant,  M.A 

Pte.  W.  Nickle   

Lieut.  J.  M.  Macdonnell    

Lieut.  H.  W.   Macdonnell    

Lieut.   Phillip  Macdonnell 

Brig.-Gen.  W.  B.  Lesslie,  C.M.G. 

Major  G.  Huntley  Gordon 

Lieut.   Harry  C.   Walkem    

Lieut.  Ed.  H.  Lancaster    

Lieut.  Arthur  L.  Bishop 

Lieut.   J.    H.    Ingersoll    

Lieut.    Garnet    Chaplin    

Lieut.   Ashton  Cockshutt 

Lieut.   Geo.   Cockshutt    

Eric  Cockshutt   

Lieut.  H.  S.  Brewster 

Lieut.  John  L.   Pattinson    

Lieut.  H.  G.  Brunton   

Lieut.   Richard  D.   Ponton 

Lieut.  J.  W.  Johnston    

Major  Wm.  A.  Casey    

Capt.   W.   N.   Graham    

Serg.  E.  L.  MacNachtan   

Capt.    J.    K.    Bertram    

Frank  Trethewey 

Pte.   Otto   Gamey    

Lieut.    Horace    Beck    

Lieut.   Ramsay  Rankin    

Lieut.    G.    M.    Dingman    

John  A.  Barren,  R.N 

Lieut.   Andrew  Monteith    

Lieut.    Bruce    Sutherland    ..... 
Major   S.   C.   Norsworthy,    M.c.  . 

Major  E.  C.  Norsworthy 

Capt.   H.    D.   G.   Crerar    

Lieut.  A.  J.  Crerar 

Fl.-Lieut.   M.    C.    Crerar    

Lieut.  G.  R.  Forneret    

Capt.    Everett   Bristol    

Lieut.   Herbert   H.   Washington. 

Lieut.   Chilton  Mewburn    

Capt.   Geo.   V.   Taylor    

Lieut.   Colin  W.    G.   Gibson    .  .  . 
Lieut.    Francis   M.    Gibson 

Lieut.  Ian  Hendrie    

Lieut.  Norman  R.   Robertson    .  . 

Lieut.  Don  Fisher 

Major  C.   Weldon  McLean 

Lieut.    C.    D.    Knowlton    

Lieut.    Hugh   M.    Teed    

Pte.    Chas.    Dykeman     

Dr.    Stanley    Bridges     

Lieut.    Atwood    Bridges     

Major  F.  E.  L.  Barker 

Lieut.    A.    H.    Tweedie     


Son    of        F.   H.   Chrysler,   K.c  .......  Ottawa 

Col.  W.  P.  Sherwood,  C.M.G.  ,          " 
Lieut.-Col.  Fred  White,  C.M.G.  " 

Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Sam  Hughes.  .  " 

Brother      of   Maj.-Ge.n.  Sir  Sam  Hughes..  " 

Son   of         Lieut.-Col.   R.   A.   Helmer    .  . 
Grand  Nephew  Late  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald  " 

Late  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald  " 

David   MacLaren    .........  " 

Dr.   D.   B.  Dowling    ....... 

Hamilton    MacCarthy,    R.C.A. 

Brother    of     Major   E.   J.   Holland,    V.C.  . 

Major   E.    J.   Holland,    V.C.  . 

So.n   of         Late  Henry  J.  Morgan,  LL.D. 

Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen,  M.P.   .... 

Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen,  M.P  ..... 

J.    B.   Fraser    ............ 

G.    F.    O'Halloran    ........ 

Nephew   of     Senator  Wm.  Mitchell    ..... 

Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher    ........ 

Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher    ........ 

Brig.-Gen.  J.   Lyons  Biggar. 
Dr.  J.  A.  J.  McKenna    .... 

Dr.  J.  A.  J.  McKenna    ____ 

A.   C.   Boyce,   M.P  .........  Sault  Ste. 

Marie 

Brig.-Gen.    Garnet   Hughes.  .  Kingston 
Late   Principal  G.   M.  Grant, 
W.  F.  Nickle,  M.P.    .  .  ...... 

G.  M.  Macdonnell,  K.c  .....  " 

G.  M.  Macdonnell,  K.c  .....  " 

G.  M.  Macdonnell,  K.c  .....  " 

W.    B.    Lesslie    ........... 

Principal  D.  M.  Gordon    ...  " 

J.    B.   Walkem,   K.C  ....... 

E.    A.    Lancaster,    M.P 

Nephew  of     Major  R.  W.  Leonard 
J.  H.   Ingersoll,   K.c 
Wm.     Chaplin 
W.   F.   Cockshutt,    M.P 
W.   F.   Cockshutt,    M.P 
W.   F.   Cockshutt,    M.P 
W.  S.  Brewster,  ex-M.L.A. 
Geo.    Pattinson,    M.L.A 
Major   T.    H.    Brunton    .. 
Col.  W.  N.  Ponton,  K.c 
J.  W.  Johnston,  M.L.A  .....  " 

Late  G.  E.  Casey,  M.P  .....  St.  Thomas 
Hon.  George  P.  Graham,  M.P.  Brockville 
Col.  N.  F.  MacNachtan  ....  Cobourg 

Nephew  of     Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Alex.  Bertram.  Dundas 
Son    of         W.    G.    Trethewey    ........  Cobalt 

R.  R.  Gamey,  M.L.A  .......  Manitoulin 

Nephew  of     Sir  Adam   Beck    ..........  London 

Son    of        J.    P.    Rankin,    ex-M.p  .....  Stratford 

W.    S.    Dingman     .........  " 

Judge  J.   A.   Barren    ......  " 

J.   C.  Monteith,  ex-M.p 

Donald    Sutherland,    M.P. 

J.    C.    Norsworthy 

J.   C.   Norsworthy 

Mrs.  P.  D.  Crerar 

Mrs.   P.  D.   Crerar 

Mrs.  P.  D.  Crerar  ......... 

Archdeacon  Forneret    ......  " 

Geo.    E.    Bristol    ..........  " 

S.  F.  Washington,  K.C  .....  " 

Brig.-Gen.    S.    C.    Mewburn.  " 

Late    Sir   Thomas   Taylor    .  .  " 

Sir  John  M  Gibson    ......  .  " 

Sir  John  M  Gibson    .......  " 

Sir  John  S.  Hendrie   ...... 

D.  Robertson,  K.c  .........  Walkerton 

W.   S.   Fisher 


Son   of 
Son    of 


St.  Catharine! 


Brantford 


Preston 
York  Co. 
Belleville 


Woodstock 
Ingersoll 

" 
Hamilton 


Brig.-Gen.    H.     H.     McLean, 
.   J.   G. 


St    John 


F.   J.   G.   Knowlton 

M.  G.  Teed,  K.c  ........... 

F.   A.   Dykeman    .......... 

H.   S.   Bridges,  LL.D  ....... 

H.  S.  Bridges,  LL.D  .......  " 

Late  Sir  F.  E.  Barker    ....  Fredericton 

Hon.    L.   J.   Tweedie    ......  Chatham 


474 


THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL   REVIEW 


Pte.  W.  S.  Loggie 

Lieut.    W.    Landry     

Lieut.    P,    A.    Landry    

Lieut.   Max   Reid    

Lieut.   G.   B.   Murray    

Lieut.   Wm.   T.   Wood    

Lieut.   W.    B.    Milner    

Lieut.  Henry  Mackeen 

Lieut.   Eric   B.   Dennis,   M.C .... 

Capt.  W.  A.   Pickup    

Capt.    H.    A.    Dickey     

Lieut.  A.  E.  B.  Murphy    

Corp.  P.  C.  Murphy,  Jr 

Lieut.   James   Dunsmuir    

Pte.  W.   J.   Bowser    

Lieut.   F.    Despard   Pemberton.  . 

Lce.-Corp.  J.  F.  Tait 

Lieut.   H.    B.   Boggs    

Lieut.    Robert    Roy    

Lieut.    E.    P.    Carew   Martin    .  . 

Pte.    D'Arcy    A.    Martin    

Qtr.-Sgt.   Basil  G.   Prior    

Lieut.  E.  Bruce  Irving      

Lieut.    A.    Beaufain    Irving     .  . 

Corp.  F.  T.   Galliher    

Fl.-Lieut.   K.   Macdonald    

Lieut.  Henry  L.   Robinson 

Lieut.-Com.    C.    Phillipps-Wolley . 

Pte.  J.  B.  Wade 

Lieut  Victor  G.  Tupper    

Lieut.    R.    H.   Tupper    

Lieut.    Gordon    F.    Tupper    .... 
Major  K.  C.  G.  Taylor,  D.s.o.   .  . 

Capt.  T.   A.  H.  Taylor    

Lieut.   Irwin   Davis    

Lieut.    S.    F.    Sweeney     

Lieut.  A.  H.   Bostock    

Lieut.  Gerald  H.  Peters    

Pte.    Geoffrey    Macdonald     

Lieut.   J.   E.   Macdonald    

Lieut.   Sir  Charles   S.   Tupper.  . 

Pte.    R.    S.    Turriff    

Capt.  F.  C.  Bell,   M.D 

Lieut.    H.    G.    R.    Steele    

Pte.   Hamilton   B.   Chipman    .  .  . 

Lieut.   John  Gait    

Capt.   Ernest  D.   McMeans    .... 

Lieut.  Arthur  R.  Fortin    

Lieut.  J.  R.  Dennistoun 

Capt.   J.   A.   Dennistoun    

Lieut.  Victor  J.  Hastings 

Lieut.   E.   B.   Pitblado    

Pte.   Paul   Duval    

Pte.    Martin   Duval    

Capt.    E.    L.    Howell    

Capt.   John   Mulvey    

Lieut.  Edgar  M.  Matheson,   M.C. 

Fl.-Lieut.   R.  H.   Mulock    

Sergt.    W.    T.    Crummy     

Pte.  Richard  Crummy 

Pte.   Eber   Crummy    

Capt.   K.  L.  Patton    

Lieut.    L.    F.    Cameron    

Capt.   R.   Montague    

Lieut.  Price  Montague 

Lieut.  A.   G.   Coldwell    

Lieut.  G.  L.  deCourcy  O'Grady. 

Capt.    W.    L.    Roblin    

Capt.    Harold   Daly    

Lieut.   D.   A.   Gait    

Pte.    Geo.    Baird    

Capt.    George    Bennett     

Fl.-Lieut.    Spencer    Kerby     .... 
Major  Clarence  H.   Lougheed... 

Lieut.    Edgar    Lougheed    

Lieut.    E.   F.    Pinkham    

Capt.  E.  L.   Berkinshaw 

Lieut.    Morris    A.    Scott    

Lieut.  Allan  Oliver,  B.A.,  M.C.   .  . 

Lieut.    John    Oliver    

Pte.   James  D.   Coryell    


Charlo  Sta. 
Halifax 


Granville 
Amherst 
Tignish 

Victoria 


Son   of 


Son   of        W.   S.   Loggie,   M.P Chatham 

Late  Sir  P.  A.  Landry   ....  Dorchester 

Late  Sir  P.  A.  Landry 

Hon.    James   Reid    

Hon.   G.   H.   Murray    

Hon.  Josiah  Wood 

W.    C.    Milner    

Hon.    David    Mackeen     .... 

Hon.  Wm.   Dennis 

S.   W.    W.    Pickup,    ex-M.P.. 

Late  Hon.  A.  R.  Dickey 

Hon.   P.   C.   Murphy    

Hon.   P.   C.   Murphy    

Hon.   Jam'es  Dunsmuir    .... 

Nephew  of     Hon.   W.   J.   Bowser    

F.   B.   Pemberton    

Leonard   Tait    

Beaumont   Boggs    

Col.  A.  Roy,  M.v.O 

Hon.   Archer  Martin    

Hon.   Archer  Martin    

Lieut.-Col.  Hon.  E.  G.  Prior. 
Late  Hon.  P.  A.  Irving .... 

Late  Hon.   P.  A.  Irving 

Hon.  W.  A.  Galliher 

Hon.   J.   A.   Macdonald    .... 

Alex.    Robinson,    LL.D 

Sir    Clive    Phillipps-Wolley ..  _r 

F.  C.  Wade,  K.C Vancouver 

Sir   C.   H.  Tupper    

Sir   C.   H.  Tupper    

Sir   C.   H.  Tupper    

A.  Dunbar  Taylor,  K.o 

A.  Dunbar  Taylor,  K.C 

E.  P.   Davis,  K.C 

Campbell   Sweeney    

Hon.  Hewitt  Bostock Monte  Creek 

Hon.  Fred.  Peters,  K.C Pnnce  Rupert 

Hon.    D.    A.    Macdonald Winnipeg 

Hon.    D.    A.    Macdonald 

Late  J.  Stewart  Tupper,  K.C. 
J.  G.  Turriff,  M.P.  . 

C.   N.   Bell,   LL.D 

Major-Gen.   S.  B.  Steele,  C.B. 

C.    C.    Chipman    

John    Gait     

Lendrum  McMeans,  K.c.    .  . . 

Ven.   Arch.   O.  Fortin    

Capt.  R.  M.  Dennistoun,  K.C. 
Capt.  R.  M.  Dennistoun,  K.C. 

Geo.    V.    Hastings    

Isaac    Pitblado,    K.o 

Rev.   Dr.   Duval    

Rev.   Dr.   Duval    

Hon.  H.  M.  Howell 

Late    Stewart    Mulvey     .... 

Archbishop  Matheson 

W.    R.   Mulock,    K.O 

Rev.  Dr.  Eber  Crummy  .  .  . 
Rev.  Dr.  Eber  Crummy  .  .  . 
Rev.  Dr.  Eber  Crummy  .  .  . 

F.  L.    Patton    

Sir   Douglas   Cameron    

Late  Hon.  W.  H.  Montague. 
X,ate  Hon.  W.  H.  Montague. 

Hon.   G.  R.   Coldwell    

Late  J.  W.  deC.  O'Grady.  .  . 

Sir    R.    P.    Roblin    

Late    Hon.    T.    M.    Daly.  .  .  . 
Hon.  A.  C.  Gait 

Hon.   J.   B.   Baird    Pi'ot  Mound 

Brother    of     R.   B.   Bennett,   K.c.,  M.P.  ..  Calgary 

Rev.   Dr.  G.  W.  Kerby 

Sir   J.    A.   Lougheed    

Sir   J.    A.    Lougheed    

Bishop    Pinkham    

W.   H.   Berkinshaw    

Hon.   D.    L.   Scott    Edmonton 

Hon.  Frank  Oliver,  M.P.  .  .  . 
Hon.  Frank  Oliver,  M.P.  .  .  . 
John  R.  Coryell  


>n    of 


CANADIAN  WAR  INCIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS      475 


Lieut.  P.  J.  Belcher  .  . . 
Lce-Corp.  Alex.  McQueen 
Capt.  James  McQueen  .  .  . 
Lce-Corp.  Harold  Riddell 
Lieut.  Henry 


Pte.    Robt.    W.    Clark    .  . 
Capt.  Kenneth  M.  Perry 
Lieut.    A.    S.    Page 
Capt.  Walter  Mclnnis    .  . 
Lieut.   J.   T.    Clinskill    .  . 

Wilfrid  Harrison    

Lieut.   J.   H.   Ross    

Capt.  Rivers  Osier 

the  Hon.  A.  J.  Howard 


The  Hon.  R.  H.  P.  Howard. 

Lieut.   Clifton  M.   Horsey    .  .  . 

Lieut.   Douglas   C.   Reid 

Pte.   J.    Stanley   Reid    ...... 

Lieut.   G.  S.  Reid    

Capt.  Graham  J.  Colmer,  M.C. 
Percival  Ridout    


.  Olds 
.  Regina 


Son   of        Lieut.-Col.  R.  Belcher,  c.M  G.  Edmonton 
Rev.  Dr.  D.  G.  McQueen 
Rev.  Dr.  D.  G.  McQueen 

Principal    Riddell     

Mayor  Henry    

Dr.  Michael  Clark,  M.P.  . . 
Col.  A.  B.  Perry,  C.M.G.  . 

S.  Spencer  Page 

J.    K.    Mclnnis    

James  Clinskill   Saskatoon 

Mayor  F.   E.   Harrison    ....  " 

Senator   J.    H.   Ross    Moose  Jaw 

Son   of         Sir  Wm.   Osier,   Bart London,  Eng. 

Late    Lord    Strathcona    and 

Mount   Royal    " 

"  Late    Lord    Strathcona    and 

Mount    Royal    

J.   Haydn   Horsey    " 

"  Robert    Reid     

Robert    Reid     " 

Robert    Reid     

J.   G.    Colmer,    C.M.G " 

P.   F.   Ridout    

The  casualties  in  this  connection  were  considerable  and  included 
amongst  those  killed  in  action,  with  some  not  specified  above,  Majors 

E.  R.  Street,  J.  E.  Meredith  and  Charles  A.  Moss ;  Lieutenants  A. 
W.  Macdonald,  H.  T.  Machell,  W.  T.  Willison,  H.  V.  Walker,  G. 
Clarke  Duff,  Clarence  E.  Rogers,  Douglas  Kirkpatrick,  Geoffrey  A. 
Snow,  J.  S.  L.  Welch,  Edgar  Denison,  Gordon  Ball,  Harold  V. 
Wrong,  R.  E.  N.  Jones,  F.  C.  Howard,  A.  J.  M.  Pemberton,  M.C., 

F.  G.  Diver;  Captains  H.  E.  M.  Ince,  R.F.A.,  F.  R.  Medland,  and 
Corp.   Gordon   Galloway — all   of   Toronto.     Montreal   was   repre- 
sented by  Lieut.-Col.  V.  C.  Buchanan,  D.S.O.,  of  the  5th  Royal  High- 
landers and  Lieut.-Col.  R.  P.  Campbell,  C.A.M.C.,  Majors  A.  L.  H. 
Renaud,  John  S.  Lewis,  Captains  B.  St.  G.  French,  G.  D.  McGibbon 
and  Lieutenants  G.  W.  McEwen,  W.  R.  Notman,  K.  Mathewson, 
A.  P.  Beaudry,  R.  A.  Gault,  G.  D.  H.  Atkin,  A.  T.  Ekers,  M.  S. 
de  Bay,  E.  A.  Whitehead,  I.  R.  R.  MacNaughton,  G.  P.  G.  Dun- 
lop,  A.  A.  Wanklyn,  M.  Greenshields.     Others  killed  during  the 
year  were  Lce.-Corp.  Alex.  McQueen,  Lce-Corp.  H.  Riddell,  Lieut. 
Allan  Oliver,  M.C.,  and  Locksley  McKnight  of  Edmonton ;  Capt.  D. 
Hunter  Bell,  M.C.,  of  Vancouver  with  Lieutenants  E.  R.  Hayward, 
Erwin  Davis  and  J.  G.  Hay;  Lieut.-Col.  R.  McD.  Thomson  and 
Capt.  E.  L.  Howell  of  Winnipeg ;  Lieut.  R.  A.  Pelletier  of  Quebec 
with  Lieut.  H.  H.  Scott  and  Lieut.  J.  W.  Williams ;  Lieutenants  A. 
E.  Goodeve  and  J.  M.  Hazen  of  Ottawa;  Capt.  W.  D.  Holmes,  D.S.O., 
and  Lieutenants  G.  H.  Peters  and  W.  C.  Pemberton  of  Victoria ; 
Lieut.-Col.  W.  R.  Marshall,  D.S.O.,  of  Hamilton  with  Capt.  GL  Tay- 
lor, Major  Gordon  H.  Southam,  Capt.  G.  V.  Taylor,  Lieut.  Chilton 
Mewburn  and  Lieut.  W.  F.  H.  Tidswell ;  Lieut.-Col.  G.  H.  Baker, 
M.P.,  of  Sherbrooke  and  Major  F.  C.  Henecker. 

Many  places  were  represented  in  the  following  partial  list: 
Lieut.  J.  H.  Ingersoll,  St.  Catharines,  Lieut.  G.  W.  Crow,  M.C., 
Welland,  Capt.  W.  0.  McCarthy,  Barrie — killed  in  German  East 
Africa — Lieut.  A.  R.  Ackerman,  M.C.,  Peterborough,  Major  W.  A. 
Casey,  St.  Thomas,  Capt.  A.  F.  Mantle,  Regina,  Capt.  H.  C.  Stuart, 
D.C.M.,  Three  Rivers,  Lieut.  A.  G.  Rosamond,  President,  Rosamond 
Woollen  Mills,  Almonte,  Lieutenants  E.  T.  Pinkham  and  Edwin 


476  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Lyle  Berkinshaw,  Calgary,  P.  S.  Nisbet,  St.  John,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E. 
Shaw,  Brandon,  Major  A.  L.  McGovern,  Port  Arthur,  Lieut.  A.  H. 
Bostock,  Monte  Creek,  B.C.,  Capt.  J.  T.  Clinskill,  Saskatoon,  Lieut. 
C.  J.  Creery,  Vancouver,  Major  J.  Macdonald  Mowat,  Kingston, 
Major  G.  A.  Reid,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Capt.  C.  D.  Livingstone, 
Yorkton,  S.  B.  Simpson,  Charlottetown,  Lieutenants  A.  F.  M.  Daun, 
London,  G.  F.  Macdonald,  Alexandria,  J.  A.  MacDonald,  M.CV  South 
Indian,  Ont.,  J.  C.  M.  Morrow,  Halifax,  Major  Stanley  L.  Jones, 
Calgary,  Pte.  J.  Stanley  Reid  and  Lieut.  Clifton  M.  Horsey,  lat- 
terly of  London,  England,  Lieut.  J.  S.  L.  Welch,  son  of  Rev.  Canon 
Welch,  late  of  Toronto.  Lieut.-Col.  Ramsay  Duff  of  the  Queen's 
University  Hospital  at  Cairo,  died  on  Feb.  7,  1916 ;  every  member 
of  the  Duke  of  Connaught's  staff,  when  war  broke  out,  was  either 
killed  or  wounded  by  the  end  of  this  year — Colonels  Farquhar, 
Lowther  and  Buller,  Major  Rivers-Bulkeley,  Captains  Newton  and 
Graham,  with  Capt.  Boscawan,  a  prisoner ;  Nursing-Sister  Adrienna 
Tupper,  R.R.C.,  died  on  Dec.  9  after  a  splendid  career  in  various 
Hospitals;  Lieut.  T.  0.  L.  Wilkinson,  v.c.,  of  Vancouver  Island, 
had  joined  the  North  Lancashire  Regiment,  won  his  V.C.,  and  was 
killed  on  July  5;  two  sons  of  the  late  Ma j. -Gen.  W.  H.  Cotton, 
Toronto,  were  killed  within  a  few  days  of  each  other — Lieut.  C. 
P.  Cotton  on  June  2  and  Capt.  G.  R.  P.  Cotton  on  the  13th.  Of 
the  higher  officers  Maj.-Gen.  M.  S.  Mercer  was  killed  at  Ypres  and 
Brig.-Gen.  V.  A.  S.  Williams  wounded,  and  Brig.-Generals  A.  C. 
Macdonell  and  R.  G.  E.  Leckie  were  wounded  early  in  the  year. 
Lieut.-Col.  H.  B.  Yates,  M.D.,  of  the  McGill  Hospital,  died  in  Lon- 
don early  in  1916.  The  following  List,  though  not  complete,  indi- 
cates the  large  number  of  Canadians  who  obtained  Commissions  in 
Imperial  Regiments  during  these  years : 

Fl.  Lieut.   C.  J.   Beatty      R.  F.  C.  Capt.  D.  B.  McLean.  .    .  East  Lancashires 

Capt.    Edward    C.    Baker  R.  E.  Lieut.  A.  L.  Bishop      .  Middlesex 

Lieut.  J.  H.   Ingersoll.  ..  Leicestershire  Lieut.  H.  E.  McCutcheon  Worcestershires 

Regiment  Fl.    Lieut.    J.    D.    Scott  R.    N.   A.    S. 

Lieut.    John    Macintosh      Royal  Lieut.   Wm.    Stobart      .  Durham,    L.I. 

Warwickshires  Lieut.  F.   A.   Wilcox      .  Northamptonshires 

Lieut.  W.  S.  Earle R.    F.    0.  Major  E.  R.  Street .  .    .  Sherwood  Foresters 

Lieut.    P.    A.    Wright    .  .    R.    F.    C.  Major   Paul   A.   Gillespie  General   West 

Lieut.  W.  M.  Billman ....  Middlesex  African   Force 

Regiment  Lieut.   R.   W.   L. 

Lieut.   D.    P.   M.    Brown    London    Regiment  Crawford .  R.  F.  A. 

Lieut.    L.    0.    Cromie    .  .    Coldstream  Guards  Lieut.   Eric    H.    McCall.  R.  H.  A. 


Lieut.  H.   W.   Dobbie    ..    Royal   Berkshires         Lieut.  C.    G.    Mortimer. 

Lieut.    C.    P.    Waldie    .  .    Royal   West    Surreys  Lieut.  J.   L.  Manwaring 

Lieut.  S.  A.  Walker    .  .  .    R.    A.   M.    C.  Lieut.  H.  G.  H.  Dorrell 

Lieut.  W.  W.  Watson...  Yorkshires  Lieut,  A.    G.    Haigh    .. 

Lieut.  Fred.    C.    Daw.  ..  Worcestershires  Lieut.  C.   B.   Underbill. 


R.  F.  A. 
Royal  West  Rents 
Durham  L.I. 
Royal  Engineers 
West  Yorkshires 


The  British  honours  bestowed  upon  Canadians  during  1916 
were  numerous  and  up  to  the  close  of  the  year  the  total  for  the 
whole  War-period  was  as  follows :  Victoria  Cross,  9 ;  K.C.B.,  2 ;  C.B., 
9;  Knight  Bachelor,  1;  C.M.G.,  28;  D.S.O.,  114;  Military  Cross, 
329 ;  Bar  to  Military  Cross,  9 ;  Royal  Red  Cross,  36 ;  Distinguished 
Conduct  Medal,  371 ;  Clasp  to  D.C.M.,  1 ;  Bar  to  D.C.M.,  4 ;  Mili- 
tary Medal,  1,138 ;  Bar  to  Military  Medal,  21 ;  Meritorious  Service 
Medal,  22 ;  Mentioned  in  despatches,  542.  Of  foreign  decorations 
the  French  were  as  follows:  Legion  of  Honour,  14;  Croix  de 


CANADIAN  WAR  INCIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS    477 


Guerre,  15;  Medaille  Militaire,  12  with  Russian  honours  as  fol- 
lows: Medal  of  St.  George,  24;  Cros§  of  St.  George,  15;  Order  of 
Ste.  Anne,  2 ;  Order  of  St.  Stanislas,  1.  During  the  War  the  V.C. 
had  been  won  by  Lieut.  J.  G.  Anderson,  Lieut.  F.  W.  Campbell, 
Lce.-Corp.  Fred.  Fisher,  Col.-Sgt.  F.  W.  Hall,  Lieut.  A.  W.  North- 
over,  Capt.  F.  A.  C.  Scrimger.  In  1916  the  Canadian  winners 
were  Corp.  Leo  Clark  of  Winnipeg  for  "most  conspicuous  bravery" 
in  holding  a  newly-captured  trench,  alone,  against  22  of  the 
enemy;  Pte.  John  Chipman  Kerr  of  Fox  Eiver,  N.S.,  for  "most 
conspicuous  bravery"  during  a  bombing  attack  in  advancing 
alone  and  receiving  the  surrender  of  62  prisoners  and  250  yards 
of  trench;  Lieut.  Thomas  0.  L.  Wilkinson  of  Victoria  for  rushing 
forward  with  two  men  and  a  machine  gun  which  he  mounted  on 
a  parapet  and  thus  held  back  the  enemy.  Later  in  the  day  he 
was  killed  after  setting  ' '  a  magnificent  example  of  courage  and  self- 
sacrifice.  ' '  Of  the  many  honours  granted  only  the  higher  ones  can 
be  detailed  here :  even  with  the  D.S.O.,  prized  by  a  soldier  as  only 
second  to  the  V.C.,  the  list  is  too  long  for  publication.*  The  follow- 
ing, awarded  in  1916,  may  be  mentioned : 


K.C.B.  Maj.-Gen.  Charles  M.  Dobell.  C.M.G. 

C.B.  Brig.-Gen.    David   Watson.  C.M.G. 

C.B.  Brig.-Gen.    H.    C.    Van    Strau-       C.M.G. 

benzee.  C.M.G. 

C.B.  Colonel  George   S.   Cartwright.          C.M.G. 

C.B.  Maj.-Gen.  John  Wallace  Carson.        C.M.G. 

C.B.  Colonel  Willoughby  G.  Gwatkin. 

C.B.  Colonel  Herbert  S.  Birkett,  M.D.        C.M.G. 

C.B.  Colonel  James  A.   Roberts,  M.D.       C.M.G. 

C.B.  Brig.-Gen.    A.    C.    Joly    de    Lot-       C.M.G. 

biniere. 

C.M.G.  Colonel  Murray  MacLaren.  C.M.G. 

C.M.G.  Brig.-Gen.      Charles     J.      Arm-       C.M.G. 

strong.  C.M.G. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.    George   G.    Nasmith.       C.M.G. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.     Arch.     C.     Macdon-        C.M.G. 

ell,    D.S.O. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  Charles  M.  Nelles. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  Arthur  E.  Ross 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  George  S.  Tuxford. 

C.M.G.  Major  The  Rev.  F.  G.  Scott, 

C.M.G.  Colonel   Percival  E.   Thacker. 

C.M.G.  Lieut.-Col.  W.   O.  H.   Dodds. 

C.M.G.  Lieut-Col.    J.   F.    L.    Embury. 

C.M.G.  Colonel  John  T.  Fotheringham. 
C.M.G.  .    ~  .    — 


Brig.-Gen.  Wm.  B.  Lindsey. 

Lieut.-Col.  Arch.  H.  Macdonell. 

Lieut.-Col.  Henri  A.  Panet. 

Lieut.    C.    W.    P.    Ramsey. 

Brig.-Gen.   Herbert   C.   Thacker. 

Lieut.-Col.   The    Rev.   J.   M.   Al- 
mond. 

Major  The  Rev.  Wm.  Beattle. 

Surg.-General  G.  C.  Jones. 

Brig.-General     James     C.     Mac- 
dougall. 

Lieut.-Col.  F.  Etherington,  M.D. 

Lieut.-Col.   Samuel  H.  McKee. 

Major  Evans  G.  Davis. 

Brig.-Gen.   Edmund  M.    Morris. 

Brig.-Gen.  Wm.  B.  Lesslie. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Lieut.   James   Creswell   Auld. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Capt.  John  Arthur  Cullum,  M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Major  Albert  Peter  Miller,  M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Capt.  Geo.  Roland  Barnes,  M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.-Major  W.   E.   L.   Coleman,   M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Capt.  H.  W.  A.  Foster,  M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Lieut.   Adam   H.   Gilmour,    M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Capt.  Fred.  F.  Minchin,  M.C. 
Bar  to  M.C.  Capt.  J.  B.   Barron,   M.C. 


Lieut.-Col.    Henry   T.    Hughes. 

The  hundred  odd  Canadian  winners  of  the  D.S.O.  during  1916, 
and  of  the  300  Military  Crosses,  showed  every  kind  of  heroism — 
swift,  brave  action,  continuous  endurance,  gallant  deeds  while 
wounded,  coolness  under  heavy  blasting  fire,  the  taking  of  *desper- 
ate  chances,  courage  and  capacity  of  every  sort.  Some  of  the  win- 
ners of  the  D.S.O.  were  already  well  known  officers  in  the  War — 
Lieut.-Colonels  M.  A.  Colquhoun,  Hamilton,  C.  H.  MacLaren,  Ot- 
tawa, F.  W.  Hill,  Eobert  Kennie,  M.V.O.,  Toronto,  A.  E.  Swift, 
Major  Hugh  M.  Dyer,  Winnipeg,  Lieut.-Col.  Victor  W.  Odium, 
Victoria,  Capt.  Charles  T.  Costigan,  for  instance.  Of  one  family 
in  Vancouver  Capt.  M.  M.  Bell-Irving  won  the  D.S.O.  for  " con- 
spicuous and  consistent  gallantry  and  skill"  during  a  period  of  9 
months;  Capt.  A.  D.  Bell-Irving  and  Capt.  R.  0.  Bell-Irving  each 

*NOTE. — For  1915  Honours  see  preceding  volume  in  this  Section. 


478  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

won  the  M.C.  Lieut.  E.  Oliver  Wheeler,  R.E.,  son  of  A.  O.  Wheeler, 
President  of  the  Alpine  Club  of  Canada,  won  the  M.C.  and  the  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honour.  The  following  official  statements  are 
given  as  indicative  of  the  deeds  performed — all  being  for  ' '  conspicu- 
ous gallantry  in  action" — and  the  names  are  taken  almost  at  ran- 
dom from  the  hundreds  available: 
D.S.O.  Major  Wm.  Westlrough  Foster,  Victoria. 

He  detailed  two  patrols,  and  himself  led  a  third  under  heavy  fire,  and 
obtained  most  valuable  information.    Later,  he  carried  out  a  successful  attack, 
and  captured  his  objective.     He  displayed  the  greatest  courage  and  initiative 
throughout. 
M.C.  Major  J.  C.  Kelvin  Carson,  Montreal. 

He  led  his  men   with   great  courage   and   initiative,   setting   a   splendid 
example   throughout.     Later,   he   carried   out   several   daring   reconnaissances 
under  very  heavy  fire. 
M.C.  Lieut.  Eric  Reginald  Dennis,  Halifax. 

He  rescued  some  men  who  were  buried  under  intense  fire,  displaying  great 
courage   and   determination.     Later  he   set   a   splendid   example  to   his   men 
under  very  trying  conditions. 
D.S.O.  Lieut.-Col.  Wm.  A.  Griesbach,  Edmonton. 

For  skill  in  the  handling  of  his  Battalion  during  a  heavy  bombardment 
and  subsequent  attack  by  the  enemy.     On  another  occasion  by  his  prompt 
action  and  fine  example  he  was  largely  responsible  for  the  rescue  of  several 
men  who  had  been  buried  by  shell  fire. 
M.C.  Capt.  Duncan  E.  Maclntyre,  D.S.O.,  Moose  Jaw. 

He  went  forward  under  intense  fire  to  ascertain  the  situation,  displaying 
great  courage  and  determination,  and  thereby  obtaining  most  important  in- 
formation. 
M.C.  Lieut.  George  B.  Murray,  Halifax. 

He  effected  a  daylight  relief  under  very  heavy  fire  with  great  courage  and 
initiative.     Later,  he  reorganized  a  counter-attack  and  successfully  drove  the 
enemy  back.    Although  the  relieving  unit  had  taken  over  he  remained  on  duty 
for  five  hours. 
M.C.  Lieut.  Allan  Oliver,  Edmonton. 

He  handled  his  gun  under  very  heavy  fire  with  great  courage  and  deter- 
mination.   He  set  a  fine  example  to  his  men. 
M.C.  Capt.  Kenneth  L.  Patton,  Winnipeg. 

He  led  his  men  to  the  attack,  and  although  severely  wounded  in  four 
places,  he  directed  and  steadied  his  men  and  encouraged  them  with  his  fine 
example  until  he  fell  from  the  effects  of  his  wounds. 
M.C.  Lieut.  Victor  G.  Tupper,  Vancouver. 

He  kept  signal  communications  under  very  heavy  fire.     Later,  he  per- 
sonally  supervised   the   repair   of  wires  which  had  been   severed,   displaying 
great  courage  and  determination.     He  has  previously  done  fine  work. 
D.S.O.  Major  Douglas  H.  C.  Mason,  Toronto. 

For  conspicuous  gallantry  when  commanding  an  assault.     He  displayed 
great  dash,  and,  though  wounded  in  the  head  and  foot  early  in  the  attack, 
continued  at  his  post  till  the  objective  was  gained  and  secured. 
D.S.O.  Capt.  H.  Wilderspin  Niven,  London. 

For  conspicuous  gallantry  when  in  command  of  his  company  and  holding 
an  advanced  position.     He  repulsed  the  enemy,  and  hung  on  to  his  position 
when  he  was  practically  surrounded  and  the  enemy  were  calling  on  him  to 
surrender.     He  continued  to  direct  operations  after  being  wounded. 
D.S.O.  Major  Hector  B.  Verrett,  Ottawa. 

Although  wounded  by  shrapnel,  he  stuck  to  his  command  under  most  try- 
ing circumstances,  and  assisted  greatly  in  strengthening  the  position.  He 
set  a  fine  example  to  all  under  him. 


CANADIAN  WAR  INCIDENTS,  CASUALTIES  AND  WAR  HONOURS    479 


M.C.  Capt.  Charles  T.  Costigan,  D.S.O.,  Eeauharnois. 

For  conspicuous  gallantry  during  operations.  He  remained  by  his  trench 
guns  for  three  nights  and  two  days,  supporting  the  infantry.  He  was  twice 
partially  buried  by  shells,  and  worked  a  gun  himself  when  the  detachment  was 
thinned  by  casualties.  On  several  occasions  his  gallantry  has  been  brought 
to  notice. 
M.C.  Lieut.  Edgar  Hugh  Matheson,  Winnipeg. 

For  conspicuous  gallantry  in  leading  three  patrols  to  investigate  the 
enemy  wire  during  a  bombardment.  Later  he  crawled  down  the  Battalion 
front,  regardless  of  'Very'  lights  and  machine-gun  fire,  and  carried  orders. 

Several  clergymen  won  the  Military  Cross  for  bravery  under  fire 
including  Hon.  Capt.  the  Rev.  Ambrose  Madden,  the  Eev.  Wm. 
Ennis  Kidd  of  Napanee  and  Rev.  R.  F.  Thompson  of  the  Peace 
River,  Alberta.  An  honour  granted  largely  for  Red  Cross  ser- 
vices was  that  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  and  during 
1916  George  Bury,  Winnipeg,  J.  F.  Orde,  K.C.,  Geo.  Burn  and 
Dr.  J.  W.  Robertson,  C.M.G.,  Ottawa,  Hon.  Col.  Noel  L.  G.  Marshall 
and  Col.  G.  A.  Sweney,  Toronto,  Sir  H.  B.  Ames,  Montreal,  and 
Sir  P.  E.  LeBlanc,  Quebec,  were  created  Knights  of  Grace.  Of  the 
Foreign  orders  granted  Canadians  only  a  few  can  be  mentioned. 
Maj.-Gen.  Sir  C.  M.  Dobell  of  the  Kamerun  received  in  1916  the 
Croix  d'Officier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  from  France  as  did  Brig.- 
Generals  F.  0.  W.  Loomis,  D.S.O.,  G.  S.  Tuxford,  C.M.G.,  A.  C.  Joly 
de  Lotbiniere,  c.s.i.,  C.I.E.,  and  Lieut.-Col.  C.  H.  Mitchell  while  the 
Croix  de  Chevalier  of  the  same  Order  was  granted  to  Lieut.-Col. 
Hercule  Barre  and  Lieut.  Henri  Quintal  of  Montreal,  and  others. 
It  may  be  added  in  respect  to  the  little-understood  reason  for  non- 
mention  of  names,  etc.,  in  the  press  records  of  gallant  deeds  that 
the  War  Office  instructions  were  explicit  and  no  doubt  issued  for 
good  reasons.  As  stated  in  October,  1916,  no  reference  was  to  be 
made  "in  any  matter  printed  in  the  daily  or  weekly  Press  or  con- 
tained in  any  magazine,  pamphlet,  or  in  any  report  or  appeal  issued 
by  any  firm,  whether  for  public  or  private  circulation,  to  any  unit 
of  His  Majesty 's  military  forces  except  under  titles  specified  by  the 
War  Office."  As  names  indicated  units  the  inference  was  obvious. 
The  following  Canadian  Military  promotions  arising  out  of  active 
service,  or  war  services  in  Canada  and  England,  were  important : 

Colonel  A.  H.  Macdonnell,   C.M.G.,  D.S.O. 


To    be    Majors-General 
Colonel  Henry   Smith 
Colonel  Thomas  Benson 
Colonel  W.    A.    Logie 
Colonel  W.    E.    Hodgins 
Colonel  John  Hughes 
Colonel  E.  W.  Wilson 

Temporary    Brigadiers-General 
Colonel   H.   C.  Thacker,   C.M.G. 
Colonel  C.    J.    Armstrong,    c.M  G 
Colonel  H.   D.  B.   Ketchen 
Colonel  R.   Rennie,  D.S.O. ,  M.v.O 
Colonel  G.   S.  Tuxford,  C.M.G. 
Colonel  A.  C.  Macdonnell,  C.M.G..  D.S.O. 


Colonel  W.    St.    P.    Hughes 
Colonel  F.  O.  W.  Loomis,  D.S.O. 
Colonel  F.  W.  Hill,  D.S.O. 
Colonel  L.  J.   Lipsett,   O.M.G. 
Lieut.-Col.  W.   B.   Lindsay,   c.M.G. 
Colonel  T.    D.    R.    Hemming 
Colonel  O.  A.  Fages 
Colonel  J.   Lyons   Biggar 
Colonel  G.    S.   Maunsell 
Colonel  H.  H.  McLean,   M.p. 
Colonel  Frank  S.  Meighen 
Colonel   Sir  Henry  M.  Pellatt,  C.V.O. 
Lieut.-Col.  Henry  N.  Ruttan 


1 


PROVINCIAL  AFFAIRS   IN   ONTARIO 


The  Hearst  The  Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  continued  during  1916  to 

inhale™6"1  prove  himself  an  energetic  public  man  who  succeeded 
Departments  in  doing  important  things  and  in  impressing  the  peo- 
and  Public  pie  with  his  earnestness  and  honesty  of  principle.  He 
Po''cy  did  not  always  carry  his  whole  party  with  him — 

notably  so  on  the  Prohibition  issue;  nor  did  he  carry  all  the  bye- 
elections  which  came  up.  But  he  was  not  afraid  to  be  aggressive 
and,  by  the  end  of  this  year,  he  had  improved  his  position  as  a  new 
leader,  made  his  mark  in  Provincial  legislation  and  dealt,  in  many 
eloquent  speeches,  with  the  War  problem  of  recruiting.  His  action 
upon  certain  large  issues  such  as  Prohibition,  Bi-lingualism  and 
the  Hydro-Electric  question  will  be  dealt  with  separately  but,  taken 
in  a  broad  way,  it  was  a  continuation  of  Sir  James  Whitney's  pol- 
icy with  a  personal  tendency  toward  radical  and  reform  measures — 
using  those  words  in  a  non-party  sense. 

On  Mar.  17  he  received  a  Labour  Deputation  from  many  parts 
of  the  Province.  Resolutions  were  presented  asking  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  property  qualifications  in  municipal  elections,  for  the 
extension  of  the  suffrage  to  women,  amendments  to  the  Work- 
men's Compensation  Act,  the  placing  of  minimum  wages  and  8- 
hour  provisions  in  Hydro  contracts,  the  licensing  of  private  detec- 
tives, the  establishment  of  lunch  rooms  in  factories,  an  Election 
Act  amendment  allowing  trainmen  to  vote  while  away  from  home. 
In  reply  the  Premier  stated  that  the  Government  was  considering 
the  question  of  abolishing  property  qualifications;  that  as  to  the 
detective  agencies  he  would  ask  the  Attorney-General  to  make  a 
thorough  investigation  into  the  statements  made  and  would  bring 
before  the  Hydro  Commission  the  arguments  in  favour  of  minimum 
wage  and  the  8-hour-day;  he  promised  that  the  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Act  would  be  kept  even  with  public  opinion ;  as  to  Woman 
suffrage  he  was  sympathetic  but  definite  in  the  statement  that  the 
present  was  not  the  time  to  introduce  such  a  measure. 

A  Legislative  session  crowded  with  work  followed,  a  trip  to  the 
West  Indies  was  taken  in  May  for  health  reasons  and,  on  his  return, 
he  shared  in  the  North  Perth  bye-election.  On  Aug.  8,  accom- 
panied by  Hon.  R.  A.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  Mr.  Hearst 
left  for  England  where  he  arranged  with  the  Agent-General  as  to 
after-war  enterprises  and  policy  and  conferred  with  the  Canadian 
and  British  military  authorities  as  to  the  best  method  of  utilizing 
moneys  raised  by  the  Provincial  war-tax.  During  his  absence  the 
senior  Minister  present  at  a  meeting  of  the  Cabinet  was  to  act  as 
Prime  Minister.  In  England  the  two  Ministers  spent  a  busy  time. 
They  met  Gen.  Bramwell  Booth  of  the  Salvation  Army  on  Sept.  5 
and  discussed  after-war  immigration  policy  with  him,  visited  Bram- 

[480] 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        481 

shott  Camp  and  the  Cliveden  Hospital,  were  entertained  at  lunch- 
eons and  dinners,  visited  the  Grand  Fleet  and  the  Canadian  troops 
at  the  Front,  inspected  the  Ontario  Hospital  at  Orpington.  At  a 
Royal  Colonial  Institute  function  on  Sept.  22,  with  A.  D.  Steel- 
Maitland,  M.P.,  in  the  chair,  Mr.  Hearst  gave  a  most  interesting  and 
valuable  summary  of  Ontario  conditions. 

On  Oct.  16  Mr.  Hearst  was  at  home  in  Toronto  again  and  in 
welcoming  the  Dominions'  Royal  Commission  described  knowledge 
of  the  Empire 's  resources  as  one  of  the  vital  after-war  factors ;  to 
the  Insurance  Institute  of  Toronto  (Oct.  26)  he  declared  that 
after  winning  the  War  the  most  important  of  all  tasks  was  the 
work  of  welding  together  the  British  Empire,  of  keeping  our  men 
and  money  and  trade  within  the  Empire.  At  the  close  of  the  year, 
following  the  death  of  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff,  it  was  announced  (Dec.  20) 
that  the  Premier  had  taken  over  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
and  had  appointed  Dr.  G.  C.  Creelman,  President  of  the  Ontario 
Agricultural  College,  as  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  With  the 
important  routine  work  of  the  Department  Mr.  Hearst  and  his 
Commissioner  also  took  over  the  agricultural  experiments  inaugur- 
ated in  Northern  Ontario  by  the  Premier,  when  he  was  Minister  of 
Lands,  Forests  and  Mines,  and  later  conducted  by  Mr.  Ferguson  as 
his  successor  in  that  office,  together  with  the  important  agricultural 
work  carried  on  by  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna  in  connection  with  Prisons 
and  Hospitals  for  the  Insane  which  were  consolidated  under  Dr. 
Creelman. 

Mr.  Hanna,  who  dropped  out  of  public  life  during  this  year, 
had  been  in  the  Government  since  1905  and  had  devoted  himself 
to  practical  social  problems  such  as  Prison  reform.  Under  him  as 
Provincial  Secretary  were  a  number  of  institutions  for  administra- 
tion, the  collection  of  much  statistical  matter,  the  control  of  large 
numbers  of  people,  the  management  of  the  License  system.  His 
Department  received  (year  of  Oct.  31,  1915)  $446,127  in  fees, 
issued  42,346  auto  licenses,  4,174  motorcycle  licenses  and  5,322 
chauffeur  licenses;  as  Registrar-General  his  compiled  statistics 
showed  in  1915  67,032  births  in  the  Province,  23,506  marriages  and 
33,294  deaths;  the  number  of  gaols  under  his  supervision  (Sept. 
30,  1915)  was  50  with  an  expenditure  of  $214,986,  committments 
of  20,337  and  sentences  to  various  gaols,  etc.,  of  12,663 ;  Hospitals 
for  the  Insane  were  reported  to  him  for  Oct.  31,  1915,  by  E.  R, 
Rogers  and  W.  W.  Dunlop  and  showed  6,040  inmates,  of  whom 
2,924  were  males,  and  deportations  to  various  countries  of  193 
persons;  Dr.  R.  W.  Bruce  Smith,  Inspector,  reported  (Sept.  30, 
1915)  on  91  Public  and  68  Private  Hospitals,  39  Refuges  and  32 
County  Homes  of  Refuge,  32  Orphanages  and  5  other  institu- 
tions, treating  altogether  85,759  patients  during  the  year  with 
total  receipts  of  $2,825,271  and  total  expenditures  (including  capi- 
tal account)  of  $3,237,981. 

Under  Mr.  Hanna,  also,  were  the  Hospitals  for  Feeble-minded 
and  Epileptics  with  1,036  patients,  and  to  him  Miss  Helen  Mac- 
31 


482  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Murchy,  as  Inspector,  submitted  yearly  an  able  Report  upon  the 
feeble-minded  in  Ontario  and  the  world-wide  treatment  or  condi- 
tion of  this  class ;  to  him  J.  J.  Kelso,  Superintendent  of  Neglected 
and  Dependent  Children,  reported  for  Dec.  31,  1915,  as  to  the  work 
of  Children's  Aid  Societies  and  the  fact  of  962  children  as  wards 
of  his  Department  and  the  placing  of  555  in  foster  homes,  234  in 
Shelter  temporarily,  68  on  probation  with  parents  and  62  trans- 
ferred to  relatives.  For  the  calendar  year  1915  the  Commissioners 
of  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  reported  receipts  of  $216,830 
with  a  balance  in  hand  of  $81,095.  The  liquor  licenses — tavern  and 
shop  for  the  year  of  Apr.  30,  1916 — totalled  1,435  or  a  reduction  of 
66  in  number.  Following  the  changes  of  1915  they  were  under 
control  of  a  Board  of  License  Commissioners  reporting  to  the  Pro- 
vincial Secretary;  the  License  revenues  for  the  year  of  Oct.  31, 
1916,  were  $346,168;  the  committments  for  drunkenness  in  1916 
were  5,968  compared  with  6,235  in  1915 ;  under  the  new  Prohibitory 
law  licenses  went  out  of  existence  on  Sept.  16  with  1,374  allowed 
to  remain  for  standard  or  Temperance  hotels.  Mr.  Hanna  received 
from  J.  W.  Sharpe,  Provincial  Auditor  in  1916,  the  Municipal 
statistics  for  the  preceding  year  with  a  strong  recommendation  for 
a  Provincial  system  of  uniform  Municipal  accounting. 

Speaking  at  Ottawa  on  Jan.  19  the  Minister  urged  Military 
training  in  the  schools  of  Ontario,  and  the  creation  of  a  Ministry 
of  Municipalities  in  the  Provincial  Government  which  should  super- 
vise town-planning,  regulate  municipal  borrowing  and  standardize 
municipal  accounting.  He  reviewed  the  work  of  his  Department, 
the  necessity  of  dealing  with  the  Defective  children  problem,  the 
Housing  Act  of  the  Government  and  the  valuable  work  in  this  con- 
nection of  G.  Frank  Beer  and  his  associates,  the  desirability  of 
Town  Planning  legislation  which,  if  passed  before  this,  would  have 
meant  for  many  a  place  ' '  proper  streets,  proper  parks,  proper  sew- 
age, proper  water  supply."  Upon  other  occasions  he  took  a  sim- 
ilar line  and,  it  may  be  added  here,  that  a  large  gathering  at  London 
representing  a  number  of  Counties,  passed  a  Resolution  on  Dec.  5 
in  favour  of  the  appointment  of  a  Department  of  Municipal  Af- 
fairs and  a  Town  Planning  Act  for  Ontario.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  plans  were  underway  for  -&  new  Industrial  Farm  at  Burwash, 
near  Sudbury,  in  New  Ontario,  based  upon  the  success  which  had 
followed  Mr.  Hanna 's  efforts  at  the  Fort  William  and  other  Farms 
to  reclaim  prisoners  by  making  them  reclaim  the  soil.  The  acreage 
purchased  was  35,000  at  $2.00  an  acre  and  the  institution  was  to 
take  the  form  of  a  sheep  and  cattle  ranch. 

On  Dec.  20  it  was  announced  that  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna*  had 
resigned  his  position  in  the  Government  but  would  remain  a  Minis- 
ter without  Portfolio  and  that  Wm.  David  McPherson,  K.C.,  of 
Toronto,  member  of  the  Legislature  since  1908,  a  Past  Grand  Mas- 

*NOTE. — Mr.  Hanna  had  for  years  been  associated  with  the  Imperial  Oil  Co.  of 
Canada  as  Counsel  and  current  charges  that  this  Company  was  connected  with  the 
Standard  Oil  Corporation  of  the  United  States  had  been,  during  the  past  Session,  a 
cause  of  political  attacks  upon  the  Provincial  Secretary. 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        483 

ter  of  the  A.F.  &  A.M.  of  Canada,  and  Chairman  of  the  Provincial 
Soldiers'  Aid  Committee,  would  be  Provincial  Secretary.  The 
Premier  in  making  this  announcement  eulogized  Mr.  Hanna's  ad- 
ministration and  declared  that  "in  quitting  his  Department  (owing 
to  pressure  of  business)  he  leaves  behind  him  a  record  of  accom- 
plishments during  his  twelve  years  of  service  unexcelled  by  that  of 
any  public  man  in  Ontario.  His  work  in  connection  with  Prison 
reform  and  for  the  welfare  of  the  feeble-minded  and  unfortunates 
in  the  Province  has  made  a  reputation  for  him  not  only  on  this 
continent  but  in  Europe."  The  press  was  singularly  unanimous 
in  its  compliments  to  the  retiring  Minister — except  in  the  inevit- 
able  point  of  Liquor  licenses — and  to  Mr.  McPherson  of  whom  The 
Globe  (Lib.)  spoke  as  a  possibility  for  the  Premiership  in  the 
event  of  Mr.  Hearst's  health  proving  troublesome.  The  Toronto 
News  stated  that:  "Mr.  McPherson  is  an  effective  public  speaker, 
a  man  of  high  character  and  of  attractive  personal  qualities.  All 
his  life  he  has  been  a  public  servant.  He  has  felt  that  he  owed 
duties  to  the  community  and  these  have  been  faithfully,  if  unos- 
tentatiously, discharged."  The  new  Minister  was  re-elected  for 
West  Toronto  which  he  had  represented  since  1908. 

What  was  destined  to  be  the  last  year's  work  of  the  Hon.  James 
S.  Duff  was  a  strenuous  one  in  agricultural  matters  and  the  Min- 
ister, by  many  patriotic  addresses,  earnest  recruiting  efforts  and 
intense  interest  in  the  presence  of  his  son — Pte.  G.  Clark  Duff — 
at  the  Front  had  made  it  still  more  so  personally.  His  health  had 
not  been  good  for  a  year  or  more  and  early  in  November,  when  he 
heard  that  his  son  had  been  killed  in  action,  it  gave  way  and  he 
died  on  Nov.  17.  As  Minister  of  Agriculture  since  1908  he  had 
been  earnest,  energetic  and  popular  with  practical  knowledge  of  his 
work  and  strong  support  from  his  Deputy — Dr.  C.  C.  James  and 
latterly  W.  Bert  Roadhouse.  One  of  the  important  branches  of 
this  Department's  work  under  Mr.  Duff  was  the  publication  of 
timely,  instructive  pamphlets  relating  to  Agriculture  in  varied 
phases.  Those  issued  during  1916  were  as  follows: 

Lime    and    its    Uses    in    Agriculture Prof.    R.    Harcourt 

Nature     Study    or    Stories    in    Agriculture Members   of   Staff:    Agricultural   College 

Food    Values     Prof.   R.   Harcourt 

Bacterial    Diseases    of    Vegetables     D.    H.    Jones 

Home     Canning     of     Fruits     and     Vegetables.  ..  .E.   L.   Davies 

Hints    to    Settlers    in    Northern    Ontario     R.  H.  Clemens,  B.S. A.:  W.  G.  Nixon 

Sweet    Clover    H.  L.  Fulmer 

Potatoes     Prof.    C.    A.    Zavitz 

Peach-Growing   in   Ontario F.  M.  Clement ;  A.  G.  Harris 

The   Grape   in    Ontario    F.    M.    Clement,    B.S.A. 

Meanwhile  many  interests  and  organizations  had  been  under 
Mr.  Duff's  supervision  as  Minister.  To  him  there  reported  the 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Societies  of  which  J.  Lockie  Wil- 
son was  Superintendent,  and  the  Stallion  Enrollment  Board  with 
2,731  reported  by  Peter  White  as  Chairman  of  the  Board;  the 
Factory  Inspection  Branch  (J.  T.  Burke,  Chief  Inspector)  dealt 
with  11,455  inspections,  in  467  centres,  and  establishments  employ- 
ing 195,762  employees  and  having  994  accidents  during  the  year  of 
Oct.  31,  1915 ;  the  Ontario  Agricultural  College  with  its  1,652  stu- 
dents in  attendance  and  200  others  (and  graduates)  at  the  Front, 


484  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

or  on  the  way  at  the  beginning  of  1916,  and  the  Ontario  Veterin- 
ary College  with  its  290  students  in  1915,  were  under  control  of 
the  Department ;  the  Women 's  Institutes,  having  a  membership  of 
29,046,  a  record  of  holding  9,254  meetings  in  1915  with  an  attend- 
ance of  231,687  and  receipts  of  $121,522,  reported  to  the  Minister 
through  G.  A.  Putnam,  Superintendent;  the  Live  Stock  Branch 
of  the  Department,  under  R.  W.  Wade,  Director,  dealt  with  con- 
ditions, prices,  markets,  raising  and  breeding  and  feeding  pro- 
blems, Live  Stock  Associations,  etc. ;  the  Bureau  of  Industries,  of 
which  W.  0.  Galloway  was  Secretary,  compiled  elaborate  statistics 
as  to  Municipalities,  Agriculture  and  Chattel  mortgages — the  total 
of  the  latter  on  Dec.  31,  1915,  being  $2,579,303  on  the  farms ;  the 
Monteith  Demonstration  Farm  reported  a  banner  year  for  1916 
crops  in  the  Clay-belt  section  of  New  Ontario.  The  Federal  Agri- 
culture grant  to  Ontario  for  the  year  beginning  Mar.  31,  1916,  was 
$301,158  and  the  Minister  appropriated  $100,000  of  this  to  District 
representatives  and  their  work,  $89,000  to  the  Agricultural  College 
at  Guelph,  $26,000  to  promote  Manual  training  and  Domestic 
science  in  the  schools  and  Universities  and  $10,000  for  Drainage 
work.  To  this  Minister  there  also  reported  the  following  associa- 
tions which  received  help  in  some  form  or  other  from  the  Depart- 
ment or  whose  yearly  statements  and  proceedings  were  published 
by  it: 

Name  President  Address 

Entomological   Society   of   Ontario    Albert  F.  Wynn Westmount,   Que. 

Ontario  Association  of  Exhibitions   and  Fairs.... J.    C.    Stuart    Osgoode 

Ontario    Bee-Keepers'    Association    F.    W.    Krouse Guelph 

Fruit   Growers'   Association  of  Ontario    Dr.   A.   J.   Grant    .  .  .Thedford 

Ontario   Agricultural   and   Experimental   Union... J.   B.  Fairbairn Beamsville 

Ontario   Horticultural    Society    Rev.  G.  W.  Tibbs    .  .  Hamilton 

Dairymen's    Association    of    Eastern    Ontario J.   N.    Stone    Norham 

Dairymen's   Association   of   Western    Ontario Jas.    Bristow    St.    Thomas 

Ontario  Vegetable  Growers'  Association    F.  F.   Reeves    Humber   Bay 

Ontario  Horse-Breeders'   Association    Wm.  Smith Columbus 


Ontario    Sheep-Breeders'    Association     J.   T.    Gibson    .  .  . 

Ontario    Swine-Breeders'    Association     Prof.   G.   E.   Day. 

Ontario  Large  Yorkshire   Swine-Breeders'   Assocn.J.  C.  Stuart    .... 

Ontario   Berkshire   Association    H.  M.   Vanderlip 

Western   Ontario   Poultry  Association    Wm.    Barber    ... 

Western   Ontario   Seed   Growers'    Association A.  McKenney    .  .  . 


.Denfield 
.  Guelph 
.  Osgoode 
.  Cainsville 
.  Toronto 
.  Amherstburg 


The  Department  of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines  had  several  im- 
portant problems  to  deal  with  during  the  year.  The  Hon.  G. 
Howard  Ferguson,  K.C.,  the  Minister,  in  his  Report  for  Oct.  31, 
1916,  stated  the  sale  of  98,209  acres  of  Crown  Lands  for  $66,815 
and  of  14,592  acres  for  $37,756;  with  some  leases  and  other  pay- 
ments the  receipts  of  the  year  were  $194,057.  He  referred  to  the 
Department's  efforts  to  encourage  ranching  leases  in  Northern 
Ontario  and  make  known  its  large  tracts  of  rolling,  well-drained, 
timber-clad  land  which  produced  excellent  fodder  and  only 
awaited  the  practical  cattle  or  sheep-raising  settler;  reported  the 
issue  to  date  of  13,998  military  grants  and  certificates  (South  Afri- 
can War  and  Fenian  Raid  Veterans)  with  1,747  still  outstanding ; 
and  was  able  to  state  that  Mineral  production  in  the  first  nine 
months  of  1916  had  grown  in  value  by  leaps  and  bounds — copper 
by  over  $4,000,000,  gold  by  $1,700,000,  nickel  by  $10,000,000,  pig- 
iron  by  $2,000,000  and  silver  by  $1,700,000  in  value.  Much  of  this 
was,  of  course,  due  to  higher  War  prices.  The  Ontario  production 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        485 

of  Pulp-wood  for  the  pulp  and  paper  industry  had  grown  from 
173,903  tons  in  1912,  worth  $1,235,343,  to  an  estimated  500,000  tons 
in  1916  worth  $4,200,000 ;  the  total  revenue  of  the  Department  was 
$1,860,557  and  disbursements  $627,347. 

The  Forest  fires  of  July  and  August  in  New  Ontario  did  much 
damage  in  spite  of  474  fire  rangers  patrolling  the  Crown  lands,  290 
rangers  on  licensed  timber  or  mining  lands,  and  127  men  patrol- 
ling the  T.  &  N.  0.  and  Canadian  Government  railways  at  a  total 
cost  for  all  the  services  of  $273,000.  On  July  29  a  destructive 
fire  swept  over  the  Matheson  and  Cochrane  districts  and  extended 
along  the  Porcupine  branch  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.,  burning  almost  every- 
thing along  its  course — settlers'  homes  and  crops,  part  of  the  Abi- 
tibi  Pulp  Mills  plant,  part  of  the  town  of  Iroquois  Falls  with  most 
of  Matheson,  Kelso,  Homer  and  Cochrane.  During  the  weeks  that 
this  and  other  fires  were  burning  the  Minister  gave  all  possible 
help.  Special  trains  were  kept  going  along  the  line  and  settlers 
brought  to  Englehart  and  other  points  for  safety ;  a  Commissioner 
was  rushed  up  to  look  after  matters  and  Mr.  Ferguson  himself 
went  North  on  Aug.  1;  a  Central  organization  was  formed  at 
Toronto  for  relief  and  a  $50,000  grant  given  by  the  Government 
with  another  $50,000  from  the  Dominion ;  rebuilding  and  recovery 
were  very  speedy  with  $1,000,000  Insurance  obtained.  The  estim- 
ated loss  of  life  had  been  250.  Shortly  before  this  event  the  Minis- 
ter had  been  planning  a  campaign  to  obtain  settlers  for  the  rich 
Clay-belt  region  and  a  few  days  before  the  disaster  Fred  Dane  had 
been  appointed  Land  Commissioner  to  administer  the  Loan  and 
Development  Act  of  1912.  Mr.  Ferguson  told  the  press  of  June  30 
that  the  advantages  offered  by  New  Ontario  were  greater  than  those 
of  the  West : 

The  homesteader  out  West  merely  gets  the  surface  rights  to  his  land. 
From  us  he  gets  everything  from  the  sky  to  the  centre  of  the  earth — oil,  gas, 
coal,  gold,  silver,  anything  he  can  find;  also  timber,  except  white  pine.  He 
can  cut  white  pine  only  for  his  own  use.  We  meet  him  at  North  Bay  and 
we  look  after  him  until  he  gets  settled  on  his  land;  we  feed  and  care  for  his 
live  stock  and  house  his  implements  until  he  gets  settled.  We  build  roads  for 
him;  we  locate  him  on  good  land  and  try  to  find  him  congenial  neighbours; 
we  help  him  to  get  started  and  lend  him  money  if  necessary.  We  have  taken 
power  to  lend  up  to  $500  to  any  deserving  settler.  This  does  not  mean  that 
every  settler  will  borrow  $500,  but  he  can  apply  for  what  money  he  needs  to 
the  nearest  Government  Agent.  Then,  if  the  Loan  Commissioner  thinks  his 
case  a  deserving  one,  he  will  send  an  Inspector  to  report  upon  it.  The  Gov- 
ernment security  will  be  the  cleared  land  of  the  settlers.  Settlement  is  now 
)ur  most  important  task. 

The  Colonization  branch  of  this  Department  under  H.  A.  Mac- 

lonnell  circulated  in  1916  100,000  publications  and  settled  about 

600  persons  in  New  Ontario ;  J.  F.  Whitson,  Road  Commissioner  in 

the  North,  reported  continued  operations  along  the  Eailway  lines 

or  connecting  with  them,  the  expenditure  (Oct.  31,  1916)  of  $513,- 

533  on  roads  and  bridges  and  other  sums  upon  farm  and  garden 

)lots,  supplying  seed  to  settlers — oats,  grass    and    potatoes — the 

building  of  180  miles  of  new  roadway  and  50  bridges,  improve- 

lents  to  320  miles  of  road  and  the  placing  of  350  iron  culverts ;  F. 

Dane,  Loan  Commissioner,  stated  that  from  Aug.  12  to  Oct.  31, 


486  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

606  settlers  had  been  lent  $230,800.  As  to  general  conditions  in 
the  North  the  Toronto  Globe  of  Aug.  2  urged:  "An  assured  mar- 
ket at  profitable  prices  for  spruce  cut  by  settlers ;  efficient  Govern- 
ment aid  in  the  destruction  of  the  stumps  and  slash,  with  the  loan- 
ing of  money  at  reasonable  rates  for  the  building  of  farm  homes, 
and  the  acquisition  of  farm  implements,  on  the  security  of  land 
actually  ready  for  the  plough. ' ' 

In'  other  forms  much  of  this  was  being  done  while  J.  L.  Engle- 
hart,  Chairman  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway,  urged  the  settlers  (Aug. 
15)  to  guard  the  forests  from  careless  fires:  "Clear  25' acres  and 
cultivate  intensely.  You  have  a  home  market  at  your  door — the 
mining  mineral  belt — for  all  you  produce.  The  balance  of  your 
homestead  use,  so  to  speak,  as  a  savings  bank.  Draw  on  your  pulp- 
wood  and  market  the  same  only  to  make  special  necessary  purchases, 
or  additions  to  your  log  house,  or  your  barn,  or  out-buildings,  or 
live  stock,  or  any  useful  thing. ' '  Addressing  a  Deputation  on  Nov. 
28  Mr.  Ferguson  stated  that  a  branch  of  his  Department  would 
be  established,  with  an  expert  head  having  the  widest  authority  to 
deal  with  all  the  problems  arising  in  connection  with  forest  pro- 
tection and  reforestation  in  the  North,  and  that  E.  J.  Zavitz,  for 
some  years  connected  with  the  Forestry  branch  of  the  Provincial 
service,  would  be  appointed  Chief. 

Mr.  Howard  Ferguson,  during  part  of  the  year,  was  acting 
Minister  of  Education  owing  to  the  absence  of  Hon.  Dr.  Pyne  in 
England.  Continuity  of  work  and  administration  was  aided  by 
the  efficient  Deputy  Minister,  Dr.  A.  H.  U.  Colquhoun.  On  Mar. 
4  Mr.  Ferguson  announced  that  the  High  Schools  and  Collegiates 
were  to  be  asked  for  aid  in  farm  production.  * '  The  enlistment  of 
110,000  men  in  Ontario,  drawing  away  a  large  proportion  of  our 
farm  help,  has  created  a  serious  problem  and  we  find  that  emergency 
measures  are  necessary  to  meet  the  situation.  We,  therefore,  pro- 
pose to  make  available  not  less  than  15,000  male  students  who  are 
now  attending  high  and  public  schools,  etc.  The  boy  who  can  drive 
a  team  of  horses,  drop  seed,  grain  or  potatoes,  or  do  various  other 
things  around  the  farm  can  render  invaluable  service. ' '  Amended 
regulations  were  issued  later  providing  for  the  employment  on 
farms  in  Ontario,  for  the  purposes  of  planting,  cultivating  and  har- 
vesting the  crops,  of  boys  attending  specified  schools  and  grades. 

On  Aug.  16  the  acting  Minister  was  able  to  announce  that  the 
contracts  for  new  blank  writing  books  and  the  Ontario  Writing 
Courses  had  been  awarded  to  W.  J.  Gage  and  Co. ;  that  the  retail 
price  of  the  books  would  be  two  cents  each,  with  a  discount  of  25 
per  cent,  to  any  purchaser  at  the  place  of  publication  and  that  the 
new  price  was  scarcely  half  that  of  the  old;  that  the  contract  to 
publish  the  Art  Manual  had  been  let  to  Wm.  Briggs  at  a  low  rate. 
Speaking  at  the  opening  of  the  new  Central  High  School  of  Com- 
merce in  Toronto  on  Sept.  5  Mr.  Ferguson  described  the  Ontario 
system  of  education  as  the  best  in  the  world  with  27%  of  the  Pro- 
vincial revenue  spent  upon  it ;  he  urged  still  more  efficiency  and  a 
greater  inculcation  of  patriotism.  In  October  it  was  announced 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        487 


that  the  regulation  as  to  School  boys  helping  on  the  farms  would  be 
extended  to  girls  for  such  work  as  they  could  do.  The  latest 
official  figures  as  to  Provincial  education  were  those  of  1915  con- 
tained in  Hon.  Dr.  Pyne's  Report  for  1916*  as  follows: 


Particulars     1915                                 P 
dumber  of  Schools                                 •  •  • 

ublic  Schools 

6,063 
437,593 
291,127 
10,461 
$902 
$613 
7,110,164 
3,195,326 
2,778,139 
13,083,629 
29.89 

R.C.  Separa 
Schools 

537 
67,481 
45,733 
1,389 

,te      High 
Schools 

160 
38,426 
24,825 
1,020 
$1,831 
$1,359 
1,472,673 
448,989 
549,312 
2,470,974 
64.30 

Con- 
tinuation 
Schools 
132 
6,800 
4,274 
238 
$1,086 
$740 
219,660 
37,103 
54,031 
310,794 
45.70 

Number  of  Pupils  enrolled. 

Average  daily  attendance  
Number  of  persons  employed  as  Teachers 
Average  annual  salary  for  male  teachers.  . 
Average  annual  salary  for  female  teachers 
Amount  expended  for  Teachers'  salaries 
Amount  expended  for  School  Houses  .  . 
Amount  expended  for  all  other  purposes  .  . 
Total  amount  expended  on  schools.  .  .  . 
Cost  per  pupil  (enrolled  attendance).... 

$503',  946 
366,625 
313,276 
1,183,847 
17.54 

In  his  annual  statement  Dr.  Pyne  expressed  pride  in  the  War 
enlistment  of  404  teachers  and  as  to  the  general  growth  of  the  edu- 
cational system :  * '  In  connection  with  the  Elementary  schools  three 
factors  of  marked  significance  are  pre-eminent:  increased  attend- 
ance, the  larger  number  of  more  highly  trained  teachers  employed, 
and  the  continued  rise  in  the  salary  scale.  The  enrolled  attendance 
was  58,580  more  than  in  1905,  and  the  increase  in  1915  is  true  of 
both  rural  and  urban  schools.  During  the  ten-year  period,  1905 
to  1915,  the  average  salary,  taking  rural  and  urban  schools  together, 
has  increased  from  $514  for  male  teachers  and  $348  for  female 
teachers  to  $902  and  $613  respectively.  The  total  school  expendi- 
ture during  the  period  increased  from  $6,161,236  to  $14,267,476. 
The  amount  paid  in  salaries  increased  from  $3,669,230  to  $7,614,- 
110.  The  Legislative  grants  have  risen  from  $414,004  in  1905  to 
$849,872  in  1915."  As  to  Industrial  and  Technical  training  in 
the  schools  under  Dr.  F.  W.  Merchant,  Director,  the  Minister  de- 
clared that  the  expansion  had  been  remarkable:  "Thus  far  42 
schools  have  been  established.  Only  two  urban  municipalities 
where  the  population  exceeds  8,000  have  not  established  schools  and 
most  of  the  small  towns  that  are  industrial  centres  have  taken 
action.  There  are  seven  day  schools,  four  being  full  time  indus- 
trial schools,  and  three  technical  departments  of  high  schools.  The 
attendance  of  pupils  this  year  exceeds  20,000,  despite  the  War 
which  has  greatly  interfered  with  the  attendance.  The  total  grants 
by  the  Legislature  for  industrial  classes  amount  now  to  $211,548." 

Reference  was  made  by  the  Minister  to  his  efforts  to  give  the 
teaching  of  agriculture  its  rightful  place  in  the  schools  and  to 
the  energetic  work  of  Dr.  F.  B.  Dandeno,  the  Inspector  of  Elemen- 
tary Agricultural  Classes,  along  this  line.  The  field  of  work  was 
extensive  and  there  were  many  obstacles  in  the  providing  of  teach- 
ers qualified  to  do  the  work,  the  adjustments  of  the  school  cur- 
ricula, the  co-operation  of  the  trustees  and  parents  and  the  promo- 
tion of  intelligent  public  opinion.  In  the  meantime  the  practical 
projects  comprised  in  school  and  home  gardens,  school  fairs,  and 
experimental  work  of  every  sort  arising  out  of  the  course  in  Nature 
Study  were  meeting  with  success.  Dr.  Pyne  then  dealt  with  the 

*NOTB. — Dated  Mar.  1,  1917. 


488  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Bi-lingual  issue  and  stated  that  the  success  of  the  Public  Library 
work  continued  under  W.  0.  Carson,  the  new  Inspector. 

Of  Societies  aided  by  this  Department  or  associated  with  its 
work  the  most  important  was  the  Ontario  Educational  Association 
which  met  in  Toronto  on  Apr.  26  with  1,000  teachers  present,  the 
reading  of  a  series  of  admirable  papers,  the  discussion  of  such 
matters  as  Pensions  and  superannuation,  the  hearing  of  addresses 
from  Dr.  J.  A.  Macdonald,  G.  H.  Locke  and  many  others;  the 
election  of  Principal  Maurice  Hutton  of  University  College  as 
President  in  succession  to  C.  G.  Fraser  and  the  reappointment  of 
R.  W.  Doan  as  General  Secretary.  Another  was  the  Ontario  Lib- 
rary Association  which  also  met  in  Toronto  in  its  16th  annual 
session,  on  Apr.  24,  heard  a  number  of  useful  addresses  and  elected 
G.  H.  Locke,  M.A.,  Toronto,  as  President  in  succession  to  David 
Williams  of  Collingwood,  Miss  M.  J.  L.  Black,  Fort  William,  and 
F.  P.  Gavin,  Windsor,  as  Vice-Presidents,  and  E.  A.  Hardy  as 
Secretary.  The  Report  of  W.  0.  Carson,  Inspector  of  Public  Lib- 
raries, showed  that  in  1915  there  were  166  Free  Public  Libraries  in 
the  Province  with  1,215,525  books,  a  circulation  of  4,436,995,  a 
Legislative  grant  of  $23,289  and  a  total  expenditure  of  $521,125, 
together  with  229  Association  Public  Libraries  having  427,113 
volumes,  a  circulation  of  510,287,  a  Legislative  grant  of  $7,944  and 
an  expenditure  of  $32,790.  Mr.  Carson  drew  attention  to  the  two 
new  and  useful  publications  of  the  Department — the  Ontario  Lib- 
rary Review  and  the  Book-Selection  Guide.  In  September  the  De- 
partment opened  in  Toronto  its  short-course  Library  training  school 
with  31  students  present.  The  Ontario  Historical,  Society,  of 
which  Dr.  Pyne  was  Hon.  President,  met  in  Toronto  on  June  7  with 
President  C.  M.  Warner  in  the  chair  and  the  reading  of  a  number 
of  valuable  papers.  Prof.  John  Squair  was  elected  President  and 
A.  F.  Hunter,  M.A.,  Secretary. 

The  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  K.C.,  as  Attorney- General,  took  a  large 
share  in  the  legislation  and  public  issues  of  this  year  and,  like  most 
of  the  Ministers,  made  a  number  of  recruiting  speeches.  He  was 
also  the  Government  member  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Com- 
mission and  deeply  concerned  in  its  current  controversies.  To 
him  the  Ontario  Railway  and  Municipal  Board  (D.  M.  Mclntyre, 
K.C.,  A.  B.  Ingram  and  H.  N.  Kittson)  reported  for  Dec.  31,  1915, 
a  record  of  790  formal  applications  in  matters  affecting  Provincial 
railways;  the  validation  of  municipal  debentures  which  in  1915 
totalled  $4,172,912;  the  oversight  of  Railway  accidents  which 
totalled  642  during  the  year,  and  of  Land  sub-divisions,  Municipal 
and  Public  Utilities ;  the  control  of  Telephone  systems  which  num- 
bered 580,  operated  80,000  telephones  and  represented  investments 
of  $5,700,000.  On  Apr.  5  Mr.  Lucas  submitted  to  the  Lieut- 
Governor  an  elaborate  Report  (Vol.  I)  of  decisions  arising  under 
the  Municipal  Drainage  Act  with  B.  M.  Britton,  K.C.,  T.  Hodgins, 
K.C.,  J.  B.  Rankin,  K.C.,  and  G.  F.  Henderson,  K.C.,  as  the  succes- 
sive Referees. 

For  the  year  of  Dec.  31,  1915,  the  Loan  Corporations  submitted 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        489 

to  the  Attorney-General  statements  dealing  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$228,045,089,  Liabilities  to  shareholders  of  $104,808,331  and  to 
the  public  of  $136,876,015,  contingent  liabilities  of  $350,248,048 
which  also  ranked  as  Assets,  not  owned  beneficially,  with  ordinary 
Assets  of  $241,684,347.  J.  B.  Macdonald,  Inspector  of  Division 
Courts,  reported  suits  entered  in  1915  as  68,384  or  a  decrease  of 
10,123  and  the  amount  of  claims  as  $2,719,166;  J.  W.  Mallon, 
Inspector  of  Legal  Offices,  dealt  with  salaries  and  fees  and  de- 
tailed statistics  as  to  writs  and  minor  legal  actions ;  Donald  Guthrie, 
K.C.,  Inspector  of  Registry  Offices,  reported  as  to  various  decisions 
given,  fees  of  $140,847  and  mortgages  registered  to  a  total  of 
$81,445,421;  A.  R.  Boswell,  K.C.,  Superintendent  of  Insurance, 
dealt  with  the  1915  detailed  business  of  162  Companies  licensed  by 
the  Dominion  and  registered  to  transact  business  in  the  Province 
and  of  which  81  transacted  fire  insurance,  47  life  and  34  accident, 
sickness,  automobile  and  other  branches  of  the  business,  with  22 
Companies  registered  for  Ocean  and  Inland  Marine  insurance. 

The  Companies  licensed  by  the  Department  numbered  70  purely- 
mutual  companies,  10  cash  mutual  and  5  stock  companies.  The 
Mutual  companies  were  principally  located  in  the  farming  com- 
munities and  the  amount  at  risk  on  Dec.  31  was  $288,858,552;  the 
assets  $9,785,510;  the  total  cost  of  management  was  $124,821  and 
the  fire  losses  paid  $446,553.  As  to  Friendly  Societies  the  Regis- 
trar reported  for  1916  a  total  Provincial  membership  of  255,753 
carrying  insurance  of  $163,577,253 ;  including  membership  outside 
the  Province  the  total  number  was  833,242  and  the  Insurance  car- 
ried $891,806,223.  The  Superintendent  of  Provincial  Police  also 
reported  to  the  Attorney- General  for  Oct.  31,  1916,  that  1,198  cases 
had  been  handled  during  the  year  with  809  convictions  and  the 
imposition  of  31,872  fines — a  decrease  in  all  cases  with  a  statement 
that  the  decrease  in  crime,  also,  was  very  marked. 

The  Hon.  F.  G.  Macdiarmid,  as  Minister  of  Public  Works  and 
Highways,  had  supervision  of  the  Temiskaming  and  Ontario  (Gov- 
ernment) Railway  which,  however,  was  managed  by  a  Commission 
composed  of  J.  L.  Englehart  (Chairman),  Denis  Murphy  and  Geo. 
"W.  Lee;  of  the  Highway  policy  and  improvements  which  were 
directed  by  W.  A.  McLean,  Commissioner,  and  of  Provincial 
Labour  interests.  The  annual  Report  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Commis- 
sion for  the  year  of  Oct.  31,  1916,  showed  a  total  mileage  of  454 
including  252  miles  of  main  line  from  North  Bay  to  Cochrane  and 
78  miles  of  branch  lines  with  sidings,  etc. ;  revenues  of  $2,138,121, 
operating  expenses  of  $1,594,177  and  net  earnings  of  $528,705,  or 
more  than  double  those  of  1914;  the  Fire  relief  contributions  of 
July  totalled  $9,822,  the  employees'  subscriptions  to  Patriotic 
funds  $32,309,  the  number  of  men  on  active  service  was  91  or  11% 
of  the  total  employees,  with  special  donations  of  $11,598.  The 
Commission  voluntarily  placed  itself  under  the  Workmen's  Com- 
pensation Act  and  during  this  year  issued  a  valuable  review  of 
Cobalt  and  Porcupine  mining  conditions  by  A.  A.  Cole,  M.E.  Early 
in  the  year  Mr.  Macdiarmid  had,  under  new  legislation,  become, 


490  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL   REVIEW 

also,  Minister  of  Highways  and  Mr.  McLean  Deputy  Minister,  with 
a  Government  payment  of  40%  instead  of  33  1/3%  of  the  construc- 
tion of  county  roads  and  20%  of  the  cost  of  maintenance. 

An  enthusiast  in  this  connection,  Mr.  McLean  made  a  number 
of  speeches  during  the  year  and  his  1916  Report  dealt  with  55,000 
miles  of  road  in  Ontario,  of  which  23,000  miles  were  of  gravel  or 
broken  stone ;  the  expenditures  of  the  year  1915-16  on  County  roads 
was  $811,540  with  $270,513  of  a  Government  grant;  the  mileage 
metalled  was  230  with  35^  miles  of  grading,  48  steel  and  concrete 
bridges  and  106  concrete  culverts,  etc.  Apart  from  these  roads 
was  the  Toronto-Hamilton  Highway  constructed  and  nearly  finished 
during  1916  under  a  Commission  of  which  G.  H.  Gooderham,  M.L.A., 
was  Chairman.  Its  members  waited  upon  the  Minister  on  Feb. 
25,  stated  that  the  Highway  would  cost  $920,000  or  $320,000  more 
than  had  been  estimated,  and  asked  the  Government  to  help  in 
the  matter  with  their  share,  or  $224,000  in  addition  to  the  $144,000 
already  contributed — the  Municipalities  concerned  paying  the  rest. 
Lack  of  technical  skill  in  estimates,  etc.,  and  high  cost  of  labour  and 
materials  were  the  causes  of  the  error  in  figures,  together  with  an 
increase  in  width  to  18  feet.  Critics  claimed  that  it  should,  as  a 
concrete  motor  road,  have  been  24  feet  in  width.  The  necessary 
money  was  obtained  and  construction  proceeded. 

Mr.  Macdiarmid  supported  the  Good  Roads  movement  whenever 
opportunity  offered  and  to  the  Agricultural  Convention  at  Guelph 
on  Jan.  12  stated  that  the  Government  proposed  to  have  The  De- 
partment of  Public  Highways  take  charge  of  certain  main  roads; 
that  they  had  already  spent  $2,000,000  on  improving  these 
roads  and  would  spend  more;  that  good  roads  increased  the  value 
of  adjacent  farm  property  from  $5  to  $20  an  acre.  In  Toronto  on 
Oct.  17  he  announced  that  "the  Government  has  in  view  a  more 
vigorous  road  policy,  and  with  the  moneys  collected  from  the  50,000 
motor  licenses  in  the  Province  it  is  proposed  to  construct  such  a 
highway,  as  the  Toronto-Hamilton  road,  from  Prescott  to  Ottawa. ' ' 
Mr.  Macdiarmid  was  acting  Minister  of  Agriculture  at  times 
during  the  year  and  frequently  urged  the  farmers  to  increase  their 
stock-raising  as  being  a  great  essential  of  the  moment. 

On  Jan.  31  he  received  a  large  Labour  deputation  which  asked 
for  the  abolition  of  property  qualification  for  all  public  offices,  the 
granting  of  equal  suffrage  for  men  and  women  over  21  years  of  age, 
several  amendments  to  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  taxa- 
tion of  land  values,  bi-monthly  pay  for  railwaymen  and  miners.  A 
little  later  the  Minister  stated  in  the  Legislature  (Mar.  1st)  that 
the  Government  would  establish  a  branch  of  the  public  service  to 
be  known  as  the  Trades  and  Labour  Branch,  which  would  be  in 
charge  of  a  Superintendent  and  administer  the  Bureau  of  Labour 
Act,  the  Stationary  and  Hoisting  Engineers'  Act,  the  Building 
Trades  Protection  Act,  the  Factory,  Shop  and  Office  Building  Act, 
the  Steam  Boilers  Act  and  such  other  laws  relating  to  the  protec- 
tion of  the  person  or  interests  of  the  industrial  classes  as  might  be 
allotted  from  time  to  time.  The  Superintendent  would  rank  as 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        491 

the  Deputy  Head  of  a  Department.  Practically  this  meant  the 
creation  of  a  Labour  Department ;  other  duties  were  to  be  the  col- 
lection of  statistics,  adjusting  of  labour  supply  and  demand  in  dif- 
ferent localities,  establishment  of  Employment  bureaux,  reports 
upon  the  rate  of  wages  and  organization  of  new  industries,  inquiry 
into  the  Labour  laws  of  other  countries,  etc.  An  Act  was  duly 
passed  and  on  Aug.  24  W.  A.  Riddell,  Ph.D.,  was  appointed  Super- 
intendent. 

The  1916  Budget  Speech  of  Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry,  Provincial 
Treasurer,  was  delivered  on  Mar.  7  and  showed  a  surplus  for  the 
year  ending  Oct.  31,  1915,  of  $271,000  compared  with  the  1914 
deficit  of  $693,000 ;  an  increased  revenue  of  $1,200,000  or  a  total 
of  $12,975,732;  and  expenditures  of  $12,704,362.  He  claimed 
that  the  Province  had  $41,000,000  of  liquid  assets,  and  other 
assets  of  $475,000,000.  There  were  considerable  increases  of 
revenue  from  Corporation  taxes  and  Succession  duties,  with  de- 
creases from  Crown  lands  and  Liquor  licenses.  Mr.  McGarry  re- 
ferred to  his  difference  with  the  Insurance  men  over  taxation  and 
stated  that  if  there  were  any  inequalities  in  the  taxation  they 
would  be  settled  when  the  War  was  over ;  as  to  the  investigation  of 
a  Succession  duties  dispute  over  the  estate  of  the  late  Senator  G.  A. 
Cox  he  stated  that  the  trouble  arose  through  bad  legal  advice  to 
the  trustees  and  that  the  Province  would  now  receive  $529,000  addi- 
tional. The  borrowings  of  the  year  were  $14,000,000  and  of  this 
$6,000,000  was  used  to  retire  other  Loans,  $2,000,000  was  borrowed 
against  the  War  tax  for  patriotic  use,  $3,000,000  went  into  the  Hy- 
dro-Electric and  the  rest  remained  in  the  Treasury ;  at  the  end  of 
the  year  the  Government  had  $3,900,000  more  cash  on  hand  than 
in  the  year  before.  Describing  the  terms  secured  in  borrowing  as 
the  best  any  Province  or  country  had  obtained  at  this  time,  Mr. 
McGarry  referred  to  the  retiring  of  a  $3,000,000  issue  of  Treasury 
bills  in  London  at  a  profit  of  $125,434. 

He  added  that  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  had  shown  net  profits  of 
$256,000,  of  which  $250,000  had  been  turned  over  to  the  Govern- 
ment to  apply  against  interest  payments  and  that  the  expenditure 
on  Northern  development  for  the  year  had  been  $689,000 ;  that  the 
Government  considered  the  work  being  done  was  too  important 
to  be  dropped,  even  during  war  time,  because  of  the  settlement  that 
would  come  after  the  War.  Reference  was  made  to  the  heavy 
expenditure  upon  Hydro  extensions,  with  a  total  for  the  year  of 
$2,600,000.  The  total  investment  in  Hydro-Electric  systems  now 
amounted  to  $12,315,000.  New  taxation  was  announced  which  in- 
cluded an  increase  in  the  tax  on  race-tracks  from  $500  per  day  of 
operation  to  $1,250  per  day,  and  a  tax  of  one  cent  upon  each  paid 
admission  to  amusement  halls,  dance  halls,  moving  picture  thea- 
tres, theatres,  base-ball  parks,  circuses  and  all  places  of  amusement. 
As  to  the  latter  tax  it  could  be  increased  by  Order-in-Council  up 
to  25  cents  and  Mr.  McGarry  estimated  a  revenue  of  $350,000  for 
the  first  year.  It  would  not  apply  to  religious,  patriotic  and  similar 
entertainments.  The  mill  on  the  dollar  War-tax  was  continued. 


492  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  Treasurer  stated  that  the  Government  would  proceed  in  the 
Courts  against  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  unless  it  lived  up  to  an 
alleged  agreement  to  pay  the  T.  &  N.  0.  $300,000  a  year  for  run- 
ning rights  and  he  intimated  that,  after  the  War,  wider  rights  of 
taxation  for  the  Province  would  be  requested  from  Ottawa. 

N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Opposition  leader,  vigorously  attacked  the 
financial  statement  in  the  House  on  Mar.  15.  He  asked  for  more 
information  as  to  the  Hydro-Electric  Commission  and  quoted  a  note 
by  the  Auditor  on  Page  555  of  the  Public  Accounts :  '  *  The  forego- 
ing statement  wa's  prepared  by  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commis- 
sion and  does  not  represent  the  accounts  of  the  Commission  as 
audited  by  the  Audit  Office."  He  described  Government  House 
as  "a  monument  to  the  pride  and  folly  of  the  Government"; 
stated  that  in  1896-1905  the  Liberal  Government  had  revenues 
totalling  $45,162,473  and  in  1906-15  the  Conservative  Government 
received  a  total  of  $98,571,214;  described  the  annual  interest 
charges  as  increased  by  $1,000,000  since  the  Government  came  into 
power  and  the  Public  Debt  by  $9,000,000  in  the  past  year ;  claimed 
that  the  War  taxes  would  not  have  been  necessary  if  due  economy 
had  been  exercised.  "At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1905,  the  first 
year  in  which  the  Government  of  Sir  James  Whitney  had  the  man- 
agement of  the  finances  of  the  Province,  there  was  an  excess  of 
liquid  assets  over  liabilities  of  $1,220,563.  From  1906  to  1915  they 
received  increased  revenues  of  $53,403,744,  and  I  find  at  the  close  of 
the  fiscal  year  1915  there  is  a  deficit  of  liquid  assets  as  against  lia- 
bilities of  the  Province  of  $8,346,833." 

In  his  reply  Mr.  McGarry  dealt  with  the  Hydro  matter  and 
stated  that  the  Government  had  determined  to  have  a  final  audit, 
that  officers  of  the  Government  had  been  going  through  the  books 
of  the  Commission  during  the  last  few  months,  and  that  Mr.  Clancy, 
the  Provincial  Auditor,  did  not  claim  that  one  dollar  had  gone 
wrong  though  he  did  claim  that  some  $4,000,000  had  been  ex- 
pended by  the  Hydro  without  statutory  authority.  As  to  the 
increased  revenues  he  pointed  out  that  they  had  gone  into  the 
Public  services  and  that  not  a  dollar  had  been  mis-spent  or  even 
alleged  to  have  been.  The  figures  for  the  year  1916  (Oct.  31)  were, 
of  course,  not  included  in  the  Budget  but,  as  issued  late  in  the  year, 
they  showed  Bank  balances  of  $4,228,276 ;  other  sinking  fund,  trust 
fund  or  debenture  Assets,  together  with  $21,183,687  representing 
the  expenditure  upon  the  T.  &  N.  0.  and  $13,588,667  advanced  to 
the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission,  or  a  total  of  $51,336,471. 
In  addition  to  these  were  the  present  value  of  Provincial  lands  and 
buildings  placed  at  $21,441,587  and  the  estimated  Assets  or  re- 
sources of  Provincial  Crown  lands,  etc.,  put  at  $475,350,000  and 
including  $132,000,000  as  the  value  of  Pine  timber,  $225,000,000 
for  pulp-wood  timber,  etc.,  $70,000,000  for  Mining  lands  and  profits, 
$15,000,000  for  Agricultural  lands  and  $20,000,000  for  water- 
powers.  The  direct  Liabilities  of  the  Province  were  $58,873,101 
including,  chiefly,  Government  stocks  and  bonds  and  the  indirect 


THE  HEARST  GOVERNMENT  ;  DEPARTMENTS  AND  POLICY        493 

Liabilities  were  $10,632,820 — chiefly  a  Canadian  Northern  guaran- 
tee of  $7,860,000.  The  Ordinary  Receipts  were  $13,841,339  and 
Ordinary  Payments  $12,706,332 — the  former  including  $2,648,461 
from  Dominion  subsidies  and  interest,  $1,860,557  from  Crown  lands, 
forests  and  mines,  $2,333,700  from  Succession  duties,  $1,831,390 
from  Corporation  taxes,  $639,987  from  motor  vehicles,  $1,000,000 
from  the  T.  &  N.  0.,  and  $749,218  from  the  War  tax;  the  latter 
including  $2,262,800  on  Education,  $746,627  on  Agriculture,  $1,- 
464,504  for  maintenance  of  Public  institutions,  $522,451  on  Hospi- 
tals, etc.,  $3,344,038  on  Public  buildings  and  $749,218  on  War 
matters.  There  were  other  receipts  from  Loans,  etc.,  of  $2,844,280 
and  expenditures  on  Capital  account  of  $4,310,638. 

Meanwhile  friction  had  arisen  on  the  1915  Wai-  tax  imposed 
upon  the  Municipalities — the  City  of  Toronto  through  Mayor 
Church  and  the  Ontario  Hydro-Electric  Association  through  T.  J. 
Hannigan  objecting  strongly  to  its  terms.  The  contention  was  (1) 
that  taxation  for  war  purposes  and  (2)  direct  taxation,  were  beyond 
the  competence  of  a  Provincial  Legislature.  The  Attorney-General 
(Mr.  Lucas)  took  straight  issue  upon  these  points  in  the  press  of 
May  11  and  Mr.  McGarry,  at  the  same  time,  stated  that  he  would 
fight  for  the  tax  through  all  Courts  if  necessary.  The  Toronto  City 
Council  decided  not  to  pay  its  call  of  $582,021  until  the  validity  of 
the  Act  was  legally  tested.  Mayor  Church  (May  13)  declared 
that  the  City  was  tired  of  paying  Provincial  bills  and  bearing  the 
Government's  financial  burdens  while  having  its  legislation  turned 
down  and  its  wishes  thwarted:  "Why  doesn't  the  Ontario  Govern- 
ment collect  its  own  War  tax,  the  same  as  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment, and  the  same  as  they  do  in  Great  Britain,  New  Zealand  and 
Australia  ? ' '  Upon  further  legal  advice,  however,  the  City  decided 
not  to  press  its  objections.  In  June  Mr.  McGarry  placed  a  Provin- 
cial loan  of  $4,000,000  in  New  York — 10  year,  5%  bonds — at  par 
and  accrued  interest ;  in  December  he  borrowed  $2,000,000  more  in 
similar  bonds  at  96  and  accrued  interest.  It  may  be  added  here 
that  the  chief  Government  appointments  of  the  year  were  as  fol- 
lows: 

Provincial  Officer  for  Paroled  Prisoners Toronto 

Supt.  Custodial  Branch  Ontario  Reformatory.    Guelph 
Supt.  Sudbury  Industrial  Farm Burwash 


Dr.   J.   T.   Gilmour 

C.  F.   Neelands 

N.  R.  Martin 

^.  iu,,i,^iu,i   xj-iouuiujgi  oyucj.    Toronto  D.  J.  Goggin.  D.C.L. 

General  Editor  of  Text  Books Toronto       J.  E.  Wetherell,  M.A. 

High   School   Inspector    Toronto     J.   M.   Levan,    B.A. 

Inspector  of  English-French  Schools    Toronto     .  J.   S.   Grafton 

Police  Magistrate    Sturgeon    Falls    .'  .'  .'  .'  .'  .'  J.  D.  Cockburn 

Registrar   of   Deeds    Russell    .  .  John  A.   Gamble 

Police  Magistrate    Essex   County    Alfred   Miers 

Seaforth     John   C.   Greig 

Wallaceburg     A.   B.    Carscallen 

Kenora   -T-    A.    Kinney 

_,,     ,  Almonte      H.    Jamieson 

Clerk  of  the  County  Court    Guelph    .  .  .  Wm.   H.   Kingston 

County    Crown    Attorney     Cornwall     .  .  .  John  G.  Harkness 

Surrogate    Court    Judge     Hastings     J.    F.    Wills 

Haldimand     G.    H.    Hopkins 

Lincoln     J.  S.  Campbell,  K.c. 

Kent     Ward    Stanworth 

-PQ  ,  ,  .   _,  Huron     L.   H.   Dickson 

Registrar   of   Deeds    Leeds    J.    T.    Gallagher 

Deputy  Minister  of  Highways    Toronto     .  .  .  Wm.    A.    McLean 


494  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Of  miscellaneous  matters  a  word  may  be  said  as  to  the  Work- 
men's Compensation  Board  —  Samuel  Price,  Chairman,  A.  W. 
Wright,  G.  A.  Kingston.  Its  Report  for  1916  was  the  second  one 
and  showed  an  income  of  $2,646,977  collected  by  Assessments  on 
the  estimated  pay-rolls  of  employers,  etc.,  with  expenditures  of 
$2,102,025  made  up  chiefly  of  (1)  compensation  paid,  $627,634, 
(2)  Pensions  awarded  $503,199,  (3)  compensation  estimated  for 
continuing  Disabilities  $352,405,  (4)  compensation  estimated  for 
outstanding  Accidents  $464,248.  The  figures  showed  a  heavy  in- 
crease over  1915  or  $1,971,675  of  compensation  as  against  $1,091,- 
020  —  due,  no  doubt,  to  the  stimulus  of  war  industries  ;  16,192  acci- 
dents were  compensated  during  1916  and  7,672  other  accidents 
reported.  An  average  increase  in  weekly  wages  was  reported  from 
$13.27  in  1915  to  $15.29  in  1916.  The  Board  summarized  the  gen- 
eral situation  as  follows  :  '  '  The  furnishing  of  compensation  without 
expense  to  the  workman  and  at  actual  cost  to  the  employer  and 
workmen,  immunity  from  litigation,  and  making  compensation  for 
injury  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception,  are  the  outstanding 
advantages  of  the  present  system.  The  general  advantage  to  both 
workmen  and  employers  and  to  the  community  at  large  seems  to 
be  unquestioned." 

Legislation  and  The  2nd  Session  of  the  14th  Legislature  of  Ontario 
Liberal  Policy;  was  opened  by  Sir  J.  S.  Hendrie,  Lieut.  -Governor,  on 
Bye-Elections  p^  29  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  dealt 


chiefly  with  the  War.  As  to  it:  "The  determination 
of  this  country  to  help  by  every  means  in  its  power  to  achieve 
complete  and  final  victory  for  the  Allies  has  grown  stronger  as  the 
War  has  progressed  and  as  the  magnitude  of  the  struggle  has  be- 
come more  apparent.  It  has  been  a  matter  of  justifiable  pride  that 
services  of  the  greatest  value  have  been  rendered  by  Canadian 
soldiers,  who  have  displayed  courage  and  heroism  that  will  be  a 
lasting  glory  to  our  country."  Reference  was  made  to  Provincial 
assistance  and  to  the  War-tax,  to  the  success  of  the  British  Red 
Cross  collection  in  Ontario  and  to  prospective  legislation  which 
would  deal  with  the  creation  of  a  Trades  and  Labour  branch  of 
the  Public  Works  Department  ;  further  aid  to  settlers  in  the  North- 
ern portions  of  the  Province;  Power  development  conditions  and 
additional  revenues;  "the  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquor  within  the  Province,  and  for  the  submission  of  the  same  to 
the  electors.  '  '  The  Address  was  moved  by  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H.  Price, 
Toronto,  and  seconded  by  Capt.  J.  I.  Hartt,  Orillia.  The  mover 
paid  special  tribute  to  Dr.  Pyne  for  his  work  in  respect  to  the 
Orpington  Hospital  in  England  and  to  Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry  and 
N.  W.  Rowell  for  their  recruiting  services.  The  Address  passed  in 
due  course.  The  legislation  of  the  Session  was  notable  with  War, 
Hydro-Electric  and  Prohibition  Bills  which  excited  wide  interest 
and  are  dealt  with  separately.  As  usual  in  Canadian  Legislatures 
most  of  the  measures  were  presented  and  passed  by  individual 
Ministers. 


LEGISLATION,  LIBERAL  POLICY  AND  BYE-ELECTIONS          495 

The  Premier,  whose  health  was  not  of  the  best  during  the  Ses- 
sion, had  a  Bill  which  enlarged  the  powers  of  the  Soldiers'  Aid 
Commission  so  as  to  deal  with  men  returning  after  the  War  and 
making  provision  for  technical  and  industrial  training  under  the 
Education  Department;  he  also  presented  Power  legislation  and 
the  War  Resources  Act.  Mr.  McGarry  as  Provincial  Treasurer 
amended  the  Succession  Duty  Act  so  as  to  authorize  a  special  Com- 
missioner to  value  property  omitted  from  the  inventory  of  an 
estate  and  to  determine  what  should  be  included;  the  Corporation 
Tax  Act  was  amended  so  as  to  increase  the  rate  to  1/25  of  one  per 
cent,  on  the  fixed  capital  of  Loan  Companies  and  the  same  assess- 
ment on  their  moneys  invested  in  Ontario  with  a  minimum  total  of 
$100  together  with  1/25  of  1%  upon  $100,000  of  terminating  capi- 
tal and  a  tax  upon  deposits  of  $25.00  on  $100,000  and  up  to  $1,- 
000,000,  $15  from  that  total  up  to  $2,000,000,  and  $5.00  on  each 
$100,000  over  $2,000,000;  the  Amusement  Tax  Act  was  a  new  im- 
position of  one  cent  upon  admission  tickets  to  places  of  public  en- 
tertainment with  power  to  increase  this  amount  up  to  25  cents  and 
the  War-Tax  Act  of  1915  was  amended  so  that  all  moneys  unpaid 
at  the  end  of  each  year  should  carry  interest  at  6%  and  authority 
was  obtained  to  borrow  $4,000,000  for  public  services,  works  and 
floating  debts;  the  Wolf  bounty  was  increased  and  Private  Detec- 
tives were  forbidden  to  divulge  information  obtained  in  their 
business  and  compelled  to  post  their  Provincial  license  in  a  con- 
spicuous place. 

The  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas  had  charge  of  a  number  of  Bills  which 
became  law,  including  various  amendments  to  the  Statute  Law,  the 
Division  Courts,  the  Mechanics  Lien  and  Hydro-Electric  Railway 
Act ;  Juvenile  Courts  were  dealt  with  and  a  Judge  authorized  under 
the  Industrial  Schools  Act ;  the  Workmen 's  Compensation  Act  was 
revised  in  methods  of  operation  with  a  taking  away  of  all  right  of 
action  against  an  employer  who  was  a  contributor  to  the  Accident 
Fund;  an  extension  to  the  powers  of  Municipalities  in  making 
grants  for  patriotic  purposes  was  accorded  with  the  right  to  estab- 
lish a  fund  in  aid  of  wives  and  children  of  soldiers  killed  on  active 
service  and  to  give  grants  for  recruiting  purposes;  enlargement 
was  made  in  the  Ontario  Police  Superintendent's  powers  as  to  in- 
vestigation of  the  cause,  origin,  etc.,  of  fires  throughout  the  Pro- 
vince. The  Hon.  G.  Howard  Ferguson  had  some  slight  changes 
in  the  Mining  Act  with  wages  payable  at  not  more  than  two  weeks' 
interval;  permitted  by  special  Act  the  Greater  Winnipeg  Water 
District  to  take  water  from  Shoal  Lake  in  Kenora  District; 
amended  the  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  Wells  Act,  so  as  to  provide  for 
official  inspection  of  pipes  and  pipe  lines  and  to  give  the  Govern- 
ment power  to  revoke  charters  in  certain  cases  of  escaping  gas; 
carried  an  Act  authorizing  special  loans  to  settlers — limited  to  $500 
each — in  Northern  Ontario,  the  registration  of  the  lien  and  the 
appointment  of  a  Commissioner  to  administer  the  Act. 

The  Hon.  F.  G.  Macdiarmid  reorganized  by  a  special  Act  the 


496  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Labour  control  and  activities  of  the  Government ;  gave  the  Toronto- 
Hamilton  Highway  Commission  authority  to  alter  their  original 
route  subject  to  the  Ontario  Railway  Board,  to  issue  additional 
debentures  required  for  operation  which  were  to  be  distributed  over 
the  Municipalities  concerned,  and  to  provide  for  the  construction  of 
a  permanent  pavement  on  the  road;  amended  the  Motor  Vehicles 
Act  to  allow  the  painting  of  telephone  numbers,  etc.,  on  the  side  of 
commercial  vehicles,  to  suspend  permits  or  grant  reciprocity  in  the 
case  of  any  State  of  the  American  Union  giving  similar  privileges 
to  Ontario,  to  extend  the  law  as  to  stopping  within  six  feet  of  a 
stationary  street-car  so  as  to  apply  to  persons  in  charge  of  any 
vehicles,  or  on  bicycles,  or  on  horseback ;  changed  the  Steam  Boiler 
Act  so  as  to  exempt  all  portable  boilers,  used  exclusively  for  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  purposes,  from  inspection,  etc. ;  altered 
the  Game  and  Fisheries  Act  in  various  clauses  as  to  open  seasons, 
selling  regulations,  use  of  weapons,  export  permits,  licenses  and 
fees  for  hunting  or  trapping,  penalties  for  violating  fishery  regula- 
tions, etc.  An  additional  grant  of  $1,000,000  was  carried  by  this 
Minister  for  the  purposes  of  Highway  improvement  and  County 
Councils  were  authorized  to  procure  temporary  loans  pending  Pro- 
vincial aid  and  to  pass  sectional  by-laws  as  to  construction  of  roads 
with,  also,  the  obligation  of  appointing  members  to  Local  Highway 
Commissions. 

The  Hon.  Dr.  E.  A.  Pyne  passed  an  Act  as  to  Compulsory  School 
attendance  of  Adolescents,  under  which  a  new  method  of  insuring 
the  useful  instruction  of  persons  not  more  than  17  years  of  age 
was  sought,  and  School  Boards  given  power  to  pass  by-laws  requir- 
ing attendance  of  such  young  persons  while  subjects  and  course  of 
instruction  were  to  be  prescribed  by  the  Department  as  for  other 
schools.  Another  bit  of  legislation  authorized  the  University  of 
Toronto  Governors  to  borrow  up  to  $250,000  on  temporary  loans. 
The  Hon.  J.  S.  Duff  carried  a  new  Act  dealing  with  improved 
methods  of  Dairying  and  providing  that  milk  and  cream  were  to  be 
paid  for  at  a  cheese  or  butter  factory  on  the  basis  of  the  fat  con- 
tents, subject  to  the  Babcock  Test;  and  another  Bill  increased  the 
taxes  on  dogs  and  the  penalties  for  destroying  sheep.  The  Hon. 
W.  J.  Hanna,  in  addition  to  his  Prohibition  measure,  amended  the 
Drainage  Act  to  permit  an  increase  of  Government  investments  in 
Municipal  drainage  debentures  from  $350,000  to  $500,000  and  to 
raise  the  municipal  limit  of  borrowings  for  drainage  purposes  from 
$40,000  to  $50,000;  amended  the  Marriage  Law  so  as  to  make  15 
days'  residence  in  any  part  of  Ontario  sufficient  prior  to  the  issue 
of  a  License  but  giving  the  Registrar-General  special  power  as  to 
exceptions,  with  Fees  increased  to  $5.00  and  the  imposition  of 
penalties  for  false  statements;  amended  the  Ontario  Companies' 
Act  and  the  Municipal  and  Assessment  Acts  in  various  details  and 
also  the  Children's  Protection  Act;  increased  the  powers  of  the 
Provincial  Board  of  Health  as  to  plumbing  and  sewerage  works 
and  authorized  the  enforcement  by  the  Board  of  standard  health, 


LEGISLATION,  LIBERAL  POLICY  AND  BYE-ELECTIONS         497 

milk  and  other  sanitary  local  by-laws  while  enlarging  the  powers 
of  local  Health  Officers  as  to  inspection  of  premises,  abatement  of 
nuisances,  etc. 

W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C.,  carried  amendments  to  the  Election  Act 
enabling  a  voter  moving  from  one  part  of  a  city  to  another  to 
register  his  vote  and  providing  privileges  for  absence  on  service  of 
a  member  of  the  Active  Militia  similar  to  those  of  connection  with 
the  forces  of  the  Empire  or  Allies  on  active  service ;  amended  the 
Insurance  Act  so  as  to  compel  all  Friendly  Societies  to  furnish  a 
triennial  report  as  to  their  actuarial  liabilities  and,  at  the  beginning 
of  1918,  to  mail  to  each  beneficiary  member  a  copy  of  the  valua- 
tion thus  made.  Other  legislation  by  various  members  included  an 
addition  to  the  Statute  of  Frauds  under  which  promises  of  a  com- 
mission or  remuneration  for  the  sale  of  real  property  must  be  in 
writing;  a  change  in  the  Charities  and  Accounting  Act  under 
which  the  Courts  were  empowered  to  appoint  an  Executor  or  Trus- 
tee in  cases  of  vacancy  despite  the  fact  of  the  instrument  creating 
the  trust  having  given  this  power  to  another  person ;  the  modifica- 
tion of  the  "Moratorium  Act"  of  1915  in  details  and  its  continuance 
for  another  year.  Telegraph  Companies  were  compelled  to  main- 
tain a  depreciation  fund  to  be  approved  by  the  Ontario  Railway 
Board  and  to  obtain  the  Board's  approval  for  the  issue  of  stocks, 
bonds  and  notes;  a  Load  of  Vehicles  Act  fixed  the  weight  which 
could  be  carried  on  a  highway  as  not  exceeding  12  tons,  or  4^  tons 
on  any  one  wheel,  without  a  special  Municipal  permit  and  also  fixed 
the  rate  of  speed  in  relation  to  weights  and  tires. 

The  Opposition  during  the  Session  presented  several  Resolu- 
tions. C.  M.  Bowman  and  Hugh  Munro  on  Mar.  21  moved  that 
"this  House  place  on  record  its  disapproval  of  the  excessive  and 
wasteful  expenditure  already  made  on  the  new  Government  House 
and  of  the  heavy  charge  which  will  be  made  on  the  revenues  of 
the  Province  for  its  maintenance ;  and  that  this  House  is  further  of 
the  opinion  that  such  an  expenditure  for  building  and  furnishing 
is  out  of  keeping  with  the  democratic  sentiment  of  the  people  of 
this  Province."  It  was  rejected  on  a  party  vote  by  53  to  20.  On 
Apr.  5  T.  Marshall  and  N.  Parliament  succinctly  presented  the  Lib' 
eral  policy  as  to  Agriculture.  After  referring  to  the  conditions 
before  and  during  the  War  the  following  were  described  in  a 
Resolution  as  "urgent  and  vital"  needs  of  Ontario:  "(1)  Making 
more  available  to  rural  communities  the  scientific  and  technical 
knowledge  taught  in  our  Agricultural  College,  by  the  establishment 
of  agricultural  schools  and  demonstration  farms  throughout  the 
Province;  (2)  the  inauguration  of  an  effective  system  of  rural 
credits;  (3)  the  development  of  co-operative  effort  in  buying  and 
selling;  (4)  financial  assistance  by  way  of  loans  at  a  low  rate  of 
interest,  on  the  security  of  land  and  improvements,  to  assist  desir- 
able settlers  in  establishing  themselves  in  the  newer  parts  of  the 
Province,  and  to  enable  farmers  in  the  older  parts  of  the  Province 
to  improve  and  increase  the  productivity  of  their  lands." 
32 


498  THE   CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

R.  R.  Gamey  and  A.  H.  Musgrove,  for  the  Conservatives,  pro- 
posed in  amendment  a  declaration  that  ' '  this  House  desires  to  con- 
gratulate the  farmers  of  the  Province  on  the  splendid  response 
made  last  year  to  the  patriotic  appeal  for  increased  production  and 
recognizes  the  good  work  done  by  the  Ontario  Department  of  Agri- 
culture in  this  connection,  as  well  as  in  the  encouragement  given 
in  all  branches  of  agricultural  work ; ' '  and  further  that  the  House 
had  confidence  in  the  Government's  policy  and  future  measures. 
The  amendment  was  carried  on  division.  T.  S.  Davidson  and  N. 
Parliament  (Apr.  19)  moved  a  motion  which  quoted  from  the 
Keport  of  the  Inspector  of  Feeble-Minded  as  to  Imbeciles  and 
feeble-minded  in  the  Province,  the  absence  of  diagnosis  and  treat- 
ment to  meet  the  evil,  the  alleged  lack  of  grasp  as  to  the  subject  or 
of  plans  for  betterment  and  requested  the  Government  "to 
formulate  and  submit  to  the  Legislature,  at  its  next  Session,  suitable 
and  adequate  plans  to  meet  the  serious  conditions  disclosed  in  the 
said  Report."  H.  Morel  and  W.  D.  McPherson  (Conservatives) 
moved  in  amendment  that:  "This  Legislature  views  with  satisfac- 
tion the  good  work  that  is  being  done  and  the  progress  being  made 
in  the  care  and  treatment  of  the  feeble-minded  in  this  Province  and 
regard  with  special  satisfaction  the  success  which  has  attended  the 
efforts  of  Mr.  Joseph  P.  Downey,  Superintendent  of  the  Hospital 
for  Feeble-Minded  at  Orillia,  in  this  direction.  This  House  heartily 
approves  the  action  of  the  Government  in  increasing  the  accom- 
modation for  the  feeble-minded  and  in  making  better  provision  for 
their  care  and  training." 

N.  W.  Rowell  and  W.  Proudfoot  moved  a  further  amendment 
declaring  that  ' l  the  House  recognizes  the  urgency  of  prompt  action 
to  meet  the  situation  which  confronts  us."  The  latter  amendment 
was  defeated  and  the  former  carried  on  division.  Wm.  McDonald 
(Lib.)  also  presented  again  (Mar.  17)  his  Woman  Suffrage  Bill 
but  it  was  rejected  on  division — the  chief  Conservative  objection 
being  that  it  was  inopportune.  On  Mar.  6  the  Liberals  strongly 
attacked  alleged  Patronage  abuses  and  debated  at  length  a  motion 
presented  by  Sam  Carter  declaring  that  the  system  was  inimical  to 
the  country's  interests  and  demanding  "the  creation  of  a  non- 
partisan  Civil  Service  Commission,  with  ample  powers,  that  all  the 
appointments  and  promotions  in  the  public  service  should  be  by 
merit,  and  that  the  purchase  of  all  supplies  for  the  public  service 
should  be  by  tender  in  open  competition  after  due  public  notice." 
It  was  lost  on  division.  The  House  was  prorogued  by  the  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor  on  Apr.  27  with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which 
reviewed  the  legislation  passed  and  congratulated  the  House  upon 
its  spirit  of  patriotism  and  unanimity. 

As  to  general  policy  the  attitude  of  the  Liberals  was  not  actively 
aggressive  and  Mr.  Rowell's  time  and  energies  were  largely  given 
to  recruiting  and  patriotic  causes.*  Addressing  an  Agricultural 
Convention  in  Toronto  (Feb.  1)  he  dealt  with  the  intensive  organ- 
ized methods  of  Germany  in  respect  to  agriculture  and  urged  Can- 


LEGISLATION,  LIBERAL  POLICY  AND  BYE-ELECTIONS          499 

adian  farmers  to  better  their  methods,  and  increase  their  produc- 
tion. With  the  Liberal  Premier  of  Saskatchewan  Mr.  Rowell  had  a 
conference  at  Ottawa  on  Feb.  10  with  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  and 
Conservative  journals  were  quick  to  surmise,  and  to  state  at  various 
times  in  the  year,  that  he  was  to  succeed  Sir  Wilfrid  some  day  in 
the  Liberal  leadership.  In  addressing  the  Ontario  Women's  Lib- 
eral Association  at  Toronto  on  May  19  Mr.  Rowell  amplified  his 
views  on  advanced  social  reform  after  urging  purity  in  politics 
and  declaring  that  the  Prohibition  law  would  be  permanent  if  well 
enforced.  This  abolition  of  the  bar,  he  thought,  had  removed  the 
greatest  obstacle  to  social  reform.  As  to  details  he  urged  thrift 
and  economy  in  all  classes  and  desired  the  toiler  to  receive  a  larger 
share  of  the  distribution  of  wealth  and  the  child  of  the  workman, 
in  particular,  to  receive  a  better  chance  of  healthy  development. 

To  the  Ontario  Equal  Franchise  Association  on  Oct.  1  Mr. 
Rowell  stated  that :  *  *  I  believe  women  are  entitled  to  the  vote,  and 
I  further  believe  that  the  noble  part  which  the  women  have  taken 
in  this  war  has  won  a  great  many  recruits  to  the  cause.  There  is 
no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  the  battle  for  women's  franchise  is 
practically  won. "  As  to  Imperial  unity  the  Opposition  leader  was 
assured  in  his  view  that  this  unity  must  be  conserved  and  that  the 
Imperial  Conferences  were  splendid  instruments  to  this  end.  He 
was  explicit  as  to  this  at  a  Toronto  General  Hospital  function  (May 
12)  :  "If  the  next  Conference  should  prove  inadequate  to  meet  the 
needs  of  the  future,  then  we  must  be  prepared  to  take  whatever 
steps  are  necessary  to  provide  an  adequate  organization.  .  .  . 
We  are  all  agreed  that  the  unity  of  our  Empire,  again  cemented  by 
the  blood  and  sacrifice  of  her  sons,  shall  never  be  broken. ' '  During 
September  he  was  in  England,  attended  the  Trades  Union  Congress 
at  Birmingham,  visited  Scotland  and  the  Grand  Fleet  and  spent  a 
short  time  at  the  Front. 

There  were  several  testing  Bye-elections  during  the  year.  The 
first  one  was  fought  upon  a  personal  rather  than  political  issue. 
J.  R.  Fallis,  M.L.A.,  for  Peel  since  1913,  a  cattle-dealer  and  a  Con- 
servative, had  acted  for  the  Militia  Department  during  1915  in 
the  purchase  of  horses  numbering  363  and,  according  to  evidence 
before  the  Davidson  Commission,  he  and  his  partner  had  cleared 
$2,820  profits.  Mr.  Fallis  claimed  that  it  was  his  legitimate 
business,  that  the  Department  was  in  a  hurry,  that  $120,000  had 
thus  come  to  the  farmers  of  Peel,  and  that  his  action  was  a 
patriotic  one.  He  stated,  when  the  matter  came  under  public  dis- 
cussion, that  his  share  of  the  profits  $1,880)  had  been  handed  over 
to  the  126th  Overseas  (Peel)  Battalion.  On  Feb.  2,  however,  he 
informed  a  meeting  at  Brampton  that  in  view  of  criticisms  he  had 
resigned  his  seat;  he  was  reriominated  at  a  Convention  on  the  5th 
and  W.  J.  Lowe  was  chosen  by  the  Liberals  to  oppose  him.  The 
ensuing  contest  was  fought  chiefly  on  the  moral  issue  and  a  situa- 
tion which  was  put  by  N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Liberal  leader,  as  fol- 
lows (Bolton,  Feb.  21):  "If  Mr.  Fallis 's  advertisement  that  he 


500  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  REVIEW 

was  a  Purchasing  Agent  for  Ottawa  was  true  then  he  has  commit- 
ted a  fraud  upon  the  Government,  for  no  agent  could  legally  make 
a  secret  profit  at  the  expense  of  the  Government  for  whom  he 
acted.  If  the  advertisement  in  the  press  was  not  correct,  then  Mr. 
Fallis  committed  a  fraud  upon  the  farmers."  Richard  Blain,  M.P. 
for  Peel,  defended  Mr.  Fallis  at  a  number  of  meetings  as  having 
the  absolute  legal  right  to  do  this  business  with  the  Government  and 
as  having  done  it  honestly.  The  Provincial  Government  did  not 
take  part  in  the  contest  but  Mr.  Premier  Hearst  had  written  a  non- 
committal letter  on  Feb.  1st  as  to  the  resignation  saying  that :  '  *  The 
step  you  have  taken  commends  itself  to  me  as  the  proper  and  con- 
stitutional one,  and  I  have  every  confidence  that  a  fair  and  im- 
partial judgment  will  be  rendered  upon  your  record  as  a  public 
man."  On  Feb.  24  Mr.  Lowe  was  elected  by  2,948  to  2,643— a 
change  from  a  Conservative  majority  of  408  to  a  Liberal  one  of 
305. 

Following  the  resignation  of  James  Torrance,  who  had  sat  as  a 
Conservative  for  North  Perth  since  1905,  an  election  was  held  there 
on  July  10  with  F.  Wellington  Hay  as  the  Liberal  candidate  and 
John  A.  Makins  for  the  Conservatives.  The  former  was  a  grain 
buyer  and  a  Methodist,  the  latter  a  farmer  and  an  Anglican,  and 
the  fight  was  a  peculiar  one.  Mr.  Hay  and  the  Liberals  devoted 
themselves  to  a  silent  campaign,  few  speeches  and  much  canvassing 
of  the  electorate ;  the  Government  had  the  usual  number  of  meetings 
with  several  speeches  by  the  Premier,  while  Messrs.  Pyne,  Mac- 
diarmid,  Lucas  and  Ferguson  spoke  in  the  riding  with  other 
prominent  Conservatives  helping.  There  was  a  German  vote  (8,344 
of  German  origin  out  of  30,235  of  a  population)  and  an  anti-Pro- 
hibition vote  and  the  Government  speakers  accused  the  Liberals  of 
trying  to  obtain  these  classes  and  they  in  turn  stood  strongly  upon 
the  Prohibition  measure  of  the  Premier  and  the  opportunity  for 
Temperance  men  to  show  gratitude  for  the  realization  of  their  aims. 
Hon.  Mr.  Hearst  speaking  at  Stratford  (June  29)  declared  that 
the  Liquor  interests  were  opposing  him  and  added:  "I  ask  the 
good  Liberals  of  North  Perth  if  they  are  going  to  join  such  forces 
to  down  the  Government  for  doing  what  it  thought  to  be  its  duty. 
For  myself  I  have  no  desire  to  retrace  my  steps.  I  would  rather  a 
thousand  times  go  down  to  defeat  than  fail  in  what  I  believe  to  be 
my  duty." 

The  Government  attitude  toward  Bi-lingualism  was  emphasized 
as  by  Hon.  Dr.  Pyne  at  the  same  meeting:  "This  Province  is  an 
English-speaking  Province,  and  no  matter  how  many  agitations  are 
carried  on  in  other  Provinces  with  moneys  unconstitutionally  raised, 
we  will  remain  an  English-speaking  Province.  We  will  enforce 
Regulation  17  without  change,  and  we  will  stand  or  fall  on  that 
policy."  H.  B.  Morphy,  M.P.,  also  pressed  this  issue  as  did  Messrs. 
Lucas  and  Ferguson.  The  Toronto  World  (Ind.  Cons.)  interjected 
the  Nickel  question  and  on  July  8  declared  that  "no  Conservative 
in  North  Perth  need  be  afraid  to  record  his  vote  against  the  Hearst 


LEGISLATION,  LIBERAL  POLICY  AND  BYE-ELECTIONS          501 

candidate,  because  that  Government  has  failed  to  uphold  the 
national  policy  of  his  party  that  means  the  establishment  of  a 
great  smelting  and  refining  industry  in  connection  with  nickel  in 
Canada."  At  a  Stratford  Liberal  meeting  on  July  7th  C.  M. 
Bowman,  M.L.A.,  described  this  as  the  great  issue  and  Mr.  Hay 
fiercely  attacked  Sir  Sam  Hughes* :  ' '  There  are  times  in  which  we 
run  patriotic  mad.  We  get  a  little  crazy  on  this  military  business. 
It  is  catching  if  there  is  a  fool  at  the  head  of  our  Department.  We 
have  a  man  who  has  gone  military  crazy."  The  Conservative 
papers  reported  him  as  saying  that  the  Minister  should  be  taken 
out  and  shot;  the  Stratford  Beacon  reported  it  as  a  statement 
that  if  Sir  Sam  were  a  private  soldier  he  would  be  taken  out  and 
shot. 

By  this  time  the  fight  had  become  very  bitter  and,  when  the 
result  was  announced  on  July  11  as  a  majority  of  549  for  Mr. 
Hay  compared  with  a  Conservative  majority  of  372  in  1911  and 
1,177  in  1914  the  comment  also  was  not  less  strong — Mr.  Makins 
stating  that  "the  result  of  the  election  was  from  a  combination  of 
the  liquor  interests  and  the  temperance  Liberals,  coupled  with  the 
vote  of  the  pro-Germans  in  the  riding. ' '  Liberal  gains  in  the  Ger- 
man township  of  Ellice  were  admitted  but  it  was  claimed  that 
Conservative  voters  stayed  at  home  and  caused  the  result;  while 
Stratford,  British  and  loyal  and  with  many  soldiers,  had  given  Mr. 
Hay  a  sweeping  vote.  The  Conservative  press  maintained  the 
view  expressed  by  Mr.  Makins ;  the  Liberals  claimed  that  the  result, 
coupled  with  other  incidents,  proved  a  serious  loss  of  public  con- 
fidence in  the  Government.  The  next  Bye-election  came  in  South- 
west Toronto  through  the  death  of  Hon.  J.  J.  Foy  on  June  13.  A 
few  weeks  later  the  election  was  announced  for  Aug.  21.  The 
candidates  were  James  A.  Norris,  President  of  the  Central  Con- 
servative Association,  who  differed  from  the  Government  upon 
Prohibition  and  desired  wine  and  beer  licenses  but  was  accepted  as 
the  Government  candidate;  Gordon  Waldron,  a  Radical  and  one- 
time advocate  of  Commercial  union  with  -the  United  States,  who 
stood  strongly  against  Prohibition  and  in  favour  of  licenses;  H. 
Hartley  Dewart,  K.C.,  a  well-known  and  eloquent  Liberal  who  stood 
upon  the  Party  platform  of  ' '  Banish  the  Bar '  *  but  not,  it  was  sup- 
posed, with  enthusiasm;  and  J.  M.  Connor,  a  Social-Democrat  and 
Prohibitionist.  Mr.  Norris  stated  his  policy  on  Aug.  3rd  as  one  of 
general  Government  support : 

But  I  wish  to  reserve  to  myself  the  right  of  urging  in  caucus  and  on  the 
Government  my  views  in  reference  to  Liquor  legislation.  I  do  not  under- 
stand that  the  present  Act  does  or  was  intended  to  settle  Prohibition  as  a 
permanent  policy  of  the  Conservative  party.  As  I  understand  it  this  is  only 
a  war  measure,  to  last  for  the  period  of  the  War  and  to  be  voted  upon  by  the 
people  immediately  after  war  conditions  cease,  and  on  that  Eeferendum  you 
and  I  are  allowed  complete  liberty  of  action.  I  favour  submitting  to  the 
people  along  with  or  as  part  of  that  Eeferendum,  the  question  of  a  beer  and 
wine  license  system  as  opposed  to  a  return  to  the  old  law,  with  some  amend- 
ment to  the  Act  now  that  will  permit  the  workman  who  cannot  order  his  beer 
by  the  case  some  legitimate  and  easy  means  of  getting  a  glass  of  lager. 

*NOTE. — Stratford  Herald  report. 


502  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

As  to  the  rest  he  supported  the  Government.  Upon  this  issue 
Mr.  Dewart  said  in  his  acceptance  speech  (Aug.  12)  :  "I  desire  to 
represent  the  views  of  all  sections,  the  prohibitionists,  the  anti- 
prohibitionist,  the  liquor-man.  I  desire  to  deal  with  all  questions 
on  a  broad-minded  basis.  ...  I  decline  to  consider  Prohibi- 
tion a  political  issue  to-day,  when  Hearst  and  Rowell  have  agreed 
on  a  policy  which  has  been  chrystallized  into  law  and  is  already  on 
the  statute  books.  I  was  not  responsible  for  it,  but  it  is  the  Liberal 
policy  to-day,  and  as  the  Liberal  policy  I  accept  it.  If  you  ask  my 
view,  I  tell  you  I  reserve  to  myself  in  case  of  emergency,  the  right 
to  observe  my  independent  judgment."  The  first  issue,  he  de- 
clared, was  the  War  and  Ontario's  effective  aid;  he  denounced  the 
Government's  Nickel  policy,  its  alleged  taxation  of  $40,000  upon 
a  foreign  company  which  had  $10,000,000  profits  on  a  capital 
of  $45,000,000  and  the  lack  of  aid  to  Canadian  nickel  refining ;  as 
to  the  Hydro-Electric  it  was  a  fact  and  a  success  though  "the  trail 
of  the  political  serpent"  was  very  visible.  As  a  Corporation  coun- 
sel who  was  criticized  in  that  respect  Mr.  Dewart  proposed  to  give 
the  public  the  same  kind  of  faithful  service  he  had  tried  to  render 
his  clients. 

In  answer  to  a  question  as  to  Bi-lingualism  Mr.  Dewart  stated 
(Star  report)  that  "English  must  be  the  language  of  instruction  in 
this  Province  but  I  believe  as  all  do,  that  children  of  tender  years 
must  necessarily  receive  some  of  their  instruction  in  French. ' '  The 
Government  speakers  were  not  very  explicit  on  Prohibition  and 
Mr.  Lucas  said  (Aug.  15)  that:  "If  you  elect  Mr.  Norris  it  will 
mean  you  say  to  the  Government  of  the  Province :  '  We  think  you 
went  too  far  in  this  legislation.'  "  As  the  contest  developed  Mr. 
Dewart  took  a  strong  stand  upon  the  Hydro  question  as  a  supporter 
of  Sir  Adam  Beck  and  against  the  McGarry  Bill  in  the  Legislature 
which  was  supposed  to  limit  the  powers  of  the  Hydro  Commission ; 
in  vigorous  and  ever  increasing  denunciation  of  the  Nickel  situation 
— the  alleged  weakness  of  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Govern- 
ments in  allowing  Nickel  to  go  to  the  States  for  refining  and  thence, 
he  claimed,  by  devious  ways  into  German  ships  and  artillery;  in 
condemnation  of  the  Minister  of  Militia  and  the  expensive  con- 
struction of  Government  House.  As  a  rule  he  avoided  the  Prohibi- 
tion question.  On  Aug.  15  Messrs.  I.  B.  Lucas  and  Howard  Fergu- 
son spoke  for  the  Government  and  declared  that  while  firm  in  its 
policy  to  submit  the  question  of  permanent  Prohibition  to  the  people 
it  did  not  regard  the  present  Act  as  one  that  could  not  be  changed 
in  details  when  the  House  met  again ;  that  the  Government  was  not 
blocking  the  purchase  of  Radial  railway  right-of-way,  and  had  just 
authorized  the  Hydro-Electric  Commission  to  purchase  a  right-of- 
way  from  Toronto  to  Dundas  for  new  transmission  lines  and  a 
radial  railway ;  that  not  only  would  Nickel  be  refined  in  Ontario  in 
the  future  but  that  next  Session  legislation  would  be  introduced 
imposing  upon  the  Nickel  industry  taxation  in  accordance  with  the 
profits  derived  from  Ontario's  mines,  and  that  that  taxation  would 
be  made  retroactive. 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OP  THE  YEAR  503 

Mr.  Dewart  was  uncompromising  in  his  charges  on  the  Nickel 
subject  (Aug.  17)  and  in  associating  Mr.  Cochrane,  Minister  of 
Railways  at  Ottawa,  and  one-time  Ontario  Minister  of  Mines,  who 
came  from  Sudbury,  and  Mr.  Premier  Hearst,  who  represented 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  the  Legislature,  with  the  International  Nickel 
Co.  which  had  done  much  for  the  prosperity  of  that  Northern 
region.  Germany  had  obtained  most  of  its  refined  nickel  supplies 
from  the  United  States  before  the  War,  Canada  and  Ontario  had 
not  prohibited  the  export  of  the  raw  material,  therefore,  he  argued, 
these  gentlemen,  in  particular,  were  responsible  for  part  of  the 
enemy's  armament.  In  this  view  he  had  the  keen  endorsement  of 
W.  F.  Maclean,  M.P.,  (Cons.)  and  the  Toronto  World.  The  answer 
of  the  Government  was  that  the  Province  had  no  power  to  pro- 
hibit exports  of  Nickel  and  that  in  1909-10  when  Germany  got  its 
chief  supplies,  the  Liberals  were  in  power  at  Ottawa ;  that  since  the 
War  the  British  and  Dominion  Governments  had  arranged  for 
such  inspection  and  control  of  the  International  Nickel  Co.  as  made 
it  impossible  for  supplies  to  reach  the  enemy.  As  election  day  came 
the  electorate  were  hopelessly  confused  upon  the  Prohibition  issue 
so  far  as  the  candidates  and  parties  were  concerned,  while  the 
Nickel  question  and  Hydro  appeared  to  be  less  clouded  and  with 
more  scope  for  expressing  the  discontents  that  grow  up  around  any 
Government  which  has  been  long  in  power.  The  result,  on  a  small 
vote  of  one-half  the  normal,  was  Mr.  Dewart 's  election  by  551 
majority  over  Mr.  Norris — 2,652  to  2,101 — with  468  votes  recorded 
for  Connor  and  129  for  Waldron.  The  Conservative  majority  at 
the  general  elections  had  been  3,763  and  this  Liberal  success  for 
the  Legislature  was  the  first  one  in  Toronto  during  26  years.  Mr. 
Ferguson  and  other  members  of  the  Government  described  the 
result  as  a  revengeful  victory  of  the  Liquor  interests.  Meanwhile 
there  had  been  a  Bye-election  in  Muskoka  and  G.  W.  Ecclestone 
(Cons.)  was  returned  by  acclamation  on  June  12. 

Many  political  roads  during  1916,  in  Ontario,  led 
Eilctrlc  r°~  to  th.e  Hydr°-Electric  Power  Commission — its  policy, 
Problems  of  requirements  and  position — and  to  the  collateral 
the  Year  movement  in  favour  of  Radial  railways.  The  Com- 

mission was  closely  associated  with  the  Government — 
Sir  Adam  Beck,  its  Chairman,  had  until  1915  been  a  member  of  the 
Government  without  Portfolio,  another  Commissioner,  Hon.  I.  B. 
Lucas,  K.C.,  was  Provincial  Treasurer  and  afterwards  Attorney- 
General,  Col.  W.  K.  McNaught,  C.M.G.,  had  been  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  and  a  strong  Government  supporter.  The  Chairman, 
personally,  was  bold,  earnest,  aggressive ;  primarily  the  whole  policy 
had  been  his  and  its  initial  success  due  largely  to  his  efforts — 
which,  however,  would  finally  have  failed  without  the  Govern- 
ment support  and  backing  which  were  freely  accorded;  politi- 
cally he  had  considerable  influence  in  the  Province  and  the  back- 
ing of  strong  municipal  organizations  while  there  was,  in  1915-16, 
a  tendency  amongst  the  Liberals  to  seek  causes  of  difference  between 


504  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

him  and  the  Government.  There  were  obvious  elements  of  possible 
friction  and  the  very  success  of  the  great  project  for  supplying 
cheap  Electric  power  to  the  people,  with  all  its  proposed  extensions, 
Radial  Railway  projects,  and  strength  of  interests  involved, 
made  its  control  by  the  Government  and  Legislature  or  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Commission  an  important  public  issue.  The  total 
capital  investment  of  the  Commission  to  Oct.  31,  1916,  was  $14,- 
019,374  of  which  $10,169,720  had  gone  into  the  Niagara  System  and 
the  balance  into  those  of  the  Severn,  St.  Lawrence,  Wasdell, 
Eugenia,  Muskoka,  Port  Arthur,  Renfrew  and  Ottawa  Systems, 
with  $1,250,000  in  general  accounts.  To  the  Government  the  Com- 
mission owed  $13,588,667  advanced  to  it  under  municipal  contracts. 

During  the  rule  of  Sir  James  Whitney  and  now  under  Mr. 
Hearst,  there  were  constant  rumours  of  divergence  in  policy  between 
the  Government,  or  members  of  it,  and  Sir  Adam  Beck.  The  differ- 
ence, if  there  was  any,  came  to  a  head  during  the  1916  Session  of 
the  Legislature  when  James  Clancy,  Provincial  Auditor,  reported 
to  the  Treasurer  (Mr.  McGarry)  on  Feb.  21  that  it  had  been  "im- 
possible to  complete  an  audit  of  the  expenditures  of  the  Commis- 
sion for  each  or  any  of  the  fiscal  years  1909,  1910,  1911,  1912,  1913 
and  1914,  owing  to  the  Commission  failing  to  furnish  for  each  or 
any  of  such  years  complete  accounts  for  adjustment  and  audit"; 
that  the  only  alternative  lay  in  "the  consolidation  of  all  the  ex- 
penditures for  the  fiscal  years  1909  to  1915  inclusive,  as  a  continu- 
ous and  unbroken  period  without  any  intervening  adjustment  or 
closing  of  yearly  bank  or  other  balances";  that  the  Commission, 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  Section  22  of  the  Act  respecting  the 
Power  Commission,  and  without  any  authority,  had  "charged  to 
the  Province  for  the  respective  years  1909,  $37,106.27 ;  1910,  $44,- 
543.22;  1911,  $102,225.89;  1912,  $152,341.55;  1913,  $136,920.59; 
1914,  $119,569.49  and  1915,  $243,011.34,  making  in  all,  $835,- 
718.35." 

It  was  stated  also  that  the  work  of  the  Commission  had  not  been 
confined  to  matters  within  the  scope  of  their  powers  and  duties, 
but  had  been  of  "  a  very  extended  character  involving  large  unauth- 
orized expenditures,  namely,  in  entering  upon  commercial  transac- 
tions such  as  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods  and  material  for  pur- 
poses other  than  for  the  necessary  use  of  the  several  Systems, 
amounting  to  $455,928 ;  in  the  construction  of  works,  which  under 
the  terms  of  their  contracts  the  municipal  corporations  concerned 
should  have  constructed,  amounting  to  $883,446 ;  for  the  electrical 
construction  and  maintenance  of  the  London  and  Port  Stanley 
Railway — a  matter  in  which  the  Municipalities  under  the  provisions 
of  the  Act  respecting  Hydro-Electric  Railways  are  alone  concerned 
and  are  bound  to  provide  the  means  for  carrying  on  the  work 
($224,723)— making  in  all,  $1,564,098."  The  total  advances  made 
by  the  Province  to  the  Commission  for  the  fiscal  years  1909  to 
1915  inclusive,  were  stated  as  $13,169,000  while  the  total  expendi- 
tures, according  to  the  Commission's  statement  from  the  ex- 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  YEAR  505 

penditures  for  the  same  period,  so  far  as  had  been  ascertained, 
amounted  to  $17,359,620,  "showing  an  excess  of  expenditure  over 
the  amount  authorized  by  advances  from  the  Province  or  otherwise 
of  $4,190,620."  Mr.  Clancy  went  on  to  state  that  two  distinct  causes 
lay  at  the  root  of  this  condition.  One  was  the  absence  of  "even 
the  semblance  of  Legislative  control"  over  the  expenditures  of  the 
Commission — in  striking  contrast  with  the  complete  Legislative  con- 
trol over  the  expenditures  of  the  Executive  Departments.  The 
other  was  "the  seeming  defiant  disobedience  of  the  Act"  which 
created  the  Commission  and  defined  its  powers  and  duties. 

On  Apr.  6  the  subject  was  dealt  wth  by  the  Public  Accounts 
Committee  and  evidence  given  by  the  Auditor  under  protests  from 
Sir  Adam  Beck.  The  latter  stated  that  the  complete  figures  were 
not  given  in  the  Public  Accounts  and  that  they  appeared  in  the 
annual  Reports  of  the  Commission  together  with  all  necessary  de- 
tails. The  fact  of  the  matter  was  that  Sir  Adam  Beck  had  largely 
controlled  the  Commission,  that  he  was  trusted  to  do  so  and  that 
no  one,  then  or  since,  had  doubted  his  capacity  and  probity,  that 
he  had  regarded  it  as  more  or  less  an  independent  concern  (as  the 
public  also  had  done)  and  had  run  its  affairs  as  a  wealthy,  enthusi- 
astic business  man  would  run  a  great  new  enterprise  which  he 
had  successfully  developed — without  much  attention  to  the  submis- 
sion of  details  and  accounts  to  the  Government.  In  Committee  on 
Apr.  12  Mr.  McGarry  put  a  question  as  to  the  expenditure  of  money 
on  the  London  and  Port  Stanley  Eailway — a  special,  almost  per- 
sonal, project  of  Sir  Adam  Beck's  and  the  first  Hydro  experiment 
in  electric  radial  railways.  Sir  Adam  replied  with  vigour :  "  I  take 
the  whole  responsibility  and  liability.  If  it's  a  violation  of  the  Act 
I  take  the  responsibility.  If  we  are  to  carry  on  Hydro  and  com- 
mercialize it  and  make  it  a  business  proposition  we  must  have  some 
latitude  and  the  confidence  of  the  municipalities  and  the  Govern- 
ment. If  the  members  of  this  Commission  have  not  the  confidence 
of  the  Government  or  the  municipalities  the  remedy  is  the  Govern- 
ment's. They  can  appoint  our  successors  any  time.  The  Govern- 
ment should  have  amended  the  Act  from  time  to  time.  I  don't 
blame  this  Government.  I  was  a  member  of  the  Whitney  Govern- 
ment and  I  am  as  much  responsible  as  anybody  else  if  it  was  not 
done." 

The  investigation  finally  showed  that  the  Provincial  Auditor 
had  prepared  his  audit  from  the  Commission's  vouchers  without 
reference  to  its  books  and  that  the  Hydro's  Auditor  prepared  his 
reply  from  the  books  without  reference  to  the  vouchers  held  by  Mr. 
Clancy.  The  Government  decided  to  appoint  E.  R.  C.  Clarkson 
to  make  an  independent  audit  and  to  this  Sir  Adam  agreed  (Apr. 
11)  as  quite  satisfactory,  while  his  Auditor  (W.  S.  Andrews)  reiter- 
ated the  statement  that  every  item  of  receipts  and  disbursements 
appeared  from  year  to  year  in  the  Commission's  published  Report. 
Hon.  Mr.  Lucas,  the  Government  member  of  the  Commission,  early 
defended  that  body  from  certain  inferences  which  were  being  drawn 


506  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

from  Mr.  Clancy's  statements  and,  on  Mar.  20,  explained  the  rea- 
sons for  its  action  in  the  matters  dealt  with,  though  he  admitted 
the  doing  of  work  for  municipalities  and  the  purchase  of  supplies 
without  statutory  authority :  * '  It  is  realized  by  the  Government  that 
from  a  technical  point  of  view  the  Provincial  Auditor  is  correct  but 
the  Hydro  is  a  big  and  growing  business  and  requires  additional 
authority.  Legislation  will  be  introduced  this  Session  giving  the 
statutory  authority  to  allow  the  Hydro  Commission  to  carry  on 
this  class  of  work," 

A  Bill  was,  accordingly,  introduced  by  Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry  on 
Mar.  21  amending  the  Commission  Act  and  providing  that  the 
Commission  should  have  the  right  to  expend  its  own  income  as 
needed  for  operating  expenses,  renewals,  repairs,  maintenance  and 
incidental  expenses ;  but  making  it  compulsory  that  a  detailed  audit 
should  be  made  once  a  year,  and  that  the  Government  be  furnished 
with  complete  details  of  its  financial  affairs.  Mr.  McGarry  ex- 
plained that  the  work  undertaken  by  the  Commission  in  excess  of 
its  statutory  powers  had  been  due  to  the  fact  that  Hydro  develop- 
ment had  been  so  rapid  that  the  Act  had  never  kept  pace  with  the 
needs  of  the  municipalities  and  the  demands  of  the  public  upon  the 
System.  In  future,  the  Comptroller  who  would  be  appointed  by 
the  Lieut.-Governor-in-Council,  would  be  required  to  sign  all 
cheques;  to  give  a  complete  statement  each  year  of  assets  and  lia- 
bilities, receipts  and  disbursements,  to  estimate  the  probable  returns 
for  the  coming  year ;  to  give  such  other  information  to  the  Treasury 
as  might  appear  to  be  of  public  interest.  Furthermore,  the  accounts 
would  be  audited  by  the  Provincial  Auditor,  or  an  independent 
Auditor,  with  a  system  of  accounting  to  be  approved  by  the  Pro- 
vincial Treasurer.  While  the  Commission  would  have  the  right  to 
spend  its  income  as  needed,  instead  of  turning  over  all  moneys  to 
the  Treasury  as  heretofore  required  by  the  Act,  any  surplus  which 
might  accrue  from  time  to  time  would  be  handed  to  the  Provincial 
Treasurer.  Mr.  McGarry  stated  that  there  had  never  been  a  pro- 
per audit  of  the  accounts  until  the  present  year  as,  until  recently, 
it  had  been  impossible  to  obtain  the  papers  and  facts  necessary  for 
it  and  that  the  Government  now  learned  for  the  first  time  just  what 
the  difference  was  between  the  amount  advanced  by  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  amount  expended  by  the  Commission.  The  charge  of 
the  Auditor,  he  added,  was  not  that  this  money  had  been  mis-spent, 
but  that  the  Commission  had  spent  more  than  had  been  advanced 
to  it. 

This  legislation  aroused  some  heated  political  comments  as  to 
alleged  restriction  of  the  Commission's  powers  and  curtailment  of 
the  functions  of  its  Chairman.  The  Liberal  press  was  outspoken 
on  this  point  and  the  Toronto  Star  of  Apr.  22  put  the  alleged  situa- 
tion as  follows :  ' '  The  Government,  or  at  least  the  majority  of  the 
members  of  the  Government,  it  is  said,  regard  the  Chairman  of  the 
Commission  as  autocratic  and  would  have  his  powers,  or  rather  the 
powers  of  the  Commission,  curtailed.  Sir  Adam  Beck,  on  the  other 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  YEAR  507 

hand,  feels  that  he  has  not  the  full  confidence  of  the  Government, 
that  certain  members  of  it  have,  for  some  time,  been  avowedly  hos- 
tile to  him,  and  to  achieve  the  objects  of  the  Commission  he  has 
been  obliged  to  force  the  Government's  hands,  as  in  the  matter  of 
the  Eadial  railways."  On  the  12th  a  large  delegation  from  the 
Ontario  Municipal  Electrical  Association  and  the  Hydro-Radial 
Association  waited  upon  the  Government  to  protest  against  the 
MeGarry  Bill  and  were  told  by  Mr.  Premier  Hearst  that  there  was 
no  Cabinet  dissension  upon  the  Hydro  matter  and  no  politics  in 
it  either ;  that  this  legislation  was  misunderstood  and  that  its  main 
object  was  to  make  certain  things  legal  and  statutory,  to  clothe  the 
Hydro  Commission  with  statutory  power  to  do  whatever  it  was 
proper  that  it  should  do  in  carrying  out  the  work  in  hand.  Sir 
Adam  also  spoke  as  to  the  project  in  general  and  approved  the 
audit  by  Mr.  Clarkson  but  said  nothing  about  the  Government 
legislation  under  consideration.  He  strongly  denied  that  any 
action  or  policy  of  the  Commission  had  prevented  an  earlier  and 
complete  audit  of  its  affairs.  As  to  the  Commission  and  its  expendi- 
tures: "We  were  told  by  the  Government  that  until  we  finally 
knew  what  was  required  we  should  go  on  as  we  were  doing  with 
confidence  that  our  action  was  in  the  best  interests  of  the  munici- 
palities. ' ' 

Concurrently  the  Toronto  Mail  (Government  organ)  denounced 
the  idea  of  a  semi-independent  Commission  and  (Apr.  12)  declared 
that  "the  advocates  of  the  view  that  the  Hydro-Electric  Commis- 
sion is  a  thing  apart  from  the  Administration  in  Queen's  Park 
would  have  two  Governments  for  the  Province.  .  .  .  Instead  of 
letting  the  Commission  further  out  of  hand  the  Government  will, 
we  take  it  for  granted,  shorten  its  hold  upon  the  Commission. ' '  In 
speaking  on  the  2nd  reading  of  his  Bill  (Apr.  14)  Mr.  MeGarry 

Jsaid  that  Sir  Adam  Beck  was  satisfied  with  "the  principle  of  the 
Bill ' '  and  was  too  busy  a  man  to  attend  to  details — it  was  his  duty 
to  deal  with  large  questions  of  policy.  Mr.  Eowell  claimed  that 
the  Government  was  taking  financial  control  of  the  Commission 
though  they  had  not  thought  such  a  step  necessary  in  respect  to 
the  T.  &  N.  0.  or  the  Niagara  Park  Commission.  Mr.  MeGarry 
replied  that  the  Government  had  been  asked  in  these  latter  cases 
to  appoint  Comptrollers  and  would  do  so. 

On  Apr.  18  a  deputation — Messrs.  T.  J.  Hannigan  and  J.  W. 
Lyon,  representing  the  two  organizations  which  had  recently  ap- 
peared before  the  Government — presented  a  Memorial  asking  (1) 
that  the  MeGarry  bill  be  tabled  until  next  year  or  amended  to  make 
the  Comptroller  an  appointee  of  the  Hydro  Commission;  (2)  that 
the  Chippewa  Power  Development  at  Niagara  Falls  be  made  a 
municipal  project  instead  of  a  Provincial  enterprise;  (3)  that  the 
Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission  be  appointed  hereafter  in  the 
following  way :  One  member  by  the  Chief  Justice  of  Ontario,  one 
by  the  Provincial  Government,  one  by  the  municipalities  purchas- 
ing power  from  the  Hydro;  (4)  that  the  Commission  be  authorized 


508  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

to  at  once  proceed  with  the  final  engineering  surveys  and  purchase 
of  rights-of-way  for  Radial  railways  now  authorized  by  the  muni- 
cipalities. Several  other  Government  Bills  were  introduced  by 
Hon.  Mr.  Lucas  dealing  with  various  phases  of  the  Power  situation 
and  including  the  ratification  of  the  purchase  of  the  assets  of  the 
Electric  Power  Co.  (Seymour's)  for  the  sum  of  $8,350,000  in  ten- 
year  debentures  of  the  Province  and  the  taking  of  authority  on  the 
part  of  the  Government  to  transfer  the  properties  acquired  to  the 
Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission;  the  appointment  of  a  sole 
Arbitrator  on  the  nomination  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  Ontario,  to 
determine  compensation  to  be  paid  for  property  expropriated  or 
injured  by  the  Commission;  the  taking  of  Government  authority 
to  construct  works  looking  to  the  development  of  power,  by  con- 
ducting water  from  the  outlet  of  Chippewa  Creek  (Niagara  River) 
to  Queenston  with  a  view  to  providing  the  municipalities  on  the 
Niagara  System  with  an  additional  supply  of  power;  the  grant  of 
increased  powers  to  the  Commission  in  making  and  enforcing 
regulations  as  to  municipal  electrical  appliances ;  the  regulation  of 
the  use  of  Provincial  water-powers  and  conferring  upon  the  Gov- 
ernment of  extensive  authority  as  to  inspection,  measurements,  tests, 
prevention  of  water  waste  and  provision  for  compensation. 

In  speaking  of  these  measures  (Apr.  13)  Mr.  Lucas  stated, 
also,  that  the  past  financial  policy  of  the  Commission  was  legalized, 
the  Government  was  authorized  to  define  the  amount  of  power  to 
be  taken  by  the  three  private  corporations  operating  at  Niagara 
Falls  under  their  contracts,  the  recently  passed  Hydro  Radial  by- 
laws were  approved  and  the  Commission  authorized  to  develop 
additional  power  at  the  Falls,  over  and  above  the  100,000  h.p.  now 
received  from  the  local  Companies  and  which  was  not  enough  for 
increasing  requirements.  As  to  the  restrictive  legislation  on  the 
Companies  Mr.  Lucas  pointed  out  that  the  Province  was  only  en- 
titled to  take  36,000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  from  the 
Niagara  and  of  this  the  three  private  concerns  had  the  right  to  use 
28,000  feet.  That  meant  that  only  about  8,000  feet  of  power  was 
available  for  the  people  of  the  Province  while  the  original  con- 
tracts entered  into  with  the  Companies  were  so  vague  and  inde- 
finite that  the  Province  was  not  even  sure  of  that  amount.  The 
Government  proposed  to  limit  the  Companies  to  power  now  utilized 
with  further  investigation  and  compensation  if  necessary.  This 
legislation  was  stated  to  be  the  result  of  consultation  with  the 
Hydro  Commission  and  Sir  Adam  Beck  though  the  latter  did  not 
express  himself  to  the  House.  The  Bills  were  passed  in  due  course 
after  the  Opposition  had  moved  without  success  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Municipal  Auditor  on  Commission  affairs;  for  a  pro- 
posal that  the  Hydro  municipalities  now  taking  power  on  the 
Niagara  system  might  acquire  control  of  development  operations 
on  terms  similar  to  those  under  which  they  were  purchasing  the 
distributing  system  and  the  transmission  lines ;  for  appointment  of 
one  of  the  Hydro  Commissioners  by  the  Municipalities. 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  YEAR  509 

Of  the  proposed  limitation  of  their  powers  or  rights  the  Niagara 
Falls  Companies  said  little  publicly  but  their  combined  invest- 
ments represented  many  millions  of  which  $25,000,000  came  from 
the  United  States  and  the  issue  was  an  important  one.  The  Finan- 
cial Post  of  Toronto  carried  on  a  vigorous  campaign  against  Public 
ownership  in  this  connection  and  published  a  series  of  weighty 
articles  between  July  15  and  Dec.  23  written  by  Prof.  James  Mavor, 
ph.D.  He  described  the  Hydro-Electric  Commission  and  the  Ontario 
Government  as  having  ridden  roughshod  over  private  interests  and 
rights  in  this  Electrical  power  policy,  as  being  arbitrary  in  prac- 
tice, control  and  legislation,  and  as  constructing  what  would  prove 
to  be  monopoly  menacing  to  the  Province  and  the  people.  He 
summarized  the  chief  objections  to  the  Government  power  policy 
and  the  Commission's  position  (Aug.  5)  as  follows: 

1.  The  increase  of  political  power  secured  by  the  Government  and  absence 
of  inspection  on  the  part  of  an  independent  authority. 

2.  The  ineconornical  character  of  the  management  and  the  tendency  to 
minimize  the  risk  and  underestimate  the  amount  of  capital  necessarily  involved. 

3.  Eeluctance  to  provide  for  the  continuity  of  the  enterprise  by  setting 
aside  adequate  depreciation  and  reserve  funds. 

4.  The  tendency  to  promote  the  illusion  that  'profits'  inhere  in  industrial 
enterprise  and  to  disregard  the  fact  that  save  in  the  rare  case  of  adventitious 
profit,  these  are  due  to  economy  and  skill  in  management. 

5.  The  tendency  to  overman  the  enterprise  and  to  engage  employees  on 
political   rather   than   technical  grounds.  * 

6.  In  the  case  of  a  public  service,  the  tendency  to  fix  the  price  arbitrar- 
ily at  such  a  rate  as  to  induce  the  public  to  believe  that  the  service  is  being 
rendered  cheaply,  rather  than  at  a  rate   determined  by  the  technical  condi- 
tions of  the  enterprise. 

7.  The  absence  of  a  properly  trained  Board  of  Directors  accustomed  to 
deal  with  affairs  of  magnitude  and  the  substitution  of  a  Committee  of  poli- 
ticians, or  of  the  nominees  of  politicians. 

8.  The  tendency  to  promote  the  illusion  that  politics  and  business  are 
interchangeable   expressions. 

As  to  the  Chippewa  scheme  of  Sir  Adam  Beck,  thus  approved  by 
the  Legislature,  it  involved  international  considerations  and  pro- 
posed to  divert  a  flow  of  water  from  the  Niagara  Eiver  above  the 
Falls,  carrying  it  by  an  overland  Canal  to  the  escarpment  near 
Brock's  Monument  at  Queenston,  and  there  turning  it  back  into  the 
River  below  the  Falls.  It  was  estimated  to  secure  a  development  of 
600,000  horse-power  at  an  outlay  of  about  $12,000,000.  Mr.  Lan- 
sing, U.  S.  Secretary  of  State,  at  once  protested  (Apr.  6)  to  the  Bri- 
tish Ambassador  at  Washington  under  Art.  V.  of  the  Boundary 
Waters  Convention :  ' '  American  citizens  are  entitled  to  the  use  and 
benefit  of  one-half  of  such  waters  as  would  be  divertible  from  the 
rapids  of  the  Niagara  River  if  the  river  at  this  point  were  preserved 
in  its  natural  state,  and  it  can  hardly  be  expected  that  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  will  concede  that  this  right  may  be  cur- 
tailed by  the  diversion  of  the  waters  above  the  Falls  on  the  Can- 
adian side  in  such  a  way  that  they  will  not  be  returned  to  the  stream 
except  below  the  Gorge."  It  was  suggested  that  the  matter  might 
be  referred  to  the  International  Joint  Commission  and  to  this,  on 


510  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

May  5th,  Mr.  Lucas  intimated  the  Ontario  Government's  agree- 
ment. 

There  were  other  important  Power  developments  during  the 
year  with  Ontario  leading  in  this  connection  amongst  Canadian 
Provinces.  According  to  official  figures  given  by  the  Dominions 
Royal  Commission  (Oct.  26)  Canada  had  17,746,000  horsepower 
available  and  of  this  Ontario  had  developed  789,466  h.-p.,  Quebec 
520,000  h.-p.  and  the  others  small  totals.  On  Mar.  11  Mr.  Howard 
Ferguson  stated  that  the  Government,  in  pursuance  of  its  Power 
extension  policy  for  central  and  eastern  Ontario  had  purchased 
the  Seymour  interests,  or  Trent  system,  with  its  22  subsidiary  con- 
cerns and  would  make  the  whole  of  the  power  on  the  Trent  avail- 
able to  the  people  at  actual  cost  and  put  them  in  the  same  position 
as  the  western  portion  of  the  Province  was  with  the  Niagara 
power;  that  "all  the  electric  energy  to  be  served  throughout  cen- 
tral Ontario  will  be  taken  from  a  Government-owned  plant  and 
distributed  at  cost  and  the  people  have  a  monopoly  of  the  Electric 
power  of  the  Province."  At  Peterborough  (Mar.  31)  Mr.  Ferguson 
stated,  as  to  this,  that  the  interest  charges  would  amount  to  $300,- 
000  per  year  and  that  if  the  Seymour  people  could  pay  12  per  cent, 
interest  on  a  $9,000,000  investment,  the  Hydro  should  be  able  to 
pay  4  per  cent,  on  $7,500,000.  Then,  too,  the  present  development 
was  only  25,000  h.p.x  while  the  possible  development  was  75,000 
h.p.  and  the  Government  would  not  have  to  pay  for  ten  years  one 
dollar  for  sinking  fund. 

In  June  the  anticipated  need  for  more  Niagara  power  became 
critical— -largely  owing  to  the  quantities  used  in  Munition  works. 
The  Commission  at  this  time  was  buying  98,000  h.p.  under  agree- 
ment with  the  Ontario  Power  Co.  at  $9.00  per  h.p.,  and  now  asked 
for  50,000  more.  As  the  Company  was  selling  its  surplus  to  the 
United  States  side  at  $20  or  $25  per  h.p.,  it  naturally  did  not 
respond.  The  Government  claimed  that  under  the  Company's 
license  or  charter  from  Ross  Government  days  the  following  clause 
gave  it  power  at  this  juncture  to  compel  the  sale  desired:  "The 
Company,  whenever  required,  shall  from  the  electric  or  pneumatic 
power  generated,  under  the  Agreement,  supply  the  same  in  Canada 
to  the  extent  of  any  quantity  not  less  than  one  half  the  quantity 
generated."  It  was  stated,  however,  that  the  Company  was  willing 
to  supply  32,500  h.p.  at  $15  which  the  Government  considered  an 
excessive  price.  Negotiations  failed  for  the  time  and  in  July 
the  Government  asked  the  Dominion  to  prohibit  all  export  of  power 
to  the  United  States  (under  the  Electric  and  Fluid  Exportation 
Act)  ;  on  July  18  power  was  temporarily  shut  off  in  many  Toronto 
industries  and  at  other  places  and  the  crisis  became  acute. 

Sir  Adam  Beck  explained  to  the  press  that  the  Hydro  was 
taking  between  5,000  and  6,000  horse-power  over  its  supply 
and  that  the  Ontario  Power  Company,  from  which  it  got  the  power, 
had  to  shut  down.  "It  couldn't  carry  the  load.  For  the  last  three 
months,  realizing  the  seriousness  of  the  situation  we  have,  with  the 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  YEAR  511 

co-operation  of  the  municipalities,  been  trying  to  throw  off  the 
load,  but  the  demand  for  power  kept  increasing."  He  added  that 
the  Hydro  had  an  actual  shortage  of  25,000  h.p.,  and  that  before 
the  end  of  the  year  50,000  additional  h.p.  would  be  absolutely 
necessary.  After  a  struggle  in  which  the  Canadian  Power  Co., 
with  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C.,  President,  and  the  Ontario  Govern- 
ment and  Power  Commission,  backed  by  the  Dominion  authorities 
with  a  threat  of  export  prohibition,  were  all  involved  the  Com- 
pany gave  way  and  on  July  20  Sir  Adam  Beck  announced  that  a 
settlement  had  been  reached  for  50,000  h.p.  by  December  at  $12 
per  h.p.,  divided  into  monthly  lots  of  12,500.  "Sometime  during 
1917  we  will  need  the  other  50,000  horse-power,  or  part  of  it,  that 
the  Company  will  have  left  after  this  agreement  is  made." 

Then  followed  a  controversy  over  the  construction  of  the  Hydro- 
Electric  power  generation  plant  on  the  Chippewa  River  and  an 
effort  by  the  Electrical  Development  Co.,  or  Mackenzie  interests, 
who  were  the  original  pioneers  of  Electrical  development,  to  obtain 
a  fiat  permitting  litigation  to  prevent  construction.  Mr.  Lucas, 
Attorney-General,  stated  on  Aug.  8  that  the  fiat  would  not  be 
granted  and  that  he,  as  a  member  of  the  Commission  and  the  Gov- 
ernment, was  behind  the  Commission  in  determining  to  construct 
the  plant  in  question — despite  American  protests  or  threatened 
lawsuits,  The  claim  of  the  Development  Company  was  that  the 
Government  had  no  right  to  take  water  from  the  Chippewa  Eiver 
for  the  development  of  public-owned  power  at  Queenston  Heights 
because  of  a  13-year-old  agreement  in  which  the  Government  Com- 
missioners of  Victoria  Park,  Niagara  Falls,  had  bound  themselves 
not  to  use  the  waters  of  the  Niagara  River  as  power  for  other  than 
park  purposes.  The  fiat  was  refused  on  Aug.  10  and  on  Aug.  30 
the  Company  issued  a  writ  against  the  Attorney-General  and  the 
Commission  asking  "a  declaration  that  the  Hydro  Commission  has 
not  the  legal  right,  either  with  or  without  the  consent  or  authority 
of  the  Government,  to  divert  water  from  any  part  of  the  Niagara 
or  Welland  Rivers  for  the  purpose  of  developing  electrical  or 
pneumatic  powers"  and  seeking  other  declarations  and  an  injunc- 
tion. The  Courts  did  not  support  the  contention. 

In  November  difficulties  as  to  Power  delivery  again  arose  and 
the  Ontario  Power  Company  endeavoured  to  avoid  giving  more 
than  32,500  h.p.  by  the  end  of  the  year— the  rest  to  follow  when 
convenient  to  itself;  another  objection  was  from  plants  on  the 
American  side  making  war  products  for  the  Allies  and  the  reply 
was  that  Ontario  munition  plants  would  have  first  consideration. 
The  Dominion  Government  was  again  appealed  to  and  on  Nov.  14 
Mr.  Lucas  stated  that  "if  an  agreement  cannot  be  reached — and  it 
takes  two  parties  to  make  an  agreement — the  only  alternative  is 
for  the  Hydro  Commission  to  expropriate  the  power."  As  to  this 
the  Ontario  Municipal  Electrical,  and  Hydro  Radial,  organizations 
met  in  Toronto  on  Nov.  22  and  unanimously  approved  expropria- 
tion of  the  plant  or  product  of  the  Company  concerned  and  of 


512  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

others  at  the  Falls.  Sir  Adam  Beck  described  the  situation  as  to 
the  Commission :  ' '  They  are  delivering  to  99  municipalities  200,000 
horse-power,  and  if  they  had  all  the  power  they  wanted  could  use 
250,000  h.p.  The  expenditure  in  1915  was  $2,552,832,  and  the 
interest  on  debentures  was  $814,440.  The  net  surplus  for  the  year 
was  $461,896.  The  accumulated  surplus  amounted  to  $2,647,070. 
The  200,000  horse-power  thus  developed  costs  the  consumer  between 
four  and  five  millions  of  dollars.  The  cost  in  coal  would  be  $40,- 
000,000."  A  compromise  was  reached  and  the  power  needed  be- 
came available.  Sir  Adam  stated  on  Nov.  23  that  the  Commission 
had  decided  to  construct  the  12-mile  canal  in  the  Chippewa  Creek 
development  scheme  from  Chippewa  to  Queenston  at  a  cost  of 
$9,000,000. 

About  this  time  the  statement  appeared  in  a  Catalogue  of 
Publications  issued  by  the  Government  that  the  Hydro-Electric 
Commission  was  under  the  Attorney-General's  Department  and 
that  "the  system  is  owned  and  operated  by  the  Province  in  trust 
for  the  participating  municipalities."  The  bearing  on  earlier 
discussions  is  obvious  and,  on  Aug.  14,  Mayor  Church  of  Toronto 
declared  that  the  municipalities  could  not  understand  why  the 
Hydro  should  be  made  a  Department  of  the  Government.  "Sir 
Adam  Beck's  hands  are  tied,  and  he  has  to  get  an  Order-in-Council 
for  about  everything  that  has  to  be  done."  A  Deputation  from 
the  Hydro  Radial  Association  on  Nov.  7  asked  the  Government  for 
legislation  divorcing  the  Commission  from  any  Department  of  the 
Government.  Meanwhile  at  a  meeting  in  Hamilton  on  Sept.  1st 
with  50  Ontario  municipalities  represented,  Sir  Adam  Beck  had 
made  this  statement : 

It  is  imperative  that  the  Chippewa  development  scheme  shall  be  com- 
menced forthwith.  The  Government  has  it  in  its  hands  to  go  ahead  with 
this  work.  Mr.  Hearst  declared  on  the  floor  of  the  Legislature  that  if  the 
municipalities  pass  By-laws  they  can  go  on  with  the  work.  I  therefore 
suggest  that  preparations  be  made  by  the  120  municipalities  interested  to 
submit  By-laws  to  the  people  wherein  these  municipalities  will  make  a  con- 
tract with  the  Commission  so  that  they  will  not  only  supply  power  but 
develop  it.  Let  the  municipalities  take  over  the  responsibility;  the  loss  is 
theirs  anyway  and  so  should  be  the  gain.  The  scheme  must  be  freed  from 
political  influence. 

Resolutions  were  passed  along  this  line  and  in  favour  of  Hydro 
radial  railways.  At  this  time  the  Chippewa  project  was,  by  legis- 
lation, in  the  Government's  hands  rather  than  in  those  of  the  muni- 
cipalities but  later  in  the  year  it  was  announced  that  the  Act 
would  be  amended  if  desired  by  the  municipalities  and,  finally,  it 
was  decided  to  submit  a  By-law  to  the  electors  concerned  on  Jan. 
1st  as  a  question:  "Are  you  in  favour  of  having  the  municipality 
develop  or  acquire  through  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission 
of  Ontario  whatever  works  may  be  required  for  the  supply  of 
Electric  energy  or  power  in  addition  to  such  Electric  power  as  is 
already  obtained  under  the  existing  contract  with  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Power  Commission."  This  proposal  of  the  Commission 
was  endorsed  and  authorized  by  the  Government  though  its  mem- 


THE  HYDRO-ELECTRIC  PROBLEMS  OP  THE  YEAR  513 

bers,  as  such,  took  no  part  in  what  proved  to  be  a  successful  cam- 
paign for  further  municipal  ownership — feeling  that  if  they  did  so 
politics  might  become  mixed  up  with  a  municipal  issue.  On  Dec. 
4th  F.  A.  Gaby,  Engineer  of  the  Hydro-Commission,  explained  to 
the  Toronto  City  Council  that  under  the  new  plan  "the  Govern- 
ment would  be  the  banker  or  trustee  of  the  project,  and  the  muni- 
cipalities not  be  the  definite  owners  of  the  work  until  the  debentures 
matured  30  years  after  the  completion  of  the  construction  period  of 
the  work.  The  Government  would  find  the  initial  funds  through 
the  issue  of  debentures,  or  the  Hydro  Commission  find  them  subject 
to  the  guarantee  of  the  Ontario  Government,  and  the  municipalities 
pay  off  the  indebtedness  in  yearly  apportionments  of  sinking  funds 
and  the  payment  of  the  annual  debt  charges." 

Meantime  the  question  of  Radial  railways — electric  lines  run- 
ning into  the  large  centres  and  bringing  producers  and  consumers 
closer  together — had  become  a  very  lively  one  which  was  only 
checked  in  its  absolute  success  by  the  obvious  cost  and  the  feeling 
of  the  Government  that  so  large  a  project  should  be  delayed  until 
after  the  War.  Sir  Adam  Beck  had  already  in  1915  made  the 
question  his  own  and  he  desired  to  bring  existing  lines  and  many 
new  or  projected  lines  into  one  huge  system  under  direction  and 
control  of  his  Commission.  At  the  beginning  of  1916  27  munici- 
palities had  declared  by  local  votes  that  the  interest  on  $13,734,- 
185  worth  of  bonds,  to  be  issued  by  the  Provincial  Government, 
should  be  guaranteed  to  construct  an  Electric  railway  from  Toronto 
to  London,  passing  through  the  cities  of  Berlin,  Guelph  and  Strat- 
ford. Sir  Adam  Beck  had  actively  promoted  the  plan  and  ap- 
peared to  aim  at  having  about  2,000  miles  of  public-owned  elec- 
tric inter-urban  railway  in  Ontario,  which  would  ultimately  cost  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  $90,000,000.  The  immediate  cost,  however, 
would  be  about  $13,000,000,  as  stated,  and  this  would  be  divided 
up  amongst  the  municipalities  with  Toronto  assessed  for  $4,240,196, 
London  $1,109,303,  etc.  Four  small  communities  out  of  31  had 
voted  against  the  proposal.  In  Toronto  the  vote  was  21,161  in 
favour  of  the  By-law  and  5,766  against  it. 

Speaking  at  a  Toronto  banquet  on  Feb.  15  Sir  Adam  Beck  de- 
clared that  the  success  of  the  Hydro  movement  so  far  was  a  trifle 
compared  to  its  future :  "  By  means  of  Hydro  power  cheap  trans- 
>ortation  will  be  provided  and,  within  ten  years,  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Province  become  a  great  steel  producing  district  and  the 
mtre  of  a  great  mineral  refining  section  by  the  use  of  the  waters 
)f  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  damming  of  Lake  Ontario.  Toronto 
and  Hamilton  will  become  veritable  ocean  ports,  and  sea-going  ves- 
navigate  the  waters  of  the  Great  Lakes."  On  the  16th  a  Con- 
vention at  Toronto  formed  the  Hydro-Electric  Radial  Association, 
with  Sir  Adam  as  Hon.  President,  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas,  Hon.  Vice- 
President  and  J.  W.  Lyon,  Guelph,  as  President;  and  asked  the 
Government  by  Resolution  to  state  its  Radial  policy,  to  refuse  new 
charters  for  electric  railways  in  districts  served  by  the  Commis- 
33 


514  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

sion,  to  restrict  the  further  development  of  private  electric  lines 
and  to  "authorize  the  Power  Commission  to  proceed  with  final 
surveys  and  the  purchase  of  rights-of-ways  for  the  railways  now 
authorized  by  the  municipalities,  and  the  sale  of  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  bonds  for  such  purpose." 

Meanwhile,  existing  electric  roads  were  sometimes  in  the  way 
and,  in  the  Legislature  on  Mar.  8  (with  reference  chiefly  to  the 
Toronto  and  Hamilton  and  St.  Catharines  and  Toronto  lines) 
Messrs.  Marshal  and  Carter  of  the  Opposition  made  a  motion  which 
was  discussed  and  then  withdrawn  to  the  effect  that  local  Electric 
Railways  within  the  Province  should  not  receive  charters  or  ex- 
tensions of  charters  except  through  action  of  the  Provincial  Legis- 
lature and  asking  the  Parliament  of  Canada  not  to  grant  the  re- 
newal of  any  charters  which  would  interfere  with  the  development 
of  a  Hydro-Radial  railway  system  for  the  Province.  A  Govern- 
ment motion  was  then  passed  as  presented  by  Messrs.  Lucas  and 
Macdiarmid  declaring  that:  "This  House  approves  of  the  recent 
action  of  the  Government  in  opposing  before  the  Railway  Committee 
(Ottawa)  the  proposed  extension  of  certain  railway  charters  which 
would  interfere  with  the  projected  Hydro-Electric  railway  lines  in 
the  Niagara  Peninsula ;  and  reaffirms  its  objection  to  the  granting 
or  renewal  of  (such)  charters  by  the  Parliament  of  Canada  and  to 
the  removal  of  such  (Electric)  railways  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
this  Legislature  by  declaring  them  to  be  for  'the  general  advantage 
of  Canada.'  ' 

At  Ottawa  a  strong  fight  followed  in  the  Railway  Committee  as 
to  renewals  of  charter  to  the  lines  mentioned  above  and  consider- 
able hostility  to  the  Hydro  Commission  developed.  Various  Deputa- 
tions presented  arguments  and  the  Canadian  Northern,  which  was 
interested  in  the  St.  Catharines  &  Hamilton  lines,  made  a  vigorous 
effort  for  extension.  D.  B.  Hanna,  President  of  the  St.  Catharines 
line  and  Vice-President  of  the  C.N.R.,  issued  a  statement  (Mar. 
9)  claiming  for  Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie,  with  much  justice,  that  "he 
has  been  the  pioneer  of  the  Electric  railway  movement  in  Ontario 
and  is  entitled  to  all  the  rules  of  fair  play  and  to  a  just  recognition 
of  his  services, ' '  and  pointing  out  that  '  *  there  have  been  built,  and 
are  in  operation,  under  the  auspices  of  companies  of  which  Sir 
William  is  the  head,  over  200  miles  of  electric  railways  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Ontario,  and  another  hundred  miles  of  railway  are  in  pro- 
cess of  construction."  On  Mar.  23  Sir  Adam  Beck  addressed  the 
Committee  at  Ottawa  and  was  replied  to  by  Mr.  Hanna.  Finally, 
the  Bills  passed  the  Committee  by  40  to  19  votes  and  were  even- 
tually approved  by  Parliament  on  the  general  basis  that  reason- 
able competition  would  do  the  Hydro  enterprise  no  harm. 

Following  this  incident  Mr.  Lucas,  in  the  Legislature,  carried 
a  Bill  authorizing  the  Commission  to  enter  into  agreements  for 
the  purchase  of  rights-of-way  for  such  radial  railways  or 
for  the  procuring  of  options  therefor  but,  in  correspondence 
which  ensued  (June  7)  with  the  Hydro-Electric  Radial  Associa- 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION  AND  LEGISLATION  515 

tion,  Mr.  Premier  Hearst  drew  attention  to  this  clause  and  added : 
"The  condition  of  the  labour  and  money  markets  and  the  neces-  • 
sity  of  our  employing  every  ounce  of  energy  we  possess  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  present  war  would  seem  to  me  to  forbid  active 
work  in  railway  construction  at  the  present  time."  In  a  reply 
of  Aug.  11  it  was  pointed  out  that  this  Bill  had  also  disallowed  any 
sale  of  bonds  for  such  purposes  during  the  War  and  had  thus  ' '  com- 
pletely paralyzed,  for  the  time  being,  the  Hydro-Electric  railway 
programme."  On  Aug.  31  the  Hydro-Electric  Railway  Associa- 
tion met  in  Toronto  and  passed  Resolutions  asking  the  Govern- 
ment to  (1)  repeal  the  above  restriction,  (2)  pass  Orders-in-Coun- 
cil  as  requested  by  the  Commission  to  provide  funds  for  the  pur- 
chase of  rights-of-way,  (3)  grant  municipalities  the  right  to  vote 
on  By-laws  guaranteeing  Chippewa  Power  development  and  pur- 
chase. President  J.  W.  Lyon,  who  had  been  very  critical  as  to  the 
Government,  now  expressed  pleasure  at  its  "friendly  attitude"  as 
shown  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  Lucas  stating  that  an  Order-in-Council 
of  June  30  had  authorized  the  Commission  ' '  to  take  the  necessary 
steps  to  secure  a  right-of-way  for  the  transmission  line  between 
Dundas  and  Toronto."  A  vigorous  campaign  by  Sir  Adam  Beck 
ensued  in  December  for  the  paswige  of  the  By-laws  confirming 
agreements  between  the  municipalities  and  the  Commission  for 
the  construction  of  the  Hydro-Electric  railway  lines  which  were 
to  be  voted  upon  early  in  1917.  He  spoke  at  a  number  of  places 
and  at  St.  Catharines  (Dec.  20)  denounced  Railway  lobbying  in 
Canada  and  indicated  his  ultimate  ambition  as  the  Nationaliza- 
tion of  the  four  great  Railways  of  Canada.  As  to  the  Hydro-Elec- 
tric and  Hydro-Radial  projects:  "I  mix  them,  I  shake  them  up 
together.  Only  by  cohesion  and  co-operation  can  the  two  continue 
to  success." 

The  Hearst  Government  in  1916  faced  an  issue 
The  Prohibition  which  had  changed  greatly  in  nature  and  environ- 
Leg\s\ai\on*  ment  since  the  outbreak  of  war.  Under  careful  regula- 
in  Ontario  tion,  Local  Option  and  the  steady  education  of  public 

opinion  during  the  Whitney  Administration -temper- 
ance principles  and  practice  along  voluntary  lines  had  been  mak- 
ing great  headway  in  the  Province ;  but  the  Prohibitionists  wanted 
more  than  that  and  the  economic  developments  of  the  War,  the 
cutting  of  licenses  and  the  arbitrary,  though  necessary  prohibi- 
tive action  in  other  countries,  gave  them  a  basis  for  increased  pres- 
sure upon  Governments  and  public  opinion.  The  Hon.  W.  H. 
Hearst  was  personally  in  favour  of  Prohibition  and  the  Opposition 
Leader  had  long  been  urging  abolition  of  the  Bar  and  other  ele- 
ments of  the  policy ;  a  good  many  Conservatives  and  some  Liberals, 
however,  had  not  changed  their  views  at  the  beginning  of  1916  and, 
provided  there  was  honest,  efficient  regulation  and  control  of  the 
liquor  traffic,  did  not  see  anything  wrong  in  the  taking  or  selling 
of  a  drink  or  any  abuses  sufficient  to  make  such  a  restriction  upon 
personal  liberty  as  Prohibition  necessary.  But  even  in  their  case 


516  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  economic  arguments  in  time  of  war  had  commenced  to  have 
weight  and  the  majority  were  ready  to  consider  the  subject. 

On  Jan.  3rd  Local  Option  by-laws  were  voted  upon  in  39 
places  and  resulted  in  many  majorities  with,  however,  19  of  them 
falling  short  of  the  three-fifths  requirement.  Amongst  the  larger 
centres  in  which  this  clause  caused  defeat  were  Belleville,  Brant- 
ford,  Port  Arthur,  Sarnia  and  Woodstock  with  Fort  William, 
Niagara  Falls  and  Stratford  voting  by  considerable  majorities 
against  the  policy,  and  Ottawa  voting  for  a  license  reduction  of  75 
to  38.  The  result  for  local  Prohibition  was  therefore  successful  in 
8  towns  and  beaten  in  7,  carried  in  4  villages  and  beaten  in  5,  suc- 
cessful in  8  townships  and  beaten  in  7.  The  vote  and  the  majorities 
in  most  cases  were  small ;  it  looked  rather  as  if  the  movement  had 
expended  itself  as  a  sweeping  force. 

Some  great  impetus  was  required  and  this  was  given  by  the 
Committee  of  100  which  had  been  formed  in  Toronto  late  in  1915* 
and  was  composed  of  representative  men  from  all  parts  of  Ontario 
with  G.  A.  Warburton,  Toronto,  Chairman  of  the  Executive  and 
Chief  Organizer,  Newton  Wylie,  General-Secretary,  E.  P.  Clement, 
K.C.,  Kitchener,  Chairman  of  the  whole  organization,  James  Hales, 
Toronto,  Vice-Chairman,  and  S.  Carter,  M.L.A.,  Guelph,  one  of  many 
enthusiastic  workers  in  the  cause.  The  first  step,  and  the  greatest 
influence  in  the  ensuing  movement,  was  to  advertise.  Half -page 
newspaper  posters  were  placed  everywhere  in  the  Province  urging 
action,  appealing  to  conscience,  preaching  Prohibition-patriotism, 
presenting  arguments.  Everywhere  a  man  looked  he  found  these 
advertisements  and  was  asked  by  them  and  by  hundreds  of  agents 
from  the  Committee  throughout  the  Province  to  sign  a  Petition  to 
the  Government  asking  that  a  Bill  be  introduced  in  the  Legislature 
for  *  *  the  Prohibition  of  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  liquors  for  bever- 
age purposes,  up  to  the  limits  of  its  power,  such  Bill  to  become  law 
— when  enacted  by  the  Legislature,  or  in  the  alternative,  upon  sub- 
mission to  the  Electors  and  upon  receiving  the  approval  of  a  major- 
ity of  the  Electors  voting  thereon."  The  arguments  were  many 
and  varied  and  may  be  summarized  here  as  applying  equally  in 
other  Provinces: 

1.  Alcohol   was    alleged    to    be    injurious    to    health   by   increasing    the 
liability  to   some   diseases   and  lessening  vitality   in   resisting   others. 

2.  Alcohol  was  described  as  shortening  the  life  of  moderate  drinkers,  as 
affecting  business   capacity,   good   judgment,   accurate   shooting   and   physical 
condition   generally. 

3.  Ontario   was   said   to   be   spending   $30,000,000   a  year   for   alcoholic 
beverages  and  strong  appeal  was  made   as  to   the   need   of  forging   a   silver 
bullet  for  the  War  by  eliminating  this  financial  drain. 

4.  Unceasing   reference   was   made   to   the   Russian   abolition    of   Vodka, 
the  French  abolition  of  Absinthe  and  British  curtailment  of  the  sale  and  pro- 
duction of  liquor. 

5.  Much  was  made  of  the  sweep  of  Prohibition  over  the  United  States 
with  the  fact  of  its  being  in  operation  in  19  States  of  the  Union  (or  approved 
for   enforcement  by   Nov.   1,   1916)    and   passage   in   25   Cities   or   centres   in 
States  which  had  not  accepted  the  policy  as  a  whole. 

*NOTE. — See  1915  volume  in  the   Ontario  Section. 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION  AND  LEGISLATION  517 

6.  Beer-drinking  was   described   as  involving   the   consumption   of  much 
alcohol,    mixed    with    other    injurious    products,    and    involving    weakness    in 
certain  organs,  with  grossness  of  body  and  brain  as  in  Germany. 

7.  The    necessity    for    War    economy    was    continuously    urged    to    meet 
calls  for  Patriotic  Funds,  Eed  Cross  and  War  loans. 

8.  A  statement  as  to  Personal  rights  (Mr.  Warburton,  Globe,  Feb.  28) 
claimed  that  "the  creation  and  maintenance  of  that  form  of  social  organiza- 
tion known  as  the  State  always  involves  the  surrendering  of  certain  inalien- 
able personal  liberties  for  the  good  of  society  as  a  whole.     The  will  of  the 
individual   is   subordinated   to   the   whole   of   the    State.     Kepresentative   gov- 
ernment is  based  upon  the  right  of  the  majority  to  decide  what  measures  are 
best  for  the  public  weal. 

"Within  a  few  weeks  of  the  beginning  of  1916  the  Committee  had 
200  prominent  or  active  members — its  name  was  nominal — and 
claimed  to  have  35,000  volunteer  helpers,  77  county  or  city  organ- 
izations with  chairmen  and  machinery  for  work,  and  700  municipal 
organizations.  In  an  address  on  Feb.  12  Prof.  S.  A.  Cudmore 
(Economics)  of  Toronto  declared  that  "all  the  bars  should  be 
closed  during  the  War,  purely  from  an  economic  standpoint,  and 
leaving  the  moral  issues  entirely  out  of  the  question.  The  enormous 
sums  spent  through  this  channel  and  for  all  other  luxuries  should 
be  curtailed  while  the  War  lasts. ' '  This  argument  was  used  every- 
where with  great  effect  and  on  the  16th  Mr.  Warburton  stated  that 
262,112  signatures  had  been  affixed  to  the  Petition,  or  77%  of  the 
voting  strength  of  336,892  shown  in  the  1914  Provincial  election — 
with  58,600  other  signatures  received  but  not  added  to  the  general 
total.  In  the  next  few  weeks  the  Petition  was  signed  by  immense 
numbers  and  on  Mar.  8th  was  presented  to  the  Premier  and  Gov- 
ernment following  upon  a  great  procession  through  Toronto  of 
10,000  representatives  from  all  parts  of  the  Province  carrying  the 
825,572  signatures  which  had  been  given  to  the  Parliament  Build- 
ings. The  parade  included  a  multitude  of  banners,  gaily  decorated 
motor-cars,  a  chorus  of  students  and,  unfortunately,  a  riotous  dis- 
turbance with  soldiers  who  resented  so  many  young  men,  who 
were  not  in  khaki,  being  in  the  parade.  To  the  Premier,  E.  P. 
Clement,  K.C.,  presented  the  huge  Petition  and  stated  that  of  the 
signatories  348,166  were  male  British  subjects  over  21  years  of  age 
and  477,396  women  and  young  men  who  were  minors — but  all  resi- 
dents in  the  Province. 

The  Address  signed  by  the  officers  of  the  Committee  proclaimed 
the  non-partisan  character  of  the  movement,  eulogized  the  ''valu- 
able work ' '  of  the  existing  License  Commission,  expressed  delight  at 
the  announcement  in  the  Speech  from  the  Throne  that  a  Prohibi- 
tion measure  would  be  presented  to  the  Legislature  and  at  the 
promised  support  of  the  Opposition  and  declared  that,  if 
the  Government  decided  not  to  wait  for  a  Keferendum  but  "to 
enact  a  temporary  measure  of  Prohibition  until  the  end  of  the 
War,  and  to  provide  for  the  submission  of  the  question  to  the 
people  after  the  War,  such  a  measure  would  be  in  complete  har- 
mony with  the  wishes  of  your  petitioners."  Mr.  Hearst,  in  his 
reply,  stated  that  the  Government  appreciated  this  endorsation  of 


518  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

its  position  and  added:  "During  the  past  12  months,  ever  since  I 
have  been  Premier  of  this  Province,  and  before  that,  the  Govern- 
ment has  been  making  a  very  careful  study  of  all  matters  relating 
to  this  subject."  He  pointed  out  that  signing  a  petition  was  not 
the  full  duty  of  citizens  in  this  respect;  they  must  support  the 
Government  in  the  proposed  policy,  its  passage  and  enforcement. 
Meantime  those  who  opposed  the  policy  had  not  been  idle.  As 
a  rule  they  did  not  appear  publicly  but  in  conversation  and  argu- 
ment there  was  much  dissatisfaction  expressed  with  any  proposal 
for  absolute  Prohibition.  Restriction  or  limitation,  more  stringent 
regulation,  discrimination  between  whiskey  and  "the  poor  man's 
beer,"  were  urged  strongly  and  a  body  was  formed  at  Toronto 
called  the  Personal  Liberty  League  which  in  these  months  rivalled 
the  Committee  of  100  in  the  varied  nature  and  abundance  of  its 
advertisements,  and  included  this  statement  in  its  platform:  "We 
believe  in  the  subordination  of  the  interests  of  individual  citizens 
to  the  interests  of  the  community  as  a  whole,  but  not  in  the  curtail- 
ment of  the  personal  rights  and  liberties  of  one  class  or  party  of 
citizens  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  another  class  or  party  who  may 
desire  to  waive  such  personal  rights  and  liberties  for  themselves." 
The  most  conspicuous  opponent  of  Prohibition,  as  such,  was  Dr. 
Fallon,  the  Catholic  Bishop  of  London,  who,  however,  was  balanced 
as  to  this  attitude  by  Bishop  0  'Brien  of  Peterborough.  In  a  state- 
ment issued  on  Jan.  25  as  "a  constant  worker  in  the  cause  of  Tem- 
perance and  total  abstinence ' '  he  said :  "  I  am  opposed  to  the  prin- 
ciple of  Prohibition.  ...  I  regard  the  present  agitation  in 
Ontario  as  a  dangerous  invitation  to  the  State  to  meddlesomely  in- 
terfere with  the  rights  of  the  citizen  and  an  equally  dangerous 
attempt  to  regulate  all  human  conduct  by  Statute.  It  is  a  return 
to  the  pagan  idea  of  the  omnipotence  of  the  State,  whereas  the 
Christian  ideal  is  the  responsibility  of  the  individual.  .  .  .  We 
are  threatened  with  a  multiplication  of  the  functions  of  the  State 
that  will  grievously  narrow  the  circle  of  individual  rights.  The 
German  Empire  of  to-day  is,  among  civilized  nations,  the  supreme 
example  of  State  omnipotence." 

Addressing  the  Empire  Club,  Toronto,  (Feb.  24)  Bishop  Fal- 
lon was  equally  explicit:  "I  am  opposed  to  all  Prohibition  move- 
ments because  I  claim  the  right  to  live  my  own  life  so  long  as  I  do 
not  invade  the  rights  of  others.  It  is  my  right  to  say  how  far  the 
State  shall  go  in  limiting  my  private  actions.  I  see  a  very  grave 
danger  that  at  some  day  we  shall  have  to  subscribe  to  the  same 
action  that  was  taken  at  Runnymede  when  our  liberties  were  first 
established.  It  is  a  battle  for  liberty  against  State  omnipotence. 
.  .  .  I  am  afraid  of  the  orgy  of  collectivism,  whereby  the  State 
regulates  the  private  conduct  of  the  people."  F.  W.  Mossop,  a 
respected  Hotelman  in  Toronto,  put  another  view  in  a  press  letter 
of  Feb.  2nd :  ' '  Would  it  be  British  fair  play  to  vote  away  from  me 
without  compensation  all  that  I  possess,  financially,  in  the  world 
after  the  various  License  Boards  have  encouraged  me  from  time  to 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION  AND  LEGISLATION  519 

time  to  spend  money  in  improving  my  property  and  the  Govern- 
ment taken  thousands  of  dollars  in  license  fees?"  The  Toronto 
Trades  &  Labour  Council  voted  by  78  to  25  on  Feb.  17  against 
Prohibition  on  the  ground  that  it  would  throw  thousands  of  trades 
unionists  out  of  employment,  would  be  a  violation  of  personal 
liberty,  "breed  dives  and  joints  and  create  contempt  of  law." 

On  Mar.  14  a  Delegation  representing  the  brewers,  distillers, 
hotels  and  licensed  shops,  and  headed  by  Jas.  Haverson,  K.C., 
waited  upon  the  Government  and  asked  that  hotels  be  allowed  to 
sell  beer  and  wine  and  shops  continue  to  sell  as  at  present  until 
after  the  War,  and  that  a  Plebiscite  be  taken  six  months  after  the 
War  with  provision  for  the  soldiers '  vote ;  that  if  a  vote  were  taken 
now  it  should  not  include  existing  Local  Option  districts  and 
should  require  40%  of  the  voters  in  the  List;  that  if  Prohibition 
carried  or  was  approved  by  the  Legislature  provision  should  be 
made  for  compensation  to  hotel  owners.  It  was  claimed  that  the 
passing  of  Prohibition  in  Ontario  would  necessitate  the  prompt 
settlement  by  licensees  of  some  $10,000,000  in  obligations  to  banks, 
loan  companies,  etc.;  that  annual  wages  and  board  to  employees 
of  hotels  in  the  Province  amounted  to  $5,647,062,  the  total  value  of 
real  estate  and  buildings  to  $43,333,256,  and  of  furniture,  etc.,  to 
$7,311,448.  Following  this  a  Labour  deputation  on  Mar.  22  and  a 
Commercial  Travellers'  delegation  on  the  29th  protested  to  the 
Government — the  latter  upon  the  question  of  Hotel  accommoda- 
tion in  the  Province.  E.  J.  Freyseng  of  Toronto  stated  (Mar.  23) 
that  the  actual  loss  to  industries,  hotels,  real  estate  holdings,  etc., 
by  Prohibition  in  Ontario  would  be  $161,754,000.  Of  the  argu- 
ments advanced  by  the  Personal  Liberty  League  the  following  is  a 
summary : 

1.  The  British   Government   considered   it   physically   necessary  to   serve 
out  to  its  soldiers  2%  ounces  of  rum  twice  a  week  and  the  same  amount  daily 
in  bad  trench  weather. 

2.  Vodka  and  absinthe  were  exceptional  and  dangerous  spirits  not  com- 
parable  to   whiskey,   wine   or   beer;    in   Eussia   there   had  been   an   enormous 
increase  of   illicit   stills   and   in   France   there   was   no   prohibition   except   of 
absinthe. 

3.  It  was  unfair  to  force  Prohibition  upon  the  Province  when   100,000 
of  its  voters  were  at  the  Front  fighting  for  the  liberty  of  the  individual  in 
)ther  countries. 

4.  Unity   was   essential   to   win    the    War;    the    Empire    wanted   it,    the 
juntry  needed  it;   the  Committee  of  100  were  promoting  factional  warfare. 

5.  There    were    thousands    of    people    in    Ontario    who    used    beer,    wine 
or    spirits    in    moderation;    thousands    who    were    quite    indifferent    to    these 
beverages   personally  but  who   did   not   think   it  wise,   expedient   or   right  in 
principle  to  interfere  by  law  with  the  privilege  of  other  people  to  use  them; 
there  were  other  thousands  who  believed  that  some  reform  might  be  necessary, 
but  did  not  believe  that  this  would  be  accomplished  by  stopping  the  licensed 
sale  of  liquor. 

6.  Health    injuries    due    to    alcoholic    liquors    were    stated    to    be    either 
misrepresented   or   misunderstood;    in   1914   out   of   32,440   deaths   in   Ontario 
only  89  were   officially  atrributed  to   acute  or   chronic  alcoholism. 

7.  Despite  the  large  increase  of  Local  Option  districts  in  Ontario  there 
was  said  to   be   a  steady  increase   in   total   committments   for   drunkenness — 
5,291  in  1910  and  8,848  in  1914. 


520  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

8.  It    was    claimed    that    in    criminal    prosecutions,    increase    of    crime, 
average   death   rate,   number   of   registered   suicides,   and   State   indebtedness, 
many   of  the  Prohibition   States   of  the   Union   showed  large  increases;    that 
despite  this  the  output  of  American  whiskey  had  doubled  between  1897  and 
1913;   that  in  Maine  which  for  60  years  had  maintained  Prohibition,  drunk- 
enness, divorces  and  the  death-rate  from  alcoholism  had  all  greatly  increased 
and  were  still  growing;  that  average  savings  in  Prohibition  States  were  one- 
half   those    of   License    States. 

9.  It  was  vigorously  urged  that  Prohibition  had  not  prohibited  either 
in  the  United  States  or   under   Canadian   experiments   of   the  past;    that   no 
great  nations  of  history  had  accepted  this  policy  unless  it  were   the  Turks. 

10.  It   was   pointed   out   that    16    States   of   the   American   Union   had 
repealed    Prohibition    after    a    trial — including    Iowa,    Illinois,    Ohio,    Massa- 
chusetts,  New   York   and   Connecticut — and  it  was   claimed   to   be   a   failure 
in  New  Zealand  with  increased  liquor   drinking. 

11.  Beer  was  claimed  to  be  a  safe  and  good  drink.     "It  is  pure; 'for 
the  materials  of  its  manufacture  and  the  conditions  under  which  it  is  manu- 
factured give  it  beyond  doubt  a  purity  which  no  other  beverage  can  claim.    It 
contains  nourishment;   it  facilitates  the  digestion  of  other  nutriment:   it  has 
tonic  properties.     The  alcohol  in  modern  beer  is  present  in  only  just  suffi- 
cient quantity  to  entitle  it  to  rank  as  an  alcoholic  beverage  at  all." 

As  to  financial  conditions  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  Province 
would  lose  (1914  Statistics)  $1,238,790  in  revenue  and  the  Domin- 
ion (1915)  $4,616,699,  and  that  if  the  policy  was  extended  to 
imports  into  the  Province  the  Dominion  would  lose  Customs 
revenues  of  $8,673,000;  that  there  were  $30,000,000  invested  in 
Ontario  distilleries  and  $50,000,000  in  breweries  and  that  Prohibi- 
tion would  involve  a  probable  loss  to  the  owners  of  $8,000,000 
yearly.  The  first  intention  of  the  Government  was  to  submit  its 
proposal  of  Prohibition  to  a  Referendum  and  this,  indeed,  was  the 
initial  policy  of  the  Committee  of  100.  The  announcement  at  the 
opening  of  the  House  (Feb.  29)  mentioned  merely  submission  to 
the  electors  without  stating  any  time  or  occasion  and  Mr.  Rowell, 
for  the  Opposition,  hastened  (Mar.  2)  to  pledge  support  of  any 
reasonable  measure  to  eliminate  the  Bar  and  public  drinking. 

Mr.  Premier  Hearst  responded  with  an  earnest  plea  for  united 
action;  described  the  License  Board  appointed  in  1915  as  having 
"paved  the  way  and  made  possible  advanced  Temperance  legisla- 
tion, which  would  not  have  been  possible  had  they  not  been  creat- 
ed"; declared  that  li  there  has  never  been  any  great  dispute, 
either  in  the  House  or  out  of  it,  as  to  the  evils  arising  from  the 
excessive  use  of  alcohol"  and  that  "the  only  difference  of  opinion 
has  been  as  to  the  best  methods  to  be  adopted  for  the  purpose  of 
limiting  the  evils  as  far  as  possible."  As  to  the  rest  "the  Govern- 
ment has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  time  has  arrived  when 
Temperance  legislation  may  be  introduced  without  bringing 
greater  evils  than  those  we  attempt  to  destroy.  But  the  matter 
must  be  taken  out  of  the  party  political  arena."  On  Mar.  22 
the  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanna  introduced  the  Ontario  Temperance  Act 
and  outlined  briefly  its  more  important  provisions.  He  stated  that 
the  Government  had  finally  decided  not  to  have  a  Referendum 
until  after  the  War  when  the  soldiers  had  returned  and  settled 
down;  that  the  Bill  in  the  main  followed  the  Manitoba  Act  and 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION  AND  LEGISLATION  521 

that  in  it  the  Government  was  keeping  pace  with  public  opinion 
and  meeting  war-time  conditions.  The  Act  prohibited  the  sale  of 
intoxicating  liquors  within  the  Province  for  beverage  purposes  and 
was  to  go  into  force  about  Sept.  1 ;  it  did  not  stop  the  manufacture 
or  prevent  the  importation  of  liquor,  or  supersede  the  Scott  Act,  as 
these  matters  were  of  Dominion  jurisdiction.  The  Act  provided: 

1.  For   the   abolition   of   all   licensed  bar-rooms,   clubs   and  liquor-shops, 
and  thus   did  away  with  the   treating   system. 

2.  For  the  sale  of  liquor  for  medicinal,  mechanical,  scientific  and  sacra- 
mental purposes  through  licensed  drug  stores. 

3.  For   Hospitals   to   keep   liquor   for   use    of   patients,   and   allowed   a 
sick  person  to  keep  liquor  in  his  room. 

4.  For  such  persons  as  were  properly  registered  in  their  particular  pro- 
fessions, as  druggist,  physician,  etc.,  to  obtain  alcohol  for  strictly  medicinal, 
mechanical  or  scientific  purposes. 

5.  For   a  householder   to  keep   liquor  in  his   own  home   for  his  private 
use  provided  it   was   not  purchased  within   the   Province   but  prohibited   the 
keeping  of  any  liquor  in  hotels,  clubs,   offices,  places  of  business,  boarding- 
houses,   etc. 

6.  Against  abuse  of  the  privilege  thus  given  to  householders — a  private 
dwelling-house  ceasing  to  be  such  within  the  meaning  of  this  Act  if  offences 
were   permitted. 

7.  Prohibition  in  selling  or  giving  liquor  to  minors  and  the  imposition 
of  heavy  fines  or  imprisonment  for  infraction  of  the  Act. 

8.  For   the  keeping  in   office   of  the  Provincial  Board  of  license   Com- 
missioners with  jurisdiction  throughout  the  Province   and  power  to   "  grant, 
refuse,    and    cancel   vendors'    licenses,    to    examine    the    documents    on   which 
sales  have  been  made,  to  regulate  the  sale  of  native  wine  and  the  conditions 
under  which  export  warehouses  may  operate,  to  provide  for  the  licensing  and 
controlling  of  hotels,  and  in  other  respects  to  make  and  enforce  regulations 
under  which  the  law  is  to  be  carried  out." 

On  Mar.  27  M.  H.  Irish,  of  Toronto,  and  A.  H.  Musgrove 
(Niagara  Falls)  moved  the  following  Eesolution:  "That  in  the 
opinion  of  this  House,  any  legislation  for  the  curtailment  or  pro- 
hibition of  the  sale  of  liquors  by  any  one  of  the  present  classes  of 
licensees,  should  contain  provision  for  the  appointment  of  a  Com- 
mission with  full  power  to  inquire  into  and  report  as  to  the  measure 
of  financial  loss  sustained  by  licensees  by  reason  of  such  curtail- 
ment or  prohibition,  and  as  to  what  compensation,  if  any,  should 
be  payable  in  respect  of  such  loss,  and  to  make  such  recommenda- 
tions as  to  provision  for  such  compensation  as  the  Commission, 
after  full  inquiry,  may  deem  just  and  expedient."  This  pre- 
sentation of  Compensation  by  Mr.  Irish  was  the  first  authoritative 
advocacy  of  the  idea.  During  all  the  agitation  and  restrictive 
legislation  of  recent  years  this  requirement  or  condition  had  been 
practically  eliminated  from  the  discussion;  it  now  received  little 
support  and  eventually  the  mover  withdrew  his  Eesolution.  He 
argued  that  compensation  was  just  and  made  for  the  permanency 
of  Prohibition ;  that  it  would  help  to  do  away  with  agitation  on  the 
part  of  those  financially  injured ;  that  $50,000,000  were  invested  in 
Ontario  in  the  production  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor  with  the 
full  sanction  of  the  community  and  the  Government.  Mr.  Hearst 
declared  the  difficulties  in  the  way  were  insurmountable  though  he 
did  not  oppose  the  general  principle :  "  If  you  compensate,  now,  the 


522  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

men  who  will  be  deprived  of  their  licenses  and  those  connected  with 
the  trade,  what  are  you  going  to  do  with  the  men  who  have  been 
deprived  in  the  years  gone  by  of  similar  privileges?  Men  who 
have  gone  into  this  business  in  recent  years  have  made  profits 
sufficiently  large  to  take  care  of  the  risk  involved."  Mr.  Eowell 
supported  this  view. 

The  2nd  reading  of  the  Bill  was  moved  by  Mr.  Hanna  on  Apr. 
4th  and  carried  without  division  or  party  amendment.  Sugges- 
tions were  invited  and  a  narrative  given  of  the  Provincial  legisla- 
tion which  the  Minister  said  had  gradually  led  up  to  this  enact- 
ment. The  Premier's  speech  was  eloquent,  earnest  and  forcible — 
probably  the  best  he  had  ever  delivered  in  the  House.  He  first 
dealt  with  alleged  deleterious  influences  of  liquor-drinking  and 
quoted  Dr.  MeCullough,  Dr.  McPhedran  and  Dr.  Gilmour  along 
'medico-scientific  lines;  declared  that  while  the  Bill  would  not 
remove  all  the  evil  of  intemperance  "it  would  largely  reduce 
temptation  to  the  youth  and  rising  generation,  produce  a  more 
sober  citizenship  in  the  future,  and  be  a  blessing  to  thousands  who 
were  battling  manfully  against  their  appetites  for  strong  drink; 
tens  of  thousands  more  who  drank  in  moderation  would  rejoice 
that  temptation  no  longer  remained  to  waste  time,  money,  energy 
and  efficiency  in  drinking  liquor  at  hotels  or  clubs."  It  was,  how- 
ever, essentially  a  War  measure.  "The  Bill  would  not  now  be 
before  this  House,  at  all  events  in  its  present  state,  but  for  the 
War.  The  War  has  not  only  changed,  for  the  time  being,  the 
sentiments  of  the  people  on  this  question,  but  it  has  created  obliga- 
tions and  emphasized  the  duty  of  economy  and  efficiency ;  as  a  War 
measure  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  economy,  thrift  and  efficiency, 
it  is  justified — yes,  demanded — and  made  possible  by  public  opin- 
ion." A  long  argument  followed  based  upon  War  conditions  and 
Mr.  Hearst  stated  that  the  law  would  come  into  force  on  Sept.  16 
and  the  final  Referendum  probably  take  place  on  the  1st  Monday 
in  June,  1919.  He  accepted  the  estimate  of  30  to  40  millions  as 
the  cost  of  liquor  to  the  Ontario  consumer  and  emphasized  the 
inefficiency  of  labour  caused  by  drinking.  As  to  personal  liberty 
he  instanced  sanitary  laws,  vaccination  and  the  quarantine  as 
legal  and  proper  infractions ;  why  not  alcohol  prohibition  ? 

N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Opposition  leader,  also  described  it  as  a  War 
measure :  "  In  view  of  the  fact  that  it  is  a  War  measure,  that  that 
is  the  justification  for  its  immediate  introduction,  we  should  seek 
to  put  it  into  force  at  the  earliest  moment  ...  At  a  time 
when  we  desire  to  conserve  our  resources  and  put  them  to  the  best 
use  it  is  fitting  and  proper  that  we  should  curtail  to  the  utmost  of 
our  power  the  business  and  traffic  which  produces  such  economic 
waste. "  As  to  the  future :  "If  we  have  good  enforcement  of  this 
law  the  Bar  once  abolished  in  this  Province  will  never  be  restored. 
If  we  do  not  have  good  enforcement  the  people  may  become  dis- 
satisfied with  the  conditions  as  they  did  in  the  case  of  the  Scott 
Act,  and  there  may  be  a  vote  for  repeal."  Other  speakers  were  W. 


THE  PROHIBITION  QUESTION  AND  LEGISLATION  523 

Proudfoot,  K.C.,  J.  C.  Elliott,  W.  MacDonald,  Sam  Carter  (Liberals) 
and  I.  F.  Milliard,  A.  E.  Donovan,  A.  H.  Musgrove  (Conservatives), 
who  all  approved  the  Bill.  Slight  changes  took  place  in  Commit- 
tee: (1)  provision  was  made  for  licensing,  regulating  and  giving  of 
municipal  assistance  to  Standard  Hotels  with  a  view  to  protecting 
the  travelling  public;  (2)  the  plan  of  special  licenses  to  druggists 
was  dropped;  (3)  provision  was  made  for  cancellation  of  leases  by 
liquor-sellers  in  certain  cases;  (4)  should  the  Act  be  eventually 
rejected  by  the  Electors  the  existing  Local  Option  laws  would  be 
automatically  revived. 

Following  the  coming  into  force  of  the  Act  there  was  for  a  time 
less  drunkenness  before  the  Police  Courts  and  much  was  made  of 
this  by  the  press;  then  it  became  apparent  that  large  stocks  of 
liquor  had  been  purchased  prior  to  Sept.  16  and  stored  in  private 
homes ;  liquor  firms  opened  branches  in  Montreal,  advertised  widely, 
sold  freely  and  shipped  legally  large  supplies  to  Ontario  custom- 
ers— -most  of  which  had  been  previously  sold  from  Ontario  dis- 
tillers or  brewers.  The  Government,  despite  political  charges  and 
bye-election  talk,  enforced  the  Act  vigorously.  The  Hon.  Mr. 
Ferguson  stated  on  Oct.  27  that  "the  Act  will  stay  on  the  statute 
books  without  variation  until  the  end  of  the  War";  Mr.  Hearst 
told  a  Delegation  on  Nov.  9  that  "there  is  no  thought  of  receding, 
but  only  to  strengthen  and  enforce  the  Act  by  all  the  means  in  our 
power" — until  the  close  of  the  War.  A  Labour  deputation  was 
told  by  the  Premier  on  Dec.  4  that  there  was  no  chance  of  a  wine 
and  beer  amendment.  It  was  urged  by  T.  A.  Stevenson  that  the 
Act  had  created  a  condition  of  drinking  in  the  homes  that  no  one 
ever  dreamed  of  by  replacing  "mild  beer  with  hard  spirits";  that 
distilleries  were  working  night  and  day  and  the  breweries  going 
out  of  business  and  that  more  whiskey  was  being  sold  in  Ontario 
than  before  Prohibition.  In  the  latter  months  of  the  year  it  became 
clear  that  further  agitation  would  be  carried  on  by  the  Temperance 
forces.  The  Committee  of  100  on  Oct.  17  decided  to  continue 
operations,  to  maintain  a  solid  sentiment  behind  the  new  Act,  to 
try  and  secure  a  Dominion-wide  Prohibition.  James  Hales  was 
elected  Chairman  and  E.  P.  Clement,  K.C.,  Kitchener,  became  Hon. 
Chairman.  Outside  of  the  Legislature  the  Liberal  attitude  toward 
the  Government  was  at  first  interrogative  and  hostile  or  as  the  Tor- 
onto Globe  put  it  on  Jan.  5 :  "The  open  bar  is  a  lost  cause  in  Ontario. 
If  Mr.  Hearst  fails  to  join  the  ranks  of  its  enemies  he  will  fall 
with  it"  and  then,  on  Feb.  29,  came  approval  when  The  Globe 
pledged  its  support  to  the  Hearst  Government  "in  prohibiting  the 
liquor  business  to  the  full  limit  of  Provincial  power."  A  joint 
tribute  followed  which  eliminated,  in  part,  Government  credit  for 
a  Government  measure  but  was  strong  in  its  personal  application 
(Sept.  16)  :  "Whatever  the  future  may  bring  to  them  of  success  or 
failure,  Mr.  Hearst  and  Mr.  Rowell,  in  their  advocacy  of  the  reform 
brought  to  pass  largely  by  their  courage  and  firmness,  have  proved 
themselves  worthy  of  the  best  traditions  of  Canadian  statesman- 
ship." Mr.  Rowell  naturally  claimed  parentage  of  the  policy,  as 


524  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  East  York  on  Apr.  8,  and  received  that  credit  from  the  Liberal 
press:  "I  venture  to  think  there  is  no  finer  chapter  in  the  history 
of  the  Liberal  party  in  this  Province  than  the  fine  courage  and  the 
heroic  efforts  of  the  past  four  years  in  the  interests  of  Temperance 
reform,  and  there  are  no  men  more  gratified  than  the  Liberals  of 
the  Province  of  Ontario  that  this  great  achievement  is  to-day  the 
work  of  a  united  Legislature. ' ' 

The  Bi-iinguai  'This  question  came  to  a  head  in  1916,  was  dis- 
issue;  Pope's  cussed  in  the  Parliament  of  Canada  and  the  Legisla- 
andiprivy'  tures  of  Ontario  and  Quebec,  came  before  His  Holi- 

counciiJudg-  ness  the  Pope  for  religious  consideration  and  was 
ment  dealt  with  by  the  highest  Tribunal  of  the  Empire 

along  legal  and  constitutional  lines.  Primarily  it  owed  its  origin 
and  position  to  a  few  schools  in  Ottawa,  to  a  strong  and  able  agita- 
tion carried  on  by  a  few  local  men,  to  the  support  won  for  it  from 
the  Nationalists  of  Quebec  and  politicians  in  that  Province,  to  the 
inevitable  and  natural  sympathy  of  French-Canadian  priests  in 
any  matter  supposed  to  affect  the  language  or  schools  of  their 
people.*  Circular  17  of  the  Ontario  Department  of  Education  had 
been  issued  in  1912  and  was  based  upon  an  exhaustive  Report  by 
Dr.  F.  W.  Merchant,  as  to  the  French-English  schools  of  On- 
tario, which  showed  that  English  was  being  neglected,  or  not  ade- 
.quately  taught,  in  many  of  these  schools.  It  was  re-issued  in  1913 
with  changes  which  placed  larger  discretionary  powers,  for  the 
teaching  of  French  or  second-language  privileges,  in  the  hands  of 
the  Chief  Inspector.  The  terms  of  Regulation  17  were  as  follows : 

(1)  Where    necessary    in    the    case    of    French-speaking    pupils,    French 
may  be   used   as   the  language   of   instruction   and   communication;    but   such 
use   of   French   shall   not   be    continued   beyond   Form    1,   excepting    that,   on 
the  approval  of  the  Chief  Inspector,  it  may  also  be  used  as  the  language  of 
instruction   and   communication   in   the   case   of   pupils   beyond   Form   1,   who 
are  unable  to  speak  and  understand  the  English  language. 

(2)  In   the   case   of   French-speaking   pupils   who    are   unable    to    speak 
and  understand  the  English  language  well  enough  for  the  purposes  of  instruc- 
tion and  communication,  the  following  provision  is  hereby  made: 

(a)  As   soon   as   the  pupil   enters   the   school   he   shall  begin   the   study 
and  the  use  of  the  English  language. 

(b)  As  soon  as  the  pupil  has  acquired  sufficient  facility  in  the  use  of 
the  English  language  he  shall  take  up  in  that  language  the  course  of  study 
as   prescribed  for   the   public   and   separate   schools. 

(4)  In  schools  where  French  has  hitherto  been  a  subject  of  study, 
the  Public  or  Separate  School  Boards,  as  the  case  may  be,  may  provide, 
under  the  following  conditions,  for  instruction  in  French,  reading,  grammar 
and  composition  in  Forms  I  and  IV,  in  addition  to  the  subjects  prescribed 
for  the  public  and  separate  schools. 

(a)  Such   instruction   in    French   may   be    taken    only   by   pupils   whose 
parents    or    guardians    direct    that    they    shall    do    so,    and    may     ...     be 
given  in  the  French  language. 

(b)  Such  instruction  in  French   shall   not  interfere  with   the   adequacy 
of    the    instruction    in    English,    and    the    provision    for    such    instruction    in 
French  in  the  time-table  of  the  school  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  and 
direction  of  the  Chief  Inspector,  and  shall  not  in  any  day  exceed  one  hour 
in   each   class-room,   except   where   the   time   is   increased   upon   the   order   of 
the    Chief    Inspector. 

*NoTE.-r-See  1914  and  1915  volumes  for  analysis  and  record  of  the  issue. 


Bl-LINGUAL  ISSUE:  PAPAL  ACTION  AND   THE  PRIVY   COUNCIL      525 

From  the  first  the  opposition  to  this  Regulation  centred  in 
Ottawa  where,  also,  conflicts  of  opinion  and  control  had  been  going 
on  between  the  Irish  Catholics  and  French-Canadian  element  in 
(1)  the  Separate  School  Board  and  (2)  the  University  of  Ottawa. 
In  the  former  case  separate  Committees  had  for  some  years  acted 
unofficially  but  the  system  finally  broke  down  and,  in  the  main,  the 
succeeding  agitation  against  the  Provincial  Government  and  legis- 
lation was  not  shared  in  by  the  Irish- Catholic  minority  of  Ottawa, 
As  to  the  latter  D  'Arcy  Scott  of  the  Railway  Commission — an  Irish 
Catholic — wrote  to  the  local  press  on  Mar.  20,  1916,  stating  that 
the  University  of  Ottawa  was  now  without  an  English  priest  who 
devoted  his  entire  time  to  its  interests  and  that  the  University — 
an  Oblate  institution — had  in  recent  years  come  under  the  control 
of  the  Oblate 's  Council  at  Montreal,  which  was  French  Canadian 
in  composition.  However,  that  may  have  been,  the  Calendar  of  the 
University  still  showed  in  1916  seven  English-speaking  names  upon 
its  large  staff.  These  allegations,  however,  with  the  dispute  over 
Father  Fallon  and  his  removal  in  1901  from  Ottawa  to  Buffalo, 
were  only  incidents  in  a  controversy  which,  in  1915,  had  taken  the 
form  of  refusal  by  the  majority  in  the  Ottawa  Separate  School 
Board  to  recognize  Regulation  17,  to  obey  orders  as  to  recal- 
citrant teachers,  to  comply  with  the  Department's  instructions  or 
to  accept  the  authority  of  a  Commission  appointed  under  special 
legislation — Denis  Murphy,  A.  A.  Charbonneau  and  D  'Arcy  McGee 
— for  administering  the  affairs  of  the  superseded  Separate  School 
Board. 

At  the  opening  of  1916  the  storm-centre  was  the  Guigues  School 
where  two  female  teachers  named  Desloges,  despite  dismissal  by 
the  Department  and  a  permanent  injunction  from  the  Provincial 
Supreme  Court,  held  the  fort  surrounded  by  guards  of  excited 
women  and  groups  of  men  ready  for  action.  On  Jan.  7  something 
like  a  riot  took  place  and  the  women  overpowered  the  Police,  or 
at  any  rate  compelled  them  to  leave,  while  the  Provincial  Commis- 
sioners had  a  hostile  reception  and  Mr.  Charbonneau  on  the  fol- 
lowing day  offered  his  resignation  on  the  ground  that  there  was 
nothing  more  to  do.  He  added  that,  when  accepting  the  post,  he 
had  placed  himself  in  communication  with  the  highest  religious 
authorities  but  that  despite  their  endorsation  he  was  "unable  to 
overcome  the  hostility  of  the  local  clergy,  whose  efforts,  combined 
with  those  of  the  French-Canadian  Educational  Association,  had 
the  effect  of  nullifying  all  his  efforts  toward  a  settlement."  He 
charged  the  Rev.  Fathers  Campeau  and  Myrand  with  encouraging 
the  agitation.  S.  M.  Genest,  Chairman  of  the  Separate  School 
Board,  the  local  leader  in  the  movement,  issued  a  statement  that 
the  Commission  would  be  held  responsible  for  any  serious  result 
which  followed  this  situation;  within  the  next  day  or  two  Arch- 
bishop Bruchesi  of  Montreal  was  in  Ottawa  and,  a  little  later, 
delivered  a  strong  appeal  in  his  own  city  for  the  enlistment  of 
young  men  with  the  comment  of  L'Escholier,  the  students'  paper 


526  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

of  Laval  University,  (Jan.  18)  that  "the  frontier  for  us  French- 
Canadians  and  Catholics  is  not  in  Flanders,  but  at  Misses  Desloges' 
school  in  Ottawa — that  is,  perhaps,  the  only  place  in  the  world 
where  French  civilization  is  menaced." 

On  Jan.  22nd  the  Patriotic  Fund  officials  in  Ottawa  received  a 
letter  from  seven  priests  of  the  city — Rev.  Fathers  Campeau, 
Myrand,  Conrad,  Henault,  Theriault,  Chabot  and  Barrette  which 
stated  that  while  the  Fund  was  an  excellent  thing  "the  French- 
Canadians  of  the  capital,  compelled  as  they  are  to  bleed  themselves 
to  resist  the  Government  in  the  matter  of  schools,  have  very  little 
savings  left  to  contribute. ' '  On,  Feb.  3rd,  17  Bi-lingual  schools 
were  closed  with  122  French  teachers  on  strike  because,  owing  to 
their  refusal  to  accept  the  Government  regulations  they  had  re- 
ceived no  salaries  for  many  months — the  moneys  ($83,000)  due  to 
them  from  Separate  School  taxes  being  held  in  trust  by  the  City  of 
Ottawa  as  between  the  Commission  and  the  Board.  There  were 
4,000  pupils  affected.  On  Feb.  10  the  Court  of  Appeal  at  Toronto 
ordered  that  the  moneys  concerned  be  paid  into  Court  pending 
decisions  on  other  points.  On  Feb.  15-16  the  3rd  Congress  of  the 
French-Canadian  Educational  Association  met  at  Ottawa  with  427 
Delegates  present  and  many  guests,  amongst  whom  the  outstanding 
figures  were  three  Bishops,  including  Dr.  Latulippe,  Senator  N.  A. 
Belcourt,  K.C.,  Henri  Bourassa,  Armand  Lavergne  and  Senator  A. 
C.  P.  Landry.  The  Delegates  came  largely  from  the  French-Can- 
adian centres  of  the  Province — Windsor,  the  Sault,  Rainy  River, 
Cochrane,  Haileybury,  Ottawa,  Pembroke,  Vankleek  Hill,  etc.,  and 
Mr.  Landry  presided.  A  Resolution  was  passed  appealing  to  the 
Governor-General-in-Council  for  disallowance  of  the  Ontario  legis- 
lation creating  the  Ottawa  Commission  and  this,  incidentally,  de- 
clared that  ' '  Canada  is,  has  been,  and  always  Avill  be,  a  Bi-lingual 
country."  Senator  Landry  was  re-elected  President.  The  appeal 
was  presented  to  the  Government  on  Feb.  23. 

Meanwhile,  the  subject  was  before*  the  Courts,  the  first  round 
had  been  won  for  the  Provincial  Government,  Regulation  17  had 
been  maintained  as  valid  (Nov.  18,  1915)  by  the  Ontario  Courts 
and  was  now  before  the  Privy  Council  on  appeal;  the  moneys  in- 
volved were  in  the  hands  of  the  Court  and  the  Separate  School 
Board  at  Ottawa  was  without  funds  to  maintain  the  schools.  On 
Apr.  3rd  the  1st  Divisional  Court  at  Toronto  decided  that  the 
Legislature  was  within  its  powers  in  creating  the  Government  Com- 
mission to  take  over  the  Separate  School  system  in  Ottawa.  Chief 
Justice  Sir  W.  R.  Meredith,  in  his  judgment,  said:  "The  right  or 
privilege  which  the  Act  of  1863  conferred  upon  Roman  Catholics, 
and  the  persons  chosen  by  them,  to  carry  on  and  manage  their 
schools,  was  not  to  manage  and  conduct  them  according  to  their 
own  will  and  pleasure,  but  only  to  do  so  in  accordance  with  the  law 
and  regulations."  The  decision  was  appealed  and  went,  also,  to 
the  Privy  Council.  Another  case  which  had  developed  in  Lancas- 
ter, Glengarry  County,  had  been  settled  on  Feb.  10  when  Mr.  Jus- 


BI-LINGUAL  ISSUE  :  PAPAL  ACTION  AND  THF/  PRIVY  COUNCIL    527 

tice  C.  A.  Hasten  at  Toronto  fined  two  local  Trustees  (Poirier  and 
Menard)  $500  each  for  contempt  in  ignoring  an  injunction  which 
debarred  them  from  ''directing  or  allowing  the  use  of  the  French 
language  as  a  means  of  instruction  or  communication  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Separate  School  in  Section  14  of  their  Township."  An- 
other issue  developed  at  Windsor  but  did  not  get  into  the  Courts 
and  was  based  upon  the  establishment  of  the  Bi-lingual  School  of 
the  Sacred  Heart,  there,  in  days  before  Regulation  17  when  such 
a  school  could,  by  tacit  permission  but  without  legal  enactment,  be 
established  anywhere.  As  there  were  6,127  Roman  Catholics  in  the 
city,  of  whom  4,113  were  French-Canadians,  it  was  claimed  that 
the  other  Separate  Schools  should  also  be  Bi-lingual.  This  the 
Department  refused — while  recognizing  the  existing  school — on  the 
ground  that  in  Windsor,  with  its  17,829  total  population  French 
was  not  "the  prevailing  language"  required  by  Regulation  17. 

Incidents  followed  rapidly  in  the  ensuing  agitation.  A  big  Bi- 
lingual rally  in  Ottawa  on  Apr.  7  urged  the  women  to  maintain 
their  fight  for  religion,  language  and  school  rights  with  the  ring- 
ing slogan:  * ' Fench-Canadians  we  were  born  anjd  French- Canadians 
we  will  die";  Le  Droit,  the  Ottawa  organ  of  this  movement,  ad- 
dressed (May  7)  an  open  letter  to  the  French-Canadians  in  the 
Trenches  telling  them  that  in  their  absence  many  unpleasant  things 
had  occurred* :."  You  will  soon  find  your  wives  and  children  and 
sisters  in  the  trenches  in  Canada  for  the  defence  of  their  language 
and  schools  against  the  might  of  a  persecuting  Government.  You 
can,  therefore,  say  with  reason:  'Of  what  use  is  it  for  us  to  fight 
against  Prussianism  and  barbarity  here  when  the  same  condition 
exists  at  home?'  '  On  June  29  the  ordinary  vacation  closing  of 
the  schools  at  Ottawa — which  had  now  been  closed  for  five  months 
— was  celebrated  by  various  ceremonies,  with  representatives  from 
the  Separate  School  Board  and  the  St.  Jean  Baptiste  Societies  of 
Montreal  and  Ottawa  present,  and  the  gift  to  each  of  the  4,000 
children  concerned  of  a  parchment  diploma  of  honour,  commemor- 
ative of  "the  courage  and  discipline  you  have  shown  in  the  fight 
for  the  French  language." 

Such  strong  words  and  such  opinions  evoked  equally  strong 
utterances  from  the  Orangemen  of  Ontario.  Always  opposed  to 
dual  language  laws  this  whole  movement  had,  of  course,  increased 
an  hostility  which  was  not  always  moderate  in  expression.  To  a 
dual  language  system  they  opposed  one  language — and  that  Eng- 
lish! At  New  Liskeard  on  Feb.  1  the  Grand  Master  of  Ontario 
West — Dr.  J.  J.  Williams — urged  the  establishment  of  a  one- 
language  school  throughout  Canada;  the  West  Simcoe  County 
Lodge  a  month  later  declared  by  Resolution  that  "under  our  pre- 
sent dual  system  we  are  building  a  country  divided  against  itself, 
and  as  such  it  is  bound  to  fall " ;  a  Committee  of  the  Order  declared 
at  the  Dominion  Grand  Lodge  annual  meeting  in  Toronto,  on  July 
30,  that  if  there  was  any  interference  with  the  existing  status  of 

*NOTK. — Translation  in  Ottawa  despatch  to  Toronto  Globe,  May  8. 


528  THE  C-  .NADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  languages  "an  instant  demand  will  be  made  by  the  rest  of  the 
Dominion,  outside  of  Quebec,  to  make  English  the  sole  official 
language  of  British  America. ' '  Meantime,  there  also  had  been  some 
compromise  suggestion,  some  party  movements,  and  certain  con- 
ciliatory efforts.  The  Hon.  Thomas  Chapais,  a  veteran  Conserva- 
tive publicist  in  Quebec,  presented  (Mar.  22)  the  argument  to  the 
Toronto  News  against  the  Eegulation  in  most  moderate  terms.  He 
feared  that  the  "may  permit"  the  use  of  French  beyond  the  1st 
form  would  be  accepted  by  the  Chief  Inspector  as  purely  optional 
and  result  in  possibly  unfair  and  arbitrary  decisions;  pointed  out 
that  "  in  a  great  number  of  schools,  built  with  the  money  of  French- 
Canadian  ratepayers,  maintained  with  their  rates  and  taxes,  at- 
tended by  French-Canadian  pupils,  only  one-fifth  of  the  school 
time  is  allotted  to  French";  claimed  that  in  one  of  the  Windsor 
Separate  Schools,  where  85%  of  the  attendance  was  French-Can- 
adian, they  could  not  obtain  one  minute,  let  alone  one  hour,  for 
instruction  in  that  language  because  it  was  not  the  "prevailing" 
one  under  Regulation  17;  urged  that  French  was  not  a  foreign 
tongue  in  Canada  and  that  it  deserved  special  recognition. 

The  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham,  an  Ontario  Liberal  leader,  spoke  in 
Quebec  City  on  Apr.  4  and  told  a  Liberal  Club  there  that:  "The 
whole  problem  is  too  broad,  too  complex  and  too  delicate  to  be  set- 
tled by  the  words  of  a  statute ;  it  must  find  a  solution  in  the  rea- 
sonableness of  men  if  that  solution  is  to  be  permanent."  He  pro- 
posed that  "three  or  four  large-visioned  men,  with  only  the  good 
of  their  country  in  view,  shall  get  together  with  open  minds,  study 
the  question  from  its  inception  up  to  the  present,  and  suggest  a 
policy  of  reconciliation  and  mutual  understanding  that  will  work 
injustice  to  no  section  of  the  people  and  that  will  have  behind  it 
the  abiding  strength  of  informed  public  opinion."  The  Toronto 
Globe  followed  this  up  by  declaring  (Apr.  24)  that  the  whole 
trouble  was  due  to  "Orange  extremists  at  one  end,  who  want  to 
place  an  interdict  on  French  teaching  in  the  schools  of  the  Pro- 
vince, and  to  French  Nationalists  at  the  other,  who  insist  that 
French  is  as  much  an  official  language  in  Ontario  as  English.  Men 
of  moderation  ought  to  unite  against  the  irreconcilables  at  both 
ends  of  the  dispute."  Prof.  Alfred  Baker,  in  his  Royal  Society 
Presidential  address  (May  16)  declared  that  "English-speaking 
Canadians  should  make  a  point  of  learning  the  French  language, 
and  acquainting  themselves  to  a  greater  degree  with  French  liter- 
ature." In  Parliament  the  Lapointe  Resolution  of  May  10*  pro- 
fessed to  plead  with  Ontario  for  justice  and  toleration  but  the 
ensuing  debate,  with  certain  exceptions,  took  a  more  or  less  party 
line. 

The  disallowance  proposal  as  to  the  Ontario  legislation  creating 
the  Ottawa  Commission  was  dealt  with  in  a  Return  presented  to 
Parliament  on  May  3rd  by  Mr.  Doherty,  Minister  of  Justice,  in 
which  he  gave  reasons  for  not  advising  such  action  and  for  the 

*NOTE. — See   Canadian   War   Section   of  this   Volume,    Pages   392-9. 


BI-LINGUAL  ISSUE:  PAPAL  ACTION  AND  THE  PRIVY  COUNCIL    529 


Order-in-Council  of  Apr.  28  which  provided  that  the  Ontario 
Statutes  for  1915  be  left  in  operation.  He  pointed  out  that  the 
Ottawa  School  Act  had  been  upheld  in  the  Courts  and  that  Educa- 
tion was,  under  the  B.  N.  A.  Act,  a  subject  for  legislation  by  the 
Provinces.  He  also  noted  that :  * '  The  question  whether  the  French 
language  should  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  study  and  communica- 
tion in  the  schools  of  Ontario  is  not  strictly  involved  because  behind 
the  Statute  stands  Regulation  17."  Prior  to  this  Mr.  Premier 
Hearst  had  forwarded  to  the  Minister  a  review  of  the  legislation 
and  conditions  in  general.  The  validity  of  the  Act,  he  observed,  had 
been  maintained  by  seven  Judges  of  the  Ontario  Supreme  Court; 
the  old  Ottawa  Separate  School  Board  had  "deliberately  defied" 
the  Provincial  Department  of  Education.  To  the  press  on  May  12 
Mr.  Howard  Ferguson  explained  that  Regulation  12 — which  used 
to  be  called  15 — was  still  in  force  but  that  Regulation  17  was  in  the 
main  intended  to  meet  conditions  which  had  grown  up  in  a  limited 
and  specific  number  of  schools  (about  25%)  where  English  was  not 
properly  taught.  Common  sense  was  used  everywhere,  he  added, 
and  if  the  pupils  could  not  understand  English,  French  was  used 
until  they  could. 

As  Acting  Minister  of  Education  Mr.  Ferguson  had  much  to 
do  with  the  subject  at  this  time.  On  Feb.  25  his  comment  on  the 
Quebec  Act  empowering  School  Boards  to  contribute  money  to  aid 
the  Bi-lingual  agitation  in  Ontario  was  that:  "It  is  a  case  of  one 
Province  giving  authority  to  contribute  to  a  fund  for  the  defiance 
of  the  laws  of  another  Province."  He  wondered  what  the  people 
of  Quebec  would  think  if  the  Legislature  of  Ontario  was  to  pass  a 
Bill  permitting  "the  application  of  municipal  funds  to  fight  the 
Hebert  case."  Upon  the  whole  the  Liberal  press  of  Ontario  sup- 
ported the  Provincial  Government  in  its  policy;  the  French-Can- 
adian Liberal  members  in  the  Legislature  took  strong  exception  to 
it.  N.  W.  Rowell  in  the  House  on  Apr.  14  said:  "I  believe  this 
Province  has  the  absolute  legislative  right  to  control  all  matters 
affecting  education  within  the  Province  under  the  terms  of  the 
constitution."  He  suggested,  however,  that  as  almost  five  years 
had  elapsed  since  Dr.  Merchant  made  the  inquiry  into  the  efficiency 
of  Bi-lingual  schools,  which  had  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  Regula- 
tion 17,  a  Commission  of  inquiry  to  report  on  the  results  obtained 
might  well  be  appointed.  He  regretted  to  hear  that  properly  quali- 
fied teachers  were  hard  to  get  for  these  Bi-lingual  schools.  Mr. 
Ferguson,  in  reply,  stated  that  only  104  Bi-lingual  teachers  could 
be  mustered,  despite  the  encouragements  given.  '  *  The  Department 
has  accepted  teachers  with  lesser  qualifications  for  the  purpose  of 
re-assuring  the  French- Canadian  people.  Board,  return  fare,  and 
all  expenses  of  these  teachers  are  being  paid  at  any  of  the  four 
Schools  for  their  training.  In  addition,  some  $15,000  has  been  set 
aside  this  year  to  assist  schools  in  getting  qualified  teachers. ' ' 

During  the  debate  Messrs.  Pinard,  Mageau,  Evanturel  and 
Racine  (Liberal  French-Canadians)  opposed  Regulation  17,  while 
34 


530  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

H.  Morel  (Cons.)  and  S.  Ducharme  (Lib.)  supported  their  respec- 
tive party  leaders.  * '  No  compromise ' '  was  at  this  stage  the  Govern- 
ment policy  with  keen  resentment  at  the  Lapointe  Resolution  and 
Sir  W.  Laurier's  Ottawa  attitude.  The  Hon.  I.  B.  Lucas  at  Mark- 
dale  (June  16)  declared  that  "those  who  are  carrying  on  the 
agitation  must  realize  that  there  is  no  room  for  any  compromise 
because  all  the  compromise  has  been  made  that  is  going  to  be 
made";  while  at  Stratford  on  June  22  he  stated  that  "the  Gov- 
ernment of  Ontario  has  nailed  its  colours  to  the  mast  and  upon  the 
issue  we  shall  stand  or  fall."  The  Toronto  Star  (Lib.)  said  on 
July  4  that:  "Ontario  will  frame  her  own  school  laws,  and  the 
less  outside  interference  she  meets  with  in  doing  it  the  better  it 
will  be  all  round."  On  the  other  hand  Bi-lingual  elements  con- 
tinued to  be  equally  uncompromising  and,  at  Sudbury  on  June  28, 
Z.  Mageau,  M.L.A.,  (Lib.),  after  stating  that  the  St.  Jean  Baptiste 
Society  of  Montreal  would  pay  the  $500  fine  of  Trustees  in  the 
Lancaster  school  case — where  an  injunction  against  the  teach- 
ing of  French  had  been  disobeyed — added:  "There  is  no  party. 
The  cause  is  sacred.  There  is  neither  rouge  nor  bleu.  It  is  French- 
Canadian  and  Catholic  before  all.  It  shall  ever  be  so  till  they  give 
us  our  language. ' ' 

Then  came  two  important  events.  The  first  was  the  publica- 
tion* of  a  letter  written  to  Bishop  M.  F.  Fallon  of  London  by 
Cardinal  de  Lai,  Secretary  of  the  Sacred  Congregation  of  the  Con- 
sistory at  Rome,  dated  Mar.  16,  and  acknowledging  receipt  of  a 
Diocesan  report  from  His  Lordship,  which  had  reviewed  the  pro- 
gress made  in  his  Diocese  during  five  years,  and  then  proceeding 
as  follows:  "At  the  same  time  there  are  some  things  still  which 
must  be  done  as  soon  as  possible  for  the  honour  of  the  Church  and 
for  the  safety  of  souls.  Therefore  the  Eminent  Fathers  ask  that 
you  endeavour  with  all  your  powers  to  make  peace  amongst  the 
faithful  Catholics  of  different  races  and  languages  who  live  in  your 
Diocese."  His  Eminence  also  quoted  the  late  Pope  Pius  X.  (July 
1,  1911)  as  urging  Canadian  envoys  to  remove  causes  of  difference 
as  to  race  and  language.  In  sending  this  to  his  clergy  Bishop  Fal- 
lon (Apr.  25)  said  that  in  his  communication  to  the  Consistorial 
Congregation  he  had  described  "the  Nationalist  agitation  .and  the 
Race  quarrels  publicly  and  secretly  raised  by  a  small  number  of 
priests  who  had  forgotten  their  ordination  vows  and  were  urged 
onwards  by  interested  laymen." 

The  next  and  most  important  document  was  a  letter  from  His 
Holiness  Benedict  XV,  addressed  to  Cardinal  Begin  and  the  other 
Archbishops  and  Bishops  of  Canada,  dated  Sept.  8,  and  published 
on  Oct.  26.  In  it  the  Pope  drew  attention  to  the  dangers  arising 
from  factions  amongst  the  faithful  and  to  the  need  of  unity  within 
the  Church  and  then  dealt  with  the  two  claims  which  came  to  him 
from  Canada — (1)  that  priests  should  be  appointed  in  Ontario  of 
French  or  English  extraction  in  proportion  to  the  language  of  the 

*NOTE. — Toronto  Daily  Ntws  from  translations  in  Le  Pays,  Montreal,  July  19,   1916. 


BI-LINGUAL  ISSUE:  PAPAL  ACTION  AND  THE  PRIVY  COUNCIL    531 

parishes  and  (2)  that  "in  the  Separate  Schools  the  children  should 
be  more  fully  and  suitably  taught  the  French  language  after  their 
own  manner."  To  the  arguments  of  the  French  side  he  gave  full 
consideration  but  pointed  out  the  opposite  view  which  indicated 
danger  to  the  material  well-being  of  the  child,  not  fully  trained  in 
English,  and  risk  to  the  Separate  School  system  through  internal 
division  and  the  external  danger  from  a  public  where  the  majority 
had  the  power.  If  agreement  could  not  be  reached  amongst  the 
Bishops  of  the  Church  on  this  issue  let  the  matter  be  brought  before 
the  Holy  See.  Meanwhile,  ; 'it  is  necessary  that  the  daily  and  weekly 
papers  which  claim  the  honour  of  being  called  Catholic  should  not 
fan  the  flames  of  discord  amongst  the  faithful,  nor  forestall  the 
judgment  of  the  Church."  So,  also,  the  priests  were  admonished 
and  told  that  "it  is  indeed  quite  unseemly  that  they  should  allow 
themselves  to  be  wrought  up  by  this  storm  of  rivalry  and  enmity. ' ' 
After  reviewing  the  two  sides  of  the  problem  His  Holiness  added : 
Nevertheless,  let  the  Catholics  of  the  Dominion  remember  that  the  one 
thing  of  supreme  importance  above  all  others  is  to  have  Catholic  schools, 
and  not  to  imperil  their  existence,  in  order  that  their  children,  whilst 
receiving  a  literary  education,  should  be  taught  to  preserve  the  Catholic 
faith,  to  openly  profess  the  doctrine  of  Christ,  and  to  live  in  the  exact 
observance  of  the  Christian  law.  Love  for  our  children,  the  good  of  religion, 
and  the  very  cause  of  Christ  demand  as  much.  However  these  two  require- 
ments are  to  be  met,  namely,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  English  and  an 
equitable  teaching  of  French  for  French-Canadian  children,  it  is  obvious 
that  in  the  case  of  schools  subject  to  the  public  Administration,  the  matter 
cannot  be  dealt  with  independently  of  the  Government.  But  this  does  not 
prevent  the  Bishops  in  their  earnest  care  for  the  salvation  of  souls  from 
exerting  their  utmost  activity  to  make  counsels  of  moderation  prevail,  and 
with  a  view  to  obtaining  that  what  is  fair  and  just  should  be  granted  on 
both  sides. 

Following  the  issue  of  this  statesmanlike  document  came  the 
decision  of  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council.  The  case 
of  the  Ottawa  Separate  School  Trustees  vs.  Mackell  and  that  of  the 
Trustees  vs.  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  Ottawa  had  been  argued 
at  length  as  an  appeal,  presented  on  July  7  from  the  decisions  of 
the  Ontario  Courts.  Sir  John  Simon,  M.P.,  and  Hon.  N.  A.  Bel- 
court,  K.C.,  appeared  for  the  appellants  and  W.  N.  Tilley,  K.C.,  for 
the  respondents  with  Sir  Eobert  Finlay  and  McGregor  Young,  K.C., 
for  the  Ontario  Attorney-General.  The  opposing  arguments  were 
too  varied  and  elaborate  to  quote  here ;  the  Counsel  were  able  men 
and  the  Judges  the  highest  in  British  legal  capacity — Lord  Buck- 
master,  Lord  Haldane,  Lord  Shaw,  Lord  Atkinson  and  Lord 
Parmoor.  The  decision  was  delivered  on  Nov.  2  and  decided  (1) 
that  the  legislation  creating  a  Commission  at  Ottawa  was  ultra 
vires  or  unconstitutional,  and  (2)  that  Regulation  17  was  intra 
vires  and  infringed  no  constitutional  right.  The  Government  had 
won  the  essential  point  as  to  complete  management  of  its  schools; 
the  Ottawa  Separate  School  Board  had  won  upon  the  question  of 
its  rights  being  superseded  by  a  Commission,  authorized  by  special 
Act,  and  appointed  by  the  Department  of  Education.  The  most 


532  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

important  clauses  of  the  judgment  were  those  affecting  the  right 
of  Provincial  control  over  language  and  education: 

1.  Their  Lordships  can  find  nothing  in  the  Statute  to  take  away  from 
the   authority   that   had   the   power   to    issue   the   Regulations   the   power   of 
directing    in    what    language    that    education    is    to    be    given.     .     .     .     The 
right  of  Trustees  to  manage   does  not  involve  the  right  of  determining  the 
language  to  be  used  in  schools.     Indeed,  the  right  to  manage  must  be  subject 
to    the   regulations   under   which   all    schools   must   be    carried    on.      There   is 
nothing  in  the  Act  to  negative  the  view  that  those  regulations  might  include 
provisions  to  which  the  appellants  object. 

2.  It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  the  only  Section  in  the  B.N.A.  Act  which 
relates  to  the  use  of  English  and  French  language  does  not  relate  to  educa- 
tion,   and    is    directed    to    entirely    different    subject    matter.     .     .     .     The 
inference  is  to  be  drawn  from  this  Section  that  it  would  not  be  in  favour 
of  the  contention  of  the  appellants. 

The  London  Times  commented  upon  the  decision  as  constituting 
a  victory  for  the  Ontario  Government  and  a  blow  to  the  French- 
Canadian  contentions  as  to  language  rights ;  at  the  same  time  the 
judgment  and  the  War  situation  might  warrant  some  kind  of  com- 
promise along  lines  of  civil  peace  between  Provinces.  The  Hon.  Dr. 
Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  in  his  ensuing  annual  Report,  ac- 
cepted it  as  giving  the  Legislature  and  Government  complete  con- 
trol over  school  administration.  As  to  the  rest :  ' '  The  law  can  be 
enforced  without  injury  to  the  feelings,  prejudices,  or  preferences 
of  any  element  in  the  Province,  and  it  is  by  this  spirit  that  the 
administration  of  education  should  be,  and  is,  inspired.''  At  this 
time  there  were  officially  stated  to  be  370  schools  affected  with  175 
disobeying  the  Regulations.  S.  M.  Genest,  for  the  Ottawa  Board, 
at  once  accepted  the  situation  in  a  public  interview:  "It  is  not  the 
intention  of  the  Separate  School  Board  or  French-Canadians  in 
general  to  create  any  unnecessary  trouble.  If  the  atmosphere  can 
be  cleared  without  further  litigation,  or  action  which  would  tend 
to  create  bad  feeling,  the  French-Canadians  of  Ontario,  of  the 
Dominion,  will  welcome  it."  The  costs  of  the  appeal  and  other 
legal  actions  were  stated  at  $150,000  of  which  the  Province  would 
pay  about  two-thirds.  On  Dec.  7,  following,  the  Ottawa  School 
Commission  handed  over  its  authority  to  the  Separate  School 
Board  and  that  part  of  the  issue  was  closed.  Prior  to  this,  on  Aug. 
28,  the  17  Bi-lingual  Ottawa  schools  had  re-opened  after  7  months' 
intermission  and  122  teachers  had  returned  to  their  work — with 
salaries  guaranteed  by  the  Board  until  the  Privy  Council  judg- 
ment was  received.  At  the  same  time  the  Government  Comraissiori 
had  dismissed  the  17  Janitors  of  the  schools  while  the  Board 
leaders  recommended  Separate  School  suporters  not  to  pay  their 
school  taxes  to  the  city.  These  matters  were  settled  for  the  moment 
by  the  Judicial  decision  and  by  the  Board's  re-assumption  of 
control. 

Th«  Ontario  This  vexed  issue  of  1916  was  a  matter  of  Canadian 

m^pJo^mchU   exP°rt  and  industry,  of  International  and  Imperial 
and  other  and  War  character,  of  Provincial  and  Dominion  poli- 

Reiationa  tics.    Primarily  the  Nickel  was  produced  in  Ontario, 

its  refining  there  or  abroad  was  a  matter  of  Provincial  policy 


'»    ' 


THE  ONTARIO  NICKEL  QUESTION  IN  MANY  PHASES          533 

first  and  Dominion  second,  its  control  was  more  in  Provincial 
hands  than  in  any  other.  The  demand  for  Nickel  in  these 
war  years  was  great,  while  its  availability  and  use  were  vital 
to  the  combatants  on  both  sides ;  a  large  stock  had  been  laid  in  by 
Germany  and  Austria  before  the  War  through  imports  from  the 
United  States  direct,  and  Canada  indirectly,  and  also  through  Hol- 
land—to which  14,000,000  Ibs.  were  shipped  in  1912  and  1913  from 
the  States,  compared  with  980,000  Ibs.  in  1914-15 ;  Great  Britain  in 
1912  and  1913  imported  16,400,000  Ibs.  of  refined  nickel  from  the 
States  and  in  1914-15-16  41,300,000  Ibs.*  During  this  same  per- 
iod production  in  Ontario  and  its  exports  abroad  had  doubled; 
the  ore  itself  was  derived  from  nine  separate  mines  in  the  Sudbury 
district  supplemented  by  a  small  amount  from  Timiskaming ;  it  was 
reduced  in  smelters  and  converters  at  Copper  Cliff  and  Coniston 
to  a  Bessemer  matte  containing  from  77  to  82  per  cent,  of  copper 
and  nickel  and  was  shipped  in  that  form  to  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  for  refining — the  product  of  the  Canadian  Cop- 
per Co.  going  to  the  International  Nickel  Co.  in  New  Jersey  and 
that  of  the  Mond  Nickel  Co.  to  Wales.  The  exact  official  figures 
were  as  follows: 

Production  of  Nickel  in  Canada        1912  1913  1914  1915  1916 

Tons  Tons  Tons  Tons  Tons 

Ore    mined     737,584  784,697  1,000,364  1,364,048  1,566,333 

Ore  smelted    725,065  823,403  947,053  1,272,283  1,521,689 

Bessemer  matte   produced    .  .  .            41,925  47,150  46,396  67,703  80,010 

Copper  content   of  matte    ....            11,116  12,938  14,448  19,608  22,450 

Nickel   content   of   matte    ....           22,421  24,838  22,759  34,039  41,298 

Spot  value  of  matte    $6,303,102  $7,076,945  $7,189,031$10,352,344           

Exports  of  Nickel  from  Canada        1912  1913  1914  1915  1916 

Nickel   contained  in  matte,   etc.          Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs.  Lbs 

Exported  to   Great    Britain    .  .      5,072,867  5,164,512  10,291,979  13  748  000  11  136  900 

Exported   to   United   States    .  .    39,148,993  44,224,119  36,015,642  52,662,400  69,304,800 

Exported   to    Other    Countries 70,386  220,706  

Total    Exports     44,221,860   49,459,017   46,538,327    66,410,400   80,441,700 

About  three-fourths  of  the  world's  Nickel  supply  was  mined  in 
Ontario — prior  to  the  War  it  was  80  per  cent.,  with  production 
elsewhere  stationary  or  declining;  New  Caledonia,  a  French  Col- 
ony in  the  Pacific,  was  the  only  known  rival,  Norwegian  ores  were 
small  in  production  and  low-grade  in  quality,  Germany  and  Aus- 
tria had  deposits  but  they  were  poor  in  quantity  and  quality  and 
how  far  they  were  worked  during  the  War  was  not  known.  Russia 
was  stated  by  J.  D.  Allan,  a  Toronto  man  with  special  knowledge 
of  that  country,  to  have  large  Nickel  deposits  but  nothing  was 
known  of  them  publicly.  Other  countries  had  small  resources,  also, 
and  it  is  a  question  how  far  they  may  or  may  not  have  been  made 
productive  for  War  purposes.  Areas  yielding  fractions  of  one  per 
cent.  Nickel  from  the  ore  mined  might  not  be  commercially  profit- 
able against  Ontario's  large  yield  but  might  be  made  productive  for 
War  purposes.  As  to  the  resources  of  Sudbury  Prof.  A.  P.  Cole- 
man,  an  expert  on  the  subject,  reported  one  3-mile  area  alone  as 
containing  probably  12,500,000  tons  of  workable  metal ;  the  miner- 

2,000*U)°TE' — °fficial    Statistics    Published    by    Department    of    Mines,    Ottawa.      Tons    of 


534  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

alized  section,  as  a  whole,  was  36  miles  long  and  16  miles  wide 
with  35,000,000  tons  of  ore  proved  on  the  Cr  eight  on  or  Canadian 
Copper  Co.  mine  alone. 

The  question  of  refining  this  Nickel  in  Ontario  or  Canada  was 
a  conspicuous  issue  of  the  year  and  it  assumed  many  phases — in- 
dustrial and  international.  In  January  it  was  stated  in  the  press 
generally  that  the  Ottawa  Government  was  considering  a  refining 
policy  such  as  it  had  adopted  for  zinc  and  copper  and  it  was 
pointed  out  that  the  British  Allies  would  absorb  a  large  proportion 
of  the  metal  for  war  purposes — the  market  thus  being  assured  with 
prices  high.  The  absolute  control  of  the  Nickel  output  by  the 
Allied  Governments  would,  also,  be  of  great  War  importance.  Am- 
brose Monell,  President  of  the  International  Nickel  Co.,  visited 
Ottawa  about  this  time  and  the  Toronto  Globe  announced  on  Jan. 
21  that  arrangements  had  been  made  so  that  the  final  processes  of 
refining  Nickel  in  Canada  would  be  carried  on  by  this  corporation ; 
that  since  the  War  began  there  had  been  close  co-operation  between 
the  International  Nickel  Co.  and  the  British  War  Office  and  that 
through  the  increased  activity  of  the  Canadian  mines  the  require- 
ments of  Great  Britain  and  her  Allies  had  been  fully  met.  This 
establishment  of  a  plant  in  Canada  was,  however,  a  considerable 
economic  problem,  as  it  was  understood  to  entail  increased  cost  of 
sulphur,  and  oils,  coke,  nitre  cake,  fire  brick,  fire  clay,  magnesite 
brick  and  coal  over  prices  in  New  Jersey. 

It  transpired  shortly  afterwards  in  published  correspondence 
(Toronto  World,  Feb.  8)  that  the  idea  was  initiated  by  Sir  R.  L. 
Borden  who  on  Dec.  20,  1915,  had  written  Mr.  Monell  pointing  out 
that  "there  should  be  established  in  this  Dominion  a  Nickel  refin- 
ery sufficient  at  least  to  supply  all  the  requirements  of  the  British 
Empire  under  any  conditions  and  in  any  emergency"  and  urging 
his  prompt  attention  to  the  matter  with  immediate  action.  On  Jan. 
7  the  reply  came:  "We  will  grant  your  request  and  erect  in  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  at  such  point  as  seems  in  our  judgment  to  be 
the  most  economical  for  operation,  a  plant  for  the  refining  of  Nickel 
of  such  initial  capacity  as  will  secure  to  Great  Britain  and  Canada 
within  themselves  a  product  of  finished  nickel  to  the  extent  of 
their  requirements."  It  would  cost  more  but  this,  he  added,  was 
overshadowed  by  the  necessities  of  the  case.  Meanwhile  other  con- 
cerns were  preparing  to  refine  Nickel  in  Canada,  though  they  were 
met  by  varied  obstacles — the  British-American  Nickel  Corpora- 
tion of  Sudbury,  in  which  E.  R.  Wood,  Z.  A.  Lash,  Sir  Wm.  Mac- 
kenzie and  other  Canadian  and  New  York  interests  were  concerned, 
with  Hybenette  electrical  patents  and  with  financial  support  from 
the  British  Government,  was  one;  the  Burrowes  Refining  Co.  of 
Ottawa,  in  which  A.  W.  Fraser,  K.C.,  and  others  were  concerned, 
and  which  claimed  to  have  a  new  and  important  process,  was 
another. 

On  July  28  the  incorporation  of  the  International  Nickel  Co.  of 
Canada,  Ltd.,  was  announced  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000  and 


THE  ONTARIO  NICKEL  QUESTION  IN  MANY  PHASES          535 

headquarters  in  Toronto,  and  on  Aug.  2nd  Mr.  Howard  Ferguson, 
Ontario  Minister  of  Mines,  referred  to  the  current  work  of  the 
Provincial  Nickel  Commission  as  a  result  of  which  the  British- 
American  Nickel  Co.  were  about  to  begin  the  development  of  power 
near  Sudbury  for  use  at  their  smelter,  and  the  erection  of  a  Refin- 
ery. He. noted,  also,  that  the  International  Co.  was  to  commence 
construction  of  a  plant  at  once.  The  location  was  announced  a 
little  later  as  Port  Colborne  and  the  cost  was  to  be  about  $2,000,000. 
Contracts  were  let  in  September  when  it  was  stated  that-  the  actual 
expenditure  in  Ontario  would  be  over  $5,000,000  and  would  include 
enlarged  smelting  facilities  at  the  Canadian  Copper  Co.  plant. 

Meanwhile,  there  had  commenced  a  keen  political  battle  over 
the  question  of  exporting  Nickel.  Charges  and  counter-charges 
were  made  as  to  neglect  in  conserving  Ontario  nickel  for  Empire 
use,  carelessness  in  not  preventing  it  from  reaching  an  enemy  or 
possible  enemy,  indifference  as  to  great  industrial  opportunities. 
In  the  more  distant  past  there  was  no  doubt  that  Canadian  financial 
interests  had  neglected  this  great  resource,  that  the  Dominion  and 
Ontario  Governments  had  hesitated  to  take  steps  in  preventing 
American  exploitation  while  Canadians  themselves  were  indifferent 
to  it,  that  the  Imperial  Government  for  a  long  time  thought  more 
of  the  New  Caledonia  product  than  of  Sudbury 's  and  had  declined 
in  1891  an  opportunity  of  control.  But  of  late  years  this  condi- 
tion had  changed  entirely  and  the  War  settled  a  process  of  thought 
which  was  already  evolving.  There  was  no  doubt  that  Germany 
had  got  most  of  its  pre-War  supplies  of  Nickel  from  Ontario  via 
the  United  States,  just  as  that  country  had  obtained  other  metals 
from  Australia  and  the  sinews  of  financial  strength  from  its  Eng- 
lish trade  profits. 

In  the  Commons  on  Feb.  22  Col.  J.  A.  Currie  (Cons.)  alleged 
that  some  Canadian  copper  deposits  were  owned  by  Germans  and 
the  International  Nickel  controlled  by  Krupps;  J.  G  Turriff 
(Lib.)  on  Feb.  25  supported  the  latter  contention;  W.  F.  Maclean 
(Ind.  Cons.)  claimed,  in  Parliament  and  through  a  long  and 
vigorous  campaign  in  his  paper  (Toronto  World)  that  Ontario 
Nickel  was  still  going  to  Germany  through  the  United  States  and 
the  International  Nickel.  Mr.  Meighen,  Solicitor-General,  dealt 
with  the  whole  matter  in  the  Commons  on  Feb.  29.  He  stated 
that  Canada  and  Great  Britain  and  the  International  Nickel  Co. 
had  soon  after  the  War  began  agreed  upon  a  system  of  inspection 
and  control  of  exports;  that  Germans  had  practically  no  interest 
in  the  Company  and  that,  according  to  its  books,  they  held  only 
421  shares  out  of  469,000 ;  he  quoted  a  despatch  of  Dec.  24,  1914, 
from  Sir  George  Perley  to  the  Premier  stating  that  "Restriction 
Enemies  Supply  Committee  assures  British  Government  quite 
satisfied  with  arrangements  made  by  you  regarding  Nickel."  Mr. 
Meighen  added  that  Mr.  Graham  Bell — in  charge  of  the  Interna- 
tional Nickel  matter — "gives  me  such  assurances  that  I  can  cate- 
gorically say  to  the  House  that  not  one  pound  of  Canadian  nickel 


536  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

has  reached  the  enemy  since  the  War  began."  At  the  end  of 
March  the  Government  prohibited  by  Order-in-Council  the  right  to 
export  Nickel,  nickel  ore  and  nickel  matte  except  under  license. 
Prior  to  this  Government  supervision  had  been  directed  entirely 
to  the  destination  of  the  refined  product  but  now  it  covered  also  the 
export  of  the  raw  material  from  the  mine  to  the  Kefinery  in  New 
Jersey. 

In  the  Ontario  Legislature  there  was  a  long  debate  on  Apr.  3rd 
when  Sam  Carter  (Lib.)  moved  that  "in  the  opinion  of  this  House 
the  production  and  sale  of  Nickel  in  this  Province  should  be  under 
Government  control ;  and  that  negotiations  should  be  at  once  entered 
into  by  the  Government  with  the  Government  of  the  Dominion  and 
the  Government  of  the  United  Kingdom  to  secure  united  action  to 
acquire  the  absolute  control  of  the  Nickel  mines  and  Nickel  product 
of  the  Province  of  Ontario."  There  was  much  patriotic  talk 
during  the  discussion.  Mr.  Carter  said  that  if  it  cost  a  billion  dol- 
lars the  Empire  should  be  made  safe ;  R.  R.  Gamey  declared  that 
in  this  War  metal  was  more  important  than  men;  N.  W.  Rowell 
claimed  that  "the  nation  which  controls  the  supply  of  Nickel,  con- 
trols the  future  of  naval  armaments  and  sea-power. ' '  Mr.  Howard 
Ferguson  pointed  out  that  without  a  refining  process  of  its  own  no 
Government  could  take  over  such  an  industry,  while  the  present 
cost  made  it  impossible — he  estimated  the  value  of  the  properties  at 
$1,000,000,000.  The  Nickel  Commission  was  trying  to  discover  a 
process  which  the  Government  could  use.  Meantime  the  British 
Government  had  greater  facilities  for  guarding  the  product  after 
export  to  the  United  States  than  any  Provincial  or  Dominion  Min- 
isters could  possess.  After  speeches  from  J.  C.  Elliott  and  W. 
Proudfoot  of  the  Opposition  and  A.  E.  Donovan  and  C.  R.  Mc- 
Keown  for  the  Government  the  motion  was  lost  on  division. 

Outside  of  Legislative  bodies  the  Toronto  World  continued  its 
campaign  and  made  the  Nickel  question  an  issue  in  the  North  Perth 
and  Toronto  bye-elections  for  the  Legislature.  W.  F.  Maclean, 
M.P.,  signed  a  statement  in  his  paper  on  July  6  declaring  that  "if 
it  is  not  checked  now  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  dangerous 
factor  in  the  next  general  elections  in  Ontario  and  Canada  will  be 
the  Nickel  Trust."  Every  kind  of  argument  was  used  to  prove 
the  International  Nickel  a  member  of  the  Metal  Trust  of  Germany, 
an  agent  of  Krupps,  an  enemy  in  disguise,  and  the  British  and 
Dominion  and  Ontario  Governments  tools  or  victims  of  this  alien 
organization.  The  Deutschland  was  said  to  be  loaded  with  240 
tons  of  Canadian  Nickel*  and  this  view  Mr.  Dewart  (Lib.)  en- 
dorsed in  the  Toronto  bye-election.  Mr.  Ferguson,  Minister  of 
Mines,  declared  on  July  11  that  "every  ounce  of  nickel  that  is 
shipped  to  the  United  States  from  Ontario  goes  out  under  a 
Dominion  license.  The  British  Government  is  the  watch-dog.  It 
knows  and  can  trace  every  ounce  of  nickel  to  its  destination  after 
it  is  disposed  of  in  American  territory.  There  is  an  army  of  secret 
service  men  watching  the  disposal  of  this  very  valuable  mineral." 

*NOTE. — J.  R.   Bathom,   Editor,   Providence    (B.I.)    Journal,  Aug.   18,    1916. 


2  .2 


J       O    *0 

O    - 


w 

^    c  13 

331 


g  ~  s 

II 


w  ^  £ 
1-1     -  f 

ga| 
5  $  | 

cc  m   a 


gel 

Q    o  ^, 
^    o 


THE  ONTARIO  NICKEL  QUESTION  IN  MANY  PHASES          537 

The  Dominion  Government,  at  the  same  time,  issued  a  state- 
ment from  Major  G.  A.  Bell,  in  charge  of  this  matter  for  Canada, 
that  the  Nickel  on  the  Deutsckland  need  not  have  been  Canadian 
in  origin :  ' '  There  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  Nickel  ore  obtained 
through  various  copper  mines  in  the  United  States,  and  this  ore  is 
refined  principally  by  the  American  Smelting  &  Refining  Co. 
There  is  also  Nickel  ore  obtained  from  New  Caledonia,  which  is 
refined  by  the  U.  S.  Nickel  Co.  of  New  Brunswick,  N.J."  The 
total  of  this  refined  nickel  would  be  some  hundreds  of  tons.  He 
pointed  out  that  the  British  Government  was  satisfied  with  the 
existing  arrangement  and  claimed  prohibition  of  Ontario  export  to 
be  impossible  as  "the  factories  in  the  United  States  which  are 
manufacturing  guns,  rifles  and  munitions  for  the  Allied  nations 
depend  for  their  supply  of  Nickel  almost  wholly,  if  not  altogether, 
upon  the  Canadian  production. ' '  On  the  other  hand  it  was  claimed 
that  the  Deutsckland  carried  on  her  first  voyage  two  or  three  hun- 
dred tons  of  nickel  and  on  her  second  70  tons. 

H.  H.  Dewart,  K.C.,  (Lib.)  argued  in  his  Toronto  election  that 
the  guarantees  to  the  Government  concerned  were  of  no  value 
because  the  International  Nickel  had  been  associated  with  the 
Metal  Trust  in  Germany,  that  through  H.  R.  Merton  &  Co.,  Lon- 
don, they  were  still  indirectly  connected  with  them  and  that  the 
latter  firm,  according  to  a  British  judgment  of  Oct.  6,  1915,  (Times 
report)  were  pro-German  traders  and  members  of  the  Frankfurt- 
Gesellschaft.  N.  W.  Rowell,  the  Ontario  Liberal  leader,  at  Tillson- 
burg  (Nov.  18)  declared  that  "the  Deutschland  was  loading  Nickel 
from  Sudbury,  which  would  be  used  in  making  projectiles  to  sink 
British  ships  and  slaughter  Canadian  boys  at  the  Front."  P.  A. 
O'Farrell,  a  well-known  Irish  journalist,  wrote  at  this  time  to  Sir 
R.  Borden  claiming  that  25%  of  the  stock  of  the  International 
Nickel  Co.  was  held  by  New  York  bankers  as  trustees  for  Krupps, 
who  owned  it  in  other  people's  names  and  that  the  Krupps  always 
had  been  and  always  hoped  to  be  the  largest  consumers  of  Ontario 
nickel.  The  Providence  Journal  (on  Friday  before  Nov.  13)  was 
equally  explicit  in  its  charge  that  "all  the  nickel  aboard  the 
Deutsckland  is  part  of  a  large  consignment  which  was  purchased 
in  November,  1914,  from  the  International  Nickel  Co.  at  Communi- 
paw,  N.J." 

The  difficulty  with  all  these  assertions  was  that  no  direct  proof 
was  given  and  that  no  Canadian  investigation  was  possible ;  that  the 
Journal  was  admittedly  sensational  in  its  statements  though  always 
interesting  and,  frequently,  accurate ;  that  writers  like  Mr.  0  'Far- 
rell  were  irresponsible  politicians  and  naturally  partisans.  The 
Canadian  and  Ontario  Governments'  indirect  reply  was  that  all 
the  Governments  concerned  were  satisfied  with  conditions  and 
safeguards  and  that,  following  the  declaration  of  war,  everything 
possible  had  been  done  to  control  an  industry  in  a  foreign  and 
neutral  country.  To  have  merely  stopped  the  export  of  Nickel  to 
the  United  States  then,  or  at  any  time  since,  would  have  involved 


538  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

(1)  the  denial  to  Great  Britain,  France  and  Russia  of  Nickel  for 
their  munition  factories;  (2)  paralysis  of  the  United  States  as  a 
munition  supply  base  for  the  Allies;  (3)  destruction  for  many 
months  of  the  Sudbury  nickel  industry  and  the  throwing  out  of 
employment  of  several  thousand  men ;  (4)  very  probable  interna- 
tional complications  with  the  United  States.  Wallace  Nesbitt,  K.C., 
Canadian  Counsel  for  the  International  Nickel,  stated  (Nov.  21) 
that:  ''I  have  always  understood  that  not  a  pound  of  Nickel  has 
been  sold  by  the  International  Nickel  Co.  except  to  purchasers  and 
through  agents  approved  by  the  Admiralty,  whose  approval  has 
been  asked  of  every  individual  transaction. ' ' 

The  Hon.  A.  E.  Kemp  in  a  Toronto  speech  on  Nov.  20  pointed 
out  that  this  was  one  of  the  most  intricate  and  delicate  questions 
before  the  Government  when  war  broke  out ;  that  they  had  agreed 
to  do  whatever  the  Imperial  Government  wished  or  could  suggest ; 
that  methods  were  in  use  which  could  not  now  be  made  public  but 
were  entirely  satisfactory ;  that  the  paltry  tonnage  of  Nickel  taken 
by  the  Deutschland  was  a  drop  in  the  bucket  to  what  Germany 
needed,  and  could  have  been  gathered  up  from  odds  and  ends  beyond 
any  Government  control ;  that  he  did  not  believe  that  * '  since  these 
regulations  were  started,  for  which  the  British  Government  is 
responsible,  a  pound  of  Nickel  has  got  into  the  hands  of  Germany 
or  will  get  into  the  hands  of  Germany. "  In  a  speech  by  Hon.  Mr. 
Meighen  at  Toronto  (Nov.  23)  a  letter  was  read  from  G.  G.  S. 
Lindsey,  K.C.,  a  prominent  Liberal  financier,  written  to  the  Inter- 
national Nickel  on  Mar.  18,  1915,  which  stated  that:  "I  expect  to 
open  up  a  large  and  useful  trade  in  Nickel  with  Europe,  and  I 
would  be  glad  if  you  would  quote  me  prices  on  Nickel  in  1,000-ton 
and  100-ton  lots  f.o.b.  New  York,  and  Seattle  or  San  Francisco." 
The  only  inference  which  could  be  drawn  from  this  during  a  bye- 
election  was  that  if  the  International  Nickel  was  thus  dealt  with  by 
a  leading  Liberal  it  could  not  be  so  bad  as  Liberals  just  then  were 
painting  it!  As  to  the  Merton  firm  Mr.  Meighen  stated  it  had 
been  re-organized  in  February,  1916,  and  Germans  excluded  from 
its  control,  that  it  was  the  largest  metal  firm  in  the  world  and 
now  was  approved  by  the  British  Government  as  the  London  recipi- 
ent of  supplies  for  British  and  European  orders.  On  Nov.  30  the 
following  despatch  from  A.  Bonar  Law,  Colonial  Secretary,  was 
received  by  the  Governor-General  at  Ottawa : 

It  is  the  fact  that  His  Majesty's  Government  have  approved  from  the 
first  of  the  arrangements  made  by  your  Government  for  refined  nickel  to 
American  plants.  It  is  recognized  by  His  Majesty's  Government  that  it  would 
be  impossible  and  indeed  manifestly  injurious  in  the  conduct  of  the  War 
to  prohibit  the  export  of  Canadian  Nickel  matte,  and  they  have  concurred 
in  the  method  of  supervision  now  being  adopted,  which  seems  to  them  to  be 
the  best  practical  method.  Mertons  have  eliminated  the  enemy  holding  in  the 
Company  with  the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Trade.  His  Majesty's  Govern- 
ment therefore  utilized  the  services  of  this  Company,  which  have  assisted  in 
securing  Government  control  of  metals.  Such  control,  owing  to  pre-war  con- 
ditions, could  hardly  have  been  secured  without  their  help. 


THE  ONTARIO  NICKEL  QUESTION  IN  MANY  PHASES         539 

As  in  North  Perth,  this  question  was  an  issue  in  the  Toronto 
bye-election,  and  H.  H.  Dewart,  K.C.,  charged  the  Dominion  and 
Provincial  Governments  with  direct  association,  through  Messrs. 
Cochrane  and  Hearst,  in  the  International  Nickel  Co.  and  German 
Metal  Trust.  The  Hon.  Howard  Ferguson  used  in  reply  some  of 
the  facts  mentioned  above  and  added  to  them — especially  in  a 
speech  on  Dec.  7th.  One  point  made  was  this :  ' '  Partly  because  of 
the  presence  of  5,000  British  secret  service  men  in  the  munition 
industries  of  the  United  States,  with  1,200  tons  of  Nickel  produced 
yearly  there,  with  Germany  for  years  before  the  War  taking  60 
per  cent,  of  the  world 's  Nickel  supply,  with  Norway  under  contract 
to  supply  her  with  100  tons  a  month,  with  New  Caledonia  ore  going 
freely  into  the  United  States,  with  all  these  sources  of  supply  and 
the  immense  quantities  in  store,  we  find  after  two  years  of  war  that 
the  Deutschland  did  get  some  in  June  and  possibly  some  more  in 
September."  The  Minister  then  countered  politically  by  declar- 
ing that  the  late  Ontario  Liberal  Government  gave  away  the  Nickel 
lands  to  foreign  capitalists  without  adequate  conditions  for  national 
safety  or  for  their  operation  or  for  control  of  profits.  He  stated 
that  a  new  process  of  refining  Nickel  by  electricity  had  been  dis- 
covered and  would  be  used  in  Ontario  where  two  plants  were  now 
under  construction.  As  to  the  party  side  of  the  matter  the  Toronto 
Star  (Lib.)  deprecated  Mr.  Dewart 's  position  and  declared  (Dec. 
8)  that  "the  Admiralty  has  arranged  the  details  and  accepts 
responsibility;  the  average  man  in  Canada  will  be  satisfied  by 
that." 

Incidents  toward  the  close  of  the  year  included  the  renewal  of 
the  British  Government's  10  year-old  arrangement  with  the  Inter- 
national Nickel  for  another  year;  the  refusal  of  the  Australian 
Government  to  recognize  Merton  &  Co.,  and  the  statement  of  the 
London  Financial  News  that  two  of  the  Germans  in  that  concern 
had  been  naturalized  under  English  names;  the  encouragement  of 
Canadian  refining  by  the  Imperial  Government  through  financial 
aid  given  to  the  British- American  Co. ;  the  disapproval  of  W.  P. 
Maclean's  Nickel  attitude  by  the  Conservative  Association  of  his 
constituency  in  South  York  on  Dec.  16 ;  the  appointment  in  August 
by  the  Ontario  Minister  of  Mines  (Mr.  Ferguson)  of  a  Metallurgical 
chemist  to  aid  the  researches  of  the  Toronto  University  department 
which  the  Government  was  financing. 

The  question  of  taxing  mining  profits  was  strongly  discussed 
during  the  year  by  W.  F.  Maclean  and  Liberal  critics  of  the  Hearst 
Government  and  it  appeared  that  the  International  Nickel  Co.  had 
paid  no  taxes  from  1900  to  1906,  a  total  of  $84,997  in  1907-11 
when  the  Whitney  tax  was  in  operation  and  $40,000  a  year  since 
1912  under  an  amended  Act — the  taxation  being  levied  on  the 
Canadian  Copper  Co.,  a  subsidiary  concern.  It  was  claimed  by  the 
Toronto  World  that  it  should  have  been. levied  on  the  profits  of 
the  parent  Company  in  New  Jersey ;  how  this  could  legally  be  done 
was  not  explained.  In  the  Legislature  on  Mar.  30  S.  Carter  (Lib.) 


540  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

contended  that  the  net  profits  of  International  Nickel  for  1915  were 
$9,700,000  on  which  the  Government  had  received  only  $40,000. 
Hon.  Mr.  Ferguson  replied  that  in  1907  legislation  had  imposed  a 
three  per  cent,  tax  on  all  profits  over  $10,000,  based  on  the  value 
of  the  output  at  the  pit's  mouth;  that  Mr.  Carter  had  mixed  up 
the  profits  made  by  the  Canada  Copper  Co.  with  those  of  the  Inter- 
national Nickel  Co. ;  that  the  latter  of  these  concerns  was  the  mar- 
keting corporation  and,  being  across  the  Line,  could  not  be  taxed 
by  Ontario ;  that  at  the  end  of  five  years,  the  increased  output  had 
demanded  a  readjustment  and  a  fixed  arrangement  of  $40,000  a 
year  was  made ;  that  as  this  expired  in  1917  -the  Government  had 
appointed  a  Commission  to  go  into  the  whole  matter  of  Nickel — 
refining,  taxation,  etc.  Upon  its  report  they  would  act. 

The  Hearst  ^n  ^ntari°  tne  Government  and  the  Opposition 

Government  and  Leader,  alike,  represented  the  people  in  their  War 
the  war;  Mr.  spirit,  their  War  policy  and  their  patriotic  co-opera- 
Roweii's Patri-  tion.  Mr.  Hearst's  Government  was  initiative  and 
earnest  in  seeking  out  ways  in  which  help  could  be 
given  to  the  Empire — to  Great  Britain  and  the  cause.  Up  to  Dec.  31, 
1915,  the  Provincial  Government  had  granted  for  various  War  pur- 
poses $1,778,565  and  during  1916  $749,218  more ;  up  to  the  close  of 
1915  the  people  of  the  Province,  according  to  an  estimate  by  Mr. 
McGarry,  Provincial  Treasurer,  had  given  to  various  Funds  and 
patriotic  objects  $9,323,564  additional,  including  $2,350,000  to 
the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund,  $2,994,223  to  the  Canadian  Eed 
Cross,  $1,395,948  to  the  British  Red  Cross  and  $1,205,344  from 
Municipal  Councils  to  various  Funds;  in  1916  they  contributed 
$5,800,000  to  the  Patriotic  Fund  and  at  least  $4,000,000  more  to 
the  British  and  Canadian  Red  Cross  and  other  Funds.  In  the 
Legislature  on  Mar.  13  Mr.  Hanna,  Provincial  Secretary,  stated 
that  the  Government  proposed  to  provide,  free  of  charge,  anti- 
toxins, rabies'  serum  and  other  sera  for  the  Canadian  Forces,  and 
added  that  300,000  men  had  been  treated  with  anti-typhoid 
vaccine,  provided  free  of  charge  by  the  Ontario  Government.  Under 
ordinary  conditions  the  treatment  would  have  cost  75  cents  per 
soldier  while  diphtheria  anti-toxin  formerly  cost  $7.00  per  treat- 
ment. The  total  Ontario  contributions  to  the  close  of  1916  were 
about  $25,000,000.  On  Mar.  28  an  important  step  was  taken  by  the 
Government  in  accepting  Mr.  Rowell's  Resolution  declaring: 

That  the  most  thorough  organization  possible  of  our  resources  should  be 
secured  for  the  successful  presecution  of  the  War  and  the  maintenance  of 
our  agricultural  and  industrial  production,  and  that  a  Select  Committee  be 
appointed  to  inquire  into  and  report  as  to  the  further  assistance  which  this 
Province  can  render  in  securing  such  organization  of  our  resources,  particu- 
larly in  assisting  in  the  work  of  recruiting  men  for  the  C.E.F.,  ensuring  a 
sufficient  supply  of  labour  for  the  agricultural  interests  and  the  necessary 
industrial  operations  of  the  Province;  and  in  promoting  thrift  and  econ- 
omy among  the  people,  thereby  strengthening  our  financial  position  during 
the  War  and  preparing  for  the  period  of  reconstruction  after  the  War. 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO  AND  THE  WAR  541 

Eventually  an  Act  was  passed  creating  a  permanent  Commit- 
tee on  the  Organization  of  Resources  and  the  following  officials  and 
members  were  appointed :  His  Honour  Sir.  J.  S.  Hcndrie,  Chairman, 
Hon.  W.  H.  Hearst  and  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  Vice-Chairmen,  and  A. 
H.  Abbott,  Ph.D.,  Secretary;  Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry,  Hon.  G.  H. 
Ferguson,  W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C.,  C.  M.  Bowman,  G.  A.  Gillespie, 
S.  Ducharme,  and  Forbes  Godfrey,  members  of  the  Legislature ;  J. 
W.  Woods,  M.  J.  Haney,  W.  A.  Riddell,  Ph.D.,  W.  E.  Bundle,  N. 
Sommerville  and  W.  H.  Shapley  of  Toronto;  W.  J.  Bell,  Sudbury, 
Wm.  Wollatt,  Walkerville,  Fred.  Cook,  Ottawa,  Arthur  Little,  Lon- 
don, Wm.  Dryden,  Brooklin,  Walter  Rollo,  Hamilton,  Dr.  G.  C. 
Creelman,  Guelph,  and  Hon.  H.  W.  Richardson,  Kingston.  The 
detailed  objects  of  the  Committee  were  officially  defined  as  fol- 
lows :  "  ( 1 )  To  assist  in  enlisting  more  men  and  to  aid  in  keeping 
production  in  agricultural,  necessary  manufacturing  and  other 
essential  industries,  as  high  as  possible;  (2)  to  encourage  thrift  and 
economy  in  order  to  finance  further  war  expenditure  and  to  meet 
the  heavy  obligations  which  the  War  will  place  upon  our  people ; 
(3)  to  aid  in  absorbing  the  soldiers  into  civilian  life  and  in  caring 
for  wounded  and  disabled  soldiers  and  to  aid  in  placing  and  absorb- 
ing the  large  number  of  immigrants  who  may  come  to  Ontario 
after  the  War;  (4)  in  short,  to  assist  in  securing  the  organization 
of  the  resources  of  Ontario  in  the  prosecution  of  the  War,  and  to 
educate  and  pave  the  way  for  new  social,  industrial  and  economic 
conditions,  a  high  ideal  of  citizenship,  and  a  quickening  of  national 
efficiency. ' ' 

Branches  were  organized  in  various  centres  and  considerable 
work  done  during  the  year,  including  the  issue  of  a  circular 
describing  what  the  Province  had  done  in  the  War, and  what  it 
should  do  in  the  immediate  future.  On  Sept.  28  it  was  announced 
by  Mr.  McGarry,  Provincial  Treasurer,  that  the  Government  would 
grant  $1,000,000  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  or  one-sixth  of  the 
total  amount  asked  from  the  Province  for  1917 ;  it  was  to  be  taken 
from  the  Provincial  War-tax  and  be  payable  in  12  annual  install- 
ments. Meanwhile  the  Ontario  Speakers'  Patriotic  League  at  its 
annual  meeting  (June  27)  reported  980  public  meetings  and  the 
issue  of  69,800  posters  and  180,000  pamphlets.  It  may  be  added 
that  the  sons  of  the  Cabinet  Ministers  set  an  example  to  many 
young  men  and  did  their  full  share  in  the  War.  Mr.  Hearst  had 
two  sons  at  the  Front,  Dr.  Pyne  one,  Mr.  Foy,  two,  Mr.  McPherson 
three,  Mr.  Hanna  one,  Mr.  Lucas  one.  On  Aug.  4  Mr.  Premier 
Hearst  issued  a  statement  as  to  what  Ontario  had  done  in  the  two 
years  of  war  which  included  the  enlistment  of  150,000  men,  war 
expenditures  by  the  Government  of  $2,200,000,  Provincial  contri- 
butions of  over  $8,000,000,  City  of  Toronto  expenditures  of  $1,- 
567,000,  Toronto  and  York  Patriotic  Fund  distribution  of  $1,377,- 
180  to  date.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  Government  granted 
$50,000  for  additions  to  the  Military  Hospitals  at  London  and 
Hamilton. 


542  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EBVIEW 

Accompanied  by  Dr.  Pyne,  Minister  of  Education,  the  Premier 
left  for  England  a  little  later  for  the  purpose  of  reorganizing  the 
London  Office  of  the  Agent  General,  ascertaining  the  best  methods 
by  which  Ontario  could  give  further  war-help,  investigating  Avia- 
tion schools,  inspecting  the  Provincial  Hospital  at  Orpington  and 
paying  a  visit  to  the  Front.  The  Ministers  arrived  on  Aug.  19 
and  on  the  24th  it  was  announced  that  the  Premier  had  undertaken 
on  behalf  of  the  Ontario  Government  to  rent,  equip  and  furnish 
two  additional  houses  near  Victoria  Station  for  the  Maple  Leaf 
Club  at  an  approximate  cost  of  $25,000  and  with  accommodation 
for  350  men.  A  visit  to  the  British  Fleet  and  to  the  Canadian 
troops  in  France  followed ;  on  Sept.  30  Mr.  Hearst  was  entertained 
by  the  Royal  Canadian  Institute,  visits  to  various  Hospitals  were 
made  and  interviews  had  with  Mr.  Lloyd  George  and  other  Minis- 
ters. The  Premier  was  back  in  Toronto  on  Oct.  10  and  told  the 
press  much  of  the  reputation  gained  in  England  by  Canadian 
soldiers  and  medical  men,  nurses,  engineers  and  contractors:  "I 
was  especially  pleased  with  the  Ontario  Military  Hospital  at 
Orpington  and  the  work  being  done  by  the  staff  there.  The  loca- 
tion of  the  hospital,  its  buildings  and  equipment  combine  to  make 
it  one  of  the  most  efficient  in  England.  In  fact  it  is  now  regarded 
as  a  mddel  for  all  military  hospitals." 

To  a  naval  recruting  meeting  in  Toronto  on  Oct.  15  Mr.  Hearst 
paid  high  tribute  to  the  Fleet;  at  the  Insurance  Institute  on  the 
26th  he  issued  an  earnest  call  for  war-duty  and  spoke  with  optim- 
ism as  to  after-war  conditions  in  Ontario;  at  a  mass-meeting  on 
the  29th  he  commented  upon  the  fact  that  the  feeling  of  patriotism 
was  not  as  intense  as  it  was  some  time  before,  and  warned  his  hear- 
ers that  if  that  decline  in  sentiment  was  due  to  a  feeling  that  the 
victory  was  won  it  was  a  serious  mistake.  He  was  at  Woodstock 
on  Nov.  14  appealing  for  more  men  and  still  more  men,  as  Lloyd 
George  had  put  it  to  him;  at  a  Toronto  Teachers'  meeting  (Nov. 
17)  he  scored  the  slackers  in  vigorous  terms;  at  Orillia  on  the  22nd 
he  urged  the  call  of  duty  upon  the  local  Canadian  Club ;  at  Guelph 
on  the  28th  he  urged  the  Canadian  Club  to  live  up  to  the  full  duties 
and  responsibilities  of  Empire  citizenship;  at  Niagara.  Falls  (Dec. 
2)  he  addressed  a  patriotic  meeting  and  a  Hamilton  gathering  on 
the  8th.  He  was  at  Brockville  on  Dec.  14  and  addressed  two  meet- 
ings; a  Christmas  message  to  the  troops  concluded  the  year's  war- 
work.  On  Nov.  27  the  Provincial  view  of  the  War  was  well  expressed 
by  Mr.  Premier  Hearst  in  an  official  Address  at  Toronto  to  H.  E. 
the  Duke  of  Devonshire:  "No  exertion  can  prove  too  exacting 
and  no  sacrifice  too  great  to  ensure  that  the  Empire  our  forefathers 
helped  to  preserve  and  extend,  and  for  which  their  descendants  to- 
day are  proud  to  die,  may  be  passed  on  in  unimpaired  splendour 
to  those  who  come  after  us."  To  this  the  Duke  replied,  in  part, 
as  follows :  ' '  As  the  representative  of  the  King  I  wish  to  convey  to 
you  His  Majesty's  deep  appreciation  of  what  this  Province  has 
done  in  the  great  war  in  which  we  are  engaged  at  the  present 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO  AND  THE  WAR  543 

time.  It  will  stand  as  an  everlasting  monument  to  the  fidelity  and 
devotion  of  the  people  of  Ontario.  The  contribution  of  men, 
money  and  munitions  have  been  of  great  assistance." 

Members  of  the  Government  spoke  more  frequently  than  can  be 
recorded  here.  Mr.  McGarry  was  always  popular  and  effective  and 
addressed  many  recruiting  meetings;  so  with  Mr.  Lucas,  as  at 
Guelph  on  Jan.  10  when  he  stated  that  "every  thousand  dollars' 
worth  of  increase  in  agricultural  products  this  year  means  the 
maintenance  of  another  soldier  at  the  Front,"  and  at  Hamilton, 
London,  Toronto,  etc.,  where  he  urged  the  speeding  up  of  produc- 
tion, the  cutting  down  of  individual  expenses  and  the  volunteering 
for  service ;  Mr.  Duff  devoted  such  time  as  failing  strength  would 
permit  to  urging  agricultural  production ;  Dr.  Pyne  worked  hard  to 
make  the  Orpington  Hospital  a  great  success  and  though  it  kept 
him  in  England  much  of  the  year  he  was  successful.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  1916  the  names  of  30  physicians  and  80  nurses,  composing 
the  Staff  of  this  Provincial  institution,  were  made  public;  Col.  A. 
E.  Ross,  C.M.G.,  M.L.A.,  M.DV  was  appointed  O.C.,  with  Lieut.-Col. 
I.  H.  Cameron,  M.B.,  as  Chief  of  the  Surgical  Staff,  Lieut.-Col.  Gra- 
ham Chambers,  M.D.,  of  the  Medical  Staff,  Sir  Wm.  Osier,  Consult- 
ing Physician,  and  Lieut.-Col.  Donald  Armour,  M.D.,  Consulting 
Surgeon.  The  Hospital  was  to  accommodate  1,040  patients  and 
was  built  on  the  hut  system.  The  Minister  presided  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  institution  on  Feb.  19  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Bonar  Law 
and  explained  that  the  cost  of  the  buildings  was  about  $600,000. 
This  Ontario  Military  Hospital  was,  he  added,  a  gift  from  Ontario 
for  the  benefit  of  every  soldier  of  His  Majesty  who  had  fought  for 
the  Empire.  In  the  Legislature  (Mar.  16)  it  was  stated  that  the 
Ontario  Government  paid  $150,000  a  year  for  its  maintenance.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  it  was  announced  that  the  Hospital  had  been 
severely  taxed  in  caring  for  wounded  soldiers  and  that  it  would  be 
enlarged  and  doubled  in  capacity.  Mr.  Howard  Ferguson  was  a 
frequent  speaker  on  patriotic  subjects  as  well  as  politics. 

The  care  of  returned  soldiers  was  an  important  subject  of  the 
year.  In  Ontario  the  Soldiers'  Aid  Commission  had  chief  charge 
of  the  matter  with  W.  D.  McPherson,  K.C.,  M.L.A.,  as  Chairman. 
Its  duties  as  a  Sub-Committee  of  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission 
were  "to  take  care  of  and  to  find  employment  for  members  of  the 
C.E.F.  returning  to  Canada,  to  assist,  advise  and  co-operate  with 
the  Dominion  body  and  with  other  Provincial  or  local  committees 
or  organizations."  So  with  returning  reservists  or  persons  dis- 
charged for  good  reason.  By  the  middle  of  the  year  40  branches 
had  been  organized  outside  of  Toronto  and  1,200  men  placed  in 
satisfactory  employment.  A  typical  incident  was  the  placing  of 
Lieut.  Edwin  Baker,  B.SC.,  M.C.,  a  blinded  hero  of  the  War,  on  the 
Hydro-Electric  Commission's  engineering  staff  through  the  action 
of  Sir  Adam  Beck.  It  may  be  added  that  many  beautiful  homes  in 
Ontario  were  offered  and  some  utilized  as  Military  Hospitals — 


544  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

notably  that  of  Miss  Merritt  at  St.  Catharines,  Mrs.  H.  D.  Warren 
at  Toronto  and  Mrs.  P.  D.  Crerar  at  Hamilton. 

Meanwhile,  N.  W.  Rowell,  K.C.,  the  Opposition  Leader,  had  been 
devoting  all  his  eloquence  and  force  and  much  of  his  time  to  recruit- 
ing speeches,  to  urging  still  more  action  and  still  better  War 
organization  upon  both  the  Provincial  and  Dominion  Governments. 
His  policy  was  expressed  at  Stratford  on  Feb.  11 :  '  *  Organize  the 
whole  resources  of  the  Dominion,  so  as  to  secure  the  needed  men  for 
the  colours,  keep  up  the  food  supply  of  the  Empire,  and  maintain 
our  industrial  organizations  in  a  manner  that  will  meet  the  needs  of 
this  supreme  crisis."  In  the  Legislature  (Mar.  13)  he  urged  that 
pensions  be  on  the  same  level  as  Workmen's  Compensation  rates, 
advocated  technical  training  for  returned  soldiers  and  a  preference 
in  all  Government  positions ;  to  which  the  Premier  replied  that  the 
two  latter  points  were  already  realized.  At  a  Washington,  U.S., 
Missionary  Congress  on  Apr.  30  Mr.  Rowell  pointed  out  that  the 
300,000  men  raised  in  Canada  were  equal  to  3,750,000  raised  in  the 
Republic;  at  St.  Catharines  (May  28)  he  estimated  that  throughout 
the  nations  engaged  40,000,000  men  had  been  called  to  the  colours 
since  the  War  began  and  declared  that  if  Canadians  had  enlisted 
in  the  same  proportion  as  the  British  at  home  there  would  be 
900,000  men  under  arms  in  or  from  Canada.  At  Tillsonburg  on 
the  27th,  Toronto  on  June  11  and  elsewhere,  Mr.  Rowell  urged  bet- 
ter organization  and  leadership,  more  self-sacrifice  and  earnestness. 

He  visited  England  in  July  and  August,  saw  the  Hospitals  and 
studied  the  general  situation,  spent  three  weeks  in  France  and 
Flanders,  conferred  in  Paris  with  social  reform  and  other  leaders, 
visited  the  British  Fleet,  Ordnance  and  Munition  plants  and  ship- 
building yards,  and  arrived  again  in  Toronto  on  Sept.  17  when  he 
told  the  Canadian  Club,  on  the  25th,  that  "if  Great  Britain  is  to 
continue  to  carry  the  burden  and  to  save  civilization  she  must 
receive  from  all  her  Dominions  continued  and  increased  support." 
A  series  of  speeches  followed.  Mr.  Rowell  was  at  Woodstock  on 
Oct.  3rd  and  before  the  Women 's  Liberal  Club,  Toronto,  on  the  6th 
when  he  eulogized  the  British  Fleet  and  added:  "My  conviction  is 
growing  that  the  people  of  Canada  will  not  much  longer  be  content 
to  be  spectators  of  this  vast  drama  of  Naval  defence.  I  venture 
to  think  the  time  is  past  due  when  we  should  be  prepared  to  assume 
our  fair  share  of  the  Imperial  burden  of  defence."  He  spoke  at 
Victoria  University  on  Oct.  13  and  at  London  on  the  llth,  where 
he  described  the  spirit  of  France  and  the  spontaneous  response  of 
British  countries  as  great  features  of  the  War.  Other  patriotic  or 
recruiting  addresses  were  at  Hamilton  on  Oct.  16,  Peterborough  on 
Nov.  2,  St.  James'  Church,  Montreal,  on  Nov.  5  and  the  local 
Reform  Club  on  the  4th,  at  Kingston  on  Nov.  9,  London  on  the  16th, 
Woodstock  on  Dec.  3,  Toronto  on  the  22nd.  The  need  of  men,  the 
great  need  of  Canadian  reinforcements,  was  urged  and  pressed 
home  with  a  personal  knowledge  of  the  situation.  In  standing 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO  AND  THE  WAR  545 

beside  Sir  Robert  Borden  at  the  National  Service  meeting  in 
Toronto  on  Dec.  22  Mr.  Rowell  declared  that:  "In  the  intensity 
of  the  struggle  we  now  face  it  may  depend  upon  the  last  100,000 
men  as  to  who  will  win  the  War.  What  will  be  our  place  in  the 
Empire  and  before  the  world  if,  with  the  ability  to  supply  men 
and  munitions  and  agricultural  products,  we  fail  in  the  supremest 
hour?  Our  place  in  the  future  will  be  determined  by  what  we 
do  from  now  on — not  from  what  we  have  done." 

It  is  not  necessary  to  say  much  here  of  the  great  work  done  by 
the  people  of  Ontario  in  Red  Cross,  Patriotic  Fund  and  other  con- 
tributions or  as  to  the  war-work  of  the  women.  They  are  dealt 
with  under  Dominion  headings.  In  March  it  was  estimated  that 
Toronto  had  given  to  various  Funds  since  the  War  began  $5,915,- 
166  (Star,  Mar.  25)  or  $12.45  per  head.  Some  of  the  smaller  items 
were  $75,000  raised  by  the  Recruiting  League,  $140,000  by  the 
I.O.D.E.,  $250,000  or  more  collected  for  22  Toronto  Battalions, 
Belgian  Relief  gifts  of  $30,000.  T.  Eaton  &  Co.  were  stated  in 
March  to  be  paying  out  $11,000  per  week  to  the  families  of  enlisted 
employees.  On  Dec.  23rd  the  Toronto  Star  extended  its  estimate  of 
what  Toronto  had  done  to  date  as  follows : 

Has  given  50,000  soldiers  for  Overseas  Service. 

Has  had  11,150  casualties,  2,150  deaths  included. 

Has  insured  42,000  soldiers  at  $1,000  each. 

Has   paid   death    claims    on    825   slain    soldiers. 

Has   made    munitions    valued   at   $50,000,000. 

Has  given   for  War  purposes   of  all   kinds   $15,000,000. 

Has  a  City  war  debt   (debenture)    of  over  $2,500,000. 

Hamilton  also  did  its  duty.  According  to  Mayor  C.  S.  Walters 
who,  himself,  enlisted  for  service,  in  a  statement  on  Aug.  4th  that 
City  had  raised  altogether  $2,000,000  for  patriotic  purposes  and 
contributed  8,000  men  to  the  Army,  while  13  Hamilton  soldiers 
had  won  the  D.S.O.,  or  D.C.M.  London  raised  4,000  men,  col- 
lected $150,000  and  erected  a  number  of  buildings  for  military 
purposes.  As  to  recruiting  the  Provincial  Government  contributed 
up  to  May,  1916,  $43,000  to  aid  the  work  throughout  Ontario.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  out  of  110  sitting  members  of  the  Legislature 
15  were  in  khaki,  while  18  others  were  represented  by  sons.  Those 
serving  in  some  military  capacity  were  as  follows:  John  R.  Cook, 
M.  Hogarth,  J.  I.  Hartt,  Lieut.-Col.  T.  H.  Lennox,  Lieut.  Malcolm 
Lang,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  A.  C.  Machin,  Capt.  Thomas  Magladery,  Dr. 
Alfred  W.  Nixon,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  C.  Pratt,  Col.  the  Hon.  R.  A. 
Pyne,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H.  Price,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E.  Ross,  C.M.G.,  Dr.  A. 
F.  Rykert,  Lieut.  Donald  Sharp  and  Major  James  C.  Tolmie.  The 
Hon.  Mr.  Duff  lost  his  son  during  the  year ;  other  members  had  sons 
amongst  the  wounded,  including  the  Premier.  The  Civil  Service,  in- 
side and  outside,  and  the  Provincial  Hospital  staffs,  etc.,  contributed 
over  200  men  to  active  service  and  $32,000  in  cash  collections  by 
the  beginning  of  1916  and  the  Provincial  Treasurer  stated  in  the 
Legislature  on  Mar.  13  that  "all  civil  servants  on  the  permanent 
staff  who  may  enlist,  are  granted  leave  of  absence  during  the  War 
35 


I 


546  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

with  one  year's  full  salary  and  after  that  the  military  pay  is  sup- 
plemented by  the  Government  to  an  amount  equal  to  his  salary  in 
the  service. ' ;  Of  the  Law  Society  of  Ontario  200  members  enlisted 
up  to  Jan.  1st,  1916,  and  over  200  school  teachers  had  resigned  to 
join  the  Army ;  out  of  2,100  Street  Railway  employees  in  Toronto 
over  700  had  enlisted  by  June,  1916,  and  the  Y.M.C.A.  of  Toronto, 
out  of  7,000  members,  was  said  to  have  sent  2,500  on  active  service. 
In  Toronto,  Parkdale  Collegiate  had  an  Honour  Roll  of  317  in 
November,  1916,  and  Jarvis  Collegiate  262.  And  so  it  was  in 
every  direction. 

Of  individual  incidents  interesting  to  Ontario  was  the  death  in 
action  of  Lieut. -Col.  W.  R.  Marshall,  D.S.O.,  of  the  15th  Battalion — 
a  brave  and  capable  soldier  and  popular  Hamilton  officer ;  the  aero- 
plane successes  of  Count  Jacques  de  Lesseps,  son-in-law  of  Sir  Wm. 
Mackenzie ;  the  wounding  for  a  third  time  of  Capt.  J.  M.  Dymond, 
son  of  A.  M.  Dymond,  Law  Clerk  of  the  Legislature,  and  one  of 
two  brothers  at  the  Front;  the  death  in  action  of  Lieut.  Frank 
and  Capt.  Charles  McGee  and  the  wounding  of  Capt.  W.  R.  McGee, 
sons  of  J.  J.  McGee,  Ottawa;  the  receiving  of  the  D.C.M.  by  two 
brothers — Lieutenants  G.  B.  &  T.  B.  Dixon — for  the  same  battle 
and  the  later  slight  wounding  of  both  and  their  return  to  service ; 
the  appointment  of  Col.  C.  H.  Mitchell,  D.S.O.,  Toronto,  as  1st  Staff 
Officer  of  the  2nd  British  Army  in  France — a  very  high  honour; 
the  fact  of  Dr.  C.  J.  Hamilton,  Cornwall,  having  10  nephews  on 
active  service;  the  dignified  and  solemn  public  funeral  in  Toronto 
(Nov.  12)  of  Lieut.-Col.  W.  D.  Allan,  D.S.O.,  who  died  of  wounds; 
the  winning  of  the  M.C.  by  both  Col.  J.  L.  Youngs  of  Stratford  and 
his  son  Lieut.  J.  L.  Youngs,  Jr. ;  the  death  in  action  of  four  sons  of 
Sergt.  James  Lindsay  of  Hamilton.  Of  individual  officers  killed  in 
action  no  greater  loss  was  suffered  in  1916  than  by  the  death  of 
Major  Charles  A.  Moss  of  Toronto;  Pte.  A.  M.  Mackenzie  was  one 
of  Canada's  greatest  athletes;  Gordon  Galloway  of  Toronto  was  a 
scholar  and  an  athlete;  Major  A.  E.  McLaughlin  of  Belleville  a 
popular  local  lawyer. 

Ontario  Incidents  and  Conditions  in  1916 

Mar.  8.  Judge  Middleton's  Report  as  to  the  Cox  estates  showed  property, 
etc.,  of  the  late  Hon.  G.  A.  Cox,  liable  to  Succession  duty,  as  $4,834,847 
with  $425,557  as  the  amount  of  taxation,  and  that  of  the  late  E.  W.  Cox 
as  $1,596,223  with  duties  of  $251,409. 

Apr.  20.  New  Benchers  elected  by  the  Law  Society  of  Upper  Canada 
were  H.  S.  White  and  W.  N.  Ferguson,  K.C.,  Toronto,  E.  P.  Clement,  K.C., 
Berlin,  and  Dan.  O'Connell,  Peterborough.  Other  members  re-elected  were 
F.  W.  Harcourt,  K.C.,  who  headed  the  list,  Major  C.  A.  Moss,  Brig.-Gen. 
W.  A.  Logie,  K.C.,  and  N.  W.  Eowell,  K.C. 

Aug.  19.  An  eloquent  greeting  from  Sir  John  Hendrie,  Lieut.  Gov- 
ernor of  Ontario,  was  read  to  the  Canadian  Society  of  Los  Angeles,  California : 
"Canada  is  at  war.  Without  a  moment's  hesitation  she  assumed  her 
unquestionable  duty,  equally  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  and  as  a  self-gov- 


ONTARIO  INCIDENTS  AND  CONDITIONS  IN  1916  547 

erning  yet  integral  part  of  the  British  Empire,  and  for  two  years  she  has 
been  demonstrating  her  virile  manhood  in  deeds  that  place  her  on  history's 
immortal  page.  While  her  sacrifices  have  been  great,  she  regards  no  sacrifice 
too  great  that  is  made  not  for  glory,  but  for  honour,  not  for  material  gain, 
but  for  human  freedom  and  for  unimpeachable  international  integrity." 

Oct.  23.  The  Judicial  Committee  in  London  dismissed  the  appeal  of  the 
Toronto  Electric  Light  Co.  in.  their  "Pole"  case  against  the  City  of 
Toronto.  The  dispute  between  the  City  and  the  Company,  regarding  the 
right  of  the  latter  to  erect  and  maintain  poles  upon  the  streets  of  the  City, 
arose  in  October,  1912.  At  that  time  the  Company  erected  poles  on  Playter 
boulevard,  and  the  City  promptly  cut  them  down.  The  Company  applied  to 
the  Courts  for  an  injunction  to  restrain  the  City  from  interfering  with  their 
poles,  for  a  declaration  that  they  had  the  hight  to  erect  poles  on  any  of  the 
streets  in  the  City,  and  for  damages  for  the  poles  cut  down.  The  case 
came  before  Mr.  Justice  Middleton,  and  in  April,  1914,  judgment  was 
given  in  favour  of  the  Company.  The  City  promptly  appealed  to  the 
Appellate  Division  of  the  Ontario  Courts,  where  the  judgment  of  fhe  trial 
Judge  was  reversed.  The  Company  thereupon  took  the  case  to  the  Privy 
Council  and  it  now  was  dismissed. 

Oct.  24.  In  allowing  the  appeal  of  the  Toronto  &  York  Eadial  Kail- 
way  versus  the  Corporation  of  Toronto,  arising  from  the  application  by  the 
appellants  to  the  Ontario  Railway  and  Municipal  Board  for  permission  to 
deviate  its  tracks,  the  Privy  Council  judgment  found  that  the  appellants 
had  the  franchise  which  they  claimed  in  respect  of  the  street  and  adjoining 
lands  proposed  to  be  used. 

Nov.  22.  The  Ontario  Boards  of  Trade  Association  met  at  Hamilton 
and  passed  Eesolutions  urging  the  removal  of  the  Government  tax  on 
denatured  alcohol  utilized  exculsively  for  industrial  purposes-  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  pharmaceutical  and  chemical  preparations;  the  elimination 
or  modification  of  manifest  charges  by  Express  Companies;  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Dominion  Commission  to  investigate  and  authorize  the  floating 
of  all  stocks  and  bonds  with  a  view  to  protecting  the  public  against  being 
repeatedly  victimized  by  unscrupulous  promoters;  calling  upon  the  Domin: 
ion  Eailway  Commission  for  a  stricter  enforcement  of  the  regulation  with 
respect  to  flag  stations  on  all  Canadian  railways. 

Nov.  23.  In  Toronto  a  new  Labour  political  party  was  initiated  at  a 
meeting  of  Trades  Unionists,  members  of  the  Social  Democratic  party,  Social- 
ist party  of  Canada,  Socialist  Labour  party,  Socialist  party  of  North  America, 
and  others.  James  Eichards  of  the  Trades  and  Labour  Council  presided.  The 
following  platform  was  adopted. 

1.  Free  compulsory  education  and  a  legal  work-day  of  7  hours  with  aboli- 
tion of  the  contract  system  on  all  public  works. 

2.  Public  ownership  of  all  franchises,  railway,  telephone,  telegraph,  water- 
works, lighting,  etc. 

3.  Tax  reform  by  lessening  taxation  on  industry  and  increasing  it  on 
land  values;   and  abolition  of  the  Dominion  Senate. 

4.  Abolition  of  labour  for  children  under  16  years,  and  the  establishing 
of  equal  pay  for  equal  work  for  men  and  women. 

5.  Abolition  of  property  qualification  for  all  public  offices  and  Propor- 
tional representation  under  the  Hare-Spence   system   of  voting. 

6.  Direct  legislation  through  initiative  and  referendum  and  equal  suffrage 
to  men  and  women  over  21  years  of  age. 

Nov.  30.  The  Academy  of  Medicine  heard  strong  utterances  from  Doctors 
C.  K.  Clarke,  C.  M.  Hincks,  H.  L.  Brittain,  F.  J.  Conboy  and  others,  as 
to  the  need  for  Provincial  action  regarding  Defectives,  of  whom  55  per  cent, 
were  described  as  habitual  criminals.  It  passed  a  Eesolution  in  favour  of 
the  establishment  of  two  separate  institutions  along  the  lines  of  a  farm 

ny,  one  for  boys  and  one  for   girls. 


_ 


548  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Dec.  31.  The  following  heads  of  important  Provincial  organizations 
were  elected  and  held  office  during  1916: 

Academy  of  Medicine (1)    Col.  H.  A.  Bruce,  M.D.  .  Toronto 

(2)    Dr.   John   Ferguson    .  .  .  Toronto 

Masonic  Grand  Lodge,  A.F.  &  A.M Sydney  A.  Luke   Ottawa 

Institute   of    Chartered    Accountants    A.   C.    Neff    Toronto 

Orange   Grand   Lodge  of  Ontario  East    E.    H.    McLean     Bowmanville 

Orange  Grand  Lodge  of  Ontario  West H.    C.   Hocken    Toronto 

Ontario  Motor  League L.   B.   Howland    Toronto 

Ontario   Commercial  Travellers'   Association    .  .  C.   W.   McGuire    London 

Ontario    Amateur    Athletic    Union    Thos.    Brownlee    Toronto 

Ontario  Bar  Association    Col.    J.    E.    Farewell    Whitby 

Ontario   Good   Roads   Association    S.  L.  Squire    Waterford. 

Ontario    Equal    Franchise    Association     Mrs.  A.   B.   Ormsby Toronto. 

Ontario    Labour    Educational    Association     .  . .  C.   P.   Doughty Quebec. 

Dec.  31.  During  the  year  Hamilton,  London  and  Brantford  experimented 
with  Daylight  Saving  hours  and  returned  to  the  old  system  after  trial. 

The  University  of  Toronto. —  On  June  so,  1916,  the  staff  of 

the  University  numbered  409,  of  whom  50  were  Professors,  54  Associates  and  17 
Assistants,  68  Lecturers,  and  218  general.  The  registered  students  of  the  year 
were  3,868  of  whom  1,853  were  in  Arts,  617  in  Medicine,  345  in  Applied 
Science,  437  in  Education,  252  in  Social  Service,  26  in  Household  Science, 
32  in  Forestry  and  353  in  the  Summer  Session.  1,540  students  were  women. 
The  degrees  conferred  totalled  673  which  included  B.A.,  288 ;  M.B.,  93 ;  B.A.Sc., 
82;  D.D.S.,  43;  B.S.A.,  50;  M.A.,  28;  Phm.B.,  36.  The  gross  revenue  was 
$864,678,  the  expenditures  $912,359.  Of  the  Staff,  on  June  30,  96  were  on 
Active  Service  and  the  enlistments  included  1,736  graduates,  1,268  under- 
graduates, 12  in  Y.M.C.A.  work  at  the  Front— a  total  of  3,016.  The  fatal 
casualties  were  113.  The  work  of  the  Officers'  Training  Corps  was  continued 
with  791  efficient  members,  117  Lieutenants  with  certificates,  85  candidates  for 
Imperial  Commissions  accepted  in  January-June,  1916,  and  1,278  members,  all 
together,  on  Active  Service  at  Sept.  1st. 

During  the  year,  also,  an  Overseas  Unit  was  authorized  with  Prof.  G.  H. 
Needier  as  C.O.,  and  an  Artillery  Battery  was  partially  enlisted;  instruction 
aid  was  given  to  the  various  Military  schools  and  No.  4  General  Hospital, 
sent  by  the  University,  was  reported  as  having  done  excellent  work  at 
Salonika  with  much  help  in  supplies,  etc.,  from  the  ladies  of  the  University — 
totalling  between  April,  1915,. and  October,  1916,  1,328  large  cases  of  Hospital 
supplies  and  cash  donations  to  its  Laboratory  of  $44,302.  The  manufacture  of 
Tetanus  antitoxin  was  continued  by  the  University  Laboratory  with  $15,000 
worth  supplied  at  cost  to  the  War  and  Militia  Departments  at  date.  The 
extension  of  the  Medical  course  from  5  to  6  years — as  at  Manitoba  and 
McGill — was  decided  upon  to  go  into  operation  in  1918;  the  Ontario  Govern- 
ment aided  in  establishing  a  Department  in  Metallurgy  and  the  Board  of  Post- 
graduate Studies  was  reconstituted  with  5  new  Eesearch  scholarships  as  the 
gift  of  Sir  Edmund  Osier,  J.  W.  Flavelle  and  Col.  E.  W.  Leonard.  Col.  A.  E. 
Gooderham  bought  50  acres  of  land  for  the  University  and  erected  Labor- 
atories for  the  manufacture  of  sera  and  antitoxins;  Mrs.  Massey-Treble  left 
a  legacy  of  $100,000  for  the  support  of  the  Household  Science  Department  and 
E.  C.  Walker  left  $25,000  for  a  Men's  residence.  The  Assets  of  the  Uni- 
versity on  June  30,  1916,  were  $6,900,376. 

The  graduates  in  1916  were  714  as  against  872  in  1915;  the  Summer 
course  included  the  teaching  of  French  to  High  School  and  Continuation 
School  teachers;  Prof.  G.  M.  Wrong  lost  one  son  in  action  during  the  year, 
and  another,  E.  Murray  Wrong,  was  appointed  Vice-Principal  of  the  Man- 
chester School  of  Technology,  England;  Capt.  L.  A.  Bibet,  lately  Lecturer  in 
French,  won  the  double  French  decoration  of  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  and  the  War  Cross;  the  death  of  Prof.  E.  J.  Kylie,  brilliant  scholar, 
strong  Imperialist,  soldier  in  training,  kindly  personality,  on  May  14  was  a 
great  loss  to  the  institution  and  to  circles  of  thought  and  work  which 
extended  beyond  the  shores  of  Canada;  the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred (May  19)  upon  Prof.  F.  D.  Adams  of  McGill,  Frank  Darling,  Very 
Eev.  W.  E.  Harris,  D.D.,  Hon.  Win.  E.  Eiddell  of  Toronto,  Benj.  Suite,  r.R.s.c., 


ONTARIO  INCIDENTS  AND  CONDITIONS  IN  1916  549 

Ottawa,  and  Prof.  C.  A.  Zavitz  of  Guelph,  and,  at  the  same  time,  95  degrees 
out  of  545  conferred  upon  graduates  were  given  to  men  in  khaki. 

Other  incidents  of  1916  included  the  statement  of  Lieut.-Col.  Herbert 
Lennox,  M.L.A.,  (Nov.  5)  that  in  view  of  the  number  of  students  still  eligible 
and  not  enlisted  he  would  like  to  close  the  institution  during  the  War,  with 
President  Falconer's  reply,  as  to  facts  just  stated  above,  and  the  declara- 
tion that  some  of  the  classes  were  so  depleted  as  to  be  almost  unable  to  carry 
on  their  work;  the  statement  (Nov.  18)  of  Dr.  C.  K.  Clarke,  Dean  of  the 
Medical  Faculty,  that  the  University  Base  Hospital  at  Salonika  had  handled 
over  20,000  patients;  the  publication  by  the  University  of  a  handsome  Varsity 
Supplement  which  did  credit  to  the  students  and  the  institution;  the  sensa- 
tional statement  of  the  Toronto  Star  on  Dec.  16  that  the  German  language  was 
being  given  a  preference  over  French  and  English  under  the  paragraph  in 
the  Calendar  of  1916-17  (Page  156)  stating  that:  "A  student  who  proposes 
to  enter  the  special  course  in  Greek  and  Hebrew  is  required  to  obtain  at 
matriculation,  or  at  any  equivalent  examination,  honours  in  Greek,  pass  in 
Latin,  mathematics,  as  well  as  in  at  least  one  of  English,  German,  French, 
preferably  German";  the  further  claim  of  the  Toronto  Telegram  that  the 
Modern  Language  course  allowed  "24  hours  weekly  for  the  German  language, 
22  hours  for  English,  16  hours  for  French,  14  hours  each  for  Spanish  and 
Italian"  and  the  reply  of  President  Falconer  (Dec.  19)  that  ''these  courses 
were  all  arranged  some  years  before  the  War  broke  out,  that  the  modern 
language  courses  were  shaped  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  Department  of 
Education,  which  called  for  a  knowledge  of  German." 

Dr.  E.  A.  Falconer,  President  of  the  University,  delivered  several  ad- 
dresses on  the  War  during  the  year.  To  the  Ontario  Educational  Associa- 
tion (Apr.  25)  he  declared  that  "the  world  has  come  to  be  less  moral  than 
it  was  and  there  is  a  great  deal  less  honour  among  the  great  civilized  nations 
than  we  thought  there  was  " ;  at  the  University  opening  on  Sept.  26  he  pointed 
out  that  "we  in  America  have  no  adequate  conception  of  the  magnitude  of 
England's  achievements  in  the  War.  The  appeal  of  France  has  been  so  simple 
and  direct  that  one's  sympathy  and  admiration  could  not  go  astray,  but  we 
have  heard  so  much  of  England's  mistakes  and  shortcomings  that  we  have 
lost  sight  of  the  real  greatness  of  her  achievements";  to  a  Toronto  recruiting 
meeting  on  Oct.  29  he  declared  that  every  man,  able  and  fit,  should  go  to  the 
Front,  that  "with  sacrifice  we  are  winning  and  at  the  close  of  the  War  thia 
spirit  of  sacrifice  will  remain  and  Canada  will  be  a  unified  people." 

Other  Ontario  Universities  in  1916. —  Queen's  Univer 

sity,  Kingston,  received  the  retirement  in  May  of  its  Principal — Eev.  Dr.  D.  M. 
Gordon — who  for  14  years  had  laboured  with  earnestness  and  efficiency  to  for- 
ward its  interests,  but  it  was  held  over  pending  appointment  of  a  successor. 
Dr.  Gordon  celebrated  in  August  the  50th  anniversary  of  his  ordination  as  a 
Presbyterian  Minister  and,  on  Oct.  18,  a  life  portrait  of  the  retiring  Princi- 
pal was  unveiled  in  the  University  and  many  tributes  paid  to  his  work.  In 
his  speech  he  pointed  to  the  War  depletion  of  the  Staff  and  student  attend- 
ance and  mentioned  the  services  of  Queen's  Base  Hospital  at  Cairo  and  in 
France.  During  the  year  Queen's  took  great  interest  in  the  plans  for  promot- 
ing Scientific  and  Industrial  Eesearch,  various  departments  already  had 
worked  hard  along  lines  similar  to  those  under  public  discussion  and,  accord- 
ing to  Principal  Gordon,  (Oct.  21)  they  were  well  equipped  to  carry  on  fur- 
ther and  advanced  studies  in  Metallurgy,  Chemistry,  Physics,  Electrical, 
Mechanical  and  Civil  Engineering.  The  registration  of  students  in  November 
was  1,157  compared  with  2,009  in  1915  and  the  reduction  was  largely  due  to 
the  War.  As  to  this  the  University  had  trained  two  parties  of  Engineers  and 
there  was  a  Base  corps  sending  drafts  over  to  the  parent  units;  three  com- 
plete Batteries  had  been  mobilized  for  the  Front  and  despatched,  the  call  of 
the  Princess  Patricias  for  reinforcements  had  been  heard  and  part  of  two 
companies  raised;  the  Overseas  Training  Corps  had  performed  a  great  work 
and  supplied  many  men  to  the  Imperial  Army.  During  the  year  a  Bill  passed 
the  Legislature  amalgamating  the  Kingston  School  of  Mining  and  Agricul- 
ture with  Queen's  and  in  April  it  became  a  Faculty  of  the  University;  Dr. 


550  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

James  Douglas,  Chancellor,  added  $50,000  to  "his  $100,000  gift  for  a  Library 
building;  the  University  Council  elected  in  April  included  Brig.-Gen.  W.  A. 
Logic,  G.  Y.  Chown,  Kingston,  Miss  E.  J.  McManus,  Ottawa,  E.  W.  Brock, 
Vancouver,  Judge  E.  B.  Fralick,  Belleville,  Eev.  Dr.  D.  B.  MacTavish  and 
E.  H.  Cowley,  Toronto,  Dr.  W.  H.  Eankin,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  and  Dr.  S.  S. 
Connell,  Brockville. 

The  Western  University,  London,  made  progress  and  early  in  the  year  J. 
B.  Smallman  left  it  a  legacy  of  $200,000  to  help  in  that  respect.  The  Presi- 
dent, Eev.  Dr.  E.  E.  Braithwaite,  stated  on  Apr.  24  that  the  object  of  the 
institution  was  especially  to  promote  higher  education  in  the  Western  section 
of  Ontario  and  obtain  local  students  just  as  Toronto  University  was  said  to 
get  40%  of  its  students  from  York  County.  He  announced  that  the  Provin- 
cial Government  would  grant  $50,000  this  year  to  aid  the  institution  and 
that  a  site  for  new  buildings  had  been  secured.  The  Arts  Faculty  was 
growing,  the  Medical  being  strengthened  and  attendance  improving.  On 
May  18  the  new  Chancellor,  Hon.  Dr.  W.  J.  Eoche,  addressed  Convocation 
and  the  Hon.  LL.D.  degree  was  conferred  upon  Sir  Adam  Beck,  Dr.  F.  B. 
Eccles,  Dr.  H.  A.  McCallum  and  Dr.  W.  M.  Moorehouse;  that  of  D.Sc.  upon 
Prof.  L.  G.  Eowntree  of  Minnesota  University;  5  students  were  given  the 
M.A.  degree,  17  that  of  B.A.,  and  ]5  of  Medicine.  A  Hospital  Unit  was 
authorized  in  March,  organized  under  Lieut.-Col.  Edwin  Seaborn,  M.D.,  and 
recruited  to  full  strength  within  a  couple  of  months.  The  enrollment  of 
McMaster  University,  Toronto,  (Baptist)  for  1916-17  was  268  of  whom  196 
were  in  Arts  and  30  in  Theology,  with  35  in  M.A.  and  8  in  B.D.  graduate 
courses.  An  Hon.  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  Sir  E.  L.  Borden  and  Eev.  Dr. 
Charles  A.  Eaton.  The  affiliated  Brandon  College  had  81  students.  The 
graduates  of  Victoria  University,  Toronto,  (Methodist)  included  11  in  Arts 
and  3  receiving  the  degree  of  B*,D.  on  Apr.  14  when  Prof.  J.  F.  McLaughlin 
and  Major,  the  Eev.  G.  H.  Williams,  Hamilton,  received  the  Hon.  degree  of 
D.D.;  its  enrollment  in  Theology  was  210  compared  with  225  in  1915  and  its 
total  attendance  in  1916  was  574  with  450  on  active  service. 

At  the  72nd  Convocation  of  Knox  College  (Presbyterian)  Principal  Gan- 
dier  stated  on  Apr.  4  that  over  50%  of  the  students  had  enlisted  for  Active 
Service.  On  Sept.  28  Dr.  Gandier,  in  a  College  address,  ranged  himself  with 
the  school  of  thought  represented  in  these  words :  ' '  To  overthrow  force  by 
force  will  not  kill  the  false  doctrine  that  started  this  war.  The  real  danger 
is  that  in  overthrowing  the  curse  of  Prussian  militarism  Europe  and  even 
America  will  be  militarized."  The  doctrines  of  the  Gospel  were  the  only 
solution.  Other  College  incidents  included  the  conferring  by  Trinity  Uni- 
versity (Anglican)  of  an  Hon.  D.D.  upon  Very  Eev.  D.  T.  Owen  of  Niagara 
and  Et.  Eev.  Frank  Du  Moulin,  Bishop  Coadjutor  of  Ohio;  the  statement  of 
Principal  O'Meara  of  Wy cliff e  College  on  Oct.  5  (Anglican)  that  53  of  its 
students  had  gone  to  the  Front  and  5  been  killed  and  that  the  College  now 
had  power  to  confer  degrees  in  Divinity,  direct,  instead  of  through  the  Arch- 
bishop; the  boast  of  Albert  College,  Belleville,  in  June  that  156  of  its 
students  had  enlisted  and  7  women  students  volunteered  in  different  capacities, 
while  the  Principal,  Eev.  Dr.  E.  N.  Baker,  stated  on  June  23  that  the  Endow- 
ment Fund  had  reached  $74,600.  Principal  H.  W.  Auden  of  Upper  Canada 
College,  Toronto,  on  Oct.  20  stated  that  747  graduates  were  at  the  Front 
with  59  names  on  the  honour  roll  of  killed  and  many  decorations  won;  St. 
Michael's  College,  Toronto,  had  a  number  of  students  or  graduates  at  the 
Front  and  on  Sept.  15  Pte.  Cecil  Feeney,  a  very  popular  student,  was  killed 
in  action.  He  had  two  brothers  also  in  France.  The  University  of  Ottawa  on 
June  11  conferred  the  following  degrees:  Licentiate  of  Theology,  1;  B.  Th.,  4; 
Licentiate  of  Philosophy,  8;  Ph.B.,  7;  B.A.,  10.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
granted  Eev.  E.  J.  M.  Strauss  of  Tewkesbury,  Mass.,  that  of  LL.D.  was  given 
Very  Eev.  Dean  O'Malley,  Barrie,  that  of  D.Sc.  to  A.  T.  Charron  and  C.  S. 
Vadner.  The  students  at  this  date  numbered  694. 

Porcupine  and  itS  Mines.  The  gold  production  of  Ontario 
by  1916  had  reached  an  important  total — $33,663,648  in  all  years  to  Dec.  31. 
Most  of  it  came  from  the  Porcupine  region  with  the  total  rising  from  a  few 


ONTARIO  INCIDENTS  AND  CONDITIONS  IN  1916  551 

thousands  in  1911  to  $8,501,391  in  1915  and  $10,339,259  in  1916.  In  seven 
years  Porcupine  had  grown  from  an  unknown  forest  region  in  Northern 
Ontario  to  a  recognized  mining  centre  with  Timmins,  South  Porcupine  and 
Schumacher  as  thriving  settlements— the  first  with  5,000  population.  The 
Hollinger  Mines  were  the  centre  of  this  production.  Starting  in  1912  the 
Company  had  in  four  years  drawn  an  income  of  $9,355,975,  cleared  net  pro- 
fits of  $5,403,209,  paid  dividends  of  $4,170,000  and  added  to  surplus  $1,478,- 
209.  The  total  cost  of  plant  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  was  $1,336,863;  the  estimated 
value  of  ore  reserves  at  that  date  was  $16,031,600.  Discovered  by  Ben.  Hol- 
linger in  1909,  the  men  chiefly  indentified  with  this  property  were  N.  A.  and 
L.  H.  Timmins,  John  and  Duncan  McMartin  and  D.  A.  Dunlap. 

Early  in  1916 — ratified  on  May  15 — an  amalgamation  of  the  Holliiiger 
Gold  Mines,  Ltd.,  was  arranged  with  the  Acme,  Millerton,  and  Canadian  Min- 
ing and  Finance  properties  as  the  Hollinger  Consolidated  Gold  Mines,  Ltd., 
with  $25,000,000  capital  and  the  allotment  of  shares  as  follows:  $1,000,000 
in  Treasury,  $12,000,000  to  Hollinger  shareholders,  $10,500,000  to  Acme, 
$1,000,000  to  Millerton  and  $500,000  to  Canadian  Mining  and  Finance  share- 
holders. The  Hollinger 's  General  Manager,  P.  A.  Bobbins,  stated  the  valua- 
tion of  the  properties  as  $13,708,227  for  the  Hollinger  and  $15,777,455  for 
the  others.  Mr.  Bobbins  was  made  Managing-Director.  During  1916  about 
590,000  tons  of  ore  were  crushed  yielding  $4,700,4)00  or  over  $8  per  ton.  The 
Hollinger  Consolidated  in  1916  milled  601,854  tons  of  ore,  recovered  values 
of  $5,073,401  and  paid  dividends  of  $3,126,000.  The  whole  camp  was 
prosperous  during  this  year  with  many  new  properties  under  develop- 
ment and  18  old  ones  under  new  operation.  On  the  other  hand  oper- 
ating costs  increased  materially  owing  to  labour  shortage  and  the  high  price 
of  supplies.  At  the  close  of  the  year  a  merger  was  arranged  of  the  Mclntyre, 
Mclntyre-Extension  and  the  Mclntyre-Jupiter  Mines  as  the  Porcupine-Mcln- 
tyre  Mines,  Ltd.,  with  $4,000,000  capital  and-  an  acreage  of  351.  Of  other 
mines  the  Dome  was  important  with  ore  reserves  on  Apr.  1,  1916,  estimated 
at  2,600,000  tons  worth  $16,120,000  while  the  Porcupine-Crown,  the  Vipond, 
Schumacher  and  Dome  Lake  were  other  promising  properties.  At  the  close 
of  1916  the  three  dividend  mines — Hollinger,  Dome  and  Porcupine-Crown 
(with  Tough-Oakes  in  Kirkland)  had  paid  since  1912  $9,774,625  and  in  1916 
$4,431,750  in  dividends.  The  movement  of  Porcupine  mining  stocks  on  the 
Standard  Exchange,  Toronto,  during  1916  was  $11,410,821  and  the  detailed 
production  of  the  year  was  as  follows: 

Mine  Ore  Milled  Tons     Gold  Ounces          Value 

Hollinger    Consolidated     601,854  244,139  $5,046,652 

Dome    Mines    , 444,900  103,809  2,142,939 

Mclntyre-Porcupine ,  .  120,191  46,744  1,022,999 

Tough-Oakes     39,865  33,991  702,761 

Porcupine-Crown 51,273  27,877  575,725 

Schumacher    46,463  10,844  224,157 

Mclntyre-Jupiter    15,484  8,710  180,044 

Porcupine-Vipond    43,041  8,508  175,874 

Other  mines  in  the  Ontario  area,  of  which  this  was  a  section,  also  showed 
progress.  At  Kirkland  Lake,  with  a  production  of  $702,761,  development  was 
impeded  by  a  shortage  of  power  but  finally  a  65-mile  electric  transmission  line 
from  Cobalt  was  completed.  The  Tough-Oakes  mine,  the  Teck-Hughes, 
Wright-Hargraves,  Sylvanite,  Lake  Shore,  and  other  properties  made  sub- 
stantial progress,  while  new  gold  camps  at  Boston  Creek  and  Kowkash  gave 
good  promise  with  development  going  on  steadily.  Gold  was  also  found  in 
Cairo,  Powell  and  Alma  townships,  an  area  lying  about  20  miles  to  the 
north  of  Elk  Lake.  Munro  township  had  a  small  total  of  $51,578  but  with  a 
recovery  of  $108.13  per  ton. 

Cobalt  Silver  Production.  Since  the  discovery  of  silver  at 
Cobalt  in  1903  shipments  from  the  Camp  and  associated  areas  to  the  close  of 
1916  had  totalled  255,544,995  ounces  valued  at  $135,976,328 — the  production 
in  1916  was  20,137,796  ounces,  compared  with  24,746,534  in  1915,  but  with  a 
valuation  of  $12,789,955,  or  an  average  65  cents  per  ounce,  against  49  cents 
in  1915.  Of  these  areas  Cobalt  produced  the  bulk  with  a  few  thousands 
from  South  Lorrain  and  $200,000  from  Gowganda.  In  the  latter  area  the 


552 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Pittsburg-Lorrain  began  production  in  1916  and  a  rich  strike  of  high  grade  ore 
was  made  at  the  Miller-Lake  O'Brien,  while  the  Hudson  Bay  resumed  opera- 
tion. In  Cobalt  generally  oil  flotation  was  adopted  for  the  treatment  of  low- 
grade  ore  and,  during  1916,  the  silver-cobalt-nickel  arsenides  were  treated  at 
the  Deloro,  Thorold  and  Welland  refineries  to  a  total  of  7,771  tons,  with  a 
recovery  of  9,665,516  ounces  of  silver.  Cobalt  itself  was  marketted  as  oxide, 
carbonate  and  sulphate;  arsenic  was  recovered  and  a  little  nickel  obtained. 
Some  silver  was  discovered  during  1916  in  the  Gilles  Limit — a  Government 
property  from  which  much  was  expected  at  one  time — and  8,000  acres  were 
thrown  open.  The  Cobalt  dividends  paid  were  $5,510,830  and  the  total  to  the 
close  of  1916  was  officially  stated  at  $67,181,742  with  $325,937  from  Kirkland 
Lake.  The  production  of  mines,  over  1,000,000  ounces,  was  as  follows: 

Mine  Ounces 

Nipissing     3,819,768 

Townsite-City   (Mining  Corporation  of  Canada)    3,115,637 

Kerr    Lake 2,527,062 

Coniagas     1,816,287 

McKinley-Darragh-Savage 1,055,959 

Ontario's  Total  Mineral  Product.     The     year     1916 

showed  expansion  in  the  production  of  gold,  nickel,  copper,  cobalt  lead  and 
molybdenite — with  high  prices  for  all  metals.  The  Algoma  Steel  Corporation 
was  the  only  producer  of  iron-ore;  of  its  product,  121,495  tons  went  to  the 
United  States.  Blast  furnaces  at  the  Sault,  Port  Colborne,  Hamilton  and 
Deseronto  smelted  215,366  tons  of  Canadian  ore  and  1,056,810  tons  of  im- 
ported ore  with  a  pig-iron  product  valued  at  $9,739,704.  The  production  of 
the  year  showed  an  increase  of  $11,141,537  in  value  and  was  as  follows: 

Product  Quantity  1916        Value  1916 

METALLIC  : 

Gold ounces  497,830  $10,339,259 

Silver • "  20,137,896  12,789,955 

Copper,   in   matte    tons  22,430  8,299,051 

Nickel,   in  matte    ' "  41,299  20,649,279 

Iron    Ore,    exported    "  121,495  342,700 

Pig   Iron    (Ont.    ore   only)     "  118,165  1,646,010 

Cobalt    (metallic)     Ibs.  328,563  288,614 

Cobalt    oxide    "  691,681  473,713 

Sundries     1,309,433  294,419 

Metallic   totals    $55,123,000 

NON  METALLIC: 

Arsenic,   white,   grey  and  other  forms Ibs.  4,320,890  200,103 

Brick,   fancy,   pressed  and  paving    M.  31,742  318,942 

Brick,   common    "  60,441  509,559 

Tile,    drain    -"  15,931  275,471 

Tile,  porous  fireproofing "  4,451  176,953 

Cement,    Portland     bbls.  2,143,949  2,242,433 

Graphite,    refined     tone  3,446  249,586 

Gypsum,  crushed,  ground  and  calcined "  36,668  116,206 

Iron    pyrites    "  175,590  471,807 

Lime     bush.  1,453,254  265,356 

Natural  gas M.   cu.   ft.  17,756,641  2,367,805 

Petroleum,    crude    Imp.   gls.  6,890,681  387,846 

Quartz    tons  133,684  223,514 

Salt     "  128,935  700,515 

Sand   and   gravel    .  .  . cu.    yds.  1,265,973  470,963 

Sewer   pipe    ,               216,749 

Stone,  building,  trap,  granite,  etc 755,313 

Talc,   crude   and  ground    tons  11,810  111,489 

Sundries     15,081  203,600 

Non-metallic  total    $10,264,210 

Metallic    total     55,123,000 

Grand  total    65,387,210 

Agriculture  and  the  Farms  of  Ontario.     Live  stock 

figures  as  on  July  1,  1916,  showed  some  slight  decrease  and  no  considerable  in- 
creases with  Provincial  figures  as  follows:  Horses  775,732,  Mich  cows  1,045,029 
other  cattle  1,689,738,  sheep  and  lambs  908,066,  swine  1,735,254,  fowls  14,377,- 
844.  The  total  value  of  Ontario's  Live-stock  was  placed  officially  in  1915  at 


ONTARIO  INCIDENTS  AND  CONDITIONS  IN  1916 


553 


$254,982,332  or  an  increase  of  $40,000,000  in  value  since  1911,  with  only  a  small 
increase  in  numbers.  Federal  official  figures  showed  detailed  values  as  follows: 
Horses  $112,026,000;  Milch  cows  and  other  cattle  $340,866,000;  Sheep  $7,370,- 
000  and  Swine  $25,383,000.  The  value  of  farm  lands  in  the  Province  (1915)  was 
$794,393,564,  of  farm  buildings  $352,628,031,  of  Implements  $95,049,350— a 
total,  including  Live-stock,  of  $1,497,053,277,  and  an  increase  since  1911  of  150 
millions.  The  Live-stock  sold  or  slaughtered  in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1915, 
was  valued  at  $96,762,223  and  the  average  values  received  per  head  compared 
with  1910  were  as  follows:  Horses  $146  and  $136;  cattle  $49.90  and  $37.44; 
sheep  and  lambs  $6.72  and  $5.36;  swine  $14.98  and  $12.49;  poultry  62  cents 
and  51  cents.  The  number  of  cheese  and  butter  factories  in  1915  was  1,150 
and  the  product  (chiefly  cheese)  was  $19,304.096;  the  Creameries  numbered 
151  and  the  butter  produced  was  valued  at  $6,928,923,  with  $277,847  of  milk 
and  cream  sold.  The  Tobacco  yield  of  1916  was  10,549,416  Ibs.  from  7,997 
acres.  The  Field  crops  of  1916  were  valued  (Federal  statistics)  at  $190,- 
646,000  compared  with  $207,043,500  in  1915  and  in  detail  were  as  follows: 


Crops*  Acres 

Fall    Wheat     704,867 

Spring    Wheat     144,305 

Barley     527,886 

Oats    2,689,76: 


Bus.  per  Aver.  Price     Total 


Rye 

Buckwheat      

Peas      

Beans      

Corn    (for  husking)     

Potatoes      

Mixed    Grains    

Turnips,    Mangel-wurzels,    etc. 

Corn    (for    silo)     

Hay  and  clover  and  alfalfa .  .  . 
Sugar    Beets    


Acre 

per  Bus. 

Value 

21 

$1.55 

$24,099,591 

15 

1.55 

3,591,681 

23 

.99 

12,621,940 

26 

.64 

47,066,428 

15 

1.17 

2,797,290 

14 

1.09 

3,555,699 

13 

2.06 

2,618,754 

10 

5.34 

3,183,086 

49 

1.05 

9,446,060 

53 

1.28 

9,684,215 

27 

.89 

12,485,065 

Tons 

Tons 

629 

.36 

4,781,677 

7 

4.80 

10,647,610 

2 

21.65 

76,326,501 

268 

6.20 

843,351 

Bushels 
14,942,050 
2,213,961 
12,388,969 
71,297,528 

148,733  2,354,410 

229,205  3,261,888 

95,542  1,243,979 

53,999  583,105 

258,332        12,717,072 
139,523  7,408,429 

485,986        13,297,354 

Tons 

136,854    34,154,838 
439,411     3,276,185 
3,471,984     7,200,047 
22,482     6,023,938 

As  to  Labour  the  August  (1916)  Bulletin  of  the  Ontario  Bureau  of 
Industries  stated  that :  "On  the  whole  there  has  been  a  sufficiency  of  farm 
labour  this  summer,  although  much  of  it  was  lacking  in  quality.  Farmers' 
sons  are  said  to  be  more  numerous  at  home  than  in  recent  years,  owing  to 
slack  business  conditions  in  the  cities  and  towns.  Wages  during  harvest  are 
about  as  usual,  running  from  $1.25  to  $2.00  a  day  (with  board),  and  from 
$20.00  to  $35.00  a  month,  according  to  the  experience  and  quality  of  the 
worker. ' '  The  November  Bulletin  stated  that,  partly  owing  to  enlistments, 
there  was  a  change  in  this  condition  later  in  the  season.  The  Provincial  Gov- 
ernment for  1916-17  had  $301,188  from  the  Dominion  to  expend  for  agricul- 
tural purposes;  its  appropriations  for  agricultural  purposes  in  the  year  begin- 
ning Oct.  31,  1916,  totalled  $872,516  and  for  agricultural  education  through 
the  Department  of  Education  $15,500.  Provincial  statistics  as  to  chattel 
mortgages  showed  a  total  for  Ontario  of  $13,132,722  compared  with  over 
$40,000,000  in  1911 — of  the  1915  totals  only  $2,583,389  pertained  to  the 
farmers. 

The  United  Farmers  of  Ontario.  The  2nd  annual  Con- 
vention of  this  organization  was  held  in  Toronto  on  Feb.  2-3,  1916,  with  300 
delegates  present  and  R.  II.  Halbert  in  the  chair.  In  his  address  he  contended 
that  many  of  the  farmers  of  Canada  could  perform  as  patriotic  a  duty  in  stay- 
ing by  their  farms  as  they  would  were  they  to  enlist.  In  this  connection,  how- 
ever, he  warned  farmers  ' '  not  to  over-reach  in  their  efforts  to  produce  more,  as 
increased  production  would  mean  increased  expense,  and  might  not  mean 
increased  profits."  J.  J.  Morrison,  Secretary,  in  his  Report,  gave  this  view 
of  the  War  and  the  future:  "After  the  nations  become  tired  of  destruction 
and  the  War  ceases,  when  sanity  is  enthroned  once  more,  what  part  is  Agri- 
culture going  to  play?  Are  we  going  to  submit  to  the  great  burden  of  taxa- 
tion that  inevitably  must  follow  and  be  insidiously  unloaded  upon  our  indus- 

*NOTK. — These  figures  are  from  official  Provincial  statistics  and  the  difference  in 
1916  values  from  the  Federal  total  is  enormous. 


554  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

try  under  the  present  system"?  The  Association  was  stated  to  be  composed 
of  126  lesser  organizations  and  to  have  5,000  members.  Addresses  were  given 
by  T.  A.  Crerar  and  W.  H.  English  of  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers  while  the 
United  Farmers  Co-operative  Co.,  Ltd.,  was  reported  to  have  had  stock  taken 
by  32  Farmers'  Clubs  with  100  other  clubs  doing  business  with  it,  though  not 
members  and  500  other  Clubs  still  remaining  out  of  it.  R.  H.  Halbert, 
Melancthon,  was  re-elected  President,  A.  J.  Reynolds,  Solina,  and  W.  C.  Good, 
Paris,  Vice-Presidents  and  the  following  as  Directors:  W.  H.  Hunter,  Varney; 
E.  C.  Drury,  Barrie;  L.  H.  Blatchford,  Embro;  E.  A.  Van  Allan,  Aultsville; 
J.  Z.  Fraser,  Burford.  The  Dominion  Grange,  of  which  all  but  22  subordinate 
lodges  had  joined  the  U.F.O.,  also  met  at  this  time  in  its  41st  annual  meeting 
and  decided  to  continue  operations  with  J.  C.  Dixon,  Moorefield,  as  Master. 

The  Berlin-Kitchener  Issue.     The    question   of   Berlin, 

Ontario, — representative  as  it  was  of  the  old-time  German  settlers  of  Waterloo 
County — retaining  its  name  was  a  much-discussed  Provincial  question  in  1916. 
In  March,  1916,  the  Dominion  Government,  which  had  hitherto  believed  the  step 
unnecessary,  appointed  a  Registrar  of  Alien  Enemies  in  Berlin  and  700  were 
registered.  Meanwhile,  out  of  the  15,555  Austrian-born  and  15,010  German-born 
residents  of  Ontario  (Census  of  1911)  a  certain  proportion  must  have  been 
in  Berlin  and  Waterloo  and  they,  with  a  discontented  element  of  original  though 
distant  German  origin,  made  up  an  aggressive  pro-German  influence  in  that  city 
of  about  19,000  population.  Walter  Meyer  was  denounced  by  Lieut.-Col.  W. 
M.  O.  Lochead,  of  the  118th  Battn.,  on  Jan.  27  for  seditious  utterances  and 
for  hampering  recruiting.  In  an  interview  Col.  Lochead  said :  ' l  Berlin  at 
heart  is  right.  The  best  people,  German  and  British  alike,  are  loyal.  One 
might  say  that  there  are  three  strata  of  people  here — the  loyal  German,  the 
hike-warm  German,  and  the  out-and-out  pro-German.  This  latter  is  the  bad 
class,  and  I  want  to  have  them  taught  their  places.  It  will  be  impossible  to 
recruit  men  until  they  are  curbed.  Scores  of  them  should  be  interned." 

Recruiting  had  been  bad  so  far,  there  was  said  to  be  an  exodus  to  the 
States  of  German-born  residents,  the  pro-German  feeling  was  found  in  various 
business  circles,  Germans  from  the  United  States  had  carried  on  a  propaganda 
in  the  city.  It  was  said  at  this  time  that  a  German  controlled  the  Trades 
&  Labour  Council,  that  politicians  were  catering  for  the  German  vote;  that 
some  German  families  toasted  the  Kaiser  daily,  that  soldiers  were  hissed  on 
the  streets.  The  London  Advertiser  (Lib.)  and  Stratford  Herald  (Cons.) 
and  Hamilton  Herald  (Lib.)  joined  in  reviewing  and  denouncing  conditions  in 
Berlin  at  the  beginning  of  this  year.  According  to  local  papers  of  Jan.  26  a 
Resolution  was  unanimously  passed  by  the  Trades  and  Labour  Council  con- 
demning recruiting  methods  of  the  118th  Overseas  Regiment,  referring  sar- 
castically to  "  heroes  in  uniforms  making  themselves  obnoxious  in  the  sight 
of  a  freedom-loving  people  in  a  free  country,"  calling  on  the  City  Council  to 
stop  further  payments  to  the  118th  out  of  the  $4,000  Civic  Fund,  demanding 
that  if  any  further  ground  for  complaint  should  be  given  "that  the  118th  be 
removed  from  Waterloo  County." 

On  the  other  hand  it  appeared  that  the  Regiment  in  question  had,  perhaps 
naturally,  been  a  little  high-handed  at  times  and  it  seems  certain  that  the 
"atmosphere"  was  not  conducive  to  fraternal  feeling.  The  Board  of  Trade, 
of  which  more  than  half  the  members  were  German-Canadians,  had  passed  a 
strong  Resolution  endorsing  recruiting  while  the  citizens  at  large  had 
furnished  and  equipped  commodious  quarters  for  the  men.  On  Feb.  8  before 
Mr.  Justice  Clute,  Walter  Meyer  pleaded  guilty  of  seditious  utterances, 
apologized  and  was  discharged  under  bond  to  keep  the  peace.  On  Feb.  10 
Rev.  C.  R.  Tappert,  pastor  of  a  large  Lutheran  congregation,  told  the  Toronto 
Star  that  ' '  there  is  a  great  deal  of  bitterness  here  among  Germans  and  those 
of  German  descent,  arising  out  of  the  numerous  untrue  things  that  have  been 
said  about  Germany  in  the  Canadian  papers.  Everyone  knows  that  90  per 
cent,  of  the  things  said  about  the  Germans  are  untrue."  Following  this  (Feb. 
13)  soldiers  broke  into  a  Lutheran  Club-room,  destroyed  a  number  of  German 
flags  and  carried  off  a  bust  of  the  Kaiser;  on  the  20th  soldiers  sang  the  Na- 
tional Anthem  at  Mr.  Tappert ;s  church;  on  Mar.  4  about  60  soldiers  mobbed 


ONTARIO  INCIDENTS  AND  CONDITIONS  IN  1916  555 

the  Pastor  at  his  house  and  paraded  him  through  the  streets  with  contumely. 
Mr.  Tappert  left  the  city  shortly  afterwards  and  the  soldiers  were  tried,  warned 
and  released  on  suspended  sentence.  On  Mar.  17  ex-Lieut.  H.  H.  Hansing 
of  the  German  Army,  who  had  been  working  against  enlistment  in  the  County, 
was  interned.  At  this  stage  North  Waterloo  had  recruited  500  men,  South 
Waterloo  1,800. 

Meantime,  on  Feb.  llth,  a  large  public  meeting  in  Berlin  (D.  B.  Det- 
weiler,  Chairman)  passed  a  Eesolution  in  favour  of  changing  the  city's  name 
on  the  ground  that  ' '  a  strong  prejudice  has  been  created  throughout  the 
British  Empire  against  the  name  Berlin,  and  all  that  the  name  implies."  L. 
J.  Breithaupt  and  Eev.  J.  E.  Lynn  opposed  the  motion  while  C.  Asmussen 
declared  that  ' '  no  dishonour  has  been  brought  on  the  name. ' '  On  the  21st 
the  City  Council  passed  a  Eesolution,  with  two  dissentients,  asking  the  Legis- 
lature to  change  the  name;  later  on  suggestions  were  asked  as  to  a  suitable 
one  and  30,000  were  offered  from  all  parts  of  Canada;  the  proposal  was  pre- 
sented to  the  Private  Bills  Committee  at  Toronto  on  Apr.  4  and  ten  days 
later  the  Deputation  told  a  public  meeting  that  they  had  been  treated  with 
discourtesy  and  the  Bill  thrown  out  without  a  hearing;  on  May  llth  53  local 
manufacturers  issued  a  series  of  commercial  and  financial  reasons  for  chang- 
ing the  name.  A  little  later,  after  an  appeal  to  the  Cabinet  at  Toronto,  a 
Bill  was  approved  by  the  Legislature  giving  the  municipality  power  to  change 
its  name  on  a  majority  vote  of  the  electors.  After  bitter  controversy,  and 
under  decision  of  the  City  Council,  Berlin  voted  upon  the  proposal  on  May 
19th  and  supported  the  change  of  name  by  1,569  to  1,488  votes.  Mayor  Hett 
and  Aid.  Gross  were  the  leading  opponents  of  the  change  with  the  Berlin 
Telegraph  as  a  vigorous  supporter  of  the  proposal  and  Aid.  J.  A.  Hallmau 
and  S.  J.  Williams  as  leaders.  A  cable  was  sent  to  H.  M.  the  King  informing 
him  that  ' '  the  name  of  the  Prussian  capital  has  been  cast  off. ' ' 

The  names  finally  submitted  for  the  citizens'  vote  were  Brock,  Adanac, 
Benton,  Corona,  Keowana  and  Kitchener  and  the  last  was  accepted  by  346 
against  335  for  Brock.  On  July  3rd  the  City  Council  passed  a  By-law  approv- 
ing the  change  by  13  to  3  votes;  ten  days  later  a  large  Deputation  urged  the 
Provincial  Government  to  postpone  the  change  until  a  proposal  to  amal- 
gamate with  Waterloo  had  been  voted  upon  and  it  presented  a  petition  of 
2,968  residents  or  60%  of  the  property  owners.  At  the  end  of  August  a 
Provincial  Order-in-Council  changed  the  name  and  the  Berliner  Journal 
promptly  stated  that  the  Government  had  alienated  the  German  vote  of  the 
Province,  and  that  there  would  be  another  change  of  name  in  due  course. 
This  the  Kitchener  News-Eecord  endorsed.  Following  these  events  the  British 
League — formed  in  April,  1916, — with  ex-Mayor  C.  C.  Hahn  as  Chairman, 
took  strong  and  active  measures  to  counter  intrigue  along  the  lines  of  change 
and  to  promote  war  patriotism.  The  Citizens'  League  was  organized  to 
promote  the  change  with  A.  E,  Lang  and  W.  H.  Schmalz  as  the  active  officers. 
The  latter  was  said  to  have  advertised  in  August,  1914,  for  all  German  reserv- 
ists to  report  to  him.  At  the  close  of  the  year  327  enemy  aliens  sought  natural- 
ization and  the  right  to  vote  but  ultimately  were  refused  by  the  Courts. 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC  IN  1916 


Th*  Government  During  this  year  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  dealt  with  such 
ofSirLomer  War  subjects  as  were  interjected  into  Provincial 
Gouin:  Adminis-  affairs,  with  the  Bi-lingual  issue,  the  Temperance 
trationand  question,  and  the  comparatively  easy  problem  of  a 
general  election.  For  12  years  he  had  been  Premier 
of  the  Province,  his  tact  and  conciliation  had  smoothed  over  many 
difficulties,  his  personality  and  party  were  apparently  entrenched 
in  power,  his  Administration  had  been  largely  clear  of  evils  which 
had  injured  preceding  ones.  He  was  always  optimistic  as  to  his 
Province  and  his  Government;  he  was  cautious  yet  progressive  in 
a  quiet,  persistent  way.  Quebec  at  the  beginning  of  1916,  with  its 
area  of  690,865  square  miles,  had  a  population  of  2,321,137  almost 
equally  divided  between  rural  and  urban  classes  with  three  per- 
sons to  the  square  mile  and  83,274  births  to  35,933  deaths;  it  had 
a  total  production  in  1915*  valued  at  $675,000,000  of  which  Field 
crops  represented  $104,683,000,  Live-stock  $124,334,307,  Dairy  pro- 
ducts $18,471,501,  Minerals  $11,465,873,  Forest  products  $29,452,- 
811,  Fisheries  $1,924,430  and  Manufactures  $384,507,054;  it  had 
Imports  of  $181,982,754  and  Exports  of  $168,965,016  with  4,921,- 
760  acres  of  land  seeded  for  the  1916  crops. 

In  certain  higher  elements  of  growth  the  Province  was  progres- 
sive. While  the  population  had  only  doubled  since  1871  and  the 
number  of  schools  grown  from  4,014  to  7,156,  the  teachers  had 
trebled  in  number,  or  from  5,120  to  16,634,  and  the  number  of 
children  enrolled  in  schools  had  grown  from  188,699  to  478,839. 
As  the  Gouin  Government  took  special  pride  in  its  Educational 
policy  it  may  be  mentioned  that  there  was  an  increase  between  1901 
and  1915  of  1,050  schools,  of  6,000  teachers  and  160,000  of  enrolled 
attendance;  and  that  the  contributions  by  ratepayers  for  Educa- 
tional purposes  grew  from  $2,999,804  to  $7,172,879,  the  Government 
contributions  from  $453,950  to  $1,782,417  and  the  cost  per  pupil 
from  $10.96  to  $24.35.  The  number  of  philanthropic  institutions 
aided — Hospitals,  sanatoria,  asylums,  orphanages,  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul,  etc.— increased  from  62  in  1871  to  166  in  1915  and  the  per- 
sons relieved  from  4,926  to  42,940,  Agricultural  Societies  and 
Farmers'  Clubs  grew  from  609  in  1901  to  776  in  1914  and  the  mem- 
bership from  60,920  to  90,239.  The  work  of  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
Society  was  notable ;  its  Councils  and  Conferences  in  1915  num- 
bered 162,  its  members  12,983  and  the  persons  relieved  28,241, 
while  its  Receipts  were  $285,197. 

*NOTK. — So  estimated  by  G.  E.  Marquis  in  his  ably-edited  Statistical  Tear  Book 
for  Quebec. 

[556] 


THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  SIR  LOMER  GOUIN  IN  QUEBEC        557 

During  1916  there  was  much  quiet  prosperity  in  Quebec.  In- 
dustry showed  itself  capable  o£  meeting  the  war  emergencies  of  the 
period  and  great  plants  increased  their  production  and  gave  a  lead 
even  to  Ontario.  The  Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  the  Shawinigan  Power, 
the  Armstrong-Whitworth,  the  Ingersoll-Rand,  the  St.  Maurice 
Paper  Co.,  the  Sherbrooke  Machine  Co.,  constructed  new  buildings 
or  enlarged  their  plants ;  the  Cotton  and  Woollen  mills  were  work- 
ing to  capacity,  tanneries  working  over-time  and  organ  factories 
very  busy;  the  Riordan  Pulp,  Belgo-Canadian  Pulp,  Canada  Iron 
Foundries  and  the  Wayagamack  Pulp  &  Paper  Company,  were 
working  to  full  capacity  of  plants.  Montreal,  Quebec,  Sherbrooke, 
St.  Hyacinthe,  Shawinigan  Falls,  Three  Rivers,  Hull,  St.  John's 
and  Sorel  were  all  busy  and  prosperous.  There  were  practically 
no  strikes  and  high  wages  accompanied  high  prices.  Shipping  fig- 
ures suffered  a  little  but  in  1915  the  total  number  of  vessels  enter- 
ing and  clearing  at  Montreal,  Quebec,  Three  Rivers,  Chicoutimi 
and  Paspebiac  was  1,723  and  the  tonnage  6,306,148.  On  Apr.  1, 
1916,  there  were  10,112  automobiles  registered  in  the  Province ;  the 
close  of  the  Export  season  at  Montreal  on  Dec.  1st  showed  a  record 
business  with  a  total  of  $33,822,503  in  Cheese  shipments  compared 
with  $22,806,670  in  1915. 

Sir  Lomer  Gouin,  with  his  natural  optimism,  wrote  in  the 
Montreal  Star  of  Jan.  22  that  the  future  was  with  his  Province  and 
with  Canada :  * '  If  Canada  is  the  first  colony  of  the  Empire,  Quebec 
aspires,  and  is  in  the  way  to  become,  the  first  Province  of  Canada, 
and  as  such  she  cannot  remain  indifferent  to  the  two  connected 
problems  of  immigration  and  colonization.  During  these  last  few 
years  we  have  created  two  Agencies,  one  at  London,  the  other  at 
Brussels.  Both  are  rendering  inestimable  service  to  our  Province." 
A  discreet  system  of  persistent  publicity  was  the  Government 's  pol- 
icy in  this  respect.  The  Premier  did  not  make  many  speeches 
during  the  year.  Even  in  the  Elections  he  only  appeared  on  a  few 
platforms ;  in  War  matters  he  stood  beside  Sir  Robert  Borden  upon 
two  occasions.  His  Provincial  contribution  of  $1,000,000  to  the 
Patriotic  Fund  was  a  popular  act  beyond  the  bounds  of  the  Pro- 
vince and  his  refusal  to  give  direct  Government  aid  in  fighting  the 
School  question  was  appreciated  in  Ontario.  After  the  1916  Elec- 
tions he  had  carried  his  Province  three  times  by  large  majorities 
and  his  services  as  Premier  had  been  twice  as  long  as  any  other 
since  Confederation.  It  was  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  he 
should  be  discussed  in  many  papers  as  a  future  Dominion  Liberal 
leader. 

Of  the  Ministers  at  Quebec  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau  had  charge 
of  Public  Works  and  Labour.  For  the  year  of  June  30  he  reported 
various  improvements  in  the  Parliament  Buildings,  Quebec  Court 
House  and  Gaol,  Spencer  Wood,  the  Governor's  residence,  etc.; 
expenditures  for  the  year  of  $779,195  and  Government  Fire  insur- 
ances, carried,  of  $2,223,100  upon  which  $28,846  was  paid  in 


558  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

premiums;  a  mileage  of  subsidized  Provincial  railways  totalling 
2,005  with  subsidies  paid  to  date  of 48, 510,824  and  1,568,653  acres 
of  land  subsidy  earned — a  total  mileage  of  all  Railways  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  4,383  of  which  229  miles  were  Electric.  The  continued 
inspection  of  factories  and  public  buildings  under  Louis  Guyon, 
Chief  Inspector,  showed  an  almost  complete  absence  of  illiterate 
children  at  industrial  work  and  increased  restrictions  in  the  em- 
ployment of  children,  while  the  three  Employment  Bureaux  under 
Felix  Marois,  Superintendent,  showed  834  placed  in  situations  at 
Quebec,  4,350  at  Montreal  and  1,110  at  Sherbrooke. 

The  Minister  of  Roads,  Hon.  J.  A.  Tessier,  had  an  important 
subject  to  deal  with  and  one  of  which  the  Government  had  for  years 
made  a  special  issue.  In  1915  the  rural  municipalities  had  30,812 
miles  of  public  roads  while  cities,  towns,  etc.,  had  1,884  miles.  Since 
1911  the  policy  of  lending  money  to  the  municipalities  for  gravel 
and  macadamized  roads,  with  a  repayment  of  only  2%  interest,  had 
been  followed  with  a  total  expenditure  by  the  Government  from 
that  year  to  Jan.  1,  1916,  of  $14,584,681.  During  1914-15  the  Min- 
ister stated  in  his  Report  that  436  miles  of  macadam  or  stone  roads 
were  built,  making  1,667  since  1911;  the  Montreal- Quebec  route 
(171  miles)  was  just  about  completed — it  was  in  operation  by. 
August — that  of  Levis-Jackman  also,  while  some  asphalt  work  was 
being  carried  on  upon  the  King  Edward  Highway.  The  Road 
expenditure  in  1914  was  $4,069,307,  in  1915,  $6,140,273  and  in  1916 
$4,000,000.  Special  efforts  were  made  to  educate  the  isolated  farmer 
and  settler  in  the  advantages  of  good  roads — improved  selling,  facili- 
ties, cheaper  production,  lessened  labour,  increased  land  values — 
and  B.  Michaud,  Deputy  Minister,  as  recognition  of  his  work,  was  in 
1916  President  of  the  3rd  Canadian  Good  Roads  Congress.  This 
meeting  was  opened  on  Mar.  6  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  (Hon.  P.  E. 
Le  Blanc)  and  addressed  by  Hon.  J.  A.  Tessier,  Hon.  J.  E.  Caron, 
U.  H.  Dandurand,  Montreal,  W.  A.  McLean,  Toronto,  Hon.  J.  L. 
Decarie,  etc.  During  the  speeches  Mr.  Tessier  claimed  Quebec  to 
now  occupy  the  premier  place  in  Canada  for  good  roads  and,  espe- 
cially, urged  construction  as  between  Canada  and  the  United  States 
so  as  to  promote  communication  and  good  feeling. 

The  Hon.  H.  Mercier,  Minister  of  Colonization,  Mines  and  Fish- 
eries, was  concerned  with  the  newer  parts  of  the  Province,  the 
bringing  in  of  settlers,  the  construction  of  colonization  roads  and 
bridges,  the  development  of  such  production  as  that  of  the  molyb- 
denite mines  in  the  Northern  part  of  Quebec  which  came  to  the 
front  in  1916  for  making  steel.  His  Department  did  all  that  was 
possible  for  settlers  in  the  Temiskamingue  who  suffered  from  a 
flood  and  he  visited  the  Abitibi  region  where  much  damage  was 
done  by  forest  fires.  The  former  region  had  3,500,000  acres  of 
tillable  soil  and  the  latter  about  3,000,000  acres  fit  for  cereals. 
Colonization  roads,  completed  in  1914-15,  totalled  156  miles  and 
those  used  as  winter  roads  180,  while  repairs  were  made  on  271 


THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  SIR  LOMER  GOUIN  IN  QUEBEC        559 

miles  at  a  total  cost  to  the  Government  of  $229,000.  The  Lake  St. 
John,  Metapedia,  Bales  des  Chaleurs  and  Gatineau  were  other  re- 
gions fitted  for  settlement  with  about  11,000,000  cultivatible  acres. 
Immigration  decreased  greatly  during  the  War  period — from  31,690 
in  1913-14  to  6,587  in  1914-15. 

The  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Hon.  J.  E.  Caron,  reported  for 
June  30,  1916,  that  at  the  end  of  the  calendar  year  the  milk  indus- 
try of  the  Province  would  pay  its  producers  $21,000,000  or  an  in- 
crease of  $3,000,000  over  the  previous  year ;  that  the  production  of 
butter  in  1915-16  was  $10,900,000  and  of  cheese  $7,500,000 ;  that 
there  were  in  the  Province  1,991  factories  connected  with  the  dairy 
industry,  while  the  Government  had  spent  in  the  past  year  $100,- 
000  to  encourage  dairying  besides  the  $25,000  subsidy  from  the 
Federal  Government.  The  exportation  of  milk  and  cream  to  the 
United  States  was  growing  to  considerable  proportions;  the  value 
was  $150,792  in  1910  while  in  1914-15  it  reached  the  sum  of  $1,- 
455,405.  The  Department  spent  in  1915-6  $725,747,  including  the 
Federal  grant  of  $215,310.  Pupils  at  the  Macdonald  College,  Ste. 
Anne  de  Bellevue,  numbered  during  the  year  470,  at  Ste.  Anne  de 
la  Pocatiere,  356,  and  at  Oka,  175  or  a  total  of  1,010.  Co-operative 
societies  among,  farmers  increased  during  the  year  by  22  with  a 
total  of  162.  The  values  of  production  were  steadily  increasing 
with  an  average  of  $88,070,000  in  1910-14  and  a  total  of  $104,683,- 
000  in  1915.  The  Census  of  1911  showed  a  value  of  Farm-lands, 
Live-stock,  buildings  and  implements  for  the  Province  of  $795,425,- 
021.  The  Field  crops  of  1916,  according  to  Federal  statistics,  were 
as  follows : 


Field  Crops 

Spring     Wheat      
Oats    

Area 
Acres 

64,000 
1  073  000 

Yield 
per 
acre 
Bush. 
15-00 
22  -75 

Total 
Yield 
Bush. 
960,000 
24  411  000 

Average 
price 
per 
Bush. 
$1.86 
0   77 

Total 
Value 

$1,786,000 
18  796  000 

Barley 

72  800 

20  '00 

1  456  000 

1    15 

1  674  000 

Rye 

8  300 

14  '25 

118  000 

1   40 

165  000 

Peas    
Beans    

21,600 
4  400 

14-00 
17  '75 

302,000 
78  000 

3.22 
5   56 

972,000 
434  000 

Buckwheat    

101  000 

19-00 

1  919  000 

1   21 

2  322  000 

Mixed  grains    
Flax     

91,000 
500 

20-25 
10-50 

1,843,000 
5  300 

0.99 
2   50 

1,825,000 
13  300 

Corn  for  husking         .  .  . 

13  000 

24-75 

322  000 

1    52 

489  000 

Potatoes    
Turnips,   mangolds,   etc.    .  . 

Hay  and  clover   .... 

112,000 
10,000 

2  985  000 

131-00 
265-00 
tons 
1  -7^ 

14,672,000 
2,650,000 
tons 
5  224  000 

0.97 
0.48 
per  ton 
11    00 

14,232,000 
1,272,000 

57  464  000 

Fodder    corn     . 

31  000 

8  "00 

943  000 

5   75 

1  426  000 

Alfalfa    . 

2.600 

2-65 

7.000 

9.50 

67.000 

The  Report  of  the  Hon.  Jules  Allard,  M.L.C.,  Minister  of  Lands 
and  Forests,  for  1915-16,  showed  a  revenue  of  $1,807,259  with  a 
Crown-land  area  of  339,725  acres  sub-divided  and  103,658  acres 
reverted  leaving  a  total  of  7,465,537  acres  available  of  which  207,530 
were  sold  during  the  year.  The  ground  rents  totalled  $352,380 
and  stumpage  dues  $1,221,683.  The  cut  of  timber  in  1915  was 
1,570,652,000  B.M.,  the  total  value* of  all  forest  products  $29,452,- 
810,  the  estimated  capital  engaged  in  the  Pulp  industry,  with  its 


560  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

control  of  21,000  square  miles  and  product  of  $9,426,000  was 
$114,000,000.  The  Provincial  Secretary,  Hon.  J.  L.  Decarie,  re- 
ported as  to  various  interests  and  especially  the  municipalities  of 
which  on  Jan.  1,  1916,  there  were  1;241  with  an  acreage  of  22,494,- 
382  and  a  population  of  2,321,137 ;  new  buildings  worth  $9,637,137 
or  less  than  half  of  those  in  1914  and  new  factories  of  483  worth 
$974,784.  Within  his  jurisdiction  was  the  Bureau  of  Statistics 
which,  through  its  head,  G.  E.  Marquis,  compiled  the  most  complete 
records  of  any  Canadian  Province  in  his  Statistical  Year  Book.  Of 
Penal  institutions  reporting  to  this  Minister  were  prisons  with 
8,475  inmates,  asylums  with  1,236  inmates,  hospitals  with  41,775 
patients  received  and  90  benevolent  institutions  with  108,913  per- 
sons relieved. 

The  Educational  interests  of  the  Province  were  technically 
under  Mr.  Decarie  and  the  Report  for  June  30,  1916,  was  submitted 
to  him  by  the  new  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction — the  Hon. 
Cyrille  F.  Delage,  LL.D.,  who  after  15  years  of  service  in  the  Legisla- 
ture and  four  years  in  the  Speaker's  chair,  had  been  appointed  to 
this  post  on  Apr.  15.  He  succeeded  the  veteran  educationalist,  Hon. 
Boucher  de  la  Bruere,  who  for  21  years  had  filled  the  position  with 
cultured  capacity  and  success.  Mr.  Delage  stated  that  there  were 
1,283  Catholic  school  municipalities  and  363  Protestant  in  the  Pro- 
vince; that  new  or  repaired  school-houses  cost  $2,086,287  during 
the  year;  that  there  were  11  Normal  schools  for  girls  and  another 
nearly  ready  for  opening,  and  that  "the  study  of  English  has 
always  been  compulsory  in  all  our  Normal  schools,  for  all  the 
pupils";  that,  in  this  connection,  "the  Catholic  and  Protestant 
Committees  of  the  Council  of  Public  Instruction  rival  one  another 
in  their  efforts  to  stimulate  the  study  of  the  two  official  languages 
of  our  country,  English  and  French,  and  know  how  to  respect  the 
spirit  and  the  letter  of  our  school  laws."  The  Inspector-General 
of  Catholic  Schools  (C.  J.  Magnan)  reported  on  Sept.  26,  1916,  a 
steady  increase  in  the  number  of  Inspectors,  a  slowly  rising  per- 
centage of  school  attendance,  an  improving  level  of  studies  in 
primary  schools,  a  total  of  953  female  lay  teachers  and  100  nuns 
trained  in  the  Normal  schools,  a  graded  rise  in  salaries  of  teachers 
with  an  average  for  Catholic  female  teachers  of  $179  in  1913-14, 
$190  in  1914-15  and  an  estimate  of  $200  in  1915-16.  The  evil  of 
frequent  changes  in  teachers  was  dwelt  upon — 3,251  in  1915-16. 
A  Report  to  the  Protestant  Committee  by  Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher  on 
Feb.  25  described  the  new  regulations  as  to  school  text  books: 
"Where  the  same  book  is  still  in  use  the  price  in  the  new  arrange- 
ment is  in  no  case  higher,  and  in  a  few  cases  lower.  Where  new 
books  are  substituted,  the  prices  are  in  some  instances  lower,  and 
in  some  higher,  but  the  quality  of  the  new  books  is  superior. ' '  He 
thought  they  compared  favourably  with  those  of  Ontario  and  men- 


THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  SIR  LOMER  GOUIN  IN  QUEBEC        561 


tioned  the  small  market  for  English  books.     The  following  were 
the  chief  Educational  statistics  of  the  year  1914-15: 


CATHOLIC    SCHOOLS 


Elementary    schools     

Model    schools    

Academies     

Normal   schools    

Catholic  Classical  Colleges    

Universities    

Schools  for   the   Deaf,    Dumb   and 

Blind     

Schools  of  Art  and  Trade    

Night    Schools    

Totals    

PROTESTANT   SCHOOLS 

Elementary  schools    

Model    schools    

Academies     

Normal  schools 

Universities    

Schools   for   the   Deaf,    Dumb   and 

Blind     

Night    Schools    


s°* 

•3  § 

fc     08 

SS 

5,231 

195 

673 

802 

283 

992 

13 

48 

21 

754 

1 

308 

3 

35 

11 

45 

48 

101 

II 

feH 
6,330 
2,404 
2,087 
125 

211,672 
105,831 
75,482 
1  184 

111 

166,125 
89,013 
65,846 

og|| 

78-48 
84-11 
87-23 

18 

8,251 
2  295 

7,664 

92-89 

80 

515 

6 

2,515 
3  640 

1,525 

60-64 

6,284       3,280       11,050       411,335       330,173      81'77 


767 

48 

38 

1 

2 

1 
15 


72 
7 

112 
6 

234 


1,385 
143 
263 


39,820 
4,001 

11,281 

178 

1,484 

64 
2,676 


29,348  73-70 
2,897  72-41 
7,668  67-97 


Totals    . 


872 


507 


1,797         59,504         39,913      72*43 


The  Provincial  Treasurer,  Hon.  Walter  G.  Mitchell,  K.C.,  deliv- 
ered two  Budget  speeches  during  1916  with  prosperous  conditions 
to  handle.  The  stated  Assets  of  the  Province  on  June  30,  1915, 
were  $9,537,852,  the  Liabilities  $37,577,918;  the  Receipts  for  that 
fiscal  year  were  $9,597,925  with  Loans,  and  Road  payments,  and 
cash  on  hand  of  $973,347,  making  a  total  of  $23,757,656 ;  the  Ex- 
penditures were  $8,710,515  with  capital  expenses  of  war,  and 
roads,  and  repayed  Loans,  totalling  $21,145,496.  The  ordinary 
Receipts  for  June  30,  1916,  were  $9,647,982  and  the  Expenditures 
$9,436,688.  There  was  a  sale  in  June  of  $4,000,000  10-year  5% 
gold  bonds  through  Morgans,  New  York,  which  netted  99-20  and 
a  special  expenditure  of  $3,635,124  under  the  Good  Roads  Act. 
The  estimates  for  1916-17  were  $9,222,847  of  Receipts  and  $9,- 
017,721  of  Expenditures ;  the  Funded  Debt  on  June  30,  1916,  was 
$38,346,128.  Mr.  Mitchell's  first  speech  of  the  year  was  on  Jan.  20 
when  he  stated  that  financial  conditions  were  flourishing  but  the 
need  of  economy  great.  It  was  hard  to  appreciate  the  war  crisis 
because  business  had  improved,  War  orders  were  flowing  into  the 
factories  and  farmers  were  getting  good  prices.  The  Budget  was,  he 
claimed,  the  best  ever  submitted  to  the  House.  Yet  thrift  and 
economy  were  essential. 

The  2nd  Budget  speech  was  given  on  Nov.  16,  after  the  Elec- 
tions, and  Mr.  Mitchell  claimed  a  surplus  of  $211,294  with  both 
revenues  and  expenditures  running  above  the  estimates.  The  Re- 
ceipts included  $2,027,903  from  Dominion  subsidies,  $1,807,259 
from  Lands  and  Forests,  $1,047,768  from  Liquor  licenses,  $1,034, 
564  from  Taxes  on  commercial  corporations,  $1,375,803  from  Suc- 
cession duties,  $247,081  from  motor  vehicles,  etc. ;  the  Expenditures 
were,  chiefly,  $1,708,379  on  Public  Debt  interest;  $494,832  on 
36 


562  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Legislation  and  $649,155  on  Civil  Government;  $1,157,907  on  the 
administration  of  Justice  and  $1,545,079  on  Education;  $898,789 
on  Public  Works  and  $470,861  on  Agriculture ;  $349,000,  on  Roads 
and  $370,500  on  Lands  and  Forests ;  $209,000  on  Colonization  and 
$703,510  on  Charities,  asylums,  etc.  Once  more  he  dealt  with  Pro- 
vincial prosperity:  "The  credit  of  the  Province  is  of  the  best  in 
the  money  markets  of  the  world ;  Bank  clearings  and  bank  deposits 
are  increasing  in  an  astounding  manner;  the  agricultural  classes 
are  getting  high  prices  for  their  produce  and  enjoying  unpre- 
cedented prosperity,  while  industries  are  thriving."  Some  of  this 
condition  was  artificial,  however,  and  the  husbanding  of  the  Pro- 
vince's rich  resources  was  necessary.  Addressing  a  Montreal  audi- 
ence on  Oct.  6  as  to  Quebec  after  the  War  Mr.  Mitchell  was  very 
optimistic — especially  as  to  immigration  and  production. 

As  in  every  Canadian  province  Temperance  became  an  issue  in 
Quebec  during  1916.  In  the  1898  Plebiscite  it  had  voted  against 
Prohibition  by  a  majority  of  94,324  and  it  was  often  asserted  in 
other  Provinces  that  the  Church,  while  favourable  to  restriction 
and  stern  control  of  the  traffic,  was  adverse  to  Prohibitory  legis- 
lation without  compensation.  The  work  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  however,  had  always  been  persistent  in  the  promotion  of 
temperance  as  such  and  in  the  effort  to  persuade  and  lead  the  peo- 
ple along  lines  of  self-denial  and  abstinence, — to  encourage  the 
pledge  of  total  abstainers.  Of  late  years  this  movement  had 
developed  increasing  force  and  had  finally  become  alligned  with 
that  of  Prohibition  and  the  labours  of  the  Dominion  Alliance. 
Liquor  licenses  had  been  steadily  reduced  by  legislation  and 
Local  Option  and  enforcement  of  the  laws  strengthened.  J.  H. 
Roberts,  a  leader  in  the  lay  work  of  the  Province,  issued  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1916,  a  summary  of  general  progress:  "On  May  1st  last 
there  were  906  municipalities  of  the  1,143  in  the  Province  which 
had  adopted  and  maintained  the  no-license  attitude  to  the  bar-room 
and  the  sale  of  drink.  To-day  the  proportion  is  much  higher  as 
the  movement  for  abolition  has  forged  ahead  with  an  amazing  swing. 
Important  industrial  cities,  such  as  Three  Rivers  (19,000),  Lachine 
(13,824),  and  Levis  (7,264),  have  adopted  Prohibition,  while  many 
towns,  such  as  Grand  Mere,  Shawinigan  Falls,  Terrebonne,  Louis- 
ville, St.  Agathe,  and  whole  Counties  such  as  Brome  and  Argen- 
teuil,  have,  in  the  popular  phrase,  gone  'dry.'  '  Laws  varied  in 
the  Province;  in  Montreal  and  Quebec  cities  the  License  Commis- 
sions had  the  power;  elsewhere  licensing  authority  lay  with  the 
municipal  Councils.  These  could  not  be  compelled  to  grant  a 
license  but  by  a  bare  majority  of  the  electors,  under  a  Prohibitory 
by-law,  could  be  prevented  from  issuing  any  licenses.  This  applied 
to  Counties,  also,  while  either  Counties  or  Cities  could  come  under 
the  Canada  Temperance  Act — Thetford  Mines  and  Brome  County 
being  under  operation  of  the  latter.  Following  this  statement  the 
Hon.  C.  Marcil  read  in  Parliament  a  letter  from  Mgr.  P.  E.  Roy, 


THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  SIR  LOMER  GOUIN  IN  QUEBEC        563 

istant  to  H.  E.  Cardinal  Begin  of  Quebec,  dated  Feb.  20  and 
ling  with  a  Prohibition  motion  before  the  Commons: 

1.  The  Prohibition  movement  is  serious,  profound  and  irresistible. 

2.  The  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  in  the  present  condi- 
tions certainly  constitutes  one  of  the  worst  plagues  of  the  country. 

3.  Public    opinion,    properly    enlightened    and    directed,    has    expressed 
itself  thereupon  with  a  clearness  and  a  persistency  which  can  leave  no  doubt. 

4.  To   establish   the    Prohibition    regime    in   the    rural   parts    and   small 
towns,  and  leave  the  trade  free  in  the  large   centres,  is  a   grave   error  and 
opposed    to    common    sense. 

5.  The  present  war  furnishes  an  excellent  opportunity  for  the  Govern- 
ment and  Parliament  to  intervene   to  deliver  us   from   a  public  plague,  and 
throw  off  the  degrading  yoke  of  the  manufacturers  and  dealers  in  alcoholic 
liquors. 

6.  The    240   municipalities   and   towns    of   the   Diocese    of   Quebec   have 
of   their   own   free   will   voted    for    Prohibition.    Alone,    the    City    of    Quebec 
stands  as  the  supreme  entrenchment  of  the  enemy,  driven  away  from  every- 
where else.     Still,  four-fifths  of  the  population  of  Quebec  want  Prohibition. 

Conclusion:  The  Parliament  at  Ottawa  will  meet  the  wishes  of  the 
very  large  majority  of  the  Canadian  people  if  it  places  the  whole  country 
under  the  beneficent  regime  of  Prohibition. 

About  this  time  the  City  of  St.  Hyacinthe  (Jan.  26)  voted 
against  Prohibition  by  922  to  610 ;  the  Quebec  Anti-Liquor  League 
petitioned  the  Legislature  to  stop  "treating"  on  licensed  premises, 
to  force  a  Prohibition  vote  in  cities  and  towns,  to  institute  early 
closing  of  licensed  premises  during  the  War,  to  prevent  further 
issue  of  club  licenses,  and  to  increase  the  penalty  for  illicit  selling 
of  liquor;  the  1st  annual  meeting  of  this  latter  body  on  Mar.  9 
elected  W.  D.  Lambly  as  President  and  organized  for  more 
active  work;  the  Quebec  Branch  of  the  Dominion  Alliance  met  in 
Montreal  on  Mar.  21  and  passed  a  Resolution  on  motion  of  the 
President,  S.  J.  Carter,  in  favour  of  campaigning  for  a  Prohibition 
Referendum  in  1917,  received  reports  from  the  W.C.T.U.,  the  1.0. 
G.T.,  and  the  Knights  Templar  and  heard  Judge  Lafontaine,  Presi- 
dent of  La  Ligue  Anti-alcoholique,  support  the  Referendum  pro- 
ject; at  a  banquet  to  J.  H.  Roberts,  Secretary  of  the  Dominion 
Alliance  (Mar.  20)  Judge  Lafontaine  declared  that  "Quebec  is 
nearly  dry  and  the  time  is  soon  coming  when  the  whole  Province 
will  be  either  under  Local  Option  or  under  Provincial  Prohibi- 
tion." The  Bishops  of  Sherbrooke,  St.  Hyacinthe,  Rimouski  and 
Joliette  had  within  the  year  declared  for  Prohibition. 

The  French-Canadian  organization  had  hitherto  gone  in  for 
Local  Option  with  the  loyal  support  of  the  Prohibitionist  bodies; 
all  now  turned  their  forces  in  urging  general  Prohibition  and  a 
meeting  was  held  in  Montreal  (June  16)  to  mark  the  united  action 
of  many  social  organizations.  A  conference  at  Laval  University 
on  the  19th  with  the  French  League  followed  and  a  joint  Deputation 
to  Quebec  was  arranged.  The  Rev.  Principal  Smyth  of  the  Wesley- 
an  College  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Campaign  Committee  of  the 
English  organizations  and  J.  H.  Roberts  Secretary.  On  Oct.  4  a 
Delegation  of  300  prominent  Church  dignitaries  and  representa- 
tives of  all  Temperance  organizations  and  all  classes  of  society, 
waited  on  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  and  the  Provincial  Cabinet.  The 


564  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

speakers  included  Sir  Francois  Lemieux,  S.  J.  Carter,  Mgr.  P.  E. 
K-oy  for  the  Cardinal- Archbishop,  Joseph  Picard,  Quebec  Board  of 
Trade,  Judge  Lafontaine  and  others.  Mgr.  Roy  stated  that  700 
priests  and  100  Temperance  societies,  representing  200,000  men  and 
women,  had  placed  themselves  on  record  as  in  favour  of  doing  away 
with  the  liquor  traffic  in  Quebec.  "The  movement  is  not  a  pass- 
ing impulse  or  an  unconsidered  resolution."  Chief  Justice  Lem- 
ieux declared  that  "not  to  have  Prohibition  here  would  be  to  make 
Quebec  the  liquor  depot  for  the  whole  Dominion,  which  would  dis- 
grace us  in  the  eyes  of  the  other  Provinces,  and  of  the  world. ' '  Sir 
Lomer  Gouin  in  reply  said  that  he  was  still  of  the  opinion  that 
Quebec  was  not  behind  the  other  Provinces  and  its  people  no  worse 
off  under  Temperance  legislation  which  was  rapidly  improving. 
Careful  consideration  would  be  given.  The  comment  of  L' Action 
Catholique,  the  Quebec  Church  organ,  was  that  "the  clergy  and 
the  people  have  accomplished  their  task,  which  was  to  awaken  and 
enlighten  public  opinion.  The  Government  must  complete  the 
task." 

Organization  followed  on  the  part  of  the  Prohibitionists 
and  a  largely-signed  Petition  to  the  Government  was  obtained  by 
the  Women  of  the  Province  which  reviewed  the  war-liquor  situa- 
tion in  other  countries  and  declared  that  in  Quebec  "the  increase 
of  drunkenness  amongst  soldiers  and  others  has  become  so  de- 
plorably apparent  as  to  cause  much  alarm  and  anxiety  to  wives 
and  mothers,  as  to 'its  effect,  morally  and  physically,  upon  their 
husbands  and  sons  now  engaged  in  His  Majesty's  service."  A 
Deputation  to  the  Government  on  Dec.  13  opposed  the  proposals  for 
a  Cafe  system;  many  meetings  were  held  on  Dec.  3rd  in  Montreal 
which  urged  the  Legislature  "to  pass  a  law  during  its  present 
Session  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  and  the  issue 
of  licenses  therefor."  Opponents  of  Prohibition  led  by  J.  T. 
Foster,  Gustave  Francq,  W.  Glockling  and  other  Labour  leaders 
waited  on  the  Premier  (Dec.  10),  protested  against  the  policy 
and  declared  it  better  to  educate  than  legislate  the  people  into 
sobriety;  another  Delegation  (Dec.  12)  led  by  George  Payette, 
L.  A.  Lapointe  and  others  presented  petitions  against  Prohibition 
signed  by  45,000  persons.  Legislative  action  was  taken  at  the  close 
of  the  year. 

These  two  subjects  were  closely  related;  what  is 
Quebec  and  written  here  about  them  should  be  read  with  the 
The  ef-iinguai  Sections  treating  of  French-Canadians  and  the  War, 
Question  and  the  Bi-lingual  issue  in  Ontario.  According  to  a 

statement  by  Hon.  W.  G.  Mitchell  in  the  Legislature 
on  Jan.  26,  1916,  the  total  Government  contribution  of  Quebec  for 
war  purposes  to  date  was  $698,994  which  included  (1)  Donation 
to  the  Imperial  Government  of  4,000,000  Ibs.  of  cheese  costing 
$623,897;  (2)  subscription  of  $5,000  to  French-Canadian  Hospital 
at  Paris;  (3)  $30,000  for  Belgian  Relief  and  $39,096  to  the  Secours 
National  de  France,  Paris;  (4)  $1,000  to  the  Military  Hospitals 


QUEBEC  AND  THE  WAR  :  THE  BI-LINGUAL  QUESTION          565 

Commission.  According  to  a  statement  issued  on  Aug.  2nd  to  the 
press  by  Mayor  Martin  of  Montreal  that  City  had  enlisted  30,000 
men  and  raised  19  Battalions,  of  which  7  were  French-Canadian, 
several  Battalions  of  heavy  and  field  Artillery,  Army  Service 
Corps,  and  several  Hospitals  and  details.  It  had  contributed  liber- 
ally to  12  flag  or  tag  days  and  given  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic 
Fund  $4,500,000;  the  Civic  Corporation  had  paid,  up  to  July  15, 
in  salaries  to  enlisted  employees,  $90,460;  the  City  Council  had 
voted  $1,000  to  the  Khaki  League  and  also  to  the  Montenegro  Red 
Cross,  $10,000  to  the  Imperial  Red  Cross,  $400,000  to  the  Canadian 
Patriotic  Fund  and  $1,000  for  French  Reservists;  Municipal  em- 
ployees had  contributed  $20,854  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund 
and  $8,318  to  the  Imperial  Red  Cross. 

Quebec  City,  up  to  Aug.  4,  raised  $200,000  for  the  Canadian 
Patriotic  Fund  and  $48,850  for  the  British  Red  Cross ;  the  Council 
had  voted  $35,701  to  various  War  Funds  and  Insurance  policies  on 
soldiers'  lives  had  been  issued  for  $187,500;  City  payments  to 
officials  on  active  service  totalled  $8,575;  the  local  Branch  of  the 
Red  Cross  raised  $53,000,  and  $41,000  had  been  collected  for  Bel- 
gian Relief,  while  large  quantities  of  supplies  had  gone  from  local 
bodies  for  the  troops  as,  also,  was  the  case  in  Montreal.  Westmount 
— a  Montreal  suburb  largely  English  in  population — contributed 
$42,000  to  various  Funds,  sent  2,000  troops  to  the  Front,  and  in- 
sured the  lives  of  civic  employees  on  service;  Lachine  gave  400 
soldiers  and  $5,500  to  Funds,  while  Sherbrooke  contributed  many 
soldiers  and  $167,000  in  funds  for  war  purposes.  Quebec  Pro- 
vince, up  to  the  close  of  1915,  gave  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund 
$1,982,228  and  in  1916  $2,517,443  more ;  its  requirements  from  the 
Fund  were  $3,029,579.  On  Aug.  4  a  large  meeting  at  Quebec, 
with  Sir  P.  E.  Le  Blanc  in  the  chair  and  addressed  by  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin,  Mayor  Lavigneur,  Hon.  A.  Sevigny,  M.P.,  and  Hon.  J.  C. 
McCorkill,  passed  a  Resolution  declaring  that  "this  meeting  records 
its  determination  to  continue  to  a  victorious  end  the  struggle  in 
maintenance  of  those  ideals  of  liberty  and  justice  which  are  the 
common  and  sacred  cause  of  the  Allies."  A  similar  meeting  at 
Sherbrooke  was  eloquently  addressed  by  Hon.  W.  G.  Mitchell,  Hon. 
E.  L.  Patenaude  and  Hon.  Arthur  Meighen.  On  Oct.  24  it  was 
announced  that  Paul  Gouin,  son  of  the  Premier,  was  taking  a  course 
preparatory  to  enlisting  and  on  Oct.  26  the  City  of  Quebec  voted 
$20,000  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  and  $5,000  to  assist  recruit- 
ing. 

W.  R.  Miller,  President  of  the  Quebec  Province  Branch  of  the 
Canadian  Red  Cross,  stated  (Nov.  17)  that  the  gifts  to  that  organ- 
ization from  Quebec  totalled  $99,993  to  Sept.  30 ;  at  the  St.  Cloud 
Hospital,  Paris,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  N.  Roy  of  Montreal  won  high  reputa- 
tion for  his  facial  operations  and  surgical  work ;  J.  W.  McConnell 
was  authority  for  the  statement  that  of  the  $500,000  received  from 
employees  at  Montreal  in  1916  for  the  Patriotic  Fund  at  least  one- 
half  was  contributed  by  French-Canadian  workmen.  In  Decem- 


566  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

her  Hon.  Mr.  Mitchell  presented  and  carried  without  opposition  in 
the  Legislature  a  grant  of  $1,000,000  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic 
Fund  and  stated  (Dec.  18)  that  this  brought  Quebec's  War-con- 
tribution up  to  $150  per  capita  or  about  $3,000,000.  The  year  closed 
with  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  (Dec.  7)  standing  on  Sir  Robert  Borden's 
National  Service  platform  at  Quebec  and  urging  a  larger  war 
response  and  a  greater  effort.  He  estimated  that  35,000  French- 
Canadians  had  enlisted  and  declared  that  his  Province  strongly 
desired  to  be  united  in  order  to  secure  victory. 

The  Province  had,  therefore,  done  a  good  deal;  it  would  have 
done  more  but  for  the  Nationalist  movement  which  hampered  re- 
cruiting, checked  the  buoyant,  inherent  patriotism  of  the  French 
character  and  perplexed  the  politicians  of  both  parties.  In  the 
many-sided  and  often  silent  campaign  of  the  Bourassa-Lavergne 
element  the  Bi-lingual  question  was  the  chief  weapon  of  1916  and 
was  based  upon  (1)  the  alleged  fanaticism  of  Ontario  legislators 
and  people,  and  (2)  the  alleged  constitutional  equality  of  the 
French  and  English  languages  throughout  Canada.  If  an  Ontario 
paper  resented  the  Nationalist  attitude  it  was  quoted  as  an  attack 
upon  Quebec ;  if  the  French-Canadian  press  resented  this  supposed 
hostility  to  their  Province  it  was  looked  upon  by  many  in  Ontario 
as  an  attack  upon  their  people.  And  so  the  process  went  on.  In 
the  Legislature  on  Jan.  17  Mr.  Lavergne  continued  his  campaign 
against  Canada's  participation  in  the  War  with  personal  claims  to 
be  a  martyr  for  some  cause  of  undefined  liberty:  "Not  a  soldier, 
a  cannon  or  a  cent  should  be  sent  from  this  country  for  the  War. ' ' 
Messrs.  Taschereau  and  Mitchell  for  the  Government,  and  J.  M. 
Tellier,  K.C.,  and  C.  E.  Gault  for  the  Opposition,  denounced  these 
views — Mr.  Taschereau  declaring  that  "if  the  French-Canadians 
did  not  do  their  duty  in  the  present  war  their  position  would  be- 
come unpleasant  after  the  conflict,"  and  Mr.  Mitchell  expressing 
the  hope  that  the  French  minority  in  Ontario  would  soon  receive 
the  same  justice  as  the  English  minority  in  Quebec.  This  latter 
thought  ran  through  many  discussions  of  the  period  and  amongst 
the  people  there  also  was  much  debate  as  to  whether  England  was 
doing  her  fair  part  in  the  War  or  was  leaving  the  heavy  burden  to 
France. 

Mr.  Bourassa,  in  constant  speech  or  through  Le  Devoir,  urged 
during  the  year — as  at  Hull  on  June  25 — a  commercial  boycott  of 
Ontario  firms  which  would  not  recognize  the  French  language  and 
asked  his  compatriots  to  patronize  exclusively  French-Canadian 
banks  and  French-Canadian  commercial  institutions  so  long  as 
Ontario  refused  to  recognize  "the  just  claims"  of  French-Cana- 
dians to  the  use  of  their  language  in  the  schools  they  supported  with 
their  own  money.  "We  have  more  right  to  help  our  children  in 
Ontario  than  to  help  the  soldiers  of  Britain."  Speaking  at  a 
Montreal  meeting  on  Feb.  11  Mr.  Lavergne  endorsed  his  leader's 
view  and  urged  French-Canadian  business  men  to  send  Ontario 
commercial  travellers  back  to  settle  the  Bi-lingual  issue.  "Speak 


QUEBEC  AND  THE  WAR  :  THE  BI-LINGUAL  QUESTION         567 

French  everywhere"  was  his  motto.  At  the  Bi-lingual  Congress, 
Ottawa,  on  Feb.  16,  A.  Morin,  President  of  the  Montreal  St.  Jean 
Baptiste  Society,  also  urged  this  policy :  * '  Has  not  the  time  arrived 
for  us  to  revolt  against  persecution?  If  it  keeps  up,  perhaps  we 
shall  be  compelled  to  take  guns  in  our  hands  the  same  as  our  con- 
freres are  doing  in  France." 

In  the  Legislature  on  Mar.  14  the  final  passage  of  Antonin 
Galipeault's  Bill  to  authorize  municipalities  to  make  contributions 
from  their  own  funds  for  patriotic,  national  or  educational  pur- 
poses occurred  after  an  amendment  from  the  Council  had  been 
accepted  which  permitted  Catholic  School  Commissions,  only,  to 
vote  moneys  in  aid  of  the  Bi-lingual  movement  in  Ontario.  On  the 
2nd  reading  (Feb.  23)  the  only  opposing  votes  were  P.  Cousineau, 
Opposition  Leader,  P.  D'Auteuil,  also  a  Conservative,  and  B.  A. 
Robert,  Liberal — 3  to  46.  The  phraseology  of  the  Bill  permitted 
contribution  "  up  to  five  per  cent,  of  gross  revenue,  to  funds  opened 
by  corporations  or  persons  for  public  subscription  for  patriotic, 
national  or  school  purposes  within  the  Province  or  elsewhere, ' '  and 
Mr.  Cousineau 's  objection  was  that  "the  people  of  Ontario  and  of 
Canada  will  believe  that  it  means  the  organization  of  a  campaign 
of  subscriptions  in  the  Province  for  the  French-Canadian  cause  in 
Ontario  and  I  do  not  think  that  would  be  a  good  thing  for  the 
French-Canadian  minority  of  Ontario."  There  was  no  debate. 
During  the  Committee  debate  on  a  Montreal  Bill  (Feb.  23)  Mr. 
Lavergne  dealt  with  a  clause  authorizing  the  distribution  of  $300,- 
000  of  Montreal  funds  for  "patriotic  and  charitable  purposes"  and 
demanded  the  addition  of  the  word  "educational"  so  as  to  obtain 
half  the  amount  for  the  School  agitation  in  Ontario.  The  Premier 
objected  to  this,  pointed  out  that  one  clause  already  adopted  al- 
lowed $1,000  in  the  Ontario  matter,  and  asked  Mr.  Lavergne  to 
withdraw  his  motion.  He  refused  to  do  so  and  obtained  6  votes 
on  a  division.  The  latter  continued  to  talk  vigorously  and  at 
Montmagny  on  May  7  announced  his  retirement  from  the  Legisla- 
ture to  devote  himself  to  Bi-lingual  activities.  To  the  St.  Jean 
Baptiste  Society  of  Hull  (July  1)  he  talked  of  Ontario  and  urged 
every  man,  woman  and  child  who  was  proud  to  bear  the  name  of 
French-Canadian  "to  fight  to  the  last  ditch  against  the  odious 
oppression  to  which  we  are  being  subjected  by  enemies."  Not  far 
behind  him  was  Charles  Leclerc  who,  in  Le  Progress  du  Saguenay, 
compared  the  French  "sufferers"  in  Ontario  with  the  early  Chris- 
tians, the  Poles  and  the  Vendeans. 

There  was  another  side  to  the  situation.  Many  French-Can- 
adians of  intelligence,  of  strong  Canadian  patriotism,  of  undoubted 
loyalty  upon  the  War  issue,  believed  that  the  French  language  was 
really  menaced  in  Ontario  and  the  French  population  of  that  Pro- 
vince improperly  treated  by  Regulation  17.  They  believed,  with 
Senator  Belcourt  of  Ottawa,  that  historical  right,  traditions,  cus- 
toms, usages,  natural  and  constitutional  rights,  the  experience  and 
teachings  of  Bi-lingual  countries  such  as  India,  Egypt,  etc.,  under 


568  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

British  rule  had  been  contravened  by  Ontario  legislators  and  they 
resented,  particularly,  the  Orange  declaration  so  often  reiterated 
by  Ontario  politicians  that  "one  language  for  Canada"  was  essen- 
tial to  unity.  They  believed  that  the  Windsor  and  Plantagenet 
school  cases  proved  that  French  could  be  taught  in  no  new  Ontario 
schools  and  would,  therefore,  become  more  and  more  restricted. 

Meanwhile  the  Church  had  alligned  itself  strongly  in  favour 
of  full  Bi-lingual  privileges  or  rights  in  Ontario  and  Cardinal 
Begin,  with  14  French-Canadian  Bishops,  had  petitioned  the  Gov- 
ernment-in-Council  protesting  against  Ontario's  legislation.  On 
Feb.  27  Bishop  Larocque  of  Sherbrooke  issued  a  Pastoral  to  his 
Diocese  describing  the  situation  in  Ottawa  and  the  driving  of  4,000 
children  from  their  schools,  appealing  for  sympathy  with  the  ' '  per- 
secuted and  wounded"  brethren  in  Ontario,  declaring  that  the  pact 
of  Confederation  was  becoming  a  "mere  scrap  of  paper,"  and 
urging  material  aid.  The  clergy  were  instructed  to  state  "that 
never,  perhaps,  has  there  been  made  any  appeal  to  generosity  in  a 
more  worthy  cause."  On  Mar.  28  the  Catholic  School  Commission 
of  Montreal  voted  $5,000  to  aid  the  Bi-lingual  campaign  in  Ontario. 
The  Provincial  Association  of  Catholic  Youth  followed  in  June 
with  an  appeal  for  funds  to  aid  Ontario  French-Canadians:  "The 
world  has  pitied  the  martyrs  of  Ireland,  and  of  Poland;  it  might 
pity  equally  the  martyrs  of  Canada,  despite  the  boasted  regime  of 
liberty  which,  it  is  pretended,  has  been  introduced.  Liberty  ?  Yes, 
we  enjoy  it,  but  only  in  the  centres  where  we  are  in  the  majority." 
The  fight  for  elementary  rights  must  be  continued  and  "only  in 
death  will  you  (Ontario)  be  free  of  our  resistance."  As  to  this 
the  Hon.  N.  A.  Belcourt  delivered  an  elaborate  address  (Quebec, 
Canadian  Club)  on  Mar.  28th  reviewing  the  case  and  claiming 
that  under  Regulation  17  "in  all  the  schools  established  after  the 
month  of  June,  1912,  the  French  language  is  banished  at  once, 
completely  and  forever."  His  proofs  were  as  follows: 

I.  The   Green    Valley    case   was    one    (Glengarry)    brought    against    the 
Roman    Catholic    school    trustees    because    during    one    hour    of    the    day    the 
teacher,  who  was  a  French-Canadian,  taught  in  French  for  50  minutes  reading, 
grammar   and   composition,   and   gave   ten   minutes   to    Catechism   in   French. 
The  Court  granted  an  injunction  though  75  per  cent,  of  the  rate-payers  and 
of   the   pupils   were   French-Canadians.     It   was   sustained   and   fines   imposed 
because  of  the  teaching  of  the  Catechism  in  French. 

II.  In   the   City  of  Windsor   there  were  in   1912   three   Eoman   Catholic 
Separate    Schools,    namely,    the    "Sacred    Heart"    with    45    per    cent.,    "St. 
Francois"    with    65    per    cent.,    and    "St.    Edmond"    with    85    per    cent,    of 
French-speaking  Catholic  pupils.     Prior  to  1912  there  was  no  French  taught 
in  the  two  latter  Schools;  since  then  the  Trustees  had  applied  to  the  Depart- 
ment   for    permission    to    teach    French    in    these    two    schools    for    one-half 
hour  in  one  of  them  and  for  one  hour  in  the  other  and  this  the  Department 
refused  to   allow. 

III.  Letter  from  Dr.  Colquhoun,  Deputy  Minister,  dated  Oct.   31,  1014: 
'  The  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  requests  me  to  say,  in  answer,  that  he  has 
studied  the  subject  carefully  and  finds  that  the  regulations  of  the  Department 
of  Education  do  not  allow  French  to  be  taught  as  a  subject  of  study  in  any 
of  the   separate   schools   of  the  City   of  Windsor,  with   the   exception   of  the 
Sacred  Heart  School. ' 


QUEBEC  AND  THE  WAR  :  THE  BI-LINGUAL  QUESTION         569 

Meantime  Laval  University  and  its  students  had  been  consider- 
ably before  the  public.  Early  in  1916  its  staff  was  completing  the 
No.*  6  General  Hospital  Unit  for  service  in  France,  with  Lieut.-Col. 
G.  E.  Beauchamp  in  command,  and  enrolling  additional  medical 
men  and  nurses.  This  Unit  went  forward  in  due  course  and  ren- 
dered excellent  service.  In  June  a  Training  Corps  was  authorized 
for  the  University  to  include  17  officers,  41  non-commissioned 
officers  and  192  cadets.  The  students  from  the  first  took  a  strong 
position  on  the  Bi-lingual  issue  and,  on  Feb.  24,  expressed  vehement 
protest  at  the  vote  of  Mr.  Cousineau — who  was  a  Professor  of  Law 
at  the  institution — on  the  Galipeault  Bill.  On  Oct.  4,  during  a 
march  to  St.  James  Cathedral,  where  they  were  to  attend  Mass,  a 
large  body  of  its  students  destroyed  the  Pioneers'  recruiting  stand 
and  posters  on  Phillips  Square,  tore  off  a  few  signs  on  St.  Cath- 
erine Street,  stopped  street  car  traffic  temporarily  by  pulling  down 
trolleys,  and  wound  up  this  part  of  the  trouble  with  a  Police 
scrap.  At  the  Cathedral,  a  little  later,  many  went  inside  but  a 
large  party  remained  outside  to  get  even  with  the  Police  who  soon 
after  arrived.  A  nasty  struggle  ensued  right  up  the  steps  of  the 
Church,  ending  in  the  intervention  of  Mgr.  Gauthier  and  the  arrest 
of  four  students.  On  the  following  day  700  students  signed  a 
statement  that  the  action  in  Phillips  Square  was  not  directed 
against  recruiting  but  against  Police  intervention  and,  on  Oct.  6, 
when  the  5th  Pioneers  marched  past  Laval,  the  students  lined  the 
street  for  blocks,  and  loudly  applauded  the  troops.  The  arrested 
students  appeared  in  the  Recorder's  Court  where,  on  Oct.  25  light 
sentences  and  a  warning  were  given  them.  At  Laval,  on  Dec.  12, 
the  students  were  cheering  the  new  Governor-General  and  singing 
the  National  Anthem  in  English;  on  Dec.  6  some  of  them  and  a 
group  of  Nationalists  prevented  several  speakers  at  the  National 
Service  meeting  from  being  heard.  The  mercurial  French  tempera- 
ment was  showing  itself.  • 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  the  Pope's  Mandement*  (Sept.  6) 
and  the  Privy  Council  judgment  alleviated  feelings  created  by  the 
language  issue  but  could  not  undo  its  past  influence  upon  public 
opinion.  There  was  comparatively  little  press  comment  as  to  the 
message  of  His  Holiness;  it  was  accepted  and  its  advice  largely 
followed.  L' Action  CathoUque,  Quebec,  urged  submission  to 
authority  and  many  papers  moderated  their  tone ;  the  irrepressible 
Le  Pays  of  Montreal,  however,  described  the  message  as  ' '  the  most 
formidable  blow  to  French-Canadian  influence  ever  given  in  this 
country,  as  well  as  the  greatest  triumph  ever  placed  to  the  credit 
of  the  Irish  clergy  in  Canada."  Bishop  Emard  of  Valleyfield 
issued  a  long  Pastoral  on  Dec.  18  declaring  that  ''when  Rome 
speaks,  the  case  is  judged.  The  voice  of  the  Pope  is  that  of  a  father 
and  even  more  than  that  of  a  King. "  So  he  counseled  the  faithful 
to  obey  this  Bi-lingual  utterance,  and  urged  young  French-Can- 
adians to  enlist. 

*NOTK.— See    Pages    530-1    of    this    volume. 


570  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

As  to  the  Privy  Council  decision  with  its  declaration  of  the 
legality  of  Regulation  17  and  the  illegality  of  the  special  Ontario 
School  Commission,  there  were  plenty  of  comments.  La  Presse 
urged  harmony,  described  the  Papal  letter  and  the  Judgment  as 
4 'the  kiss  which  righteousness  and  peace  give  each  other,"  and 
declared  the  decision  was  from  a  tribunal  ' '  whose  impartiality  is  in 
no  way  compromised  by  this  first  judgment  which  is  a  plain  invita- 
tion to  compromise."  Le  Reveil  declared  it  was  "a  ridiculous  farce 
to  have  local  affairs  decided  by  some  old  Buddhists  who  know 
nothing  about  them " ;  La  Patrie  stated  that  the  utterances  of  Mr. 
Ferguson,  Ontario's  Acting  Minister  of  Education,  showed  "a  sin- 
cere desire  on  the  part  of  the  Ontario  Government  to  apply  Regula- 
tion 17  in  a  liberal  sense  with  a  generous  breadth  of  view";  Le 
Droit  of  Ottawa  stated  that  the  Privy  Council  had  "read  over  the 
different  clauses  of  the  Act,  and  finding  no  definite  mention  of 
the  rights  of  French-Canadians  as  to  their  language  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Ontario,  have  decided  that  they  do  not  exist";  La  Verite 
of  Quebec  noted  that  "our  persecutors  have  gained  their  chief 
point. ' ' 

Other  forces  also  were  in  operation  during  this  period.  Gener- 
ations of  life  in  Quebec  and  isolation  from  the  thought  and  pro- 
blems of  Europe  had  produced  a  condition  in  which  any  moderate 
co-operation  with  Canada  in  the  War  was  gratifying;  full  co- 
operation, without  a  better  education  in  facts  than  any  actually 
received,  would  have  been  a  miracle.  As  to  the  School  question  its 
people  did  not  know  that  since  Confederation  all  kinds  of  changes 
in  law  and  regulation  had  been  made  favourable  to  the  Separate 
Schools  of  Ontario ;  that  for  opposing  such  changes  W.  R.  Meredith 
had  lost  a  general  election;  that  all  Roman  Catholics  were  by  law 
assumed  to  be  Separate  School  supporters  and  were  allowed  to 
gather  their  children  from  within  a  three-mile  radius;  that  all 
Catholic  taxes  went  by  law  to*  Separate  Schools  unless  exempted 
by  personal  request.  On  the  other  hand  people  in  Ontario  knew 
little  of  the  fair  treatment  given  Protestant  Separate  Schools  in 
Quebec  and  of  the  few  reasons  for  complaint  except  the  inevitable 
ones  caused  by  decreases  in  English  population.  Archbishop  Bru- 
chesi  in  Montreal  on  Jan.  24  appealed  for  reasonableness:  "I  ask 
where  are  they  going  to  lead  us,  these  school  struggles,  these 
lamentable  discussions  over  language  and  nationality?  Their 
echo  is  heard  everywhere.  They  are  threatening  to  create  an  abyss 
between  the  descendants  and  the  representatives  of  two  nations  so 
well  made  to  agree.  Peace  would  be  easy,  however." 

On  Feb.  23  a  letter  was  published  from  Sir  Joseph  Pope  in  the 
press  of  Ottawa  urging  conciliation  and  declaring  that  the  attitude 
of  England  towards  conquered  peoples  in  the  matter  of  language 
had  been  one  of  magnanimity ;  that  the  past  history  of  Canada 
showed  that  English- Canadians  had  followed  the  practice  of  the 
Mother  Country  in  this  respect,  towards  their  French-Canadian  fel- 
low-citizens ;  that  the  French-Canadians  were  the  pioneers  of  civil- 


QUEBEC  AND  THE  WAR  :  THE  BI-LINGUAL  QUESTION          571 

ization  in  this  country,  and  had  a  prescriptive  right  to  generous 
treatment;  that  such  generous  treatment  of  the  French-Canadian 
was  advantageous  to  the  Dominion  as  a  whole  and  that  the  privileges 
they  asked  in  this  Bi-lingual  matter  would  please  them  and  injure 
nobody ;  that  the  attitude  of  the  Ontario  Government  in  this  regard 
simply  afforded  Bourassa  and  Lavergne  and  others  in  the  Province 
of  Quebec  a  pretext  to  foment  racial  strife,  and  for  these  reasons  was 
bad  policy  all  round ;  that  the  attitude  of  the  Ontario  Government 
was  in  fact  ' '  hideously  inopportune. ' ' 

W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.CV  of  Montreal,  tried  to  bring  the  two  con- 
flicting elements  together  on  the  basis  of  war  action  and  suppres- 
sion of  agitators  in  Quebec — the  fact  of  religion  not  primarily  being 
involved  and  much  of  the  friction  due  to  expressions  used  rather 
than  to  the  intent  of  Regulation  17.  Ferd.  Roy,  K.C.,  in  London,  on 
May  10,  also  pointed  out  that  English-speaking  Roman  Catholics 
accepted  the  Ontario  policy  and  that  there  was,  therefore,  no  reli- 
gious question  involved;  he  believed  it  to  be  a  clear  case  of  racial 
animosity  on  both  sides.  Sir  W.  Laurier's  speeches  were  con- 
ciliatory in  part  but  vigorous  in  denunciation  (Montreal,  June  3rd) 
of  "the  bitter,  warped,  prejudiced  little  souls"  who  were  opposing 
Canada's  duty  in  the  War;  yet  he  yielded  nothing  as  to  Quebec's 
demand  for  language  rights  and  privileges.  In  November  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin  refused  the  application  of  the  Montreal  St.  Jean  Baptiste 
Society  for  a  Government  grant  to  aid  the  French-Canadian  min- 
ority in  Ontario,  and  was  conciliatory  in  all  public  remarks  on  the 
subject.  On  Oct.  22,  for  instance,  in  opening  a  new  Academy  at 
Montreal  he  declared  that:  "the  future  belongs  to  those  who  can 
speak  the  two  languages.  It  is  they  who  will  have  success,  it  is  they 
who  will  have  prosperity,  it  is  they  who  will  have  power,  it  is  they 
who  will  foster  and  help  our  language." 

An  interesting  movement  of  the  year  along  lines  of  conciliation 
was  the  Bonne  Entente.  It  originated  at  a  meeting  in  the  National 
Club,  Toronto,  on  June  16  under  the  leadership  of  J.  M.  Godfrey 
and  the  idea  was  to  send  a  Delegation  of  50  business  men  to  get  into 
touch  with  a  similar  French-Canadian  body  and  see  if  points  of 
divergence  could  not  be  moderated.  Invitations  at  once  came  from 
Sherbrooke,  Montreal,  Three  Rivers  and  Quebec,  a  Committee  was 
organized  in  Quebec  City  with  Sir  George  Garneau  as  Chairman 
and  the  Ontario  Committee,  before  making  the  trip  of  Oct.  10-13, 
met  French-Canadian  colleagues  in  Montreal  and  laid  down  the 
principle  of  "unalterable  belief  that  there  is  not  now,  nor  ever  will 
be  in  the  future,  any  issue  between  the  two  races  in  Canada  which 
cannot,  and  of  right,  should  not  be  amicably  and  equitably  settled, 
and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  satisfaction  to  the  great  majority 
of  all  concerned. ' '  During  the  ensuing  visit  many  points  of  interest 
were  seen,  entertainments  given  and  hospitality  of  every  kind  re- 
ceived, while  many  French-Canadians  of  standing  met  the  visitors. 
Banquets  with  very  friendly  speeches  were  given  at  Montreal  and 
Quebec  and  Sherbrooke ;  Sir  George  Garneau,  who  was  afterwards 


572  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

chosen  as  Chairman  of  the  Bonne  Entente,  and  J.  M.  Godfrey,  Vice- 
Chairman,  were  appointed  to  arrange  a  return  visit  to  Ontario 
and,  on  Nov.  30,  at  Montreal  a  Council  was  appointed  with  an 
Executive  composed  as  follows : 

Quebec  Ontario 

Sir  George  Garneau Quebec.  John  M.   Godfrey Toronto. 

Felix  H.  Hebert Sherbrooke.  Col.    Lome    Mulloy Kingston. 

Huntley  Drummond Montreal.  A.  E.  Ames Toronto. 

Zepherin  Hubert Montreal  S.  R.  Parsons Toronto. 

Hon.  L.   P.   Pelletier Quebec.  Kirwan  Martin Hamilton. 

The  movement  did  good  though  the  visitors  only  had  time  in 
their  brief  tour  to  reach  a  portion  of  those  on  the  surface  of  affairs, 
while  in  their  own  impressions  the  language  limitation  still  made 
a  difficulty.  As  to  English-speaking  Quebec  and  the  War  it  was 
claimed  in  April  that  20,000  had  enlisted  out  of  a  population  of 
315,000.  The  Y.M.C.A.  of  Montreal  stated  in  May  that  seven 
Secretaries  and  1,000  members  of  that  organization  were  at  the 
Front;  a  Canadian  Association  of  Returned  Soldiers  for  Montreal 
District  was  formed  on  May  11  with  Corp.  J.  B.  Seggie  as  Presi- 
dent and  supported  by  leading  citizens  such  as  Brig.-Gen.  E.  W. 
Wilson,  W.  D.  Lighthall,  Lansing  Lewis,  J.  S.  Brierley,  Col.  F.  S. 
Meighen,  etc. ;  the  Irish-Canadian  feeling  was  shown  in  such  ad- 
dresses as  that  of  Rev.  Father  Gerald  McShane  who  said  on  May 
26  that  "the  soldier's  profession  is  the  only  one  worth  while  to- 
day," and  of  Rev.  Father  McCrory,  Vice-Chancellor  of  Montreal 
Diocese,  (July  12)  who  told  a  recruiting  meeting  that  "every  one 
in  Canada  should  be  up  and  doing ' '  and  that  the  flag  of  Erin  and 
banner  of  St.  George  could  not  be  borne  in  a  nobler  cause ;  an  un- 
usual honour  came  to  Capt.  Blanchard  Henry  of  Montreal  who  was 
stated  in  an  Admiralty  report  to  have  carried  "out  responsible 
duties  in  the  Dardanelles  with  devotion,  zeal,  readiness,  'resource 
and  dispatch,  never  known  to  have  been  equalled. ' ' 

The  old  families  of  Montreal  such  as  the  Allans,  Molsons,  Hing- 
stons,  etc.,  were  represented  in  service  and  in  casualties.  Lieut. Col. 
J.  N.  Greenshields  had  three  sons  on  active  service — Capt.  Melville 
being  killed  in  action,  C.  G.  serving  in  the  famous  Foreign  Legion, 
and  J.  G.  finally  declared  medically  unfit;  three  of  the  Ogilvies, 
sons  of  the  late  Win.  Ogilvie,  enlisted ;  Irwin  Harris  had  three  sons 
and  one  nephew  at  the  Front.  Of  other  families  four  sons  of  the 
late  P.  0 'Sullivan,  killed  in  South  Africa,  were  wounded — three  in 
France  and  one  at  the  Dardanelles ;  George  Sheriff  of  Montreal  had 
five  sons  on  active  service,  Principal  C.  W.  Ford  of  St.  Lambert's 
Academy  4  sons,  and  John  Merry  who,  himself,  offered  his  ser- 
vices, 7  sons;  of  five  brothers  called  Kerr  one  was  killed  and  two 
wounded.  Individual  losses  to  well-known  families  were  many 
and  included  Capt.  the  Hon.  A.  T.  Shaughnessy,  Lieut.  Gordon  K. 
Ross,  Lieut.  A.  A.  Wanklyn,  Major  A.  L.  H.  Renaud,  Capt.  F.  R. 
Newman,  Lieut.  W.  R.  Notman  and  Lieut.  W.  M.  Notman.  Colonel 
Victor  Buchanan  of  Montreal  and  Col.  G.  H.  Baker  of  Sherbrooke 
were  conspicuous  officers  of  high  service  who  fell  in  action. 


THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATIVE  SESSIONS  OF  1916 


573 


The  two  *ast  Session  of  the  13th  Legislature  of 

Quebec°  Quebec  was  opened  by  the  Hon.  P.  E.  Le  Blanc,  Lieut- 

Legisiative  Governor,  on  Jan.  11,  1916,  with  a  Speech  from  the 
sessions  of  Throne  which  described  the  economic  condition  of  the 
Province  as  good  and  Agriculture  as  being  in  a  most 
flourishing  state:  "My  Government  continues  to  urge  farmers  to 
improve  their  methods  of  cultivation,  and  the  short  courses  given 
in  the  various  centres  of  the  Province  have  been  assiduously  fol- 
lowed and  have  already  had  a  good  effect.  It  has  likewise  striven 
to  encourage  the  formation  of  co-operative  associations,  the  pro- 
duction of  maple  sugar  and  syrup,  the  preparation  of  smoked 
meats,  the  growing  of  fruit,  clover-seed,  and  seed-grain  and  also 
poultry-raising.  It  has  exercised  close  supervision  over  the  manu- 
facture of  butter  and  cheese  and  a  marked  improvement  has  been 
effected  in  the  quality  of  these  products. ' '  Reference  was  made  to 
the  success  of  the  Competition  for  Agricultural  Merit — now  in  its 
26th  year;  to  the  works  under  construction  for  damming  the  St. 
Maurice  and  St.  Francois  Rivers ;  to  the  marked  increase  in  Teach- 
ers'  salaries  and  the  active  prosecution  of  Road  construction;  to 
the  increasing  settlement  of  the  Matapedia  Valley,  the  development 
of  Abitibi  and  progress  to  the  north  of  Montreal.  It  was,  also, 
stated  that  the  Immigration  Branch  had  issued  many  pamphlets  in 
Europe  as  to  Quebec's  advantages  and  resources  and  that  "a  great 
many  immigrants"  were  expected  after  the  "War.  The  following 
War  statement  was  made : 

Although  the  Allies  are  sure  of  final  victory,  the  War  continues  on  an 
ever-increasing  scale  and  calls  for  greater  and  greater  efforts  from  all.  As 
a  large  portion  of  the  task  and  responsibilities  devolves  upon  the  British 
Empire,  Canada  has  bravely  done  and  is  continuing  to  do  its  duty.  As  to 
the  Province  of  Quebec,  it  is  generously  responding  to  all  the  calls  made  upon 
it;  while  families  are  liberally  contributing  to  the  various  patriotic  and  aid 
funds,  our  young  men  are  eagerly  enlisting  to  fight  beside  the  armies  of  Eng- 
land and  France.  On  behalf  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  Province,  I  wish  once 
more  to  offer  our  devoted  homage  to  our  Gracious  Sovereign  and  to  assure 
him  that  we  ever  pray  for  the  triumph  of  his  arms.  I  cannot  refrain 
from  expressing  my  high  admiration  for  the  soldiers  whose  bravery  and 
heroism  have  brought  such  great  glory  to  Canada,  our  country. 

The  Address  was  moved  by  J.  Fabien  Bugeaud  and  A.  J.  Bis- 
sonet  in  patriotic  speeches.  Mr.  Bugeaud  declared  that  French- 
Canadians  had  once  more  proved  their  loyalty:  "If  a  last  drop  of 
blood  is  needed  on  European  soil  for  the  triumph  of  liberty,  that 
drop  will  be  of  French-Canadian  blood."  Philemon  Cousineau,  the 
new  Opposition  Leader,  asked  the  Government  what  war  services 
had  been  rendered  during  1915?  "We  want  acts.  We  hope  the 
Government  will  introduce  a  measure  to  aid  wounded  soldiers  re- 
turning from  the  War,  and  assisting  civil  and  religious  institutions 
now  caring  for  the  men."  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  replied  that  the  Gov- 
ernment needed  no  stimulation  from  the  Opposition,  that  they  had 
done  their  duty  and  would  continue  to  do  so  and  would  help 
returned  soldiers  if  help  were  needed.  G.  B.  Campbell  (Cons.) 
asked  why  three  French-Canadian  settlers  were  going  into  North- 


574  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ern  Ontario  for  every  two  into  Northern  Quebec,  and  A.  Sauve  of 
the  Opposition  condemned  the  Roads  policy  with  vigour;  A.  Lav- 
ergne  denied  any  obligations  in  the  War  and  asked  for  "more 
rights — those  of  a  sovereign  nation."  The  Address  passed  on  Jan. 
13  without  division.  In  the  Legislative  Council  it  was  moved  by 
Hon.  A.  Racine  and  seconded  by  Hon.  R.  Turner  and  duly  ap- 
proved. 

Much  of  the  Session  was  devoted  to  party  attack  and  defence  in 
view  of  the  coming  Elections.  Mr.  Cousineau  on  Jan.  25  declared 
the  Premier  responsible  for  the  high  taxation,  the  deficits,  the 
alleged  scandals  of  Montreal,  because  they  were  evolved  under 
legislation  at  Quebec  approved  by  the  Government;  criticized  a 
surplus  resulting  from  lucky  increases  in  Succession  duties  and 
denounced  a  ten-years'  increase  in  the  Public  Debt  from  $9,000,000 
to  $33,000,000;  alleged  that  Receipts  had  totalled  $103,000,000 
since  1905  but  was  afterwards  corrected  to  the  extent  of  $20,000,- 
000;  claimed  that  at  Bordeaux  Gaol  the  annual  cost  of  mainten- 
ance plus  interest  on  construction  amounted  to  $500,000  or  an 
average  of  $1,000  per  prisoner.  Official  figures,  it  may  be  added, 
showed  the  minimum  number  of  prisoners  confined  in  1913  as  420 
and  in  1914  as  386.  He  deprecated  alleged  slowness  in  the  admin- 
istration of  justice  and  a  total  cost  of  $8,000,000  since  1905— not 
counting  Judges '  salaries  or  costs  of  pleading ;  claimed  that  public 
morals  and  laws  were  not  improving  while  the  expense  of  legisla- 
tion was  steadily  mounting;  asked  for  a  limited  moratorium  and 
declared  that  the  Government  was  asleep.  To  this  the  Hon.  L.  A. 
Taschereau  vigorously  responded  in  a  long  eulogy  of  the  Gouin 
Administration's  work  for  public  instruction,  for  higher  schools, 
for  good  roads,  for  the  protection  of  municipalities  against  fire,  for 
the  abolition  of  toll-gates,  for  a  55-hour  week  for  women  and 
children  in  factories,  for  legislation  leading  to  the  'one  man  one 
vote'  so  desired  by  the  working  classes,  for  agricultural  grants, 
for  co-operative  and  produce  societies,  for  colonization,  for  produc- 
tion in  general.  J.  A.  L.  Berube,  for  the  Opposition  (Jan.  26),  was 
pessimistic  and  quoted  a  variety  of  figures  from  the  1911  Census 
to  show  that  Quebec  was  far  behind  Ontario  in  production  and  use 
of  her  natural  resources.  He  asserted  that  Ontario  and  Western 
produce  going  to  the  Atlantic  via  Montreal  were  included  amongst 
Provincial  exports. 

Mr.  Cousineau  did  a  bold  thing  in  connection  with  the  2nd 
reading  of  the  Galipeault  Bill  (Feb.  23)  to  permit  municipalities 
to  grant  money  up  to  6%  of  gross  revenue  for  patriotic,  national  or 
educational  purposes.  It  was  understood  that  the  latter  word 
touched  the  Ontario  Bi-lingual  situation  and  the  Opposition  leader, 
to  the  amazement  of  politicians,  opposed  the  measure,  alleged 
that  the  municipalities  already  had  the  power  as  to  patriotic  ob- 
jects, condemned  "the  creation  in  Quebec  of  a  campaign  of  sub- 
scriptions to  wage  constitutional  war  against  the  Ontario  Govern- 
ment," and  declared  it  would  do  the  Ontario  minority  more  harm 


THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATIVE  SESSIONS  OF  1916  575 

than  good.  There  was  no  debate  and  the  Bill  passed  its  3rd  read- 
ing by  46  to  3 — the  minority  being  Messrs.  Cousineau  and  P. 
D'Auteuil  and  E.  A.  Eobert  (Lib.).  The  Legislative  Council  elim- 
inated the  permission  to  Municipalities  as  leading  to  possible  fric- 
tion amongst  tax-payers  and  replaced  them  by  the  School  Com- 
missions. This  was  accepted  by  Mr.  Galipeault  on  Mar.  15  and  the 
Bill,  as  amended  and  passed,  approved  by  Mr.  Cousineau.  In  this 
general  connection  the  Provincial  Secretary  had  replied  on  Feb.  11, 
to  an  inquiry  by  Mr.  Lavergne,  that  the  Government  had  taken  no 
steps  to  obtain  disallowance  of  the  Ontario  Act  "depriving  the 
French-Canadian  minority  of  their  rights,"  and  did  not  intend 
to  take  such  action. 

On  Feb.  25  Mr.  Cousineau  attacked  the  policy  of  Technical 
schools  in  large  centres  and  wanted  them  upon  a  smaller  scale  and 
in  many  places.  Statistics  showed  schools  established  at  Montreal, 
Quebec,  •  Sherbrooke,  Shawinigan  and  Beauceville,  with  1,223  stu- 
dents in  the  first  three  and  51  in  the  last  two ;  the  total  cost  to  be 
$1,490,457.  On  Mar.  6  the  Opposition  leader  stated  his  Good 
Roads  policy:  (1)  That  all  work  now  performed  by  the  Roads 
Department  should  be  transferred  to  a  Commission  "independent 
of  politics";  (2)  that  the  Government  should  bear  the  entire  con- 
struction and  maintenance  cost  of  national  roads  created  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  Federal  Government;  (3)  that  local  routes 
should  be  constructed  and  maintained  through  terms  of  the  exist- 
ing Good  Roads  Act  and  under  the  Commission.  He  also  urged  that 
taxes  on  Motorists  be  applied  to  road-making.  Ai\  Opposition 
protest  was  registered  on  Mar.  9 — 14  votes  to  43 — against  the 
renewal  of  the  Government  contract  for  printing  the  Journal  of 
Commerce  ($27,000  a  year)  on  the  ground  that  a  tender  for  $10,- 
000  less  had  been  submitted.  A  similar  contention  was  made  (Mar. 
9)  as  to  the  St.  Maurice  dam  and  a  contract  made  by  the  Quebec 
Streams  Commission  with  the  St.  Maurice  Construction  Co.,  after 
Joseph  Gosselin  had  tendered  to  do  the  work  for  $1,345,960,  as 
against  $1,425,000.  A  Resolution  was  presented  by  L.  M.  J. 
Bernier  and  J.  A.  L.  Berube,  reviewing  the  alleged  facts  and  de- 
claring that : 

Whereas,  if  the  tender  of  Joseph  Gosselin  had  been  accepted,  a  loss  of 
$80,000  would  have  been  saved  to  the  Province,  but  the  latter  would  have 
received  from  the  Banque  Nationale,  of  Quebec,  depository  in  trust,  from 
the  sale  of  the  $1,500,000  of  debentures,  interest  at  4%  per  cent,  and  all 
the  balances  not  paid  to  the  Contractor  during  the  whole  course  of  construc- 
tion of  said  works;  this  House  blames  the  Government  for  not  having 
acted  in  the  best  interests  of  the  Province  in  awarding  the  contract  for  the 
damming  of  the  St.  Maurice  River  and  for  having  caused  the  loss  of  con- 
siderable sums  to  the  Province. 

It  was  voted  down  by  44  to  14  after  Hon.  W.  Mitchell  had 
claimed  that  the  trouble  lay  in  Mr.  Gosselin  wanting  to  be  paid 
before  the  work  was  done.  He  stated  that  this  Contractor,  who 
was  to  be  paid  in  Government  bonds,  wanted  the  block  sold  at 
once,  the  proceeds  deposited  in  a  bank  and  monthly  amounts  paid 
out  according  to  progress  on  the  work.  "We  made  a  saving  of 


576  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

$142,000  on  the  deal,"  continued  the  Treasurer,  who  said  that  had 
the  Government  closed  with  Mr.  Gosselin  and  sold  its  bonds,  only 
$90  would  have  been  obtained,  whereas  the  bonds  were  disposed  of 
to  the  present  Contractors  at  par.  Some  discussion  as  to  Coloniza- 
tion took  place  on  Mar.  13  when  J.  0.  Morin  and  J.  A.  Labisson- 
niere  moved  that :  ' i  This  House  regrets  to  find  that  the  Government, 
far  from  altering  its  policy  in  order  to  offer  better  advantages  to 
bona  fide  settlers  and  to  rapidly  people  our  fertile  and  numerous 
colonization  regions,  refuses  to  meet  the  most  pressing  needs  of  the 
townships  now  being  cleared."  It  was  rejected  by  33  to  9.  Messrs. 
Labissonniere  and  Morin  on  Mar.  15  moved  a  long  Opposition 
Resolution  reviewing  the  alleged  record  of  Montreal  Gaol  con- 
struction and  stating  that  the  original  estimate  of  cost  was  $1,000,- 
000  while  three  contracts,  which  he  described,  totalled  $2,484,722 ; 
that  the  difference  between  this  sum  and  $3,631,082,  the  total  cost, 
was  $1,146,360  ''which  has  been  paid  out  by  the  Province  without 
tenders,  without  regular  contracts  and  almost  entirely  as  extras ' ' ; 
that  the  construction  of  the  foundations  and  walls  was  defective 
and  that  "this  House  censures  the  Government  of  the  Province 
of  Quebec  for  the  abuses,  waste  and  loss  of  money  caused  in  the 
building  and  administration  of  the  Bordeaux  Gaol."  This  was 
rejected  by  44  to  10  votes.  It  was  also  urged  by  Arthur  Sauve  in 
another  long  'motion  as  to  alleged  Road-making  abuses  that  the 
Government  should  modify  its  policy  under  the  total  appropria- 
tions of  $15,000,000  for  Good  Roads  and  adopt  "a  more  practical 
and  more  judicious  method  so  as  to  avoid  unnecessary  expense  and 
regrettable  difficulties  and  to  not  impose  too  heavy  obligations  on 
municipalities  for  macadamizing  or  gravelling,  the  maintenance 
whereof  would  be  V)o  expensive."  It  was  rejected  by  42  to  9. 

The  legislation  of  the  Session  was  not  very  important.  The 
usual  Montreal  Bill  was  presented  and  the  usual  controversies 
occurred  in  Committee  and  in  the  two  Houses.  The  differences  be- 
tween Montreal's  Council  and  Board  of  Control  were  again  in- 
volved and,  as  eventually  settled,  the  measure  decreased  the  num- 
ber of  Aldermen  from  31  to  20,  gave  the  Mayors  of  the  future 
more  power  over  Civic  employees,  refused  the  City's  desire  to 
raise  from  one  to  two  per  cent,  the  local  tax  on  Fire  insurance 
premiums,  authorized  a  Loan  of  $2,000,000  to  meet  the  current 
deficit,  continued  the  Board  of  Control  for  a  further  period. 
Amendments  to  the  Quebec  License  Act  proposed  by  Hon.  W. 
Mitchell  provided  that  should  the  Minister  of  Militia  declare  any 
hotel  or  bar  in  the  Province,  during  any  hours  of  the  day  out  of 
bounds  and  notify  the  Provincial  Treasurer's  Department,  that 
hotel  would  be  forbidden  to  sell  liquor  to  soldiers  under  penalties 
provided  in  the  Act.  Mr.  Cousineau  opposed  (Mar.  1)  the 
deprivation  of  the  soldiers  and  Prohibition  in  general,  though 
he  would  support  a  Referendum  on  the  subject.  Mr.  Lavergne 
wanted  small  cafes  selling  light  wines  and  beers  and  made  the 
characteristic  statement  that  "in  Britain  50  per  cent,  of  the  people 


THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATIVE  SESSIONS  OF  1916  577 

you  meet  on  the  streets  are  intoxicated."  The  Quebec  Municipal 
Code  was  revised  so  as  to  extend  voting  powers  in  municipal  elec- 
tions to  proprietors'  sons  residing  on  their  parents'  farms  and  to 
people  owing  municipal  taxes  and  to  provide  for  a  secret  ballot. 
The  Session  was  prorogued  on  Mar.  16  after  passing  93  Bills — 
mostly  private  ones.  It  may  be  added  that  on  Mar.  10  a  Resolu- 
tion, moved  by  Lucien  Cannon  (Lib.)  in  favour  of  allowing  women 
to  practice  at  the  Bar,  was  rejected  by  one  vote  with  Sir  Lomer 
Gouin  and  Messrs.  Mitchell  and  Mercier  of  the  Government  sup- 
porting it  and  Messrs.  Allard,  Caron,  Decarie  and  Taschereau  in 
opposition. 

The  General  Elections  followed  and,  on  Nov.  7,  the  1st  Session 
of  the  14th  Legislature  was  opened  by  Sir  P.  E.  Le  Blanc  with  a 
Speech  from  the  Throne  which  eulogized  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of 
Connaught  and  rejoiced  in  the  recent  successes  of  the  Allies  and 
' '  the  glorious  part  so  often  played  in  such  successes  by  our  Canadian 
troops";  mentioned  the  Government's  subscription  of  $1,000,000 
to  the  Patriotic  Fund,  the  purchase  of  $500,000  of  War  bonds  and 
the  valuable  work  of  the  Provincial  Commission  to  aid  returned 
soldiers ;  dealt  with  the  hoped-for  development  of  immigra- 
tion after  the  war,  and  the  operation  of  copper,  lead  and 
molybdenite  mines,  with  new  asbestos  mines  in  the  near  future. 
Legislation  was  promised  as  to  encouragement  of  settlement  in 
remote  districts,  the  building  of  new  roads  and  increased  land 
grants  for  Colonization.  The  promotion  of  agriculture  by  attract- 
ing settlers  back  to  the  farms  and  the  helping  of  intensive  methods 
in  production,  were  promised.  An  effort  was  to  be  made  to  get 
the  holders  of  large  timber  limits  situated  in  agricultural  centres 
to  abandon  their  holdings,  in  return  for  which  the  Government 
would  grant  them  in  exchange  other  timber  limits  in  more  remote 
regions.  Workmen  in  the  building  trades  were  promised  more  pro- 
tection and  larger  road  grants  indicated.  In  this  respect  it  was 
stated  that  "the  Quebec-Montreal,  Levis  Jackman,  Sherbrooke- 
Derby  line  and  Montreal-Rouse's  Point  roads  now  constitute  four 
of  the  finest  arteries  in  all  Canada."  Later  official  figures  showed 
an  expenditure  on  these  Roads  of  $5,096,324. 

The  Hon.  C.  F.  Delage  was  succeeded  as  Speaker  of  the  Assem- 
bly by  Antonin  Galipeault,  B.A.,  Deputy  Speaker  in  the  last  Legis- 
lature and  member  since  1909,  while  Dr.  E.  M.  Desaulniers  was 
chosen  in  his  place.  Arthur  Sauve  was  elected  Leader  of  the  small 
Conservative  party  of  six  in  the  House.  The  Address  was  moved 
by  H.  H.  A.  La  Ferte,  Drummond,  and  Wm.  Hodgins,  Pontiac, 
and,  after  brief  speeches,  was  passed  at  a  single  sitting  on  Nov.  8. 
As  to  the  Elections  Mr.  Sauve  declared  that  the  Opposition  was 
defeated  by  a  combination  of  private  interests  with  religious  and 
racial  prejudices  which  had  been  aroused  against  the  party  for 
political  purposes.  ' '  Under  the  pretext  of  aiding  their  compatriots 
in  Ontario,  the  Ministerialists  awakened  these  prejudices."  The 
37 


578  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Premier  in  reply  challenged  Mr.  Sauve  to  mention  a  candidate 
on  the  Government  side  who  had  made  use  of  the  Ontario  School 
issue  and  pointed  out  that  at  the  last  Session  Mr.  Sauve  himself 
had  voted  for  the  Galipeault  Bill,  against  his  late  Leader.  In  the 
Council  two  new  members  were  presented — Hon.  J.  L.  Perron,  K.C., 
and  Hon.  Jules  Allard.  The  Address  there  was  moved  by  Mr.  Per- 
ron and  seconded  by  Hon.  Geo.  Smith. 

The  chief  legislation  of  the  Session  was  Hon.  Mr.  Mitchell's 
License  Act  amendment  under  which  it  was  enacted  that  after  cer- 
tain reductions  in  the  number  of  licenses  at  Quebec  and  Montreal  the 
tax  on  remaining  licenses  should  automatically  increase  as  the 
number  decreased  so  that  the  total  revenues  should  remain  the  same ; 
that  the  new  retail  liquor  shop  license  should  be  $800  in  Montreal, 
$600  in  Quebec,  $400  in  other  cities,  $300  in  towns,  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Province  $200;  that  wholesale  liquor  lecenses  should  run  from 
$1,200  in  Montreal  and  $900  in  Quebec  to  $750  elsewhere  with  $1,200 
charged  to  a  distiller  and  50%  less  all  round  for  wine  licenses ;  that 
Bottlers'  municipal  licenses  should  run  from  $750  for  the  chief  Pro- 
vincial agency  to  $125  for  a  chief  city  agency  and  $90  for  others 
with  $10  for  vehicles  used  and  $5  in  every  municipality  where 
orders  were  taken  without  an  agency.  Licenses  were  increased  on 
race-track  operation  where  betting  was  permitted  and  imposed  on 
devices  used  in  connection  with  betting — the  taxes  on  ordinary 
race  meetings  being  $10  a  day  in  Montreal,  $8  a  day  in  Quebec, 
and  $5  a  day  elsewhere  with  $1,000  a  day  for  Montreal,  or  a  radius 
of  50  miles,  and  $500  elsewhere  if  betting  were  allowed;  taxes  or 
duties  were  imposed  on  admissions  to  all  places  of  amusement 
graded  in  amount  from  one  cent  on  tickets  of  10  cents,  2  cents  up 
to  35  cents,  3  cents  up  to  75  cents,  4  cents  up  to  $1.00,  5  cents 
between  $1.00  and  $1.50,  10  cents  above  the  latter  sum ;  licenses  to 
places  of  amusement  or  moving  picture  theatres  were  graded  from 
50  cents  a  seat  down  to  20  cents. 

Under  the  terms  of  this  Act  the  350  liquor  licenses  in  Montreal 
were  cut  by  May  1,  1917,  to  a  maximum  of  300  and  a  year 
hence  to  200;  in  Quebec  50  licenses  were  to  be  cut  to  40  and 
then  30  in  these  periods;  the  clause  as  to  renewals  in  the 
two  cities  applied  only  to  hotels  having  not  less  than  25  rooms  and 
thus  cut  off  the  saloons,  while  the  maximum  number  of  licenses 
allowed  was  lowered  in  all  the  other  towns  of  the  Province  with  a 
maximum  of  one  for  each  2,000  of  a  population ;  liquor  stores  were 
limited  so  that  by  May  1,  1919,  there  would  be  200  in  Montreal  as 
against  600  and  so  elsewhere  in  proportion ;  fines  and  penalties  were 
heavily  increased,  no  liquor  was  to  be  sold  to  anyone  under  21  years, 
no  trading  was  to  be  allowed,  with  both  seller  and  purchaser  subject 
to  fine  or  imprisonment,  no  liquor  was  to  be  sold  to  any  soldier 
or  sailor  in  uniform  and  hours  of  sale  were  put  at  9  a.m.  to  9  p.m., 
with  7  p.m.  as  the  Saturday  hour  and  no  Sunday  sales.  A  heavy  fine 
was  imposed  on  those  who  drank  so  much  as  to  become  conspicuous. 


THE  QUEBEC  LEGISLATIVE  SESSIONS  OF  1916  579 

The  law  was  to  go  into  operation  on  May  1,  1917,  and  on  May  1, 
1918,  all  bars  were  to  be  replaced  by  cafes  with  tables. 

Messrs.  Sauve  and  D'Auteuil  moved  an  Opposition  amendment 
as  follows :  '  *  That  in  view  of  the  petitions  in  favour  of,  and  against, 
Prohibition  of  the  sale  of  alcoholic  liquors,  and  also  the  petitions 
against  amendments  to  the  License  Act,  it  is  important,  before  this 
Bill  be  read  a  third  time,  to  know,  by  means  of  a  Referendum, 
whether  the  people  desire  a  Prohibition  Act."  It  was  rejected  by 
61  to  7  votes.  The  Bi-lingual  question  came  up  on  Dec.  19  through 
a  question  by  Mr.  Sauve  as  to  whether  the  Government  proposed  to 
pass  a  Resolution  regarding  Manitoba's  action,  in  forbidding  the 
teaching  of  French  in  primary  schools,  similar  to  that  (Jan.  13, 
1915)  in  respect  to  Ontario  schools.  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  replied  that: 
"It  seems  to  the  Government  that  the  Resolution  adopted  by  this 
House  last  year  is  a  friendly  appeal  to  the  good-will  of  all  the  Pro- 
vinces of  the  Dominion  respecting  minorities,  and  constitutes  a 
sufficient  affirmation  of  the  ardent  desire  of  both  the  English- 
speaking  and  the  French-speaking  population  of  our  Province  to 
see  any  disagreement  that  may  exist  among  us  amicably  settled  for 
the  peace  and  greater  good  of  this  country. ' ' 

Legislation  included  amendments  to  the  Motor  Vehicle  Act  by 
Hon.  W.  Mitchell  which  increased  the  tariff  of  fees,  re-arranged  the 
garage  licenses  and  regulations,  enlarged  the  penalties  for  infrac- 
tion of  the  law,  made  16  miles  an  hour  the  speed  limit  within  a 
city,  town  or  village,  and  25  miles  in  the  country,  repealed  the 
permit  Clause  as  to  unlicensed  chauffeurs;  another  Bill  of  Mr. 
Mitchell's  put  Fire  and  Life  insurance  agents  under  license  and 
legal  control  and  still  another  regulated  the  Funeral  insurance  busi- 
ness; a  Government  measure  amended  the  Pensions  Act  so  as  to 
increase  the  contributions  of  all  new  members  of  the  Civil  Service 
to  5%  ;  the  Hon.  Mr.  Mercier  amended  the  Mining  Act  so  as  to 
increase  Government  royalties  and  to  permit  prospectors  to  stake 
half  a  lot  when  desired ;  he  also  amended  the  Game  Laws  so  as  to 
abolish  special  zones  and  forbid  hunting  with  dogs;  the  Provin- 
cial Treasurer  increased  the  taxes  on  Banks  and  Telephone  com- 
panies to  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent,  of  paid-up  capital  or  about 
double  the  existing  levy. 

Other  Bills  passed,  prior  to  prorogation  on  Dec.  22,  were  largely 
private  measures  dealing  with  Acts  of  incorporation  for  municipal- 
ities and  religious  orders  and  Protestant  churches,  amendments  to 
various  kinds  of  charters  and  grants  of  personal  rights  of  practice, 
in  special  cases,  to  individual  physicians,  dentists,  lawyers,  etc., 
with  a  number  of  Acts  respecting  the  building  of  Parish  churches. 
The  Quebec  Streams  Commission  was  given  certain  powers  as  to 
the  storage  of  waters  of  the  Jacques-Cartier  and  Ste.  Anne  Rivers ; 
certain  territories  served  by  the  N.T.R.  were  organized  for  muni- 
cipal and  other  purposes.  An  important  statement  was  presented 
to  the  House  on  Dec.  19  by  Hon.  J.  E.  Caron,  for  the  Committee  on 
Agriculture  and  Colonization.  After  having  heard  opinions  from 


580  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

agricultural  and  educational  institutions,  public  bodies,  trade, 
industry,  etc.,  as  to  the  cause  of  the  high  cost  of  living  and  remedies 
for  the  situation,  certain  immediate  action  was  advised : 

1.  To  arrest,  as  soon  as  possible,  Tuberculosis  in   cattle;    to  have  cold 
storage   warehouses    inspected    regularly;    to    prohibit    the    export    of    natural 
fertilizers. 

2.  To    ask   the   Eailway   Companies   to    transport,    if   possible,   at   lower 
prices,   certain   agricultural   machines   and   products   and   fodder. 

3.  To  find  some  means  of  procuring,  on  the  best  conditions,  agricultural 
implements,  Indian  corn  and  products  required  for   fattening   cattle. 

4.  To   assure,  as  far   as  possible,  to   agriculture  all   the   labour   it  now 
has  at  its  disposal  and  to  increase  subsidies  to  agriculture. 

5.  To   establish   a  ' '  credit  Agricole ' '   to   enable   farmers   to   easily  pro- 
cure money   for  improvements,  and  to   more  extensively   distribute   pure-bred 
live-stock    for    breeding;    to    assist    the    establishment    and    maintenance    of 
canneries. 

6.  To  practice  the  strictest  personal  economy  and  to  urge  farmers  to  not 
export   cattle   and   surplus   fodder;    to  warn   against  the   consumption   of   too 
young  cattle,  lambs  or  poultry,  and  to   encourage   the  establishment   of  co- 
operative  societies. 

The  General  ^r  ^omer  Goum  won  his  third  electoral  contest 

Elections  with  ease.     There  was,  of  course,  no  great  issue,  the 

of  1916  Administration  had  sailed  for  years  in  seas  of  con- 

in  Quebec  siderable  calm,  the  affairs  of  the  Province  had  been 

conducted  with  astuteness  and,  upon  the  whole,  with 
business-like  skill,  Deficits  had  disappeared  while  credit  and  produc- 
tion had  increased  and  even  the  Nationalists  were  unable  to  obtain 
ground  for  agitation  against  the  Government.  During  recent  years 
much  progress  had  been  made  in  Education  through  largely 
increased  Government  grants  and  higher  standards  had  been 
attained  with  improvements  which  extended  to  all  classes  of  society, 
— from  the  Primary  schools  up  to  the  Model  schools,  the  classical 
and  technical  schools  and  colleges,  the  drawing,  art,  and  night 
schools.  Numerous  normal  schools  had  been  opened  in  the  various 
districts  and  more  and  better  teachers  were  earning  larger  salaries. 
Schools  had  been  built  in  the  remotest  hamlets  and  education  in 
all  its  branches,  manual  and  intellectual,  and  religious,  was  growing 
from  one  end  of  the  Province  to  the  other.  In  the  agricultural  field 
great  changes  had  been  accomplished,  production  had  made  immense 
strides  and,  in  addition  to  the  direct  assistance  given  to  agricul- 
ture, the  Gouin  Government  had  greatly  aided  the  farmer  with 
a  Highways  policy  unequalled  amongst  the  Provinces.  Through 
wise  Colonization  a  new  Quebec  was  arising  north  of  the  height  of 
land  and  extending  through  the  whole  length  of  the  Province, 
beyond  the  Laurentian  ranges,  and  the  way  was  being  prepared  for 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  future  settlers  in  an  immense  territory 
extending  from  the  International  boundary  on  the  south  to  Hud- 
son's Bay  on  the  north,  and  from  Lake  Abitibi  on  the  west  to  the 
coast  line  of  Labrador  on  the  east. 

With  all  conditions  in  its  favour  and  a  present  majority  of 
over  40,  the  Gouin  Government  dissolved  the  Legislature  on  Apr. 
13  with  Elections  set  for  May  22.  On  May  4  the  Premier  opened 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1916  IN  QUEBEC  581 

his  campaign  with  a  speech  at  Montreal  in  which  he  outlined  the 
work  and  claims  of  his  Government:  "It  is  not  with  fine  words 
and  showy  promises  that  we  come  again  before  the  electors;  it  is 
with  the  realization  of  the  programme  traced  by  us  in  1905,  1908 
and  1912.  The  reforms  which  we  then  set  forth  were  very  numer- 
ous but  we  have  the  consciousness  of  having  done  more  than  we 
promised.  The  reason  for  elections  being  called  when  the  Govern- 
ment has  still  a  year  unspent  is  that  its  members  are  anxious  to 
give  account  of  their  four-year  stewardship  and,  especially,  to 
secure  the  public  verdict  on  the  Good  Roads  policy  for  which 
$10,000,000  was  originally  authorized,  on  which  $8,000,000  have 
been  lent  to  municipalities,  $4,000,000  spent  on  national  highways, 
and  in  connection  with  which  new  demands  for  assistance  are 
arriving  from  all  parts  of  the  Province."  He  described  his  policy 
as  enunciated  in  1905  and  declared  that  every  clause  had  been 
carried  out: 

Equilibrium  in  the  finances  and  economy  in  expenditure;  vigilance  in 
the  collection  of  the  revenue;  increase  of  receipts  by  the  imposition  of  a  tax 
on  stock  exchange  transactions,  by  vigilant  administration  of  public  domains 
and  by  readjustment  of  the  Federal  subsidy;  division  of  the  duties  of  the 
Minister  of  Lands,  Mines  and  Fisheries;  development  of  primary  education 
and  foundation  of  new  Normal  Schools;  encouraging  increases  in  teachers' 
salaries;  establishment  of  technical  schools  and  of  a  school  for  higher  com- 
mercial studies;  development  of  agricultural  instruction  and  improvement 
of  rural  roads;  encouragement  of  colonization  reserves  and  aid  to  colonization 
railways;  protection  of  workmen  in  factories  and  the  passing  of  an  Act 
respecting  accidents  to  workmen";  respect  for  the  autonomy  of  municipalities. 

During  this  period  the  financial  surplus  had  risen  from  $327,- 
749  in  1905-6  to  $1,267,668  in  1914-5,  or  a  total  in  10  years  of 
$8,615,568 ;  the  Public  Debt  had  not  increased  though  $12,000,000 
had  been  borrowed  for  Good  Roads  while  Provincial  credit  had  so 
grown  that  the  Government's  last  loan  had  realized  $100.10  com- 
pared with  Ontario's  $99.63;  Succession  duties  had  been  imposed 
and  corporations  reached  by  taxation,  Licenses  reduced  and  techni- 
cal schools  established.  As  to  the  much-discussed  Bordeaux  Gaol 
Sir  Lomer  Gouin  declared  that  it  had  been  built  honestly  and 
pointed  out  that  his  opponents  last  Session  had  not  asked  for  an 
inquiry  into  the  construction  and  administration  of  the  edifice — 
but  had  only  aimed  at  a  vote  of  censure  against  the  Administra- 
tion. To  the  farmers  (exclusive  of  the  Federal  subsidies)  the 
Province  had  given  $16,078,203 — for  agriculture,  iron  bridges 
and  abolition  of  toll  gates. 

The  Premier  then  toured  the  Eastern  Townships  and  spoke  at 
Farnham  and  Granby  on  May  9;  Magog  and  Sherbrooke  on  the 
10th;  East  Angus,  Weeden,  Disraeli  and  Thetford  Mines  on  the 
llth.  At  Granby  he  said :  "  I  want  every  corner  of  the  Province  to 
have  good  roads  as  you  have  in  your  cities  and  towns.  We  have 
spent  large  sums  already  and  I  think  we  will  have  the  co-operation 
of  the  people  of  the  Province  so  that  we  may  continue  our  work. 
If  the  Liberals  are  again  in  power  after  May  22  we  wish  that  not  a 
single  municipality,  town,  or  parish  shall  be  without  a  well-built 


582  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

school,  equipped  with  masters  and  mistresses  certificated  and  well- 
treated.  In  the  next  five  years  we  want  to  increase  the  14  Normal 
schools  now  in  the  Province,  and  to  see  technical  schools,  not  alone 
in  cities  like  Quebec  and  Montreal,  but  in  all  industrial  centres." 
At  Quebec  on  May  12  Sir  Lomer  described  his  Government  as 
* '  still  inspired  with  the  spirit  of  Blake,  Mowat,  Marchand,  Mercier, 
and  Laurier ; "  as  having  given  the  Province  good  government  and 
kept  the  Liberal  flag  flying.  The  Hon.  L.  A.  Taschereau  quoted 
an  interview  with  Armand  Lavergne — who  had  retired  from  the 
contest  in  Montmagny — endorsing  the  Gouin  Government.  He 
added:  "We  have  fought  against  Mr.  Lavergne  and  Mr.  Bourassa — 
they  have  been  bitter  opponents  of  the  Government — but  we  must 
recognize  that  they  are  sturdy  Canadians.  We  have  the  right  to 
say  to  any  Nationalists  who  may  be  here  that  these  two  main  chiefs 
of  the  Nationalist  party  have  endorsed  the  Liberal  Government." 
The  .Premier  was  in  Laval  County,  at  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  on  May 
14,  at  Fraserville  on  the  17th  and  Valleyfield  on  the  18th,  and  spoke 
at  some  other  places. 

Meanwhile  the  Opposition  Leader,  Philemon  Cousineau,  had 
not  been  idle.  As  early  as  Apr.  15  he  had  reviewed  the  Govern- 
ment's record  and  his  own  policy  at  a  Montreal  function  and 
declared  the  position  of  Montreal  to  be  due  to  "fraudulent  collu- 
sion" between  cliques  at  Quebec  and  in  Montreal — with  Light, 
Heat  and  Power  franchises,  electric  and  water-power  questions  and 
the  Tramways  as  examples.  At  Montreal  again  (Apr.  13)  he 
denounced  the  Mousseau  and  Kelly  cases*  and  as  to  future  policy 
said:  "We  want  more  economy  in  Government  business.  Our 
lakes  and  forests,  water-power  and  other  resources  should  be  used 
for  the  good  of  the  people,  and  not  handed  over  to  the  friends  of 
the  Government.  We  want  more  experimental  farms  for  the  better 
education  of  our  farmers,  smaller  but  more  numerous  technical 
and  high  schools,  a  Road's  Commission  to  look  after  and  classify 
public  roads,  and  Federal  assistance  for  the  building  and  upkeep 
of  national  roads  so  as  to  allow  rapid  transportation  of  troops  if 
ever  war  should  come  to  our  shores."  The  Opposition  policy  had 
been  more  fully  defined  in  the  Legislature  by  a  long  Resolution 
presented,  on  Mar.  16,  by  Arthur  Sauve  and  J.  A.  Labissonniere 
and  formally  voted  down  by  36  to  7.  It  declared  (1)  that  the 
Conservative  party  in  Quebec  had  for  years  advocated  the  practical 
utilization  of  water-powers  and  cheap  distribution  of  electric  power ; 
(2)  that  in  1909-10-11  the  Opposition  had  asked  "for  an  increase 
of  the  indemnity  given  to  jurors,  the  autonomy  of  municipalities, 
the  exemption  from  taxes  on  all  estates  not  exceeding  $3,000,  an 
equitable  settlement  of  the  question  of  seigniorial  rents,  elections 
at  fixed  dates,  the  reduction  of  the  working  hours  for  women  and 
children  in  factories,  the  development  of  agricultural  industries." 
It  was  claimed  that  the  party  had  tried  in  vain  to  obtain  an  ade- 
quate investigation  into  the  Mousseau  and  Hall  Kelly  cases;  that 

*NOTE. — See   The   Canadian   Annual  Review    of   recent   years. 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1916  IN  QUEBEC  583 

between  1897  and  1915  the  Federal  subsidy  had  increased  from 
$1,086,713  to  $1,969,630,  while  ordinary  Provincial  Receipts  had 
nearly  trebled— $3,874,803  in  1897  to  $9,597,925  in  1915— with- 
out adequate  return  to  the  people.  It  concluded  with  an  expression 
of  regret  that  the  Government  had  not  secured: 

(1)  More   profitable    schools    for   the    children    of   the    people    and   the 
development  of  agricultural  industries; 

(2)  Easier  access  to  lands  suitable  for  settlement  and  a  more  favour- 
able system  for  settlers; 

(3)  The    improvement    of    rural    roads    on   a    methodical,    general    plan 
with  easy  and  advantageous  means  of  communication,  wherever   needed,  for 
settlers    and    the    conservation    as    well    as    judicious   exploitation    of    natural 
riches ; 

(4)  The   improvement  of  the  lot  of  our  working   classes   and   a  closer 
and  more  effective  supervision  over  mutual  insurance   companies  and  benefit 
societies;   better  administration  of  justice  and  a  reform  in  laws  so  as  to  do 
away  with  so  much  private  legislation;  i  »•;!'•' 

(5)  Eespect  for  the  autonomy  and   rights  of  municipalities  and  cessa- 
tion of  the  abuse  of  patronage  in  the  distribution  of  public  grants; 

(6)  Eeduction  of  the  Public  Debt  and  a  more  equitable  and  practical 
apportionment  of  moneys  voted. 

Mr.  Cousineau  spoke  at  Sherbrooke  on  Apr.  18,  at  Ville  Emard 
on  the  27th,  Montreal  on  May  2,  with  Hon.  E.  L.  Patenaude,  M.P., 
L 'Islet  and  Quebec  City  on  May  5,  Ste.  Therese  on  May  7,  Cartier- 
ville  on  the  9th,  at  Cote  St.  Paul  on  the  llth  and  Lachine  on  the 
15th.  At  these  and  other  meetings  much  was  made  of  the  alleged 
cost  and  mismanagement  of  Bordeaux  Gaol  and  of  Government 
extravagance,  though  the  facts  of  the  Public  Debt  were  a  total  of 
$36,000,000  in  1904  and  $36,000,000  in  1915,  with,  in  the  interval, 
$12,000,000  spent  on  Good  Roads.  The  vote  on  the  Galipeault 
Bill  was  defended  at  each  meeeting  with  the  declaration  at 
Cote  St.  Paul  that  the  Government  in  accepting  restriction  of 
voting  power  in  educational  grants  to  the  School  Commissions  had 
accepted  the  Opposition  Leader's  contention.  "I  consider  my  vote 
on  that  occasion  one  of  the  best ;  the  most  just  I  have  ever  given. ' ' 
The  leaders  on  neither  side  referred  to  the  War  or  to  the  Nation- 
alists, or  to  Bi-lingualism ;  the  Nationalists  assumed  an  atti- 
tude of  nominal  neutrality  so  far  as  Mr.  Bourassa  or  Le 
Devoir  in  an  editorial  sense,  were  concerned.  Whether  inten- 
tional or  not,  however,  the  Lapointe  Resolution  as  to  Bi-lin- 
gualism, which  was  presented  to  Parliament  a  week  before 
Election  day  and  discussed  for  two  days,  helped  to  impress  the 
Galipeault  Bill  and  the  Ontario  issue  upon  the  public  mind  of 
Quebec  and  to,  indirectly,  assist  the  Provincial  Government. 
Factitious  aids,  however,  were  hardly  needed ;  even  the  tacit  Nation- 
alist support  was  accorded  more  to  strengthen  that  propaganda  than 
to  help  the  Government.  In  Le  Devoir  on  Apr.  25  it  was  stated 
over  impressive  headlines  that  "the  breach  with  the  Conservatives" 
was  widening  and  that  M.  Lavergne  would  not  fight  the  Govern- 
ment. He  made  this  personal  statement : 

In  1908  we  commenced  a  campaign  of  political  reforms  in  the  Province. 
At  each  Session  Sir  Lomer  Gouin  has  accepted  and  put  into  practice  some  of 
them.  Since  then,  the  Government  has  practically  adopted  our  policy.  I 


584  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

have  no  longer  any  reason  to  oppose  the  Government  of  Sir  Lomer  Gouin. 
As  to  the  Conservatives  since  1911,  what  was  a  slight  breach  in  our  alliance 
in  1912  has  become  a  large  one  in  1916.  The  former  Nationalists,  in  order 
to  obtain  place,  have  drawn  towards  Imperialism.  Before  the  stand  of  the 
Government  on  the  Galipeault  law,  in  aid  of  our  persecuted  brethren,  the 
Leader  of  the  Opposition  took  an  attitude  more  than  strange,  and  I  wish  to 
have  nothing  to  do  with  the  group  of  which  one  of  the  directing  heads  is  that 
of  Mr.  Ernest  Gault.  Besides,  Quebec  goes  well.  It  is  Ottawa  that  becomes 
interesting.  It  is  there  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  fight  before  long.  There  are 
the  traitors  to  chastise  and  the  liberties  to  defend,  to  preserve,  or  to  conquer. 
To  sum  up,  I  believe  that  without  being  perfect,  the  present  Provincial  Gov- 
ernment is  a  good  one,  and  if  it  only  needed  my  vote,  well,  it  would  have  it. 

On  May  15  it  was  clear  that  the  Liberals  would  sweep  the  Pro- 
vince. They  won  22  seats  by  acclamation  with  Sir  Lomer  Gouin, 
Hon.  W.  G.  Mitchell,  W.  S.  Bullock  and  W.  F.  Ives  of  the  Eastern 
Townships,  Dr.  E.  M.  Desaulniers  and  S.  Letourneau  amongst  the 
prominent  members  elected.  Of  the  Conservatives  Lieut.-Col.  C.  A. 
Smart  of  Westmount — absent  at  the  Front — C.  Ernest  Gault  of 
Montreal  and  A.  Sauve  of  Two  Mountains,  only,  were  returned 
unopposed.  When  the  22nd  came  the  process  continued  and  the 
Conservative  vote  of  13  in  the  last  Legislature  was  reduced  to  7. 
H.  Slater  was  beaten  in  Argenteuil,  Jos.  Sylvestre  in  Montcalm, 
G.  B.  Campbell  in  Pontiac,  J.  A.  Labissonniere  in  Champlain,  J.  A. 
L.  Berube  in  Temiscouata — all  by  large  majorities.  The  only  Nation- 
alist who  ran — Tancrede  Marsil  in  Montreal-Dorion  against  G. 
Mayrand  (Lib.) — was  defeated  by  137  votes.  Mr.  Cousineau  was 
defeated  in  Jacques  Cartier  by  J.  S.  A.  Ashby  with  a  large  majority 
against  him  and  on  the  23rd  described,  at  Montreal,  the  reason  as 
being  "the  old,  old  question  of  schools."  By  this,  he  claimed, 
the  Liberals  had  always  profitted :  '  *  But,  in  my  opinion,  these  extra- 
Provincial  difficulties  have  always  been  interjected  into  Quebec 
domestic  politics  to  the  detriment  of  the  French-Canadians.  I 
have  always  held  that  these  agitations  in  Quebec  have  had  the 
effect  of  lessening  the  influence  and  standing  of  French-Canadians 
throughout  the  country  and  I  took  this  stand  on  the  Galipeault 
Bill." 

The  triumphant  Premier  issued  from  Quebec  a  very  different 
statement :  ' '  At  the  opening  of  the  electoral  campaign  certain  news- 
papers stated  that  we  were  going  to  appeal  to  prejudice  and  passion 
in  order  to  induce  the  people  of  this  Province  to  vote  for  our  party. 
All  the  electors  of  Quebec  can  witness  that  on  no  occasion  did  my 
colleagues  or  myself  utter  a  single  word  in  that  direction.  We 
have  submitted  the  record  of  our  Administration  to  our  electors. 
We  have  given  our  adversaries  the  opportunity  of  discussing  our 
good  roads,  public  instruction,  colonization  and  agricultural  policies, 
and  it  is  on  the  record  which  we  have  established  in  these 
branches  of  administration  that  the  people  of  Quebec  have  pro- 
nounced to-day."  Outside  of  Quebec  the  Conservative  press 
declared  that  the  indirect  references  of  press  and  campaign  speakers 
— apart  from  the  leaders — to  Mr.  Cousineau 's  attitude  on  the 
Galipeault  Bill  had  decided  the  issue.  Like  most  generalizations 
this  was  inaccurate  though,  no  doubt,  that  issue  had  influence. 


S  5? 

It  5 

II  E 


88. 


s;s 
IH 


O   co 


»  ^ 


THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1916  IN  QUEBEC 


585 


The  Liberal  gains,  however,  were  not  confined  to  French-speaking 
constituencies  and  were  as  great,  proportionately,  in  those  not  con- 
cerned with  Bi-lingualism — such  as  Brome,  Compton,  Sherbrooke 
and  other  Eastern  Township  seats,  Quebec  Centre,  Levis  and  the 
St.  Lawrence  division  of  Montreal.  To  these  sections  the  claims  of 
"a  business  Government'.'  clearly  appealed.  The  Quebec  Telegraph 
(Lib.)  declared  that  "wherever  the  English-speaking  vote  counted 
for  anything,  it  went  unmistakably  to  support  the  Gouin  Govern- 
ment, ' '  and  the  Montreal  Gazette  ( Cons. )  in  the  main  agreed  with 
this  view.  The  details  were  as  follows — the  notable  feature  being 
the  acclamations  and  large  Liberal  majorities : 

Constituency* 


Elected 
Candidates 

Argenteuil    John   Hay    

Arthabaska    J.    E.    Perrault    .  . 

Bagot J.    E.    Phaneuf     . 

Beauce A.    Godbout    

Beauharnois    E.    A.     Robert     .  . 

Bellechasse    A.  Galipeault 

Berthier     J.  Lafontaine 

Bonaventure    J.   F.    Bugeaud    .  . 

Brome    W.  F.  Vilas 

Chambly     E.   M.   Desaulniers 

Champlain B.    Bordeleau 

Charlevoix-et-Saguenay     .  P.   D'Auteuil 

Chateauguay H.    Mercier    . 

Chicoutimi   H.    Petit     .  .  . 

Compton    N.   G.   Scott    . 

Deux-Montagnes    A.   Sauv<j    .  .  . 

Dorchester L.    Cannon     . 

Drummond    H.  H.  A.  La  Ferte 

Frontenac    G.   S.   Gregoire    .  . 

Gaspe     G.   Lemieux    

Huntingdon     A.   Philips    

Iberville     J.  A.   Benolt    

Iles-de-la-Madeleine     .  .  .  .  J.    E.    Caron 

Jacques   Cartier    J.  S.  A.  Ashby    .  . 

Joliette     J.  E.  Hubert 

Kamouraska    C.    A.    Stein 

Labelle H.   A.   Fortier    .  .  . 

Lac-Saint-Jean    J.   S.   N.  Turcotte 


Defeated  Member's 

Candidates  Politics 

Harry    Slater     .  .    Lib. 

J.   C.   Heon    " 

E.  Bazinet    " 


T.  Fortin 

W.   Amyot 

J.    O~.    LavallSe 


.    J.   A.   Labissonniere    .  .      " 

.    H.    H.    E.    Lapointe    .  .  Cons. 

.    J.  O.  Dubois Lib. 

.    G.    Delisle    " 

.    L.  P.  A.  Darche " 

Cons. 

.    J.    E.    Barnard    Lib. 

.    A.   Mercure    " 

.    J.    L.    Jacob    " 

.    J.   G.   Roy    

Lib. 


P.     Cousineau 

J.  P.  Laporte 

L.  M.  Castonguay 


A.    Scott 

Moreau 

Poissant 


Laprairie     W.  Cedilot    O. 

L'Assomption    W.    Reed    

Laval     J.  W.  Levesque   ...    J.    A.    E.    Gravel 

A.    Brosseau    .  .  . 

Levis    A.  V.  Roy    A.    Bernier     

L'Islet    E.    Theriault    J.    O.   Morin    .  .  . 

Lotbiniere    J.  N.  Francoeur 

Maisonneuve   J.  L.  Decarie G.    N.    Pichette    . 

Maskinonge R.  Tourville A.    Baril     

Matane     D.  Caron F.    Desrosiers    .  . 


Lib. 


Cons. 
Lib. 


Lib. 


Megantic  L.  Lapierre  .... 

Missisquoi  J.  J.  B.  Gosselin 

Montcalm  J.  A.  Dupuis  . 

Montmagny  J.  E.  Masson  .  .  . 

Montmorency  L.  A.  Taschereau 

Montreal-Dorion  G.  Mayrand 

Hochelage    S.    Letourneau     . 

Laurier    N.    Turcot    .  . 


E.    Carreau 


J.    Sylvestre 
T.    Coulombe 
A.    Dion     .  .  , 
T.  Marsil    .  . 


Sainte-Anne 


D.  Tansey 


Sainte-Marie    N.  Seguin    .  .  . 

Sainte-Georges     .  .  .  C.  E.    Gault     . 

Saint-Jacques    .  .  .  .  C.  Robillard    . 

Saint-Laurent    .  .  .  .  J.  T.   Finnie    . 

Saint-Louis    P.  Bercovitch 

Napierville     C.  Dorris     .  .  . 

Nicolet A.  Trahan    .  .  . 

Ottawa     F.  A.   Gendron 

Pontiac    W.  Hodgins   .  . 

Portneuf    L.  Gouin    .... 

Quebec     A.  Leclerc    .  .  . 


J.  A.  Ouimet    . 
W.  J.  Hushion 
C.    S,    Aubin    .  , 
S.  A.  Paquin   . 


N.   Giroux    .  . 
B.   Rose 
A.  P.  Pigeon 
A.    Leblanc    . 


G.    B.     Campbell 
A.  Martineau   .  .  . 


Lib. 

Cons. 

Lib. 

Cons. 

Lib. 

Ind.  Lib. 
Lib. 


Cons. 
Lib. 


Majority 

r,158 

1,499 

322 

Accl. 

289 

1,670 

753 

Accl. 


1,511 
817 

1,286 
490 
537 

Accl. 
516 
643 
830 

1,704 

Accl. 


1,308 
252 
973 

Accl. 
493 

56 
Accl. 

1,877 

1,358 
779 

Accl. 

2,079 
372 

1,574 

1,617 

Accl. 
423 
735 
940 
137 

Accl. 

1,742 
157 

3,891 

Accl. 

1,722 
295 
937 
133 

Accl. 

73 

Accl. 
1,642 


586  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Quebec-Centre   .........  L.    A.    Cannon    ...    P.   V.   Faucher    ......  Lib.                      154 

"        East    ..........  L.  A.  Letourneau    .    J.  P.  Simard   ........  "                     2,397 

West   ..........  M.  Madden   .......    C.     Smith     ..........  "                        525 

Richelieu    .............  M.  L.   Peloquin    ...    J.   G.  Magnan    .......  430 

Richmond    ............  W.   G.   Mitchell    ......................  "                      Accl. 

Rimouski   .............  A.  M.  Tessier  ........................ 

Rouville     .............  J.   E.   Robert    ........................  " 

Saint-Hyacinthe    .......  T.    D.    Bouchard    .    G.  F.  Durocher   ......  264 

Saint-Jean     ...........  M.   Robert    .......    G.    Fortin     ..........  508 

Saint-Maurice     ........  G.   I.   Delisle    ........................  Accl. 

Saint-Sauveur  .........  A.   Paquet    .......    A.  E.   Lortie    ........  457 

J.  A.  Langlois   ....... 

Shefford     .............  W.    S.    Bullock    ......................  Lib.                   Accl. 

3herbrooke    ...........  C.   E.   Therrien    ......................  " 

Soulanges    ............  A.  Farand    .......     L.    Doucet    ..........  305 

Stanstead     ............  A.  J.  Bissonnet    .  .  .    H.    Verret    ..........  1,182 

Temiscaming   ..........  T.     Simard     ......    J.    D.    Bastien     ......  538 


1,479 
2,000 

996 
Accl. 

389 


T6miscouata     ..........  L.  E.  A.  Parrot  ...    J.    A.    L.    Berube 

Terrebonne    ...........  L.   A.   David    .....    C.   L.   de   Martigny.... 

Trois    Rivieres    ........  J.  A.  Tessier   .....    N.    Lamy    ........... 

Vaudreuil    ............  H.    Pilon    .......................  .    ... 

Vercheres    ............  A.    Beaudry     .....    J.   V.   Payette    ....... 

Westmount    ...........  C.   A.   Smart    ,  .......................    Cons.  Accl 

Wolfe     ...............  N.   P.  Tanguay    .  .  .    Alphonse  Thibault    ....    Lib.  505 

Yamaska    .............  E.  Ouellette    .........................  Accl. 

Following  the  Election  Arthur  Sauve  was  chosen  Leader  of  the 
Opposition  and  at  Sherbrooke,  on  St.  Jean  Baptiste  Day,  defined 
his  racial  attitude  :  '  '  Our  Province  must  remain  French  and  Catho- 
lic. It  must  remain  the  sacred  repository  of  the  traditions  of  the 
France  of  our  fathers  and  this  corner  of  the  earth  represent  a 
truly  French  civilization  in  America.  The  difficult  days  which 
our  compatriots  have  encountered  in  other  Provinces  and  the 
struggle  which  is  being  carried  on  against  our  language,  whether 
by  fanaticism  or  misunderstanding,  imposes  upon  us  the  duty  of 
protecting  our  rights  at  least  here.  .  .  .  The  Province  of 
Quebec  must  remain  part  of  the  Canadian  Confederation.  From 
the  double  point  of  view,  Catholic  and  French,  for  the  conserving  of 
our  traditions  and  for  our  national  expansion,  we  are  better  here 
than  elsewhere.  Our  protector  still  is  England,  and  it  is  wrong 
to  confuse  England  with  the  barbarous  fanatics  who  persecute  us 
in  our  own  country." 

The  city  of  With  its  large  French-Canadian  population  con- 

Montreal:  its  stituting  70%  of  about  700,000  people,  and  great 
conditions  and  financial>  commercial  and  business  interests,  of  which 
Problems  ^e  ^arSer  part  was  under  English-speaking  control, 

Montreal  had  problems  of  a  special  kind  which  were 
merged  into  the  political  and  other  issues  of  the  Province  from  time 
to  time.  As  a  city  or  port  it  controlled  one-half  the  manufactur- 
ing industries  of  Canada,  had  an  earning  power  for  wage-workers 
of  $70,000,000,  was  the  head  of  ocean  navigation  and  the  largest 
grain-exporting  port  in  America.  Of  late  years  its  finances  had 
been  in  a  rather  strained  condition  with  only  a  small  proportion 
of  its  revenue  —  compared  with  other  cities  on  the  continent  — 
derived  from  real  estate  taxation  and  with  also  a  much  smaller 
total  revenue  in  comparison.  Its  receipts  of  $12,304,000  in  1916 

*NOTK.  —  There  were  a  few  Independent  candidates  but  all  received  small  votei  which 
did  not  affect  the  result  in  any  way. 


THE  CITY  OF  MONTREAL  :  ITS  CONDITIONS  AND  PROBLEMS      587 

were  compared  by  Comptroller  E.  W.  Villeneuve  (Nov.  18)  with 
$45,000,000  for  Philadelphia,  $23,500,000  for  St.  Louis,  $35,000,- 
000  for  Boston,  $20,000,000  for  Pittsburgh,  $24,000,000  for  Los 
Angeles,  etc. 

In  expenditure  there  was  undoubtedly  extravagance  and  in 
government,  conditions  which  induced  an  appeal  by  the  Montreal 
Star  of  Apr.  11 — to  which  it  invited  signatures — for  a  Provincial 
Commission  of  inquiry  based  upon  the  claim :  "  (1)  That  the  grav- 
est scandals  have  occurred  during  the  last  two  years  in  connection 
with  our  Civic  government;  (2)  that  appeals  to  the  Courts  to 
cancel  contracts,  unseat  Comptrollers  and  generally  veto  dangerous 
proposals  touching  municipal  business,  have  been  so  frequent  as 
to  create  great  public  disquiet;  (3)  that  charges  and  insinuations 
against  public  men  and  public  journals  touching  civic  affairs  have 
reached  a  pitch  which  constitutes  a  scandal  in  the  community  and 
a  reproach  to  the  city."  It  was  stated  by  this  journal  that  the 
salary  pay-rolls  of  the  City  had  nearly  doubled  since  1912 — from 
$2,616,530  to  $3,967,346  in  1916 ;  that  in  the  same  period  Loans  for 
$36,200,000  had  been  floated  and  the  Debt  increased  from  $40,359,- 
320  in  1909  to  $102,820,755  in  1915 ;  that  the  Departments  at  the 
City  Hall  were  variously  and  largely  over-manned  with,  for  in- 
stance, 65  Inspectors  in  the  Health  Department  alone.  Meantime 
the  City  assessment  also  was  rising  steadily — from  $428,000,000 
in  1910  to  $836,000,000  in  1915— while  the  revenue  in  that  period 
had  nearly  doubled. 

As  to  City  government  the  Pelland  case  was  typical  of  charges 
discussed  or  tried  year  after  year.  Etienne  Pelland,  ex-City  Engi- 
neer in  charge  of  the  Sewer  Department,  under  whose  direction  the 
Notre  Dame  de  Grace  sewer  was  built  in  1913,  was  accused  of  mak- 
ing false  returns  on  rock  excavation  which  resulted  in  the  City 
overpaying  the  Harris  Construction  Co.  by  $80,000.  Pelland,  on 
Jan.  20,  was  adjudged  by  Mr.  Justice  Choquet  not  guilty  because 
he  followed  a  system  long  in  vogue  in  the  City  Hall  and  because 
no  criminal  intent  was  shown.  But  the  Judge  described  the  City 
patronage  system  as  a  curse  and  the  system  of  administration  as 
really  guilty,  the  heads  of  departments  as  without  authority  and 
incompetent  employees  frequently  reinstated,  etc.  He  urged  a  re- 
organization of  the  Public  Works  department  in  order  to  stop  the 
waste  of  public  money — illustrated  by  a  loss  of  $80,000  in  this  one 
case.  In  this  connection  J.  E.  Giroux,  son  of  the  Comptroller  of 
that  name,  was  found  guilty  on  Feb.  4  of  abstracting  from  the  City 
Hall  the  plan  profile  and  level  book  which  were  to  have  been  the 
chief  exhibits  for  the  prosecution  in  the  above  Pelland  case. 

The  Mayoralty  campaign  began  early  in  March  with  Comp- 
troller Duncan  McDonald,  Mayor  Mederic  Martin  and  Alderman 
L.  A.  Lapointe  as  the  candidates.  Mayor  Martin  was  a  popular 
character  amongst  the  French-Canadians  to  whom  he  often  appealed 
along  racial  lines  and  had  been  censured  by  the  Cannon  Commission 
and  by  the  Courts  in  the  Hebert  case;  Mr.  McDonald  was  a  good 


588  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

business  man  but  supposed  to  be  friendly  to  the  Tramway  interests 
in  some  of  their  multiform  operations;  Mr.  Lapointe  had  been  a 
vigorous  opponent  in  Council  of  the  notorious  "23"  of  the  Cannon 
Commission  and  was  a  man  of  high  character  who  had  fought  for 
and  won  lower  water  rates  for  the  citizens.  His  policy  was  clear: 
* '  There  must  be  no  more  new  taxes  after  this  year,  and  there  must 
be  a  sinking  fund  to  restore  our  credit  or  the  increase  on  the  rate 
of  interest  on  our  loans  will  become  a  serious  burden.  There  must 
be  no  more  land  deals,  and  we  must  call  a  halt  on  expropriations. 
All  public  utility  companies,  including  the  Tramways  Company, 
must  make  a  straightforward  presentation  of  their  claims  in  an 
open  public  way.  If  they  want  extensions  of  franchise  they  must 
state  their  case  clearly,  state  the  concessions  they  are  prepared  to 
make  and  prove  their  case."  There  were  various  minor  issues  such 
as  the  Drolet  deal  and  the  Aztec  Paving  contract,  but  Mayor  Martin 
was  frank  in  his  view  (Mar.  24)  :  "Aid.  Lapointe  is  in  the  fight 
for  no  other  reason  than  to  divide  the  French-Canadian  vote.  He 
is  playing  with  the  English  in  order  to  beat  Mederic  Martin. ' ' 

According  to  the  Montreal  Star,  which  supported  Mr.  Lapointe, 
the  Mayor  on  the  eve  of  the  election  issued  a  strong  racial  appeal 
to  the  East-end  to  unite  on  him  against  McDonald.  The  inference 
was  taken  that  he  owed  his  election  to  this  but  the  fact  is  at  least 
doubtful  as  the  anti-Martin  vote  was  divided  anyway.  The  figures 
on  Apr.  3rd  were  33,348  for  Martin,  23,429  for  McDonald  and  16,- 
604  for  Lapointe.  For  the  Board  of  Control  E.  W.  Villeneuve 
polled  32,607  votes  and  A.  Guy  Ross  18,664.  In  his  Mayoralty 
address,  of  Apr.  17  Mr.  Martin  reviewed  financial  conditions  and 
blamed  his  predecessors  while  outlining  the  following  matters  of 
immediate  policy:  (1)  Abolition  of  level  crossings  and  elevation  of 
the  tracks  of  the  Grand  Trunk;  (2)  uniform  water  rates,  by  the 
purchase  of  the  plant  of  the  Montreal  Water  &  Power  Co.;  (3) 
the  moving  of  the  abattoirs  in  eastern  and  western  wards  of  the 
City;  (4)  renewal  of  negotiations  with  the  Montreal  Tramways  Co., 
whose  contract  with  the  City  will  expire  in  a  few  years;  (5)  con- 
sultation with  the  public  on  the  question  of  maintaining  or  abolish- 
ing the  system  of  administration  by  two  bodies. 

On  July  9  Mr.  Villeneuve  made  public  a  Report  which  he  had 
prepared  on  the  Montreal  Aqueduct  project  to  supply  the  City  with 
water  and  power  at  a  cost  of  $10,600,000  and  in  which  he  charged 
that  the  scheme  had  been  blindly  recommended  and  entered  into, 
poorly  defined  and  little  studied;  that  the  City  was  kept  in  ignor- 
ance of  facts  and  figures  through  years  of  experimentation;  that 
false  promises  had  been  made  and  defective,  chimerical  plans  used 
which  were  impossible  of  fulfilment;  that  the  City  engineers  were 
kept  in  ignorance  of  the  exact  amount  of  expenditure.  As  a  result 
of  this  a  Committee  of  citizens — ratepaying  engineers — was 
appointed,  composed  of  W.  F.  Tye,  Sir  John  Kennedy,  Ernest 
Marceau,  J.  A.  Jamieson,  R.  A.  Ross,  Philips  Johnson,  Arthur  Sur- 
veyor, and  Prof.  H.  M.  MacKay,  to  inquire  into  the  matter.  They 


THE  CITY.  OF  MONTREAL  :  ITS  CONDITIONS  AND  PROBLEMS      589 

stated  in  an  elaborate  document  on  Nov.  20:  "  (1)  That  if  all  work 
were  to  be  stopped  at  once,  the  total  capital  cost  to  the  City  would 
be  about  $5,200,000,  which  includes  an  allowance  of  $300,000  for 
boulevards,  bridges,  fencing  and  cleaning  up,  but  no  allowance  for 
the  claims  ($900,000)  of  the  Cook  Construction  Co.;  that  (2)  as 
compared  with  the  purchase  of  power,  this  project,  if  and  when 
completed,  would  involve  a  loss  of  at  least  $600,000  per  annum; 
that  (3)  the  total  capital  cost  which  will  be  saved  by  abandoning 
the  present  project  will  be  a  minimum  of  $5,400,000"  and  that  by 
judicious  adaptation  of  existing  conditions  a  limited  return  on  past 
expenditures  could  be  had. 

In  July  there  began  a  most  sensational  inquiry  by  Mr.  Justice 
L.  A.  Panneton  into  what  were  termed  the  Drolet  Street  deal  and 
the  Bordeaux  Ward  case.  The  former  case  involved  the  purchase 
of  land  on  Drolet  Street  assessed  for  $37,000  and  bought  by  the 
City  at  $184,000,  for  which  the  City  had  ho  apparent  use  or  even 
the  right  and  power  of  purchase.  On  Aug.  18-21  ex- Comptroller 
E.  N.  Hebert,  who  already  had  lost  place,  reputation  and  money  in 
connection  with  his  service  at  the  City  Hall,  confessed  to  many 
things  of  a  startling  character  in  this  case.  He  stated  that  Mayor 
Martin,  Comptroller  Cote  and  himself  had  sworn  on  the  Bible  to 
stand  together  ' '  through  thick  and  thin ' ' ;  that  the  Drolet  purchase 
arose  through  a  syndicate  stating  to  Hebert,  who  was  in  financial 
straits,  that  if  the  City  purchased  this  land  a  man  named  Laviolette 
would  be  able  to  buy  Hebert 's  house  in  the  suburbs  for  $85,000  and 
thus  relieve  him ;  that  three  other  Aldermen  whom  he  named  were 
financially  interested  in  the  deal  and  that  Comptroller  McDonald 
promised  his  support  to  the  Drolet  deal  if  Hebert  would  oppose 
the  Tramways  franchise  and  support  the  Auto-bus  scheme;  that 
Sir  R.  Forget  and  J.  L.  Perron,  K.C.,  were  partly  responsible  for 
the  Mayor's  support  and  that  "it  was  at  Mayor  Martin's  own 
suggestion  that  a  writ  of  mandamus  was  applied  for  under  which 
the  Mayor  would  be  compelled  to  sign  the  deal."  Comptroller  Jos. 
Ainey  testified  that  the  Drolet  deal  had  been  passed  by  the  Mayor 
and  Messrs.  Cote  and  IJebert  at  a  Board  of  Control  meeting  from 
which  he  was  absent. 

The  new  Comptroller,  E.  W.  Villeneuve  (Aug.  29),  character- 
ized the  matter  as  ' '  an  organized  steal, ' '  described  the  land  as  hav- 
ing belonged  to  the  Villeneuve  estate  and  told  the  Court  that  it 
was  sold  in  1912  at  70  cents  a  foot,  whereas  the  City  in  1914  pur- 
chased it  at  $4  a  foot,  and  that  the  bulk  of  the  property  involved 
was  of  no  use  to  the  City  whatever,  and  would  have  to  be  sold 
at  a  low  price.  Comptroller  T.  Cote  testified  that  he  had  trusted 
to  Hebert  and  McDonald  in  the  matter  of  values  and  had  voted 
for  the  deal  without  the  City  Assessors  having  valued  the  land ;  he 
denied  any  sworn  alliance  between  himself,  Hebert  and  the  Mayor 
but  admitted  an  entente;  Pierre  Chevassu,  Private  Secretary  to 
the  Mayor  until  June,  1916,  stated  (Aug.  30)  that  "the  Mayor  did 
not  wish  to  sign  the  Drolet  Street  deal,  knowing  that  Hebert  and 


590  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

others  were  interested  but  needed  Hebert  in  other  matters  more 
important  than  the  Drolet  Street  affair" — admitted  as  a  reference 
to  the  Tramways  matter.  Finally,  he  said,  Mr.  Martin  had  accepted 
the  deal  in  order  to  get  Hebert 's  renewed  allegiance  to  his  group. 
F.  J.  E.  Browne  said  that  he  had  valued  the  Drolet  land,  and  that 
the  City  should  not  have  paid  more  than  70  cents  a  foot,  while 
$4.00  was  robbery.  As  against  all  these  and  other  statements  and 
their  own  votes  for  it,  the  Mayor  and  McDonald  both  testified  that 
they  were  opposed  to  the  deal.  A  man  named  Lepage,  who  had 
helped  to  promote  the  sale  testified  (Sept.  11)  as  to  the  receipt 
of  $78,870  on  its  completion  and  his  prompt  expenditure  of  about 
$7,000  on  a  gay  whirl  of  life  in  New  York  and  Montreal. 

N.  K.  Laflamme,  K.C.,  in  addressing  the  Court  on  Sept.  21  was 
severe  as  to  P.  N.  Menard,  the  man  who  orginally  sold  the  pro- 
perty to  Laviolette  under  a  mortgage  of  $80,000  but  relieved  Mc- 
Donald of  serious  imputation  and  strongly  criticized  the  Mayor  for 
action  and  inaction  which,  in  every  case,  helped  the  deal.  Judge 
Panneton  reported  on  Nov.  4  that  there  had  been  so  many  con- 
tradictions in  the  evidence  as  to  show  a  dangerous  disregard  for  the 
sanctity  of  the  oath.  He  found  that  "the  purchase  was  neither 
necessary,  advantageous  nor  legal  and  the  price  exorbitant.  A 
transaction  co  wonderfully  disastrous  for  the  City,  could  not  have 
taken  place  except  through  fraudulent  manoeuvres  in  some  quarter 
and  through  unpardonable  carelessness."  Hebert  committed  an 
act  of  corruption,  Cote  "failed  in  his  duty,"  Mayor  Martin  tried 
to  deceive  the  Court,  McDonald  was  guilty  of  a  "blameworthy 
act,"  Aid.  Loranger  was  censured,  Menard  had  helped  the  deal 
along,  Lepage  "influenced"  several  of  those  concerned  -and  Rene" 
Chenevert  got  $25,000  for  $1,200  worth  of  legal  work. 

The  Bordeaux  affair  was  a  minor  one  of  Aldermanic  abuse  of 
power.  Aid.  Gordien  Menard  and  his  Father  owned  two  wharves 
to  which  were  carted  large  quantities  of  earth,  city-owned  stone, 
sand,  explosives  and  other  material,  at  the  City's  expense,  for  con- 
struction purposes  and  which  resulted  in  considerable  operation 
profits;  corporation  employees  also  were  used.  The  Judge,  report- 
ing at  the  same  time  as  in  the  Drolet  matter,  seemed  to  consider 
these  facts  proved  and  a  possible  subject  for  legal  proceedings.  As 
to  this  and  the  Drolet  case  the  City  Attorney  advised  that  the  City 
Council  and  not  the  Law  department  should  take  action;  the 
City  Council  (Nov.  20)  merely  sent  the  Report  to  the  Board  of 
Control  without  recommendation  and  voted  down  a  motion  for 
"definite  instruction"  of  that  body.  A  largely-signed  Petition 
to  the  Courts  followed,  asking  for  a  general  investigation  into 
the  conditions  shown  by  the  Inquiry — especially  into  details 
of  the  complicated  Tramway  transactions  and  negotiations 
— and  on  Nov.  25  Mr.  Justice  J.  M.  McDougall  approved  the 
request.  To  this  the  City  Council  and  Tramways  Company  each 
tried  to  obtain  a  writ  of  prohibition  and  injunction — chiefly  on 
the  ground  that  it  involved  inquiry  into  a  non-existent  contract. 


% 


THE  CITY  OP  MONTREAL:  ITS  CONDITIONS  AND  PROBLEMS      591 

Mr.  Justice  F.  O.  Dugas  (Dec.  20)  approved  the  issue  of  such 
writs  and  left  the  matter  open  to  appeal  and  prolonged  Court  pro- 
ceedings. 

Meanwhile,  there  had  been  trouble  on  the  Catholic  School  Board 
of  Montreal  in  connection  with  the  wholesale  annexation  of  out- 
lying districts  and  school  sections  to  the  City.  Certain  sums  of 
money  were  said  to  be  unaccounted  for  and  the  facts  unavailable, 
with  arrears  of  payment  in  teachers'  salaries  and  other  difficulties 
due  to  financial  carelessness.  A  Commission  was  appointed  in  May 
composed  of  Mr.  Justice  E.  Lafontaine,  Jos.  McLaughlin  of  the 
Dominion  Bridge  Co.,  and  Rev.  Father  Corbeil  of  St.  Joseph's 
Church,  to  inquire  into  conditions  and  charges.  Aime  Geoffrion, 
K.C.,  was  appointed  Counsel  and  the  inquiry  proceeded  during  the 
summer  amid  various  legal  and  financial  difficulties  associated  with 
the  plans  and  policies  of  the  rural  Boards. 

The  question  of  renewing  the  Montreal  Tramways  franchise 
came  up  again  in  1916.  The  Company,  apparently,  were  anxious 
to  have  the  matter  settled  some  years  before  the  expiration  of  its 
present  lease,  the  City  Hall,  the  financial  and  commercial  interests, 
the  people  at  large,  all  had  divergent  and  varied  views  as  to  settle- 
ment. In  July  the  discussion  was  revived  upon  the  1915  project 
which  had  been  in  abeyance  under  legal  proceedings  and  which 
proposed  a  30-year  renewal,  a  five-cent  fare  without  transfers,  and 
the  payment  to  the  City  treasury,  in  lieu  of  taxation,  of  $200,000 
per  annum  for  the  first  5  years,  $300,000  per  annum  for  the  next 
5  years,  and  $500,000  per  annum  for  the  remainder  of  the  term. 
It  was  urged  against  these  proposals  that  payments  to  the  City  were 
not  the  most  important  consideration,  that  an  efficient  service,  more 
and  improved  extensions  and  lower  rates  were  the  real  subjects 
for  consideration.  An  informal  Joint  Committee  took  up  the 
question  in  August  composed  of  the  Board  of  Control — E.  W. 
Villeneuve,  Thos.  Cote,  Jos.  Ainey,  A.  G.  Ross  and  Mayor  Martin — 
with  E.  A.  Robert,  President,  and  J.  L.  Perron,  K.C.,  for  the 
Company.  Varied  discussions  followed  but  personal  and  other 
elements  made  it  difficult  to  obtain  even  a  basis  for  settlement.  On 
Oct.  5  the  existing  Agreement  was  considered  clause  by  clause  and 
arrangements  tentatively  accepted  included  the  right  to  the  Com- 
pany of  transporting  freights  and  mails.  At  this  stage  the  Board 
of  Trade  suggested : 

1.  That   in   order   to   provide   a   basis   for   an   arrangement   fair   to   the 
City  and   the   Tramways   Company,   the   capital  value   of   the  Street   Eailway 
should  be   estimated,   to   which  end  it  is   necessary  that   a   valuation   of   the 
physical   assets   of   the   Company   should  be   made. 

2.  That  provision  should  be  made  that  the  City  may  at  fixed  periods 
on  reasonable  notice  take   over  the  Street  Eailway  at  its   then   actual  value 
plus   a   reasonable   percentage. 

3.  That  there  should  be  one  general  franchise  for  the  whole  of  Greater 
Montreal    instead    of    a    number    of    varying    franchises    such    as    now    exist. 

4.  That  in   regard  to   the  payment  by  the   Company   for   the  franchise 
a   percentage    graduated    on    an    increasing    scale    in    the    receipts    would    be 
equitable. 


592  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Other  conferences  were  held  and  points  settled  from  time  to 
time.  Speaking  of  this  subject  on  Oct.  15  Mr.  Villeneuve  said: 
"When  the  City  of  Montreal  annexed  the  adjoining  municipalities, 
whose  traction  service  was  the  basis  of  a  franchise  separate  and 
apart  from  that  regulating  the  City  proper,  then  was  the  time 
for  the  solution  of  this  problem.  Instead  of  that  the  improvement 
of  the  service  was  left  to  the  good-will  of  the  Company  until  the 
lack  of  proper  means  of  communication  between  the  different 
districts  of  the  City  has  grown  into  a  crying  need.  When,  also,  the 
Tramways  Company  put  forth  the  plea  before  the  Legislature  and 
Utilities  Commission  that  the  merger  of  the  different  companies 
and  the  consequent  enlarged  borrowing  power  was  a  necessity  in 
view  of  the  growth  of  the  City  and  the  annexation  of  contiguous 
municipalities  in  order  to  improve  the  service,  then,  again,  the 
City  should  have  disposed  of  this  question."  The  appointment  of 
experts  would  only  delay  the  settlement  which  everyone  desired; 
as  to  which,  also,  no  one  wanted  public  ownership.  "The  situation 
as  I  see  it  is  this :  The  Tramways  Company  comes  to  these  negotia- 
tions, entrenched,  as  it  were,  behind  franchises  from  surrounding 
municipalities  (now  part  of  the  city)  and  from  outlying  districts 
— many  of  which  are  perpetual ;  that  is  the  strength  of  its  position. 
We,  the  City  of  Montreal,  bring  the  franchise  rights  for  the  centre 
of  the  city,  according  to  By-law  210,  which  will  expire  in  six  years 
and  which  the  Tramways  Company  desires  to  have  renewed;  that 
is  our  strength." 

By  the  close  of  the  year  the  whole  question  was  again  in  the 
melting-pot.  The  public  were  suspicious  of  the  City  Hall,  the  Board 
of  Control,  the  Council;  some  of  the  press,  and  notably  The  Star, 
were  continually  denouncing  the  blundering  extravagance  and 
alleged  corruption  of  Civic  management;  a  Petition  of  ratepayers 
(Nov.  28)  urged  the  Board  of  Control  not  to  allow  "any  outside 
influences ' '  to  jeopardize  a  fair  settlement ;  a  Delegation  to  Quebec 
asked  the  Provincial  Government  to  intervene  and  this  ultimately 
was  done  by  the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission.  In  the 
Legislature  on  Dec.  15th  the  Premier  announced  that  a  Commission 
composed  of  Senators  J.  P.  B.  Casgrain  and  Charles  P.  Beaubien, 
K.C.,  Fred.  J.  Cockburn  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal,  Alphonse  Verville, 
M.P.,  and  Charles  Larandeau,  K.C.,  would  be  appointed.  By  suc- 
ceeding legislation  this  body  was  given  power  to  settle  the  Tram- 
ways question  within  a  reasonable  time  and  to  make  and  sign  a 
contract  with  the  Montreal  Tramways  Co.  for  a  period  of  36  years, 
or  30  years  beyond  the  expiration  of  the  present  contract;  an 
amendment  by  Mr.  Sauve  asking  that  the  Contract,  when  made, 
be  submitted  to  a  Referendum  was  defeated  with  only  three  in 
its  favour. 

It  may  be  added  that  during  1916  the  Bank  clearings  of  Mon- 
treal were  $3,722,609,663  or  an  increase  of  41-64%  in  the  year; 
that  the  export  of  grains  for  the  1916  season  totalled  68,988,311 
bushels  and  of  lumber  104,698,013  feet  B.M. ;  that  the  tonnage  of 


HIGHER  EDUCATION  IN  QUEBEC  ;  McGiLL  UNIVERSITY        593 

sea-going  vessels  arriving  was  2,134,456  or  a  decrease  of  600,000 
since  1914  while  the  value  of  merchandize  exported  was  $382,741,- 
463  and  imported  $194,924,348 — an  enormous  increase  over  1914. 
The  Board  of  Trade  during  the  year — of  which  H.  B.  Walker  was 
President — dealt  with  various  transportation  difficulties,  the  War- 
tax  Bill  and  West  India  sugar  industry;  urged  the  conservation 
of  live-stock,  protested  against  grain  speculation,  supported  a 
Dominion  day-light  saving  scheme  and  Town  Planning  ideals; 
considered  the  placing  of  returned  soldiers,  discussed  the  City's 
financial  difficulties  and  the  Tramways  question ;  reported  on  Apr. 
19  as  to  after-war  policy,  in  favour  of  Empire  preferential  tariffs, 
the  compulsory  registration  of  aliens  throughout  the  Empire,  the 
obtaining  of  licenses  to  trade  by  foreign  firms  and  Companies. 

Higher  Education  in   Quebec.       MCGIII  University  suffer 

ed  heavily  from  the  War  and  the  annual  Report  for  Aug.  31,  1916,  presented 
by  Sir  W.  C.  Macdonald  and  Sir  Win.  Peterson,  stated  that  "the  session  was 
one  of  great  strain  and  continuous  effort.  With  so  many  McGill  men  enrolled 
for  active  service,  the  great  decrease  from  the  normal  number  of  our  students 
was  painfully  apparent,  and  the  teaching  service  also  suffered  by  the  enlist- 
ment of  many  of  the  best  and  brightest  of  the  Staff.  .  .  .  But  the  moral 
factor  has  once  again  proved  itself  greater  than  the  material.  If  the  educa- 
tional situation  is  full  of  difficulty,  we  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that 
McGill  is  playing  its  purt  in  what  even  neutrals  are  coming  to  recognize  more 
and  more  as  the  greatest  crisis  in  all  history.  Summer  and  winter  alike,  our 
Campus  has  echoed  to  the  tread  of  marching  men:  it  has  been  one  of  the  great 
rallying  points  of  Canadian  patriotism.  And  those  who  have  taken  their 
training  there  have  carried  the  name  and  fame  of  McGill  to  many  a  distant 
field."  On  May  9,  1913,  it  was  decided  to  make  military  training  compulsory 
for  all  "fit"  students,  who  were  British  subjects,  during  the  duration  of  the 
War;  to  the  date  of  the  Report  the  casualties  were  133  killed  and  162  wounded 
out  of  an  enlistment  of  1,804;  between  May  and  Sept.  19  when  it  sailed 
for  England  a  McGill  Battery  of  Siege  Artillery  was  recruited,  organized  and 
partly  trained  under  Major  W.  D.  Tait,  M.D.  ;  close  co-operation  and  many  men 
were  given  to  the  148th  Battalion  under  Col.  Allan  Magee  and  it  was  affiliated 
with  the  C.O.T.C. 

Following  the  Imperial  Educational  Conference  of  1912  a  subsidiary  Con- 
ference of  Presidents,  etc.,  of  Canadian  Universities  was  held  at  McGill  (May 
22-23).  All  the  Universities  were  represented,  and  in  addition  to  discussing 
such  subjects  as  Matriculation  Standards,  Length  of  Session,  Graduate  Work, 
Compulsory  Physical  Training,  and  the  special  features  of  Legal, 
Engineering  and  Agricultural  Education,  the  Conference  gave  special  atten- 
tion to  the  promotion  of  scientific  and  industrial  research.  Afterwards  the 
Principal,  in  this  connection,  appeared  before  the  Advisory  Committee  of  the 
Privy  Council  in  London.  A  special  Research  Fellowship  was  established  in  the 
Department  of  Metallurgy;  the  operations  of  the  Forest  Products  Laboratory 
were  successfully  carried  on;  the  Departments  of  Chemistry  and  Metallurgy 
were  actively  associated  with  munitions  and  scientific  war-work,  that  of  Physics 
with  research  and  inventions.  McGill  University  College  at  Vancouver  was 
terminated  and  finally  absorbed  at  this  time  into  the  new  University  of  British 
Columbia.  The  enrollment  of  students  for  1915-16  was  1,397  with  362  in  Mac- 
donald College  which,  also,  formed  the  McGill  Faculty  of  Agriculture  with  108 
more  students.  Of  the  other  Faculties,  Arts  had  397,  Commerce  21,  Applied 
Science  322,  Applied  Medicine  325,  Dentistry  37,  Law  62,  Music  86  and  Gradu- 
ate School  39.  The  affiliated  Theological  Colleges  had  167  students— Congre- 
gational College  16;  Diocesan  19,  Presbyterian  43,  Wesleyan  89.  The  degrees 
conferred  in  the  Academic  year  included:  B.A.,  60;  B.Sc.  in  Arts.  1;  B.Sc..  57; 
B.C.L.,  15;  B.S.A.,  17;  M.D.,  C.M.,  42;  with  others,  a  total  of  224.  The  Uni- 

38 


594  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

versity  receipts  for  June  30,  1916,  were  $914,709,  the  disbursments  $925,039,  the 
students  in  attendance  were  1,113,  the  number  of  Professors  and  lecturers 
was  231  and  the  graduates  of  1915-16  225,  the  University  Endowments  $8,- 
481,576.  The  War-honours  won  were  as  follows:  V.C.,  2;  D.S.O.,  16;  D.C.M.,  2j 
Military  Cross,  31;  Military  Medal,  5.  The  Fellows  elected  to  Corporation  in 
1916  were  Gregor  Barclay,  F.  J.  Tees,  Hon.  B.  S.  Weir.  At  Convocation  on  May 
12  J.  A.  Nicholson,  M.A.,  14  years  Registrar  of  the  University,  was  made  an 
Hon.  L.L.D. 

As  to  Laval  University,  the  great  French -Catholic  institution  of  Quebec, 
the  Montreal  Branch  had  in  1915-16  288  Professors  and  teachers  with  2,231 
students;  the  Quebec  institution  had  84  Professors  and  368  students.  Of  all 
the  students  422  were  in  Theology,  218  in  Law,  242  in  Medicine  and  884  were 
in  the  Superior  School  for  Girls.  The  total  number  of  graduates  was  321 
with  44  more  from  affiliated  Colleges;  the  Government  grants  were  $140,000. 
Laval  conferred  in  1916  the  degree  of  D.  Litt.  upon  Eev.  J.  B.  Dollard,  the 
Ontario  poet -priest.  The  University  of  Bishop's  College  had  55  students  in 
1915-16  and  15  graduates  with  Endowments  of  $294,280  and  receipts  of  $25,512. 
At  the  close  of  the  year  the  students  and  grau dates  on  active  service  were  98 
with  15  killed  in  action  or  died  of  wounds;  through  the  Contribution  of  J.  K. 
L.  Boss  of  Montreal  it  started  construction  of  a  new  $1,000,000  School.  The 
Principal  was  the  Eev.  Dr.  E.  A.  Parrock,  the  Eector  of  Laval  at  Quebec  was 
Eev.  Fr.  Pelletier  and  the  Vice-Eector  at  Montreal  Mgr.  Gaspard  Dauth.  The 
Presbyterian  College  conferred  11  licenses  to  preach  on  Apr.  13  and  on  Oct. 
4  inducted  the  Eev.  Prof,  D.  J.  Fraser,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  as  Principal;  the  Diocesan 
College  conferred  an  Hon.  D.D.,  upon  Eev.  W.  W.  Craig;  Stanstead  College 
had  lost  most  of  its  students  or  prospective  students  of  over  18  through  enlist- 
ment but  had  310  girls  and  younger  boys  in  attendance  with  an  income  of 
$10,000  less  than  two  years  before. 

Quebec  Incidents  of  Importance  in  1916 

Jan.  1.  The  total  mineral  production  for  Quebec  was  $10,796,348  in 
1915  or  a  slight  decrease  in  the  year  and  including  $3,544,302  of  Asbestos, 
$1,020,605  of  Copper  and  Sulphur  ore,  $2,805,374  of  Cement  and  $1,477,362  of 
limestone  and  marble. 

Jan.  28.  An  influential  Montreal  Delegation  waited  upon  the  Premier 
at  Quebec  to  protest  against  "the  flood  of  demands  made  by  municipalities 
surrounding  Montreal  to  be  allowed  to  borrow  huge  sums  without  providing 
sinking  funds."  Anxiety  as  to  municipal  credit  and  depreciation  in  Deben- 
ture values  was  urged. 

Feb.  5.  The  annual  Eeport  of  the  Harbour  Commissioners  of  Montreal 
(W.  G.  Boss,  Farquhar  Eobertson,  Brig. -Gen.  A.  E.  Labelle  and  Major 
D.  Seath,  Secretary)  urged  "the  complete  electrification  of  the  Harbour  rail- 
way terminals  of  the  port  of  Montreal,  and  erection  of  an  8-storey  ware- 
house in  the  vicinity  of  the  new  Victoria  Pier  warehouse  "  as  a  continuation  of 
the  big  schemes  inaugurated  some  years  before. 

Apr.  11.  Mr.  Justice  Coderre  gave  a  judgment  maintaining  the  plea 
of  the  Union  St.  Pierre,  a  Montreal  Mutual  Benefit  Society,  that  J.  A.  Ainslie, 
a  soldier  at  the  Front,  had  forfeited  his  membership  and  benefits  upon 
enlistment — although  his  wife  had  continued  to  pay  his  dues. 

Apr.  13.  The  Montreal  Board  of  Control  passed  a  Besolution  stating 
that  while  willing  to  encourage  recruiting  "the  City  does  not  see  the  neces- 
sity or  the  advisability."  of  taking  a  census  of  Civic  employees  so  that 
the  Citizens'  Eecruiting  Association  could  know  who  were  eligible  for  enlist- 
ment. The  Eesolution  affirmed  that  the  City  had  done  all  it  could  to  encourage 
recruiting  by  giving  full  pay  to  employees  called  to  the  colours;  by  guar- 
anteeing positions  to  permanent  employees  on  return  from  the  War;  by  per- 
mitting installation  of  recruiting  stations  in  the  City  Hall,  etc.,  and  by 
subscribing  generously  to  War  funds* 


QUEBEC  INCIDENTS  OF  IMPORTANCE  IN  1916  595 

May  26.  The  sale  of  $2,000,000  Montreal  5  per  cent,  bonds  for  98-867 
was  announced. 

June  10.  Clarence  J.  McCuaig,  a  well-known  citizen  of  Montreal,  dealt 
in  the  press  with  the  alleged  Civic  misgovernment  as  follows:  "With  a 
view  to  testing  the  good  faith  of  the  Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Controllers,  I  am 
prepared  to  find  people  who  will  give  an  improved  modern  Civic  admin- 
istration on  the  present  income,  will  provide  an  annual  surplus  applicable  to 
the  reduction  of  debt,  and  avoid  further  increases  in  taxation,  for  many 
years.  I  will  effect  the  change  by  establishing  efficiency,  and  in  other 
ways.  As  a  guarantee  of  honest  and  capable  management,  guarantee  bonds, 
signed  by  Guarantee  Companies  satisfactory  to  the  City  to  the  extent  of 
$1,000,000  will  be  given.  In  case  this  offer  is  entertained  the  citizens  will 
be  asked  to  appoint  a  Eeference  Board,  whose  duty  it  will  be  to  decide  each 
year  the  following  questions:  (1)  Has  the  Administration  been  improved? 
(2)  Has  the  Deficit  been  stopped?  (3)  Is  the  plan  working  satisfactorily? 

June  15.  Chief  Justice  Sir  H.  Archambault  decided  at  Montreal  that 
a  wife  cannot,  under  recently  enacted  legislation,  testify  against  her  husband 
in  a  non-support  case. 

June  23.  The  new  Quebec  Harbour  Board  was  constituted  as  follows: 
D.  O.  Lesperance  (Chairman),  Geo.  Pennington,  ex-M.P.,  and  A.  Gravelle. 

June  30.  Mr.  Justice  Coderre  dismissed  an  action  for  $10,000  damages 
brought  by  Le  Pays,  a  weekly  secular  journal  of  Montreal,  against  L' Action 
Sociale  of  Quebec,  a  religious  journal,  for  describing  Le  Pays  as  "anti- 
religious.  ' ' 

Sept.  8.  The  Director-General  of  Catholic  Schools,  Montreal,  reported 
11  schools  conducted  by  the  Christian  Brothers  with  5,741  pupils;  3  schools 
of  the  Marist  Brothers  with  1,300  pupils;  2  schools  conducted  by  the 
Brothers  of  Christian  Instruction  with  1,560  pupils.  The  Brothers  of  the 
Sacred  Heart  had  892  pupils  in  their  one  school;  the  Brothers  of  St.  Viator 
had  466  in  one  school:  and  the  Presentation  Brothers  (Irish)  also  with  one 
school,  had  348.  * 

July  24.  The  Winnipeg  Telegram  recorded  a  story  of  ill-treatment  by 
a  Quebec  policeman  of  a  returned  wounded  soldier  which  resulted  in  the 
latter 's  leg  being  broken  and  reported  the  following  speech  at  Winnipeg 
station  by  Sergt. -Major  James  Eobinson,  D.C.M.,  of  Vancouver: 

"You're  among  a  crowd  now  that  appreciates  your  services  for  the 
Empire.  You  can  thank  God  you're  not  in  Quebec.  You  know  what  happened 
us  in  Quebec;  you'll  never  forget  it  to  the  last  day  of  your  lives.  They've 
no  more  use  in  Quebec  for  a  man  in  Khaki  than  they  have  for  holy  water  in 
an  Orange  lodge.  God  bless  you,  boys." 

Sept.  11.  The  Canadian  Federation  of  Labour  primarily  of  Quebec 
Province — met  at  Quebec  with  25  Delegates  present  and  Chas.  Pepper  in 
the  chair.  The  President  referred  to  the  recent  affiliation  of  a  number  of 
British  Columbia  unions  and  the  increase  of  the  Provincial  Workmen's 
Association  of  Nova  Scotia  (affiliated)  by  25%  despite  1,100  men  on  active 
service.  As  to  the  War  he  alluded  to  what  Canada  had  done  to  strengthen 
and  support  the  Empire,  and  while  as  a  body  the  Federation  had  declared 
against  Conscription,  he  thought  the  only  way  to  avoid  it  was  for  every  man 
who  was  physically  fit  and  able  to  do  so  to  volunteer.  Eesolutions  were 
passed  in  favour  of  (1)  a  National  Labour  Party  and  direct  political  action 
by  the  Federation;  (2)  equality  of  Pension  treatment  for  soldiers  and  offi- 
cers; (3)  representation  of  Labour  at  the  Peace  Conference  and  Dominion 
legislation  forbidding  International  unions  to  discriminate  against  Canadian 
union  men;  (4)  Nationalization  qf  Public  Utilities,  and  Government  regu- 
lation of  prices  for  the  necessaries  of  life.  C.  G.  Pepper  was  re-elected 
President. 


596  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Sept.  23.  The  Court  of  Appeals  reversed  a  finding  of  Mr.  Justice  Bruneau 
to  the  effect  that  an  enemy  alien  residing  in  Montreal,  though  he  had  the 
right  to  sue,  must  have  this  right  held  in  suspense  until  such  time  as  the 
War  between  Britain  and  that  enemy  nationality  had  been  concluded. 

Sept.  25.  At  Woonsocket,  E.I.,  delegates  representing  70,000  French- 
Canadian  Catholic  citizens  of  New  England  voted  to  form  a  Federation  of 
French-Catholic  Societies,  with  Dr.  A.  E.  Brien,  of  Manchester,  N.H.,  as 
President,  and  Wilfrid  J.  Mathieu,  of  Woonsocket,  as  Secretary.  The 
purposes  of  the  organization  were  to  promote  sympathetic  relations  with  other 
Catholic  Societies  in  the  United  States  and  Canada;  to  bind  the  cause  of 
fraternity  and  to  study  social  problems. 

Oct.  14.  In  dismissing  at  Quebec  12  writs  of  habeas  corpus  taken  by 
parents  of  minors  who  enlisted  without  their  parents'  consent,  Chief  Justice 
Sir  Francois  Lemieux  held  that  a  minor  could  be  relieved  only  for  cause  of 
lesion  alleged  and  proved  and  that  enlistment,  with  its  usual  consequences, 
drawbacks,  etc.,  could  not  cause  a  soldier  what  in  legal  parlance  is  called 
lesion.  For  the  contention  advanced  by  Armand  Lavergne  that  enlistment  in 
expeditionary  forces  to  be  sent  outside  Canada  was  null,  the  Judge  said: 
'On  this  particular  point  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  repeat  that  from  the 
moment  Great  Britain  is  at  war  her  Colonies  are  equally  at  war.  The  fact 
that  the  Allies  have  captured  all  of  Germany's  colonies  since  the  opening  of 
hostilities  is  a  striking  case  in  point.  In  my  humble  opinion  the  defence  of 
Canada  implies  not  only  the  power  to  safeguard  the  territory  itself  and  the 
lives  and  property  of  Canadians;  it  further  includes  the  faculty,  recognized 
in  international  law,  to  prevent,  by  all  legitimate  means,  the  invasion,  ruin 
and  sacking  of  the  country  by  attacking  the  enemy  in  his  own  country,  or 
wherever  he  may  seek  refuge.  *  It  often  is  by  taking  the  offensive,  attacking 
and  invading,  that  the  defence  of  one's  own  country  may  be  better  attended 
to.  It  would  indeed  be  imprudent,  if  not  utterly  reckless,  for  a  country  at 
war  to  be  content  with  a  defensive  strategy  and  to  refrain  from  hostilities 
until  the  country  were  invaded  and  sacked.' 

Dec.  31.  Some  Quebec  heads  of  important  public  bodies  in  1916  were 
as  follows : 

Quebec    Society    for    the    Protection 

of    Plants     Prof.    W.    Lochhead Quebec. 

Quebec    Maple    Sugar    Association .  .  Gustave    Boyer,    M.P Rigaud. 

French-Canadian      Horse      Breeders' 

Association     Jos.    Deland    L'Acadie. 

French-Canadian      Cattle     Breeders' 

Association     Arsene   Denis    St.    Norbert 

Pomological        and        Fruit-Growing  Station. 

Society    of   Quebec Prof.    W.    Lochhead Quebec. 

Quebec     Sheep     Breeders'      Associa- 
tion      Nap.    Lachapelle     St.   Paul 

Quebec     Swine     Breeders'     Associa-  1'Ermite. 

tion     Louis   Lavallee    

Quebec      General      Stock      Breeders' 

Association     Hon.    N.    Garneau Quebec. 


Natural     History     Society 

Montreal  Live-Stock  Exchange 
Belgian  Chambre  de  Commerce .  .  . 
Soldiers'   Employment  Commission. 

Women's  Canadian  Club 

Quebec  BeeKeepers*  Association .  .  . 
Montreal   Women's  Club 


Milton  L.   Hersey,   M.sc Montreal. 

George  C.   Beall    Montreal. 

Em.   de   Boeck    Montreal. 

Hon.   Geo.    A.   Simai-d,   AI.L.C.  ...  Quebec. 

Mrs.  W.  R.  Miller Montreal. 

Dr.  Emery  Lalonde    Rigaua. 

Mrs.   E.   M.   Renouf    Montreal. 


Dec.  13.  At  the  burning  of  the  St.  Fredinand  Asylum  near  Quebec 
(Sisters  of  Charity  Community)  45  insane  women  patients  were  ourned  to 
death  and  135  saved. 


THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES  OF  CANADA 


Government, 
Legislation  and 
Politics  in 
Nova  Scotia 


During  this  year  the  Murray  Government  had  one 
of  its  familiar  Election  successes  and  was  returned 
to  power  for  the  4th  time.  The  Hon.  G.  H.  Murray, 
himself,  was  discussed  in  some  Liberal  circles  as  a 
possible  leader  of  the  Dominion  party  when  the  time 
should  come  for  a  change;  his  popular  personality  and  political 
power  in  Nova  Scotia  were  undoubted.  There  were  no  changes 
in  the  Government  during  1916  but  the  Lieut.-Governor,  Hon. 
David  MacKeen,  died  on  Nov.  13,  leaving  a  high  reputation  as 
business  man,  Senator  and  Executive  head  of  the  Province.  On 
Nov.  29  MacCallum  Grant  of  Halifax,  a  well-known  business  man, 
fond  of  philanthropic  work,  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  with  the  distinction  of  five  sons  on  active  service,  was  appointed 
to  the  position.  To  the  Legislative* Council  the  following  were 
appointed  during  the  year:  Wm.  Whitman,  Guysboro;  Neil  J.1 
Gillis,  Glace  Bay;  Daniel  McLean,  Orangedale;  Arch.  Menzies 
Covert,  M.D.,  Canning;  Fulton  Johnson  Logan,  Musquodoboit.  On 
Oct.  19  a  Workmen's  Compensation  Board  for  the  Province  was 
gazetted  with  Vincent  J.  Paton,  E.G.,  (Chairman)  and  John  T. 
Joy  of  Halifax  and  Fred.  W.  Armstrong,  Glace  Bay,  as  members. 
The  following  King 's  Counsel  were  also  appointed  during  the  year : 


J.    Frank    Outhit Kentville. 

Robert    H.    Murray Halifax. 

Welsford  B.  Ives Pictou. 

Robt.    M.    Laugille Sydney. 

Alex.    J.    Campbell Truro. 

Alex.    G.    MacKenzie Amherst. 

Edgar    N.    Rhodes,    M.P Amherst. 


Hiram    K.    Fitzpatrick 
Charles    W.    Lane     . 
G.    Ormand    Forsyth 

John   Hood    

Arch.  A.  Mclntyre . 
Hedley  V.  Jamison . 
Geo.  A.  R.  Rowlings 


.  .  .  New    Glasgow. 
.  Lunenburg. 
.  Hawkesbury. 
.  Shelburne. 
.  Sydney. 
.  New  Glasgow. 
.  Sydney. 


Mr.  Murray  was  Provincial  Secretary  as  well  as  Premier  and 
to  him  in  1916  the  Agricultural  Department  also  reported  through 
M.  Gumming,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  It  was  a  year  af  gen- 
eral prosperity  with  an  improvement  in  the  number  of  live-stock 
which  totalled  70,395  horses,  145,460  milch  cows  and  162,993  other 
cattle,  226,406  sheep,  60,119  swine  and  1,136,763  poultry ;  there  was 
an  increase  in  the  number  of  Agricultural  Societies  from  160  to 
247  with  10,315  members  and  total  revenues  of  $33,788,  with  44 
Women's  Institutes  whose  patriotic  work  was  clearly  described; 
many  successful  Seed  Farms  and  Exhibitions  at  Halifax  and 
Amherst  were  started  with  385  entries  in  Field  Crop  competitions 
and  35  model  orchards  under  operation ;  there  was  an  increase  of 
34%  in  the  production  of  butter  over  1914  and  500%  over  1910 
with  substantial  work  in  the  improvement  of  pure-bred  stock  and 
in  the  destruction  of  insect  pests,  etc.,  under  direction  of  W.  H. 
Brittain,  Provincial  Entomologist;  Government  aid  was  given  to 
two  Cereal  mills  with  a  view  to  encouraging  wheat  growing;  the 
receipt  was  noted  of  $68,001  from  the  Federal  authorities  for  pro- 

[597] 


598  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

motion  of  Agricultural  instruction  and  the  allottment  of  $27,500  to 
Agricultural  schools,  $7,000  to  Departmental  instructors,  district 
superintendents,  etc.,  $19,500  to  varied  instruction  and  demonstra- 
tions, $10,000  to  Public  and  other  schools,  $3,000  to  Women's  Insti- 
tutes, etc;  the  statement  was  made  by  Mr.  Gumming  that  "each 
year  the  farming  outlook  of  Nova  Scotia  seems  to  improve. ' ' 

F.  F.  Mathers,  Deputy  Provincial  Secretary,  reported  to  Mr. 
Murray  the  incorporation  (1915)  of  97  companies  and  32  new  rural 
telephone  concerns;  registration  fees  paid  by  911  companies  with 
862  additional  motor  vehicles  licensed  and  200  more  chauffeurs 
registered;  a  total  revenue  of  $125,435  and  elaborate  statistics 
supplied  as  to  Nova  Scotia  municipalities — assessment,  assets,  lia- 
bilities, receipts,  expenditures,  number  of  ratepayers,  etc.  Under 
him,  also,  was  the  Department  of  Public  Health  and  Dr.  W.  H. 
Hattie  reported  that  war  conditions  had  checked  the  scheme  for 
establishment  of  District  Sanatoria  for  Tuberculosis — from  which 
the  death  rate  in  Nova  Scotia  was  1  -56  per  1,000  compared  with 
1-33  in  Quebec,  0-72  in  Ontario  and  0-24  in  Saskatchewan;  that 
the  activities  of  the  year  had  been  chiefly  educational  including 
the  formation  of  the  Medical  Health  Officers'  Association.  A.  S. 
Macmillian,  Inspector  of  Rural  Telephones,  dealt  with  96  companies 
in  operation,  1,313  of  a  pole-line  mileage,  and  2,746  miles  of  single 
wire  valued  at  $123,910  with  1,613  families  or  about  8,000  people 
served. 

The  Report  of  A.  S.  Barnstead,  Secretary  of  Immigration,  was 
restricted  by  war  conditions  but  showed  in  1915  286  new 
settlers  and  99  domestics  placed  by  the  Salvation  Army;  described 
the  distribution  of  much  literature  as  to  farms,  etc.,  with  63,000 
circulars  and  nearly  10,000  letters  sent  out ;  dealt  with  29  applica- 
tions for  Loans  under  the  Farm  Settlement  Act  with  a  total  granted 
to  date  of  47  upon  which  $95,055  was  advanced  under  a  Govern- 
ment guarantee  of  $41,435  and  against  land  and  building  securities 
of  $168,685 ;  described  the  settlement  of  Holland  farmers  at  Mait- 
land,  Selmah  and  Wallace  as  prosperous  under  Government  loans 
of  $44,938;  showed  an  expenditure  of  $25,491  for  the  year  and 
dealt  with  the  administration  of  the  Patriotic  Funds  of  the  Province 
by  this  Department  to  a  total  of  $1,470,122.  The  Game  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Province  reported  to  the  Premier  war  conditions 
which  involved  fewer  visitors  and  sportsmen,  a  reduced  demand  for 
furs  and  low  prices  for  pelts  with  a  decided  conservation  of  game 
animals;  in  birds,  grouse  was  stated  to  be  scarce;  deer  were  in- 
creasing in  number,  while  1,091  moose  had  been  killed— a  large 
increase  over  the  previous  year;  foxes  held  for  breeding  purposes 
were  reduced  by  200  and  the  total  of  fur-bearing  animals  held  was 
2,843.  As  Registrar- General  Mr.  Murray's  annual  Report  showed 
a  Provincial  population  of  503,162  of  which  256,452  were  males  and 
246,710  females ;  births  in  1915  of  13,171,  marriages  totalling  3,384, 
and  deaths  7,675,  or  15% —  with  213  persons  between  90  and  100 
years  old  and  19  of  over  100  years.  The  Commissioners  of  Public 


GOVERNMENT,  LEGISLATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA    599 

Utilities  (Dec.  31,  1915)  reported  33  applications  re  rural  tele- 
phones with  continued  consideration  of  the  N.S.  Tramways  &  Power 
Co.  application  for  $12,500,000  of  capital  stock.  The  Educational 
Office  was  under  the  Premier's  jurisdiction  but  Dr.  MacKay's 
Report  is  dealt  with  elsewhere. 

To  the  Hon.  E.  H.  Armstrong,  Commissioner  of  Public  Works 
and  Mines,  there  reported  in  1916,  for  the  previous  year  ending 
Sept.  30,  the  Road  Commissioner,  Hiram  Donkin,  as  to  an  expendi- 
ture of  $616,693  on  roads,  highways,  small  and  larger  bridges,  with 
2,525  miles  of  road  surveyed  to  date,  a  total  expenditure  by  counties 
during  the  year  of  $400,013,  a  total  to  date  of  Government  expendi- 
ture (capital)  on  Larger  Bridges  of  $3,370,214;  Mr.  Donkin  also 
reported  on  Provincial  (subsidized)  Railways  with  a  mileage  of 
219,  Receipts  of  $720,298  and  operating  expenses  of  $537,017 ;  from 
the  Medical  Superintendent  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Hospital  (Insane) 
came  information  as  to  753  patients  under  treatment  during  1915 
with  242  discharged;  Victoria  General  Hospital  reported  2,078 
patients  with  1,775  discharged  and  142  died,  an  income  of  $17,416 
and  expenditure  of  $102,513;  the  Provincial  Tuberculosis  Sana- 
torium reported  121  accepted  patients  with  favourable  results  in 
many  cases;  the  Inspector  of  Humane  Institutions  dealt  with  con- 
ditions which  included  the  abandonment  of  their  Alms  House  by 
the  town  of  North  Sydney  and  in  Pictou  the  adoption  of  a  new 
and  cheaper  system  of  which  Dr.  Hattie  said  that  misgiving  was 
natural  as  to  '  *  any  scheme  which  reduces  the  cost  beyond  what  had 
already  appeared  to  be  a  minimum. ' ' 

The  3  Provincial  institutions  above  mentioned,  10  General  Hos- 
pitals, 2  special  Hospitals,  5  institutions  receiving  Insane  patients, 
18  receiving  Insane  and  Poor  and  2  having  only  Poor  patients, 
were  inspected  with  a  total  of  6,321  under  treatment  and  2,744  sur- 
gical operations  in  the  year.  The  institutions  owned  by  the  Pro- 
ice  had  cost  $1,000,000,  and  Provincial  subsidies,  costs,  etc.,  were 
$289,757  yearly  with  a  revenue  of  $121,068.  Dr.  Hattie  stated  as  to 
the  local  institutions  that  while  some  were  admirably  administered 
' 'there  are  few  which  do  not  stand  in  need  of  improvement  and 
some  which  are  anything  but  creditable."  Mr.  Armstrong  was  also 
King's  Printer  with  an  expenditure  of  $22,497  during  the  year  for 
printing  and  binding  public  documents,  etc;  he  had  charge  of 
Factory  Laws  and  the  annual  Report  showed  570  accidents  of 
which  15  were  fatal  compared  with  579  accidents  in  1914  and 
1,163  in  1913,  with  the  Inspector  reporting  great  difficulties  in 
obtaining  proper  sanitation,  health  conditions,  conveniences,  clean- 
liness, ventilation,  etc.,  in  the  Factories;  to  him  the  Water  Power 
Commission — Hiram  Donkin,  F.  H.  Sexton,  W.  G.  Yorston  and  A. 
S.  Barnstead,  Secretary — submitted  a  first  Report  reviewing  the 
Power  situation  in  Nova  Scotia,  its  own  functions  and  work — still 
largely  preliminary — and  the  basis  for  more  extensive  operations. 
Mr.  Armstrong's  Mines'  Report  for  1915  showed  a  production  of 
6,379,463  tons  (long)  of  coal,  295,868  tons  (short)  of  pig-iron, 


600  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

369,310  of  steel  ingots,  353,412  of  limestone,  452,099  of  coke,  230,- 
216  of  gypsum,  1,922,100  bricks,  1,022,470  feet  of  drain-pipe,  7,216 
ounces  of  gold  and  an  import  for  manufacturing  purposes  of  665,- 
541  long  tons  of  iron-ore.  The  exports  of  coal  to  the  United  States 
showed  the  record  total  of  532,684  tons  as  against  300,661  tons  in 
1914.  Statistics  by  Companies  were  as  follows : 


Name  of  Company. 

Nova    Scotia    Steel    &    Coal    Co.,    Ltd.  .  , 
Dominion    Coal    Co.,    Ltd  
Cumberland    Railway     &     Coal    Co. 
Acadia    Coal    Co      Ltd 

Output 
Tons 
,  .  .     576,381 
.  .  .4,321,547 
.  .  .     406,812 
324  479 

Sales 
Tons 
555,907 
3,968,818 
345,236 
285  297 

Colliery 
Consumption 
Tons 
32,944 
246,902 
53,357 
28  576 

Total 
Work- 
men 
2,410 
9,813 
1,069 
770 

Maritime    Railway,    Coal    &    Power    Co. 

.  ..     160,483 
.  .  .     233  259 

138,438 
167  989 

5,210 
20  404 

449 
661 

189  818 

156  686 

27  074 

650 

166  684 

139  535 

15  008 

504 

Total 6,379,463          5,757,907          429,475  16,326 

The  Hon.  0.  T.  Daniels,  K.C.,  was  Attorney- General  and  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands.  His  1915  Report  in  the  latter  capacity 
showed  Receipts  of  $20,494  and  expenditures  of  $11,316 ;  to  him 
the  Superintendent  of  Neglected  and  Dependent  Children  reported 
11  Aid  Societies  dealing  with  74  cases  and  194  delinquents  and  34 
children  before  the  Halifax  Juvenile  Court,  and  reviewed  the  work 
of  various  Government-aided  but  not  controlled  institutions  with 
some  degree  of  criticism.  Penal  Institutions  were  in  Mr.  Daniel's 
Department  and  22  were  dealt  with  in  his  1915  Report  with  2,343 
prisoners  admitted  to  the  gaols,  etc.,  during  the  year  and  2,293  dis- 
charged. Under  the  Premier's  call  an  Inter-Provincial  Conference 
on  Agriculture  and  Education  was  held  at  Truro  on  Jan.  12th  with 
a  large  attendance  of  officials  and  the  discussion  of  such  questions  as 

(1)  the  supplies,  costs  and  transportation  of  Commercial  fertilizers, 

(2)  organization  to  further  the  Potato  industry,  (3)  Tile  drainage- 
reduction  in  cost  of  materials,  freights,  establishment  of  plants, 
(4)   Agricultural  instruction  in  schools  and  Maritime  Provinces' 
encouragement  of  the  Truro  institution. 

The  Legislature  was  opened  on  Feb.  18  by  Hon.  David  Mac- 
Keen,  Lieut-Governor,  in  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  asserted 
the  "patriotic  enthusiasm"  of  the  people  in  putting  forth  their 
best  energies  "in  the  cause  for  which  our  Empire  and  its  Allies 
are  now  engaged ' '  and  to  * '  make  any  sacrifice  that  may  be  required 
to  achieve  victory" ;  urged  popular  support  to  the  various  patriotic 
appeals  which  the  War  made  necessary;  expressed  gratification  at 
the  industrial  and  commercial  conditions  of  the  Province,  at  its 
financial  credit  as  shown  in  the  rates  received  for  Provincial  and 
municipal  bonds,  at  the  aid  given  to  munition-making  by  Nova 
Scotia  industries ;  described  the  conditions  in  agriculture  and  horti- 
culture as  satisfactory,  the  usefulness  of  the  N.  S.  Agricultural 
College  as  continuous  and  increasing,  the  coal  industry  as  flourish- 
ing despite  shortage  of  labour  and  increase  in  ocean  freight  rates; 
drew  attention  to  certain  favourable  conditions  in  the  gold  industry, 
the  re-opening  of  antimony  mines  and  the  prosperous  conditions 
of  the  Fisheries  and  the  lumbering  industry,  with  special  reference 


GOVERNMENT,  LEGISLATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA    601 

to  the  shipping  of  pit-props  to  Great  Britain;  congratulated  the 
Province  upon  the  largest  school  attendance  in  its  history,  upon 
its  large  percentage  of  Normal-trained  teachers  and  the  fact  of 
the  Normal  College  being  utilized  to  full  capacity,  and  upon  the 
success  of  the  new  School-Book  Bureau ;  reviewed  the  work  of  the 
Technical  College  and  its  subsidiary  schools,  mentioned  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Provincial  Board  to  deal  with  returned  soldiers  and  the 
many  improvements  effected  in  highways  and  bridges;  described 
the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  as  a  practical  step  to  secure 
classification  of  industries  and  employees  and  stated  that  its  opera- 
tion was  being  expedited. 

The  Address  was  moved  by  J.  L.  Ralston  and  Simon  Joyce  and 
passed  on  the  17th  without  division.  During  the  Session — as  pre- 
ceding a  general  election  there  was  a  flood  of  private  and  public 
bills — measures  were  passed  for  encouraging  Dairying  by  the  for- 
mation of  a  Dairymen's  Association  and  a  Fowl  Brood  Act  dealing 
with  the  appointment  of  Apiary  inspectors;  the  Premier  carried 
a  measure  exempting  Provincial  bonds  from  Succession  duties  and 
Mr.  Armstrong  a  Bill  compelling  Coal  Companies  to  pay  miners' 
wages  weekly  instead  of  fortnightly ;  Acts  were  passed  to  encourage 
smelting  and  refining  in  the  Province,  to  amend  the  Education  Act 
and  that  relating  to  the  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  respect- 
ing the  Employment  of  the  Blind  and  to  encourage  the  incorpora- 
tion of  Fishermen's  Co-Operative  Societies;  amendments  were 
made  to  the  Act  dealing  with  Lumber  conveyance  on  rivers  and 
the  obstacles  encountered  while  the  N.  S.  Elections  Act  was  consoli- 
dated ;  the  Temperance  Act  and  Public  Health  Act,  that  respecting 
unworked  mining  areas  and  the  rights  of  fishing,  were  amended; 
the  incorporation  of  Farmers'  Fruit,  Produce  and  Warehouse  Asso- 
ciations was  facilitated  and  cities  and  municipalities  were  authorized 
to  contribute  to  Patriotic  funds  and  objects ;  a  Provincial  Loan  was 
authorized  and  the  Theatres  &  Cinematographs  Act  and  Game  Act 
amended. 

Local  Acts  authorized  Halifax,  Sydney,  Amherst,  Antigonish, 
Bridgetown,  New  Glasgow,  North  Sydney,  Bridgewater,  Stewiacke, 
Trenton,  Truro,  Yarmouth  and  the  County  of  Cape  Breton  to  bor- 
row money  for  specific  purposes,  and  an  Act  was  passed  to  en- 
courage housing  accommodation  in  Halifax.  The  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  Advent  Christian  Church  was  incorporated  as  was  Blair 
Church,  Garden  of  Eden,  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  of  the 
Resurrection  and  the  Evangelical  Church  of  the  Ascension.  A 
measure  extending  the  application  of  the  N.  S.  Temperance  Act  to 
Halifax  was  an  Opposition  Act  (H.  W.  Corning)  accepted  by  the 
Government  after  an  intimation  that  it  would  not  initiate  a  Pro- 
hibitory law  during  this  Session. 

The  Opposition  were  energetic  during  the  Session.  A  subject 
of  continuous  attack  which  was  carried  through  the  Elections  was 
the  Premier's  payment  to  R.  G.  Hervey  of  moneys  totalling  $48,- 
500  in  connection  with  the  construction  of  the  Halifax  and  South 


602  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Western  Railway  by  Mackenzie  &  Mann.  They  were  made  under 
an  Order-in-Council  of  Nov.  28,  1905,  as  follows:  "On  a  report  from 
the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works  and  Mines,  stating  that  Henry 
T.  Ross  (Special  Commissioner),  having  reported  that  there  is  a 
large  sum  of  money  due  Robert  G.  Hervey,  he,  the  Commissioner, 
recommends  that  out  of  the  subsidy  or  loan  due  the  Halifax  and  S. 
W.  Railway — under  its  contract  with  the  Government — the  said 
R.  G.  Hervey  be  paid  the  sum  of  $5,000. ' '  Ten  similar  orders  were 
approved  and  the  money  paid  over.  The  Opposition  claimed  that 
though  Hervey  was  a  creditor  it  was  not  for  work  or  supplies ;  that 
in  the  litigation  which  followed  the  Provincial  Supreme  Court  had 
decided  the  payment  to  be  illegal  because  of  a  preceding  injunction 
restraining  the  Provincial  Treasurer  from  such  action ;  that  the  case 
went  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada  in  1914  and  to  the  Privy 
Council,  with  the  latter  body  (Apr.  27,  1915),  gravely  condemning 
the  Government's  action. 

Another  subject  was  the  1915  Workmen's  Compensation  Act 
which  was  to  come  into  operation,  so  far  as  certain  preliminary 
work  was  concerned,  on  Oct.  1,  1916,  but  in  its  main  provisions 
not  until  Jan.  1,  1917.  The  Opposition  contended  that  the 
measure  was  being  held  up  as  a  matter  of  party  tactics;  the  Gov- 
ernment stated  that  it  was  for  full  investigation  of  its  probable 
operation  and  eifects.  J.  C.  Douglas  (Cons.)  carried  a  Bill  com- 
pelling the  payment  of  Railway  employees'  wages  twice  monthly 
and  W.  L.  Hall  carried  without  opposition  a  Bill  to  "reform  the 
constitution  of  the  Legislature  by  restricting  the  vote  of  the  Council 
and  thus  establishing  the  free  right  of  the  people's  representatives 
to  make  the  laws  of  the  Province  and  control  the  public  moneys. ' ' 
It  was,  however,  rejected  in  the  Council  where  all  but  one  of  the 
members  were  Liberals.  Incidentally,  the  discussion  in  the  Assembly 
(Apr.  27)  evoked  a  statement  from  Hon.  Mr.  Murray  that  the 
Legislative  Councillors  who  had  pledged  themselves  to  vote  for 
abolition,  and  had  violated  the  pledge,  now  justified  their  conduct 
by  arguing  that  the  pledge  given  was  unconstitutional.  He  added 
that  this  argument  had  "never  strongly  appealed  to  him."  He  ex- 
pressed some  doubt  as  to  existing  public  opinion  in  that  matter  and, 
as  he  appointed  several  Councillors  during  the  year,  it  may  be 
assumed  that  he  did  not  feel  strongly  in  favour  of  abolition. 

C.  E.  Tanner,  Opposition  Leader,  made  a  number  of  strong 
speeches  and  did  his  best  to  educate  opinion  against  the  Govern- 
ment. He  endeavoured  unsuccessfully  to  get  a  vote  for  the  soldiers 
on  active  service  in  the  coming  Election  and  obtained  a  Committee  to 
deal  with  the  matter.  Finally  the  Ottawa  Government  at  his  request 
made  arrangements  for  all  Nova  Scotia  voters  in  Provincial  camps 
to  go  home  on  election  day  with  free  transportation  arid  full  pay. 
He  strongly  deprecated  the  Government  system  under  which  18,000 
miles  of  highways  were  under  divided  authority  and  on  Apr.  17 
criticized  the  policy  "of  having  Government  moneys,  amounting 
to  $9 . 19  per  mile,  and  statute  labour  moneys,  roughly  approximated 


GOVERNMENT,  LEGISLATION  AND  POLITICS  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA     603 

at  $12.50  per  mile,  separately  administered."  After  an  unusually 
long  Session  the  Legislature  was  prorogued  on  May  17  with  an 
expression  of  pride  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  in  "the  ready  response 
of  our  young  men  to  the  call  for  recruits  for  our  Forces. ' ' 

On  Mar.  21  Mr.  Premier  Murray  had  presented  his  Estimates 
to  the  Legislature  for  the  year  of  Sept.  30,  1916,  with  an  expected 
revenue  of  $2,052,091  and  expenditure  of  $2,165,291.  In  addition 
to  this  the  estimated  capital  outlay  upon  Public  Works,  etc.,  was 
$105,300.  Meantime,  and  with  an  Election  pending,  there  was 
much  and  varied  discussion  of  the  finances.  J.  C.  Douglas  (Cons.) 
on  Mar.  9  described  the  Government  as  an  "Arm-chair  Ministry" 
and  stated  that  when  the  Liberals  attained  office  in  1882  there  was 
not  a  dollar  of  Public  Debt  resting  on  the  Province ;  that  the  Field- 
ing Government  proceeded  to  incur  heavy  public  liabilities  and  in 
1896,  when  Mr.  Murray  was  called  to  assume  the  Premiership,  the 
Debt  stood  at  $3,443,769.  It  had  gone  on  increasing  until,  he 
claimed,  it  reached  in  1915  the  total  of  $13,410,980.  In  1896  the 
Interest  payable  in  this  connection  was  $140,121 ;  now  it  was  $507,- 
671.  He  claimed  that  the  Debt  was  largely  made  up  of  deficits, 
the  enormous  outlay  on  the  Halifax  and  S.  W.  Railway,  and  the 
growing  cost  of  administering  the  business  of  the  Province.  During 
the  past  seven  years  the  aggregate  deficits,  he  claimed,  amounted 
to  $653,011  while  the  Provincial  liabilities  with  respect  to  the 
Halifax  and  South  Western  totalled  $4,500,000  and  the  total  Pro- 
vincial Debt  exceeded  available  Assets  by  $7,000,000.  The  expen- 
diture of  $69,959  upon  the  Immigration  and  Industries  Department 
in  two  years  of  war,  when  little  immigration  was  going  on,  was 
denounced. 

Mr.  Murray  defended  this  latter  item  by  stating  that  there  were 
outstanding  contracts  for  advertising,  etc.,  and  other  expenses  which 
could  not  be  cut  off  suddenly  and  that  the  officials  had  devoted 
themselves  to  Belgium  relief,  Patriotic  Fund  work,  etc.  As  to  the 
Assets  he  spoke  of  the  steel  bridges  of  the  Province  which  were 
worth  $4,000,000  and  of  the  public  buildings  and  real  estate  owned 
by  the  Province,  and  stated  that  a  very  respectable  balance  sheet 
might  be  prepared  if  these  properties  were  included  and  a  value 
assigned  to  the  natural  resources  of  the  Province.  Frank  Stanfield 
(Cons.)  on  Mar.  30  declared  that  only  by  defeating  the  Govern- 
ment could  Nova  Scotia  escape  direct  taxation;  deprecated  the 
expenditure  of  $60,000  last  year  on  the  Technical  College  where, 
he  said,  there  was,  in  1915,  only  one  graduate  in  mining  engineering, 
criticized  the  Legislative  Council  as  "an  old  man's  home"  costing 
$30,000  a  year ;  suggested  the  saving  of  $200,000  a  year  by  cutting 
out  certain  expenditures  on  the  Victoria  General  Hospital,  the 
Technical  College,  the  Legislative  Council,  Immigration,  Printing 
and  Supplies,  Steamers  and  Ferries. 

James   C.  Tory    (Lib.)    replied  to  these  and  other  criticisms 

t(Apr.  4)  by  pointing  out  that  expenditures  on  Technical  education 
such  as  the  $62,406  were  reduced  by  fees,  etc.,  of  $13,318;  that 


604  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

it  was  necessary  to  preserve  the  Immigration  Department  for  future 
use  and  meanwhile  employ  its  staff  at  temporary  work;  that  the 
$299,658  spent  on  Public  relief  and  charitable  institutions  was 
generous  but  was  partly  relieved  by  revenues  of  $121,004.  He 
pointed  out  that  since  the  Murray  Government  took  office  in  1896 
down  to  1915  the  total  revenues  had  been  $26,666,105  of  which 
$11,008,786  or  41%  had  come  from  Mines,  $9,851,320  or  37% 
from  Dominion  Subsidy  and  12-78%  from  Expenditure  accounts, 
and  asked  whether  that  looked  like  direct  taxation.  As  to  extra- 
vagance, he  stated  that  expenditures  upon  Education  had  increased 
$115,931  in  the  20  years  of  1896-1915  ;  upon  Public  Relief  $130,- 
730,  upon  Interest  $208,412,  upon  Roads  and  Bridges  $169,716, 
upon  Agriculture  $50,838,  and  asked  if  reductions  could  be  pro- 
posed on  any  of  these  items.  He  reviewed  the  capital  expenditures 
of  the  20  years  as  including  $5,324,483  on  Railways,  $143,936  on 
Roads,  $2,401,672  on  Bridges,  $513,965  on  Public  Relief,  $536,000 
on  Debenture  redemption  and  $596,150  on  sundry  matters  —  a  total 
of  $9,516,208.  The  Assets  had  increased  by  $5,129,259—  chiefly 
Debentures  of  the  Halifax  &  S.  W.  Railway  and  the  net  increase  of 
Debt,  therefore,  was  $4,665,401. 

As  to  the  ordinary  Assets  he  added  a  valuation  of  $3,884,000 
for  Bridges  and  culverts,  $1,709,918  for  public  buildings,  etc., 
$1,000,000  for  Crown  lands  totalling  1,666,140  acres  and  $20,000,- 
000  as  the  capitalization,  at  4%,  of  the  annual  income  from  mines  — 
leaving  a  net  Debt  of  $6,947,664  with  Assets  of  $26,593,918  or  a 
gross  Debt  of  $13,410,980  with  Assets  of  $33,057,229.  Mr.  Tory 
claimed  that  Nova  Scotia  could  borrow  money  at  lower  rates  than 
any  other  Province  excepting  Ontario;  he  made  the  interesting 
statement  that  on  account  of  Western  land  grants  and  revenue 
readjustments  and  other  questions  at  issue,  the  proportionate 
amount  due  to  Nova  Scotia  by  the  Dominion  was  $150,000,000. 
W.  L.  Hall  and  H.  W.  Corning  (Cons.)  on  Apr.  6  replied  in  detailed 
criticism.  On  Apr.  12  Hon.  E.  H.  Armstrong,  Commissioner  of 
Public  Works  and  Mines,  made  an  elaborate  speech  in  defence  of 
Government  policy  and  asked  Opposition  speakers  who  wanted 
more  money  spent  on  Roads  and  rural  social  conditions,  and  $600,- 
000  on  elementary  education,  etc.,  how  they  could  combine  that 
with  increased  economy.  As  to  the  Public  Debt,  the  Railways, 
Bridges,  Agricultural  College,  Technical  College  and  2  Hospitals 
accounted  for  $10,000,000  or  90%  of  the  total.  There  was  much 
detail  and  political  data  in  his  remarks  which  afterwards  were  re- 
published  for  election  purposes  and  widely  circulated. 


Education  in  annual  Report  of  A.  H.  MacKay, 

Nova  Scotia;  LL-.D.,  Superintendent  of  Education,  for  the  year  of 
TnePronibi-  ^u^y  ^>  1916,  showed  progress  in  many  directions. 
tion  issue  With  the  valuable  Journal  of  Education,  which  was 

issued  twice  a  year,  a  very  complete  record  of  condi- 
tions in  this  Province  was  provided.  Dr.  MacKay  was  able  to  state 
that  "the  schools  have  now  been  growing  continuously  and  at  an 


EDUCATION  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA  ;  THE  PROHIBITION  ISSUE        605 

advancing  rate  during  the  last  7  years,  totalling  7,687  additional 
pupils  and  258  additional  schools."  The  number  of  school  sections 
advanced  (in  the  year)  from  1,796  to  1,800;  while  the  number 
of  sections  without  schools  decreased  from  68  to  64.  The  majority 
of  these  64  sections  were  without  school  population,  or  were  accom- 
modated by  the  neighbouring  school  sections.  Never  in  the  history 
of  the  Province  had  there  been  fewer  closed  schools  where  children 
of  school  age  resided.  '  *  Were  the  Municipal  School  Fund  in  the  15 
other  counties  increased  to  the  rate  voluntarily  adopted  by  the  pro- 
gressive municipal  councillors  of  Cumberland,  Colchester  and  Vic- 
toria counties,  closed  schools  could  be  reduced  very  near  to  a  vanish- 
ing quantity." 

The  Normal-trained  teachers  increased  by  153  and  there  was 
a  small  average  improvement  in  salaries.  The  Technical  and  Nor- 
mal Colleges  had  suffered  through  enlistments  but  the  latter  had 
increased  its  attendance  to  388  as  a  result  of  the  increased  number 
of  female  students:  "The  Rural  Science  Training  School  in  affilia- 
tion with  it  and  the  College  of  Agriculture,  had  also  a  record 
attendance,  192,  as  compared  with  144  of  the  previous  year.  The 
Coal  Mining  and  Engineering  schools  also  showed  an  increased 
attendance  which  advanced  from  594  to  713.  On  the  whole,  the 
educational  work  of  the  year  has  been  a  very  decided  advance  on 
that  of  the  preceding  year,  which  was  in  advance  of  any  previous 
record."  The  statistics  of  the  year  showed  1,800  School  Sections, 
3,019  teachers  of  whom  1,629  were  Normal-trained,  and  1,640  of 
less  than  3  years'  service,  the  total  of  pupils  was  9,726  in  High 
School  grddes  and  109,189  in  Public  Schools.  There  were  2,837 
students  in  Technical  Schools,  the  value  of  the  property  in  Sections 
was  $128,190,332  and  of  School  property  $3,933,294;  the  total 
expenditure — Provincial,  Municipal  and  Sectional — on  Education 
was  $1,620,153. 

The  School  Book  Bureau  was  a  new  institution  established  to 
supply  text  books  at  cost  to  the  pupils,  with  an  estimated  saving 
to  date  of  $20,525  in  prices  of  books.  A  stock  valued  at  $10,000 
was  carried  and  in  1915-16,  162,147  books  were  distributed.  Reports 
from  Acadian  Bi-lingual  schools  numbering  102  with  140  teachers 
stated  that  "much  good  teaching  is  being  done  in  various  subjects 
of  the  curriculum,  but  in  many  instances  home  conditions,  together 
with  irregularity  of  attendance,  make  it  difficult  to  secure  satisfac- 
tory results.  ...  In  spite  of  drawbacks,  there  is  a  genuine 
cause  for  congratulation  over  the  condition  of  educational  matters 
in  the  Bi-lingual  districts.  I  find  among  parents  a  growing  desire 
to  have  their  children  better  equipped  for  the  battle  of  life,  than 
they  themselves  were."  The  Halifax  schools  lost  in  this  year, 
through  retirement,  the  services  of  Supervisor  Alex.  McKay  after 
35  years  of  educational  work;  he  was  succeeded  by  G.  K.  Butler. 
The  Medical  Inspector  of  these  schools  reported  1,038  pupils  with 
serious  physical  defects  out  of  7,016  examined.  At  the  School  for 
the  Deaf  there  were  110  pupils;  the  School  for  the  Blind,  whose 


606  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

management  of  many  years  had  brought  reputation  and  titles  to 
Sir  Frederick  Fraser,  its  Superintendent,  had  142  students.  The 
Technical  Schools  of  the  Province  were  really  industrial  continua- 
tion schools  and  divided  into  (1)  coal-mining  and  engineering  and 
(2)  evening  technical  schools;  at  the  former  there  were  713  enroll- 
ments in  45  classes  and  at  the  latter  1,204  in  78  classes. 

An  interesting  subject  of  discussion — but  largely  academic,  so 
far  as  public  opinion  or  politics  was  concerned — was  the  question 
of  religion  in  the  schools.  The  system  appeared  to  satisfy  the  people 
but  it  did  not  please  those  in  other  Provinces  who  opposed,  on 
principle,  all  religious  school  instruction  whatever.  The  School 
law  of  Nova  Scotia  was  an  excellent  one,  there  was  no  Separate 
School  system  but  the  Act  appeared  to  lay  stress  upon  subjects 
such  as  those  of  the  following  instruction  to  teachers:  "To  incul- 
cate by  precept  and  example  a  respect  for  religion  and  the  principle 
of  Christian  morality  and  for  truth,  justice,  love  of  country,  human- 
ity, loyalty,  benevolence,  sobriety,  industry,  frugality,  chastity, 
temperance  and  other  virtues."  The  law  was  administered  along 
lines  which  prevented  friction  and  involved  a  sort  of  unofficial 
working  arrangement  under  which  in  Catholic  districts  the  Catholic 
pupils  were  taught  by  Catholic  teachers. 

At  Sydney  Mines  and  North  Sydney,  where  one-third  of  the 
population  was  of  that  Church,  in  Glace  Bay  where  the  proportion 
was  48%,  in  Halifax  and  other  places,  there  was  such  a  condition. 
According  to  the  Rev.  W.  Harvey  Moore — Toronto  Sentinel,  Apr. 
13 — there  were  125  Sisters  teaching  in  the  Province  in  religious  garb 
with  about  $90,000  payable  to  them  by  the  School  Boards  or  the 
Government.  Whether  these  figures  were  entirely  correct  or  not 
the  schools  were  all  under  Government  regulations  and  the  teachers 
met  the  same  requirments  of  the  Act  as  Protestant  teachers.  In 
Sydney  where  there  were  10,000  Catholics,  controversy  arose  dur- 
ing the  year  and  some  vigorous  correspondence  took  place  in  the 
Sydney  Record  between  Rev.  Dr.  John  Pringle  and  Rev.  Father 
Me  Adam  of  that  city  as  to  the  situation  in  the  local  Constantine 
School. 

In  Higher  Education  the  Normal  College  had  the  largest  en- 
rollment in  its  history ;  the  Report  of  Dr.  David  Soloan,  Principal, 
laid  stress  upon  the  patriotic  work  done  and  upon  the  success  of 
the  rural  science  teaching,  nature  study  courses,  etc.,  under  L.  A. 
de  Wolfe ;  the  Nova  Scotia  College  of  Agriculture  at  Truro,  under 
direction  of  M.  Gumming,  B.A.,  B.S.A.,  had  a  fairly  successful  year 
with  20  graduates,  265  men  and  women  enrolled  in  its  short  courses 
and  200  in  extra-mural  short  courses  and,  on  Jan.  11,  its  new 
Science  Building  was  formally  opened  by  C.  C.  James,  C.M.G., — 
though  war  conditions  had  decreased  its  attendance  from  114  to  54 ; 
the  Nova  Scotia  Technical  College  received  Scholarships  during 
the  year  from  Senator  Dennis  of  Halifax  and  E.  M.  Macdonald, 
M.P.,  of  Pictou  (making  a  total  of  20),  the  students  registered  were 
18  in  number,  the  Engineering  graduates  were  9  and  the  students 


EDUCATION  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA  ;  THE  PROHIBITION  ISSUE        607 

or  graduates  on  active  service  totalled  63 ;  St.  Mary 's  College,  Hali- 
fax, under  control  of  the  Christian  Brothers,  provided  laboratories 
and  staff  in  their  new  building  for  the  first  2  years  of  Engineering 
instructiyn  and  were  affiliated  to  the  Technical  College  in  that 
connection ;  the  School  of  Navigation  connected  with  the  Technical 
College  had  25  students  and  was  attended  by  sailors  when  in  port — 
running  from  151  in  July,  1916,  to  402  in  January,  with  53  secur- 
ing certificates ;  the  Ross  Military  Hospital  at  Sydney — established 
and  maintained  by  J.  K.  L.  Ross — instructed  30  soldiers  during 
convalescence  in  technical  matters. 

Of  the  Universities  King's  College,  Halifax,  had  a  reduced  at- 
tendance (about  43  in  residence)  because  of  war  enlistments  but 
with  14  degrees  conferred  on  May  11  and  a  determined  effort  started 
by  the  new  Principal,  Rev.  Dr.  T.  Stannage  Boyle — who  had  been 
Dean  of  Divinity  at  Trinity,  Toronto — to  improve  its  financial 
condition.  Dalhousie  University  on  May  4  held  its  52nd  Convoca- 
tion and  conferred  the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  Rev.  Dr.  John 
Forrest  who  had  been  with  it  for  50  years,  Dr.  R.  C.  Weldon, 
ex-M.p.,  and  formerly  Dean  of  its  Law  School,  and  Prof.  D.  A. 
Campbell,  M.D.  Its  friends  heard  President  A.  Stanley  Mackenzie 
describe  a  patriotic  position  which  showed  466  graduates  and  stu- 
dents and  27  members  of  the  Staff  on  active  service  and  271  stu- 
dents in  attendance  at  the  close  of  1916  of  whom  99  were  women. 
The  degrees  conferred  totalled  B.A.,  26 ;  B.Sc.,  1 ;  M.D.,  9 ;  D.D.S., 
2 ;  M.A.,  5 ;  B.Phm.,  1 ;  Music  2 ;  and  on  Sept.  27  G.  Fred.  Pearson, 
Halifax,  and  W.  H.  Chase,  Wolfville,  were  appointed  to  the  Board 
of  Governors.  The  7th  Rhodes  Scholar  of  this  University  was 
Donald  G.  McGregor  of  Amherst. 

Acadia  University,  Wolfville,  celebrated  its  78th  anniversary 
on  May  31st  with  nearly  all  the  men,  receiving  degrees,  in  khaki 
or  absent  at  the  Front ;  51  diplomas  and  certificates  were  granted 
while  attendance  at  the  College  totalled  200,  at  the  Seminary  330 
and  at  the  Collegiate  and  Business  College  166;  President,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Cutten,  preacher,  teacher,  eloquent  recruiter,  and  a 
Major  in  the  Army,  was  in  the  chair  at  the  ceremonies  and  the  Hon. 
degree  of  D.  Litt.  was  conferred  on  J.  Edmund  Barss  with  34 
graduates  receiving  a  B.A.,  1  B.Th.,  and  4  M.  A.  Pine  Hill,  as  the 
Halifax  Presbyterian  College  was  called,  had  33  students  and  two 
of  the  Staff  on  active  service  and  an  attendance  of  24  instead  of 
the  usual  42,  with  only  five  graduates.  St.  Francis  Xavier's  College, 
Antigonish,  had  contributed  over  200  men  to  active  service,  during 
1916  it  sent  No.  9  Stationery  Hospital  to  the  Front;  its  graduates 
receiving  degrees  on  Apr.  27  included  B.A.,  16  and  M.  A.,  1  with 
the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.,  conferred  upon  Hon.  P.  T.  McGrath, 
M.L.C.,  of  Newfoundland,  its  enrollment  of  students  was  174 ;  in  July 
the  President,  Rev.  Dr.  H.  P.  Macpherson,  appealed  to  the  public 
and  received  $25,000  needed  for  the  erection  of  a  Library — a  friend 
of  the  University  having  contributed  $15,000  for  a  Gymnasium  on 
condition  that  this  other  requirement  was  met ;  the  subscription 


608  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

list  in  Antigonish  was  headed  by  Bishop  Morrison  with  $1,000  and 
later  it  was  announced  that  the  late  Senator  W.  McDonald  had  left 
$5,000  to  the  University;  on  Sept.  1  the  contract  for  the  new 
buildings  was  let. 

Pictou  Academy  celebrated  on  Aug.  27-29  the  centenary  of  its 
foundation,  the  memories  of  a  noted  past  in  Provincial  education, 
the  fact  of  having  trained  such  men  as  Sir  Win.  Dawson,  Principal 
Grant,  Dr.  D.  M.  Gordon  and  E.  M.  Macdonald,  M.P.,  and  having 
had  as  modern  teachers  men  like  Hector  Mclnnes,  K.C.,  Humphrey 
Mellish,  K.C.,  David  Soloan,  LL.D.  A  memorial  tablet  was  unveiled 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Forrest  on  the  29th  and  a  banquet  held  with  the 
veteran  Principal,  Dr.  MacLellan  in  the  chair.  It  may  be  added 
that  at  the  opening  of  the  Agricultural  College,  Truro,  on  Apr. 
7  Principal  Gumming  stated  that  "during  its  11  sessions  445 
students  had  been  enrolled  of  which  about  85  per  cent,  were  now 
farming  for  the  most  part  in  the  Maritime  Provinces;  170  had 
completed  the  course  and  been  awarded  the  Associate  Diploma  of 
the  College.  Between  80  and  100  of  its  ex-students  were  now  wear- 
ing the  King 's  uniform. ' ' 

At  the  beginning  of  1916  there  was  a  special  License  Law  for 
Halifax,  the  Canada  Temperance  (Scott)  Act  in  force  as  a  Domin- 
ion measure  in  five  counties  and  the  N.  S.  Temperance  Act  in 
12  counties  by  the  repeal  of  the  old  License  Act  or  of  the  Scott 
Act.  When  the  N.  S.  Temperance  Act  was  passed  a  clause  had  been 
inserted  exempting  Halifax  from  the  operations  of  that  Act  but 
providing  for  a  plebiscite  on  the  requisition  of  one-fourth  of  the 
ratepayers  and  promising  to  bring  the  City  under  the  Act  if  a 
majority  so  voted.  But  if  this  plebiscite  failed  to  secure  a  majority 
vote  in  favour,  no  petition  for  taking  a  vote  for  and  against  the 
granting  of  licenses  could  be  presented  to  the  Council  for  three 
years.  There  was  a  growing  feeling  as  to  Halifax  conditions,  gen- 
eral elections  were  pending  and  the  War  was  strengthening  the  Pro- 
hibition forces  under  the  leadership  of  the  Temperance  Alliance 
which,  with  the  Churches,  was  planning  a  strong  attack  on  this 
last  fortress  of  the  local  Liquor  problem.  At  the  same  time  it  must 
be  said  that  enforcement  of  the  Temperance  Act  had  not  been  good 
and  that  illicit  liquor-selling  flourished  in  many  parts  of  the  Pro- 
vince with  the  usual  conditions  of  fraud  and  poinsonous  compounds. 

On  Feb.  24  Shelburne  County  repealed  the  Scott  Act  by  a  vote 
of  1,200  to  300  and  Queen's  by  767  to  75 — both  Counties  coming 
automatically  under  the  N.  S.  Temperance  Act.  On  the  same  day 
H.  W.  Corning  (Cons.)  moved  the  2nd  reading  of  his  Bill  repealing 
the  Halifax  License  law  and  bringing  that  City  under  Prohibition — 
with  all  licenses  to  expire  on  June  30,  1916 — and,  after  a  brief 
speech,  it  was  referred  to  Committee  without  division.  On  Mar. 
10  the  Bill  was  reported  without  amendments;  on  the  13th  R.  E. 
Finn  (Lib.)  of  Halifax  objected  to  Prohibition  as  not  prohibiting 
and  described  the  large  importations  of  liquor  into  parts  of  Nova 
Scotia  which  were  under  the  Prohibition  law;  the  three  Halifax 


EDUCATION  IN  NOVA  SCOTIA  ;  THE  PROHIBITION  ISSUE        609 

members,  Mr.  Finn,  Hon.  G.  E.  Faulkner  and  F.  J.  Logan,  opposed 
the  measure  strongly  and  gave  the  only  votes  on  Mar.  15  for  a  three 
months'  hoist  of  the  Bill.  On  the  3rd  reading  Mr.  Finn  presented 
his  Committee  resolutions  (1)  calling  for  a  Plebiscite  of  Halifax 
voters  on  the  principle  of  license  or  Prohibition  and  (2)  declaring 
that  the  Bill  should  not  go  into  operation  until  the  expiration  of 
existing  licenses  on  Mar.  16,  1917,  but  they  only  received  the  same 
negative  vote.  In  the  Legislative  Council,  to  which  the  Bill  went 
on  Mar.  23,  public  hearings  were  given  and  on  the  29th  Rev. 
H.  E.  Grant,  Secretary  of  the  Temperance  Alliance,  dealt  with  the 
arguments  against  Prohibition,  contended  that  Halifax  was  "the 
stronghold  of  the  traffic  in  the  Province,"  and  gave  the  following 
points  against  a  Plebiscite: 

1.  It  was  not  good  strategy  in  war  to  give  the  enemy  a  chance.  The 
liquor   traffic   was   the  enemy   of   the   people;    Government   should   not   dele- 
gate  its  power   to   legislate   on   questions   affecting   morals. 

2.  The    Liquor    License    Act    was    a    Provincial    law    placed    upon    the 
statutes   by   the   representatives   of   the   people;    Other   municipalities   in   the 
Province  did  not  have  a  plebiscite  on  the  question  of  license  or  prohibition. 

8.  The  only  method  of  obtaining  the  N.  S.  Temperance  Act  in  Scott 
Act  counties  was  to  repeal  the  Scott  Act. 

4.  A  plebiscite  would  not  necessarily  settle  the  question;  the  liquor 
dealers  could  appeal  to  the  Courts  as  they  had  done  in  Annapolis  and 
keep  it  there  for  an  indefinite  period. 

Humphrey  Mellish,  K.C.,  and  others  argued  for  the  keeping  of 
contracts  with  the  license  holders  until  expiry  of  their  license. 
Two  amendments  were  offered  here:  (1)  to  defer  for  some  months 
the  operation  of  the  Act  so  as  to  give  Liquor  dealers  a  reasonable 
period  for  disposal  of  stock;  (2)  that  the  manufacture  of  beer  be 
allowed  containing  2,y2%  of  alcohol.  The  vote  in  each  case  was  12 
against  and  5  for.  The  Bill  became  law,  therefore,  and  went  into 
operation  on  July  1.  Meanwhile  its  opponents  appealed  to  the 
Minister  of  Justice  to  advise  a  Federal  veto.  Counsel  for  the 
petitioners  did  not  question  the  right  of  the  Provincial  Legislature 
to  enact  Prohibitory  legislation  but  they  argued  that  the  course 
taken  in  the  case  of  Halifax  was  unconstitutional  for  the  reason 
that  the  licensees  had  paid  their  fees  in  for  a  year  and  that  no 
rebate  was  being  allowed  them  for  the  unexpired  period  of  the 
license  year ;  it  also  was  contended  that  legislation  of  this  character 
was  confiscatory.  This  argument  was  presented  to  Mr.  Doherty  at 
Ottawa  on  July  27  by  Eugene  Lafleur,  K.C.,  and  Mr.  Mellish,  while 
R.  H.  Murray  and  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant  appeared  for  the  Alliance,  and 
expressed  the  opinion  that  the  fees  which  were  held  by  the  City  of 
Halifax  ought  to  be  refunded.  About  $20,000  was  involved  and  it 
was  stated  that  100  retailers  and  wholesalers  had  been  deprived 
of  their  business,  150  employees  had  lost  their  positions  and  $350,- 
000  worth  of  liquor  had  not  been  disposed  of.  The  Government 
allowed  the  law  to  take  its  course. 

On  July  28  Rev.  H.  R.  Grant  drew  attention  in  the  press  to  the 
need  for  enforcement  of  the  law  throughout  the  Province:  "In 

39 


610  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

certain  municipalities,  the  law  is  flagrantly  violated,  Incapable 
officers,  appointed  by  conscienceless  Councils,  are  shielding  violators 
of  law.  Conditions  are  such  in  a  few  districts  that  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult, if  not  impossible,  to  elect  desirable  men.  .  .  .  But  there 
is  a  provision  in  the  Temperance  Act  by  which  such  conditions  may 
be  remedied.  The  Government  can  appoint  a  Deputy  Inspector  to 
enforce  the  law  in  any  municipality  where  a  Council,  not  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  enforcement  of  the  Act,  has  appointed  to  office  as 
policeman  or  inspectors,  men  who  by  their  perfidy  protect  law- 
breakers." He  instanced  Sydney,  Glace  Bay  and  Springhill  as 
notorious  for  violation  of  the  Act  and  at  Sydney  on  Sept.  11  took 
a  large  deputation  from  all  over  Cape  Breton  to  Mr.  Premier 
Murray  and  urged  that  "in  view  of  the  non-enforcement  of  the 
Temperance  Act  in  Cape  Breton  by  the  local  authorities,  the  Gov- 
ernment take  the  necessary  steps  to  secure  enforcement  as  provided 
in  the  Act."  Mr.  Murray  described  conditions  as  "indefensible" 
and  promised  action.  As  to  this,  and  for  the  year  of  Sept.  30,  1915, 
J.  A.  Knight,  Chief  Inspector  under  the  Nova  Scotia  Temperance 
Act,  had  reported  to  the  Premier  some  improvement  in  the  storm 
centres  of  Sydney  and  Glace  Bay  with  "less  drunkenness  than 
usual"  and  declared  that  outside  of  seven  or  eight  places  "the  law 
seems  to  have  been  fairly  well  enforced  throughout  the  Province. ' ' 
During  that  year  there  were  56  prosecutions  for  violation  of  the 
law  and  59  seizures  of  liquor.  In  the  1916  Elections  this  question 
of  enforcement  was  made  an  issue  by  the  Conservatives  who,  how- 
ever, lost  many  votes  on  their  prohibition  attitude. 

Novascotian  ^s  ^e  Liberals  had  held  office  in  Nova  Scotia 

General  Eiec-  snice  1882  and  Mr.  Murray  since  1896.  the  calling 
tionsof  1916;  °^  an  Election  was  not  quite  so  doubtful  an  issue  as 
party  Policies  **  usually  is.  The  Hon.  George  H.  Murray,  K.C.,  was 
a  leader  who  made  few  enemies  and  few  mistakes; 
he  was  not  particularly  aggressive  but  he  was  personally  popular 
and  had  won  a  reputation  for  political  honesty  not  altogether 
common  in  Canada.  His  opponent  Charles  Elliott  Tanner,  K.C., 
had  been  first  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1894  and  defeated  in 
1897  but  was  re-elected  in  1900,  1901,  1906  and  1911.  Since  1909, 
as  Leader  of  the  Opposition,  he  had  been  fighting  the  Government 
with  vigour.  The  Elections  were  set  for  June  20  and  the  contest 
lasted  about  two  months  with  strong  language  and  criticism  used 
on  both  sides  but  with  no  really  serious  issue  at  stake.  In  1911 
the  Government  had  won  by  27  to  11 ;  at  dissolution  in  1916  the 
figures  were  24  to  14  with,  however,  five  new  members  allotted  to 
the  electorate. 

The  Liberals  in  the  campaign  made  much  of  their  34  years' 
record  of  public  confidence;  pointed  to  the  fact  that  in  1882  the 
Provincial  revenues  were  $541,729  and  in  1915  $1,953,301 — chiefly 
through  legislation  imposing  mining  royalties  which  had  realized 
of  late  over  $700,000  a  year;  claimed  that  increased  Federal  sub- 


NOVA  SCOTIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  IN  1916 :  PARTY  POLICIES    611 

sidles  of  $203,865  a  year  had  resulted  from  Government  efforts  and 
took  pride  in  the  imposition  of  a  property  and  income  assessment 
of  1  mill  on  the  dollar,  for  Patriotic  and  War  purposes,  which  had 
realized  $125,000;  declared  that  against  the  net  Debt  of  $6,947,- 
664  the  Province  had  valuable  assets  far  in  excess  of  that  amount 
and  totalling  over  $26,000,000 ;  admitted  that  in  the  8  years  preced- 
ing Mr.  Murray's  accession  to  power  the  net  Deficits  had  been 
$74,397  while  in  the  succeeding  19  years  of  his  Administration  they 
had  been  $309,527,  but  claimed  that  War  conditions  in  1914-15  were 
responsible  for  the  latter  condition. 

Much  was  said  about  the  Mining  industry  and  the  slowly  in- 
creasing royalty  of  iy2,  then  10,  and  then  12!/2  cents,  per  ton 
on  all  coal  sold  and  the  long  leases  given  which,  however,  did  not 
prevent  rights  of  search  followed  by  sub-leases.  The  reply  to 
the  contention  that  Nova  Scotia  coal  cost  the  local  consumer  more 
than  the  outside  purchaser  was  met  by  the  argument*  that :  ' 'Laws 
regulating  the  price  of  commodities  have  long  since  been  acknow- 
ledged to  be  useless.  The  price  of  any  article  at  the  present  day  is 
subject  to  demand  therefor.  Coal,  the  same  as  any  other  commo- 
dity, will  be  delivered  cheapest  to  the  markets  of  greatest  demand. 
Moreover,  the  Local  Legislature  could  not  fix  the  price  of  coal. 
Trade  matters  are  subject  to  the  regulation  of  the  Canadian  Parlia- 
ment which  could, -if  representation  based  on  facts  showed  that  the 
price  of  coal  was  too  high,  have  removed  the  duties  on  foreign  coal. ' ' 
Other  points  of  Government  policy  or  performance  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows: 

1.  That   a   large    number    of   drills   were    supplied   by   the   Government 
to    parties    leasing    and    prospecting    Crown    mineral    properties. 

2.  That    mining    and    Engineering    Schools,    numbering    594,    had    been 
established  and  brought  up  to  an  efficient  and  high  standard. 

3.  That    grants    had    been    made    to    Mining    Schools   based    upon    pro- 
duction  of   the   mine,   the   contribution   of  a   similar   amount   by   the   owners 
and   twice    as   much    by   the   workmen. 

4.  That   the   negotiations   between   the   Liberal   Government   and   H.   M. 
Whitney    in    the    early    nineties,    supplemented    by    legislation,    had    resulted 
in  the  development  of  the   coal  industry  and  then  the  establishment  of  the 
gigantic  iron  and  steel  works   at   Sydney.   "Inspired  by  this   new   and  vast 
venture   and   given   all   necessary   aid   by   the   Government,   the    Nova   Scotia 
Company    established    similar    works    at    Sydney    Mines." 

5.  That   $22,500,000    had   been   expended   on   the    construction    of   these 
plants  and  $19,000,000   on  the  purchase  and  development  of  coal  properties 
in   Nova   Scotia. 

6.  That    the    blast    furnaces    of    Nova    Scotia    now   had    a    capacity    of 
600,000  tons;   that  the  valuation  of  coal  production  in   1882   was   $2,048,000 
and  in  1915  $18,988,389;  that  the  number  of  employees  in  mines  had  increased 
from  4,300  to   16,326;   that  the  Iron  and  Steel  production  had  grown  from 
nothing  to  $20,000,000  with  8,300  men  employed;    that  the  wag-ps  paid  from 
mines  and  mineral  industries  totalled  $12,000,000   annually  and  maintained 
100,000   people. 

7.  That  in  the  four  years  of  the  Holmes-Thompson   (Cons.)   Government 
in    1879-82    the    expenditures    upon    Eoad    grants    was    $461,222    and    in    the 
last  five  years  of  the  Murray  Government    (1911-15)    it  was   $2,204,376. 

*NOTE. — Liberal   Election   Phamplet,    Page   98. 


612  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

8.  That  in  Education  an  Adivsory  Board  had  been  appointed,  the  High 
School  courses  revised,  improved  text-books  obtained,  new  Readers  arranged 
at  a  saving  to  parents  of  $10,530  during  the  first  year,  and  a  School  Book 
Bureau   created   to   buy   and   sell   school   books   at   the   lowest   possible   rate 
with  a  yearly  saving  of  $16,000. 

9.  That  Educational  grants  by  the  Conservative  Government  of  1879-82 
totalled    $618,563    and    under    Mr.    Murray    in    1911-15    were    $1,222,260, 
that  if  technical  and  agricultural  Education  were  added  to  these  last  figures 
the  total  would  be  $2,168,907. 

10.  That   a   Pension   for   teachers   had   been   established,    rural    schools 
specially   assisted,   a  Provincial   Technical   College   established   together   with 
coal-mining,    engineering    and    evening    technical    schools;    that    the    Truro 
Agricultural  College  had  been   organized   and  become   a   great  success  *wlth 
454    male    students    in    comparison    with    900    at    the    Ontario    Agricultural 
College. 

11.  That   much  had   been    done   to   aid   Public   Charities,   a   Provincial 
Pathologist  and  Bacteriologist  appointed,  a   Consumptive   Sanatorium  estab- 
lished, Public  Health  especially  guarded,  a  Children's  Protection  Act  passed. 

12.  That  an  Industries  and  Immigration  Department  had  been  organized, 
a  Farm   Settlement  Act  passed,  Factory  inspection   arranged  and  conditions 
regulated,    a    rural    telephone    system    established,    a    Department    of    vital 
statistics  organized,  a  Water  Power  Commission  created,  a  Town  Planning 
Act    passed,    Temperance    legislation    effected. 

The  Government  also  claimed  that  in  the  last  few  years  it  had 
taken  over  the  construction  of  smaller  bridges  and  culverts  along 
permanent  lines  while  certain  classes  of  roads  had  been  reconstruct- 
ed and  increased  provision  made  for  repair  and  upkeep  of  roads 
generally;  that  the  Nova  Scotia  Workmen's  Compensation  Act 
was  a  broad  and  comprehensive  measure  and  quoted  John  T.  Joy, 
President  of  the  Halifax  Longshoremen's  Association,  in  a  cam- 
paign pamphlet,  who  described  it  as  "based  upon  the  most  modern 
principles ' '  and  providing  for  an  injured  workman  if  his  disability 
lasted  a  life-time.  Neither  party  said  a  great  deal  publicly  as  to 
Prohibition  which  the  Opposition  had  presented  to  the  House 
through  H.  W,  Corning  and  the  Government  party,  outside  of 
Halifax,  had  accepted.  The  question  of  enforcement  of  the  law  in 
general  came  up  and  the  Rev.  H.  B.  Grant  of  the  Temperance 
Alliance  wrote  to  the  two  leaders  as  to  their  policy  in  the  matter 
of  lax  conditions  at  Sydney  and  other  centres.  Mr.  Tanner  (June 
1)  replied:  "I  have,  as  you  are  aware,  always  contented  that  the 
Government  should  assume  responsibility  for  effective  enforcement 
of  the  law  and  I  will  continue  to  support  that  policy."  Mr.  Murray, 
it  was  stated,  did  not  reply.  As  to  the  Conservative  attitude  in 
general  the  chief  contention  was  that  so  long  a  Government  tenure 
as  34  years  meant  carelessness,  corruption,  lethargy,  indifference, 
and  Mr.  Tanner,  on  May  25,  issued  a  manifesto  making  Good  Roads 
and  co-operation  in  this  respect  with  the  Federal  Government  the 
chief  plank  of  his  constructive  policy: 

These  are  some  of  the  elementary  principles  upon  which  an  effective  Good 
Eoads  system  should  be  built,  but  which  have  been  persistently  disregarded: 
We  should  take  active  steps  to  arouse  widespread  public  interest  in  Good 
Eoads,  and  procure  the  people's  hearty  co-operation;  We  should  bring  into 
working  unity  all  available  funds  and  labour,  and  have  operations  directed  by 
single  authority;  We  should  abandon  the  practice  of  piling  drainage  trash 


NOVA  SCOTIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  IN  1916 :  PARTY  POLICIES    613 

on  the  roads,  and  instead,  we  should  institute  the  policy  of  continuously  build- 
ing up  our  roads  with  durable  material;  We  should  have  our  work  done 
rapidly  and  effectively,  calling  in  the  aid  of  necessary  up-to-date  machinery 
for  rock -breaking,  surfacing  and  rolling  as  well  as  for  grading;  We  should  see 
that  the  money  reaches  the  roads. 

On  June  13  the  Opposition  Leader  issued  an  elaborate  Appeal 
to  the  people.  He  condemned  the  Government:  (1)  Because  there 
had  been  a  large  decrease  in  rural  population  and  there  were 
thousands  of  vacant  farms;  (2)  because  very  many  sons  of  the  soil 
had  been  driven  away  from  their  homes  and  Province  by  the 
evil  of  bad  roads;  (3)  because  there  had  been  "such  a  lack  of 
intelligent  encouragement  of  Agriculture ' '  that  Nova  Scotia,  though 
a  rich  farming  country,  was  unable  to  supply  its  people  with  the 
staple  necessaries  of  life ;  (4)  because  the  Crown  lands  had  been  so 
mismanaged  and  so  many  millions  of  acres  given  away  as  to  now 
produce  but  a  pittance  of  revenue;  (5)  because  a  huge  permanent 
Debt  had  been  rolled  up  with  yearly  deficits  on  current  account; 
(6)  because  the  Government  had  "given  away  to  their  political 
pets,  or  bartered  for  a  mess  of  pottage,  nearly  all  the  great  public 
Utility  franchises  of  the  people,  such  as  coal,  minerals,  light,  power, 
transportation,  and  telephone  privileges"  and,  very  recently  the 
oyster-breeding  privileges;  (7)  because  incompetence  had  strangled 
the  gold  mining  industries  and  many  free  public  schools  had  been 
closed  with  inadequate  salaries  paid  the  teachers;  (8)  because  the 
Magistracy  was  debased  by  partisanship  and  the  Government  using 
its  powers  solely  for  the  benefit  of  friends  and  a  favoured  few. 
As  to  his  own  policy  Mr.  Tanner  declared  that: 

1.  There  should  be  a  change  with  the  Association  of  "live,  aggressive, 
patriotic,  progressive  men "  in  a  new  Government. 

2.  Good  Roads  were  "the  most  pressing  and  vital  need  of  Nova  Scotia" 
and  the  public  money  should  be  "expended  upon  the  public  roads  for  their 
permanent   improvement,   and  not   diverted   into   the   private   pockets   of  an 
army  of  overseers,  bosses  and  political  henchmen." 

3.  A  new  Government  would  "press  for  compensation  from  the  Federal 
Government   in    lieu   of  the   public   domain,   owned   by   all   the   Provinces   in 
common,  which  is  being  demanded  by  the  Western  Provinces  and  which,  if 
transferred,  will  form  one  of  their  chief  sources  of  Provincial  revenue." 

4.  "I  will  urge  the  Federal  Government  to  serve  the  Province  by  incor- 
porating the  Halifax  and  Southwestern  as  part  of  the  National  Government 
railway  system." 

5.  "I  will  initiate  a  policy  of  encouraging  re-afforestation  of  our  forests 
and  the  preservation  of  our  valuable  lumber  industry." 

6.  The  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  should  be  at  once  brought  into 
operation  and  then  amended  and  strengthened. 

7.  The  water-powers  of  Nova  Scotia,  not  already  alienated,  must  be  pro- 
tected and  promoted. 

8.  The  outrageous  monopoly  in  school  books  had  been  broken  by  Opposi- 
tion hammering  and  still  lower  prices  could  be  obtained. 

9.  Eural  education  should  be  helped  and  local  Technical  schools  established 
with,  if  possible,  Federal  co-operation. 

10.  ' '  Further  waste ' '  by  the  Department  of  Industries  would  be  prevented 
and  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature  asked  to  vote  upon  the  abolition  of  the 
Council. 

11.     Agriculture  should  be  stimulated,  and  the  settlement  of  soldiers  in 
Nova  Scotia — after  the  War — encouraged  with  free  grants  of  land. 


614  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Finally,  he  promised  to  "lift  Provincial  affairs  out  of  the  rut 
into  which  they  had  drifted  and  to  appoint  in  all  departments  of 
Government  live,  efficient  and  business-like  administrators."  The 
points  given  above  were  amplified  and  pressed  home  during  the 
contest  in  varied  form.  The  Debt,  it  was  urged  by  the  chief 
Opposition  organ,  the  Halifax  Herald,  had  risen  from  $700,000 
with  $26,750  interest  charges  in  1885  to  $13,410,980  bearing  $470,- 
100  of  interest — or  in  the  latter  case  plus  sinking  fund  payments 
and  interest  on  temporary  loans,  a  total  of  $549,35^.  It  was  alleged 
that  the  Government  gifts  to  "personal  friends"  included  "vast 
and  valuable  coal  areas  in  Cape  Breton;  75,000  acres  of  woodland 
in  Cape  Breton ;  500,000  acres  of  Crown  Lands  in  Inverness  and 
Victoria  Counties ;  150,000  acres  of  forest  in  Annapolis  and  Lunen- 
burg  Counties;  1st  mortgages  on  lands  along  line  of  Halifax  and 
S.  W.  Railway  released;  1st  mortgage  on  the  Halifax  and  S.  W. 
Railway  released;  valuable  oyster  beds,  and  all  the  large  water 
powers ;  $48,500  in  cash  to  R.  G.  Hervey ;  all  the  public  utilities  of 
value:  telephone  franchises  over  the  Province." 

It  was  pointed  out  that  if  the  Government  now  built  the  lesser 
bridges  and  culverts  they  had  taken  away  from  the  municipalities 
road  grants  which  ran  from  $159,376  in  1882  to  $57,445  in  1907 
and  then  ceased;  it  was  claimed  that  the  Government  had  settled 
a  few  families  of  Hollanders  in  Hants  and  of  Germans  at  Mira 
River  in  Cape  Breton  at  an  expenditure  of  $50,000.  It  was  stated 
(Herald,  June  17)  that  a  last-hour  scheme  had  been  discovered  by 
which  a  bogus  Orange  pamphlet  was  being  circulated  declaring  that 
despite  the  law  Separate  schools  existed  throughout  Cape  Breton, 
particularly  in  New  Waterford,  Inverness,  Sydney,  Sydney  Mines 
and  North  Sydney,  and  in  the  City  of  Halifax,  with  125  Sisters 
wearing  the  religious  garb  of  an  order,  teaching  in  them,  and  that 
instead  of  the  children  being  taught  in  one  language — English — 
there  existed  in  the  Province  what  was  known  as  Bi-lingual  schools 
where  the  scholars  were  taught  in  the  French  tongue.  Its  terms 
were  rather  strong  and  it  was  circulated  in  Catholic  districts 
so  as  to  take  away  that  vote  from  the  Opposition.  The  Liberals 
denied  the  charge.  Much  was  said  about  the  1912  outbreak  of 
Bovine  Tuberculosis  at  the  Government  Farm  and  as  to  the  alleged 
aid  the  Liquor  interest  was  giving  to  the  Government.  Bad  roads 
were  said  to  have  stopped  the  tourist  traffic,  checked  agricultural 
production,  injured  the  hotels  and  hurt  the  farmers.  Under  what 
was  termed  the  Hervey  deal  it  was  claimed  that  Mr.  Premier 
Murray  had  illegally  paid  $48,500  of  public  moneys  to  R.  G.  Hervey, 
a  railway  promoter  and  party  worker,  in  defiance  of  a  decree  of  the 
Nova  Scotia  Supreme  Court  and  with  a  severe  rebuke  afterwards 
from  the  Imperial  Privy  Council;  the  Government  claimed  that 
this  money  was  due  to  Hervey  for  labour  and  supplies  under  a 
Government  contract  with  Mackenzie  and  Mann  and  that  it  was 
deducted  from  amounts  due  to  the  Province  by  the  contracts. 
An  action  in  the  matter  against  the  Premier  had  been  dismissed. 


NOVA  SCOTIAN  PROGRESS  AND  WAR  ACTION 


615 


On  June  20  the  result  of  the  contest  was  another  victory  for  the 
Murray  Government  as  follows: 


Constituency 
Annapolis  .  , 
Antigonish  . 


Conservatives 


O.  P.    Goucher. 

E.  C.     Phinney 
J.  S.    O'Brien.  . 
A.  McDonald 

Cape  Breton..  J.  C.   Douglas 

R.  H.  Butts   . 

N.  Ferguson 

F.  McDonald 
F.  Stanfield    . 


Colchester 
Cumberland 

Digby  . . . 
Guysboro  . 
Halifax  . 


Liberals 

O.  T.  Daniels.  . 
F.  R.  Elliott.. 
Wm.  ChUholm  . 

F.  R.  Trotter .  .  . 
D.   A.   Cameron 
D.   J.   Hartigan. 
D.  C.  McDonald 
M.   T.   Sullivan.  . 

G.  H.    Vernoi 


R.   H.  Kennedy    .  .  .  F.  B.    Schurman . 

J.    W.    Kirkpatrick.  R.  F.    Carter    ... 

D.    A.    Morrison.  ..  J.  L.    Ralston... 

J.    F.    Gilroy J.  H.    Livingston...    D.A.Morrison 3.620 


Successful  Tr  , 

Candidates  Votes 

0.    T.    Daniels 2.149 

F.    R.    Elliott 2.077 

Wm.  Chisholm    1.366 

F.     R.     Trotter 1.300 

D     A.   Cameron 7.036 

D.   J.   Hartigan 6,764 

D.     C.     McDonald         ..     ..6.692 
J.    C.    Douglas  .  .         .,    .  .7,381 

.F.     Stanfield 2.745 

R.  H.  Kennedy 2,665 

J.    \j.    Ralston 3.951 

R.   F.   Carter 3,962 


F.    M.    Gaudet J.    W.    Comeau  .  .  . 

W.    K.    Tibert H.   W.    B.    Warner. 

D.    S.   Chisholm J.  C.  Tory 

John    Bell     J.   F.   Ellis 

H.  Mclnnes    R.     E.     Finn 

J.  W.   Regan H.   G.   Bauld. 


F.    J.    Quinn 

E.  A.    Williams 

F.  P.   Bligh 


G.  E.  Faulkner.  .  . 
J.  S.  Connolly .... 
J.  B.  Douglas.  .  .  . 


J.    W.    Comeau 2,002 

H.    W.    B.    Warner 1.903 

J.   C.  Tory    1,827 

J.   F.   Ellis 1.752 

H.   G.   Bauld 6.855 

G.    E.    Faulkner 6.606 

R.     E.     Finn 6.703 

J.  S.  Connolly 6,545 

H.   Mclnnes    6.735 


Hants     A'  Parsons    .  . .  T.'  W.   Reid .J.   W.   Reid    2,051 


Inverness 
Kings     ... 
Lunenburg 
Pictou    . 


Richmond 


B.  B.    Fulmore.  . 
D.    McLennan    . . 
J.    C.    Bourinot    , 
H.   H.   Wickwire, 

C.  A.   Campbell .  . 

J.    J.    Kinley 

C.    C.    Donovan.  . 
R.   M.  McGregor. 
R.    H.    Graham.  . 


Shelburne 
Victoria  . 
Yarmouth 


A.  Parsons   2.142 

J.    C.    Bourinot 2.540 

T.    Gallant    2,531 

H.     H.    Wickwire 2.499 

J.    E.    Kinsman 2.421 

J.   J.    Kinley    2,992 

J.    W.    Margeson 3,282 

R.   M.   McGregor 4,555 

R.    H.    Graham 4.512 

R.    H.   McKay R.    H.   McKay 4,309 

J.    W.    Smith 1.098 

W.    L.    Hall 1.116 

A.    Finlayson    B.    A.    LeBlanc 1.388 

S.    Joyce     J.    A.    McDonald 1.384 

W.   H.    Currie R.  Irwin   R.    Irwin    1.442 

W.  C.  Nickerson.  .  .  M.    A.    Nickerson.  .  .    M.   A.  Nickerson 1,424 

.  .  P.  McLeod G.  H.  Murray G.  H.   Murray 1,212 

J.   Hayes    J.    C.    Morrison J.    C.    Morrison 1.189 

...H.   W.   Corning.  ...  E.    H.    Armstrong...    E.    H.    Armstrong 1,931 

J.    O.    D'Eon H.    T.    D'Entremont.    H.  T.  D'Entremont 1.839 


H.    W.    Sangster. 

•  •  T.    Gallant    

D.  F.  McLean.  .  . 

•  •  J.    E.    Kinsman.  . 

J.  D.  Spidell 

••J.  W.  Margeson. 

A.  C.  Zwicker.  .  . 
••  J.  W.  McKay... 

C.  E.     Tanner.  . 
„                           J.   W.    Sutherland 

Queens    W.    L.   Hall J.     W.     Simth 

D.  C.   Mulhall F.    R.   Freeman. 

..  B.    A.    LeBlanc.  . 

J.    A.    McDonald 


The  final  result  was  30  Liberals  and  13  Conservatives.  Mr. 
Tanner  was  defeated  in  Pictou,  all  the  Ministers  were  re-elected 
and  the  Government  majority  increased  from  10  to  19.  The  Opposi- 
tion claimed  that  their  Prohibition  policy  was  largely  responsible 
for  the  result  and  pointed  to  Mr.  Tanner  and  H.  W.  Corning  as 
defeated  indirectly  on  that  issue  ;  their  organization,  also,  was  not 
thorough.  It  was  pointed  out  when  official  returns  were  published 
that  30  Government  members  represented  46,541  votes  and  13  Con- 
servatives 45,073  votes.  This  was  partly  due  to  many  Conservatives 
having  large  majorities  and  a  number  of  Liberals  small  ones. 

There  could  be  no  doubt  as  to  Provincial  progress 
jn  i$iQ  —  though  in  Agriculture,  and  despite  much 
Government  encouragement,  about  5,000,000  acres  of 
Popular  Action  the  tillable  land  of  Nova  Scotia  remained  uncultivated. 
According  to  the  Halifax  Herald  (Dec.  30,  1916)  the 
total  product  of  the  farms,  including  live-stock,  was,  in  1916,  $33,- 
886,962  with  a  return  of  $8,700,000  from  Fisheries,  $54,000,000 
rom  shipping  and  manufactures,  $4,000,000  from  lumber,  $22,- 
r50,000  from  coal,  $16,600,000  from  Pig-iron  and  steel  ingots,  nearly 


Novascotian 


616  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  BEVIEW 

$4,000,000  from  sundry  minerals  and  a  total  of  $145,954,962  from 
all  production  and  industrial  sources.  The  Halifax  Chronicle  in 
its  yearly  estimate  of  production  placed  the  total  at  $134,231,962 
as  compared  with  $124,622,658  in  1915.  As  to  details  potatoes  and 
hay  were  record  crops,  live-stock  flourished  and  there  was  a  revival 
in  beef-raising  despite  bare  pastures  in  the  autumn  months ;  apples 
were  poor  but  the  Annapolis  Valley  had  a  splendid  wheat  crop ; 
in  price  the  increases  ran  from  10  to  40%  except  as  to  hay  and 
horses  which  showed  a  decrease.  The  Federal  statistics  as  to  pro- 
duction were  as  follows: 


Field  Crops 
Spring    Wheat    

Area 
Acres 
13  400 

Yield 
per  acre 
Bush. 
19-50 

Total 
Yield 
Bush. 
261  000 

Average 
price 
per  Bus. 
1.70 

Total 
Value 
$444,000 

Oats 

116  000 

34-75 

4  031  000 

0   71 

2,862,000 

Barley 

4  700 

26-25 

123  000 

0   99 

122,000 

Beans     
Buckwheat         ... 

850 
10  000 

16-25 
24-50 

13,800 
245  000 

5.62 
0.84 

78,000 
206,000 

4  100 

34-00 

139  000 

0   92 

128  000 

Potatoes      

.  .  .    34  500 

201-00 

6  935,000 

0.69 

4,785,000 

Turnips,    Mangolds,    etc.    . 

Fodder    Corn     
Hav    and    Clover    . 

.  .  .      9,000 

500 
.  .553.000 

404-00 
tons 
8-75 
1-80 

3,636,000 
tons 
4,400 
995.000 

0.42 
per  ton 
2.50 
12.25 

1,527,000 

11,000 
12.189.000 

As  to  Live-stock  the  figures  for  1916  gave  horses  valued  at 
$6,933,000,  milch  cows  $6,897,000,  other  cattle  $5,275,000,  sheep 
$1,306,000,  swine  $935,000.  Manufacturing  made  tremendous 
strides  and  in  1915  the  total  output  of  the  Province  was  $70,827,656 
employing  33,740  men  with  $16,333,736  paid  in  wages  and  salaries. 
There  was  a  great  expansion  in  shipbuilding,  a  large  shipyard  was 
under  construction  at  New  Glasgow  and  everywhere  along  the 
coast  this  industry  was  developed  with  coastwise  sailing  vessels 
under  construction  at  many  points;  the  Dominion  Steel  Corpora- 
tion and  the  N.  S.  Steel  &  Coal  Co.  rivalled  each  other  in  the 
building  of  new  plant,  the  increase  of  production,  the  war-output 
of  munitions  and,  in  the  latter  case,  for  instance,  the  shipment  of 
3,000  tons  of  heavy  marine  castings  to  the  Clyde  district  and  profits 
of  $4,222,373  for  the  year,  while  the  Dominion  Iron  &  Steel  Co. 
was  turning  out  quantities  of  the  new  explosive  compounds — 
benzol  and  toluol. 

Outside  of  these  interests  munition  factories  had  sprung  up  in 
the  industrial  centres  of  the  Province,  and  many  factories  and 
foundries,  hitherto  used  for  other  purposes,  had  been  turned  to 
this  work;  Bank  clearings  in  Halifax  were  $125,000,000  showing 
a  large  increase  and  failures  in  the  Province  were  less  than  in  1915 ; 
the  Imperial  Oil  Co.  started  a  large  oil  refinery  and  tanks  at  Dart- 
mouth and  the  exports  out  of  Halifax  grew  from  $19,157,170  in 
1914  to  $78,843,487  in  1916;  this  City  had  a  building  "boom" 
during  the  year  totalling  $1,000,000  while  activities  in  respect  to 
its  Port  and  Harbour  improvements  were  many  with  piers,  con- 
crete piles,  ocean  and  terminal  works  of  all  kinds  under  construction 
—landing  quays,  rock  walls,  grain  elevator,  concrete  sheds,  etc ;  the 
fishermen  of  Lunenburg  had  a  good  year  with  a  catch  of  218,000 
quintals  at  a  higher  price,  while  the  lobster  pack  for  export  was 


NOVA  SCOTIAN  PROGRESS  AND  WAR  ACTION  617 

25,000  cases  over  1915;  gold  mining  was  slack  but  the  production 
of  coal  was  good  and  prices  high. 

Much  of  this  progress  was  due  to  the  War;  the  total  contribu- 
tion of  Nova  Scotia  to  the  cause  at  the  beginning  of  1916  was 
about  14,000  men  and  $1,470,000.  The  following  statement  was 
issued  by  the  Premier  on  Aug.  4:  "18,800  men  have  already  been 
enrolled  in  Nova  Scotia  for  active  service  and  recruits  are  now  being 
obtained  for  5  more  Batttalions.  Five  Hospital  units  have  been 
equipped;  3,000  men  are  on  garrison  duty.  Voluntary  contribu- 
tions to  the  Belgium  Relief  Fund  amounted  to  $652,265  and  $796,- 
000  has  been  contributed  to  the  Patriotic  Fund.  The  Provincial 
Goverment  granted  $5,000  to  Belgian  war  relief  work  in  Great 
Britain ;  $100,000  to  war  relief  in  Great  Britain ;  and  $2,500  to  the 
Serbian  Relief  Committee.  Goods  and  money  contributed  by  the 
people  of  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Red  Cross  Society  and  other  patriotic 
objects  are  valued  at  $300,000,  machine  guns,  ambulances,  field 
kitchens,  etc.,  have  been  donated  to  the  value  of  $265,000.  This 
brings  the  total  contributions  of  this  Province  to  $2,120,765. ' '  The 
Patriotic  Fund  total  to  the  close  of  1916  was  $728,052. 

Recruiting  was  good  in  the  first  months  of  the  year,  afterwards 
it  was  checked  by  various  causes.  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Cutten  of  Acadia 
University  and  Col.  Allison  H.  Borden  did  yeoman  service  along 
these  lines  and  the  latter  finally  succeeded  in  forming  a  Highland 
Brigade  of  4,000  men  which  included  the  85th,  185th,  193rd  and 
219th  Battalions.  In  his  first  week  of  a  campaign  commencing  in 
February  Col.  Borden  obtained  1,692  men  and  in  the  second  1,270. 
The  Recruiting  Association,  headed  by  G.  S.  Campbell  of  Halifax, 
aided  the  campaign  which  was  preceded  by  a  vigorous  appeal  signed 
by  Lieut.-Governor  MacKeen  and  Mr.  Campbell  (Jan.  12)  :  "In 
this  grave  emergency  when  the  fate  of  the  Empire  is  being  deter- 
mined, we  earnestly  appeal  to  you,  the  young  men  of  our  own  Pro- 
vince, to  give  continued  proof  of  your  courage  and  patriotism. 
We  appeal  to  your  sense  of  duty  so  that  you  may  not  evade  the 
sacrifice  involved  in  defending  your  country.  We  appeal  to  the  man- 
hood within  you  so  that  you  may  not  be  content  to  let  your  fighting 
be  done  for  you  by  your  friends  and  fellow  citizens.  Above  all,  we 
appeal  to  your  sense  of  honour,  so  that  the  cry  that  comes  back 
to  us  from  the  blood-stained  trenches  of  Flanders  may  not  go  un- 
answered, so  that  the  sons  of  Nova  Scotia  who  have  already  made 
the  supreme  sacrifice  shall  not  have  died  in  vain. ' ' 

Major  W.  B.  A.  Ritchie  was  Chief  Recuiting  Officer  and  the 
powerful  assistance  of  Lieut. -Col.  P.  A.  Guthrie  of  New  Brunswick 
and  Major  J.  W.  Margeson,  M.L.A.,  was  given  after  their  return 
from  the  Front.  The  enlistment  of  Dr.  Cutten  for  active  service, 
though  he  was  afterwards  found  medically  unfit,  inspired  many  to 
join  including  Rev.  Dr.  Clarence  MacKinnon,  President  of  the 
Halifax  Presbyterian  College.  From  Sept.  6,  1915,  to  May  6, 
12,141  men  enlisted  in  Nova  Scotia  or  over  1,000  per  month  and  the 
193rd  Highlanders  under  Lieut.-Col.  J.  Stanfield  went  into  camp 


618  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

1,500  strong.  The  Highland  Brigade,  to  which  this  Battalion  be- 
longed, received  its  colours  at  Aldershot  on  Sept.  25  at  the  hand 
of  Lady  Borden. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  deaths  in  action  of  Lieut. 
John  C.  and  Lieut.  George  Stairs,  grandsons  of  the  late  Hon. 
Wm.  J.  Stairs  of  Halifax,  the  death  of  Graham  Stairs,  while  in 
training,  the  enlistment  of  a  fourth  and  last  brother  Herbert,  the 
death  of  Lieut.  Townsend,  another  grandson  of  W.  J.  Stairs  and  the 
enlistment  of  Denis  Stairs,  a  son  of  one  of  the  above,  with  still 
other  members  of  the  family  on  Service;  the  death  in  action  of 
Lieut.  John  Howe,  a  grandnephew  of  the  late  Hon.  Joseph  Howe, 
the  enlistment  in  the  A.M.C.  of  Dr.  J.  F.  Ellis,  Speaker  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly,  the  return  home  on  a  visit  of  Lieut.  Fred  Tanner, 
son  of  the  Opposition  leader ;  the  brave  death  of  Lieut.  Pringle,  son 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Pringle  of  Sydney,  the  wounding  of  Lieut.  Murray, 
son  of  the  Premier  of  the  Province ;  the  distinguished  place  taken 
by  a  Nova  Scotia  battalion  in  the  Courcelette  fighting  and  the 
winning  of  a  V.  C.  by  John  Chipman  Kerr  of  Cumberland,  N.S.; 
the  departure  for  the  Front  in  December  of  Major  Ritchie  and 
appointment  of  Major  the  Rev.  G.  B.  Cutten  as  Chief  Recruiting 
Officer ;  the  Returned  Soldiers  Employment  Committee  was  at  work 
during  the  year  with  Hon.  R.  M.  McGregor,  M.L.A.,  as  Chairman. 

The  Conservatives  had  been  in  power  in  this  Pro- 
The  cianke         vince  since  1908  with  Messrs.  Hazen,  Flemming  and 

po7i!™s™nNew  the  Hon-  G-  J-  Clarke>  K-c->  as  successive  Premiers. 
Brunswick  Mr.  Clarke  had  been  Premier  since  December,  1914, 
and  during  most  of  the  current  year  his  health  was 
poor;  the  Elections  of  1912  had  given  the  Government  46  seats  to 
2.  During  1916  the  Liberal  leader  in  the  House  was  L.  A.  Dugal ; 
outside  the  House  W.  E.  Foster  of  St.  John  and  Hon.  C.  W.  Robin- 
son, ex-Premier,  were  conspicuous  in  their  work.  The  latter  resigned 
the  formal  leadership  early  in  the  year  and  Mr.  Foster  was 
appointed  Chairman  of  a  Committee  of  seven  which  had  charge  of 
the  Party  interests.  It  was  composed  of  Dr.  E.  A.  Smith,  Shediac ; 
P.  J.  Veiiiot,  Bathurst:  P.  J.  Hughes,  Fredericton;  Wm.  Currie, 
Restigouche ;  L.  A.  Dugal  and  E.  S.  Carter. 

The  Government  claimed  a  good  record  and  its  press  champion, 
the  St.  John  Standard,  declared  on  May  27  that :  "  It  does  for  the 
farmers  many  things  that  its  predecessors  never  dreamed  of.  It 
grants  bonueses  to  agricultural  societies  to  assist  them  in  purchas- 
ing pure  bred  sires;  it  has  inaugurated  and  provides  the  prize 
money  for  Field  Crop  competitions  and  Seed  Fairs,  which  are  so 
much  appreciated  by  the  farmers;  it  has  furnished  a  lime  rock 
crusher  so  that  farmers  can  obtain  ground  lime  for  their  fields  at  the 
lowest  possible  cost ;  it  has  provided  a  ditching  machine  by  means  of 
which  land  can  be  drained  at  the  bare  cost  of  operation;  it  pro- 
vides officials  who  are  experts  in  the  various  branches  of  the  in- 
dustry, and  sends  them  around  the  Province  to  advise  and  assist 
the  farmers  right  on  their  farms."  On  Education  it  had  increased 
the  expenditure  since  1908  from  $220,000  to  $293,200  and  on  roads 


THE  CLARKE  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICS  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK    619 

and  bridges  from  $280,000  to  $347,000 — not  including  larger  per- 
manent bridges ;  it  claimed  to  have  properly  collected  and  expended 
the  Provincial  revenues :  ' '  This  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  although 
the  cut  of  lumber  is  practically  the  same  to-day  as  it  was  seven 
years  ago,  the  territorial  revenue  is  some  $237,000  a  year  more  than 
it  was  then." 

The  Eeport  of  the  Crown  Lands  Department — Mr.  Clarke  was 
Minister  of  Lands  &  Mines — for  Oct.  31,  1916,  showed  Receipts 
of  $540,386  compared  with  $591,905  in  1915;  stated  marked  pro- 
gress in  the  Forest  survey  of  10,000  square  miles  of  Crown  lands 
and  referred  to  the  transport  difficulties  for  lumber ;  described  the 
increase  in  mining  applications  and  mineral  royalties  and  looked 
for  a  doubling  of  the  coal  output  at  Grand  Lake  within  a  few  years ; 
stated  that  there  were  only  three  branches  of  the  mining  industry 
which  were  upon  a  commercial  basis — bituminous  coal  mining  in 
the  Grand  Lake  region,  the  quarrying  of  gypsum  at  Hillsborough, 
Albert  County,  and  the  production  of  natural  gas  near  Moncton. 
In  addition  to  these  there  had  been  extensive  development  work  on 
the  property  of  the  Acadia  Tungsten  Mines,  Limited,  at  Burnt  Hill, 
and  a  revival  of  operations  at  the  Intercolonial  Copper  Company's 
mine  near  Dorchester.  Some  development  work  was  also  being 
done  in  a  copper  vein  at  Annidale,  King's  County.  The  total 
mineral  product  in  1915  was  $916,000.  As  the  forest  product  of 
New  Brunswick  ran  up  to  $12,000,000  a  year  the  Premier's  doubt 
in  his  Report  as  to  whether  a  larger  lumber  cut  was  a  subject  of 
congratulation,  or  otherwise,  was  practically  a  warning.  But  the 
industry  was  said  to  pay  in  wages,  alone,  to  the  men  employed  in 
logging  and  the  manufacture  of  wood  products  over  $6,000,000  and 
to  provide  a  ready  market  to  the  farmer  for  his  products  of  nearly 
$2,000,000  so  that  it  was  obviously  difficult  to  do  anything.  The 
year  was  the  greatest  on  Provincial  record  in  the  matter  of  big  game 
with  4,305  moose,  deer,  caribou  and  bears  killed. 

During  much  of  the  year  Hon.  J.  A.  Murray  was  also  Acting 
Premier  owing  to  the  state  of  Mr.  Clarke's  health.  Speaking  at 
St.  John  on  Feb.  7  he  made  this  remark:  "In  some  sections,  the 
country  is  almost  depleted  of  farm-help  because  so  many  have  gone 
to  the  Front.  I  believe  this  recruiting  throughout  the  country 
districts  should  be  handled  by  the  state  so  that  men  who  may  be 
more  valuable  at  home  working  their  farms  are  kept  at  home." 
He  deprecated  the  study  of  subjects  in  school  which  were  not  nseful 
and  declared  that  many  thousands  were  leaving  school  yearly  with- 
out adequate  education  in  ' '  the  real  problems  of  life  and  the  neces- 
sities of  securing  a  livelihood."  He  urged  sheep-raising  by  the 
farmers  and  as  to  horticulture  stated  that  "thousands  of  fruit  trees 
have  been  planted  and  give  every  evidence  of  splendid  results  in  a 
few  years."  As  Minister  of  Agriculture  Mr.  Murray  submit- 
ted reports  from  various  officials  including  J.  B.  Daggett,  Secretary 
for  Agriculture,  R.  P.  Steeves,  Director  of  Elementary  Agricultural 
Education,  R.  Newton,  Director  of  Agricultural  Schools,  etc. 
Amongst  the  subjects  separately  dealt  with  were  demonstrations 


620  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  the  production  of  pulverized  limestone,  alfalfa  experiments, 
commercial  fertilizers,  seed  exhibitions  and  fairs,  bee-keeping  and 
the  campaign  against  the  brown-tailed  moth,  etc. 

Field  crop  competitions  had  grown  from  17  in  1909  to  546  in 
1915;  Immigrants  of  the  year  were  386  in  number  and  James 
Gilchrist,  Superintendent,  reported  as  to  36  vacant  farms  purchased 
by  the  Farm  Settlement  Board  and  disposed  of  to  good  settlers. 
He  defended  Immigration  against  Labour  criticism  as  follows: 
"Every  thousand  families  placed  on  the  land  will  require  about 
$400,000  worth  of  clothing,  etc.,  annually  and  will  increase  our 
natural  products  over  $500,000  annually,  about  three-quarters  of 
which  will  be  available  for  export,  thus  giving  extra  employment  to 
the  railways  and  docks.  The  manufacture  and  transport  workers 
thus  engaged  will  require  others  to  supply  their  needs  and  so  the 
money  will  circulate  again  and  again.  Every  employable  immi- 
grant kept  out  of  Canada  means  less  work  for  those  already  here." 
"Women's  Institutes  were  80  in  number  with  2,400  members  and 
contributions  of  $8,811  to  patriotic  funds,  with  varied  work  of  a 
helpful  local  character.  The  Provincial  Entomologist  reported  as  to 
various  insects  and  the  crops,  the  danger  of  house-flies  and  method 
of  meeting  it;  A.  G.  Turney  dealt  with  Horticulture,  the  apple 
crop  and  fruit  orchards;  145  Agricultural  Societies  were  reported 
as  in  operation  with  details  of  their  work.  The  Live-stock  of  the 
Province  in  1915  totalled  61,789  horses,  227,196  cattle,  182,524  sheep 
and  51,763  swine;  25  cheese  factories  producing  1,165,651  Ibs.  of 
cheese  were  in  operation  with  20  creameries  producing  776,416  Ibs. 
of  butter. 

The  Hon.  John  Morrissy,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  in  his  Re- 
port for  the  year  of  Nov.  1,  1915,  made  no  statement  or  explanations 
and  it  was  composed  entirely  of  items  of  expenditure  during  the  year 
which  included  $24,613  on  Legislative  buildings,  $170,881  upon 
Permanent  bridges,  $149,788  upon  ordinary  bridges,  $179,919  upon 
Roads  (with  $34,414  from  municipal  funds) ;  a  List  of  Road 
Supervisors  and  of  contracts  awarded  with  a  statement  of  auto- 
mobiles and  motor  cycles  registered.  To  Hon.  D.  V.  Landry, 
Provincial  Treasurer,  the  New  Brunswick  Hospital  reported  607 
resident  patients  with  172  admitted  during  the  year,  the  cost  of 
maintenance,  less  receipts,  as  $58,054  or  $149.96  per  head  per  an- 
num; to  him,  also,  the  Provincial  Board  of  Health — Dr.  E.  0. 
Steeves,  Chairman — reported  good  health  conditions  and  details 
from  17  Local  Boards.  The  Factory  Inspector  (John  Kenney)  dealt 
with  74  industrial  accidents  of  which  8  were  fatal,  declared  that ' '  a 
large  percentage  of  fatal  and  other  accidents  year  after  year  are  due 
to  loose  clothing  coming  in  contact  with  revolving  shafts  and  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  prove  fatal;"  deprecated  the  lack  of  interest 
in  reporting  accidents  and  dealt  with  the  serious  danger  from  old 
and  second-hand  boilers  bought  for  economical  reasons;  asserted 
that  the  law  as  to  child  labour  (14  years)  was  fairly  well  carried 
out  but  with  far  too  many  children  of  14  to  15  at  work ;  described 


THE  CLARKE  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICS  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK    621 

the  inspection  of  stationary  engineers,  hotels,  theatres  and  merchan- 
tile  establishments.  The  Commissioners  of  the  Jordan  Memorial 
Sanatorium  dealt  with  94  patients  treated  for  Tuberculosis  during 
the  year. 

Politics  were  at  a  high  pitch  during  much  of  the  year.  Elections 
were  pending  and  the  tiny  Liberal  vote  in  the  House  by  no  means 
represented  the  Liberalism  of  the  Province  which  was  active  and 
aggressive,  with  P.  J.  Veniot  and  E.  S.  Carter  as  its  organizing 
spirits.  The  Southampton  Railway  and  J.  K.  Pinder — largely  a 
Federal  matter;  the  so-called  Patriotic  Potato  issue  and  B.  Frank 
Smith;  the  pay-sheet  charges  as  to  A.  J.  H.  Stewart  and  Martin 
Robichaud  of  the  Legislature — the  former  of  whom  resigned  during 
the  Session  while  the  latter  was  defended  with  the  statement  that 
no  evidence  of  impropriety  had  been  adduced — were  subjects  of 
constant  attack  upon  the  Government.  In  the  House  on  Mar.  24 
it  was  stated  that  the  Government  did  not  consider  the  1915  Report 
of  Commissioner  "W.  B.  Chandler  in  its  evidence  or  findings  suffi- 
ciently specific  to  warrant  action  against  Stewart  or  Robichand  and 
on*  Mar.  31  when  Mr.  Dugal  moved  that  Mr.  Stewart  was  not  a  fit 
and  proper  person  to  sit  in  the  Legislature  the  motion  was  ruled 
out  of  order.  Mr.  Frank  Smith  was  charged  with  making  money 
out  of  the  1914  gift  of  100,000  bushels  of  potatoes  to  the  British 
Government.  His  explanation  was  given  in  the  House  on  Apr. 
28:  "I  purchased  43,631  barrels  of  potates  for  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  on  a  commission  of  10  cents  per  barrel  for  buying, 
loading,  shipping,  and  otherwise  handling  the  transaction.  It  is 
well  known  that  loading  potatoes  costs  at  least  five  cents  per  barrel 
for  labour  and  I  have  paid  back  to  the  Department  5%  cents  per 
barrel  because  of  cut  and  culled  potatoes  when  the  shipment  was 
finally  sorted  for  export."  As  to  the  rest:  "Carleton  County  is 
the  leading  potato  county  in  the  Province,  and  I  am  one  of  the 
largest  potato  dealers  in  it  and  was  not,  at  that  time,  a  member 
of  the  House." 

Meanwhile,  the  Liberals  had  been  organizing  and  on  Jan.  15 
a  Convention  was  held  at  St.  John  which  received  the  resignation 
of  Hon.  C.  W.  Robinson,  ex-Premier,  as  Leader  of  the  Opposition, 
outside  of  the  Legislature,  and  vested  Leadership  in  the  Committee 
of  seven  headed  by  W.  E.  Foster,  a  successful  and  prominent  St. 
John  merchant.  A  Party  platform  was  promulgated  along  the 
following  lines,  as  pledges,  in  the  event  of  being  returned  to  power : 

1.  To  reorganize  the  Crown  lands  Department  so  that  its  administration 
shall  be  entirely  severed  from  politics   and   administered   on   sound  business 
principles,   under   systematic   plans,   by   a   non-partizan   Commission   specially 
appointed   for  that  purpose,  responsible   to   the  Legislature   and  working  in 
co-operation  with  the  Dominion  Commission  of  Conservation. 

2.  To  take  the  Highways  out  of  politics,  giving  the  expenditure  of  the 
money   collected   from   the   people   and   the   control   of  labour,   together   with 
the  Government  appropriations,  into  the  hands  of  Supervisors,  chosen  by  the 
people   of  each   parish,   to   whom   a   detailed   and   studied   account   must   be 
rendered  every  year  at  an  annual  meeting — the  work  of  the  Supervisors  to 

*NOTE. — For  origin  of  these  issues  see  1915  volume  in  the  New  Brunswick 
Section. 


622  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EBVIEW 

be  under  the  inspection  of  a  competent  Provincial  Engineer.  We  also  pledge 
ourselves  to  set  aside  the  money  collected  from  the  licenses  upon  automobiles 
and  other  motor  vehicles,  together  with  an  equal  appropriation  from  the 
revenues  of  the  Province  each  year,  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the  bonds,  to 
provide  for  permanent  roads,  which  shall  be  constructed  as  rapidly  as 
possible. 

3.  At  the  first  Session  of  the  Legislature  to  pass  a  law  prohibiting  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  within  the  Province  to  the  fullest  extent  allowed 
by  the  constitution,  and  within  three  months  after  the  passage  of  said  Act  to 
submit  the  same  by  Eeferendum  to  the  electors  of  the  Province,  and,  should 
the  majority  of  votes  cast  be  in  favour  of  the  said  law,  then  to  bring  the 
same  into  force  by  proclamation  within  one  year  thereafter. 

4.  (a)  To   amend   the  electoral   law   so   as   to   make   it   impossible  for 
members  of  the  Legislature  to  traffic  with  the  Government  and  still  retain 
their  seats;    (b)    To  make  it  possible  for  young  men  when  they  reach  the 
age  of  21  years  to  register  their  names  and  be  placed  forthwith  upon  the 
voters'  lists  instead  of  waiting  for  the  tedious  machinery  of  revision  as  it 
now  exists;  (c)  To  divide  the  Counties  into  electoral  districts  which  shall  each 
be  represented  by  one  member;    (d)    We  will  also   consider  amendments  to 
the  Election  law  to  make  bribery  in  municipal  as  well  as  Provincial  elections 
impossible. 

5.  To  obtain  at  once  a  correct  statement  of  the  financial  condition  of  the 
Province  in  order  that  the  people  may  have  definite  knowledge  of  the  vastly 
increased  Public  Debt  and  the  enormous  obligations  of  guaranteed  bonds  they 
will  be  called  upon  to  pay;  and  to  so  reduce  the  cost  of  the  administration 
of  affairs  and  the  number  of  useless  officials  as  to  avoid  the  necessity  for  direct 
taxation  now  confronting  us. 

6.  To  give  the  farmers  all  practical  assistance,  that  the  resources  of  the 
Province  will  permit,  to  improve  agricultural  methods  and  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  the  stock  upon  the  farm;  to  reduce  the  enormous  salary  list  in 
the  Department  and  to  spend  the  Educational  grant  received  from  the  Federal 
Government  without  regard  for  political  patronage. 

7.  To  complete  the  Valley  Eailway  from  a  point  on  the  Transcontinental 
Railway  at  or  near  Grand  Falls  to  St.  John  and  insist  upon  the  Dominion 
Government  carrying  out  the  terms  of  the  original  legislation  and  allow  the 
Province  40  per  cent,  of  the  gross  earnings  thereof. 

8.  To    always    maintain    and    improve    the    educational    service    of    the 
Province  and  to  co-operate  with  the  Federal  Government  in  carrying  out  the 
recommendations  of  the  Commission  upon  Technical  Education. 

9.  The  inauguration  of  a  vigorous  Immigration  policy  to  properly  place 
before  intending   immigrants,  whose   number  will   be   large   after   termination 
of  the  War,  the  advantages  of  the  agricultural  possibilities  of  New  Brunswick. 

A  heated  controversy  arose  in  February  and  continued  at 
intervals  for  months  over  charges  made  against  H.  M.  Blair, 
Secretary  of  the  Public  "Works  Department.  The  chief  one  was 
that  Mr.  Blair  had  accepted  from  the  Concrete  Construction  Co. 
Ltd.,  then  doing  a  large  amount  of  work  for  the  Department,  a 
block  of  $20,000  in  fully  paid-up  stock.  The  charge  was  made 
early  in  February  and  the  Government  appointed  M.  G.  Teed,  K.C., 
as  Commissioner  to  inquire  into  the  matter.  His  Report  declared 
Mr.  Blair  guilty  of  the  above  charge  and  of  having  accepted  presents 
from  certain  contractors  though  it  relieved  him  of  several  others. 
As  Mr.  Blair  refused  to  resign  the  Government  on  Apr.  13  removed 
him  from  the  public  service  by  Order-in-Council.  Blair's  defence 
was  that  he  received  $15,000  only  of  the  stock  for  himself  and  that 
it  was  given  as  part  of  an  arrangement  under  which  he  was  to 
resign  and  become  Manager  of  the  Company  in  the  Maritime  Pro- 


THE  CLARKE  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICS  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK    623 

vinces;  $5,000  of  it  was  to  be  used  in  securing  contracts  for  the 
Company. 

According  to  the  Report  Blair  talked  over  the  matter  with  the 
Minister  and  it  also  appeared  that  the  Concrete  Company's  account 
at  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  could  be  drawn  upon  by  either  Blair 
or  E.  C.  Colby,  who  later  made  the  charges  against  Blair.  Mr. 
Teed  described  the  whole  affair  as  "a  sordid,  shameful  story." 
During  the  investigation  it  was  also  stated  that  $5,000  worth  of 
stock  had  gone  from  the  same  Company  through  H.  M.  Blair  to 
C.  J.  Morrissy,  son  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works.  As  to  this 
Mr.  Morrissy  admitted  the  receipt  of  the  shares  (letter  in  press  of 
Apr.  18)  :  "Mr.  Blair  sent  them  to  me  in  the  Fall  of  1913,  and 
I  informed  him  that  I  did  not  want  them  and  would  return  them 
to  him.  He  refused  to  have  anything  to  do  with  them,  stating 
his  instructions  were  to  hand  them  to  me.  I  then  threw  them 
in  the  fire." 

Following  the  dismissal  Mr.  Blair  vigorously  denounced  the  Gov- 
ernment and  in  a  long  letter  published  on  May  20  declared  that  on 
Feb.  18  Mr.  Premier  Clarke  had  sent  him  two  messages  by  Col. 
P.  A.  Guthrie,  M.L.A. — first,  asking  for  his  resignation  and  second, 
asking  him  to  "play  sick  and  remain  away  from  the  office  or  go 
to  Boston  or  somewhere  else,"  until  matters  could  be  arranged. 
He  concluded  by  stating  that  he  had  been  "unfairly  treated  and 
would  hit  back."  Carrying  out  this  threat  he,  on  May  20,  issued 
a  sworn  affidavit  containing  certain  charges  against  the  Govern- 
ment: (1)  That  in  August- October,  1913,  he  presented  Public 
Works  accounts  to  the  Treasurer  for  $55,000  or  $60,000  and  these 
were  handed  back  to  be  held  so  that  the  Treasurer  might  have  a 
surplus  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year;  (2)  that  for  one  of  these 
accounts  (St.  John  Railway,  $2,000)  he  had  for  a  time  assumed 
personal  liability  in  acceptance  of  a  30-day  draft  so  that  the 
amount  should  not  appear  in  the  Public  accounts;  (3)  that  "from 
my  personal  knowledge  of  the  facts  as  disclosed  by  the  accounts  of 
the  Department  of  Public  Works,  I  know  that  from  the  time  I 
became  Secretary  of  the  Department  up  to  the  year  1915,  there 
has  never  been  a  real  surplus  in  the  finances  for  the  Province  of  New 
Brunswick."  On  May  25  he  issued  another  sworn  statement  quot- 
ing an  alleged  interview  with  the  Attorney  General  (Col.  Baxter) 
in  which  the  latter  was  said  to  have  hinted  at  bribing  members  of 
the  Legislature  in  the  interests  of  the  Liquor  men — though  a 
Prohibitory  Bill  was  passed  by  the  Government  shortly  afterwards ; 
and  declaring  that  he  had  been  offered  $1,000  if  he  could  swing  the 
Moncton  bridge  contract  to  a  St.  John  firm — which  did  not  get 
it.  These  allegations  were  all  strongly  denied  and  then  followed 
a  lot  of  statements  as  to  the  Guthrie-Scott  bye-election  in  York  in 
which  Blair  had  aided  the  former  by  getting  funds,  etc.  Mr. 
Blair  also  took  part  in  later  political  meetings  against  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

Out  of  this  Blair  incident  came  the  resignation  of  Hon.  John 
Morrissy,  Minister  of  Public  Works  since  1908.  Officially  described 


624  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

as  a  Ministerialist  Mr.  Morrissy  had  always  been  a  Liberal  in 
Dominion  politics  and  several  times  a  defeated  Liberal  candidate 
but  was  unpopular  with  the  Leaders  of  that  Party  because  of 
his  action  in  joining  the  Hazen  Government — in  which  the  public 
regarded  him  as  a  Liberal  representative.  Latterly  his  adminis- 
tration of  Public  Works  had  been  much  criticized  from  within 
both  parties.  Allegations  were  made  as  to  (1)  a  bridge  38  feet  in 
length  which  in  a  few  years  cost  several  thousands  of  dollars  in 
construction  and  for  repairs,  and  (2)  a  sewer  which  had  been  laid 
costing  more  per  mile  than  a  section  of  railway.  Then  came  Com- 
missioner Teed's  Report  as  to  the  Blair  matter  and  on  Apr.  29  a 
letter  written  to  the  Minister  by  Mr.  Clarke  asserting  that  "it 
must  have  been  apparent  to  you  for  some  time  that  a  change  in  the 
administration  of  the  Department  of  Public  Works  is  desirable," 
that  wider  supervision  over  public  works  was  needed  and  that 
Mr.  Teed's  report,  while  not  reflecting  upon  him  personally,  dis- 
closed conditions  which  should  not  exist  in  the  administration  of 
any  Government  department :  ' '  Your  refusal  to  suspend  the  official 
(Blair)  during  the  investigation,  and  your  reluctance  to  take  action 
looking  toward  his  dismissal,  indicated  a  disposition  to  condone  the 
offence  rather  than  to  adopt  the  course  called  for  by  the  serious 
nature  of  the  wrong  perpetrated.  In  addition  I  feel  of  late  that 
your  attitude  toward  your  colleagues  has  not  been  conducive  to 
the  satisfactory  administration  of  Provincial  affairs.  You  have  dis- 
played a  disposition  in  many  matters  to  act  alone  rather  than  in 
conjunction  and  harmony  with  the  other  members  of  the  Govern- 
ment." 

Mr.  Morrissy  sent  in  his  resignation  on  May  1st  with  a  remark- 
able letter  of  aggressive  attack  upon  the  Premier  and  his  colleagues. 
He  commenced  by  saying  that  ' '  for  a  very  considerable  time  it  had 
been  most  apparent  to  me  that  it  was  my  duty  to  resign  from  a 
Government  which  was  conducting  the  affairs  of  this  Province  in 
a  manner  that  was  certainly  not  bringing  credit  upon  itself  and 
causing  much  discredit  to  those  who  were  considered  to  have  a 
part  in  the  conduct  of  affairs. ' '  As  to  the  Blair  matter  he  said : 
"What  will  the  people  say  when  they  learn  that  you  proposed  to 
this  same  official,  Mr.  Blair,  that  during  the  investigation  he  should 
play  sick,  or  go  away  for  a  time  until  it  blew  over,  with  the  promise 
to  Mr.  Blair  that  his  salary  would  be  forwarded  to  him  regularly. ' ' 
He  defended  Blair  and  denounced  E.  C.  Colby,  the  Company  man- 
ager, who  made  the  charges ;  he  asked  how  the  Premier  who  allowed 
Stewart  to  sit  so  long  in  the  Legislature  and  condoned  the  alleged 
offences  of  Messrs.  Robichaud  and  Pinder,  could  speak  of  corrup- 
tion ;  declared  the  system  of  appointing  road  supervisors,  etc.,  as 
leading  to  "graft  and  perjury  and  theft";  stated  that  Hon.  Mr. 
Murray  (denied  by  that  Minister)  had  told  him  that  the  Treasurer's 
books  were  being  held  open  to  allow  a  refund  from  B.  Frank  Smith 
in  the  Potato  matter;  criticized  the  refusal  to  extend  W.  B.  Chand- 
ler 's  powers  so  as  to  include  the  investigation  of  liquor  licenses,  and 


THE  CLARKE  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICS  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK     625 

denounced  alleged  graft  in  the  Potatoes'  matter;  hinted  at  cor- 
ruption in  the  payment  of  $500  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  on  a  York  election  note  of  $5,000  and  concluded  by 
pointing  out  how  little  he  had  been  consulted  by  the  Premier  during 
the  past  year.  The  Government  was  defended  in  the  press  by  a 
counter-attack  upon  Mr.  Morrissy: 

1.  Why  did  Mr.  Morrissy  award  the  Moncton  Bridge  contract  to  the  high- 
est tenderer  in  the  face  of  the  recommendation  of  the  Engineer  of  the  Depart- 
ment that  a  lower  tender  be  accepted? 

2.  Why  did  Mr.  Morrissy  permit  the  acceptance,  as  a  gift,  by  his  son 
of  $5,000   worth   of   stock   in   a   Company  with  which   as   Minister   of   Public 
Works  Mr.  Morrissy  was  doing  business  on  behalf  of  the  Province? 

3.  Why  did  Mr.   Morrissy  permit  his  son  to  accept  a  contract  on   the 
Miramichi  Bridge  from  the  Foundations  Company,  Limited,  while  he  himself 
continued  to  hold  the  position  of  Minister  of  Public  Works? 

On  May  10  P.  G.  Mahoney,  M.L.A.  for  Westmoreland  since  1912 
and  a  leader  of  the  Roman  Catholics  in  the  Province,  was  appointed 
Minister  of  Public  Works  and  a  strenuous  bye-election  in  Westmore- 
land commenced  at  once.  To  oppose  the  new  Minister  Dr.  B.  A. 
Smith  of  Shediac  was  chosen  as  Liberal  candidate  and  at  the 
nomination  (May  17)  a  letter  was  read  from  W.  E.  Foster  hoping 
that  the  result  would  be  "the  first  step  toward  lifting  our  Province 
out  of  the  political  mire  into  which  it  has  fallen;  the  astounding 
revelations  that  have  been  made  must  awaken  the  people  to  a 
sense  of  the  important  duty  they  owe  to  the  rest  of  the  Province. ' ' 
L.  A.  Dugal,  M.L.A.,  wrote  at  length  reviewing  the  situation,  refer- 
ring to  "the  precious  help  and  support  from  our  clever  organizers 
Messrs.  Carter  and  Veniot"  and  denouncing  the  Government  for 
"incompetence  and  dishonesty."  The  contest  was  a  vigorous  one 
and  F.  B.  Carvell,  M.P.,  A.  B.  Copp,  M.P.,  Hon.  C.  W.  Robinson, 
J.  T.  Hawke,  L.  A.  Dugal  were  the  chief  Liberal  speakers,  with 
Hon.  Messrs.  J.  A.  Murray,  J.  B.  M.  Baxter  and  D.  V.  Landry  for 
the  Government. 

H.  M.  Blair  came  into  the  contest  with  an  affidavit  containing 
assertions  that  J.  K.  Flemming,  when  Premier,  had  received  from 
A.  R.  Gould  of  the  St.  John  Valley  Railway,  before  the  Elections  of 
1912,  the  sum  of  $100,000  as  a  campaign  fund  and  other  sums  from 
other  persons  to  a  total  of  $137,000  of  which  only  $76,000  was  so 
expended.  Dr.  Smith  issued  an  appeal  to  the  electorate  on  May 
20  denouncing  the  additional  Debt  of  $10,000,000,  urging  the  taking 
of  roads  and  highways  out  of  politics,  declaring  that  he  stood  for 
good,  clean  government  and  asking  for  a  "vote  against  the  forces 
of  wrong."  E.  S.  Carter  wrote  Dr.  Smith  that  "if  we  ever  are  to 
fight  for  better  government  now  is  the  time.  For  four  years  I  have 
worked  night  and  day  during  Sessions  with  Dugal,  Pelletier  and 
Veniot,  and  at  all  other  times  by  myself,  to  expose  misgovernment, 
extravagance,  graft  of  all  kinds,  and  one  Premier  and  two  members 
have  retired  in  consequence."  These  charges  and  statements  were 
the  issue  and  on  them  Dr.  Smith  appears  to  have  been  elected,  OB 
May  30,  by  82  majority,  or  3,187  to  3,105;  the  Government  press, 
however,  claimed  that  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  Bi-lingual  attitude 
40 


626  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

carried  the  Acadian  vote  while  the  Opposition  also  got  the  anti- 
Prohibition  vote.  A  Liberal  party  Convention  of  Delegates  from  all 
over  the  Province  followed  on  June  14  at  Fredericton  with  Dr. 
Smith  as  Chairman  and  two  main  Resolutions  passed: 

1.  This  Conference  desires  to  place  itself  on  record  as  being  absolutely 
and  unalterably  opposed  to  the  use  of  any  corrupt  methods  in  the  carrying  on 
of  any  election  and  believes  that  the  said  electoral  corruption  is  the  source 
of  all  the  evil-doing  which  has  been  revealed. 

2.  This  Conference  of  opponents  of  the  local  Government  puts  itself  on 
record  as  determined  to  contest  each  and  every  bye-election  that  the  Govern- 
ment may  bring  on. 

Opposition  meetings  and  Conferences  followed  in  the  chief 
centres,  the  ill-health  of  the  Premier  continued  to  hamper  Govern- 
ment activity,  a  Conservative  organ  such  as  the  Fredericton  Gleaner 
showed  signs  of  disaffection,  F.  B.  Carvell  helped  the  Liberals  by 
speech  and  advice  and  a  new  policy  of  $1,000,000  expenditure  upon 
Good  Roads  was  announced,  while  Opposition  candidates  for  the 
future  general  election  were  selected  in  many  places — including 
C.  W.  Robinson  in  Moncton,  E.  S.  Carter  in  York,  F.  J.  Sweeney 
in  Westmoreland.  On  July  20  Mr.  Premier  Clarke  announced  that 
plans,  surveys  and  preparations  had  for  some  time  been  underway 
for  "a  complete  system  of  Provincial  roads."  On  Aug.  17  Mr. 
Mahoney  resigned  from  the  Government  and  Benjamin  Franklin 
Smith,  M.L.A.,  for  Carleton,  was  appointed  Minister  of  Public 
Works.  The  bye-election  which  followed  was  bitterly  contested 
with  Mayor  W.  S.  Sutton  of  Woodstock  as  an  additional  candidate 
to  succeed  Donald  Munro  appointed  Registrar  of  Deeds.  The 
Liberal  candidates  were  Geo.  W.  Upham  and  A.  D.  McCann.  It 
was  a  Carvell-Smith  contest.  The  two  men  had  been  opponents 
for  the  Dominion  Parliament  in  1908  and  1911  and  Mr.  Carvell 
had  won ;  in  1915  Mr.  Smith  had  gone  into  the  Legislature  by  739 
majority.  Mr.  Carvell  now  came  into  the  riding  and  did  his  best 
to  defeat  the  new  Minister,  J.  K.  Flemming,  the  ex-Premier,  spoke 
for  the  Government  candidates  on  one  occasion,  while  H.  M.  Blair 
arrived  with  new  charges.  The  result  was  a  Government  victory: 
Smith  2,848  and  Sutton  2,733;  McCann  2,260  and  Upham  2,171. 

The  St.  John  Valley  &  Quebec  Railway  undertaking  came  in  for 
the  usual  discussion  during  the  year.  Owing  to  War  conditions 
construction  work  had  been  stopped  on  the  extension  from  Centre- 
ville  north  and  efforts  were  directed  to  the  rapid  completion  of  the 
direct  line  into  St.  John.  It  had  been  provided  in  Acts  and  Agree- 
ments that  the  line  should  be  constructed  on  the  east  side  of  the  St. 
John  river  south  of  Gagetown  and  connect  with  the  Intercolonial 
in  the  vicinity  of  Rothesay.  The  Dominion  Government  originally 
agreed  to  guarantee  bonds  for  $1,000,000  towards  the  construction 
of  bridges  over  the  St.  John  and  Kennebeccasis  rivers  and  later 
agreed  to  construct  these  bridges  "if  found  feasible."  According 
to  the  Fredericton  Gleaner  (Cons.)  of  Mar.  3rd:  "Surveys  and 
reports  show  that  bridges  over  the  St.  John  River  alone  would  cost 
$2,360,000  and  would  require  construction  of  piers  in  such  depth  of 


THE  CLARKE  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICS  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK    627 

water  and  soft  material  as  would  make  success  and  cost  of  construc- 
tion problematical.  Owing  to  hazardous  construction,  tremendous 
cost,  cost  of  maintenance,  its  interference  with  navigation  on  the 
St.  John  River,  annual  fixed  charges  of  $120,000  which  would  he 
made  up  of  interest,  maintenance  and  operation  costs,  and  length 
of  time  required  for  construction,  it  has  been  felt  that  in  the 
public  interest  some  other  route,  if  possible,  should  be  found." 

It  was  seated  that  this  route  would  be  on  the  west-side  of  the 
River  via  Westfield  and  would  save  in  length  and  in  bridges  $2,- 
800,000  over  the  east-side  route.  It  might  also  involve  connection 
with  the  Maine  Central  Railway  and  have  running  rights  over  the 
C.P.R.  The  Liberal  criticism  was  concise — St.  John  Telegraph, 
Mar.  6 :  "  The  final  chapter  of  the  looting  and  betrayal  of  the  Pro- 
vince is  beginning.  Instead  of  a  railway  from  St.  John  to  Grand 
Palls,  and  proper  connections  with  the  National  Transcontinental, 
reaching  the  Courtenay  Bay  terminals  by  way  of  Rothesay,  it  is 
now  proposed  to  give  the  Province,  in  return  for  the  heavy  burden 
of  debt  it  has  assumed,  a  local  line  from  Centreville  to  Westfield 
or  Welsford  on  the  C.P.R.,  with  a  promise  of  running  rights  over 
the  C.P.R.  at  St.  John."  This  change  in  plans  was  admitted  by 
the  acting  Premier  (Hon.  J.  A.  Murray)  to  delegates  of  the  St. 
John  Board  of  Trade  who  made  it  public  on  Mar.  21 ;  in  Parlia- 
ment at  Ottawa  on  Mar.  20  F.  B.  Carvell  (Lib.)  and  Hon.  Robert 
Rogers,  discussed  the  Dominion  side  of  the  project  since  1910  and, 
as  had  happened  before,  it  became  a  sort  of  political  foot-ball 
between  the  I.C.R.,  the  C.P.R.,  National  Transcontinental  and  larger 
party  issues. 

In  a  letter  (Feb.  28)  from  F.  P.  Gutelius,  General-Manager  of 
the  Intercolonial,  to  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid,  acting  Minister  of  Railways, 
he  defined  the  original  objects  of  the  scheme  as  "(1)  to  provide 
transportation  facilities  for  the  productive  portions  of  the  St.  John 
Valley  and  (2)  to  secure  an  independent  direct  railway  connection 
between  St.  John  and  the  Transcontinental  Railway."  He  added 
that  "the  first  object  has  been  largely  attained  in  the  construction 
of  the  line  between  Gagetown  and  Centreville,  which  has  been  in 
operation  for  more  than  a  year.  The  second  object  can  be  attained 
by  the  Transcontinental  Railway  connection  being  made."  On 
Mar.  1  this  proposal  was  submitted  to  the  New  Brunswick  Govern- 
ment by  Dr.  Reid  and  careful  consideration  promised.  Wide  public 
discussion  took  place.  A  meeting  at  Clifton  oppospd  tho  f*lr\nrM?e  of 
route  and  another  at  Fredericton  supported  it  by  refusing  to 
discuss  a  negative  motion ;  the  St.  John  Board  of  Trade  dealt  with 
it  at  two  meetings  (Mar.  28-31)  without  reaching  a  conclusion 
further  than  voting  down  a  Resolution  for  an  expert  and  independ- 
ent survey  but,  finally,  on  Apr.  14  a  public  meeting  opposed  the 
Westfield  route ;  Kingston  passed  a  Resolution  against  it. 

In  the  Legislature  on  Apr.  25  Hon.  Mr.  Murray  introduced  a 
Bill  ratifying  an  Agreement  with  the  St.  John  &  Quebec  Railway 
and  the  Dominion  Government,  and  providing  for  the  change  of 


628  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

route  from  the  east  to  the  west  side  of  St.  John  River.  Under  this 
Agreement  the  Railway  would  be  ready  for  operation  by  the  Inter- 
colonial to  Westfield  on  Feb.  1,  1917,  running  over  C.P.R.  tracks 
from  Westfield  into  St.  John  until  an  independent  line  there  could 
be  constructed.  After  a  long  review  of  the  tangled  political  history 
and  record  of  the  project  the  acting  Premier  declared  that  the  new 
arrangement  would  give  "(1)  more  economical  and  efficient  hand- 
ling of  traffic  both  to  shipper  and  I.C.R. ;  (2)  less  capital  expendi- 
ture and  Provincial  liability  on  guarantees;  (3)  better  oppor- 
tunities to  develop  local  traffic  and  be  completed  probably  12  months 
earlier. ' '  The  Maine  connection  would  be  deferred  for  the  present. 
He  criticized  the  Report  of  D.  F.  Maxwell,  Provincial  Engineer, 
which  alleged  the  practicability  of  the  bridges  over  the  St.  John 
River  and  described  his  estimates  of  cost  as  wild.  He  quoted  C.  N. 
Monsarratt  in  support  of  the  contention. 

The  cost  of  the  Railway  to  Feb.  28,  1916,  showed  that  the  sec- 
tion from  Gagetown  to  Fredericton  had  cost  $1,148,310 ;  the  section 
from  Fredericton  to  Woodstock,  $2,406,998;  from  Woodstock  to 
Centreville,  $914,218;  the  total  expenditure  on  the  completed  line 
of  120  miles,  therefore,  was  $4,469,527.  There  had  also  been  ex- 
penditures on  the  uncompleted  line  south  of  Gagetown  amounting 
to  $68,465,  and  north  of  Centreville  of  $67,735,  which  brought  the 
gross  expenditure  up  to  $4,605,728.  After  discussion  the  Bill  passed 
the  House.  It  was  debated  in  the  Commons  on  May  3  and  legis- 
lation was  duly  passed  providing  for  the  operation  of  the  Railway 
by  the  Dominion  Government  and  the  payment  of  40%  of  the 
proceeds,  as  arranged,  to  the  Province — arrangements  to  be  re- 
troactive from  Jan.  1,  1916.  At  the  close  of  the  year  (Dec.  12) 
the  Directors  of  the  Valley  Railway — J.  D.  Palmer,  Col.  Richard 
O'Leary  and  W.  S.  Fisher — met  at  St.  John  and  Ross  Thompson, 
Chief  Engineer,  announced  "that  good  progress  was  being  made 
with  the  work  of  construction. ' ' 

On  Nov.  4  Hon.  J.  A.  Murray  left  on  a  two-months'  visit  to 
England  and  the  Premier  went  to  Boston  and  left  Hon.  D.  V.  Lan- 
dry,  as  acting  Premier.  In  London  The  Financier  of  Nov.  27  had  a 
long  interview  with  Mr.  Murray  who  described  the  policy  of  the  Gov- 
ernment and  resources  of  the  Province ;  he  urged  his  plan  of  After- 
the-War  colonization  in  New  Bruswick  with  much  approval.  In 
a  speech  at  this  time  (Nov.  9)  Hon.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter  advocated 
uniformity  in  Provincial  laws ;  on  Nov.  24  Hon.  Frank  Smith  stated 
that  local  Potato  dealers  were  "only  receiving  a  profit  of  from 
seven  to  ten  cents  per  90-pound  bag,  a  sum  not  much  more  than 
sufficient  to  cover  shrinkage  and  shortage. ' '  Other  incidents  of 
the  year  included  the  inauguration  by  the  Lieut.-Governor  of  a 
bronze  tablet  to  mark  the  passing  of  the  Suspension  bridge  over 
the  River  St.  John  (erected  1853)  and  the  completion  of  the  new 
one  ;  the  appointment  of  Mrs.  Edith  E.  Allen  as  Legislative  Librarian 
at  Fredericton ;  the  final  meetings,  late  in  January,  of  the  St.  John 
River  Commission,  appointed  in  1910  to  settle  conflicting  rights 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  LEGISLATION  AND  PROHIBITION  IN  1916     629 

along  the  portion  of  the  River  which  formed  the  boundary  between 
Canada  and  the  United  States,  and  composed  of  M.  G.  Teed,  K.C., 
and  John  Keefe  for  Canada,  with  Peter  C.  Keegan  and  J.  B.  Madi- 
gan  for  the  United  States  ;  in  February  the  Report  appeared  in  most 
voluminous  form  and  recommended  that  storage  dams,  described 
in  detail,  should  be  built  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  that  an  International  Board  of  Commissioners 
should  be  appointed,  to  consist  of  three  members,  with  power  to 
regulate  the  use  of  stored  water,  supervise  channel  improvements 
and  regulate  the  sorting  of  logs.  Upon  the  important  question  of 
the  legality,  under  the  Webster-Ashburton  Treaty,  of  the  diversion 
of  the  waters  of  Chamberlain  Lake  from  Allagash  (a  tributary 
of  the  St.  John)  to  the  Penobscot  River,  the  Commission  was  not 
able  to  agree  —  Mr.  Madigan  being  the  minority.  The  N.  B.  Federa- 
tion of  Labour  opened  at  Fredericton  on  Mar.  14  with  J.  L.  Sugrue 
in  the  chair.  The  Government  was  asked  for  submission  of  Prohi- 
bition to  a  popular  vote  and  Mr.  Sugrue  was  re-elected  President. 
On  May  1  H.  0.  Mclnerney  was  appointed  Judge  of  Probate  for 
St.  John  and  S.  B.  Bustin  Registrar. 


New  Brunswick  ^e  Legislative  Session  was  opened  on  Mar.  9  by 
Legislation  in  Lieut.-Governor  Josiah  Wood,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  in  a  Speech 
191  6:  The  from  the  Throne  which  first  expressed  regret  at  the 

Prohibition  illness  of  Mr.  Premier  Clarke  and  the  death  of  the 
Question  Speaker,  Hon.  W.  B.  Dickson;  referred  with  sorrow 

to  the  continued  raging  of  the  great  conflict  but  with  assurance  that 
"the  citizens  of  New  Brunswick,  in  common  with  the  rest  of  the 
Empire,  are  confident  of  victory;"  declared  that  the  people  had 
responded  generously  to  the  many  demands  made  upon  them,  that 
the  County  Councils  had  met  the  Patriotic  Fund  calls  in  a  most 
gratifying  way  and  that  the  Province  had  at  the  Front,  or  prepar- 
ing to  go,  "a  large  representation  of  the  best  of  its  young  man- 
hood ;  '  '  expressed  loyal  regret  at  the  recent  accident  to  His  Majesty 
the  King  and  sympathy  with  the  Dominion  authorities  and  others 
personally  concerned  in  the  burning  of  the  Parliament  Buildings; 
referred  to  the  death  of  Sir  Charles  Tupper  —  '  '  a  statesman  of  broad 
and  clear  vision." 

His  Honour  then  described  general  conditions  in  the  Province 
as  satisfactory,  commercial  and  industrial  circles  as  showing  marked 
activity,  the  harvest  as  bountiful,  prices  well  maintained  and  labour 
fairly  rewarded;  mentioned  the  success  of  Agricultural  education 
work  as  carried  on  and  the  increasing  interest  in  farming  with  the 
usual  short  courses,  rural  science  schools,  seed  fairs,  standing  crop 
competitions,  agricultural  exhibitions  and  general  field  work  being 
vigorously  carried  forward;  referred  to  the  roads  and  bridges  as 
improved  and  a  splendid  new  bridge  across  the  St.  John  completed  ; 
mentioned  work  upon  the  Forest  Survey  and  classification  of  Crown 
lands  as  being  thoroughly  accomplished;  described  the  lumber 
cut  of  the  past  year  as  much  larger  than  was  expected  at  the 
beginning  of  the  season  and  the  revenue  from  this  source  as  being 


630  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  Province,  with  prices  for  lumber 
satisfactory;  stated  the  financial  situation  of  the  Province  to  be 
sound  and  promised  legislation  "enabling  the  electors  of  the  Pro- 
vince to  adopt  a  measure  providing  for  the  prohibition  of  traffic 
in  intoxicating  liquors."  Bills  were  promised  providing  for  the 
early  completion  of  the  Valley  Railway  and  to  consolidate  and 
amend  the  Franchise  Act.  Olivier  M.  Melanson,  the  Acadian  Mem- 
ber for  Westmoreland  since  1912,  was  elected  Speaker  and  Donald 
Munro,  member  for  Carleton,  Deputy  Speaker.  Mr.  Murray  was 
Acting  Premier  and  the  Address  was  moved  by  Dr.  0.  B.  Price  and 
A.  J.  Witzell.  In  urging  the  raising  of  sheep  Dr.  Price  made 
the  following  war  statement :  '  *  England  has  used  up  to  the  end  of 
1915  for  war  purposes  109,000,000  yards  of  khaki  cloth  for  uni- 
forms; 3,900,000  under-shirts;  15,200,000  drawers;  12,200,000 
woollen  blankets ;  6,800,000  comforters ;  5,000,000  jerseys ;  3,700,000 
body  belts;  2,600,000  worsted  gloves."  Canada's  soldiers  alone, 
he  said,  needed  60,000,000  Ibs.  a  year  of  grease-wool  and  Canada 
produced  about  12,000,000  Ibs. ! 

On  Mar.  10  a  great  reception  was  given  by  the  House  to  Lieut.- 
Colonels  Percy  A.  Guthrie,  York,  and  Frank  B.  Black  of  West- 
moreland, who  had  returned  from  the  Front.  On  the  14th  Colonel 
Guthrie  made  an  eloquent  appeal,  during  the  Address  debate,  for 
Conscription.  He  was  naturally  fluent  and  his  subject  made  him 
persuasive,  pathetic,  earnest  in  turn ;  he  gloried  in  Canada's  exploits 
and  share  in  the  War  and  eulogized  the  work  of  Sir  Sam  Hughes'; 
he  declared  that  experience  had  taught  him  that  the  voluntary 
System  was  all  wrong:  "During  the  past  few  weeks  I  have  fre- 
quently come  across  cases  where  a  woman  is  caring  for  a  number 
of  little  ones,  while  her  husband  is  off  at  the  War.  In  the  next 
home  is  to  be  found,  perhaps,  several  young  unmarried  men  who 
have  not  enlisted  and  have  no  thought  of  enlisting.  Such  a  con- 
dition is  not  a  square  deal. ' '  The  Address  passed  without  division 
and  on  Apr.  12  Col.  Guthrie,  seconded  by  Capt.  L.  .P.  D.  Tilley, 
introduced  and  carried  unanimously  the  following  Resolution: 

Resolved:  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  House,  in  order  that  500,000  men 
promised  by  Canada  to  the  Empire  may  be  speedily  raised,  Parliament  should 
pass  an  Act  calling  to  the  colours  all  men  of  suitable  military  age.  And, 
further  resolved,  that  in  the  selection  of  men  for  overseas  service  a  system  of 
enrollment  should  be  adopted  whereby  requirements  of  agricultural,  industrial 
and  transportation  interests  of  the  country,  together  with  needs  of  persons 
dependent  upon  earnings  of  men  of  military  age  shall  be  given  due  consider- 
ation. 

The  following  Resolution  presented  by  J.  Leigh  White  on  Mar. 
22  was  referred  to  a  Committee:  "That  in  the  opinion  of  this 
House  it  is  advisable  that  an  annual  tax  of  from  one  to  two  cents 
per  acre  be  imposed  for  educationel  purposes  upon  all  granted  land 
in  the  Province  situated  outside  of  established  school  districts." 
A  motion  was  unanimously  passed  on  Mar.  24  expressing  deep  re- 
gret at  the  death  in  action  of  Major  Warren  H.  Belyea,  a  prominent 
citizen  of  Newcastle.  Another  Resolution  was  presented  (Mar.  31) 
by  L.  A.  Dugal  reviewing  the  Chandler  Commission  report  as  it 


1 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  LEGISLATION  AND  PROHIBITION  IN  1916    631 

affected  A.  J.  H.  Stewart  and  declaring  him  "not  a  fit  and  proper 
person  to  have  a  seat  in  this  House  of  Assembly"  but  it  was  ruled 
out  of  order  on  the  ground  that  the  Report  had  not  yet  been  tabled. 
This  was  done  on  Apr.  6  and  at  the  same  time  Mr.  Stewart's  resigna- 
tion of  his  seat  for  Gloucester  was  received.  The  Liberal  press 
demanded  similar  action  from  Martin  Robichaud,  M.L.A.,  also  dealt 
with  in  the  Report. 

The  Hon.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter,  Attorney-General,  presented  most 
of  the  legislation  of  the  Session.  He  had  a  Bill  simplifying  the 
incorporation  of  joint  stock  companies  and  based  largely  upon 
the  Dominion  Act;  one  to  facilitate  the  organization  of  rural  tele- 
phones and  another  to  amend  the  Rates  &  Taxes  Act  as  to  sales  of 
property  for  taxes;  he  also  carried  an  Elections  Bill  dealing  with 
the  selection  of  revisors  and  other  details,  with  a  view  to  checking 
trickery  at  the  polls,  and  providing  for  manhood  suffrage  with 
another  organizing  new  Electoral  districts;  another  Act  provided 
for  a  Recruiting  registration  of  the  Province  including  cities  and 
towns  and  with  the  Revisors  preparing  the  Lists.  Other  Bills 
carried  by  Mr.  Baxter  included  one  to  bring  the  daylight-saving 
scheme  into  general  effect,  should  the  Government  think  it  was 
demanded  by  the  people ;  one  to  reduce  the  number  of  grand  jurors 
from  24  to  12,  and  to  make  notification  of  grand  jurors  by  registered 
letter  legal ;  another  respecting  Sheriffs  and  still  another  to  move  a 
Session  of  the  Court  of  Appeal  from  Fredericton  to  St.  John. 
His  Bill  to  provide  facilities  for  juries  to  assess  damages  in  ex- 
propriation proceedings  and  apportion  it  among  the  several  inter- 
ests concerned  was  accepted;  he  carried  a  measure  providing  for 
forfeiture  of  a  guarantee  of  $50,000  deposited  by  the  Grand  Falls 
Co.  Ltd.,  if  work  was  not  commenced  within  a  reasonable  time  after 
the  close  of  the  War;  he  amended  the  Workmen's  Compensation 
Act  and  announced  the  coming  appointment  of  a  Commission  to 
inquire  into  the  Ontario  system. 

Other  legislation  included  an  amendment  of  the  Railway  Act 
so  that  in  case  of  non-operation  for  less  than  6  days  a  week  the 
Minister  of  Public  Works  might  investigate  and  the  Government 
if  necessary,  order  the  operation  of  the  Railway  for  such  greater 
number  of  days  in  each  week  as  might  seem  proper,  subject  to  a 
penalty  of  $100  to  $500  a  day ;  and  a  Bill  providing  for  an  addition- 
al Inspector  of  moving-picture  films  with  some  severe  criticisms 
in  the  House  as  to  those  which  had  recently  passed  the  Censors. 
Mr.  Premier  Clarke  amended  the  general  Mining  Act  and  that 
relating  to  survey  and  exportation  of  lumber  cut  on  Crown  lands. 
Hon.  Mr.  Murray  amended  the  Employers '  Liability  Act  by  making 
the  employer  liable  to  pay  compensation  to  a  workman  who  was 
killed  or  injured  under  any  circumstances,  so  long  as  he  was  follow- 
ing his  lawful  employment  and  was  not  himself  guilty  of  negligence ; 
he  also  carried  a  measure  as  to  the  International  Railway,  enabling 
the  Government  to  complete  certain  mortgage  release  arrangements 
with  the  Company  under  favourable  conditions  now  developed. 
The  Valley  Railway  and  Prohibition  Bills  are  dealt  with  separately. 


632  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Incidents  of  the  Session,  which  closed  on  Apr.  29,  included  a 
wild  scene,  with  much  abuse  and  strong  language,  on  Apr.  11  when 
J.  K.  Finder  charged  Mr.  Morrissy,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  with 
corruption  and  denounced  him  for  his  relations  with,  and  defence 
of,  his  Deputy,  H.  M.  Blair,  and  received  a  reply  couched  in  terms 
of  fighting  anger  and  contempt;  the  curious  incident  of  Apr.  28 
when  L.  A.  Dugal,  Acadian  leader  of  the  Opposition,  made  a 
speech  in  French  which,  with  his  approval  and  current  acceptance, 
was  repeated  to  the  House  in  English  by  Hon.  D.  V.  Landry  of  the 
Government  and  the  claim  next  day  that  there  were  things  in  the 
translation — notably  the  statement  that  he  had  "no  charges  to 
make ' '  which  Mr.  Dugal  claimed  he  had  not  said ;  the  statement  by 
the  Committee  on  Public  Accounts  (Apr.  28)  as  to  the  much  dis- 
cussed relations  of  B.  Frank  Smith  to  the  Potato  purchases  of  the 
Government  that: 

Our  attention  was  called  to  some  insinuating  criticisms  regarding  tran- 
sactions in  connection  with  the  gift  of  Potatoes  to  the  Empire  and  to  Belgian 
Eelief.  At  our  request  Mr.  Daggett,  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture, and  the  Auditor-General  appeared  before  us  and  explained  to  our 
satisfaction  every  transaction  in  connection  with  this  business.  All  Bills  and 
vouchers  pertaining  to  this  very  important  transaction  were  produced  and 
examined  minutely,  and  our  finding  is  that  the  matter  was  transacted  in  a 
prudent  and  business-like  manner,  having  in  view  the  safeguarding  of  the 
interests  of  the  Province. 

It  was  announced  by  the  Fredericton  Gleaner  (Cons.)  on  Jan. 
6  that  the  Government  had  decided  to  introduce  Prohibitory  legis- 
lation when  the  House  met,  though  it  had  never  been  a  clause  in 
Party  policy;  a  little  later  (Jan.  15)  the  new  Liberal  platform  con- 
tained a  Prohibition  paragraph.  TheAnglican  Synod  on  Feb.  2  con- 
curred in  Bishop  Richardson's  charge  urging  members  "to  promote 
such  legislation  as  will  tend  to  adequately  suppress  or  prohibit  the 
sale  of  intoxicating  liquor. ' '  J.  Roy  Campbell  of  St.  John,  however, 
declared  that  his  city  was  not  in  favour  of  it  and  * '  that  any  attempt 
of  other  parts  of  the  Province  to  force  Prohibition  in  that  city 
would  bring  about  a  state  of  affairs  similar  to  that  existing  when  the 
Canada  Temperance  Act  was  tried  there — perjury,  hypocrisy  and 
continual  court  prosecutions."  In  the  Catholic  churches  on  Mar. 
5  a  Pastoral  from  Bishop  Le  Blanc  was  read  declaring  that  "the 
abuse  of  intoxicating  liquor  is  one  of  the  greatest  curses  in  the 
world  to-day.  Nearly  all  the  misery,  misfortune  and  poverty,  that 
we  witness  are  traceable  to  this  evil."  He  urged  abstinence  but 
did  not  mention  Prohibition.  The  N.  B.  Orange  Grand  Lodge 
(Mar.  23)  placed  itself  on  record  as  in  favour  of  Prohibition  and 
emphatically  endorsed  the  agitation  for  "the  prohibition  of  the  man- 
ufacture, sale  and  importation  of  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  bever- 
age." 

In  1898  this  Province  had  26,919  votes  in  favour  of  Prohibi- 
tion to  9,575,  although  the  1856  Act  along  that  line  had  been 
repealed  after  a  few  months'  operation.  At  this  time  (1916)  about 
81%  of  the  population  were  under  the  Scott  Act  or  Local  Option — 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  LEGISLATION  AND  PROHIBITION  IN  1916    633 

even  parts  of  St.  John  were  without  licenses.  In  the  Legislature 
on  Mar.  10  T.  J,  Carter  described  the  laws  relating  to  the  Liquor 
traffic  in  New  Brunswick  as  the  most  drastic  possible  and  as  quite 
opposed  to  the  spirit  of  British  traditions;  he  declared  the  Scott 
Act  to  be  "not  adequately  enforced  anywhere."  On  Apr.  20  the 
Attorney-General  (Hon.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter)  presented  his  Prohibition 
Bill.  He  reviewed  the  history  of  Temperance  legislation  in  New 
Brunswick  since  1856,  when  a  short-lived  Prohibitory  Act  had 
been  enforced;  claimed  that  his  measure  would  have  "machinery 
which  can  and  will  be  set  in  force  to  vindicate  the  enforcement 
of  the  law;"  denounced  the  Scott  Act  for  its  weak  plan  of  en- 
forcement by  Inspectors  who  were  appointed  by  Municipal  Coun- 
cils and  declared  that  "the  people  could  enforce  the  Scott  Act 
if  they  wanted  to,  but  machinery  for  selecting  those  who  shall  en- 
force it  is  radically  defective."  As  to  the  Province  itself  106,- 
950  people  had  declared  in  favour  of  Prohibition  and  were  living 
under  it  while  those  living  under  license  numbered  only  47,569.  As 
eventually  passed  the  Act  applied  to  all  of  the  Province  where 
the  Scott  Act  (Dominion)  was  not  in  force  and  became 
operative  on  May  1,  1917 ;  under  its  terms  no  person  could  in  any 
way  sell,  procure,  use,  purchase  or  transfer  for  a  consideration 
any  liquor  without  a  wholesale  or  retail  license  and  such  covered 
only  medicinal,  scientific,  sacramental  and  mechanical  needs;  the 
carriage  of  liquor  from  one  part  of  the  Province  to  another  was 
prohibited.  Hospitals,  sick  persons,  those  engaged  in  mechanical 
business  or  scientific  pursuits,  dentists  and  physicians  were  allowed 
to  have  it  in  their  possession;  liquor  was  allowed  to  be  held  in 
bonded  liquor  warehouses  for  export  sale ;  penalties  ran  from  $50 
to  $200  fine  and  6  months  in  gaol  for  the  3rd  offence;  after  the 
Declaration  of  Peace  and  after  the  fair  testing  of  the  Act  the  Gov- 
ernment was  authorized  to  appoint  a  day  for  an  election  in  muni- 
cipalities, subject  to  it,  for  decision  as  to  the  retention  of  the  Act. 
The  percentage  of  alcohol  admitted  in  non-intoxicating  beers  was 
2%  or  1/2%  less  than  in  Nova  Scotia;  the  enforcement  of  the  Act 
was  to  be  under  the  supervision  of  an  Inspector,  with  a  corps 
of  assistants,  each  municipality  to  pay  its  own  costs  of  enforce- 
ment from  its  receipts  in  penalties  for  infraction;  the  quantity 
to  be  sold  under  a  prescription  was  limited  to  six  ounces  with  only 
one  sale  to  one  person  per  day. 

Some  minor  changes  were  made  in  the  Bill  as  it  passed  through 
the  House,  the  chief  being  that  which  abolished  the  reference  to 
any  specific  amount  of  liquor  which  a  physician  or  licensed  druggist 
could  keep  on  hand  for  prescription  purposes  or  that  a  hospital 
was  allowed  to  have.  The  measure  passed  on  Apr.  27  with  a  vote 
of  30  to  2— CapfL.  P.  D.  Tilley  and  Phillip  Grannan.  The  former 
was  a  son  of  Sir  Leonard  Tilley,  sponsor  of  the  1856  Prohibition  Bill. 
He  objected  to  cutting  off  licenses  without  compensation  or  to  a 
Referendum  and  stated  the  fear  that  "a  state  of  affairs  such  as 
exists  in  many  Scott  Act  places  will  be  Province-wide  and 


634  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

liquor  be  illicitly  sold  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  as  is 
now  said  to  be  done  at  Newcastle,  St.  Stephen  and  other  places. ' '  He 
favoured  a  high  license  law  with  Local  Option  provisions  and 
believed  a  three-fifths  clause  such  as  that  in  the  Ontario  Act  was 
required  to  insure  an  efficient  enforcement  of  a  Prohibitory  Act. 
Other  speakers  voted  for  the  Bill  though  expressing  fears  for  its 
enforcement  and  denunciation  of  existing  Scott  Act  conditions. 
An  agitation  at  once  began  to  repeal  the  Scott  Act  and  the  N.  B. 
branch  of  the  Dominion  Alliance  (Sept.  6)  declared  itself  "fully 
satisfied  with  the  law  as  now  given  to  us/7  deprecated  any  course 
or  policy  that  would  delay  the  coming  into  operation  of  the  law; 
and  expressed  the  desire  "that  Temperance  people  should  take  the 
necessary  steps  as  speedily  as  possible  to  secure  the  repeal  of  the 
Scott  Act  where  now  in  force."  The  71st  Convention  of  Maritime 
Baptists  declared  at  St.  John  (Oct.  17)  that  "in  New  Brunswick 
we  have  upon  the  statute  books  one  of  the  most  comprehensive  and 
drastic  prohibitory  laws  of  any  Province  in  the  Dominion.  Temper- 
ance and  Christian  men  and  women  have  worked  and  hoped  and 
prayed  for  this  to  come  and  now  we  stand  at  the  threshold  of  a 
new  day." 

Finances  of  -^n  a  nnancial  sense  the  year  opened  with  conspic- 

New  Brunswick  •  uous  reyiews  °f  the  Provincial  situation  from  two 
Education  and  '  leaders  °^  tne  Opposition — W.  E.  Foster  and  C.  W. 
war  Action  Robinson.  Mr.  Robinson  stated  the  increase  of  the 
Debt  in  1915  as  $456,393  with  a  gross  total  of  8y2  mil- 
lions and  a  net  Debt  of  over  $6,000,000.  To  the  gross  Debt  he 
added  the  indirect  liability  of  bonds  guaranteed  by  the  Province 
totalling  $5,407,521— giving  a  total  Debt  of  $14,000,000.  He  ex- 
pressed doubt  as  to  the  nature  and  returns  of  supposed  Sinking 
Funds  of  $1,000,000,  described  the  revenues  as  fairly  buoyant  and 
described  the  work  of  the  Farm  Settlement  Board  as  unsatisfactory : 
' '  Some  of  the  farms  purchased  are  small.  One  at  least  is  less  than 
an  acre  in  extent,  in  some  cases  they  were  abandoned  since  the 
purchase  by  the  Government.  In  other  cases  the  transfer  was 
from  one  member  of  a  family  to  another  as  an  excuse  to  obtain 
money  from  the  Government."  Provincial  Interest  had  grown 
to  $335,637  in  place  of  $197,857  six  years  before. 

Mr.  Foster  was  equally  pessimistic.  Since  1907  the  ordinary  ex- 
penditure had  increased  from  $969,939  to  $1,634,079  and,  taking 
the  figures  for  1915,  he  estimated  a  deficit  of  $415,040  which  he 
added  to  a  similar  estimate  for  1914  of  $700,000 ;  the  net  Debt  of 
1908  he  placed  at  $3,999,775;  the  net  funded  Debt  of  1915  at 
$8,477,233.  The  3rd  Budget  speech  of  Hon.  D.  V.  Landry  was 
delivered  at  Fredericton  on  Mar.  29.  The  Receipts  for  the  year 
of  Oct.  31,  1915,  were  $1,634,079  as  against  Estimates  of  $1,565,- 
750 ;  the  Expenditures  were  $1,626,633  and  the  Estimate  had  been 
$1,557,493 ;  the  surplus  was  $8,446,  the  estimated  Receipts  for  1916 
were  $1,548,100  and  Expenditures  $1,535,873.  He  replied  to  the 
above  statements  of  Messrs.  Robinson  and  Foster — who  were  with- 
out seats  in  the  House — by  claiming  that  the  year's  increase  of 


FINANCES  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK  ;  EDUCATION  AND  WAR  ACTION    635 

Debt  was  $185,408;  that  the  additional  revenues  had  been  well 
spent  by  the  Government  and  many  of  the  additional  liabilities 
over  1908  were  heritages  from  the  preceding  Liberal  Government; 
that  Mr.  Foster  had  compared  net  with  gross  Debts  and  that  if  the 
latter 's  form  of  financial  estimates  had  been  followed  in  1907  the 
alleged  credit  balance  of  $65,589  passed  over  to  the  new  Govern- 
ment would  have  been  a  deficit  of  $490,000.  As  to  the  rest :  ' '  There 
could  be  no  fair  comparison  because  under  the  old  Administration 
there  was  no  honest  system  of  bookkeeping  which  would  show  how 
accounts  stood.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  present  Administration 
after  getting  into  office  in  1908  was  to  pass  the  Audit  Act,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  take  care  that  not  one  single  dollar  of 
Provincial  money  could  be  spent  without  proper  authority."  He 
declared  that  the  surplus  set  out  by  the  Government  was  a  real  one 
and  that  when  they  struck  their  balance  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal 
year  all  bills  then  rendered  had  been  paid  and  the  balance  appear- 
ing as  on  hand  was  an  actual  existing  balance.  He  analyzed  the 
Debt  and  described  it  (Net)  as  $5,782,077  in  1915  and  $5,596,669 
in  1914.  Since  the  Government  came  into  office  (1908)  it  had  spent 
$925,649  on  Roads  and  $1,317,735  on  Bridges.  In  the  House  on 
Mar.  22  the  Treasurer  stated  that  the  bonded  Debt  of  the  Province 
was  $10,804,646,  including  St.  John  Valley  Railway  bonds  of  $1,- 
700,000.  At  the  close  of  1916  the  ordinary  Receipts  (Oct.  31)  were 
stated  at  $1,580,531  and  the  Expenditures  at  $1,568,454;  with 
Loans  and  capital  expenditure  the  latter  total  was  $2,592,427. 

The  annual  Report  of  W.  S.  Carter,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Chief  Super- 
intendent of  Education,  showed  a  general  advance  in  New  Bruns- 
wick conditions  with  73,007  different  pupils  in  attendance  and 
with  statistics  given  for  the  1st  and  2nd  Terms  into  which  attend- 
ance was  divided.  The  number  of  schools,  respectively,  in  these 
periods  were  2,020  and  1,996;  the  number  of  teachers  2,141  and 
2,161;  the  number  of  pupils  66,044  and  66,548;  the  number  of 
pupils  in  attendance  over  15  was  2,472  and  3,168.  The  large  pro- 
portion of  these  pupils  (over  62,000)  took  lessons  in  Morals,  Physi-. 
cal  exercise,  reading  and  spelling,  drawing,  writing,  arithmetic, 
health  and  nature  studies;  3/,000,  only,  studied  English  grammar, 
26,000  History,  39,000  singing,  37,000  geography  with  French, 
Latin,  sewing,  and  knitting  as  optional.  The  average  salaries  of 
teachers  over  a  ten-year  period  increased  as  follows: 

Class  of  Teacher  1906  1916  Increase 

Grammar    School     $1,007 . 00         $1,242 .  60        $235 .  60 

Superior    School     611.17  799.03  187.86 


First  Class,  Male 
Second  Class,  Male 
Third  Class,  Male  . 
First  Class,  Female 
Second  Class,  Female 


609.90  873.64  263.74 

319.84  393.77  73.93 

238.91  290.97  52.06 
356.95  482.06  125.11 

255.85  318.60  62.75 


Third  Class,   Female    198 . 12  261 . 72 

The  total  of  Provincial  grants  for  the  year  was  $206,485,  the 
apportionment  of  the  County  Fund  was  $47,796  for  1st  Term  and 
$48,345  for  the  2nd.  The  Provincial  Normal  School  at  Fredericton 


636  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

had  372  students  enrolled  in  1916  of  whom  124  were  Baptists,  94 
Catholics  and  the  rest  scattering.  As  to  Bi-lingualism  P.  G. 
McFarlane,  one  of  the  Inspectors,  made  this  statement  regarding 
Restigouche  County:  "In  this  section  the  school  population  has 
doubled  in  the  last  three  years,  owing  to  the  influx  of  large  numbers 
of  French  families  from  the  Province  of  Quebec  and  elsewhere  who 
have  taken  up  homesteads  to  engage  in  pioneer  work  in  the  northern 
wilds  of  New  Brunswick.  In  Campbellton  the  Board  employs  a 
French-English  teacher,  giving  to  pupils  of  all  grades  an  oppor- 
tunity of  learning  French.  Classes  are  sent  to  Miss  Hache  's  room 
every  half-hour  period,  and  they  are  taught  to  speak  as  well  as 
to  read  French."  The  Grammar  School  at  Bathurst  reported 
4  religious  teachers  from  the  Convent. 

As  to  conditions  in  general  the  N.  B.  Educational  Institute  with 
W.  S.  Carter  as  President,  met  at  St.  John  on  June  28-30  and  dis- 
cussed a  great  variety  of  subjects.  Dr.  Carter  declared  that:  "We 
need  more  money  for  our  schools.  There  are  many  weak  districts 
which  need  more  assistance  from  the  stronger  ones.  A  tax  of  $3 . 00 
per  $100  in  one  district  in  the  same  parish  as  against  12  cents  per 
$100  in  another  is  an  inequality  that  should  not  exist.  What  shall  we 
do  about  it  ?  In  my  opinion  we  should  begin  by  making  the  parish 
the  unit  for  assessment,  instead  of  the  district.  We  should  tax 
all  property,  wherever  situated,  for  school  purposes.  We  should 
double  the  County  Fund  tax  in  order  that  the  strong  may  help  the 
weak."  He  reported  that  between  3,000  and  4,000  of  the  teachers 
had  taken  the  physical  training  course  since  its  inception,  and 
that  the  organization  of  Cadet  corps  in  Normal,  High  and  other 
schools  had  made  considerable  progress.  An  incident  of  one  of  the 
meetings  was  the  presence  on  the  platform  of  Bishop  Le  Blanc 
(Catholic)  and  Bishop  Richardson  (Anglican) ;  another  was  the 
report  of  24  school  Cadet  Corps  with  the  aim  of  developing  a 
manly  spirit  and  mental  pOAvers  while  preparing  boys  for  military 
service. 

The  Bi-lingual  question  came  in  for  some  consideration.  The 
same  claim  was  made  by  critics  of  the  School  system  as  in  Nova 
Scotia — that  despite  a  non-sectarian  School  law  many  con- 
cessions had  been  given  to  Roman  Catholics  as  to  both  French 
language  and  religious  instruction.  As  to  the  latter  a  Sub- 
Committee  headed  by  Bishop  Richardson  had  reported  favour- 
ably regarding  obligatory  Biblical  readings  in  the  public  schools 
and  the  memorizing  of  selected  portions — after  prolonged  Con- 
ferences with  the  Catholic  Bishops  in  which  no  agreement 
could  be  reached.  The  reasons  given  for  the  proposed  Read- 
ings were :  "  (1)  We  believe  that  there  is  a  deplorable,  and,  we  fear 
a  growing  ignorance  of  the  Bible  as  the  world's  greatest  piece  of 
sacred  literature;  (2)  we  are  greatly  impressed  with  the  need  that 
undoubtedly  exists  of  giving  to  the  teaching  of  morals  in  the  Pub- 
lic Schools  a  more  definite  and  authoritative  sanction. ' '  The  Report 


FINANCES  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK  ;  EDUCATION  AND  WAR  ACTION    637 

was  made  public  on  Mar.  4  and  it  appeared  that  on  Nov.  5,  1915, 
Bishop  Richardson  had  written  to  Bishop  T.  D.  Barry  of  Chatham 
(Catholic)  asking  an  agreement  with  this  view  and  adding  "I  have 
told  the  Government  that  we  are  quite  willing  to  submit  the  pro- 
posed readings  to  you,  and  to  Bishop  Le  Blanc,  and  we  shall  be 
ready,  I  think,  to  accept  the  elimination  of  any  passages  of  which 
you  may  not  approve."  In  reply  Bishops  Barry  and  Le  Blanc  re- 
stated (Nov.  18)  the  position  of  their  Church  as  to  religious  instruc- 
tion in  schools,  their  submission,  under  protest,  to  existing  condi- 
tions in  New  Brunswick,  their  effort,  wherever  possible,  to  establish 
separate  parochial  schools,  their  pleasure  at  the  partial  recogni- 
tion of  their  principles  and  desire  for  co-operation.  '  *  Unfortunate- 
ly, however,  the  simple  reading  of  the  Scriptural  text  without  com- 
ment implies  the  right  of  each  pupil  to  interpret  such  text  as  he 
or  she  wishes,  and  would  seem  to  be  the  putting  in  practice  of 
private  interpretation,  a  principle  to  which  we  could  never  agree. 
.  .  .  We  merely  submit  to  the  law  which  up  to  the  present  we 
have  not  been  able  to  have  changed." 

The  Bishop  of  Fredericton,  therefore,  wrote  the  Premier  that 
the  proposal  would  not  be  pressed  as  it  might  disturb  the  peace  of 
the  Province  but  that  he  protested  against  the  claim  of  a  section  of 
the  population  to  dominate  the  whole.  The  Provincial  Board  of  Edu- 
cation on  Feb.  16,  1916,  passed  a  Resolution  as  to  this  that:  ''The 
present  Regulations  have  been  in  force  for  upwards  of  40  years  and, 
on  the  whole,  have  worked  out  in  a  manner  which  is  fairly  satisfac- 
tory to  the  people  of  the  Province,  and  the  Board  of  Education  is  of 
the  opinion  that  the  change  requested  by  the  Memorialists  might 
afford  excuse  for  requests  looking  to  further  departures  from  the 
spirit  of  the  law,  and  eventually  result  in  a  violation  of  the  principle 
of  non-sectarian  education  which  is  the  basic  feature  of  existing 
legislation." 

As  to  Higher  Education  the  University  of  New  Brunswick  had 
in  1915-16  an  attendance  of  116  with,  however,  many  enlistments 
depleting  the  number  which,  in  1914-15  had  been  142 ;  the  graduates 
were  24:  the  Officers'  Training  Corps  passed  42  members  and  Quali- 
fied 10  for  infantry  commissions.  It  was  estimated  by  Chancellor 
C.  C.  Jones  that  by  the  close  of  1916  250  members  of  the  Staff, 
graduates  and  students,  were  on  active  service  with  15  killed  in 
action  and  one  dead  of  disease  while  16  won  Honours  of  various 
kinds.  Prof.  A.  J.  Uppvall  was  succeeded  as  Professor  of  French 
and  German  by  C.  E.  Popplestone,  M.A.  Mount  Allison  University, 
Sackville,  of  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  B.  C.  Borden  ^PS  President,  had 
a  successful  year  with  5  graduates  as  M.A.,  and  20  as  B.A. ;  with 
202  students  in  Arts,  Theology,  Engineering,  etc.,  ranging  from 
China  to  England  and  Quebec  to  Bermuda ;  Mount  Allison  Academy 
(men)  under  Dr.  J.  M.  Palmer  lost  60%  of  its  attendance  from 
enlistments ;  a  call  was  made  upon  the  Methodists  of  these  Provinces 
for  additional  contributions  for  the  institution ;  the  Ladies ' 
Academy  had  a  most  successful  year  and  in  December  Rev.  Ham- 


638  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ilton  Wigle,  B.A.,  President  of  the  N.  S.  Methodist  Conference,  was 
appointed  Principal.  The  Rev.  John  Line,  B.D.,  became  Professor 
of  Homiletics  in  the  University.  St.  Joseph's  University,  at  its 
52nd  Encoenia,  conferred  the  B.A.  degree  upon  8  young  men  and 
that  of  B.  Litt.  upon  8  others.  Bishop  Le  Blanc  spoke  and  reference 
was  made  to  the  many  sons  of  St.  Joseph  who  were  at  the  Front. 

The  Government  did  not  take  any  special  War-action  during 
1916;  the  people  were  chiefly  concerned  with  recruiting  efforts. 
The  Hon.  Mr.  Hazen,  ex-Premier,  lost  one  of  his  sons  at  the  Front ; 
Hon.  J.  A.  Murray,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  had  a  son — Lieut. 
Ralph  Murray — on  active  service ;  P.  J.  Veniot,  Liberal  organizer, 
had  a  son  of  the  same  name  in  the  fighting  line,  as  did  his  colleague 
E.  S.  Carter;  the  Premier's  son-in-law,  Lieut.  Jarvis,  was  at  the 
Front.  As  to  contributions  the  Provincial  Red  Cross  Branch,  of 
which  Mayor  Hayes  of  St.  John,  was  Chairman,  with  its  77  local 
branches,  received  $18,540  in  cash  contributions  during  the  year 
and  $4,249  for  the  British  Red  Cross.  The  Chairman  of  the  Re- 
turned Soldiers'  Aid  Commission  was  Thos.  Bell  of  St.  John  and  the 
members  included  Hon.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter  and  T.  Carleton  Allen, 
Fredericton,  J.  E.  Masters,  Moncton,  Dr.  L.  M.  Bourke,  Moncton, 
R.  V.  Bennett,  Hopewell,  T.  M.  Burns,  Bathurst,  L.  A.  Gagnon,  Ed- 
mundston,  J.  L.  Sugme,  St.  John,  J.  H.  Peat,  Andov^r,  and  J.  D. 
Creaghan.  The  Provincial  Receipts  for  the  Canadian  Patriotic 
Fund  up  to  the  close  of  1915  were  $281,510  and  expenditures 
$194,691 ;  up  to  the  close  of  1916  they  were,  respectively,  $629,591 
and  $550,448.  In  this  connection  a  Deputation  headed  by  Sir 
Herbert  Ames  waited  upon  members  of  the  Legislature  (Mar.  31) 
and  asked  that  legislation  be  passed  enabling  each  municipality  to 
assess  for  a  just  proportion  of  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  and 
also  asked  the  Legislature  to  make  good  any  deficit  that  might 
occur  in  the  Province  should  the  $400,000  required  to  carry  on 
the  work  not  be  forthcoming.  Eventually  sufficient  funds  were 
obtained.  In  response  to  an  appeal  from  Lady  Tilley  of  the 
C.R.C.S.  a  large  number  of  beds  were  subscribed  for  the  Princess 
Patricia  Hospital  at  Ramsgate. 

The  recruiting  response  of  the  year  was  good  but  it  did  not  come 
up  to  the  allotted  number  for  the  Province.  Between  Nov.  1,  1915, 
and  Nov.  1,  1916,  9,600  men  volunteered  and  this,  in  a  Province 
long  since  denuded  of  a  large  number  of  young  men  by  migration 
to  the  States,  was  better  than  it  appeared.  Of  this  total  St.  John 
gave  2,570,  Westmoreland,  1,396,  York  945,  Carleton  648,  Resti- 
gouche  742  and  the  rest  scattering.  Of  the  men  who  worked  and 
struggled  to  raise  these  9  Battalions  Lieut.-Col.  P.  A.  Guthrie,  M.L.A., 
was  foremost.  Home  on  sick  leave  from  Sept.  25,  1915  which  was 
afterwards  extended  to  June  27,  he  was  appointed  Special  Recruiting 
Officer  for  the  Maritime  Provinces  and,  while  still  on  crutches  and, 
afterwards,  with  a  cane,  toured  every  county  in  the  Provinces, 
speaking  at  recruiting  meetings,  organizing  county  committees  and 


FINANCES  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK  ;  EDUCATION  AND  WAR  ACTION     639 

putting  in  operation  Provincial  organizations.  On  May  25  Gol. 
Guthrie  was  authorized  to  raise  the  236th  Battalion.  Major  L.  P. 
D.  Tilley,  M.L.A.,  was  Chief  Recruiting  Officer  for  the  Province  and 
his  remuneration  went  to  the  Patriotic  Fund ;  Capt.  Geo.  P.  Ryder, 
another  officer  devoting  his  whole  time  to  this  work,  had  failed  to 
pass  medically  but  did  yeoman  recruiting  service  and  had  four 
sons  at  the  Front.  On  Mar.  15  a  Provincial  Recruiting  Association 
was  organized  at  Fredericton  with  R.  O'Leary,  Richibucto,  as 
President,  and  Capt.  Tilley  as  Secretary.  Amongst  those  present 
were  C.  L.  Cyr,  J.  H.  Pelletier,  M.L.A.,  J.  B.  Hachay,  M.L.A.,  and 
a  Resolution  was  unanimously  passed  in  favour  of  Conscription 
while  plans  were  discussed  to  make  the  best  of  the  present  situation. 
About  this  time  Brig.-Gen.  H.  H.  McLean,  M.P.,  assumed  command 
of  the  N.  B.  Military  District.  In  September  Lieut.-Col.  J.  L. 
McAvity,  lately  in  command  of  the  "Fighting  26th"  of  Ypres  and 
Somme  fame,  was  home  on  leave  and  became  A.A.G.  of  this  com- 
mand. 

Meanwhile  Col.  Guthrie  had  proved  himself  a  power  on  the 
platform  and  notable  local  addresses  during  the  year  were  de- 
livered throughout  these  Provinces  and  right  through  Canada  to 
the  Pacific  coast — notably  St.  John  on  Feb.  27,  and  Victoria,  B.C., 
on  Dec.  9.  He  led  in  the  recruiting  of  the  N.  B.  (236th)  Kilties 
and  in  September  directed  the  organization  of  225  meetings  for  two 
weeks  and  addressed  many  himself.  Beacon  fires  were  lit  in  every 
county,  striking  posters  utilized  and  the  fiery  cross  of  St.  Andrew 
was  sent  through  the  country  after  the  old  Highland  fashion.  At 
each  of  the  fifteen  meetings,  to  be  held  on  a  given  date,  it  was  hurled 
by  a  runner  at  the  foot  of  the  speaker,  who  picked  it  up,  pausing 
in  his  address,  and  passed  it  on  to  another  runner  who  then 
carried  it  on  to  the  next  shiretown  or  meeting,  and  there  dropped 
it  again  at  the  feet  of  the  speaker.  These  fiery  torches  were 
carried  by  automobile,  motor  cycle,  horseback  and  on  foot  and  a 
complete  circuit  of  the  Province,  covering  about  1,500  miles  was 
made.  In  St.  John  on  Sept.  25  it  was  a  most  spectacular  sight  with 
great  crowds,  torchlight  processions,  eloquent  appeals,  yet  only  4 
young  men  responded!  Greater  successes  followed,  however.  In 
October  Col.  Guthrie  asked  for  $20,000  to  buy  the  necessary  Kilts 
for  his  men  and  amongst  the  subscriptions  were  $1,000  from  Gen- 
eral McLean,  another  $1,000  from  C.  E.  Neill  of  the  Royal  Bank, 
and  $1,000  from  Sir  F.  Williams- Taylor  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal— 
whose  native  town  of  Moncton  had  honoured  him  a  short  time 
before  (Aug.  17)  and  heard  a  vigorous  call  to  war  action. 

Meanwhile,  many  New  Brunswick  men  had  been  winning  hon- 
ours or  making  the  last  sacrifice  at  the  Front.  Ma  lor  W.  H,  Bolvea, 
Capt.  H.  W.  Ferguson,  Lieut.  J.  M.  Hazen,  Lieutenants  Robert 
Morison,  Austin  P.  Murray,  Gordon  W.  Kerr,  Frank  Corr,  F.  D. 
Foley,  Wm.  Turney,  Alex.  Ingram,  J.  D.  Brock  and  Captains  F.  R. 
Fairweather,  C.  E.  Williams,  R.  K.  Shives,  were  amongst  the 
fatal  casualties  of  the  year.  Sergt.  John  H.  Trynor — born  in  New 


640  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Brunswick  but  leaving  Maine  to  enlist  in  England — won  a  V.C. ; 
Major  T.  E.  Powers,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E.  G.  Mackenzie,  who  succeed- 
ed Col.  McAvity  in  the  26th  Battalion,  Majors  E.  W.  Macdonald, 
John  A.  Mackenzie,  C.  E.  Fairweather,  J.  K.  Mackay,  T.  Malcolm 
McAvity,  won  the  coveted  D.S.O.,  while  Brig.-Gen.  H.  Montgomery- 
Campbell,  a  native  of  Fredericton,  was  given  a  C.M.G. 

Prince  Edward  Island  in  1916.  TMS   island  Province  had 

a  most  prosperous  year.  Its  production  of  Spring  wheat  was  $879,000  (Federal 
statistics),  of  Oats  $4,522,000,  of  Potatoes  $3,321,000,  of  Hay  and  Clover 
$3,907,000,  of  sundry  field  crops  $427,000 — a  total  of  $9,056,000.  The  Pro- 
vincial estimate  was  $11,135,838  with  $500,000  for  Dairy  products  and  $1,100,- 
000  for  Fisheries.  The  demand  for  beef  and  dairy  cattle  was  keen  and  prices 
high,  sheep  increased  in  numbers  with  prices  for  wool  exceptionally  high,  the 
number  of  swine  showed  a  slight  decrease  but  with  higher  prices  and  there 
was  a  marked  increase  in  the  production  of  eggs  and  poultry.  The  annual 
Report  of  the  P.  E.  Island  Development  Commission — F.  E.  Heartz  (Chair- 
man), W.  F.  Tidmarsh,  A.  J.  McFadyen  and  J.  A.  McDonald — pointed  to 
the  Island  as  possessing  "one  of  the  finest  fishing  grounds  in  North  America" 
and  pointed  out  that  they  had  not  been  taken  advantage  of.  Save  for  lob- 
sters, there  were  no  regularly  conducted  fisheries  though  the  waters  teemed 
with  fish  for  which  there  was  a  constant  demand.  The  coastal  bays  were  a 
natural  home  of  the  oyster  and  some  attempt  was  made  to  protect  the  few 
beds  remaining  and  to  encourage  oyster  culture,  but  the  results  were  not 
as  satisfactory  as  could  be  wished.  "Four  factors  seem  essential  to  success: 
(1)  that  the  business  be  conducted  on  a  large  scale  with  capital  sufficient 
to  indulge  in  experiments  and  await  results;  (2)  absolute  protection;  (3) 
expert  management;  (4)  established  markets." 

The  Fox  industry  during  the  year  was  being  slowly  standardized  and  the 
P.  E.  Island  Fur  Sales  Board — F.  L.  Eogers,  Alberton,  J.  W.  Callbeck, 
Summerside,  and  Chester  McLure,  Charlottetown — reported  in  March  as  fol- 
lows: "  (1)  Individual  effort  in  marketting  the  skins  was  not  satisfactory  and 
should  be  discontinued  with  marketting  all  done  from  one  source.  If  that 
could  be  agreed  upon  we  should  certainly,  in  the  near  future,  have  a  most 
valuable  and  choice  stock  of  pelts  as  to  which,  also,  the  matching  should  be 
done  on  the  Island;  (2)  our  ranchers  should,  as  soon  as  possible,  take  pains 
to  inform  themselves  as  to  the  fur  value  of  their  various  individual  foxes, 
so  that  the  least  desirable  could  be  eliminated  and  only  the  best  be  kept  for 
breeding;  (3)  pelts  should  be  in  the  very  best  condition  when  taken  off  and 
this  could  only  be  done  by  the  most  careful  study  of  pelts  before  and  after 
slaughter;  (4)  the  ranchers  should  agree  to  avoid  unnecessary  haste  in  selling 
their  pelts."  At  this  time  E.  R.  Brow,  President  of  the  Silver  Black  Fox 
Breeders'  Association,  of  CharlottetoAvn,  reported  300  Fox  Companies  in 
business  and  declared  that  any  farmer  could,  with  a  chance  of  profit,  add 
the  rearing  of  foxes  to  his  ordinary  farm  plant.  The  sensational  profits  were 
all  gone,  however. 

The  38th  Legislature  met  on  Mar.  29  in  its  1st  Session  and  was  opened  by 
Lieut.-Governor  A.  C.  Macdonald  in  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  fore- 
showed legislation  giving  effect  to  war  measures,  drainage  of  farm  lands  and 
development  of  the  fisheries.  Reference  was  made  to  the  steady  progress  in 
educational  matters — a  work  handicapped  by  the  absence  on  military  duty 
of  the  Chief  Superintendent,  three  Inspectors  and  50  teachers.  Advance  in 
agriculture,  increased  price  of  Live-stock,  rapid  progress  in  Farmers'  Co- 
operative movements  and  improved  transportation  facilities  were  also  dealt 
with.  John  S.  Martin,  a  prominent  Orangeman,  was  chosen  Speaker  and  the 
division  on  the  Address  taken  by  J.  H.  Bell,  Opposition  Leader,  showed  16 
Conservatives  and  13  Liberals.  There  was  no  important  legislation.  The 
Election  Land  assessment,  Fox  Tax  Companies,  Tax  Drainage  and  other 
Acts  were  amended;  a  violent  scene  took  place  on  Apr.  7  over  epithets 


IMPORTANT  INCIDENTS  IN  THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES        641 

applied  by  Hon.  Murdoch  Kennedy,  Minister  without  Portfolio,  to  J.  J. 
Johnson  and  Mr.  Bell;  the  Opposition  fought  strongly  along  financial  lines 
and  claimed  a  deficit  of  $97,122  with  an  increase  in  the  Debt  during  1915 
of  $180,000;  the  Premier,  Hon.  John  A.  Mathieson,  admitted  an  increase  of 
$106,000  but  estimated  a  small  surplus  for  the  coming  year  with  expenditures 
for  1916  of  $466,607  exclusive  of  War  expenses  and  capital  accounts.  The 
Premier  carried  a  measure  providing  for  Government  loans  to  settlers  drain- 
ing and  improving  their  farm-lands.  The  House  adjourned  on  May  4  and 
met  again  in  a  short  Special  Session  on  Aug.  4  when  the  Lieut.-Governor 
stated  that  it  would  be  asked  to  make  suitable  provision  for  dependents  of 
soldiers,  announced  that  Charles  Dalton 's  Sanitorium  would  be  used  for 
treatment  of  returned  tuberculosis  soldiers,  asked  support  to  the  Sanitorium 
and  intimated  a  decline  in  revenue  owing  to  the  War.  Bills  were  passed  pro- 
viding $27,000  for  the  Sanitorium  and  $20,000  for  Patriotic  and  other  Funds. 
Meantime,  on  Jan.  5,  H.  D.  McLean  (Cons.)  was  elected  in  King's 
County  over  L.  Macdonald  (Lib.)  by, 216  votes;  during  the  year  Hon.  Charles 
Dalton,  a  member  of  the  Government,  was  made  a  Knight  Commander  of 
St.  Gregory  the  Great  by  the  Pope  in  honour  of  his  generous  benefactions 
to  St.  Dunstan  's  College  and  the  gift  to  the  Province  of  the  Dalton  Sani- 
torium. Cuthbert  A.  Simpson  was  selected  as  the  1916  Ehodes  Scholar  from 
this  Province. 

Important  Incidents  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  1916 

Jan.  1.  The  Industrial  facts  as  to  the  Maritime  Provinces  in  1915  were 
as  follows : 

Pro™ce  Ca'ital  Employees         jgjj^  &*»£ 

New    Brunswick    $46,049,862  8,794,485      $21,442,924      $37,656,284 

Nova    Scotia     126,478,530        16,533,736        37,720,301        70,827  656 

P.   E.   Island    1,906,564  440,522  1,520,327          2,646,469 

The  average  wage  of  farm  help  in  Nova  Scotia  for  the  year,  including 
board,  was  in  1916  (Dominion  Statistics)  for  males  $364.91  and  for  females 
$194.88;  in  New  Brunswick  it  was  $328.02  and  $163.91;  in  P.  E.  Island  it 
was  $301.35  and  $166.79. 

Mar.  1.  The  N.  B.  Farmers'  &  Dairymen's  Association  passed  a  Reso- 
lution asking  the  Legislature  "to  give  us  such  assistance  as  will  enable  us  to 
co-operate  with  the  other  Maritime  Provinces  in  establishing  a  Maritime 
Dairy  School  in  conjunction  with  the  N.  S.  Agricultural  College  at  Truro 
and  maintaining  and  developing  those  institutions  up  to  a  standard  second 
to  none." 

Mar.  25.  In  connection  with  the  Power  question  it  was  stated  that  a 
Company  had  been  incorporated  under  a  Dominion  charter — The  Bay  of 
Fundy  Tide  Power  Ltd., — with  Dr.  George  B.  Cutten  of  Acadia  as  President 
and  the  installation  of  a  plant  underway.  The  initial  unit  to  be  placed  would 
give  10,000  horse  power  continuously,  and  by  slight  addition  could  be  increased 
to  15,000  horse-power  24  hours  per  day.  The  cost  of  construction  of  the  com- 
plete project  was  stated  at  $103  per  turbine  horse  power,  enabling  power  to 
be  distributed  throughout  Nova  Scotia,  P.  E.  Island  and  New  Brunswick 
at  from  $15  to  $25  per  horse  power  per  year,  compared  with  present  rates 
of  $350  to  $1,000  delivered  from  steam  plants.  Prof.  R.  P.  Clarkson  of 
Acadia  told  the  St.  John  Board  of  Trade  that  ' '  it  was  a  perfectly  feasible 
proposition  to  bring  the  power  from  this  plant  to  St.  John — a  distance  of 
175  miles — by  high  tension  lines.  In  all  the  world  there  is  but  one  Bay 
of  Fundy  with  its  enormous  tides.  Millions  of  tons  of  water  are  moving 
constantly  and  possess  energy  sufficient,  if  utilized,  to  provide  power  for  the 
whole  of  Canada. ' ' 

Mar.  29.  At  Halifax  a  Bureau  of  Social  Service  was  organized  with 
H.  R.  Silver  President,  Hon.  R.  G.  Beazley  Vice-President,  and  R.  V.  Harris 
Secretary,  with  objects  briefly  defined  as  "a  thorough  diagnosis  of  the 
family  and  its  rehabilitation  through  personal  service."  For  the  first  point 

41 


642  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

a  trained  social  worker  was  said  to  be  needed  and  for  the  second  a  well- 
organized  body  of  friendly  visitors  and  voluntary  workers. 

Mar.  31  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  at  this  date  New  Brunswick  had 
Imports  of  $14,852,932  and  Exports  of  $131,241,957.  St.  John  statistics  were 
$11,165,463  and  $120,042,590  respectively,  or  an  increase  of  174  per  cent, 
during  the  year  as  compared  with  56  per  cent,  for  Halifax,  62  per  cent,  for 
Montreal  and  10  per  cent,  for  Boston,  U.S. 

Apr.  10.  St.  John  sustained  the  Commission  form  of  government  in  a 
Plebiscite  by  4,092  votes  to  1,824.  The  alternative  on  the  ballot  was  return 
to  the  ward  system. 

June  10.  Dr.  W.  W.  White  of  St.  John  returned  from  Ottawa  after 
being  elected  President  of  the  Medical  Council  of  Canada  in  succession  to 
Sir  Thomas  Eoddick  and  Hon.  E.  S.  Thornton,  M.D.,  of  Winnipeg. 

Sept.  20.  J.  B.  Daggett,  Secretary  for  Agriculture,  reported  that  the 
potato  crop  in  New  Brunswick  was  10  to  15  per  cent,  short  of  last  year.  The 
estimate  was  7,300,000  bushels  from  40,000  acres  and  Shippers  were  paying 
$2.35  to  $2.50  at  loading  points.  Later  in  the  year  prices  rose  steadily. 

Sept.  28.  The  Liberal-Conservative  Association  of  Nova  Scotia  met  in 
Halifax  and  elected  Charles  E.  Tanner,  K.C.,  President,  with  F.  McDonald, 
K.C.,  Sydney,  and  J.  A.  Macdonald,  Halifax,  as  Vice-President. 

Dec.  2.  It  was  announced  that  Frank  Stanfield,  M.L.A.  (Cons.)  of  Nova 
Scotia  had  resigned  his  seat  because  in  looking  after  the  affairs  of  his 
brother,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Stanfield,  M.P.,  he  had  a  disagreement  with  the 
management  of  the  Intercolonial  Bailway  in  regard  to  the  appointment  of 
an  assistant  superintendent  at  Truro. 

Dec.  22.  It  was  announced  that  N.  A.  and  L.  H.  Timmins,  millionaire 
mining  men  of  New  Ontario,  had  entered  the  New  Brunswick  field  and  were 
busily  engaged  in  carrying  on  exploration  work  at  the  tungsten  mines  of 
Burnt  Hill  on  the  Miramichi. 

Dec.  31.  Hon.  G.  J.  Clarke,  Premier,  stated  (Monetary  Times)  that 
"New  Brunswick  had  been  fairly  prosperous  during  the  past  year.  A  fair 
demand  has  prevailed  for  all  natural  products.  Manufacturers  were  busy 
and  general  trade  good."  The  farmer  had  most  gratifying  crops  and  good 
prices  and  the  lumber  cut  was  larger  than  usual. 

Dec.  31.  The  Chiefs  of  some  Inter-Provincial  organizations  were  as 
follows : 

Ancient   Order  of  Hibernians    F.    W.    Smith    Halifax,     N.S. 

Grand    Lodge:    I.O.O.F Dr.  W.  F.  Goodwin Pugwash,    N.S. 

Grand   Lodge:    Knights   of   Pythias R.   B.   Cohvell    Halifax,     N.S. 

P.   E.   Island   Central   Farmers'    Institute.  .D.  N.  McKay Charlottetown. 

Maritime   Fire   Chiefs'    Association H.    C.    Rutter Fredericton. 

Motion    Picture    League    of    Maritime    Pro- 
vinces      W.  H.  Golding St.  John. 

Dec.  31.  The  following  were  the  heads  or  Presidents  of  the  chief  popular 
organizations  of  New  Brunswick  during  1916: 

Farmers'    &    Diarymen's   Association "Jeo.   E.   Fisher Chatham. 

St.  John  Board  of  Trade    J.   A.   Likely    St.   John. 

N.  B.   Retail  Merchants'   Association Alex.   Murray    Fredericton. 

N.  B.  Grand  Orange  Lodge    E.    H.    Clarkson Stanley. 

Masonic   Grand  Lodge   A.F.   &   A.M Dr.    H.   V.    B.    Bridges St.   John. 

N.  B.   Council  of  Physicians  &  Surgeons.  .Dr.    S.   C.   Murray Albert. 

N.    B.   High   Court,    I.O.F E.   A.   McKay Fredericton. 

N.   B.   Grand   Lodge   I.O.G.T E.   N.   Stockford    St.  John. 

Natural   History   Society    James  A.   Estey St.  John. 

N.   B.   Fruit   Growers'   Association H.    H.    Smith    St.  John. 

N.    B.    Medical    Association     Dr.  W.  W.  White St.  John. 

N.   B.   Grand  Lodge,    I.O.O.F W.  B.  Belyea St.  John, 


IMPORTANT  INCIDENTS  IN  THE  MARITIME  PROVINCES        643 


N.   B.   Bee-Keepers'   Association L.   T.   Floyd    Norton. 

N.  B.  Potato  Growers'  Association T.    W.    Caldwell Florenceville. 

N.    B.    Poultry   Association    J.    V.    Jackson    Moncton. 

N.  B.  Farmers'  and  Dairymen's  Association.G.    E.    Fisher    Chatham. 

Dec.  31.     The  New  Brunswick  grain  production  of  1916   (Federal  official 
statistics)    were   as   follows: 

Field  Crops 

Spring   Wheat    

Oats     

Buckwheat      

Potatoes    

Turnips,    Mangolds,    etc 

Hay    and    Clover     

Sundries     .* .  . 


Yield 

Total 

Total 

Area 

per  Acre 

Yield 

Value 

14,000 

17-25 

242,000 

416,000 

198,000 

30-50 

6,039,000 

4,107,000 

53,000 

22-75 

1,206,000 

1,013,000 

39,000 

192-00 

7,488,000 

6,290,000 

7,700 

411-00 

3,165,000 

1,424,000 

574,000 

1-48 

850,000 

9,563,000 

3,420 

99-75 

86,400 

111,200 

Dec.  31.     The  heads  of  the  chief  Nova  Scotia  organizations  of  the  year 
1916   were   as   follows: 


N.   S.   Fruit   Growers'   Association  ........  P.    A.    Chipman 

N.    S.    Farmers'    Association    ............  R.    J.    Messenger 

N.   S.   Poultry  Association    ..............  P.    E.    Jackson 

N.  S.  Institute  of  Science    ..............  Prof.  D.  F.  Harris,  M.D.,  D.SC.. 

Mining  Society  of  Nova  Scotia    ..........  D.    H.    McDougall 

N.    S.    Historical    Society    ........  .  .....  Ven.  Archdeacon  Armitage    .  .  . 

N.  S.  Goods  Roads  Association   ..........  5.  Fred.  Pearson 

Grand  Lodge  Manchester   Unity:   I.O.O.F..John   Little 

N.    S.    Barristers'    Society    ..............  Hector   Mclnnes,    K.c 

Halifax  Automobile  Association   ..........  G.  Fred.  Pearson 

Halifax  Board  of  Trade   ................  G.  W.  Hensley 

N.   S.   Life   Underwriters'   Association  .....  J.   Leslie   McDuff 


Nictaux. 

Ridgetown. 

N.   Sydney. 
.Halifax. 

Sydney. 
.Halifax. 

Halifax. 

Halifax. 

Halifax. 

Halifax. 

Halifax. 

Halifax. 


Oct.  31.  It  was  announced  that  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Thome  and  T.  H. 
Estabrooks  of  St.  John,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  Patriotic  Fund  com- 
mittee to  raise  $50,000  towards  meeting  the  requirements  of  the  St.  John 
district  for  the  current  year,  had  finished  their  labours  and  reported  the  sum 
of  $58,385  as  subscribed.  The  larger  subscribers  were  as  follows: 

F.    P.    Starr    ...................  2,000 

Slipp  &  Flewelling   .........  .....  1,000 

Jas.   S.   Gregory    ................  1,000 

Stetson,   Cutler   &   Co  .............  1,000 

Percy   W.   Thomson  ..............  2,000 

F.  E.  Sayre   ....................  1,000 

Emerson  &  Fisher    ..............  1,000 

E.    O.    Leahy    ..................  1,000 


Manchester,     Robertson     &     Allison, 

Ltd $2,000 

W.    M.    Mackay    

G.    S.    Mayes     

Hon.  J.  B.  M.  Baxter 

W.   H.   Thome  &   Co.   Ltd 

T.   H.   Estabrooks  &   Co.   Ltd.. 

Vassie    &    Co.    Ltd 

T.    Bell    1,000 

L.  R.   Ross    1,000 

Hon.  J.  D.  Hazen    1,000 

W.    B.    Tennant     1,000 

John    Sealy    1,000 

T.   McAvity  &   Sons,    Ltd 2,000 

A.    P.    Barnhill,    K.C 1,000 


2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 


Jas.    Fleming     1,000 


J.  E.  Moore  &  Co. 

St.  John  Iron  Works   

Jas.  Robertson  &  Co.  Ltd 

The  Nashwak  Plup  &  Paper  Co. 

St.    John    Railway    Co 

L.   G.    Crosby    


1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
2,000 
3,000 
1,000 


May  11.  At  the  Convocation  of  King's  College,  Windsor,  N.S.,  the 
Hon.  degree  of  D.C.L.  was  conferred  as  follows:  W.  S.  Carter,  M.A.,  LL.D., 
N.  B.  Superintendent  of  Education;  Prof.  A.  H.  Young,  Trinity  University, 
Toronto;  Eev.  H.  P.  McPherson,  D.D.,  President,  St.  Francis  Xavier  University; 
Rev.  B.  C.  Borden,  D.D.,  President  of  Mount  Allison  University. 

Oct.  25.  Prof.  J.  W.  Mitchell,  Manitoba  Commissioner  of  Dairying,  was 
appointed  Commissioner  of  Live-stock  and  Dairying  for  New  Brunswick. 

Dec.  31.  The  heads  of  chief  organizations  in  the  Island  Province  were 
as  follows: 

P.    E.    I.    Dairymen's    Association J.    A.    Dewar Charlottetown. 

P.   E.   I.   Egg  and  Poultry   Association.  .  .  .  Rev.    P.    P.   Arsenault Mount  Carmel. 

P.  E.  I,  Development  Commission F,   R.   Heartz Charlottetown, 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  MANITOBA 


^  *he  five-year  term  of  Sir  Douglas 
Government;  Cameron  as  Lieut.-Governor  expired  and  the  Manitoba 
political  and  Free  Press  (Aug.  7)  gave  him  this  Liberal  tribute: 
General  ''Sir  Douglas  Cameron,. in  the  course  which  he  took 

in  1914,  was  less  aggressive  than  were  Letellier  and 
Angers  in  Quebec  and  Mclnnes  in  British  Columbia.  They  dismissed 
their  Ministers.  Sir  Douglas  contented  himself  with  insisting  upon 
his  Ministers  submitting  their  actions  to  the  scrutiny  of  a  compe- 
tent Commission."  One  result  was  the  Norris  Government — now 
entering  upon  its  second  year.  The  new  Lieut.-Governor  was  Sir 
J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  M.A.,  K.C.,  ex-M.p.,  a  public  man  of  culture  and 
high  character  who  had  led  the  Conservative  Opposition  in  the 
Elections  of  1915.  He  took  up  the  war-work  and  social  obligations 
of  his  predecessor  and  delivered  a  number  of  speeches — one,  not- 
ably, at  a  banquet  on  Dec.  29  when  he  dealt  with  the  great  loss  to 
Western  Provinces  from  illegitimate  exploitation  of  land  and 
stated  that  of  100,000,000  acres  of  arable  land  granted  to  homestead- 
ers, soldiers,  railway  corporations,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Co.  and  various 
private  interests,  only  one-third  was  being  worked.  Besides  indi- 
cating the  evil  Sir  James  suggested  a  remedy.  In  New  Zealand, 
he  said,  the  practice  of  the  Government  was  not  to  alienate  the  public 
lands  entirely,  but  to  let  them  out  on  a  long-term  leasehold  system, 
with  the  right  to  control  conditions  of  residence  and  of  cultivation. 
"A  similar  method  would,  in  Canada,  check  speculation  and  ensure 
the  use  of  natural  resources." 

The  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris,  as  Premier,  had  a  busy  year  filled  with 
the  realization  of  Party  ambitions  in  the  form  of  practical  legis- 
lation. His  first  Report  as  Railway  Commissioner  for  the  year  of 
Nov.  30,  1915,  stated  that  the  total  Liabilities  of  the  Province  as  to 
the  C.N.R.  were  $25,851,873  of  which  all  but  $349,000  was  by 
guaranteed  stock  or  debentures ;  that  the  interest  had  to  date  been 
met  by  the  Company  and  that  the  operated  mileage  of  Manitoba 
railway  lines  was  4,411.  As  Provincial  Lands  Commissioner  he 
dealt  with  revenues  of  $153,297  and  stated  that  the  Department 
had  upon  its  books  deferred  payments  of  over  $2,000,000  which 
would  be  quickly  reduced  when  conditions  became  normal  and  that 
50,374  acres  of  land  remained  unsold  apart  from  the  1,000,000 
acres  still  held  by  the  Dominion  Government.  Early  in  January 
Mr.  Norris  joined  Mr.  Scott  of  Saskatchewan  and  Hon.  Dr.  Roche 
at  Chicago  in  an  effort  to  make  the  truth  as  to  Canada  immigration 
conditions  known  in  the  States.  Addressing  a  University  dinner 
on  Mar.  24  he  declared  that  it  meant  something  to-day  to  be  a 
British  subject:  "There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  future  of  Can- 
ada, and  it  is  only  now  that  Canadians  are  beginning  to  realize 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS    645 

fully  what  it  means  to  live  under  the  British  flag  and  what  our 
responsibility  is." 

His  speeches  during  the  year  were  optimistic  and  replete  with 
pride  as  to  the  resources  and  future  of  Manitoba.  Sometimes  they 
contained  statements  of  new  policy  as  in  the  Legislature,  or  on 
Julyll,  when  he  dealt  with  the  Government  elevators  and  announced 
the  sale  of  extra  elevators  at  points  where  the  Government  owned 
more  than  one;  the  moving  of  five  elevators  to  other  points,  and 
replacing  of  worn-out  or  small  elevators  by  new  ones  of  a  size 
adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  market  they  were  designed  to  serve ; 
the  painting  of  70  of  the  164  elevators  owned  by  the  Governments, 
the  balance  to  be  painted  and  repaired  next  year;  renewal  of  the 
lease  of  the  Elevators  to  the  Grain  Growers '  Grain  Co.  for  one  more 
year.  In  a  Vancouver  interview  (Aug.  17)  Mr.  Norris  said  that 
"the  taste  of  the  people  is  for  pure  politics;"  stated  that  the 
United  States  had  improved  greatly  but  that  Canada  had  borrowed 
their  earlier  iniquities  and  enlarged  upon  them;  described  the 
West  as  wanting  "a  tariff  for  revenue  only."  He  was  in  Toronto 
on  Oct.  10  and  thence  visited  Ottawa.  To  a  Liberal  meeting  in 
Winnipeg  on  Nov.  20  he  reviewed  the  Government's  legislation  as 
to  Prohibition,  Bi-lingualism,  .Compulsory  education,  Direct  legis- 
lation and  Workmen 's  Compensation ;  described  as  amongst  national 
problems  at  the  close  of  the  War  an  Interest  of  $50,000,000  and  a 
similar  liability  for  Pensions;  as  to  Manitoba  he  promised  Rural 
credits,  urged  changes  in  the  Banking  system,  demanded  a  lower 
tariff  and  promised  inquiry  into  the  cost  of  living. 

The  Hon.  Edward  Brown,  Provincial  Treasurer,  had  the  large 
task  of  re-organizing  the  financial  system  of  the  Province.  His 
revised  Balance  sheet  for  Nov.  30,  1915,  gave  the  capital  Liabilities 
of  the  Province  as  $29,361,195  of  which  $12,247,711  was  revenue- 
producing  and  $6,076,962  was  advanced  to  and  repayable  by  drain- 
age and  judicial  districts ;  the  indirect  Liabilities  on  guarantees  as 
$26,920,873  and  the  current  Liabilities  $1,069,561.  The  capital 
Assets  were  $43,409,610  which  included  Dominion  of  Canada  School 
lands,  etc.,  $11,458,022;  Property  assets — Buildings,  Telephones, 
Grain  Elevators,  etc., — $23,484,423 ;  Drainage  and  Judicial  district 
indebtedness  $5,309,615.  The  current  Assets  were  $1,311,491  and 
Deferred  assets  $18,667,960  which  included  claims  for  $13,080,278 
of  School  lands  held  by  the  Ottawa  authorities  and  $2,683,269 
for  unsold  Provincial  lands.  A  combined  surplus  was  worked  out 
as  follows:  Capital  account  $14,048,414,  Revenue  $241,931,  De- 
ferred $18,667,960  or  a  total  of  $32,958,305.  Mr.  Brown  placed 
the  Assets  of  the  Telephone  Commission  at  $8,869,019  for  real  estate 
lines,  equipment,  office  fixtures,  etc ;  $275,000  invested  in  Provincial 
debentures,  $483,284  of  current  working  Assets,  $1,101,931  for 
Replacement  reserve  and  $1,250,099  of  "intangible  capital" — a 
total  of  $12,004,099.  The  Government  investment  in  this  under- 
taking was  $10,772,557.  The  Government  investment  in  the  Eleva- 
tors was  put  at  $1,168,565.  This  re-organization  of  finances  in- 


646  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

eluded  legislation  providing  for  a  competent  Comptroller-General 
(removable  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  Legislature)  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  J.  Gordon  Steele  to  the  post ;  the  appointment  also  of 
separate  auditors  for  receipts,  expenditures  and  purchases,  and 
selection  of  a  firm  of  chartered  accountants  to  audit  quarterly  the 
accounts  of  the  Comptroller-General. 

Mr  Brown's  first  Budget  speech  was  delivered  on  Feb.  10  with, 
first  of  all,  a  review  of  the  Assets  and  Liabilities  as  given  above ;  the 
declaration  that  overhead  charges  in  connection  with  lavish  expendi- 
tures on  public  buildings  were  very  onerous  and  that  the  public 
services  had  been  neglected;  the  statement  that  Price,  Waterhouse 
&  Co.  had  made  an  elaborate  examination  of  the  books  and  accounts 
of  the  Province,  that  the  Comptroller-General  would  be  under  the 
Legislature  and  not  the  Government,  and  that  a  new  system  of 
accounting  would  be  devised  and  introduced.  In  his  review  of  the 
Assets  and  Liabilities  the  Treasurer  put  the  total  of  the  former  at 
$63,937,348  and  the  latter  at  $30,867,753;  he  stated  that  the  late 
Government  had  left  unpaid  accounts  of  $1,096,000  and  to  meet 
this,  5-year  bonds  of  $1,000,000  at  5%  had  been  issued,  while 
$1,000,000  of  3-year  5%  bonds  had  been  issued  to  carry  on  the 
Parliament  Buildings;  the  net  cash  balance  on  hand  (Nov.  30) 
was  $3,217,843.  The  revenue  of  the  year  totalled  $5,524,911  of 
which  the  chief  items  were  Dominion  subsidy  and  School  lands 
$1,567,760;  Fines,  fees  and  liquor  licenses  $477,416;  Provincial 
lands  <$153,297  and  Succession  duties  $411,569 ;  Corporation  Tax 
$210,706  and  Eailway  tax  $204,229 ;  Interest  $174,608,  Telephones 
$1,770,271  and  Grain  Elevators  $71,970.  The  Expenditures  were 
$5,698,059  including  $823,867  upon  Education,  $429,651  upon  Agri- 
culture and  Immigration,  $1,343,237  upon  Telephones  and  $818,- 
448  upon  Public  Works. 

Under  the  new  system  he  could  make  no  comparisons  as  "for 
years  past  the  fiscal  statement  has  failed  to  show  how  much  of 
the  cash  received  properly  belonged  to  the  fiscal  year  and  how  much 
was  in  advance,  while  there  has  been  carried  forward  every  year 
large  sums  held  in  suspense  which  properly  belonged  to  the  Expendi- 
tures but  were  unpaid."  The  estimated  revenue  for  1916  was 
$6,371,704  and  expenditures  $6,528,660,  including  an  increase  of 
$117,937  upon  Education.  There  would,  Mr.  Brown  said,  be  a 
probable  total  deficit  of  $500,000  but  general  conditions  were  pros- 
perous and  the  Province  would  soon  recover  from  the  events  of 
the  past  few  years.  He  stated  that  the  Agricultural  Department 
had  supplied  him  with  figures  as  to  Provincial  production  of  grain 
and  dairy  products  and  sale  of  stock  totalling,  for  1915,  $261,23y,«68 
— a  large  sum  for  a  small  Province.  The  only  criticism  the  Oppo- 
sition press  made  as  to  this  Budget  was  that  the  new  system  caused 
discrepancies  between  the  Public  Accounts  and  the  Government 
Balance  sheet  and  that  too  much  money — $269,000  to  the  beginning 
of  the  year — was  being  spent  upon  Eoyal  Commissions.  The 
Treasurer  had  been  in  Toronto  on  Jan.  15  and  told  The  Globe 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS    647 

that:  "Manitoba,  ultimately,  will  become  another  Ontario.  In- 
tensive farming  will  obtain  and  manufacturing  and  mining  will  be 
important.  Valuable  mineral  discoveries  have  been  made  recently 
in  northern  Manitoba  which,  if  anything,  are  even  richer  than  your 
own  North." 

As  to  this  Mr.  Brown  was  at  Le  Pas  on  May  23  and  said  at  a 
banquet  that  "there  must  be  local  colour  and  local  conception  of 
the  great  north  country.  They  were  not  too  optimistic.  He  believed 
that  even  the  greatest  hopes  they  now  entertained  would  be  sur- 
passed. The  time  was  coming  when  the  great  natural  resources  of 
the  north  would  be  owned  by  the  Province. ' '  Following  a  visit  by 
Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh  and  Mr.  Brown  to  New  York  it  was  announced 
that  a  plan  was  underway  to  buy  up  Winnipeg  and  Manitoba 
securities  from  English  holders  and  re-sell  them  through  new  issues 
in  the  States — about  $19,000,000  being  involved.  Aid  would  thus 
be  given  to  Great  Britain  and  a  probable  saving  to  the  Province 
of  $2,000,000  was  claimed.  Part  of  the  profit  would  lie  in  buying 
a  40-year  stock  and  selling  a  10-year  issue.  The  hitch  lay  in  the 
unwillingness  of  the  British  investor  to  sell  at  a  rate  (80  with 
accrued  interest)  which  meant  a  capital  loss  to  himself.  The  matter 
reached  a  certain  stage  but  did  not  work  out  as  expected.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  year  Mr.  Brown  announced  at  a  Municipal  Con- 
vention (Brandon,  Nov.  21)  some  details  of  the  Government's 
scheme  for  Rural  Credits.  The  Committee  having  it  in  hand  had 
examined  legislation  along  this  line  in  other  countries  and  adopted 
in  the  proposed  Bill  the  best  features  from  each.  To  Mr.  Brown, 
as  Provincial  Treasurer,  there  reported  for  Nov.  30,  1915,  the 
Superintendent  of  Insurance  (A.  E.  Ham)  who  dealt  with  54 
licensed  Insurance  companies,  158  registered  companies,  17  under- 
writers' agencies  and  10  special  brokers,  with  Government  deposits 
of  $417,658. 

To  the  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  the 
Acting-Deputy,  H.  A.  Bowman,  submitted  elaborate  Reports  (Nov. 
30,  1915)  for  the  year,  as  to  engineering  work,  building,  construc- 
tion, Ferries,  surveys,  drainage  work,  boiler  inspection,  Good 
Roads,  bridges  and  municipal  expenditure  of  $915,767  upon  roads 
and  bridges.  Wm.  Fiiigland,  acting  Provincial  Architect,  reported 
as  to  the  re-organization  of  that  Department ;  the  Brandon  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  advised  662  patients  under  treatment  and  mainten- 
ance costs  of  $118,842,  the  Selkirk  Hospital  for  the  Insane  483 
under  treatment,  the  Home  for  Incurables  at  Portage  la  Prairie 
311  patients  and  the  Industrial  Training  School  there  75;  the 
Manitoba  School  for  the  Deaf  reported  86  patients  of  whom  16  came 
from  British  Columbia  and  2  from  Alberta — the  late  agreement 
for  inter-Provincial  action  having  ceased  to  operate — and  H.  J. 
McDiarmid  stated  that  the  Canadian  average  was  1  deaf  person  to 
every  1,500,  1  feeble-minded  in  every  800  and  1  blind  person  in 
every  1,000.  Various  political  issues  came  up  indirectly  through 
a  Report  to  the  Minister  by  S.  C.  Oxton,  his  Special  Assistant  since 
May  15,  1915. 


648  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

The  Parliament  Buildings,  and  Winnipeg  Law  Courts  were 
still  sub-judice  so  that  he  said  little  of  them  but  as  to  the 
Agricultural  College  at  St.  Vital  he  stated  that  expenditures 
had  been  recklessly  made  while  the  buildings  did  not  represent 
value  for  their  cost ;  deprecated  the  Royal  Commission  form  of 
investigation  as  costly  and  as  possibly  involving  expensive  litiga- 
tion and  advised  Departmental  Inquiries  as  preferable;  the  ex- 
penditures on  the  Hospitals  at  Brandon  and  Selkirk  and  institutions 
at  Portage  la  Prairie  had,  he  also  stated,  "been  made  with  a  reck- 
lessness quite  out  of  proportion  to  results  obtained;''  in  all  the 
building  operations  of  late  years  there  had  been  a  superfluity  of 
Inspectors  "who  did  anything  rather  than  inspect."  He  pointed 
out  that  F.  W.  Simon,  the  original  designer,  had  been  fully  rein- 
stated and  placed  in  control  of  the  Parliament  Buildings'  work 
with  new  Contractors — James  McDiarmid  Co. — under  his  direction, 
working  upon  a  basis  of  actual  cost  of  materials  and  labour  plus 
5%  for  organization  and  superintendence ;  that  S.  Bylander,  an 
English  structural  engineer,  had  reported  as  to  the  Caisson  founda- 
tions that,  though  constructed  with  "appalling  carelessness,"  their 
area  was  so  much  larger  than  was  required  that  the  danger  of 
collapse  was  reduced  to  a  minimum ;  that  the  caissons  in  the  central 
part  of  the  building  could  hardly  be  called  concrete  and  would 
have  to  be  replaced  and  so  with  the  portico  caissons — a  scheme 
costing  $23,000  was  underway ;  that  the  construction  work  upon  the 
Law  Courts  and  Power  House  was  exceedingly  faulty,  unsightly 
and  out  of  all  harmony  with  original  plans ;  that  a  new  Provincial 
Library  building  was  necessary  to  house  a  book-treasure  of  $200,000 
and  the  need  of  a  Government  House  obvious;  that  a  Bureau  of 
Labour  should  be  established,  steam  engineers  licensed  and  boiler 
inspection  perfected.  Under  this  Department  was  the  inspection 
of  Factories,  carried  out  by  two  men  and  one  woman,  who  reported 
1,154  inspections  made  and  the  fact  of  113  accidents. 

The  Provincial  Secretary,  Hon.  J.  W.  Armstrong,  reported  for 
1915  revenues  of  $38,986  and  the  issue  of  142  letters-patent  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $13,699,000  and  13  licenses  under  the  Com- 
panies' Act  with  a  toal  capital  of  $10,624,000.  The  King's  Printer 
reported  to  Mr.  Armstrong  as  to  the  printing  of  public  documents. 
To  the  Attorney-General,  Hon.  A.  B.  Hudson,  K.C.,  the  new  Com- 
missioner of  Public  Utilities,  P.  A.  Macdonald — who  had  succeed- 
ed H.  A.  Robson  on  Dec.  31,  1915 — reported  for  the  year  of  Nov. 
30, 1916,  and  dealt  with  the  Power  question  as  it  affected  the  Greater 
Winnipeg  Water  District  and  was  touched  by  the  International 
Joint  Waterways  Commission ;  the  appeal  of  the  Winnipeg  Electric 
Railway  Co.  as  to  certain  Orders  of  the  Commission,  relating  to  elec- 
trical conductivity  of  the  rails,  which  was  dismissed  in  Manitoba 
Courts  and  carried  to  the  Privy  Council;  the  successful  work  of 
Geo.  L.  Guy,  the  Electrical  Engineer  of  the  Commission,  and  his 
valuable  report  on  Electrical  development  in  which  he  described 
a  20%  increase  in  Manitoba's  use  of  Power  during  the  year;  the 


THE  Hox.  TOBIAS  CRAWFORD  NORRIS,  M.L.A., 
Appointed    Prime    Minister    of    Manitoba,     1916. 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS    649 

Government  operations  for  ascertaining  if  oil  or  gas  existed  in  com- 
mercial quantities  in  the  Province  and  the  official  experiments  at 
Souris  as  to  utilizing  coal  deposits  for  producing  power. 

Particulars  of  the  Government's  action  in  appointing  Prof.  R. 
C.  Wallace  and  J.  S.  de  Lury  of  Manitoba  University  to  inspect 
the  mining  possibilities  of  Eice  Lake  gold  resources,  the  mineral 
belt  north  of  Le  Pas,  and  Star  Lake  in  Eastern  Manitoba,  were 
given.  In  Rice  Lake,  development  was  stated  to  be  immature  and 
the  whole  country  to  be  * ' blanketted "  with  claims:  "The  district 
must  be  considered  as  a  prospect  camp,  in  the  early  stages  of  de- 
velopment. There  is  nothing  as  yet  to  indicate,  if  one  judges  from 
the  character  of  the  quartz  veins,  and  the  results  of  development 
work  already  done,  that  there  will  be  any  very  large  mines."  As 
to  the  plentifully  mineralized  character  oi;  the  Le  Pas  country  the 
Report  was  fairly  favourable:  "The  value  of  the  sulphide  bodies 
depends  mainly  on  two  factors  on  which  authoritative  information 
is  not  fully  available — (1)  the  average  percentage  of  copper  and 
gold  in  the  ores  and  (2)  the  vertical  continuation  of  the  ore-bodies. 
There  is  a  reasonable  assurance  that  two  of  the  sulphide  deposits, 
that  at  Flin-Flon  Lake  and  that  at  Schist  Lake,  will  become  mines 
of  some  importance."  Of  the  Star  Lake  district  it  was  stated  that 
; '  a  mineralized  belt,  striking  south  westwards  and  swinging  further 
south  in  its  westward  extension,  is  very  extensively  impregnated 
with  sulphides  of  iron  and  arsenic.  Low  gold  values  are  found  in 
the  whole  zone,  but  the  quartz  veins  carry  in  places  high  values. 
Indications  of  Nickel  occur  in  the  pyrrhotite  of  the  sulphide  im- 
pregnation, and  the  presence  of  platinum  has  been  reported,  though 
not  definitely  established. ' ' 

The  Hon.  Valentine  Winkler,  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Im- 
migration, in  his  1915  Report  had  a  year  of  remarkable  production 
to  deal  with — averaging  in  wheat  40  bushels  an  acre  for -whole  dis- 
tricts and  oats  sometimes  80  to  100  bushels,  though  root  crops  and 
corn  suffered  a  serious  set-back.  A.  J.  McMillan,  Deputy  Minister, 
reported  the  total  yield  of  grain  as  234,191,333  bushels  compared 
with  139,626,753  in  1914;  the  value  of  dairy  products  as  $4,845,- 
183,  the  Livestock  as  including  329,994  horses,  631,005  cattle,  76,577 
sheep  and  286,433  pigs;  the  poultry  sold  by  the  farmers  as  total- 
ling 1,120,265  and  the  expenditure  on  farm  buildings  as  $2,926,505. 
J.  W.  Mitchell,  Dairy  Commissioner,  urged  Manitoba  to  go  in  for 
winter  dairying  and  make  an  effort  to  capture  the  British  Colum- 
bian market;  9,136  game  licenses  were  reported  and  4,516  moose, 
elk,  caribou  and  deer  killed ;  G.  H.  Greig  for  the  Livestock  Associa- 
tions reported  that  the  Sheep  Breeders'  Association,  "being  unable 
to  finance  the  handling  of  wool  for  its  members,  was  gratified  when 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  undertook  the  handling  of  wool  on 
a  co-operative  basis  for  the  farmers  of  the  Province,  and  the  results 
proved  most  satisfactory. ' '  Of  the  68  Agricultural  Societies,  with 
8,185  members,  all  held  their  annual  Fairs  and  35  Seed  Grain  or 
Dressed  Poultry  shows;  the  Home  Economics  Societies  (women) 


650  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

numbered  78  with  2,824  members  and  a  growing  interest  visible  in 
the  movement. 

The  Department  expended  $62,075  as  the  Dominion  grant  of 
the  year  and  of  this  $18,911  went  to  Inspectors  and  District  repre- 
sentatives, $23,544  to  instruction  and  demonstrations,  $5,466  to 
Home  Economics  courses  and  $5,950  to  boys'  and  girls'  Clubs  with 
$5,104  to  publication  account.  President  J.  B.  Reynolds  of  the  Mani- 
toba Agricultural  College,  in  his  first  annual  Report,  dealt  with 
various  new  appointments  and  a  general  re-organization,  urged 
better  housing  accommodation  and  a  new  road  through  the  Farm 
with  further  equipment  in  pure-bred  livestock,  suggested  details  in 
the  proposed  re-affiliation  with  the  University  of  Manitoba  and  urged 
the  continuance  of  military  drill  at  the  College.  The  expenditures  of 
the  year  were  $69,221,  the  receipts  $98,707.  As  to  miscellaneous  Re- 
ports that  of  Telephones  was  submitted  by  G.  A.  "Watson,  Com- 
missioner, and  showed  for  1915  revenues  of  $1,769,589  and  expenses 
of  $1,328,545  with  net  earnings  of  $441,043  and  Interest  charges 
of  $418,502.  The  stations  numbered  on  Nov.  30,  44,717,  and  the 
total  replacement  reserves  were  $1,101,931.  Mr.  Justice  J.  P. 
Curran  reported  to  the  Government  as  to  the  gaol  and  prison  farms 
of  Eastern  Manitoba.  He  found  many  faults — notably  over-crowd- 
ing, the  mixing  of  insane,  or  unconvicted  prisoners,  or  defectives,  or 
men  in  delirium  tremens,  with  the  ordinary  prisoners,  and  recom- 
mended (1)  the  establishment  of  a  Reformatory  Prison  for  the  whole 
Province;  and  (2)  the  acquisition  of  not  less  than  800  acres  of 
good  land  within  15  miles  of  Winnipeg  to  be  utilized  by  prisoners 
in  personal  improvement  and  useful  production. 

The  Good  Roads  Board  (A.  McGillivray,  Chairman,  C.  E.  Ivens 
and  T.  R.  Deacon)  reported  for  1915  that  municipalities  had  paid 
under  the  Act  $374,789  and  the  Government,  for  roads  and  bridges, 
a  total  of  $119,080;  that  the  new  mileage  of  the  year  was  90  with 
a  total  all  together  of  261  miles.  Seven  steel  bridges  had  been  con- 
structed. Addressing  a  Livestock  meeting  at  Brandon  (Jan.  4) 
Mr-.  Winkler  expressed  dissatisfaction  with  the  present  policy  of 
operating  40-acre  demonstration  farms  on  private  property  and 
declared  in  favour  of  the  Province  having  at  least  five  320-acre 
farms  properly  distributed  in  place  of  the  11  existing  ones,  the 
farms  to  be  owned  and  conducted  by  the  Government.  The  Minister 
said  that  buildings  should  be  erected  on  the  farms  according  to  the 
best  models  and  of  a  character  which  could  be  duplicated  by  the 
average  farmers.  Mr.  Winkler  also  took  up  his  proposal  to  furnish 
needy  but  worthy,  settlers  in  the  newer  parts  of  the  Province  with 
milch  cows.  Incidentally  he  advocated  a  Provincial  bank  system, 
declared  that  "every  district  had  enough  money  to  finance  itself,' 
and  told  how  the  Mennonites,  through  their  Church,  were  now  fin- 
ancing themselves  in  this  way.  Despositors  were  receiving  5  per 
cent,  and  borrowers  paid  6  per  cent.  "The  matter  of  Provincial 
banks  would  be  pressed  forward." 

Addressing  the  Grain  Growers  at  Brandon  (Jan.  5)  President 
Reynolds  described  the  forward  movement  of  Agriculture  as  econ- 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS    651 

omical  production,  the  elimination  of  waste  and  of  speculation  in 
land  values,  the  abolition  of  middlemen  and  their  exactions,  the 
raising  of  abundant  supplies  to  meet  local  demands,  the  following 
of  diversified  methods.  He  urged  the  economic  importance  of  Free 
wheat  and  declared  the  Rural  bank  system  to  have  enormous  ad- 
vantages ;  he  hoped  for  social  improvements  in  farm  life  with  com- 
munity centres,  consolidated  schools  and  unified  churches.  In  July 
the  College  encouraged  the  "Back  to  the  Land"  movement  by 
inviting  ministers  ot  various  Churches  in  the  Province  to  take  a 
short  course  in  the  Summer  School,  which  proved  quite  successful. 
The  total  of  students  in  the  1916-17  Session  of  the  College  was  176 
of  whom  96  were  boys.  The  Staff,  which  had  been  entirely  re-organ- 
ized by  President  Reynolds  was,  by  the  close  of  1916,  as  follows: 

Name  Professor   of  Name  Professor   of 


T.  J.  Harrison.  .Field   Husbandry 

F.  W.  Broderick. Horticulture 

G.  A.  Sproule.  .  .English 
C.  H.  Lee Biology 


L.    J.    Smith Agricultural   Engineering 

M.    C.    Herner .  .  .  Poultry 

S.   0.   Lee    Physics 

G.    W.    Wood.  ..  .Animal    Husbandry 


On  Apr.  13,  1916,  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  issued  an  appeal 
for  Patriotic  production :  "  '  I  do  not  believe  that  there  is  any  other 
portion  of  the  British  Empire  where,  man  for  man,  the  farmers 
can  produce  as  much  food,  and  food  of  so  essential  a  character  as 
in  the  prairie  Provinces  of  Western  Canada.  The  Empire  is  calling 
upon  us  to  do  two  things — send  men  and  send  food.'  '  But  the 
land  was  unready  for  seeding  and  labour  scarce.  The  Department, 
in  co-operation  with  the  Dominion,  was  doing  all  it  could:  "  'We 
have  been  trying  to  secure  as  many  farm  labourers  as  possible  in 
the  United  States.  Up  till  the  present  moment  the  results  have 
been  disappointing.  ...  I  want  to  see  every  Manitoba  farmer 
reach  100  per  cent,  efficiency  in  his  farming  operations  this  year. 
In  addition  I  feel  that  we  should  seek,  as  never  before,  to  increase 
the  number  of  good  livestock  on  our  farms.'  '  As  it  turned  out 
conditions  proved  worse  than  the  Minister  had  feared.  It  was  the 
year  of  the  great  wheat  rust — the  South,  Central-  and  South-western 
districts  of  Manitoba  being  the  most  affected.  The  average  yield 
for  the  Province  fell  lower  than  in  any  but  one  year  since  1883 
while  oats  and  barley  also  were  injured — grain  production  totalling 
123,551,900  bushels  compared  with  234,333,733  bushels  in  1915. 
Potatoes  were  good,  and  other  roots  better  than  normal,  hay  and 
fodder  were  satisfactory  and  Livestock  showed  increased  receipts 
at  the  Winnipeg  markets  from  Manitoba  points — cattle  76,474  in 
1916  as  against  59,972  in  1915,  and  sheep  12,614  and  8,169  respec- 
tively, though  hogs  went  from  124,390  in  1915  to  106,739  in  1916. 

The  wool-clip  was  about  250,000  Ibs.,  dairy  products  showed 
an  increase  of  $638,431  to  a  total  of  $4,483,614 ;  the  eggs  produced 
were  5,451,827  dozen  worth  $1,200,000  and  honey  was  a  record  crop 
of  800,000  Ibs ;  the  farm  buildings  erected  in  1916  were  $2,623,334 
in  value,  the  number  of  farm  domestics  was  5,098  with  wages  of 
$18  or  $19  per  month;  the  farm-help  (male)  numbered  10,313  in 
winter,  22,025  in  summer  and  39,137  in  autumn  with  wages  respec- 
tively and  roughly  of  $18,  $37  and  $48.  As  to  values  the  Winnipeg 


652  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Free  Press  (Jan.  8,  1917)  estimated  grains  at  $197,268,651  or  very 
nearly  the  same,  owing  to  high  prices,  as  the  previous  year ;  dairy 
products  at  $12,728,614  and  Winnipeg  stockyard  receipts  .at  $19,- 
346,393  with  Hay,  roots,  and  Potatoes,  totalling  $17,938,000  or 
a  total  of  $228,000,000  compared  with  $246,000,000  in  1915  and 
$140,000,000  in  1914.  Winnipeg  still  maintained  its  position  as 
the  greatest  of  grain  centres  with  receipts  in  1915  of  220  million 
bushels  compared  with  142  millions  for  Minneapolis  and  75  millions 
for  Chicago.  Its  factory  output  also  was  growing — $39,000,000  in 
1910  and  $53,000,000  in  1915;  its  annual  turnover  in  wholesale 
trade  was  estimated  at  $100,000,000  and  its  population  at  275,000 
with  Assessments  of  $335,800,000. 

Meanwhile  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers'  Association  had  been 
discussing  Provincial  problems  at  their  13th  annual  meeting  (Bran- 
don, Jan.  5-7)  with  R.  C.  Renders  in  the  Chair.  His  presidential 
address  was  a  thoughtful  review  of  the  situation.  He  referred  to 
ocean  freight  rates  growing  from  the  once-considered  exorbitant 
rate  of  8  cents  per  bushel  to  40  cents;  urged  more  attention  to 
the  Patriotic  Acre  contribution  and  its  separation  from  other  local 
gifts;  denounced  the  "damnable  doctrine"  of  those  who  said  that 
nations  in  time  of  peace  should  prepare  for  war;  advocated  an 
International  Court  clothed  with  power  to  enforce  its  decrees — a 
Police  force  of  air,  land  and  sea  units ;  condemned  the  unfair  dis- 
tribution of  wealth  and  private  exploitation  of  natural  resources; 
and  urged  co-operation  and  partnership,  Direct  Legislation  and 
public  control  of  all  public  utilities.  In  the  Report  of  the  Directors 
reference  was  made  to  the  Council  of  Commerce  &  Agriculture, 
composed  of  20  business  men  and  20  farmers,  which  had  grown 
out  of  a  joint  meeting  in  Winnipeg  a  few  months  since ;  Mr.  Henders 
seemed  in  his  speech  to  doubt  the  bona  fides  of  some  of  those  con- 
cerned on  the  financial  side.  Resolutions  were  passed  as  follows: 

1.  Urging    the    Manitoba    Government    to    adopt    a    system    of    direct 
Agricultural    credit   based    on    the    system    in    force    in    West    Australia    and 
New  Zealand,   and  that  an  Act  be  passed   providing   for  the   creation   of   a 
Board  or  Bank  to  be  known  as  the  Agricultural  Bank  or  Board,  consisting 
of  three  members  to  be  appointed  by  the  Lieut. -Governor-in-Council  and   to 
deal   with   all   matters   pertaining   to   the    administration   of   long-term   mort- 
gage loans  to  farmers. 

2.  Asking  the  Provincial  Government  to  join  in  creating  a  Co-operative 
abattoir  and  packing  plant  with  a  75  per  cent,   guarantee  of  bonds. 

3.  Asking  that  women  be  allowed  to  vote  on  the  Prohibition  Eeferendum 
and  pledging  support  to  Prohibition. 

4.  Endorsing  representations  in  favour  of  free  wheat  and  a  proposal  to 
nominate  "free  wheat"  candidates  in  any  following  bye-elections. 

5.  Favouring  the  purchase  of  imported  goods  as  far  as  possible,  so  that 
the   increase  in  cost  due   to  the   tariff   should   go   into   the  Federal   Treasury 
instead   of  into   the  pockets   of   the  manufacturers,   or,   as   an   alernative,   an 
inland  revenue  or  excise  duty  on  home  manufactured  goods  equal  to  the  pro- 
tection afforded  by  the  tariff. 

6.  Urging  the  organized  circulation  of  Free-trade  literature. 

7.  Eecommending  that  instead  of  permitting  voluntary  War  contributions 
' '  the    Federal    Government    should    undertake    the    whole    task,    financing    it 
and   equalizing   the   burden  by   a   system    of   direct   taxation   on   land   values 
throughout  the  Dominion,  supplemented  by  an  income   tax   and   a   tax  upon 
the  profits  resulting  from  furnishing  war  munitions." 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS    653 

8.  Asking  for  Provincial  legislation  giving  municipalities  power  to  place 
a  surtax  on  vacant  land  and  for  a  new  Co-operative  Act. 

9.  Proposing    a    Co-operative    system    for    marketting    and    slaughtering 
Livestock  and  preserving  the  product  so  as  to  eliminate  waste  and  cut  out 
unnecessary  cost  of  middlemen. 

The  following  officers  were  elected:  President,  E.  C.  Henders, 
Culross — for  the  6th  time;  Vice-President,  J.  S.  Wood,  Oakville, 
and  Mrs.  A.  Tooth,  Eli;  Directors:  T.  W.  Knowles,  Emerson; 
Peter  Wright,  Myrtle ;  Andrew  Graham,  Pomeroy ;  D.  S.  McLeod, 
Goodlands;  W.  H.  English,  Harding;  Albert  McGregor,  Winches- 
ter; Frank  Simpson,  Shoal  Lake;  E.  J.  Avison,  Gilbert  Plains; 
Henry  Ford,  Benito;  F.  H.  Weinecke,  Stony  Mountain;  Eobt. 
Fisher,  Oakbank;  P.  D.  McArthur,  Longburn.  The  Secretary,  E. 
McKenzie,  was  a  permanent  official.  Farmers'  week  followed  in 
Winnipeg  when  (Feb.  15  and  following  days)  Home  Economic 
Societies,  Seed  Growers,  Agricultural  Societies,  Bee-Keepers,  Dairy 
and  Horticultural  Associations,  all  came  together  at  the  Agricul- 
tural College  and  discussed  every  kind  of  practical  farm  detail.  On 
Mar.  10  the  Committee  of  Commerce  &  Agriculture  met  at  Winnipeg 
with  Dr.  J.  G.  Eutherford  in  the  Chair,  conferred  with  the  local 
branch  of  the  Canadian  Bankers'  Association  and  passed  a  Eeso- 
lution  declaring  that  there  was  no  immediate  prospect  of  any 
betterment  of  loaning  facilities  through  existing  mortgage  companies 
and  that  they  were  strongly  in  favour  of  the  establishment  of 
long-term  credits,  co-operative  or  otherwise,  on  an  amortization 
basis. 

A  Conference  as  to  Eural  banking  credits  between  the  bankers 
and  farmers  was  urged  in  order  to  discuss :  (1)  The  extension  of  the 
time  usually  granted  for  short  term  credits;  (2)  the  provision  of 
credits  of  sufficient  duration  for  the  feeding  and  raising  of  live- 
stock; (3)  the  facilities  that  the  Banks  would  be  prepared  to  give 
to  co-operative  circles  of  farmers  who  might  pool  their  credit; 
(4)  the  extent  to  which  Banks  would  be  prepared  to  recognize 
the  additional  safety  thus  provided  by  granting  reduced  rates  of 
interest.  An  important  paper  on  Eural  Credits  was  read  by 
E.  McKenzie,  Grain  Growers'  Secretary;  he  also  urged  in  the  press 
and  elsewhere  the  imposition  of  a  Provincial  tax  on  mail-order  busi- 
ness into  Manitoba.  In  August  Mr.  McKenzie  became  Secretary  of 
the  central  farmers'  body — the  Canadian  Council  of  Agriculture — 
and  resigned  his  position  which  E.  C.  Henders  took  temporary 
charge  of.  The  Manitoba  Grain  Growers'  Grain  Co.  Ltd.,  with 
18,000  farmers  as  shareholders  and  a  subsidiary  Export  Company 
and  British  Columbia  Agency  met  at  Winnipeg  on  Nov.  29  and 
reported  the  best  year  in  its  history.  The  grain  receipts  of  the 
year,  as  stated  by  President  T.  A.  Crerar,  were  48,375,420  bushels 
and  the  total  Profits  $572,804.  As  to  this  and  neighbouring  organi- 
zations the  Grain  Growers'  Guide  (Dec.  6)  stated  that: 

There  are  now  more  than  48,000  farmer  shareholders  in  these  three 
great  farmer  Companies,  controlling  assets  valued  at  more  than  $8,000,000, 
and  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $2,000,000.  In  the  past  year  these  Companies 


654  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

have  handled  about  90,000,000  bushels  of  grain,  or  nearly  one-third  the 
markettable  portion  of  the  grain  crop  of  this  (Western)  country.  The  profit 
accruing  on  the  year's  business  was  enormous,  showing  as  follows: 

Grain  Growers'  Grain  Co.,   (with  subsidiaries)    $775,000 

Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co 757,000 

Alberta  Farmers'  Co-operative  Elevator  Co 282,000 


Total    $1,814,000 

The  War-tax  paid  was  respectively  $360,000,  $200,000  and 
$60,000  in  this  year.  Efforts  were  made  to  bring  the  Alberta 
Company  into  union  with  that  of  Manitoba,  and  it  was  hoped  that 
Ontario  and  Saskatchewan  would  some  day  join  in  one  great 
organization.  Other  elements  of  Manitoba's  progress  were  illus- 
trated in  the  meeting  of  the  Winnipeg  Industrial  Bureau  on  Mar. 
15  when  the  retiring  Commissioner,  C.  F.  Roland,  declared  that 
"when  the  present  crisis  is  over  there  will  be  a  race  between  the 
American  and  European  settler  such  as  Canada  has  never  before 
experienced.  Ten  years  after  the  present  war  will  likely  see  the  bulk 
of  Canada's  population  west  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Freer  money  will 
be  ready  for  development  of  natural  resources  that  will  produce 
something.  Economic  conditions  will  drive  people  on  the  land  and 
where  is  greater  opportunity  for  such  action  than  in  the  Canadian 
West?"  At  the  Board  of  Trade  annual  meeting  (May  9)  President 
G.  N.  Jackson  stated  that:  "The  farmers  are  prosperous  now,  and 
that  explains  much  of  the  improvement  that  has  taken  place  in  gen- 
eral business.  The  outlook  for  manufacturing  in  Western  Canada  is 
improving.  The  demand  for  commodities  is  strong,  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  securing  supplies  of  raw  materials  is  the  chief  obstacle." 
Insurance  Company  investments  in  Manitoba  at  the  end  of  1915 
were  $59,500,000. 

The  mineral  situation  was  one  of  initial  growth  in  1916.  Offi- 
cial investigations  already  quoted  showed  strongly  mineralized  con- 
ditions, there  was  rich  surface  showing1  of  gold,  RIOR  and  Or»ld  and 
Herb  Lakes,  Long  Lake  and  the  Moose  Mine,  Star  Lake  and  The  Pas 
country  were  familiar  names  but  as  yet  largely  non-productive — 
except  in  samples.  There  had  been  some  shipments  to  British 
Columbia  smelters  and  the  Northern  Manitoba  Mining  Co.  obtained 
$2,323  worth  of  gold  from  one  car-load  of  57,000  Ibs.  of  quartz. 
The  Pas  was  undoubtedly  rich  in  copper  and  Schist  Lake  had 
great  copper-zinc  deposits  which  came  under  initial  development 
by  New  York  financial  interests.  Prof.  R.  C.  Wallace  stated  as 
to  general  conditions  (Free  Press,  Jan.  17)  that:  "In  the  develop- 
ment of  metallic  products  any  claim  that  Manitoba  may  yet  have 
to  be  a  great  mineral-producing  Province  will  rest.  Of  these, 
gold  and  iron  will  be  first  developed.  The  others  are  problematical ; 
but  lead,  zinc  and  copper  occur  together  in  a  recent  discovery  which 
has  great  possibilities,  and  the  geological  structure  is  such  that 
silver  and  nickel  deposits  like  those  which  have  made  Ontario 
famous  may  well  occur  in  Manitoba.  .  .  .  There  are  very  signi- 
ficant signs  that  we  are  on  the  eve  of  a  new  era  of  great  development. 
From  Bice  Lake  in  June  came  Angus  McDonald  to  Winnipeg 


NORRIS  GOVERNMENT  ;  POLITICAL  AND  GENERAL  CONDITIONS     655 

with  chunks  of  ore  dug  out  at  125-foot  level  which  were  said  to 
run  as  high  as  80  per  cent,  pure  gold  and  to  come  from  a  streak  of 
gold  quartz  32  inches  in  width.  It  was  stated  at  this  time  that  in 
the  Schist  Lake  district  the  Guggenheims  had  three  diamond  drills 
working  and  had  blocked  out  what  was  estimated  at  $35,000,000 
worth  of  copper.  By  this  time  it  was  generally  believed  in  Manitoba 
that  they  had  150,000  square  miles  of  country  impregnated  with 
Minerals — gold,  copper  and  iron — with  possibilities  of  commercial 
values  in  silver,  nickel,  molybdenum,  manganese  and  mercury.  As 
to  Rice  Lake  little  development  could  be  made  without  roads  or  a 
railway  and  in  July  Prof.  Wallace  reported  to  the  Government 
that  at  least  a  waggon  road  should  be  constructed  at  once.  The 
sulphide  discoveries  in  The  Pas  country  increased  in  importance 
during  the  year  and  attracted  considerable  attention  in  the  States 
and  prospecting  grew  accordingly  while,  at  the  close  of  the  year, 
Prof.  Wallace  urged  erection  of  a  Smelter  for  this  region. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  retirement  in  March  of 
A.  J.  McMillan,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture,  and  his  assistant, 
G.  H.  Jones  and  the  appointment  (Jan.  3)  of  R.  F.  McWilliams, 
W.  M.  Bannatyne  and  Dr.  J.  N.  Hutchinson  as  Provincial  License 
Commissioners  for  1916 — the  two  latter  in  place  of  A.  L.  Bonny- 
castle  and  Judge  D.  M.  Walker.  C.  F.  Roland,  lately  the  well- 
known  Industrial  Commissioner  for  Winnipeg,  acquired  with  others 
(Jan.  1)  the  plant  and  business  of  the  Winnipeg  Telegram  and 
became  President  and  General-Manager  of  the  new  Company  with 
W.  J.  Bulman,  G.  V.  Hastings,  W.  J.  Christie  and  Ed.  Beck 
(Managing-Editor)  as  the  other  Directors — a  Citizens'  banquet 
being  tendered  Mr.  Roland  on  Feb.  25  with  the  Lieut.-Governor, 
Premier  and  many  leading  men  present;  on  Feb.  1  the  Political 
Equality  League  tendered  a  banquet  to  the  members  of  the  Legisla- 
ture in  honour  of  the  passage  of  Woman  Suffrage — Dr.  Mary  E. 
Crawford  being  in  the  chair;  the  Winnipeg  Board  of  Trade  (Feb. 
17)  unanimously  passed  a  Resolution  demanding  a  new  clause  in 
the  Naturalization  Act  requiring  renunciation  of  preceding  alle- 
giance ;  the  financial  Report  of  the  Imperial  Home  Reunion  showed 
that  up  to  date  the  Association  had  financed  transportation  from 
Great  Britain  to  Winnipeg  for  2,834  wives  and  children  of  local 
settlers  at  a  cost  of  $103,114 ;  the  threatened  milk  strike  on  Nov.  13 
when  the  Cresent  Creamery  Co.,  with  a  monopoly  of  the  sale  of  milk. 
had  trouble  with  their  teamsters  was  quickly  settled  through  the 
efforts  of  R.  A.  Rigg,  M.L.A.  ;  the  appointment  by  the  Government 
of  P.  A.  Macdonald,  Public  Utilities  Commissioner,  to  investigate 
the  high  cost  of  living  was  announced  on  Nov.  1  Oth . 

The  opening  on  Nov.  29  of  the  first  Social  Welfare  Congress  of 
Manitoba  took  place  with  consideration  of  many  social  problems 
and  recommendations  of  important  additions  along  moral  lines  to 
the  Criminal  Code;  the  Women's  Political  Equality  League  asked 
by  Resolution  on  Dec.  11  for  a  compulsory  share  by  widow  and 
children  in  the  estate  of  husband  and  father,  for  the  equal  right 


656  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  women  in  the  holding  of  municipal  offices,  for  the  wife's  share 
in  a  rural  homestead  and  an  equal  voice  in  its  sale,  for  legislation 
giving  the  mother  an  equal  right  with  the  father  in  the  guardian- 
ship of  their  children.  Other  incidents  were  the  statement  of  J.  D. 
McArthur  that  but  for  labour  shortage  the  Hudson's  Bay  Railway 
would  have  been  completed — though  a  steel  and  concrete  bridge  was 
being  built  over  the  Nelson  River ;  the  enthronement  of  Dr.  Arthur 
Alfred  Sinnott  as  the  1st  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Winnipeg  by  the 
Apostolic  Delegate  on  Dec.  24 ;  the  fact  of  Manitoba  municipalities 
in  1915  having  an  Assessment  of  $547,698,221  with  taxes  imposed  of 
$9,817,043  and  Debenture  debts  of  $56,964,702;  the  statement  of 
licenses  in  1916  granted  in  the  Province  to  11,192  motor  car  owners. 
The  following  were  the  chief  Government  appointments  of  the 
year: 

Inspector   for   Public   Utilities   Commission.  P.    H.    Wall    Winnipeg. 

Assistant-Comptroller-General     W.    J.    Logan Winnipeg. 

Superintendent  of  Immigration  &  Coloniza- 
tion   -.  .  .  .  Louis  Kon  Winnipeg. 

Provincial   Fire    Commissioner    A.   E.  Ham    Winnipeg. 

Commissioner  of  Immigration  to  Minnesota.  W.   H.   Ingram    St.  Paul. 

Supervisor  of  School  Attendance    J.   F.   Greenway    Winnipeg. 

Registrar   of   Co-operative   Associations    .  .  .  Jas.    MacLean     Winnipeg. 

Secretary  of  the  Bureau   of   Labour Edward   McGrath    Winnipeg. 

Juvenile   Court  Judge    D.   W.   McKerchar.  > Winnipeg. 

Librarian,    Education   Department E.    E.    Burgess    Winnipeg. 

Chairman  of  Provincial  Board  of  Health.  .  Dr.    Gordon    Bell    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     R.    M.    Matheson    Brandon. 

King's    Counsel     H.   Phillips    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     D.    H.    Laird Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     J.   B.   Coyne    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     B.   J.    Symington    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     W.    H.    Trueman    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     R.  W.  Craig    Winnipeg. 

King's    Counsel     Alex.   McLeod    Morden. 

King's    Counsel     Samuel  J.   Rothwell    Winnipeg. 

Chief   Inspector   under   Temperance   Act .  .  .  J.    N.    McLean     Winnipeg. 

Acting  Commissioner  of  Government  Tele- 
phones . H.  E.  Brockwell  .  .  < Winnipeg. 

Acting  Superintendent  Brandon  Industrial 

School  Rev.  E.  S.  Hamilton Portage. 

This  year  was  marked  by  the  most  important  series 
The  1916  Of  measures  in  the  history  of  the  Province — important 

th°e  Manitoba'  *n  tneir  character,  in  their  realization  of  pledges  given 
Government  by  Mr.  Norris  and  his  party  when  in  Opposition,  and 
in  the  impetus  given  by  them  to  similar  action  else- 
where. The  enactment  of  Prohibition,  the  abolition  of  Bi-lingual- 
ism,  the  enactment  of  Compulsory  Education,  the  establishment  of 
Direct  Legislation,  the  passing  of  Woman  franchise  and  many  bills 
almost  equally  significant,  stamped  the  Session  as  remarkable. 

The  Legislature  was  opened  on  Jan.  6  by  Sir  Douglas  Cameron 
with  a  Speech  from  the  Throne  which  promised  legislation  as  to 
all  the  subjects  just  mentioned  together  with  reform  of  the  Civil 
Service  and  adequate  punishment  for  Election  offences;  a  Memor- 
ial to  the  Dominion  Government,  asking  for  the  immediate 
transfer  of  natural  resources  to  the  Province,  was  foreshadowed; 
the  patriotic  share  of  Manitoba  in  the  Empire's  War  and  the 
bountiful  harvest  of  1915  were  referred  to;  amendments  to  the 
Workmen's  Compensation  Act  giving  more  adequate  compensation 
with  more  expeditious  methods  were  promised;  special  attention 


THE  1916  LEGISLATION  OF  THE  MANITOBA  GOVERNMENT     657 

to  Agriculture  and  its  needs  was  pledged  in  view  of  the  farmer 
being  ' '  the  most  valuable  citizen  of  this  or  any  other  country ; ' '  the 
Coldwell  amendments  were  to  be  repealed  in  order  that  "the 
National  school  system  should  remain  inviolate  and  unimpaired;" 
the  Initiative  and  Referendum  system  was  described  as  in  har- 
mony with  true  democracy  and  as  meeting  the  "growing  failure 
of  Legislative  bodies  to  respond  readily  to  the  will  of  the  people  by 
ensuring  a  more  direct  participation  of  the  electorate  in  legislative 
affairs;"  the  subject  of  Prison  reform  was  to  be  dealt  with  and  a 
number  of  other  Bills  were  promised. 

James  Bryson  Baird,  member  for  Mountain  since  1907,  was 
elected  Speaker  and  the  Address  was  moved  by  Lieut.-Col.  George 
Clingan,  Virden,  and  George  W.  Armstrong,  Manitou.  Albert 
Prefontaine,  Conservative  member  for  Carillon  since  1903 — a 
French-Canadian  and  Roman  Catholic — was  chosen  Leader  of  the 
Opposition  of  five  which  included  himself,  Aime  Benard,  Joseph 
Hamelin,  Jacques  Parent  and  F.  Y.  Newton.  The  Address  passed 
without  division  and  then  the  Government  legislation,  which  was 
all  ready,  came  up  for  rapid  consideration.  Mr.  Norris  had  spoken 
on  the  llth  and  described  briefly  what  it  would  be.  As  to  Prohi- 
bition he  thought  that  the  Referendum  would  give  a  majority  for 
the  reform.  If,  however,  it  did  not  carry  the  Government  would 
undertake  a  policy  of  strict  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic  and  re- 
duce the  number  of  licenses.  As  to  Education  he  assured  the  House 
that  the  new  Compulsory  Bill  would  not  be  made  oppressive. 
Ample  appropriation  would  be  made  so  that  the  Government 
could  establish  a  school  within  easy  reach  of  every  child.  On  the 
Bi-lingual  question  Mr.  Norris  stated  that  the  policy  of  the  Govern- 
ment was  to  make  English  the  teaching  language  in  every  school. 
There  would  have  to  be  compromises  in  handling  this  question 
but  there  were  indications  that  the  various  nationalities  were 
anxious  to  reach  an  understanding.  In  a  few  days  the  famous 
Coldwell  amendments  would  be  repealed.  Under  the  terms  of  the 
Woman  Suffrage  Bill,  women  would  be  entitled  to  sit  in  the  Legis- 
lature as  well  as  to  vote. 

The  Hon.  R.  S.  Thornton,  Minister  of  Education,  moved  on  Jan. 
17  the  2nd  reading  of  the  Compulsory  Education  Act  and  of  the 
Bill  repealing  the  compulsory  clauses  of  the  Children's  Act  which 
had  so  often  been  attacked  by  the  Liberals  as  insufficient  and  in- 
efficient. He  submitted  them  in  fulfilmen^-df  the  Liberal  promise  to 
provide  a  measure  of  compulsory  education  which  should  respect 
personal  rights  and  religious  convictions  while  requiring  parents 
and  guardians  to  see  that  their  children  were  properly  educated. 
* '  Provision  is  made  that  the  Board  of  any  rural  school  district  may, 
and  the  Board  of  any  village,  town  or  city  school  district  shall, 
appoint  School  Attendance  officers.  We  believe  that  the  local 
authorities  can  better  control  local  conditions,  with  central  super- 
vision, than  if  the  whole  matter  concentrated  in  the  Department 
of  Education.  In  another  Bill  which  will  be  laid  before  you  pro- 
42 


658  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

vision  is  made  to  amend  the  sections  of  the  School  Act,  so  that  in 
cases  where  the  people  want  to  form  a  municipal  school  board  they 
can  do  so  and,  under  this  Bill,  may  co-operate  in  appointing  a 
School  Attendance  officer.  The  age  limit  is  placed  at  7  to  14  years. 
This  Act  will  have  to  be  carried  into  effect,  but  it  is  the  policy  of 
the  Government  to  administer  it  with  consideration  and  sympathy. 
The  test  is  to  be  the  number  of  children  we  win  into  the  schools." 
There  were  exemptions  for  seeding  and  harvesting  seasons  and 
for  " reasonable  excuse."  Inspectors  were  to  be  appointed  and  the 
penalties  were  fines  running  up  to  $50  for  each  offence.  He  also 
presented  a  Bill  to  amend  the  Education  Department  Act  so  as  to 
provide  for  including  the  Minister  and  the  Superintendent  on  the 
Advisory  Board  and  to  create  machinery  for  the  benefit  of  children 
in  unorganized  territory,  so  that  they  could  be  transported  to  and 
from  the  nearest  available  school  under  the  Act.  The  Bills  passed 
in  due  course. 

The  Woman  Suffrage  measure  was  presented  as  an  amendment 
to  the  Manitoba  Election  Act  by  Mr.  Premier  Norris  and  on  its 
2nd  reading  (Jan.  14)  Mr.  Norris  described  it  as  a  great  reform 
and  "one  of  the  most  momentous  Bills  that  ever  came  before  a 
Legislature. ' '  He  referred  at  length  to  the  action  of  the  women  in 
securing  signatures  to  the  most  largely  signed  petition  that  had 
ever  been  presented  to  any  Legislature  in  Canada — about  40,000. 
The  women  would  have  to  register  and  then  could  vote  or  not  as 
they  liked.  It  enfranchised  half  the  population  of  voting  age  and 
by  its  terms  women  were  placed  under  the  same  voting  conditions 
as  men.  The  Bill  passed  with  little  opposition,  and  at  the  3rd 
reading  on  Jan.  27 — which  was  proposed  by  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson  as 
Acting-Premier — with  women  leaders  of  the  movement  on  the  floor 
of  the  House,  there  was  a  scene  of  great  enthusiasm.  It  may  be 
added  that  Joseph  Hamelin  opposed  it  as  a  disruptive  influence  in 
domestic  relations  and  that  (Jan.  17)  in  reply  to  a  question,  as  to 
"foreign  women"  voting,  Mr.  Hudson,  Attorney- General,  stated 
that  "the  nationality  of  a  wife  is  merged  in  that  of  her  husband 
and  any  subsequent  change  of  nationality  by  naturalization  on  the 
part  of  the  husband,  carries  with  it  the  same  change  of  the  wife's 
nationality."  The  Initiative  and  Referendum  Bill  was  carried  in 
its  2nd  reading  unanimously.  The  Premier  spoke  briefly,  de- 
clared that  the  Bill  was  in  fulfilment  of  a  Liberal  pledge  and  that 
he  ' '  trusted  it  would  stimulate  interest  in  public  affairs  and  prove  a 
valuable  addition  to  the  instruments  of  democracy. ' '  Its  terms  wei 
as  follows: 

Any  electors  not  less  in  number  than  8  per  cent,  of  the  total  vote 
polled  at  the  general  Provincial  election  last  held  previous  to  the  date  of 
the  petition  herein  referred  to,  may,  by  petition  in  writing,  presented  to  the 
Legislative  Assembly,  submit  a  proposed  law.  Upon  receipt  of  such  petition 
the  Speaker  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  shall  take  steps  to  ascertain  and 
certify  to  it.  ...  In  case  the  Speaker's  certificate  shows  that  such  peti- 
tion has  been  sufficiently  signed  as  aforesaid,  such  proposed  law,  unless  enact 
by  the  Legislative  Assembly  at  the  Session  at  which  it  is  submitted  without 
change,  shall  be  submitted  by  the  Lieut. -Go vernor-in-Council,  in  a  manner 


THE  1916  LEGISLATION  OF  THE  MANITOBA  GOVERNMENT    659 

hereinafter  provided,  to  a  vote  of  the  electors  of  the  Province  to  be  held 
at  the  next  general  Provincial  election,  unless  a  special  Keferendum  vote  is 
asked  for  in  the  petition.  Where  a  special  Keferendum  vote  is  asked  for 
the  same  shall  be  held  not  more  than  six  months  from  the  date  of  the  presen- 
tation of  the  Petition. 

There  were  certain  guards  and  limitations  but  these  were  the 
main  points  of  the  Act  and  it  passed  eventually  with  little  opposi- 
tion. P.  J.  Dixon  on  Jan.  24  had  traced  the  history  of  the  movement 
and  quoted  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson  as  calling  Direct  Legislation  "the 
Magna  Charta  of  modern  times"  in  opposition  to  Sir  R.  P.  Roblin 
who  once  termed  it  "degenerate  republicanism."  In  the  Manitoba 
Court  of  Appeal  on  Dec.  20  the  Act,  which  had  not  yet  been 
proclaimed,  was  declared  unconstitutional.  Chief  Justice  H.  M. 
Howell  pointed  out  that  there  was  no  limit  to  the  powers  of  the 
British  Parliament  but  that  there  were  limits  to  those  of  a  Pro- 
vincial Legislature — notably  the  B.N.A.  Act.  "The  British  Parlia- 
ment, wishing  to  vest  law-making  power  in  a  Federal  Government  in 
Canada,  gave  some  power  to  the  Dominion  and  some  to  the  Pro- 
vinces, but  made  it  clear  that  the  King  was  to  be  a  part  of  each 
Legislative  body.  In  this  Direct  Legislation  Act  no  part  in  legis- 
lation is  reserved  for  the  King,  except  in  relation  to  money-bills 
and  taxes.  If  Direct  Legislation  is  within  the  powers  of  the  Legis- 
lature then  all  the  powers  of  legislation  could  be  taken  away  from 
the  Assembly.  In  fact,  the  Assembly  could  be  wiped  out  and  repre- 
sentative government  would  cease  to  exist."  Mr.  Justice  A.  E. 
Richards  added  the  comment  that  "in  Canada  there  is  no  sover- 
eignty in  the  people."  Leave  of  appeal  to  the  Privy  Council  was 
granted. 

Prohibition,  Bi-lingual  and  Separate  School  Bills  are  dealt  with 
elsewhere  but  other  important  measures  of  the  Session  included 
J.  W.  Wilton's  amendments  to  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act 
which  were  accepted  by  the  Labour  men  but  opposed  for  a  while 
by  R.  A.  Rigg,  who  wanted  to  exclude  private  Insurance  Companies 
from  its  terms.  It  made  employers  liable  to  compensation  for 
personal  injury  by  ' '  accident  arising  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  the 
employment"  with  a  55%  total  disability  payment  for  life  under 
specified  conditions.  Other  important  Labour  Bills  were  an  Act 
establishing  a  Bureau  of  Labour,  with  supervision  over  all  labour 
legislation;  amendments  to  the  Factories  Act,  and  the  Building 
Trades  Protection  Act.  An  Act  was  passed  establishing  a  Fair 
Wage  Board  and  providing  penalties  for  the  violation  of  the 
Government  Fair  Wage  schedule.  Another  Bill  provided  for 
the  regulation  and  inspection  of  passenger  elevators.  An  Act 
was  passed  regarding  the  inspection  of  steam  boilers  and  one 
providing  for  the  examination  and  licensing  of  moving  picture 
operators.  Mr.  Premier  Norris  presented  and  the  House  ap- 
proved a  Bill  providing  for  the  payment  of  pensions  to  indigent 
widows  with  dependent  children ;  a  Commission  was  appointed  to 
administer  the  moneys  so  payable  and  composed  of  E.  D.  Martin, 
Geo.  Fisher,  J.  H.  T.  Falk,  Mrs.  John  Dick  and  T.  R.  Deacon.  Hon. 


660  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Val.  Winkler  carried  a  measure  to  provide  poor  settlers  with  Live- 
stock, and  another  consolidating  all  the  Game  Act  amendments  of 
recent  years. 

Besides  the  legislation  already  mentioned  Dr.  Thornton  had  a 
Bill  authorizing  the  Educational  Department  to  lend  money  to 
needy  school  districts — later  it  was  found  that  $117,000  more  money 
than  in  1915  had  been  voted  to  Education.  Another  Bill  of  this 
Minister  modified  the  Medical  Act  so  as  to  enable  Canadian 
doctors  to  practice  in  Great  Britain  and  vice  versa  with  the  hope 
that  it  would  lead  to  Empire-wide  reciprocity.  The  Hon.  Edward 
Brown  carried  amendments  to  the  Succession  Duties  Act  exempting 
bequests  made  to  charitable  organizations  in  Manitoba  and  putting 
a  minimum  rate  on  such  bequests  elsewhere,  and  a  measure  regulat- 
ing and  taxing  public  amusements;  a  Public  Service  Bill  which 
dealt  with  the  constitution  of  the  new  Comptroller-General 's  depart- 
ment and  re-organized  the  entire  Civil  Service ;  a  Loan  Bill  taking 
powers  to  borrow  $1,493,000  for  the  new  Parliament  Buildings,  a 
Prison  Farm,  Capital  expenditures  and  Patriotic  purposes.  The 
Fire  Prevention  Act  was  amended  so  as  to  make  appointment  of 
municipal  fire  guardians  compulsory,  with  regulations  as  to  pre- 
vention of  prairie  fires  and  penalties  for  allowing  them  to  run. 

The  amendments  to  the  Elections  Act  introduced  by  the  Premier 
were  drastic  and  far-reaching — one  clause  removing  the  burden  of 
proof  from  the  person  who  demanded  that  a  name  be  struck  off  the 
voters'  list  to  the  person  whose  name  was  challenged,  another  im- 
posing heavy  penalties  for  infringement  of  the  registration  clause 
and  dealing  severely  with  repeaters.  It  was  held  over,  however, 
and  a  Committee  appointed  to  consider  and  revise  its  details  com- 
posed of  Hon.  A.  B.  Hudson,  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson,  Albert  Prefon- 
taine,  S.  E.  Clement  and  F.  J.  Dixon.  The  Hon.  Val.  Winkler 
carried  a  measure  to  promote  the  organization  of  Co-operative  Soci- 
eties for  the  purpose  of  distributing  such  commodities  as  coal,  wood, 
farm  implements,  and  binder  twine — chiefly,  but  not  entirely,  based 
upon  the  Grain  Growers'  Association;  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson  had  a 
Fair  Wage  Bill  dealing  with  Public  Buildings  and  providing  for 
the  appointment  of  a  Commission  of  three  to  annually  prepare  a 
Fair  Wage  schedule  to  apply  on  Government  contracts — the  Fair 
Wage  clause  being  closely  similar  to  that  used  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment; another  Bill  of  this  Minister  amended  the  Good  Roads 
Act  and  empowered  municipal  councils,  through  a  by-law,  to  take 
advantage  of  the  Act  if  they  could  do  so  out  of  current  revenue  and 
without  borrowing,  and  another  amended  certain  Acts  so  as  to  put 
the  School  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Industrial  Home  under  the  Educa- 
tion Act.  His  Shops  Regulation  Bill  forbade  the  employment  of 
any  young  person  or  woman  in  or  about  a  shop  for  more  than  60 
hours  in  any  one  week  or  14  hours  in  any  one  day — excepting 
drivers  of  vehicles  or  under  permit  for  emergency. 

He  abolished,  in  another  Act,  the  charters  of  certain  much- 
criticized  Clubs  and  carried  a  Bill  looking  to  the  provision  of  safe- 


THE  1916  LEGISLATION  OF  THE  MANITOBA  GOVERNMENT    661 

guards  and  prevention  of  accidents  on  Elevators;  the  Hon.  Dr. 
Armstrong  carried  amendments  to  the  Charity  Act  providing  that 
claims  for  aid  to  municipal  hospitals  should  be  registered  subject 
to  existing  claims  and  to  the  Public  Health  Act  providing  funds 
for  extension  of  work  in  rural  districts  and  prevention  of  disease. 
The  Hon.  A.  B.  Hudson  had  charge  of  many  Bills,  including  Com- 
panies Act  amendments  which  provided  machinery  for  arranging 
amalgamations  and  imposed  a  license  and  guarantee  deposit  of 
$500  upon  extra-Provincial  corporations;  amendments  to  the  Cor- 
oners' Act  so  as  to  ensure  registration  of  deaths  for  purpose  of 
vital  statistics ;  amendments  to  the  Controverted  Elections  Act  aim- 
ing to  do  away  with  preliminary  objections  and  the  long,  drawn-out 
action  which  so  often  marked  election  protests,  and  also  to  pre- 
vent "saw-offs"  by  the  forfeiture  of  the  money  deposits  to  the 
Crown ;  a  Bill  amending  the  Garnishment  Act  by  raising  the  exemp- 
tion to  $40,  another  providing  for  the  registration  of  marriage 
settlements  so  as  to  protect  creditors,  and  a  Small  Debts  Act  aim- 
ing at  reduced  costs  and  easier  methods  of  collection. 

J.  W.  Wilton  carried  a  Bill  respecting  Town  Planning  and  pro- 
vided, as  a  permissive  measure,  for  putting  into  the  hands  of  the 
local  authorities  the  power  to  prevent  the  laying  out  of  townsites 
with  narrow  streets  and  the  right  to  preserve  for  the  community 
natural  advantages  such  as  park  sites  and  lakes.  Motorists  secured 
amendments  to  the  Vehicle  Act  under  which  (1)  automobile  sales- 
men were  licensed  as  operators,  (2)  an  owner  could  transfer  his 
license  plates  on  payment  of  a  $2.00  fee,  (3)  a  speed-limit  of  15  miles 
was  authorized  in  cities,  towns  and  villages,  20  miles  upon  highways 
adjacent  to  Winnipeg  and  10  miles  in  turning  'or  approaching  a 
street  corner,  (4)  taking  from  municipalities,  etc.,  the  power  to  im- 
pose special  motor  taxes.  Mr.  Premier  Norris  in  his  interesting 
Mothers'  Pension  Bill  provided  that  widows,  with  young  children, 
who  had  to  work  for  a  living  should  receive  from  the  State  such  an 
allowance  as  would  enable  them  to  keep  the  children  at  home  instead 
of  sending  them  to  an  institution.  It  was  expected  that  this  social 
experiment  would  cost  the  Province  about  $15,000  for  the  first  year. 
He  also  amended  the  Electoral  Representation  Act  so  as  to  combine 
the  constituencies  of  Churchill-Fort  Nelson  and  Grand  Rapids  in 
one,  as  Rupert's  Land,  and  the  Assembly  Act  so  as  to  provide  for 
this  reduction  from  49  to  48  seats. 

The  Noxious  Weeds  Act  was  overhauled  and  remodelled  with  a 
Commission  placed  in  charge  composed  of  Prof.  S.  A.  Bedford 
(Chairman),  George  Watson  and  H.  Brown.  The  Horse  Breeders' 
Act  was  amended  to  provide  for  pure-bred  stallions  under  certi- 
ficate ;  new  sections  were  added  to  the  Dairy  Act  requiring  registra- 
tion of  skimming  and  cream-receiving  stations;  the  appointment 
of  a  Commissioner  of  Northern  Manitoba  was  authorized  and  a 
little  later  J.  A.  Campbell  of  Dauphin  was  appointed;  the  Muni- 
cipal Commissioners'  Act  was  amended  so  as  to  create  an  Assess- 
ment Equalization  Board  for  the  purpose  of  equalizing  assess- 
ments in  municipalities  and  as  between  the  Judicial  Districts — with 


662  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Eobert  Young  and  G.  A.  Metcalfe,  Winnipeg,  and  Robert  Forke, 
Pipestone,  afterwards  appointed ;  the  Agricultural  College  Act  was 
amended  so  as  to  vest  appointments  in  the  Directors  with  By-laws 
and  regulations  to  be  approved  by  the  Minister  and  degree-conferr- 
ing power  withdrawn;  the  Animals'  Purchase  Act  was  extended 
over  the  Province  and  agreements  of  sale  between  settler  and 
Government  denned  and  varied  regulations  made  as  to  sales, 
liens,  brands,  etc. ;  under  the  Bakeshops  Act  better  inspection  and 
supervision  were  provided  for;  the  Cemeteries  Incorporation  Act 
was  amended  to  meet  new  conditions  as  to  Mausoleums,  crypts,  etc. ; 
various  Acts  relating  to  Judges  were  amended  to  provide  for 
increased  salaries;  the  Dental  Association  Act  was  amended  to 
further  regulate  the  operations  of  the  Board  of  Directors  and 
issue  of  certificates  and  licenses,  registration,  etc.,  with  Manitoba 
University  as  the  sole  examining  body  in  Dentistry  for  the  Prov- 
vince. 

A  Game  Protection  Act  was  passed  with  provisions  for  the  care 
of  big  game,  beavers  and  beaver  dams,  a  close  season  for  deer, 
elk,  etc.,  for  fees  and  granting  of  permits,  prohibition  of  Sunday 
shooting,  cold  storage  and  regulations  for  use  of  dogs,  protection  of, 
and  trade  in,  fur-bearing  animals,  provisions  as  to  game  birds, 
prohibition  of  certain  methods  in  killing  birds  and  of  sale  or  ex- 
port. An  Act  respecting  Home  Economics  Societies  provided  for 
the  organization  and  encouragement  of  these  Societies  in  the  inter- 
ests of  community  and  individual  life ;  the  Industrial  Farm  Act 
established  a  Farm  and  system  of  open-air  work,  with  new  moral 
and  physical  reform  methods,  for  prisoners  in  the  gaols  of  Manitoba ; 
an  Old  Folks'  Home  Act  was  passed  organizing  procedure  and  ad- 
ministration and  a  Surveys  Act  dealt  with  the  protection  of  bound- 
ary marks  or  outline  monuments ;  an  Act  for  the  Taxation  of  public 
amusements  provided  for  appointment  of  an  Appeal  Board  in 
respect  to  Moving  Picture  plans  and  for  the  license  and  taxation 
of  all  such  places  with  a  Joint  Board  of  Censors  appointed  later 
and  composed  of  J.  W.  Home  and  Mrs.  H.  R.  Patriarche  of  Win- 
nipeg and  Charles  Robson  of  Regina;  the  War  Relief  Act  was 
amended  to  further  protect  the  property  arid  estates  of  soldiers  on 
active  service.  The  following  Resolutions  were  moved  and  carried 
during  the  Session: 

1.  Agriculture:  Moved  by  A.  J.  Lobb  and  W.  W.  W.  Wilson. 

That  a  Committee  of  this  House  be  appointed  by  the  Lieut. -Go  vernor-in- 
Council  to  investigate  conditions  in  this  Province  and  obtain  all  possible 
information  to  the  end  that  a  plan  relating  to  Eural  Credits  may  be  formu- 
lated to  lay  before  the  House  at  the  next  Session. 

2.  Free  Wheat:   Moved  by  John  Williams  and  G.  J.  H.  Malcolm. 
That  in  order  to   secure  to  the   farmers   and  .the   people   of   Canada  the 

advantage  of  a  wider  market  for  wheat  and  wheat  products,  steps  should 
be  taken  by  the  Federal  Government  to  place  these  articles  on  the  free  list 
in  the  Canadian  Tariff. 

3.  Hudson's  Bay  Eoute:  Moved  by  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris  and  Hon.  T.  H. 
Johnson. 

That   the   Eailway   which   is   now   under   construction   by   the   Dominion 


THE  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  AND  OTHER  INVESTIGATIONS    663 

Government  from  a  point  within  the  Province  of  Manitoba  toward  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  should  be  pushed  to  completion  at  the  earliest  possible  date. 

4.  Natural  Kesources:   Moved  by  Geo.  Clingan  and  Albert  Prefontaine. 

That  the  Government  of  Manitoba  should  continue  to  urge  upon  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Canada  the  necesity  of  arranging  for  the  transfer  to  the  Province 
of  the  Public  Domain  within  its  limits  without  further  delay. 

5.  School  Lands:  Moved  by  Wm.  E.  Wood  and  Geo.  McDonald. 

That  this  House  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  the 
lands  set  apart  by  the  Parliament  of  Canada  as  an  endowment  for  School 
purposes,  together  with  all  moneys  which  have  accrued  from  the  sale  of  such 
lands,  should  be  under  the  control  and  administration  of  the  Provincial 
authorities,  and  that  the  Government  of  Manitoba  should  continue  its  nego- 
tiations with  the  Government  of  Canada  for  the  purpose  of  having  the  said 
endowment  transferred  to  the  Province. 

The  House  was  adjourned  on  Mar.  10  after  an  almost  un- 
equalled series  of  enactments  or  revisions  of  existing  legislation. 
The  Premier  showed  a  clear-headed  knowledge  of  Parliamentary 
procedure  and  guided  the  House  with  little  friction;  Mr.  Hudson, 
as  Chairman  of  the  Law  Amendments  Committee,  had  an  immense 
amount  of  work  to  do  and  did  it  well;  Mr.  Johnson  did  much  in 
connection  with  legislation  and  had  the  oversight  of  construction 
and  conditions  at  the  new  Parliament  Buildings,  the  winding  up 
of  contracts,  the  completion  of  the  Law  Courts  and  the  varied 
Public  investigations  of  the  year;  Mr.  Brown  made  a  clear-headed 
and  clean-cut  administrator  of  difficult  finances;  Dr.  Thornton 
handled  complicated  Educational  problems  with  a  minimum  of 
controversy  and  Mr.  Winkler,  in  his  important  Agricultural  work 
showed  energy  and  initiative ;  while  Dr.  Armstrong  had  the  Public 
Health  regulations  to  administer  and  other  Bills  to  handle  which 
he  did  with  cheerful  effectiveness. 

The  enormous  expenditures  of  Manitoba  in  con- 
The  Parliament  nection  with  public  buildings  during  recent  years 
other' Invests-  reached  a  climax  in  its  new  Parliamentary  structure 
gations  and  the  total  for  all  was  estimated  by  the  Grain 

Growers'  Guide*  at  $17,179,807,  or  $35  per  head  of 
the  population,  with  the  Agricultural  College  at  St.  Charles  and 
then  St.  Vital  costing  $4,650,115,  two  Insane  Hospitals  $2,072,866, 
the  Winnipeg  Law  Courts  $1,250,000  and  the  new  Parliament 
Buildings  $7,000,000— the  two  latter  unfinished.  Mr.  Johnson,  Min- 
ister of  Public  Works,  told  the  Legislature  on  Feb.  7  that  the  Law 
Courts  had  been  tested  and  the  valuators  had  reported  and  valued 
the  buildings  in  their  present  condition  at  $985,523.  Under  the 
original  contracts  and  for  additional  work  let,  the  new  Govern- 
ment was  committed  for  $1,201,172.  By  a  settlement,  however, 
which  was  made  on  the  basis  of  the  Valuators '  report,  it  would  pay 
the  $985,523  and  thus  save  $215,649.  For  the  Central  Power- 
house the  late  Government  had  obligated  itself  to  pay  $187,436 
on  original  contracts  and  extras.  The  amount  was  also  reduced 
to  $129,857  making  another  saving  of  $57,579. 

*NOTE.— Jan.    3,    1917. 


664  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Meantime,  the  case  against  the  Roblin  Government  and  the 
individual  Ministers  had  passed  from  Royal  Commissions  into  the 
Courts  and  during  1916  was  a  continuous  source  of  unpleasant 
details  and  public  testimony  with,  also,  a  total  cost  to  the  Province 
for  Commissions,  the  Kelly  suits  and  extradition  proceedings,  the 
Simpson  suit,  the  Court  House,  Highways  and  Curran  (Gaol)  In- 
quiries, legal  fees  and  the  ex-Ministers'  trial,  etc.,  estimated  at 
$500,000.  As  to  the  Buildings  themselves  the  new  Government  had 
found  contracts,  construction  work,  foundations  and  quality  of 
material,  values  and  finances,  in  a  chaotic  condition;  they  had 
cancelled  the  Kelly  contract,  prosecuted  the  Contractor  and  the 
ex-Ministers  and  appointed  F.  "W.  Simon  as  Architect  in  charge 
with  the  McDiarmid  Co.  as  Contractors  upon  a  profit  percentage 
of  the  actual  cost.*  So  in  lesser  degree  with  the  unfinished  Law 
Courts  as  to  which  the  Report  of  Hon.  T.  G.  Mathers,  Commission- 
er, was  made  public  on  May  5.  In  it  the  Chief  Justice  reviewed 
the  extraordinary  juggling  of  different  Companies,  with  the  same 
people  in  control,  tendering  for  the  contracts  and  criticized  severely 
the  contributions  by  contractors  to  party  funds  indicated  in  the 
evidence ;  but  declared  as  to  the  Roblin  Government  that ' '  there  was 
no  evidence  that  the  Government  or  any  member  of  it  had  been  wil- 
fully guilty  of  any  impropriety  in  connection  with  the  letting 
of  the  contracts,  either  for  the  Law  Courts  or  for  the  Power- 
house, (Agricultural  College)  or  that  any  of  the  contract  prices 
were  fixed  with  a  view  to  contributions  to  party  funds  or  with  a 
view  to  any  improper  payment."  He  thought  that  the  late  Min- 
ister of  Public  Works  was,  perhaps,  too  credulous.  ''There  was 
much  in  the  evidence  and  circumstances  to  indicate  that  the  Gov- 
ernment was  imposed  upon  by  the  three  lowest  tenderers."  He 
advised  acceptance  by  the  Norris  Government  of  the  Contractor's 
offer  to  have  a  new  valuation  of  the  work  done  and  to  abide  by  an 
arbitration  for  its  completion — involving  an  outside  estimate  of 
$236,000  as  the  amount  to  be  saved  by  the  Province. 

The  Kelly  extradition  case,  involving  the  new  Government's 
effort  (1)  to  bring  Thomas  Kelly  back  from  Chicago  and  (2) 
to  stand  his  trial  as  the  Contractor  in  the  Parliament  Buildings  case 
and  for  obaining,  illegally,  $1,250,000,  dragged  on  from  1915,  and 
during  much  of  1916.  The  extradition  matter  came,  finally,  to  trial 
in  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  at  Washington  on  Apr.  6  with  perjury 
in  preceding  legal  actions  at  Winnipeg  as  the  nominal  reason 
and  objections  to  this,  as  not  being  an  extraditable  offence,  as  the 
opposition  basis.  H.  B.  F.  MacFarland  for  the  Manitoba  Govern- 
ment urged  the  waiving  of  technicalities  as  Canada  had  done  in 
the  Gaynor  and  Greene  case.  On  the  17th  the  extradition  was 
ordered,  and  Kelly  was  brought  back  to  Winnipeg  on  May  9  and 
placed  in  gaol  pending  trial.  An  appeal  was  at  once  made  for 
his  release  on  bail  in  a  petition  to  the  Attorney-General,  signed 
by  the  Archbishop  of  St.  Boniface  and  many  leading  citizens;  the 

*NOTE. — See  Manitoba  Section  in  1915  volume. 


THE  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  AND  OTHER  INVESTIGATIONS    665 

application  was  opposed  by  the  Crown  and  refused  by  Mr.  Justice 
Haggart  on  technical  grounds.  The  case  came  on  for  trial  before 
Hon.  J.  E.  P.  Prendergast  of  the  King's  Bench  on  June  18,  with 
Kelly  charged  as  sharing  in  a  conspiracy  to  defraud  the  Govern- 
ment of  $1,250,000;  Mr.  Kelly  personally  pleaded  ill-treatment 
because  of  refusal  of  bail,  inability  to  deal  properly  with  his  lawyers, 
unfairness  as  compared  with  the  ex-Ministers  and  Dr.  R.  M.  Simp- 
son, lack  of  time  to  prepare  his  defence,  seizure  at  his  home  and 
office  of  necessary  papers.  His  Counsel,  H.  H.  Dewart,  K.C.,  Edward 
Anderson,  K.C.,  and  others,  had  withdrawn  on  the  Court's  refusal 
to  grant  delay.  R.  A.  Bonnar,  K.C.,  was  the  Crown  Counsel  and 
examined  the  witnesses  who  were  practically  the  same  as  had 
appeared  in  the  investigations  of  1915  and  with  similar  evidence. 

V.  W.  Horwood,  late  Provincial  Architect,  testified  as  to  the 
frauds  in  the  Caissons  and  foundations ;  retold  the  story  of  alleged 
conspiracies  and  the  disappearance  of  Wm.  Salt  and  declared  that 
Messrs.  Roblin,  Montague,  Coldwell,  Howden,  R.  M.  Simpson,  E. 
C.  Shankland,  a  Chicago  Engineer,  Kelly,  Prof.  Brydone-Jack 
and  himself  knew  of  the  scheme  to  get  Election  funds  out  of  the 
contracts;  Wm.  Salt  testified  as  to  alteration  of  records  and  the 
sending  away  of  himself  to  avoid  being  a  witness.  Capt.  P.  C. 
Schioler,  C.E.,  of  the  223rd  Battalion ;  J.  H.  G.  Russell,  an  architect ; 
F.  W.  Simon,  the  English  architect  of  the  Buildings  who  was 
side-tracked  by  the  late  Government;  H.  W.  Whitla,  K.C.,  who 
was  concerned  with  the  Salt  episode;  Thomas  Wallace,  Chief  In- 
spector on  the  Buildings,  were  amongst  the  39  witnesses  called. 
H.  B.  Lyall  of  the  Manitoba  Bridge  Works  testified  that  work  for 
which  Kelly  got  $230,100  could  have  been  done  for  approximately 
$95,000.  On  June  28  Kelly  addressed  the  Jury  on  his  own  behalf- 
he  had  no  counsel  during  the  trial  and  called  no  witnesses — and 
made  these  points  chiefly:  (1)  That  the  Government  and  Mathers 
Commission  had  agreed  to  accept  appraisal  or  arbitration  in  the 
Civil  suit  but  had  not  implemented  the  agreement  because  it  would 
kill  the  criminal  prosecution;  (2)  that  while  claiming  he  was 
overpaid,  the  Norris  Government  put  him  off  the  job,  although 
he  was  building  for  5  months  after  he  received  any  payment  and 
spending  $5,000  to  $6,000  per  day  in  so  building;  (3)  that  the 
Government  was  at  present  paying  from  three  to  four  times  the 
amount  of  money  for  certain  materials,  such  as  cut-stone,  than  the 
valuation  placed  upon  them  by  the  expert  witnesses;  (4)  that  Gov- 
ernment witnesses,  in  debiting  him  with  concrete,  valued  it  at 
$15  per  yard,  and  in  crediting  him  with  it,  valued  it  at  only  $10 
per  yard;  (5)  that  the  Crown  was  persecuting  him,  and  wanted 
to  make  him  the  scape-goat  without  first  trying  the  ex-Ministers. 
He  had  early  in  the  trial  made  formal  objection  to  the  admission  of 
all  evidence  under  the  particulars  fyled,  and  particularly  any  evi- 
dence relating  to  conspiracy. 

On  the  29th,  after  addresses  by  R.  A.  Bonnar  and  the  Judge, 
the  jury  found  Kelly  guilty  on  Count  1  which  charged  him  with 
stealing  money,  valuable  securities  and  other  property  to  the  value 


666  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  $1,250,000 ;  Count  2  which  charged  him  and  Sir  R.  P.  Roblin,  the 
late  Dr.  W.  H.  Montague,  G.  R.  Coldwell  and  J.  H.  Howden, 
ex-Ministers,  and  R.  M.  Simpson  and  V.  "W.  Horwood  with  con- 
spiracy; Count  4  which  charged  "that  he  unlawfully  obtained 
$1,250,000  by  false  pretences"  and  Count  5  which  charged  him 
with  "unlawfully  receiving  the  money  knowing  it  to  have  been  ob- 
tained by  false  pretences."  Elaborate  legal  proceedings  ensued 
while  Kelly  was  remanded  back  to  gaol  without  sentence;  H.  H. 
Dewart,  K.G.,  appeared  for  the  prisoner,  urged  the  Court  of  Appeal 
(July  17)  to  grant  a  new  trial  on  the  ground  of  no  Counsel,  of  too 
short  a  period  for  preparation,  and  of  contradictory  charges 
and  evidence  which  should  not  have  been  received.  On  Aug.  18 
this  was  refused  with  Chief  Justice  Howell  and  Justices  Perdue 
and  Cameron  in  the  majority  and  Justices  Haggart  and  Richards 
dissenting.  The  case  then  went  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Canada. 

Pending  the  result  Thomas  Kelly  and  Sons — the  latter  had 
been  relieved  of  the  charge  of  conspiracy — had  written  the  Gov- 
ernment on  Aug.  18  offering  to  complete  the  Buildings  according 
to  their  original  contracts,  stating  that  the  Government  now  held 
property  of  theirs  worth  $900,000  which  could  stand  as  security 
and  claiming  that  if  McDiarmid  &  Co.  did  the  work  according  to 
their  tender,  "it  will  cost  the  Government  in  excess  of  $1,500,000 
more  than  if  we  are  allowed  to  finish  our  contracts."  The  Win- 
nipeg Telegram  (Cons.)  of  Aug.  24  worked  out  the  figures  of 
cost  under  the  McDiarmid  plan  as  $5,847,000  and  under  the  Kelly 
contracts  as  $4,196,040.  The  offer  was  not  considered  seriously 
nor  did  the  Government  accept  the  figures.  The  Supreme  Court 
on  Nov.  7  sustained  the  Manitoba  judgment  on  all  counts  and 
refused  the  application  for  a  new  trial  and,  on  Nov.  18,  Judge 
Prendergast  delivered  sentence  with  2y2  years  imprisonment.  A 
petition  followed  to  the  Dominion  Minister  of  Justice  for  a  new 
trial,  which  Mr.  Doherty  declined  to  recommend,  and  then  came 
a  petition  for  clemency  signed  by  thousands  of  citizens  which  was 
not  granted. 

The  trial  of  the  ex-Ministers  was  even  more  prolonged.  Indict- 
ments at  the  beginning  of  the  year  were  in  the  hands  of  the 
grand  jury  against  Sir  Rodmond  Roblin,  J.  H.  Howden  and  G.  R. 
Coldwell.  The  case  went  through  varied  legal  twists  and  delays 
with  A.  J.  Andrews,  K.C.,  as  Counsel  for  the  accused  and  J.  B. 
Coyne,  K.C.,  R.  W.  Craig,  K.C.,  and  R.  A.  Bonnar,  K.C.,  for  the 
Crown.  Mr.  Andrews  moved  on  July  24  in  the  Assize  Court  to 
free  the  ex-Ministers  on  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  and  also  to 
quash  the  indictment  against  them.  The  first  motion  was  based 
on  an  old  law  of  Charles  II  and  Judge  Prendergast  indicated  that 
he  did  not  attach  much  weight  to  it;  as  to  the  second  it  was  con- 
tended that  ex-Ministers  of  the  Crown  could  not  be  criminally 
prosecuted  for  official  acts.  These  contentions  were  not  accepted 
by  the  Judge  nor  was  the  Crown's  expressed  desire  to  try  the 
ex-Premier  after  his  two  colleagues.  In  the  first  count  of  the  charges 
the  defendants  were  stated  to  have  conspired  together  to  defraud  the 


THE  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  AND  OTHER  INVESTIGATIONS    667 

Province;  following  were  several  counts  charging  that  the  same 
three  men  conspired  together  with  Kelly,  Horwood  and  Simpson ; 
another  count  included  the  name  of  the  late  Dr.  W.  H.  Montague ; 
the  others  were  practically  a  repetition  of  these  except  that  they  did 
not  charge  the  accused  with  ''conspiring  together,"  so  that  the  jury, 
if  it  saw  fit  to  separate  the  defendants,  could  to  so. 

The  case  proceeded  with  41  witnesses  summoned  and  V.  W. 
Horwood  repeating  the  testimony  given  in  other  investigations 
and  trials  as  to  the  co-operation  of  the  ex-Ministers,  Kelly,  and 
others  in  the  use  of  fraudulent  estimates  and  his  own  share  in  at 
least  one  padded  contract.  On  Aug.  2nd  after  stating  that 
he  had  never  felt  that  he  had  a  duty  to  the  public  or  any  obli- 
gation to  protect  the  Province,  Horwood  admitted  that  he  had 
sworn  falsely  before  the  Public  Accounts  Committee,  "not  once, 
nor  twice,  but  many  times."  He  was  on  the  stand  for  two  weeks 
of  examination  and  cross-examination  and  the  value  of  his  testi- 
mony may  be  estimated  from  the  Free  Press  summary  of  Aug. 
9:  "Horwood  admitted  that  he  had  committed  perjury,  suborna- 
tion, forgery,  utterance,  conspiracy,  false  pretences,  theft  and 
falsifying  public  documents."  Many  other  witnesses  followed  of 
whom  most  had  been  under  examination  in  previous  cases;  H.  W. 
Whitla,  K.C.,  again  testified  as  to  the  Salt  case ;  Wm.  Salt,  Govern- 
ment Inspector  of  the  Parliament  Buildings,  retold  the  story  of 
his  demand  for  $20,000  to  remain  away  for  a  year  and  how  he 
received  $10,000;  F.  W.  Simon  and  Thos.  Kelly  were  also  on  the 
stand  and  the  former  testified  that  "the  Ministers  always  took  the 
ground  that  they  wanted  the  building  first-class  in  every  respect, 
and  that  he  approved,  finally,  of  changes  in  design  from  piles  and 
reinforced  concrete  to  caissons  and  steel;"  Mr.  Simon  also  dealt 
with  the  difficulties  of  site  and  soil  which  helped  to  run  up  the  initial 
cost;  new  evidence  was  admitted  on  Aug.  28  in  the  form  of  docu- 
ments, records  and  telegrams  held  by  the  Royal  Trust  Co.  No 
witness  for  the  Defence  was  called  and  the  addresses  of  Counsel 
— Messrs.  Bonnar  and  Craig  and  Andrews — began  on  Aug.  31.  The 
case  went  to  the  jury  on  Sept.  4  with  a  charge  from  the  Judge 
which  was  not  unfavourable  to  the  prisoners;  the  result  was  a 
disagreement  with,  it  was  stated  in  Liberal  papers,  nine  for  con- 
viction and  three  for  acquittal.  This  was  absolutely  denied  else- 
where and  by  some  of  the  jurymen.  A  new  trial  was  demanded  by 
the  Crown  or,  in  other  words,  the  Government,  and  was  pending 
at  the  close  of  the  year. 

Meanwhile,  the  case  of  the  Agricultural  College  at  St.  Vital 
was  up  for  investigation  before  the  Hon.  A.  C.  Gait  of  the  King's 
Bench  who  was  appointed  on  Aug.  9,  1916,  as  Commissioner  for 
that  purpose.  The  Liberal  contention  in  the  matter  was  ex- 
plained by  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  (Jan.  5)  with  a  preliminary 
reference  to  the  original  building  at  St.  Charles  which  was  con- 
structed in  1904-6:  "Its  abandoned  farm  and  discarded  build- 
ings, representing  an  expenditure  of  $609,000  remained  in  the 


668  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

hands  of  the  Government,  a  veritable  white  elephant ;  while  at  the 
new  site  there  began  a  prodigal  outlay  of  money.  The  expendi- 
ture, by  years,  in  the  construction  of  the  new  buildings  ran  to 
fancy  figures:  1910,  $78,784;  1911,  $700,624;  1912,  $795,112;  1913, 
$1,590,660;  1914,  $788,014— or  a  total  up  to  Nov.  30,  1914,  of 
$3,953,194— of  which  one-fourth  never  went  into  the  buildings  at 
all."  As  to  evidence  in  the  Inquiry,  which  was  underway  in  Sep- 
tember, the  Contractors  (Carter-Halls-Aldinger  Ltd.)  of  the  Ad- 
ministration building  stated  (Sept.  7)  that  they  had  lost  $20,000 
on  it.  W.  H.  Carter,  President  of  the  Company,  testified  on  Sept. 
12  that  in  August,  1911,  Hon.  Robert  Rogers,  then  Minister  of 
Public  Works  at  Winnipeg  (as  in  1917  he  was  at  Ottawa)  had 
telephoned  him  asking  if  his  contract  on  the  Power-house  at 
$60,229  was  too  low,  as  claimed,  and  suggesting  that  the  Govern- 
ment should  help  him  out.  A  new  contract  Avas  made  for  $68,929 
and  executed  early  in  September.  On  Sept.  18  D.  E.  Sprague  was 
said  to  have  waited  upon  Mr.  Carter  and  asked  for  a  contribution 
to  the  Conservative  campaign  fund  in  the  Federal  election  at  Win- 
nipeg, where  Alex.  Haggart  then  was  standing  as  candidate.  Mr. 
Carter  contributed  $5,000.  Two  days  later,  Sept.  20,  the  day  be- 
fore election,  Mr.  Sprague  got  another  contribution  of  $2,500 — 
or  in  all  $7,500.  Mr.  Carter  also  testified  that,  while  carrying 
out  these  contracts,  they  gave  $15,000  more  during  the  local  Elec- 
tions of  1914  to  Dr.  R.  M.  Simpson,  the  Conservative  party  treasur- 
er. Mr.  Sprague  stated  that  he  had  received  the  $7,500  first  men- 
tioned and  given  it  to  the  Conservative  Committee ;  he  had 
approached  Carter  "just  as  I  approached  A.  M.  Nanton,  G.  F. 
Gait,  E.  F.  Hutchings  and  lots  of  other  men." 

This  evidence  was  used  by  the  Liberal  press  in  a  fierce  attack 
upon  Mr.  Rogers  and  demand  for  his  retirement  from  the  Ottawa 
Government ;  the  Winnipeg  Telegram  responded  with  the  statement 
that  "it  has  been  no  secret  for  several  months  in  this  community 
that  the  real,  and,  in  fact,  the  only  object  of  the  so-called  investi- 
gation of  the  Agricultural  College,  is  to  'get'  the  Hon.  Robert 
Rogers.  One  member  of  the  present  Provincial  Government  has 
openly  made  the  statement  that  he  is  prepared  to  spend  $100,000 
— of  Manitoba's  money — for  that  purpose.  By  reckless  expendi- 
ture of  public  funds  and  feverish  search  of  public  archives,  ani- 
mated by  deep  personal  hostility  towards  the  Federal  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  a  result  has  been  achieved."  It  was  declared  that 
no  relation  existed  between  the  raising  of  contract  prices  and  the 
party  contribution,  and  that  such  contractors  gave  to  Party  funds 
everywhere.  Mr.  Rogers  stated  at  Ottawa  (Sept.  13)  that  "as 
to  political  contributions  by  Carter  or  his  associates  I  never  asked 
for  any,  suggested  nor  received  such  contributions;  the  firm  lost 
heavily  on  the  contracts  they  had  under  my  administration.  If 
they  contributed  it  would  not  have  been  from  money  made  from 
the  public,  as  the  loss  admitted  on  buildings  before  the  Commission 
was  $20,000." 

This  situation  raised  a  party  storm  around  the  Commissioner 


THE  PARLIAMENT  BUILDINGS  AND  OTHER  INVESTIGATIONS    669 

and  a  Conservative  claim  that  Judges  should  not  go  upon  such 
Commissions;  an  inquiry  followed  into  the  Election  funds  of  1911 
under  protest  from  A.  E.  Hoskin,  acting  for  the  Carter  Company, 
who  claimed  they  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  College.  On  the 
12th  Commissioner  Gait  telegraphed  Mr.  Rogers  a  statement  of  the 
Carter  charges  and  the  information  that  his  Commission  was  sit- 
ting daily.  A  reply  came  on  the  13th  declaring  that  Carter  had 
lost  on  the  Administration  building  tender  and  that  an  additional 
tender  on  the  Power-house  was  really  necessary  in  order  to  avoid 
a  repetition  of  loss  which  would  hamper  construction.  "As  to  the 
contribution  by  Carter  to  the  Dominion  campaign  fund  I  am  cer- 
tain he  will  state  under  oath  that  I  never  mentioned  or  suggested 
in  any  way  such  a  contribution  to  party  funds,  and  I  hope  you  will 
see  that  this  question  is  asked  him."  Mr.  Carter  testified  on 
Sept.  16  that  his  letter  of  Aug.  17,  1915,  to  the  new  Minister  of 
Public  Works  at  Winnipeg,  stating  that  his  tender  was  too  low  and 
that  he  had  threatened  to  withdraw,  was  untrue  and  that  he  had 
apologized  for  making  it. 

Then  followed  a  further  sensation  created  by  Hon.  Mr.  Rogers 
in  his  evidence  before  the  Commission  on  Sept.  21.  He  had  stated 
that  * '  the  change  in  the  contract  for  the  Power-house  at  the  College 
from  $60,229  to  $68,000  was  made  on  the  recommendation  of  S. 
Hooper,  then  Provincial  Architect,  and  since  deceased,  because 
the  work  could  not  be  done,  according  to  the  specifications,  for  the 
lower  figure ; ' '  and  then  questioned  the  right  of  Mr.  Justice  Gait 
to  receive  emolument  for  service  on  this  Commission  and  declared 
that  "it  represented  nothing  but  pure  and  simple  graft."  When 
the  Meredith-Duff  Commission  at  Ottawa  was  cited  as  a  parallel, 
Mr.  Rogers  stated  that  the  cases  were  not  parallel,  as  the  Domin- 
ion Government  did  not  appoint  the  Commission  until  it  went  to 
Parliament  for  full  sanction.  He  based  his  contention  upon  Section 
33  of  the  Judges'  Act  of  Canada  declaring  that  no  Judge  shall 
"engage  in  any  occupation  or  business  other  than  his  judicial 
duties;  but  every  such  Judge  shall  devote  himself  exclusively  to 
such  judicial  duties."  Mr.  Justice  Gait  declared  that  he  was 
acting  in  a  judicial  capacity,  with  the  powers  of  a  Judge,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  prove  this  by  dealing  summarily  with  the  Telegram  and 
Winnipeg  Saturday  Night  for  contempt  of  Court  in  criticising 
his  position  and,  in  the  case  of  the  former  journal,  heading  its 
report  of  the  matter  on  Sept.  22  as  follows:  "Judges,  who  accept 
pay  for  outside  work,  grafters." 

Edward  Beck,  Managing-Editor,  B.  R.  W.  Deacon,  News- 
Editor,  and  Stanley  Beck,  reporter,  were  sentenced  to  gaol  for 
different  short  periods  and  also  fined;  so  was  Knox  Magee  of 
Saturday  Night.  The  press  of  Canada  took  up  the  case  and  if 
Mr.  Rogers  had  wanted  to  cloud  the  issue,  as  his  critics  contended, 
he  certainly  was  successful.  The  journalists  went  to  the  Manitoba 
Court  of  Appeal  for  a  quashing  of  the  committal  and  on  Oct.  10 
won  their  case  before  Mr.  Justice  Haggart  who  declared  that 
Commissioner  Gait,  as  such,  held  no  judicial  powers.  The  prisoners 


670  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

were  released  at  once.  The  Attorney- General  then  proceeded 
against  Knox  Magee  for  contempt  of  Court  and  the  King's  Bench 
adjourned  the  hearing  on  Oct.  30  to  Dec.  11  with  R.  A.  Pringle, 
K.C.,  defending  Mr.  Magee.  Similar  action  was  taken  against 
Mr.  Beck  and  his  associates.  Editorially  the  Telegram  of  Nov. 
1st  claimed  that  articles  in  the  Free  Press  and  the  Tribune  (Oct.  31) 
constituted  a  clear  case  of  contempt  of  court  but  were  not  noticed 
by  the  Attorney- General  or  Mr.  Justice  Gait.  On  Nov.  27  the 
Court  of  Appeal  dismissed  the  application  to  reverse  the  release 
of  the  accused  journalists  but  expressed  no  opinion  as  to  Com- 
missioner Gait 's  power  to  commit  for  contempt.  Evidence  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Commission  later  that  the  Power-house  had  cost  $116,- 
859  and  that  the  appraisal  value  was  $84,923;  Lieut.-Col.  R.  M. 
Simpson  testified,  for  the  first  time  in  these  cases,  on  Oct.  4  and 
declared  that  Mr.  Rogers  knew  absolutely  nothing  of  any  contri- 
bution given  by  Carter  to  campaign  funds;  Mr.  Rogers  had  now 
become  a  central  figure  in  the  case  and  the  Commissioner  stated 
on  Sept.  21  that  he  considered  the  Minister  "not  only  involved  but 
deeply  involved ;"  it  was  stated  by  A.  E.  Hoskin  on  Oct.  20  that  the 
Carter  Company  had  only  made  7%  on  the  College  contracts  and 
that  if  the  work  done  had  cost  55%  too  much,  as  was  contended, 
the  profits  would  have  been  $251,866  on  a  $700,000  job.  The 
Commissioner's  Report  was  not  made  public  in  1916. 

A  by-product  of  these  cases  was  the  effort  to  compel  Col.  R.  M. 
Simpson  to  return  from  active  service  in  order  to  be  tried  in  con- 
nection therewith ;  his  arrest  in  England  charged  with  connivance 
in  the  Parliament  Buildings'  frauds;  the  testimony  of  H.  A. 
Bowman,  Deputy  Minister  of  Public  Works,  (Feb.  18)  that  in 
1914  Simpson  had  ' '  financed  the  Roblin  Government  to  the  tune  of 
$54,000  when  it  exceeded  its  appropriation  for  certain  Road  work ; ' ' 
the  action  of  the  Grand  Jury  on  Dec.  5  in  reporting  that  they  could 
reach  no  decision  in  the  case  and  the  announcement  by  R.  A. 
Bonnar,  K.C.,  that  it  would  not  be  proceeded  with.  During  part  of 
the  year  Dr.  Simpson  had  been  in  Canada  and  held  an  appointment 
at  Camp  Hughes.  Another  case  was  the  inquiry  by  the  Public 
Accounts  Committee  into  Road  expenditures  in  the  Roblin  con- 
stituency represented  by  F.  Y.  Newton  (Cons.).  The  charges 
and  details  were  sordid  and  foreigners  were  involved  to  a  consider- 
able extent.  Mr.  Newton  stated  that  he  secured  an  appropri- 
ation for  work  which  was  badly  needed  in  the  constituency;  that 
full  value  was  done  for  the  work  certified  to  by  the  Engineer ;  that 
he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  method  of  paying  for  the  work  in 
cash,  and  simply  gave  assistance  to  the  paymaster  in  identifying 
the  parties  entitled  to  the  money  and  lending  'his  clerk  for 
the  purpose :  "  'In  the  course  of  my  business  a  number  of  parties 
fyled  with  me  orders  for  some  of  the  money,  and  this  part  of  the 
business  was  looked  after  by  my  clerk.  I  never  receivecl  a  dollar 
of  this  money  improperly,  and  do  not  know  how  the  pay-sheets 
became  padded.'  " 


Bl-LINQUALISM    AND    COMPULSORY    EDUCATION    IN    MANITOBA      671 

The  Committee  reported  on  Feb.  25  that:  (1)  Upward  of 
$20,000  was  spent  for  Road  work  in  Roblin  immediately  prior  to 
the  Election  of  1914;  (2)  none  of  such  work  was  done  under  the 
supervision  of  any  competent  person  responsible  to  any  Department 
of  the  Government;  (3)  no  plans  nor  any  engineering  data  were 
followed  and  the  directing  force  behind  the  work  was  the  member 
for  the  constituency;  (4)  payment  for  this  work  was  made  mostly 
in  cash  and,  after  examination  of  many  of  the  pay-sheets  in 
question,  "your  Committee  find  that  one  pay-sheet,  involving  $333, 
was  fraudulent  in  toto,  other  pay-sheets  were  extensively  padded 
and  signatures  forged,  while  larger  sums  of  money  were  stolen  by 
parties  whose  identity  the  Committee  has  not  been  able  to  estab- 
lish." The  Committee  also  stated  that  E.  W.  Kopecki,  an 
Inspector  of  the  Department,  was  entrusted  with  $12,000  to  pay 
to  parties  in  this  connection  and  that  in  14  other  constituencies 
$410,000  were  expended  for  Road-work  in  the  summer  of  1914. 
In  Mr.  Newton 's  evidence  before  the  Royal  Commissioner  appointed 
to  extend  the  Inquiry  (George  Paterson,  County  Court  Judge) 
on  Sept.  8,  the  expenditure  of  $9,000  over  his  authorization  was 
admitted;  he  could  not  explain  it  except  on  the  ground  of  fraud 
somewhere ;  various  foreigners — farmers  and  labourers — testified  as 
to  details.  The  Inquiry  was  unfinished  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

The  educational  system  of  Manitoba  up  to  1916 
Bi-iinguaiism  was  Bi-lingual  and  the  issue  a  naturally  important  one 
EducatronUin8°ry  ^n  a  Province  where  the  foreign-born  population — 
Manitoba  chiefly  Germans,  Austrians,  Poles,  Jews,  Russians  and 

Scandinavians — exceeded  100,000  in  a  total  of  500,- 
000  with,  also,  30,000  French-Canadians.  The  Liberal  policy  for 
years  had  urged  a  rigid  restriction .  of  the  dual  language  system 
with  the  better  teaching  of  English  and,  early  in  1916,  it  was 
announced  that  action  would  be  taken  by  the  Norris  Government 
to  repeal  Section  258  of  the  Public  School  Act,  which  follows: 
' '  When  10  of  the  pupils  in  any  school  speak  the  French  language,  or 
any  language  other  than  English,  as  their  native  language,  the 
teaching  of  such  pupils  shall  be  conducted  in  French,  or  such  other 
language,  and  English,  upon  the  Bi-lingual  system." 

In  January  an  appeal  was  made  in  Gazeta  Katolicka  to  the 
Polish  League  of  Liberty,  declaring  that  fanatics  were  trying  to 
force  the  Government  "to  take  from  us  the  privileges  of  teaching 
our  language  in  schools  supported  by  our  own  money ; ' '  that  ' '  our 
Mother  tongue  is  the  dearest  heritage  left  us  by  our  forefathers ; ' ' 
that  every  honest  Pole  must  petition  the  Government  against  such 
action.  A  similar  appeal  was  issued  to  the  Ukrainians  of  Manitoba 
by  a  Central  Committee,  urging  them  to  defend  their  rights  and 
declaring  that:  "We  were  invited  to  come  to  Canada  and  we  chose 
Canada  as  our  adopted  country  with  the  rights  we  have  had  up  to 
the  present,  and  we  will  not  allow  ourselves  to  be  deprived  of 
them. ' '  In  the  Legislature,  where  all  but  one  of  the  Opposition  were 
French-Canadians,  the  latter  showed  great  interest  in  the  matter 


672  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  it  was  stated  in  the  Conservative  press  of  Jan.  17  that  Hon. 
Edward  Brown,  Provincial  Treasurer,  had  just  spent  a  day  with 
Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  discussing  this  question  and  the  Government's 
proposed  action.  In  the  Legislature,  on  the  19th,  T.  D.  Ferley, 
a  naturalized  Frenchman  and  a  Liberal,  declared  himself  in  favour 
of  Compulsory  education  but  urged  the  Government  to  maintain 
the  right  of  instruction  in  dual  languages.  Under  date  of  Jan. 
14  C.  K.  Newcombe,  Superintendent  of  Education,  submitted  to 
the  Minister  a  Report  on  this  subject  which  contained  (1)  a 
general  statement  and  (2)  extracts  from  Reports  of  a  Special 
inspection  made  late  in  1915 : 

I.  Conditions.     There  are   all-together   126  French  Bi-lingual   schools  in 
operation  employing  234  teachers  with  an  enrollment  of  7,393  pupils  and  an 
average  attendance  of  3,465.     61  districts  operate  German  Bi-lingual  schools. 
These  employ  73  teachers  with  an  enrollment  of  2,814  and  an  average  attend- 
ance of   1,840.     Ill   districts  operate  Kuthenian  or  Polish   Bi-lingual   schools 
employing  114  teachers  with  an  enrollment  of  6,513  pupils  and  an  average 
attendance  of  3,884.     Thus  there  are  all-together  16,720  pupils  in  3  groups 
of  Bi-lingual  schools,  which  means,  roughly  speaking,  that  of  all  the  children 
enrolled  in  Manitoba  one  out  of  every  six  receives  his  education  in  a  school 
of  this  type. 

II.  Conclusions.     I  beg  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
rural   districts  visited  were  5   schools  where   Bi-lingual   teaching   might  have 
been  demanded  in  3  languages  other  than  English.     In  36  districts  teaching 
on    this    plan    teaching    might    have    been    claimed    in    2    such    languages. 
In     110     schools     where     there     are     10     or     more     children     of     one     non- 
English    group,    there    are    also    in    attendance    minorities    speaking    other 
tongues    which    for    the    time    being    have    not    the    necessary    2    children    to 
make    good   their    claim.      In   a    district   where    these    conditions    obtain    the 
arrival  or  departure  of  a  single  family  may  alter  the  situation  at  any  time 
and  deprive  the  majority  of  its  precarious  privilege.     As  has  already  been 
stated,  English  is  used  entirely  in  many  of  the  schools  where  this  state  of 
affairs  exists,  but  in  nearly  one -fourth  of  the  schools  actually  conducted  upon 
the  Bi-lingual  system  we  find  groups  of  French,  German,  Polish  or  Ruthenian 
children  receiving  instruction  in   some   other   non-English   tongue   but  not  in 
their  own. 

Upon  the  necessity  of  abolishing  this  condition  the  Liberal 
organ — the  Free  Press — was  urgent;  as  to  retaining  the  privilege 
legally  for  the  French-Canadians  alone  it  was  equally  explicit. 
But  on  Jan.  24  it  tried  to  find  a  way  out  of  the  difficulty  through 
the  Saskatchewan  system  of  an  hour's  teaching  of  non-English 
languages  at  the  close  of  the  school-day — under  Regulations 
and  not  by  statute  law:  "The  repeal  of  the  Bi-lingual  clause 
in  the  School  Law  will  not  mean  the  end  of  Bi-lingualism 
in  our  schools — this  is  impossible  with  conditions  as  they 
are.  But  it  will  make  it  possible  for  a  wisely-administered 
Department  of  Education,  pursuing  a  well-defined  policy,  to  limit 
and  control  Bi-lingualism  and  in  time,  perhaps,  to  remove  entirely 
the  necessity  for  it."  To  a  Ruthenian  deputation  on  Feb.  3rd 
Mr.  Premier  Norris  stated  that  "the  multiplicity  of  nationalities 
within  the  Province  make  the  present  Law  impossible."  H.  H. 
Ewert,  a  Mennonite  School  Principal  at  Gretna,  wrote  the  press 
(Feb.  7)  as  to  the  general  advantages  of  dual  teaching  because  of 
the  increased  facility  the  child  acquires  for  learning  both  languages 


Bl-LINGUALISM    AND    COMPULSORY    EDUCATION    IN    MANITOBA      673 

and  because  of  the  wide  avenues  of  culture  which  would  be  opened 
out :  ' <  The  Mennonites  would  rather  leave  the  country  than  give  up 
their  language."  Bishop  Budka,  the  Austrian  head  of  the  Greek 
Catholic  Church  in  Manitoba,  also  led  his  Euthenian  congrega- 
tions against  the  policy.  On  the  other  hand  the  Winnipeg  Canadian 
Club  (Jan.  18)  unanimously  recorded  its  opinion  that  "for  the 
unification  of  our  people  and  for  the  promotion  of  their  progress 
in  commercial,  social  and  political  life  it  is  essential  that  the 
English  language  be  efficiently  taught  in  the  schools  of  the  Province 
to  all  elements  of  our  population ; ' '  while  the  Orange  Order,  which 
was  very  strong  in  Manitoba,  fought  vigorously  for  entire  aboli- 
tion. The  women  of  Manitoba  in  the  Home  Economics  Societies 
urged  abolition  on  Feb.  16. 

On  Feb.  18  Dr.  Thornton,  Minister  of  Education,  introduced 
his  Bill  to  repeal  Section  258  of  the  Public  Schools  Act  which,  in 
its  origin,  was  Clause  10  of  the  1896  Memorandum  re  School  Settle- 
ment, generally  called  the  Laurier-Greenway  compromise.  On 
the  2nd  reading  (Feb.  23)  a  vigorous  debate  took  place  with  the 
6  months'  hoist  moved  by  Albert  Prefontaine,  the  Conservative 
leader.  Dr.  Thornton  stated  that  "the  immediate  effect  of  repeal 
will  be  to  stop  the  process  of  converting  our  regular  schools  into 
Bi-lingual  schools.  No  more  Bi-lingual  schools  will  be  created,  but 
the  changing  of  conditions  is  a  matter  which  will  require  much 
time,  patience  and  consideration."  He  added  that  the  whole  sub- 
ject would  become  one  of  administrative  and  Departmental  control. 
Mr.  Prefontaine  contended  that  this  action  involved  the  re-opening 
of  the  School  and  religious  issue  and  the  creation  of  dissension  in 
the  midst  of  war;  he  quoted  the  agreement  between  the  Dominion 
Government  and  the  Mennonites  of  July  25,  1873,  which  provided 
for  the  fullest  exercise  of  religious  and  educational  privileges;  he 
declared  that  Treaties,  Acts,  pledges,  were  being  torn  up  as  "mere 
scraps  of  paper."  P.  A.  Talbot  (French-Canadian  and  Liberal) 
described  the  Bill  as  "criminal  treatment  of  a  minority"  and 
accused  the  Premier  of  having  pledged  himself  to  maintain  the 
Laurier-Greenway  agreement  at  the  1914  French-Canadian  Liberal 
Convention;  declared  that  "the  French  are  a  distinctive  race,  and 
will  not  be  assimilated  whether  you  like  it  or  not. ' '  A  Protest  was 
laid  upon  the  table  signed  by  a  Committee  organized  on  Feb.  9  and 
reviewing  the  alleged  rights  of  French-Canadians  prior  to  1890: 

The  French  and  Catholic  population  of  Manitoba  have  by  natural  law, 
by  title  of  first  occupancy,  by  solemn  treaties,  by  the  B.N.A.  Act,  by  the  pact 
solemnly  entered  into  by  the  Delegates  of  the  Territory  of  Assiniboia  and 
the  North- West  Territories,  with  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  by  the  Manitoba 
Act  and  subsequent  legislation,  rights  and  privileges  which  have  been  violated 
by  the  Legislature  of  Manitoba; 

In  1897  a  settlement  commonly  known  as  the  'Laurier-Greenway  Settle- 
ment' had  been  executed  by  the  then  Executive  Council  of  the  Province  of 
Manitoba,  which  settlement  reconveyed  only  a  portion  of  their  constitutional 
rights  to  the  French-Catholic  minority  of  this  Province;  The  said  minority 
was  never  a  party  to  said  settlement  and  never  accepted  same  as  a  full  and 
complete  settlement,  but  solely  as  a  partial  satisfaction  of  their  claims; 
The  present  Premier  of  Manitoba,  the  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris,  was  at  the  time  of  the 

43 


674  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

passing  of  said  Settlement  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  Manitoba,  a  sup- 
porter of  the  then  party  in  power  and  consequently  a  party  to  the  contract 
which  he  then  voted  for. 

J.  P.  Dumas  (Lib.)  took  a  line  similar  to  that  of  Mr.  Talbot. 
Aime  Benard  (Cons.)  made  his  first  speech  to  the  House  in  10 
years  and  declared  himself  a  loyal  British  subject  and  not  a 
Nationalist  but  claimed  that  ' '  in  30  out  of  47  constituencies,  voters 
of  other  than  the  English  tongue  had  been  deceived  into  voting 
for  the  Government  upon  the  pledge  that  their  schools  would  not 
be  interfered  with."  Dr.  Thornton  stated  in  the  House  on  the 
25th  that :  "  It  was  not  until  last  October  that  after  a  careful  study 
of  existing  conditions,  I  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  this  legisla- 
tion was  necessary."  T.  D.  Ferley  (Lib.)  opposed  the  Bill  (Feb. 
28)  and  contended  that  Departmental*  regulations  were  dangerous 
because  (1)  they  might  be  used  for  party  purposes  and  (2) 
they  would  cause  constant  friction  and  discontent.  Many  other 
members  spoke  using,  in  most  cases,  all  the  familiar  arguments  in 
favour  of  a  national  or  dual  language  system  and,  on  Feb.  29,  the 
2nd  reading  passed  by  36  to  8  after  Mr.  Pref ontaine 's  motion  for 
rejection  of  the  Bill  had  been  defeated  on  the  same  vote — the 
Opposition  including  two  Liberals  and  all  the  French-Canadians, 
with  F.  Y.  Newton  (Cons.). 

In  this  debate  D.  A.  Ross  denounced  Bishop  Budka  in  particular 
as  an  Austrian  Army  reservist  and  not  really  a  Bishop  at  all ;  Hon. 
A.  B.  Hudson  made  an  elaborate  constitutional  argument  against 
French  language  rights  in  Manitoba.  As  to  the  Laurier-Greenway 
compact  it  was  said  to  be  a  sacred  compact;  but,  he  added,  "you 
never  accepted  it  as  a  final  settlement.  This  means  that  it  is  sacred 
so  far  as  we  are  concerned,  but  not  so  with  you."  The  Hon.  T.  H. 
Johnson  referred  to  Mr.  Talbot 's  "no  assimilation"  utterance  and 
said :  ' '  I  want  those  who  agree  with  that  statement  to  consider  what 
would  happen  if  all  the  nationalities  represented  in  this  Province 
were  to  adopt  that  attitude.  What  kind  of  a  Manitoba  would  we 
have  100  years  from  now?"  The  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris  dealt  at 
length  with  the  charge  of  having  broken  his  pledges :  "  In  the  spring 
of  1J914  there  was  no  intention  to  repeal  the  Bi-lingual  clause. 
They  had  hoped  the  situation  could  be  remedied  by  wise  and  effi- 
cient administration. "  He  read  letters  written  at  that  time  which 
apparently  showed  the  intention  of  not  interfering  with  Clause 
258  but  had  also  urged  the  better  teaching  of  English  and,  in 
Winnipeg  on  Nov.  10,  1913,  he  had  stated  that  "it  might  be 
necessary  to  change  th'e  existing  Bi-lingual  law. ' '  Hon.  Dr.  Thorn- 
ton declared  that  the  situation  was  ' '  almost  out  of  hand ' '  and  that 
with  the  present  law  he  could  not  administer  the  Department  a 
year.  The  3rd  reading  was  passed  on  Mar.  8  by  35  to  8 — the 
minority  being  the  same  as  on  the  2nd  reading  and  including  J. 
P.  Dumas,  T.  D.  Ferley,  and  P.  A.  Talbot,  Liberals,  and  A.  Prefon- 
taine,  Jos.  Hamelin,  A.  Benard,  Jaques  Parent,  F.  Y.  Newton, 
Conservatives. 

Meanwhile,   on  Feb.   25,   1,200  citizens  and  French-Canadian 


Bl-LINGUALISM   AND    COMPULSORY    EDUCATION   IN    MANITOBA      675 

delegates  from  all  parts  of  the  Province  had  met  at  St.  Boniface  and 
pledged  Constitutional  resistance  to  any  law  interfering  with  their 
privileges,  and  appointed  a  Committee  to  organize  opposition — 
prominent  speakers  being  Hon.  J.  E.  Bernier  and  the  Rev.  X. 
Portelance,  O.M.I. ;  Judge  Prendergast,  in  an  interview  (Feb. 
27),  declared  the  Bill  "a  terrible  blunder  "and  stated  that  "what 
was  virtually  a  solemn  treaty  and  agreement  (Laurier- Green  way) 
and  for  which  he  had  orginally  stood  sponsor  with  the  French- 
Canadians,  was  being  treated  as  a  scrap  of  paper;'3  the  Winnipeg 
Free  Press  (Lib.)  responded  on  the  28th  with  the  statement  that 
the  1897  agreement  was  "just  a  political  manoeuvre,  not  of  the 
highest  kind,  in  which  Manitoba  was  sacrificed  to  the  exigencies  of 
the  Dominion  Liberal  party;"  the  Manitoba  School  Trustees' 
Association  on  Feb.  29  declared  unanimously  against  Bi-lingualism ; 
to  the  Legislative  Law  Committee  (Mar.  6)  V.  P.  Hladyk  of  the 
Russian  People  declared  that  "German  politics  were  taught  by 
Ruthenian  and  Ukrainian  teachers  in  many  of  the  Public  schools 
of  the  Province  and  that  people  of  this  nationality  in  Manitoba 
were  advancing  a  German  propaganda."  On  Mar.  1st,  La  Libre 
Parole,  an  able,  uncompromising  Liberal  and  French-Canadian 
weekly  paper,  was  issued  for  the  first  time  in  Winnipeg  with 
A.  H.  de  Tremaudan  as  Editor-in-Chief  and  the  expression 
of  strong  views  as  to  the  need  and  the  right  of  a  dual  language 
and  Catholic  schools ;  in  a  press  letter  of  Apr.  1st  Mr.  de  Tremau- 
dan claimed  that  the  Capitulation  terms  of  Quebec  granted  the 
retention  of  all  privileges,  which  must  have  meant  language,  and 
that  the  Treaty  of  Paris  accepted  this  by  not  mentioning  it;  he 
urged  amongst  other  items  if  policy  "the  efficacious  teaching  of 
the  two  official  languages  of  Canada  during  the  whole  primary 
course  in  the  schools  or  classes  attended  by  our  children. ' ' 

In  the  Catholic  churches  of  Manitoba  on  June  19  there  was 
read  a  Pastoral  from  Archbishop  Belliveau  which  stated,  as  to 
Education,  that  there  could  be  no  peace  where  there  was  no  justice 
and  that  "he  would  never  cease  standing  for  the  rights  of  the 
French  minority  so  long  as  they  had  not  been  recovered;"  the 
Anglican  Synod  on  the  22nd  declared  that  "English  should  be  the 
language  of  instruction  in  all  subjects  of  the  elementary  public 
schools  course  and  that  there  shall  be  no  recognition  in  the  statutes 
of  Manitoba  of  any  language  other  than  the  English  language." 
On  June  16  J.  P.  Dumas,  M.L.A.,  commenced  what  he  intended  as 
a  test  case  by  offering  the  Court  Prothonotary  at  St.  Boniface 
a  statement  of  claim  written  in  French  which  was  refused;  he 
then  asked  the  King's  Bench  to  compel  its  acceptance  on  the 
ground  that  Section  23  of  the  Manitoba  Act  (Federal)  was  still  in 
force  as  an  Imperial  enactment  and  that  under  it  French  and 
English  were  official  languages  in  the  Legislature  and  Courts,  what- 
ever the  Provincial  Act  of  1890  might  say.  Judge  Prendergast 
and  others  repudiated  this  action  but  J.  S.  Ewart,  K.C.,  of  Ottawa, 
was  retained  as  Counsel  while  Albert  Dubuc  acted  as  local  solicitor. 


676  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

On  Aug.  21  the  repeal  of  the  Act  came  into  force  and  Bi-ligualism 
officially  ceased  in  Manitoba  schools.  Meanwhile,  on  June  27-8, 
a  Convention  of  the  French-Canadian  Educational  Association  of 
Manitoba  had  met  at  St.  Boniface  College  and  passed  a  Resolution 
in  which  they  affirmed  * '  inviolable  attachment  to  the  tongue  of  our 
ancestors  and  energetically  protest  against  the  Bi-lingual  action  of 
the  Government;"  the  two  French-Canadian  papers  were  at  issue  as 
to  what  the  Conservatives  would  have  done  if  returned  to  power — 
La  Libre  Parole  stating  that  their  policy  would  have  been  abolition 
and  Le  Manitoba  maintaining  the  opposite. 

The  Compulsory  Education  measure  was  termed  the  School 
Attendance  Act.  Introduced  and  carried  through  with  little  change 
by  Hon.  Dr.  Thornton  it  covered  every  phase  of  a  child's  relation 
with  the  school  between  the  ages  of  7  and  14  inclusive ;  it  directed 
with  certain  exemptions  that  all  children  between  those  ages  should 
attend  the  Public  Schools  or  else  be  educated  at  home  or  in  a  private 
school  in  a  manner  equal  to  the  standard  of  the  Public  Schools. 
Severe  penalties  were  provided  for  violation  of  the  Act.  Enforce- 
ment of  its  provisions  was  to  chiefly  rest  with  Attendance  Officers 
to  be  appointed  by  School  Boards  and  invested  with  Police  powers 
while  the  Department  of  Education  had  power  to  appoint  Super- 
visors with  jurisdiction  in  all  parts  of  the  Province.  There  was  an 
appeal  from  the  decision  of  all  officials  to  the  Department  of 
Education;  certificates  relieving  a  child  from  attendance  were  to 
be  sent  to  the  Attendance  Officer ;  parents  or  guardians  neglecting  to 
send  children  to  school  regularly  were  subject  to  fines  of  $5  to 
$20  or  imprisonment ;  persons  receiving  into  their  homes  children  of 
specified  ages  were  subject  to  the  same  duty  as  parents ;  the  appoint- 
ment of  Attendance  Officers  was  obligatory  in  urban  centres  and  all 
districts  employing  3  or  more  teachers,  and  optional  in  rural  school 
districts;  the  Supervisors  could  be  appointed  from  time  to  time 
by  the  Minister  with  special  powers  to  be  defined  by  Order-in- 
Conncil ;  Trustees  were  to  report  annually  as  to  names  of  children 
not  registered  at  the  Public  School. 

The  Act  passed  on  Mar.  16,  a  few  days  later  J.  Frank  Green- 
way  was  appointed  Supervisor  of  School  Attendance  for  the  whole 
Province,  and  at  the  end  of  six  months  140  Attendance  Officers 
were  working  under  him.  The  "Winnipeg  Free  Press  (Jan.  11) 
described  this  Bill  as  the  result  of  a  study  of  all  the  Provincial  sys- 
tems in  Canada  with  cardinal  points  conserved  and  embodied. 
' '  There  is  to  be  no  dragooning  of  children  into  the  Public  Schools, 
but  if  parents,  for  conscientious  reasons,  cannot  send  their  children 
to  these  schools,  they  are  made  responsible  for  seeing  that  their  off- 
spring are  educated  elsewhere  and  at  the  Public  School  standard  of 
efficiency.  .  .  .  Thus  ends,  in  complete  victory,  a  fight  for  re- 
form which  began  just  ten  years  ago,  and  which  was  carried  on 
for  years  against  odds  which  at  times  seemed  to  make  victory  im- 
possible." The  Conservative  view  was,  and  had  been,  that  the 
Children's  Aid  Act  with  its  truancy  provisions  had  met  the  situa- 


THE  PROHIBITION  ACT:  MANITOBA  AND  THE  WAR          677 

tion  and  the  Winnipeg  Telegram  (Jan.  19)  contended  that  the  1915 
Eeport  of  Dr.  Thornton  as  Minister  of  Education,  in  its  statement 
of  School  progress,  proved  the  efficacy  of  the  Roblin  Government's 
policy.  Incidentally,  of  course,  the  new  legislation  was  a  blow  at 
the  Catholic  Separate  School  hopes  and  these  were  further  affected 
by  the  repeal  of  the  much-discussed  Coldwell  amendments  which 
had  been  claimed  to  give  certain  powers  to  that  Church  in  respect 
to  separate  rooms  in  the  same  school.  Dr.  Thornton  in  this  had 
practically  no  opposition.  The  exact  Clauses  repealed  were  as 
follows  and  their  net  effect,  when  combined  with  the  unrepealed 
clause  permitting  employment  of  Roman  Catholic  teachers,  was 
claimed  to  admit  the  practical  organization  of  Separate  Schools: 

Par.  S.  Sect.  2:  The  expression  'school'  means  and  includes  any  and 
every  school-building,  school-room  or  department  in  a  school  building  owned 
by  a  Public  School  district,  presided  over  by  a  teacher  or  teachers. 

Sub-Sect.  11,  Sect.  252:  The  expression  'teacher'  in  this  Section  means 
a  teacher  for  the  children  of  the  petitioners  and  of  the  same  religious  denom- 
ination as  the  petitioners. 

Section  137:  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  Public  School  Board  in 
this  Province  to  provide  school  accommodation  according  to  the  requirements 
of  this  Act,  when  so  requested  by  the  parents  or  guardians  of  children  of 
school  age  under  this  Act. 

The  historical  record  facing  Manitoba  at  the  be- 
The  Prohibition  ginning  of  1916  was  that  in  1892  a  Provincial  plebis- 
Act;  Manitoba  cite — the  first  in  Canada — had  gone  in  favour  of 
and  the  war  Prohibition  by  19,637  to  7,115;  that  the  Dominion 
vote  ordered  in  1898  had  gone  12,419  and  2,978  re- 
spectively; that  the  Macdonald  Act  (now  up  for  a  second  decision) 
had  been  defeated  in  the  1912  Referendum  by  16,600  against  10,- 
621;  that  the  total  number  of  Provincial  licenses  was  244  in  71 
municipalities  with  87  "dry"  under  local  votes;  that  there  were 
196  hotels  in  the  Province,  7  Clubs,  40  wholesale  liquor  stores  and 
7  breweries.  Much  interest  was  being  taken  in  the  question  at  the 
first  of  the  year  and  opponents  of  Prohibition  were  active  in 
presenting  by  argument  and  advertisements  the  reasons  against 
such  a  step. 

Special  stress  was  laid  upon  the  economic  situation  in  which 
it  was  pointed  out  that  seven  breweries  and  two  malting  com- 
panies of  Manitoba,  with  their  chief  trade  in  the  Province,  were 
involved  and  represented  in  property,  buildings,  plant  and  real 
estate  values  an  investment  of  $5,000,000.  The  alleged  loss  of  work, 
etc.,  by  6,000  employees  with  wages  of  over  $3,000,000  were  dealt 
with ;  the  cutting  off  of  $1,330,000  of  public  revenue  and  loss  of  $1,- 
800,000  to  Loan  Companies,  Banks,  etc.,  were  alleged  with  the 
cancelling  of  $13,000,000  of  Fire  insurance  and  an  increase  in  tax- 
ation generally;  the  sterilized  purity  of  beer  was  urged  and  the 
fact  of  the  Belgians  being  great  beer-drinkers  was  presented; 
the  value  and  sales  of  the  barley  crop — bought  largely  by  breweries 
— would  be  vitally  affected,  it  was  said,  while  alcoholism  in  many 
countries  was  stated  to  have  decreased  with  the  increase  in  con- 
sumption of  malt  liquors;  the  rural  hotel  as  a  social  centre  would 


678  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

be  destroyed  and  the  importance  of  Winnipeg  as  a  Convention 
centre  injured,  and  so  on.  A  Delegation  representing  these  inter- 
ests waited  upon  the  Government  (Jan.  14),  suggested  some  reforms 
in  conducting  the  traffic,  asked  that  the  Referendum  be  construed 
as  of  no  effect  unless  at  least  40%  of  the  qualified  electors  voted 
upon  it,  urged  that  soldiers  be  allowed  to  vote,  asked  for  a  year 
in  which  to  dispose  of  their  stocks,  suggested  the  fairness  of 
Compensation,  and  proposed,  as  an  alternative  to  Prohibition  the 
removal  of  the  control  of  licenses  from  political  influence  with 
Government  inspection  of  liquors  and  better  regulation  of  the 
traffic.  All  these  requests  the  Premier  refused. 

During  the  Address  debate  (Jan.  11)  Mr.  Premier  Norris  spoke 
at  length  upon  the  subject.  There  would  be  a  Referendum  as  to 
the  Act :  * '  I  appeal  to  the  people  to  get  out  and  vote.  I  want  the 
biggest  vote  that  can  be  polled,  so  that  the  matter  will  be  settled 
on  its  merits.  Cast  aside  party  and  religious  prejudices  and  seize 
this  golden  opportunity  to  register  your  opinion  on  this  great 
question.  If  the  Macdonald  Act  is  defeated  the  Government  will 
seek  to  regulate  the  traffic  strictly  and  place  the  liquor  business 
under  laws  which  will  curtail  as  many  as  possible  of  its  evils. ' '  The 
Manitoba  Temperance  Act  was  duly  introduced  by  Hon.  A.  B. 
Hudson  and  the  2nd  reading  was  discussed  on  Jan.  14  when  the 
Attorney-General  narrated  the  history  of  the  Macdonald  Act,  its 
popularity  with  Conservatives  16  years  ago,  its  legality  tested  and 
proven  in  the  Courts,  its  enactment  refused  by  the  people  in  a  Refer- 
endum. The  Government  Bill  was  in  identical  terms  with,  also,  a  re- 
ference to  the  people  in  another  Referendum.  It  provided  ( Section 
48)  that  no  person  should  sell  or  expose  for  sale  any  liquor  without 
first  getting  a  druggist's  wholesale  or  retail  license.  Wholesale 
druggists  were  to  be  permitted  to  sell  10  gallons  of  liquor  to  "per- 
sons engaged  in  mechanical  or  scientific  pursuits,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  those  pursuits.  They  were  also  permitted  to  sell  five 
gallons  to  medical  practitioners  and  a  certain  quantity  for  sacra- 
mental purposes.  Section  49  prohibited  the  keeping  of  liquor  by 
any  person  except  a  druggist  in  any  place  except  a  dwelling 
house.  A  man  might  keep  in  his  house  any  quantity  of  liquor 
which  he  had  obtained  in  a  legal  way.  Brewers  and  distillers, 
under  the  Bill,  were  to  be  allowed  to  do  business  with  persons 
outside  the  Province.  "We  do  not  say  this  is  a  Government 
measure  which  the  Government  thinks  should  be  enforced.  We  say 
it  ought  to  be  submitted  to  the  people  for  their  approval  or  dis- 
approval. ' ' 

Many  things  could  still  be  done  under  the  Act.  Any  quantity 
of  liquor  could  be  kept  in  any  private  dwelling ;  in  a  private  home 
friends  could  be  treated;  supplies  of  liquor  could  be  ordered  by 
mail  or  wire  from  outside  the  Province  and  shipped  in  and  orders 
be  placed  with  local  commission  houses;  regulations  regarding 
patent  medicines,  tinctures,  etc.,  remained  as  at  present;  whole- 
sale liquor  stores  could  receive  and  fill  orders  from  outside  the  Pro- 
vince and  import  and  carry  stocks  of  liquor  for  export  purposes; 


THE  PROHIBITION  ACT:  MANITOBA  AND  THE  WAR 


679 


commission  merchants  could  take  orders  for  liquors  and  have  the 
orders  filled  ^  from  outside  the  Province;  Brewers  could  continue 
their  manufacture  but  their  sales  must  be  outside  the  Province  and 
all  legitimate  business  using  alcohol,  such  as  vinegar  and  extract 
manufacturers,  could  continue  as  before.  In  speaking  of  the 
Referendum  Bill — which  asked  the  simple  question:  "Are  you  in 
favour  of  bringing  the  Manitoba  Temperance  Act  into  force?" — 
Mr.  Premier  Norris  declared  that  ' '  this  method  of  handling  the 
liquor  question  absolutely  takes  it  out  of  politics.  When  in  Oppo- 
sition we  promised  to  submit  the  liquor  question  to  the  people  on 
its  merits,  without  any  religious  or  political  entanglement.  These 
bills  are  a  complete  vindication  of  our  pledge.  The  Government 
will  stand  referee.  We  mean  business,  and  wrant  so  unmistakable 
an  expression  of  opinion  that  there  will  be  no  doubt  of  the  people 's 
will."  He  added  that  if  the  women's  vote  was  necessary  to  carry 
the  Temperance  Bill  the  Administration  would  not  be  able  to  en- 
force it.  Mar.  13  was  the  day  decided  upon  for  the  popular  vote, 
a  half -holiday  was  to  be  proclaimed,  severe  penalties  for  "repeat- 
ing" were  imposed,  women  were  not  to  be  allowed  a  vote,  and  on  a 
majority  vote  being  given  the  Governor-in-Council  could  at  once 
proclaim  the  Act  in  operation. 

During  the  ensuing  discussions  Sir  James  Aikins  contributed 
to  the  Winnipeg  Telegram  a  series  of  able  articles  reviewing  the 
Macdonald  Bill  of  1900  which  now  was  to  be  re-enacted;  Tem- 
perance interests  published  advertisements  replying  to  the  econ- 
omic argument  and  claiming  that  on  the  same  capital  as  the  Liquor 
interests  the  Iron  and  Steel  industries  would  pay  3}/2  times  as 
much  in  wages,  the  boot  and  shoe  industry  5^/2  times  as  much, 
the  clothing  industry  10  times ;  the  Conservative  organ  in  Winnipeg 
(Telegram]  approved  the  Act  on  Feb.  16  and  declared  it  "one 
that  ought  to  receive  the  support  of  every  citizen  who  desires 
to  advance  the  welfare  of  the  Province  of  Manitoba."  With  its 
passage  on  Jan.  28  a  vigorous  education  of  public  opinion  in  respect 
to  the  Referendum  developed.  The  chief  Prohibition  speakers 
were  Rev.  Messrs.  F.  W.  Patterson,  T.  R.  McNair,  J.  B.  Hughson, 
Dr.  S.  G.  Bland,  J.  N.  MacLean,  D.  S.  Hamilton,  W.  J.  Hlndley, 
A.  C.  Smith  and  F.  C.  Middleton,  with  C.  F.  Czerwinski  and  Mrs. 
Nellie  McClung,  James  Simpson  and  F.  S.  Spence  of  Toronto, 
Lieut.-Col.  G.  Clingan,  M.L.A.,,  D.  A.  Poling  of  the  U.  S.  Christian 
Endeavour  Sciety,  and  F.  J.  Dixon,  M.L.A. ,  amongst  the  lay  element. 
Sir  James  Aikins  also  addressed  several  meetings. 

The  opposing  party  organized  the  Manitoba  Prohibition  Elec- 
tors' League  and  brought  J.  A.  Wharton  of  Duluth  and  Clarence 
S.  Darrow,  of  Chicago,  both  able  speakers,  to  help  in  defeating  the 
Act,  while  Henri  Belliveau  and  F.  L.  Drewry  were  active  in 
organizing  work.  Much  was  made  of  the  contention  that  Mani- 
toba's License  system  was  one  of  hotels;  the  United  States  sys- 
tem one  of  saloons  without  usefulness  or  responsibility.  On  Mar. 
13  the  vote  was  taken  and  showed  a  total  of  50,484  in  favour  of 
Prohibition  and  26,502  against.  The  town  and  constituency  of  St. 


680  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Boniface  and  North  Winnipeg  were  the  only  ones  giving  a  nega- 
tive majority.  The  Government,  as  such,  took  no  part  in  the  contest 
but  Hon.  T.  H.  Johnson  now  expressed  keen  pleasured  the  result 
and  Hon.  Dr.  Armstrong  stated  to  the  press  that  ''this  liquor 
question  has  been  a  nuisance  in  politics  too  long,  and  it  has  now 
been  cut  out  of  politics  in  the  most  effective  and  satisfactory  way 
possible."  A  mass-meeting  in  Winnipeg  rejoiced  at  the  result, 
congratulated  the  Government  and  Sir  H.  J.  Macdonald,  expressed 
the  hope  that  the  Act  would  be  rigidly  enforced  and  urged  Sir 
R.  L.  Borden  to  introduce  Dominion  Prohibition.  The  victory 
was  largely  due  to  the  Social  Service  Council  and  as  the  politicians, 
with  the  notable  exception  of  Sir  James  Aikins,  kept  out  it  was 
essentially  a  popular  verdict.  The  Act  came  into  force  on  June  1. 

The  Rev.  J.  N.  MacLean  was  appointed  Chief  Government 
Agent  for  enforcing  the  law  and  after  the  initial  friction 
and  law  suits  and  troubles  of  the  first  month  he  reported  things 
on  July  1st  as  running  smoothly  with  fewer  short-term  prisoners 
and  fewer  arrests  in  Winnipeg,  but  with  undoubted  discomforts 
in  rural  hotels  and  for  travellers  generally — although  only  29 
hotels  actually  closed  up.  Patent  medicines  and  "Invalid  wines" 
made  much  difficulty  for  a  time.  On  Aug.  11  the  Church  of 
England  Synod  for  Rupert's  Land  passed  a  Resolution  at  Edmon- 
ton, following  Archbishop  Matheson's  charge  recording  sympathy 
with  the  Prohibition  movement,  and  urged  Church  people  "to 
support  the  advance  thus  far  attained  by  doing  all  in  their  power  to 
make  Temperance  legislation  a  success."  Mr.  MacLean  reported 
a  little  later  for  the  June- August  period  that  the  gaols  of  the  Pro- 
vince showed  138  committals  compared  with  349  in  the  same  months 
of  1915,  while  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  had  gone  down  in  that 
period  from  1,085  to  196;  Mayor  R.  D.  Waugh,  Winnipeg,  stated 
that  in  these  three  months  drunkenness  had  decreased  80%  and 
crime  throughout  the  Province  58%  over  the  1915  period  and  simi- 
lar statements  came  from  the  Mayors  of  Brandon,  Portage,  and 
Minnedosa. 

Manitoba  did  effective  War  service  in  this  as  in  preceding 
years.  At  the  beginning  of  1916  (Febl  10)  the  Hon.  Edward 
Brown  in  his  Budget  speech  described  a  proposal  he  had  made  to 
the  Dominion  Minister  of  Finance  with  his  colleagues'  full 
approval :  "  I  suggested  that  the  Province  of  Manitoba  might  share 
in  a  Dominion  War  Loan  to  the  amount  of  $5,000,000  and  that 
I  had  at  the  same  time  an  assurance  from  the  neighbouring  Pro- 
vinces that  a  similar  contribution  would  be  made ;  and  I  feel  con- 
fident in  saying  that  the  four  Western  Provinces  would  have  gladly 
made  a  joint  contribution  of  $20,000,000  for  this  purpose.  I  feel 
further  warranted  in  saying  that,  if  it  becomes  necessary,  the  Pro- 
vinces of  Canada  can  easily  make  a  contribution  of  $100,000,000." 
It  was  decided  in  consultation,  however,  that  the  time  had  not 
arrived  for  such  action.  There  was  no  doubt  as  to  where  Mr. 
Brown  stood:  "We  are  ready  to  pledge  our  resources  to  the  limit 
for  the  defence  of  the  Empire.  Every  blade  of  grass,  every 


THE  PROHIBITION  ACT:  MANITOBA  AND  THE  WAR          681 

bushel  of  grain,  every  acre  of  land,  every  stick  of  timber,  and  the 
cattle  that  roam  these  prairies  shall,  if  necessary,  be  pledged  to 
maintain  the  liberties  which  our  forefathers  purchased  at  such  a 
great  cost."  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  Hon.  T.  G.  Norris,  speak- 
ing with  the  Dominion  Premier  on  National  Service  (Dec.  10), 
reviewed  the  work  of  his  Province : 

Manitoba  alone  has  sent  40,000  men.  From  Camp  Hughes,  about  which 
you  have  all  heard,  19  Battalions  of  the  best  soldiers  that  ever  went  into 
battle,  have  gone  forth  this  year.  You  could  not  estimate  in  money  the  part 
done  by  Manitoba.  The  Manitoba  Patriotic  Fund  has  collected  in  cash 
$1,486,375  to  Nov.  30  and  $600,000  is  due  by  next  April.  The  Eed  Cross 
on  Nov.  30  had  collected  $208,000  in  actual  cash.  A  special  appeal  was 
recently  made  for  $50,000  in  cash,  and  at  5  o'clock  that  afternoon  $45,000 
in  cash  had  been  paid  in.  The  Daughters  of  the  Empire  during  1915  collected 
$46,000  in  cash,  and  up  to  the  present  time  have  collected  more  than  $100,000. 
The  British  Sailors'  Kelief  Fund  asked  for  $50,000  and  there  is  $56,000  in 
the  Fund  to-day.  There  are  100  other  organizations,  such  as  the  Eeturned 
Soldiers '  Association  and  the  Army  and  Navy  Veterans '  and  there  are  40  organ- 
izations such  as  Women's  Auxiliaries  at  work.  These  women  work  night 
and  day — wealthy  and  those  not  in  such  good  circumstances. 

Besides  the  sums  subscribed  to  the  Provincial  Association 
Manitoba  sent  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  at  Ottawa  $56,811 
in  1915  and  $114,440  up  to  the  end  of  1916.  The  Norris  Govern- 
ment also  contributed  in  April  $3,000  to  help  three  Battalions  in 
current  recruiting ;  Sir  James  Aikins,  whose  son  was  on  active  ser- 
vice, from  the  time  he  became  Lieut.-Governor  (Aug.  7),  never 
lost  an  opportunity  for  patriotic  speech  and  effort;  his  predeces- 
sor, Sir  Douglas  Cameron  and  his  wife,  left  for  England  as  soon 
as  they  were  free  of  office  to  be  nearer  their  two  sons  at  the  Front ; 
the  Government  in  November  gave  $10,000  to  the  British 
Sailors'  Relief  Fund  and  J.  W.  Wilton,  M.L.A.,  a  prom- 
inent supporter  and  speaker,  enlisted  as  a  Private  but  was  after- 
wards promoted  Captain,  while  his  brother,  Lieut.  W.  B.  Wilton, 
left  for  overseas  in  October;  at  this  time  three  other  members  of 
the  Legislature  were  on  active  service — Lieut.-Col.  C.  D.  McPher- 
son,  Lieut.  A.  W.  Myles  and  Lieut.-Col.  G.  Clingan.  The  Morator- 
ium Act  came  in  for  criticism  and  litigation  and  caused  come  fin- 
ancial confusion  during  the  year.  Mr.  Hudson,  Attorney-General, 
(Dec.  1)  explained  that  the  War  Relief  Act  also  had  not  been 
satisfactory:  "Some  improvements  were  made  during  the  Session 
of  1916,  but  there  is  great  difficulty  in  altering  a  law  of  this  kind 
where  a  considerable  number  of  men  have  gone  to  the  Front,  rely- 
ing on  its  provisions  for  the  protection  of  their  families." 

The  Manitoba  Patriotic  Fund  was  independent  of  the  Domin- 
ion institution  and  was  incorporated  early  in  the  year  with  A.  M. 
Nanton  as  its  President,  W.  J.  Bulman  as  Vice-President,  and 
H.  A.  Robson,  K.O.,  as  Hon.  Treasurer;  its  Secretary  was  the 
energetic  Industrial  Commissioner,  C.  F.  Roland,  and  afterwards 
his  successor  C.  H.  Webster.  At  a  meeting  on  Mar.  30  Mr.  Robson 
stated  that:  " Since  the  beginning  of  the  War,  there  has  been 
collected  for  the  Manitoba  Fund  the  sum  of  $1,120,000.  Disburse- 
ments were  $892,000  and  the  cash  balance  $228,000.  Private  sub- 


682  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

scriptions  in  Winnipeg  realized  $995,000  and  similar  subscriptions 
outside  Winnipeg  totalled  $125,000.  The  6,505  families  on  the 
books  are  classified  thus:  Canadian  soldiers,  6,180;  British  reserv- 
ists, 124 ;  French  reservists,  169 ;  Belgian  reservists,  23 ;  and  Italian 
reservists,  9. ' '  The  Fund  Committee  had  asked  the  Government  to 
help  provide  for  1916  and  future  requirements  by  a  taxation  levy, 
through  the  municipalities,  of  iy2  mills  on  the  dollar  of  equalized 
assessment  of  rateable  property  and,  at  the  above  meeting,  Mr.  Pre- 
mier Norris  said  that  this  would  be  done  and  legislation  was  after 
wards  passed  to  be  effective  in  March,  1917. 

Meanwhile,  it  was  decided  to  try  and  obtain  $500,000  by  volun- 
tary effort  on  Apr.  5  following.  Elaborate  arrangements  were 
made  and  Mr.  Nanton  in  the  press  made  a  patriotic  and  earnest 
appeal  for  support.  The  City  of  Winnipeg  voted  $100,000  after 
hearing  Mr.  Nanton  and  others  assert  that  the  shortage  would 
be  $520,000.  Four  days'  keen  effort  followed,  by  150  prominent 
men  of  the  city,  and  at  the  close  $500,000  had  been  raised.  Mr. 
Robson  reported  to  the  public  meeting  of  Apr.  10  that  there  were 
a  number  of  wealthy  and  well-known  citizens  who  persistently  re- 
fused to  contribute  and  Mr.  Nanton  advocated  conscription  of 
wealth  in  this  connection.  Much  was  said  of  critics  who  would 
neither  give  nor  help.  A  campaign  followed  in  the  rest  of  the  Pro- 
vince and  by  June  23  pledges  of  $142,105  had  been  secured  with 
yearly  grants  from  a  number  of  municipalities  of  which  the  larg- 
est were  Swan  River  $10,000,  Gladstone  $5,000,  Dauphin  $12,- 
000  and  Selkirk  $6,000;  while  the  Dauphin  local  Fund  totalled 
$12,605  and  The  Pas  $16,800 ;  St.  Boniface  which  had  given  $6,038 
and  then  $31,702  now  granted  $5,000  more.  For  the  year  ending 
Aug.  31  it  was  found  that  the  total  Receipts  were  $842,437,  the 
number  of  families  receiving  assistance  6,335,  the  total  Expendi- 
ture $975,315.  The  stated  requirements  for  the  next  six  months 
would  exceed  receipts  by  $40,000  monthly.  Further  efforts  were 
made  and  contributions  continued  to  come  in;  the  Union  of  Mani- 
toba Municipalities  at  Brandon  (Nov.  22)  endorsed  the  proposal  to 
increase  the  Patriotic  Tax  from  iy2  to  2  mills  and  Mr.  Robson 
stated  that  the  total  need  for  1917  would  be  $1,631,000,  which  would 
leave  another  half  million  to  be  secured  by  voluntary  subscriptions. 

The  Manitoba  Branch  of  the  Canadian  Red  Cross  Fund,  under 
the  Presidency  of  G.  F.  Gait,  with  Hon.  T.  C.  Norris,  Mayor  R.  D. 
Waugh  and  C.  B.  Piper  as  Vice-Presidents,  M.  F.  Christie,  Hon. 
Treasurer,  and  C.  F.  Roland,  Hon.  Secretary,  continued  its  good 
work  during  1916.  At  the  2nd  annual  meeting  on  Oct.  25  it  was 
stated  that  the  total  contributions  since  the  War  began  were  $303,- 
962  with  90,000  garments  made  and  delivered,  in  addition  to  all 
hospital  supplies,  bandages,  and  special  garments.  Of  the  total 
$189,948  was  forwarded  to  the  Head  Office  of  the  Canadian  Red 
Cross,  $15,000  to  the  British  Red  Cross,  $11,150  for  hospital  beds, 
and  $87,864.62  forwarded  direct  to  London  in  supplies.  From 
the  municipal  levy  for  the  Manitoba  Patriotic  Fund  it  was  ex- 
pected to  realize  $100,000,  also,  for  the  Red  Cross.  Mr.  Gait  re- 


THE  PROHIBITION  ACT:  MANITOBA  AND  THE  WAR          683 

viewed  the  Society's  work  and  Mr.  Roland  stated  that  5  new 
branches  had  been  organized  with  a  total  in  the  Province  of  61, 
and  Mr.  Christie  reported  that  the  total  value  of  the  supplies  sent 
Overseas  by  the  Manitoba  branch  was  $181,000.  Much  was  said  of 
the  work  of  the  Women 's  Auxiliary  under  Mrs.  Vere  Brown  and  the 
new  President,  Mrs.  J.  H.  R.  Bond.  With  the  aid  of  this  organiza- 
tion and  an  earnest  group  of  workers  $50,000  was  collected  at  the 
close  of  the  year  after  an  appeal  issued  by  the  Lieut.-Governor 
and  the  Premier  for  support. 

Amongst  the  larger  subscriptions  received  were  $5,000  from  the 
Grain  Growers'  Grain  Co.  and  $1,000  each  from  E.  F.  Hutchings, 
A.  M.  Nanton,  G.  F.  and  J.  Gait,  T.  Eaton  Co.,  and  Manitoba 
Medical  College.  During  the  year  the  Grain  Company  also  gave 
$2,500  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund,  the  same  to  Belgium  Relief 
and  $2,000  for  the  education  of  orphans  of  soldiers  and  sailors 
who  had  fallen  in  the  War.  The  Provincial  Grain  Growers'  Asso- 
ciation, through  their  Patriotic  Acres  scheme — setting  aside  of  one 
acre  for  war  purposes — contributed  $30,000  up  to  Aug.  1,  1916, 
to  various  Funds,  which  included  the  larger  ones  and  Polish  and 
Serbian  Relief  as  well.  President  R.  C.  Henders  stated  on  Dec.  29 
to  the  press  that  "the  farmers  are  behind  the  authorities  in  the 
prosecution  of  this  War  to  a  successful  conclusion,  no  matter  what 
sacrifices  are  required."  Meanwhile,  the  women  who  had  greatly 
aided  the  above  Funds  were  keen  in  their  efforts  as  members  of 
the  I.O.D.E.,  in  contributing  $2,082  to  the  War  Prisoners'  Fund, 
in  sending  17  cases  of  food  comforts  through  the  St.  John  Ambu- 
lance Association,  in  helping  all  kinds  of  Funds  and  War  objects. 
A  Branch  of  the  British  Sailors'  Relief  Fund,  established  with  W. 
R.  Allan,  President,  A.  F.  D.  Macgachen,  Treasurer,  and  C.  H. 
Webster,  was  organized  on  Aug.  25  and  in  October  collected  $50,000 
— including  gifts  from  the  City  Council  as  well  as  from  the  Pro- 
vincial Government. 

As  to  men  and  the  War  the  first  of  the  year  saw  1,000  a  week 
recruiting  in  the  Province ;  in  the  10  days  ending  Mar.  25  1,842 
joined  at  Winnipeg  alone ;  Military  District  No.  10,  under  command 
of  Brig.-Gen.  H.  N.  Ruttan,  held  high  place  in  Canada  for  its  con- 
tribution of  men.  There  were  difficulties  and  young  men  still  were 
rushing  into  training  as  officers  when  there  were  enough  at  Win- 
nipeg, it  was  said,  to  supply  50  Battalions.  The  Citizens'  Recruiting 
League,  under  Chief  Justice  Mathers  as  President  and  Edward 
Anderson,  K.C.,  as  Chairman  of  Committee,  did  splendid  work  and 
Lieut.-Col.  R.  A.  Gillespie  had  remarkable  success  in  his  recruit- 
ing efforts  in  Northwestern  Manitoba  where  he  raised  the  226th 
Battalion;  during  the  year  Lieut.-Col.  W.  T.  Edgecombe  raised 
the  183rd  (Beavers)  Battalion,  Lieut.-Col.  Lendrum  McMeans — 
who  lost  a  son  at  the  Front — raised  the  221st,  Lieut. -Colonels  W. 
H.  Hastings  and  G.  H.  Nicholson  were  authorized  in  September 
to  raise  two  other  Battalions,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  Young  Reid  raised  the 
179th  and  Lieut.-Col.  J.  E.  Hansford  the  203rd,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H. 
Sharpe,  ex-M.p.,  the  184th,  Lieut.-Col.  James  Lightfoot,  back  from 


684  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Front,  raised  the  222nd  in  Southern  Manitoba,  Lieut. -Col.  D. 
S.  MacKay,  the  196th  (Universities  of  Western  Canada)  Battalion. 

The  enthusiasm  shown  by  families  was  a  remarkable  feature 
of  Manitoba's  recruiting  work.  Pte.  J.  A.  Small  of  Winnipeg  and 
his  three  sons;  the  4  sons  of  Mrs.  Parkins  of  Charleswood;  the 
4  sons  and  a  nephew  of  W.  H.  Moore  of  Gunton ;  the  4  sons  of  Pierre 
Dupas,  a  French-Canadian  of  Woodbridge;  P.  F.  Stewart  of 
Meharry,  whose  7  sons  enlisted,  with  the  8th  one  at  13  years  of 
age  trying  his  best  to  be  taken;  the  4  sons  and  2  sons-in-law  of 
Robert  Quinn,  Winnipeg,  and  the  5  sons  of  F.  Mills,  Winnipeg; 
the  loss  of  two  sons  by  W.  M.  Fisher  of  Winnipeg  and  his  declara- 
tion of  July  28  that  "we  would  rather  that  our  boys  lay — as  they 
do — in  their  honoured  graves  amid  the  brave  dead  in  the  fields  of 
Flanders,  than  have  them  walk  the  streets  of  Winnipeg  with  the 
coward's  brand  upon  their  brows;"  Pte.  Paul  Elcombe  of  Win- 
nipeg and  his  three  sons  in  khaki;  the  4  sons  and  a  nephew  of  G. 
A.  Wood,  Winnipeg — one  of  the  former  being  killed  in  action; 
the  5  sons  of  Mrs.  E.  Sewell  of  Mulvihill;  Pte.  A.  Isherwood  of 
Winnipeg,  father  of  17  children,  who  in  December  decided  he  must 
join  his  3  sons  and  2  sons-in-law  at  the  Front — these  illustrated 
the  spirit  which  ran  in  families.  The  soldiers  of  Manitoba  contin- 
ued to  distinguish  themselves  during  the  year  and  at  St.  Eloi 
on  Apr.  2  they  suffered  heavily  and  fought  fiercely — the  27th 
Battalion  in  particular.  So  also  at  Courcelette  and  many  other 
fights. 

There  were  frequent  casualties  and  many  well-known  names 
were  included,  many  a  brave  life  passed  out.  Lieut.  Harold 
Luxton,  a  son  of  the  late  W.  F.  Luxton,  was  killed,  as  was  Sergt. 
Wm.  Crummy,  M.C.,  son  of  the  Principal  of  Wesley,  while  Pte. 
Richard  Crummy  was  wounded;  Lieut. -Col.  F.  A.  Creighton  of 
the  1st  Battalion  died  of  wounds  after  attaining  his  rank  from  that 
of  Lieutenant ;  Pte.  K.  G.  Bowman,  son  of  the  Deputy  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  was  killed,  as  was  Lieut.  John  Dennistoun,  R.F.C., 
son  of  Lieut.-Col.  R.  M.  Dennistoun ;  Lieut.-Col.  Robert  McDonnell 
Thomson  died  of  wounds  after  a  gallant  career  of  service ;  Lieut. 
G.  F.  Roth  well  was  killed  by  a  prisoner  whom  he  was  taking  away 
after  Courcelette;  of  Winnipeg's  610  City  employees  46  were  killed 
up  to  the  autumn,  while  the  Free  Press  in  its  casualty  estimates 
for  1916  gave  6,684  Winnipeg  names  out  of  the  total  and  of  these 
1,012  had  been  killed  and  485  had  died  of  injuries.  Lieut.  G.  C. 
Mills  in  charge  of  the  Manitoba  Aeroplane  gift  was  wounded; 
Tpr.  Douglas  Waugh,  son  of  the  Mayor,  was  wounded  and  Major 
G.  F.  de  C.  O'Grady,  2nd  in  command  of  the  8th,  or  "  Little 
Black  Devils,"  returned  on  leave  in  September  after  2  years  at 
war,  17  months  in  actual  fighting  in  the  trenches,  being  twice 
wounded  and  participating  in  every  engagement  in  which  the  Can- 
adians had  a  part.  Of  Honours  to  Manitoba  men  there  were  many. 
Brig.-Gen.  A.  C.  Macdonald,  D.S.O.,  C.M.G.,  Major  Alfred  Critchley. 
D.S.O.,  Brig.-Gen.  L.  J.  Lipsett  of  the  8th  Battalion,  who  rose  to 
command  a  Brigade,  Lieut.  J.  Stanley  Woods,  M.C.,  Lieut.  Edgar 


EDUCATION  IN  MANITOBA  DURING  1916  685 

Matheson,  M.C.,  Pte.  Leo  Clarke,  v.c.,  Lieut.  A.  H.  Gilmour,  M.C., 
Brig.-Gen.  H.  D.  Ketchen,  C.M.G.,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  Kirkcaldy,  D.S.O.,  and 
Major  Victor  J.  Hastings,  M.C.,  were  a  few  of  those  who  attained 
public  marks  of  distinction  where  all  were  noted  for  courage. 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  work  of  the  Manitoba  Re- 
turned Soldiers'  Commission  of  which  Sir  D.  H.  McMillan  was 
Chairman;  the  disclosures  of  the  Winnipeg  Free  Press  (Nov.  29 
and  other  dates)  as  to  the  sedition-teaching  and  spy-system  of  a 
man  named  George  Raffatovich,  a  Russian  Jew  and  British  sub- 
ject who  had  been  carrying  on  his  work  in  Ireland  from  England, 
in  Russian  Ukrainia  as  a  British  subject,  and  now  in  Western 
Canada  through  Svoboda  and  other  U.  S.  German  papers;  the 
issue  of  Archbishop  Sinnott's  1st  Pastoral  letter  (Dec.  24)  in  which 
he  stated  that  "our  country  is  not  entirely  free  from  those  violent 
prejudices  which  oft-times  engender  contention  and  strife,  and  not 
unfrequently  impose  diability  or  suffering  for  conscience  sake. 
This,  however,  will  never  warrant  any  in  flinching  from  the  dis- 
charge of  our  duties  as  citizens."  On  Dec.  28  Sir  James  Aikins 
delivered  an  address  of  which  portions  were  a  paeon  of  patriotism. 
In  the  window  of  the  B.  C.  building,  London,  during  the  year  there 
was  seen  a  rifle  with  a  silver  plate  bearing  this  inscription :  ' '  This 
rifle  was  used  by  Sniper  N.  1295,  Pte.  P.  Riel,  nephew  of  Louis 
Kiel,  of  the  Riel  Rebellion,  8th  Battalion  (90th  Rifles).  With 
it  he  accounted  for  30  Germans,  between  March,  1915,  and  15th 
January,  1916,  when  he  was  killed  by  a  shell  at  Anton's  Farm, 
near  Messines. "  Other  incidents  included  the  enlistment  of  C.  K. 
Newcombe,  Superintendent  of  Education,  as  Adjutant  of  the  184th 
and  of  D.  E.  Sprague  as  a  Captain  in  the  190th  and  a  mob  and 
military  disturbance  in  Winnipeg  on  Apr.  1  arising  out  of  the 
arrest  of  a  drunken  soldier.  According  to  the  Winnipeg  Telegram 
of  Aug.  16  Capt.  La  Rose  in  recruiting  the  223rd  (French-Cana- 
dian) Battalion  was  refused  by  the  St.  Boniface  Council  (July 
25)  a  $100  grant  though  that  body  voted  $150  to  a  baseball  club 
shortly  after;  the  Great  War  Veterans'  Association  was  formed 
on  Sept.  17  with  Pte.  A.  C.  Hay  as  Chairman  and  on  Nov.  9  opened 
new  Club-rooms ;  on  Oct.  22  Rev.  W.  Bertal  Heeney  stated  and  Rev. 
Dr.  Alfred  Hall  of  Toronto  explained  the  details  of  the  Winnipeg 
Public  School  Board  having  refused  to  accept  from  the  Canadian 
National  Council  of  the  British  and  Foreign  Sailors'  Society  the  gift 
of  shields  from  Nelson's  Victory  "to  remind  the  children  of  what 
the  British  Navy  had  done  in  the  past." 

Education  in  Manitoba.  The  Report  of  the  Minister  for  the 
year  of  June  30,  1916,  showed  continued  progress  with  103,796  pupils  or  19% 
of  the  population  in  attendance  at  the  elementary  and  secondary  schools — 
26,084  in  Grade  I,  15,741  in  Grade  II,  14,691  in  Grade  III,  13,214  in  Grade 
IV,  10,142  in  Grade  V,  7,339  in  Grade  VI,  4,684  in  Grade  VII,  5,205  in 
Grade  VIII,  and  6,696  above  the  last  Grade  in  the  High  Schools.  Of  this 
enrollment  93%  were  in  Elementary  Schools  which  had  a  staff  of  2,755 
teachers.  As  to  these  Grades  Robt.  Fletcher,  Deputy  Minister,  reported  that 
only  6-4%  of  the  entire  enrollment  ever  reached  the  High  Schools — about 
the  average  of  the  United  States.  Of  the  teachers  16%  were  men  as  com- 


686  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pared  with  20%  in  1915,  25%  in  1905,  37%  in  1900,  53%  in  1890,  48% 
in  1885;  the  proportion  holding  permanent  certificates  were  67%,  in  1900 
and  in  1910  it  had  been  65%,  and  back  in  1885,  42%.  Mr.  Fletcher  stated 
that  Consolidation  of  schools  was  proving  very  effective  and  now  included  72 
areas  or  one-tenth  of  the  whole  organized  school  area  and  reviewed  the  general 
situation  as  follows:  "The  efficiency  of  local  school  administration  '  has  been 
greatly  improved  by  the  action  of  the  Official  Trustee  in  many  districts.  The 
material  equipment  of  the  schools,  in  buildings,  grounds,  and  apparatus,  is 
improving  in  quality,  and  there  is  marked  desire  for  further  improvement. 
The  beneficial  effect  of  the  operation  of  the  Attendance  Act  is  observable, 
although  the  records  of  attendance  have  been  lowered  by  the  extreme  severity 
of  the  past  winter.  The  activities  of  Trustees'  associations  and  other  bodies 
co-operating  with  the  school  as  educational  agencies,  Provincial  and  local, 
have  quickened  public  interest  and  accomplished  much  useful  educational  work. 
The  lives  and  educational  development  of  the  school  children,  and  indeed  of 
whole  communities,  have  been  greatly  and  beneficially  influenced  by  a  whole- 
hearted participation  in  the  activities  of  Boys'  and  Girls'  Clubs,  School  Fairs 
and  Field  Days,  Home  and  School  Gardens,  and  the  Cadet  and  Boy  Scout 
organizations.  Careful  and  comprehensive  provision  for  teacher  training 
in  the  Normal  Schools,  the  reorganization  on  geographical  lines  of  the 
Inspectoral  districts,  the  establishment  of  a  library  system  for  public  schools, 
co-operative  arrangements  with  the  Provincial  Board  of  Health  to  further 
the  sanitary  and  health  projects  of  that  body,  are  among  the  special  activities 
of  the  Department,  which  deserve  special  mention  at  the  present  time." 

During  the  year  Wm.  Iverach,  Isabella,  W.  H.  Bewell,  Eosser,  and  Eev. 
A.  A.  Cherrier,  Winnipeg,  were  added  to  the  Advisory  Board  of  Education. 
For  the  year  ending  Nov.  30,  1916,  the  Provincial  Government  expended 
$901,117  through  the  Department  of  Education,  $169,501  upon  -the  Agricul- 
tural College,  $34,168  upon  Neglected  Children,  $43,599  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  Institute,  and*  $65,978  upon  the  Industrial  Training  School  —  a  total 
of  $1,214,363.  As  to  other  matters  Supt.  F.  J.  Billiarde  reported  2,306  children 
passing  through  the  Juvenile  Court  since  1910  with  2,511  dealt  with  'outside 
the  Court.  Of  the  Inspectors  A.  Willows  of  Southern  Manitoba  submitted 
a  Eeport  illustrative  of  many  districts  and  indicating  the  difficulties  of  the 
situation.  The  Mennonites  in  the  Leblanc  School  district  were  in  a  majority 
and  would  not  let  their  children  associate  with  the  French:  "The  Mennonite 
children  received  no  instruction  in  English  and  the  teacher  they  employed  in 
their  private  school  was  deficient  both  in  academic  knowledge  and  in  pro- 
fessional training.  There  are  quite  a  number  of  such  private  schools  in  the 
municipalities  of  Hanover  and  Ehineland.  Not  a  word  of  English  is  taught 
in  them  and  very  little  of  anything  else.  They  are  maintained  by  the  Choritz 
and  Eosengart  congregations  of  the  Meunonite  Church.  Then,  there  are  a 
number  of  private  schools  conducted  by  the  Sommerfeld  congregation  in  which 
an  attempt  is  made  to  teach  the  English  language;  but  the  teachers  of  these 
schools  are  not  proficient."  In  Winnipeg  the  schools  on  June  16,  1916,  had 
an  enrollment  of  28,075  compared  with  22,367  on  Aug.  23,  1915.  General 
statistics  of  the  Province  in  1916  were  as  follows: 

June  30  June  30 

1915  1916 

No.   of   School   Districts  ....................................              1,805  1,835 

No.  of  Pupils  Enrolled   ....................................          100,963  103,796 

Average  daily  attendance   ..................................            68,250  66,561 

Percentage  of  attendance    ..................................               67-5  64  -\ 

No.   Departments  or  Schools    ...............................              2,727  2,888 

Average    annual    salary: 

Rural   Schools    .........................................        $615  .  50  $618  .  90 

Graded  Schools    ........................................           885  .  00  957  .  00 

For  Province   ..........................................           758  .27  768   00 

Teachers  holding  1st  Class  Certificates    ......................                    298  260 


Teachers  holding  2nd  Class  Certificates 
Teachers  holding  3rd   Class  Certificates 
Teachers   holding   Interim   Certificates 
No.  of  Collegiate  Institutes 


1,359  1,611 

1,130  889 

96  82 

_                                                      _.„,._.__                                                           10  9 

No.  of  Collegiate  Departments 7  6 

No.  of  High  Schools   17  22 

No.  of  Intermediate  Schools    60  67 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MANITOBA  AND  OTHER  INSTITUTIONS    687 

Higher  Education  and  the  University.  The  Univer- 
sity of  Manitoba  was  slowly  evolving  during  1916  into  a  State  institution.  From 
a  condition  of  Government  indifference  it  was  rapidly  passing  into  one  of  Gov- 
ernment control.  The  new  Government  as  yet,  however,  had  only  provided  addi- 
tional buildings  and  increased  grant;  it  remained  for  them  to  carry  out  one 
more  item  of  their  policy  in  Opposition  and  create  a  powerful  institution.  As 
Dr.  George  Bryce  put  it  on  Dec.  11:  ' '  We  await  the  action  of  the  new 
Government  to  make  the  University  really  a  Provincial  University  and  to  put 
buildings,  equipment  and  the  teaching  staff  on  the  same  plane  as  the 
Universities  of  Toronto,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta."  The  Free  Press  of 
Jan.  6  had  indicated  clarly  enough  that  action  of  some  kind  was  pending:  "Its 
present  organization  is  not  an  efficient  one,  and  must  be  recast;  materially 
it  is  not  equipped  adequately.  But  the  signs  of  the  times  are  propitious  and 
augur  well  for  an  early  and  satisfactory  adjustment  of  its  difficulties."  On 
Jan.  13  a  Deputation  of  school  teachers  asked  the  University  Council  for  a 
change  in  the  entrance  requirements  which  now  required  either  French  or 
German  in  addition  to  Latin.  They  asked  that  one  language,  any  one  of  the 
three,  should  be  deemed  sufficient. 

Throughout  the  year  this  subject  was  discussed  and  the  Teachers'  Educa- 
tional Association,  as  in  1915,  urged  the  change;  but  a  solution  seemed  diffi- 
cult. The  abolition  of  tuition  fees  in  Arts  and  Science  was  urged  by  some 
educationalists  but  not  accepted  by  the  Council.  On  Mar.  23  the  re-affiilia- 
tion  of  the  Manitoba  Agricultural  College  with  the  University,  was  approved 
by  the  Council  and  this  body  on  Apr.  6  passed  a  Eesolution  advising  the  Pro- 
vincial Government  of  its  "willingness  to  discuss,  at  any  time  convenient 
to  the  Government,  all  matters  affecting  the  relationship  between  the  University 
body  and  the  Government."  It  resulted  from  a  revival  of  the  Site  question 
and  caused  the  usual  controversy.  On  May  11  the  Eeport  was  submitted  of 
Sir  James  Aikins,  Chairman  of  Committee  of  Military  Instruction,  which 
showed  that  790  had  enrolled  since  October,  1915.  At  the  annual  Convocation 
on  May  12  Archbishop  Matheson,  Chancellor,  stated  that  there  had  been 
in  attendance  at  the  various  classes  of  the  University,  including  those  in 
all  the  affiliated  Colleges  except  the  Agricultural  College,  940  students.  These 
were  distributed  as  follows:  in  Arts,  544;  special  evening  classes  in  Architec- 
ture and  other  subjects,  53;  Engineering,  47;  Medicine,  134;  Pharmacy,  21; 
Law,  134;  and  Architecture,  7;  206  degrees  were  conferred  and  23  gold  medals 
and  4  silver  ones  awarded,  together  with  61  scholarships.  The  University 
Contingent  of  the  C.O.T.C.  continued  throughout  the  winter  and  650  students 
of  the  University  and  Agricultural  College  enrolled  for  training.  In  co- 
operation with  the  other  Western  Universities  and  Colleges  an  offer  was  made 
to  the  Minister  of  Militia  of  a  Battalion  and  Field  Ambulance  for  overseas 
service  which  was  accepted  and  carried  through.  It  was  announced  at  this 
time  that  the  University  option  on  the  Tuxedo  Park  site  had  been  extended  to 
July  1,  1917,  and  that  the  Government  intended  at  the  next  Session  to 
deal  with  the  whole  matter  of  Higher  Education  and  the  construction  of  a 
State  University.  When  the  Agricultural  College  affiliation  was  completed 
7  representatives  were  appointed  on  June  7  to  sit  on  the  University  Council — 
President  J.  B.  Reynolds;  Professors  E.  A.  Sproule,  T.  W.  Jackson  and  T.  J. 
Harrison,  and  Miss  E.  M.  Edie;  Mrs.  A.  V.  Thomas,  Winnipeg,  and  David 
Smith  of  Gladstone.  F.  E.  Nuttall,  of  a  Manchester  (England)  Library,  was 
installed  in  September  as  University  Librarian.  The  students  in  attendance 
at  the  1915-16  Session  under  the  active  Presidency  of  Dr.  J.  A.  MacLean, 
or  at  the  affiliated  Colleges  totalled  874.  At  the  close  of  1916  official  figures 
received  from  the  President  show  the  number  of  students  actually  enrolled  at 
the  University  to  have  been  661  in  Arts,  Science,  Medicine,  Law,  Engineering, 
Architecture,  Pharmacy,  etc.  The  members  of  the  Teaching  staff  of  the  Uni- 
versity and  affiliated  Colleges — Medical,  Agricultural,  St.  John's,  Wesley  and 
Manitoba — on  active  service,  were  44,  the  graduates  375,  the  under-graduates 
549,  the  pre-matriculation  classes  in  Affiliated  Colleges  97  and  others  11,  or 
a  total  of  1,076.  The  casualties  reported  were  33  killed  in  action  and  wound- 
ed (incomplete)  25. 


688  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Of  the  affiliated  institutions  Dr.  Eber  Crummy,  Principal  of  Wesley 
College,  indicated  the  spirit  in  that  institution  when  he  declared  on  Jan.  23 
that  ' '  they,  as  Methodists,  should  endeavour  to  eliminate  everything  in  educa- 
tion which  is  not  permeated  with  a  religious  influence. ' '  During  the  year 
the  students  were  nearly  all  under  military  training  and  Prof.  W.  C.  Graham 
with  400  students  and  graduates  were  on  active  service  at  the  close  of  the 
year  with  18  casualties;  the  number  of  students  then  in  attendance  were 
200  of  whom  68  were  young  women;  at  the  Convocation  of  Apr.  7  Eev. 
J.  E.  Hughson,  B.A.,  of  Winnipeg,  was  given  a  D.D.  degree  as  were  Eev. 
Oliver  Darwin,  Eegina,  Eev.  Prof.  J.  F.  McLaughlin  of  Victoria  University, 
and  Eev.  C.  H.  Huestis,  M.A.,  of  Edmonton;  in  September,  under  recent  legis- 
lation, the  Board  of  Trustees  were  re-constituted  with  varied  interests  repre- 
sented. Manitoba  College  students  at  their  annual  banquet  (Mar.  16)  were 
told  that  one-third  of  their  number  had  enlisted;  at  the  Convocation  of  Apr.  7 
the  Hon.  degree  of  D.D.  was  given  Eev.  Murdoch  MacKinnon  of  Eegina  and 
Eev.  J.  B.  Clyde  of  Pilot  Mound  and  Principal  A.  B.  Baird  stated  that  prac- 
tically "every  available  man"  had  enlisted,  while  a  Boll  of  Honour  with 
150  names  was  unveiled.  St.  John's  College,  (Anglican)  celebrated  its  50th 
anniversary  on  Nov.  3rd  with  Archibishop  Matheson  presiding  over  a  gather- 
ing of  500  persons;  in  referring  to  the  many  students  or  graduates  at  the 
Front  he  stated  that  8  of  them  had  won  Honours.  Brandon  (Baptist)  College 
was  affiliated  with  McMaster,  Toronto,  and  on  May  13  granted  10  degrees  to 
students  with  various  medals.  Dr.  H.  P.  Whidden  presided  and  conferred  the 
Hon.  D.D.  upon  Eev.  F.  W.  Patterson,  Edmonton.  The  President  stated  that 
over  100  students  were  at  the  Front. 

Manitoba  Incidents  of  Importance 

May  20.  In  Mr.  Justice  Gait's  Court  the  Jury  gave  judgment  against 
the  Winnipeg  Telegram  in  a  libel  action  brought  by  J.  A.  Knott,  ex-President 
of  the  Winnipeg  Liberal  Association.  Judgment  was  for  $11.500  with  esti- 
mated costs  of  $5,000.  The  paper  had  accused  Knott  of  sundry  acts  of  poli- 
tical corruption  in  License  matters. 

Nov.  4.  Le  Canada  Club,  intended  to  unite  and  strengthen  the  French- 
Canadian  element  in  Manitoba,  was  opened  by  President  A.  H.  de  Tremaudan 
with  two  returned  soldiers  as  the  chief  guests. 

Nov.  7.  The  resignation  was  announced — after  30  years'  continuous  and 
conspicuous  service — of  C.  N.  Bell,  LL.D.,  Secretary  and  founder  of  the  Win- 
nipeg Grain  Exchange;  he  also  resigned  as  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
which  post  he  had  held  for  29  years  and  in  this  was  succeeded  by  A.  E. 
Boyle,  a  well-known  journalist  and  Publicity  official. 

•Dec.  31.  The  heads  of  the  chief  Manitoba  popular  organizations  were 
elected  as  follows  in  1916: 

Manitoba  Bar  Association    Sir  James  Aikins Winnipeg 

Manitoba   School  Trustees    Win.  Iverach Isabella. 

Association    d' Education    des     Canadiens-Fran- 

cais  du  Manitoba   Hon.  J.  E.  P.  Prendergast.  .  Winnipeg. 

Manitoba   Educational   Association    A.    C.    Campbell    Winnipeg. 

Manitoba  Amateur  Atheletic  Union    Lieut.  A.  E.  H.  Coo Winnipeg. 

Manitoba   Retail  Merchants'   Association C.  F.  Rannard    '.  Winnipeg 

Winnipeg   Board   of  Trade    A.  L.  Crossin '.  Winnipeg 

Industrial     Bureau     D.  J.  Dyson    Winnipeg 

Manitoba   Dairy   Association    L.  A.  Race    Brandon. 

Manitoba   Bee-Keepers'    Association    Rev.   R.  A.   Rutledge    St.  Charles. 

Manitoba  Swine-Breeders'  Association    A.    D.    McDonald    Napinka. 

Manitoba  Horse-Breeders'   Association    G.   E.   Washington    Winnipeg. 

Manitoba   Cattle-Breeders'   Association    J.   R.   Hume    Souris. 

Manitoba   Sheep-Breeders'   Association    Geo.  Gordon    '.  Oak    Lake 

Grand  Lodge  Manitoba :  I.O.O.F H.  B.  Walker '  Winnipeg  ' 

Ancient  Order  of  Foresters   D.  Creighton Brandon 

Manitoba  Curling  Association    Wm.   McDougall    Winnipeg 

Orange  Grand  Lodge  of  Manitoba    John  Easton    Winnipeg 

Manitoba   Methodist  W.M.S Mrs.    G.    N.    Jackson    ....       Winnipeg 

Manitoba  Law  Society Issac    Pitblado,    K.c Winnipeg.' 

Winnipeg  Grain   Exchange    W.  E.  Milner Winnipeg. 

North  West  Commercial  Travellers J.  M.  Scott Winnipeg 

Provincial    Branch,    Boys'    Work    Society Robt.  Clark Winnipeg 

Manitoba  Good  Roads'  Association S.    R.    Henderson  Winnipeg 

Manitoba   Council  of  Women Mrs.  R.  F.  Me  Williams  .  . .  '.  Winnipeg 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  SASKATCHEWAN 


Last  Days  of  --  Walter  Scott,  broken  in  health  and  re- 

the  scott  QOV-     tiring  from  office  in  1916  at  the  early  age  of  49 — 
ernment;  after  eleven  years  in  which  he  had  rocked  the  cradle 

Politics  and  of  youthful  Saskatchewan,  developed  its  institutions 
and  controlled  its  politics— illustrated  the  ups  and 
downs  of  public  life  in  Canada.  He  fought  to  the  last  with  charac- 
teristic vigour  and  though  there  were  clouds  and  corruption  charges 
in  the  air  during  his  last  days  in  office,  they  did  not  personally  touch 
him  nor,  in  the  end,  his  Ministers.  Early  in  January  Mr.  Scott 
went  to  Chicago  in  connection  with  an  Immigration  Conference 
(Jan.  28)  and  to  offset  wild  stories  as  to  War  taxation  and  condi- 
tions in  Canada ;  conferred  at  Ottawa  with  the  Premier  and  others 
as  to  the  Fuel  situation  and  the  creation  of  a  Court  of  Appeal  for 
Saskatchewan  which  the  Legislature  had  approved  but  which 
needed  Dominion  funds  and  appointments  to  complete;  and  was 
back  in  Regina  on  Feb.  13.  On  the  17th  he  wrote  Sir  Robert 
B  or  den,  agreeing  with  certain  suggestions  of  his  as  to  the  co-ordin- 
ation of  Dominion  and  Provincial  Immigration  activities.  On  Feb. 
25  his  health  compelled  departure  for  the  Bahamas  following  a 
heated  controversy  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  MacKinnon  over  Separate 
School  matters;  the  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder  as  usual  became  Acting 
Premier.  Meanwhile  the  Bradshaw  charges  had  been  presented  in 
the  Legislature,  Mr,  Scott  pointing  out  in  a  Montreal  interview 
on  the  28th  that  the  charges  were  not  against  his  Government  but 
against  members  of  the  Legislature  and  officials  who,  if  guilty,  would 
be  brought  to  justice.  The  whole  thing,  he  claimed,  was  engineered 
from  Ottawa  with  a  political  motive.  On  the  same  day,  however, 
the  Premier  sent  this  telegram  to  Mr.  Calder: 

Inform  me  what  decision  reached  as  to  action  regarding  the  members 
named  by  Brunner.  My  advice  is:  Choose  Eoyal  Commission  or  Criminal 
Court  to  deal  with  them,  whichever  is  deemed  most  certain  to  uncover  exact 
and  complete  truth.  From  every  point  of  view  it  is  positively  essential  that 
no  possible  stone  be  left  unturned  to  lay  bare  the  whole  unthinkably  treacher- 
ous game.  Attorney-General  must  hew  to  the  line.  Members  named  who  are 
innocent  must  be  afforded  fullest  opportunity  to  establish  their  innocence  be- 
yond reasonable  doubt.  Mitchell  will  act  as  Speaker  pending  inquiry.  Devline 
incident  justifies  strict  surveillance  of  movements  of  members  named. 

Mr.  Scott  remained  away  for  some  months  and  many  stormy 
scenes  took  place  in  the  Legislature  and  Courts  during  that  inter- 
val. Meanwhile  his  Departmental  work  went  on.  The  movement 
which  he  had  initiated  in  1915  for  better  schools  and  for  discussion 
of  reform  proposals  developed  in  charge  of  a  Committee  of  which 
D.  P.  McColl-,  Superintendent  of  Education,  was  Chairman,  and 
which  had  five  sub-committees  dealing  with  High  School  courses 
of  study,  Grouping  of  grades,  Agriculture,  manual  training  and 
44  [689] 


690  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

domestic  science,  non-English  pupils  and  physical  development. 
June  30  was  designated  and  observed  as  a  Holiday  for  the  discussion 
and  study  of  educational  methods  and  problems.  Mr.  Calder, 
formerly  in  charge  of  this  Department,  issued  a  statement  on  June 
1st,  declaring  that '  *  there  is  a  general  feeling  abroad  that  in  the  past 
we  have  too  slavishly  followed  the  School  system  of  Ontario  and 
Eastern  Canada,"  and  that  "Western  conditions  required  new 
methods.  During  these  months  politics  were  in  a  turmoil,  the  party 
in  power  was  seeking  a  way  out  of  obvious  difficulties,  W.  M. 
Martin,  M.P.,  for  Regina,  went  south  in  March  to  confer  with  the 
Premier,  rumours  were  general  as  to  Government  re-organization 
with  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder  as  the  first  probability  and  Hon.  George 
Langley  known  to  have  a  large  Grain  Growers'  support.  Royal 
Commissions  were  busy  and  conspicuous,  and  talk  of  a  general 
election  also  frequent ;  other  complications  were  found  in  the  Pre- 
mier's  fight  with  Rev.  Dr.  MacKinnon  and  the  Presbyterians  over 
the  School  question.  Late  in  June  Mr.  Scott  was  back  in  harness. 
Meanwhile  the  administration  of  affairs  had  to  go  on  and 
of  these  the  most  important  was  the  financial. 

The  Provincial  Treasurer,  Hon.  G.  A.  Bell,  presented  his  Budget 
on  Feb.  28.  He  referred  to  Western  revival  of  prosperity  as 
due  to  increased  production — a  wheat  crop  in  Saskatchewan  100,- 
000,000  bushels  larger  than  in  1914  and  oats  double  those  of  the 
past  year;  the  C.P.R.  and  Hudson's  Bay  Companies  had  greatly 
increased  sales  of  land ;  since  November,  1915,  also,  public  revenues 
had  been  improving.  He  dealt  largely  with  estimates  of  receipts 
and  expenditures  of  the  year  ending  Apr.  30 — the  figures  which 
follow  are  from  the  Public  Accounts  issued  later  and  are  the 
actual  statistics.  The  Liabilities  of  the  Province  totalled  $25,- 
180,080 — chiefly  stock  and  debentures  bearing  4  to  5%  interest. 
The  Assets  were  placed  at  $41,915,446,  including  the  Dominion 
Government  Debt  allowance  of  $8,107,500  and  School  Lands  Trust 
account  of  $8,862,021 ;  Public  buildings  and  land  valued  at  $8,894,- 
029,  public  improvements  at  $6,751,536,  the  Telephone  system  at 
$5,387,283.  The  Revenue,  including  $761,203  brought  forward  from 
last  year  was  $5,562,267;  in  1915,  including  $1,104,916  brought 
forward,  it  was  $6,129,852.  The  Expenditures  were  $5,183,256 
with  a  surplus  of  $379,011;  in  1915  they  were  $5,368,649  with  a 
surplus  of  $761,203. 

The  principal  Receipts  were  as  follows:  Dominion  Subsidies 
$1,950,659 ;  Interest  account  $391,607  ;  Liquor  Stores  system  in  place 
of  Licenses  $200,000;  Land  Titles  fees  $337,201,  Law  Stamps  $195,- 
036,  Sheriffs'  fees  $289,026;  Corporations'  tax  $167,204  and  Motor 
licenses  $111,153;  Highway  Commission  $164,513.  The  proceeds 
of  Loans  were  $3,336,724.  Of  the  Expenditures  the  chief  items 
were :  Interest  charges,  etc.,  on  Public  Debt  $1,093,706 ;  Civil  Gov- 
ernment $343,718  and  Legislation  $211,604;  Administration  of 
Justice  $416,864;  Public  Works,  $489,318  charged  to  Income  and 
$526,062  charged  to  Capital;  Public  improvements  (to  Income) 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  THE  SCOTT  GOVERNMENT  691 

$298,525  and  (to  Capital)  $533,069 ;  Education  $987,795  and  Agri- 
culture $268,885.  On  Apr.  19  it  was  stated  that  Mr.  Bell  had  sold 
$1,000,000  of  Government  bonds  in  Cincinnati  and  New  York  to 
realize  96.78  at  a  5-year  term  and  5%%.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  he  sold  $500,000  of  5%  debentures  in  Chicago  at  96.31.  Mr. 
Bell  was  also  Minister  of  Telephones  and  the  construction  work  for 
1916  in  this  respect  was  small  and  hampered  by  high  prices  of 
labour  and  material  with  only  354  long  distance  wire  miles  con- 
structed and  39  pole  miles,  6  new  toll  offices  and  5  exchanges; 
the  total  offices  in  the  Government  system  were  1,307,  the  stations 
15,677,  the  long-distance  pole  miles  3,662  and  wire  miles  16,114. 
The  independent  Rural  systems  totalled  18,189  pole-miles,  50,424 
wire  miles  and  18,150  stations ;  other  systems  had  156  pole-miles  in 
line  and  1,505  stations. 

The  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder  as  Acting-Premier  had  to  face  most  of 
the  unpleasant  charges  of  the  year  and  take  final  action  in  each 
case — as  he  did.  As  Minister  of  Railways  he  issued  a  Bulletin  which 
contained  the  following  statement:  "During  the  22  years  ending 
1905  there  was  constructed  in  what  is  now  the  Province  of  Saskat- 
chewan 1,552  miles  of  railway.  In  just  half  the  time,  1905  to 
1916,  over  4,550  miles  of  railway  have  been  built.  When  Sas- 
katchewan was  created  a  Province  in  1905  it  possessed  one  mile  of 
railroad  for  every  161  inhabitants.  To-day  there  exists  one  mile 
of  railroad  for  every  116  people.  Viewed  from  a  different  angle 
the  situation  is  that  while  the  population  grew  enormously  and  al- 
most trebled  itself,  still  the  railway  mileage  more  than  kept  pace 
and  increased  fourfold  in  the  same  length  of  time.  On  the  average 
more  than  one  mile  of  railway  has  been  built  each  day  in  Saskat- 
chewan during  the  11  years  that  the  Government  has  been  in  office, 
Sundays  and  holidays  included."  In  yearly  mileage  increases 
Saskatchewan  was  ahead  of  every  Province  with  Alberta  second; 
in  comparison  with  other  States  and  Colonies  it  was  also  ahead.  As 
to  relations  with  the  Railways  he  was  concise:  "At  the  end  of 
1916  the  Government  had  guaranteed  bonds  for  the  construction  of 
Canadian  Northern  branches  to  the  total  of  1,410  miles,  of  which 
848  miles  have  been  graded  and  763  miles  built.  At  the  same  date 
guarantees  for  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  branches  covered  1,365  miles, 
of  which  743  miles  have  been  graded  and  717  miles  built.  The 
total  length  of  branch  railway  lines  still  to  be  constructed  under  the 
Provincial  bond  guarantee  is  1,295  miles." 

The  annual  Report  for  Apr.  30,  1916,  showed  the  detailed  mile- 
age for  1915:  C.P.R.,  2,762;  C.N.R.,  2,206;  G.T.P.R.,  1,131.  As  to 
current  construction  the  financial  situation  caused  by  the  War  and 
the  inability  of  Steel  plants  to  supply  rails,  had  checked  progress 
and  D.  C.  McNab,  Deputy  Minister,  hoped  the  Federal  Government 
would  remove  the  existing  duty  on  United  States  steel  rails.  Ad- 
dressing a  Retailers'  banquet  at  Regina  (May  11)  Mr.  Calder 
eulogized  the  Provincial  Farmers'  Co-operative  movement  as  the 
strongest  in  America;  approved  the  idea  of  a  Provincial  Bureau 


692  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  Agriculture  and  Commerce ;  described  the  biggest  problem  before 
the  Province  as  that  of  Land  Settlement ;  declared  that  ' '  there  was 
not  one  branch  railway  line  in  Saskatchewan  which  should  not  be 
a  paying  proposition  within  a  short  time ; ' '  expressed  the  opinion 
that  Canada's  banking  system  was  an  admirable  one  but  that 
"it  was  primarily  meant  for  commercial  interests  rather  than  for 
agricultural  purposes ; ' '  declared  the  direct  intervention  of  the  state 
in  these  problems  necessary.  The  Minister  was  in  the  East  a  little 
later  and  on  his  return  (May  29)  stated  that  it  was  impossible  to 
obtain  funds  for  railway  construction  and  again  urged  revision  of 
the  steel-rail  duty. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture,  under  Hon.  W.  E.  Motherwell, 
reported  for  Apr.  30,  1916,  from  a  large  number  of  active  Branches 
and  permanent  officials,  with  10  of  the  latter  absent  at  the  Front — 
including  the  popular  Major  A.  F.  Mantle,  Deputy  Minister,  who 
was  killed  in  action,  the  Livestock  Commissioner,  Capt.  J.  C.  Smith, 
and  the  Weeds  &  Seeds  Commissioner,  Lieut.  H.  N.  Thompson. 
The  Report  of  F.  H.  Auld,  acting  Deputy  Minister,  recorded  much 
work  and  progress  during  1915-16,  with  special  emphasis  on  the 
duties  of  the  District  Representatives  which  included  the  en- 
couragement and  demonstration  of  better  methods  in  production; 
promotion  of  greater  diversity  in  production;  assisting  to  secure 
stable  markets  and  profitable  prices;  helping  to  organize  agricul- 
tural societies,  co-operative  associations  and  creameries,  etc. ;  pro- 
moting tree  planting,  farmstead  planning  and  ornamentation,  road 
dragging,  rural  mail  delivery,  rural  telephones,  etc. ;  interesting 
young  people  in  agriculture  and  its  possbilities.  Reference  was 
made  to  the  Dominion  Agricultural  grant  of  $68,011  of  which 
$27,300  was  allotted  to  the  College  of  Agriculture,  $13,358  for 
agricultural  education  in  schools,  and  $27,352  for  general  Depart- 
mental operations.  Statistics  in  the  various  subsidiary  reports 
showed  the  average  selling  price  of  creamery  butter  in  the  Province 
as  27  cents  in  1915  and  25  cents  in  1914,  with  2,012,401  Ibs.  produced 
in  1914-15  from  the  Co-operative  Creameries;  an  increase  in  all 
Livestock  during  1915  except  swine,  with  a  total  of  667,443  horses, 
358,540  milch  cows,  573,021  other  cattle,  192,024  sheep  and  329,- 
246  swine  and  average  prices  for  choice  cattle  from  $6.90  in  1913 
to  $7.20  in  1914  and  $7.39  in  1915;  the  cattle  shipped  during 
1915  were  (Winnipeg  Stock  Yards)  60,378,  the  sheep  4,694,  the 
horses  648,  the  hogs  237,403. 

The  acting  Secretary  of  Statistics,  Edward  Oliver,  had  a  multi- 
tude of  figures  as  to  production  and  conditions.  The  population 
was  estimated  at  700,000  and  the  area  of  arable  land  at  57,884,000 
acres;  the  place  of  Saskatchewan  in  comparison  with  the  12  chief 
grain  States  to  the  South  showed  in  1915  the  highest  production 
with  319  million  bushels  as  against  North  Dakota  with  301  millions 
and  Minnesota  252  millions;  the  number  of  Elevators  in  the  Pro- 
vince, 1915,  was  1,619,  with  a  capacity  of  48,074,500  bushels;  the 
value  of  horses  in  the  Province  (1915)  was  placed  at  $100,116,450, 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OF  THE  SCOTT  GOVERNMENT 


693 


of  milch  cows  $28,683,200,  of  other  cattle  $22,920,840,  of  sheep 
$1,300,180,  of  swine  $2,963,214;  the  Immigration  of  the  year  was 
stated  at  16,173  and  since  1905  as  315,229  while  the  homestead 
entries  of  1915  were  6,349 ;  the  average  wages  for  farm  help  were 
$263  to  $328  per  annum,  with  board,  and  per  month  during  summer 
from  $28  to  $37,  with  domestics  getting  from  $12  to  $18.  The 
work  of  the  Public  Service  Monthly  was  very  properly  praised. 
As  to  Saskatchewan  industries  T.  M.  Molloy  for  the  Bureau  of 
Labour  reported  212  factories  with  3,782  employees,  29  mines  with 
388  employees  and  237,249  tons  produced,  334  industrial  accidents 
compared  with  457  in  1914;  15,421  men  were  secured  from  East- 
ern Canada  to  help  in  the  1915  harvest.  On  May  1,  1916,  the 
number  of  Agricultural  Co-operative  Societies  was  261  and  the  173 
reporting  showed  a  paid-up  capital  of  $39,421,  assets  of  $105,322  and 
liabilities,  including  capital,  of  $82,956.  They  had  a  turn-over  of 
stock,  supplies  and  produce  of  $864,891.  The  Co-operative  branch 
of  the  Department  handled  creameries,  wool  and  poultry  with  suc- 
cess, while  Elevators,  Hail  Insurance,  Grain  Growers'  Trading 
Department,  came  under  operation  of  the  principle.  Big  game 
killed  during  the  year — moose,  elk,  caribou,  etc., — totalled 
1,550;  large  numbers  of  fur-bearing  animals  were  taken  such 
as  mink,  muskrats  (925,898)  beavers,  lynx,  coyotes,  (13,355), 
wolves,  foxes,  (9,732),  etc.  The  Royal  Commission  re  Live- 
stock appointed  in  1915,  sat  at  Prince  Albert  and  seven  other 
points  during  1916  but  did  not  report  until  the  next  year.  The 
grain  production  of  the  year  showed  a  decrease  in  quantity  though 
the  high  prices  proved  some  compensation.  The  Provincial  sta- 
tistics of  Farm  products  for  1916  were  as  follows : 


Product 


Wheat     

Oats    

Barley     

Flax    

Potatoes    

Roots     

Hay     

Butter  and  Milk    (Co-operative) 
Butter  and  Milk    (Private)    .  .  . 

Wool-Clip    

Game  and  Furs 

Garden 

Poultry 

Horses 

Cows 

Cattle 

Sheep 

Swine  • 


Acreage 

8,886,311 

3,741,788 

377,861 

523,161 


Production 

126,857,760 

146,468,565 

10.013,043 

5,488,845 

4,681,750 

2,039,845 

tons   1,770,328 


Ibs.    950,000 


Products   . 

N       Vi 

N*1     1 

TtfU     h6 



Number 
•  •  •  .                                        Number 

700,815 
380,052 
607,402 
.207,385, 
286,444 


Total  Value    . 


Value  of 

Product 

$167,452,243 

73,234,282 

7,259,456 

10,977,690 

3,277,225 

1,325,899 

11,949,714 

975,049 

842,691 

285,000 

1,500,000 

1,110,000 

5,840,205 

105,122,250 

32,204,320 

20,370,100 

.  .      2,073,850 

2,437,328 

$459,237,302 


During  the  year  Mr.  Motherwell  and  his  Deputy  Minister  were 
busy  with  their  wool  co-operative  schemes,  the  campaign  against 
the  gopher  evil,  the  effort  to  avert  loss  through  car  shortages  for 
the  shipment  of  grain,  the  difficulty  of  farmers  at  various 
isolated  points  for  want  of  railway  connection?  Mr.  Motherwell 
differed  with  the  Dominion  Minister  of  Agriculture  as  to  the  ad- 
visability of  a  Production  and  Thrift  campaign  in  the  West  and 


694  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

opposed  it  strongly.  He  claimed  in  a  letter  to  the  Regina  Leader 
(Apr.  22)  that  "if  Canada  did  not  grow  one  bushel  of  wheat  for 
export  in  1916  it  would  scarcely  be  missed  in  the  world's  general 
supply,"  and  declared  that  "our  fullest  capacity  can  only  be  ob- 
tained by  farming  better  and  not  by  farming  more."  A  full  crop 
was  needed  for  local  and  financial  reasons,  not  for  the  folly  of 
patriotic  food  requirements  urged  by  Mr.  Burrell !  Mr.  Motherwell, 
in  these  months,  was  also  acting  Minister  of  Education  and  on 
Apr.  25  reviewed,  in  an  elaborate  speech  at  Prince  Albert,  the  edu- 
cational record  and  progress  of  the  Province  with  the  conclusion  that 
sweeping  reforms,  or  wild  experiments,  or  unity  in  forms  were  not 
desirable.  * '  China  is  the  living  national  example  of  the  eif ectiveness 
of  uniformity.  The  British  Empire  represents  the  strength  of 
diversity. ' '  In  the  Regina  Leader  of  Oct.  21  the  Minister  discussed 
Reciprocity  with  the  United  States  and  criticized  Sir  G.  E.  Foster 
severely  for  advocating  British  preferential  tariffs  instead. 

For  the  year  (Apr.  30,  1916)  the  Hon.  A.  P.  McNab,  Minister  of 
Public  Works,  reported  expenditures  of  $1,344,170  out  of  $1,577,811 
voted  from  income  and  capital.  His  Deputy,  J.  M.  Smith,  dealt 
with  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Battleford,  which  had  cost  the 
Province  $1,757,787,  with  maintenance  charges  of  $202,067  or  $101 
per  capita  per  day  and  a  yearly  revenue  of  $30,413 ;  three  Provin- 
cial gaols  costing  $104,683  with  properties  valued  at  $770,122  and 
prisoners  totalling  494;  the  School  for  the  Deaf  with  39  pupils 
also  reported.  The  Steam  Boilers'  branch  had  3,416  inspections  in 
the  year  with  3,315  engineers'  certificates  granted.  The  Provin- 
cial Secretary  and  Attorney-General  (Hon.  W.  F.  A.  Turgeon) 
reported  as  to  the  former  Department  regarding  taxes,  fees,  licenses, 
etc.  In  1916  a  total  of  15,680  plates  were  issued  to  Automobile 
owners  or  5,000  more  than  in  1915;  in  all  the  other  17  varieties 
of  licenses  issued  there  were  increases — especially  as  to  auctioneers, 
peddlars  and  moving  pictures;  the  revenues  of  the  year  were 
$543,819.  Of  the  appointments  made  303  were  Notaries  Public, 
2,112  Commissioners  for  Oaths,  160  Justices  of  the  Peace,  20 
Coroners  and  49  Issuers  of  Marriage  Licenses — of  which  4,281  were 
issued  in  the  year  with  3,091  new  motor  licenses.  Mr.  Turgeon  also 
had  charge  of  Insurance  and  the  Fire  Commissioner  reported  for 
Jan.  1  to  Oct.  1,  1916,  a  total  urban  loss  of  $648,890  and  rural 
losses  of  $152,411  with  Insurance  of  $4,968,346  involved.  The  Hon. 
George  Langley,  Minister  of  Municipal  Affairs,  addressed  various 
organizations  during  the  year  and  maintained  his  influence  in  the 
Grain  Growers'  organization  besides  dealing  with  the  multiform 
detail  of  municipal  work  in  a  Province  having  7  cities,  73  towns, 
311  villages  and  298  rural  municipalities  covering  wide  areas. 
Mr.  Langley  had  the  Bureau  of  Public  Health  in  his  Department 
and  its  powers  were  enlarged  in  1916  so  as  to  better  ensure  prompt 
registration  of  Vifcal  Statistics.  To  a  Convention  of  Uurban  Muni- 
cipalities (Swift  Current,  June  29)  he  told  the  delegates  that  his 
legislation  followed  the  lines  laid  down  by  their  organization,  and 


THE  LAST  DAYS  OP  THE  SCOTT  GOVERNMENT  695 

its  sister  one  of  the  rural  districts,  and  that  it  behooved  them  to 
advise  him  well. 

Of  the  Commissions  which  so  closely  affected  administrative  de- 
tails the  Local  Government  Board  was  perhaps  the  most  important. 
Composed  of  A.  J.  McPherson  (Chairman),  S.  P.  Grosch  and  J.  R. 
Bunn,  it  lost  the  first  named  as  a  result  of  the  Highway  scandals  of 
the  year  and  in  March  was  reconstituted  with  J.  N.  Bayne,  Deputy 
Minister  of  Municipal  Affairs,  as  a  temporary  member  and  Mr. 
Grosch  as  Chairman.  Its  duties  were  oversight  of  debenture  issues 
and  finances  of  the  municipalities  and  by  new  legislation  the  Board 
was  given  power  of  re-organization  and  final  action  in  cases  of 
default.  It  also  guided  the  investment  of  sinking  funds  and  heard 
appeals  from  Courts  of  revision  as  to  Assessment  and  school  taxes. 
The  Debentures  authorized  by  it  in  1914  totalled  $7,363,066  and 
in  1915  $2,998,159.  During  11  months  of  1916  the  total  was  $2,749,- 
711.  The  Provincial  Municipal  Hail  Commission,  of  which  J.  B. 
Paynter  was  Chairman,  in  its  3rd  annual  Report  (1915-16)  showed 
losses  of  $674,984,  net  revenues  of  $917,188  and  a  surplus  of 
$196,434  to  add  to  that  of  $348,391  in  the  preceding  year.  During 
the  meeting  (Mar.  7)  Mr.  Paynter  compared  the  operations  of 
the  Commission  with  those  of  19  private  Companies  in  the  Province : 
"The  latter  collected  premiums  of  $1,400,000,  and  out  of  this 
amount  paid  in  losses  $427,610  leaving  nearly  $1,000,000  to  cover 
expenses  and  as  dividends  to  their  stock-holders.  Of  every  one 
dollar  collected  by  the  Companies  from  the  farmers  37c.  has  been 
returned  to  them  as  indemnities  for  losses  sustained  and  63c.  has 
been  absorbed  in  expenses  and  profits;  while  in  the  case  of  the 
Commission  for  every  one  dollar  collected  73c.  has  been  returned  to 
the  farmers  as  indemnities,  21c.  is  held  as  a  reserve  fund  against 
future  abnormal  losses  and  6c.  has  been  absorbed  in  expenses  of  the 
Commission."  The  year  1916,  however,  was  a  very  disastrous 
one  and  in  August  it  was  stated  that  over  $1,000,000  in  losses  would 
be  paid  by  the  Commission  while  later  on,  it  was  found  that  the 
Companies  would  have  an  income  of  $1,417,853  and  losses,  with 
business  costs,  of  $2,297,764.  A  special  Committee  was  appointed 
by  the  Municipalities  to  deal  with  the  situation  and  in  December 
reported  that  the  Commission  losses  must  be  paid  in  full:  "The 
present  system  might  be  defined  as  a  limited  mutual  company  in 
which  the  majority  compel  not  only  themselves  but  the  minority 
to  pay  a  fixed  charge  upon  their  lands  to  protect  their  crops  from 
loss  by  hail ;  the  only  practical  plan  is  to  continue  the  general  prin- 
ciples of  the  present  Act  with  a  fifty  per  cent,  higher  rate,  that  is  a 
flat  rate  of  6  cents  instead  of  4  cents  per  acre."  On  Oct.  10.  S. 
Spencer  Page,  the  respected  Clerk  of  the  Assembly,  and  Superin- 
tendent of  Neglected  Children,  passed  away.  The  chief  official 
appointments  of  the  year  were  as  follows: 

Acting  Deputy  Minister  of  Telephones Wm.  R.  Warren Regina. 

Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture F.   Hedley  Auld Regina. 

Acting   Clerk   of  Legislative   Assembly Geo.  A.  Mantle Regina. 

Acting  Deputy  Minister  of  Education Robt.    F.    Blacklock.  .Regina. 

Deputy    Speaker,    Legislative    Assembly Dr.  R.  M.  Mitchell.  .  .  Weyburn. 

Chairman  of  Private   Bills  and  Railways  Committee.  .George    Scott     Arm  River. 


696  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Thesaskat-  ^e  ^  Session  °^  tne  Third  Legislature  was 

chewan  Leg  is-  opened  by  Lieut.-Gpvernor  R.  S.  Lake  on  Jan.  18 
lature  in  1916;  with  an  escort  of  Mounted  Police  and  militia  officers, 
charges  of  TWO  desks  were  vacant  with  J.  Glenn  and  J.  P.  Lyle 
at  the  Front;  Lieut.  MacBeth  Malcolm  was  in  khaki. 
The  Speech  from  the  Throne  was  lengthy  and  referred  with  pride 
to  the  great  crops  of  1915  as  "a  record  not  before  equalled  in  the 
world,"  as  proving  "the  marked  superiority  of  Saskatchewan  soil 
and  climate,"  as  eclipsing  anything  in  United  States  production; 
stated  that  despite  transportation  drawbacks,  "prices  to  the  pro- 
ducer had  been  unusually  remunerative;"  paid  tribute  to  the 
late  Governor,  G.  W.  Brown,  referred  hopefully  to  the  War 
situation,  mentioned  the  voluntary  contributions  to  war  funds  and 
the  question  of  a  special  War-tax  in  future;  promised  Woman 
Suffrage  and  further  Temperance  legislation  and  referred  to  the 
Live  Stock  Commission  and  Inter-Provincial  action,  with  Confer- 
ences, as  to  mental  defectives ;  promised  a  number  of  Bills  and,  not- 
ably, one  to  better  define  the  spheres  of  the  Public  Works  Depart- 
ment and  Highways  Board. 

The  Address  was  moved  by  S.  R.  Moore,  Pinto  Creek,  and 
E.  S.  Clinch,  Shellbrook,  and  unanimously  accepted  after  speeches 
by  Mr.  Premier  Scott  and  W.  B.  Willoughby,  K.C.,  Opposition 
Leader.  Mr.  Scott  declared  in  reference  to  the  War  that  the 
proposal  to  raise  500,000  men  did  not  go  beyond  Canada's  obliga- 
tions and  ability :  ' '  The  crisis  remains  acute.  Until  we  have  put  in 
the  last  available  man  we  cannot  say  that  we  are  doing  our  share. 
We  are  not  fighting  for  England  or  Belgium  or  France  any  longer. 
We  are  fighting  for  our  own  freedom  and  liberties."  He  referred 
to  the  scandal  rumours,  alleged  Highways'  graft  and  the  Conserva- 
tive press  allegations  of  past  months — especially  a  Toronto  News 
statement  of  Aug.  6,  1915 — and  added:  "In  ten  years  we  have 
expended  about  $20,000,000  on  capital  account  for  various  build- 
ings, bridges,  telephone,  roads  and  other  construction.  If  any 
member  of  this  Assembly  is  prepared  to  make  a  charge  that  any 
part  of  this  large  sum  has  been  misappropriated  or  stolen,  or  that 
any  contractor  received  improper  profits  or  payments  for  political 
or  any  reasons;  or  that  any  member  of  the  Government  or  any 
member  of  the  House  has  participated  in  a  contract  or  received 
benefit  therefrom — I  say  that  if  any  such  charge  is  made  it  shall 
be  my  duty  to  see  that  the  member  making  the  charge  is  granted 
the  fullest  and  freest  opportunity  to  make  the  charge  good."  So 
with  the  question  of  Liquor  interests  and  alleged  corruption  in 
the  Banish-the-Bar  legislation  of  1913. 

Charges  of  all  kinds  formed  the  great  issue  of  the  Session  and 
on  the  25th  D.  J.  Wylie  (Cons.)  began  the  fight  by  demanding  a 
detailed  return  of  moneys  expended  from  July  1,  1914,  to  date,  by 
the  Highways  Commission,  in  aid  of  settlers  who  lost  their  crops 
during  that  year  in  South-western  Saskatchewan  and  to  whom 
relief  was  granted  through  the  Government.  Mr.  Calder,  Minister 


B  "3 


g 

r   o 


a  .s 


^  "3 


SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATION;  CHARGES  OF  CORRUPTION      697 

of  Railways  and  Highways,  in  reply  declared  that  such  a  return 
meant  the  preparation  of  about  40,000  documents  dealing  with 
1,500  people  engaged  in  this  work  and  covering  minute  details  of 
$1,200,000  expenditure.  In  modified  form  the  request  was  finally 
granted.  Then,  on  Feb.  10,  came  the  first  political  bombshell  of  a 
stormy  Session  when  J.  E.  Bradshaw,  Conservative  member  for 
Prince  Albert,  presented  a  long  Resolution  declaring  that  he  was 
' '  credibly  informed  and  verily  believed ' ' : 

1.  That  a  number  of  the  Liberal  members  of  this  Assembly  were  bribed 
in  December,  1913,  to  oppose  a  Government  Bill  to  abolish  the  Bar; 

2.  That  large  sums  of  money  were  paid  to   these   Liberal  members  by 
applicants  for  liquor  licenses  in  order  to  secure  same,  and  by  liquor  licensees 
for  campaign  funds; 

3.  That   at   the    direct   instigation    of   Liberal   members   or   their   party 
friends,  prosecutions  against  liquor  licensees  were  stifled  in  consideration  of 
political  support; 

4.  That  friends  of  the  Government  obtained,  in  advance,  information  of 
the  nature  of  the  Government's  liquor  policy  as  announced  by  the  Premier 
at  Oxbow  on  Mar.  18,  1915,  and  by  reason  of  such  information  were  enabled 
to  dispose  of  Hotel  property  to  their  advantage; 

5.  That  sums  of  money  aggregating  over  $50,000  were  paid  out  by  the 
Government  on  various  pretended  contracts  for  road  work  during  the  years  1913, 
1914  and  19 J  5  for  which  no  road  work  was  done. 

He  asked  for  a  Royal  Commission  of  Judges  to  investigate 
these  charges.  Mr.  Turgeon,  Attorney-General,  claimed  that  the 
form  of  the  motion  was  improper  and  purely  partisan  and  its 
presentation  sensational,  denounced  Mr.  Bradshaw  for  not  giving 
names  and  details  and  for  laying  a  whole  Legislative  body  open  to 
suspicion,  and  declared  that  every  proper  means  of  investiga- 
tion would  be  authorized — but  not  by  Royal  Commission.  On  the 
following  day  Mr.  Willoughby  declared  that  his  associate  had  made 
these  charges  deliberately  and  that  it  was  for  him, to  prove  them; 
but  he  must  be  given  the  opportunity.  It  would'  not  be  fair  to 
name  any  single  member  at  this  stage;  the  Opposition  were  4  to 
47  and  could  not  undertake  the  task  of  putting  the  subject  before 
a  Select  Committee.  Mr.  Calder  followed  and  demanded  "definite 
and  proper"  charges.  "We  will  stay  here  all  year,  if  necessary, 
to  get  at  the  bottom  of  these  matters" — with  the  House  as  the 
judge.  In  reply  to  questions  Mr.  Bradshaw  categorically  refused 
to  name  any  members ;  the  Speaker  demanded  that  certain  questions 
in  this  respect  be  answered  or  the  Resolutions  withdrawn;  Mr. 
Bradshaw  said  nothing  and  Mr.  Turgeon  claimed  the  motion  out 
of  order  which  the  Speaker  endorsed. 

After  three  days  of  bitter  fighting  the  House,  on  Feb.  14, 
declared  the  charges  a  ' '  grave  breach  of  its  privilegies ' '  and  ordered 
Mr.  Bradshaw  to  answer  questions  as  to  names,  etc. ;  this  he  refused 
to  do  and  was  reprimanded  by  order  of  the  House ;  then  Mr.  Scott 
moved  the  reference  of  the  charges  as  to  Bribery — excepting  that 
portion  relating  to  alleged  sums  paid  by  Liquor  licensees  for  cam- 
paign funds — to  a  Select  Committee  with  the  Government  pro- 
viding Counsel  for  the  Opposition;  the  charges  as  to  Road-work 
were  referred  to  the  Standing  Committee  on  Public  Accounts; 


698  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

a  little  later  those  concerning  Liquor  interests  were  referred  to  an- 
other Select  Committee  composed  of  R.  A.  Magee,  W.  G.  Robin- 
son, J.  G.  Gardiner,  W.  "W.  Davidson  and  D.  J.  Wylie.  As  the 
two  latter  members  (Conservatives)  would  not  serve  they  were  re- 
placed by  D.  M.  Finlayson  and  T.  H.  Garry.  The  other  Committee 
appointed  was  composed  of  Hon.  W.  C.  Sutherland,  S.  J.  Latta,  B. 
Larson,  W.  W.  Davidson  and  D.  J.  Wylie — all  Liberals  except 
Messrs.  Wylie  and  Davidson  who  declined  to  act  and  were  replaced 
by  G.  B.  Johnston  and  J.  D.  Stewart.  In  the  House  the  Premier 
denounced  the  vagueness  of  the  charges  and  Mr.  Calder  defended 
the  Committee  procedure  by  the  precedent  of  the  Flemming  charges 
in  New  Brunswick  and  the  Proudfoot  charges  in  Ontario.  Mr. 
Willoughby's  amendments  asking  for  a  Royal  Commission  were 
voted  down  by  34  to  4  and  34  to  5.  Speaking  of  this  on  the 
16th  Mr.  Bradshaw  declared  he  would  only  testify  before  a  judi- 
cial body  and  added  that  his  charges  were  not  general:  "I  want 
to  say  to  all  the  members  of  the  Government  that  I  have  made 
no  charges  against  the  Government.  I  may  tell  the  Minister 
of  Railways,  Mr.  Calder,  I  think  he  is  also  in  charge  of  the  High- 
ways, that  I  have  made  and  make  no  charge  against  him."  The 
Liberal  organs  described  this  as  a  withdrawal;  on  the  17th  Mr. 
Bradshaw  repeated  that  he  "  never  at  any  time  made  any  charge 
of  personal  graft  against  the  Ministers  or  of  having  a  knowledge 
of  graft.  Consequently  he  could  not  withdraw  the  statement." 

About  this  time  F.  Brunner,  ex-Treasurer  of  the  Licensed 
Victuallers  of  the  Province,  published  an  affidavit  declaring  that 
on  Feb.  5  a  private  meeting  of  certain  members  of  the  Legislature 
had  been  held  in  Regina  and  that  on  the  6th  H.  C.  Pierce,  M.L.A., 
told  him  they  intended  to  have  Grant  Waddell  and  three  others, 
including  himself,  arrested  on  serious  charges  so  as  to  injure  any 
testimony  they  might  give  as  to  anticipated  charges  against  the 
members  concerned.  On  the  15th  Brunner  was  called  before  the 
House  and  committed  for  contempt  in  refusing  to  explain  these 
statements  to  the  Magee  Committee.  He  apologized  and  was  re- 
leased on  the  25th.  Then  came  another  sensation  when  Hon. 
Mr.  Calder  announced  to  the  House  that  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Highway  Commission  had  on  or  about  the  16th  left  the 
city:  "Upon  making  inquiries  I  learned  in  due  course  that  the 
circumstances  surrounding  his  departure  were  such  as  to  lead 
to  a  suspicion  that  he  was  directly  connected  with  the  allega- 
tion that  sums  of  money  had  been  fraudulently  taken  from  the 
public  treasury."  Every  effort  had  since  been  made  to  locate 
him  but  ineffectually.  As  to  the  rest:  "What  is  required  immedi- 
ately is  a  speedy  knowledge  of  the  material  facts  in  order  that 
the  guilty  parties,  whoever  they  are,  may  be  apprehended  at  once 
with  a  view  to  bringing  the  whole  matter  to  the  Courts  of  the 
Province."  Evidence  then  proceeded  before  the  Magee  Committee 
— C.  E.  Wilson  (Licensed  Victuallers)  C.  B.  Keenleyside,  Pro- 
hibition official,  and  others  being  examined  while  the  Public 


SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATION;  CHARGES  OP  CORRUPTION      699 

Accounts'  Committee  heard  H.  S.  Carpenter,  A.  J.  McPherson  and 
other  officials  of  the  Highway  Commission  testify  as  to  methods  and 
operation.  On  Feb.  21  another  turn  in  the  wheel  of  events  occurred 
when  Mr.  Bradshaw  made  an  elaborate  statement  directly  charging 
members  of  the  Government  with  certain  corrupt  practices: 

I  charge  that  in  March,  1912,  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder  did  promise  to  make  certain 
amendments  to  the  Liquor  Act,  requested  by  the  Licensed  Victuallers'  Asso- 
ciation, in  consideration  of  the  promise  of  political  support;  that  the  Attorney- 
General  borrowed  from  the  Metropole  Hotel  Co.,  Ltd.,  Kegina,  a  liquor 
licensee,  on  or  about  June  29,  1914,  the  sum  of  $300  as  a  personal  accommo- 
dation; that  hotel-keepers  at  Swift  Current  contributed  some  $1,500  to  the 
campaign  funds  to  aid  in  the  election  of  Hon.  Walter  Scott  for  Swift  Current 
in  1912;  that  the  Hon.  A.  P.  McNab  was  a  party  to  having  charges  with- 
drawn against  licensees  for  infraction  of  the  Liquor  License  Act,  in  considera- 
tion of  political  support. 

The  Ministers  concerned  responded  with  vigorous  denials  and 
challenges  to  proof  as  well  as  arguments  that  there  was  nothing 
inherently  wrong  in  most  of  the  charges.  The  Liberal  pressvtreated 
them  as  utterly  trivial.  The  Premier,  after  consideration,  stated 
that  as  to  the  first  charge  Mr.  Bradshaw  must  define  the  nature 
and  particulars  of  alleged  offence ;  as  to  the  second  it  was  a  personal 
matter  not  requiring  any  action  by  the  House;  as  to  the  third 
nothing  improper  was  really  alleged  for  inquiry;  as  to  the  fourth 
a  wrongful  act  was  involved  though  without  details  and  Mr.  McNab 
had  asked  that  it  be  referred  to  the  Select  Committee  now  sitting. 
Speaking  a  little  later  Mr.  Calder  declared  that  ' '  we  are  witnessing 
for  the  first  time  in  ten  years,  in  the  history  of  this  Legislature, 
the  strong  arm  of  Federal  interference  in  the  work  of  this  House. 
The  Opposition  is  the  tool  used  by  that  strong  arm."  After  this 
the  Minister  hit  out  more  directly  against  Mr.  Rogers,  Minister 
of  Public  Works  at  Ottawa,  who  he  declared  had  approached  him 
four  months  before  and  offered  to  call  off  certain  threatened 
charges  if  Mr.  Calder  would  stop  proceedings  in  Manitoba  in  the 
Parliament  buildings  matter.  Mr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Calder  then 
moved  a  long  Resolution  tracing  the  reference  of  certain  Road 
contracts  and  charges  to  the  Standing  Committee  of  the  House 
and  the  findings  and  evidence  which  showed  further  investigation 
necessary  and  moved  that  a  Royal  Commission  of  three  persons — 
one  a  Judge  of  the  Saskatchewan  Bench — be  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  subject. 

By  this  time  conditions  looked  very  bad  and  fully  justified 
the  Government  in  its  change  of  position.  Mr.  Turgeon,  Attorney- 
General,  stated  on  Mar.  5  that  "in  the  Highways  Department, 
through  the  sudden  absconding  of  the  Chief  Clerk,  who  for  14 
years  was  a  trusted  official,  it  has  been  discovered  that  $50,000 
has  been  wrongfully  diverted."  Warrants  had  been  issued  for 
J.  P.  Brown,  the  defaulting  clerk ;  E.  H.  Devline,  a  Liberal  member 
of  the  House ;  John  Lindsay,  prominent  party  worker,  who 
shortly  after  his  arrest  died  of  heart  failure;  and  E.  L.  H.  Smith, 
a  Bank  Manager  in  Regina,  who  had  absconded.  In  the  Public 
Accounts'  Committee,  also,  A.  J.  McPherson,  who  was  Chairman  of 


700  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  Board  of  Highway  Commissioners  at  that  time  and  was  now 
Chairman  of  the  Local  Government  Board,  had  confessed  that 
when  awarding  a  $200,000  bridge  contract  at  Saskatoon  he  was 
a  silent  partner  of  the  chief  stockholder.  On  Mar.  3  Mr.  Bradshaw 
promulgated  new  charges  to  an  excited,  restless,  angry  House : 

1.  That  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  North  Battleford  has   cost  the 
Province,  in  consequence  of  graft,  incompetence  and  connivance  of  officials  of 
the  Government,  a  very  large  sum  beyond  its  proper  actual  cost; 

2.  That  many  contracts  in  connection  therewith  were  let  without  tender, 
contracts  cancelled  without  cause,  and  new  ones  given  at  increased  and  excessive 
prices,  and  that  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  knew  and  permitted  such  irregu- 
larities; 

3.  That  the  contractors  for  the  Eegina  gaol  were  permitted  to  substi- 
tute cheaper  material  for  that  provided  in  the  specifications  without  any  proper 
reductions  in  fixed  prices,  and  that  in  the  purchase  of  the  gaol  site  through 
F.  J.  Eobinson  (of  the  Highways  Commission)  and  associates,  some  $38,000  was 
lost  to  the  Province; 

4.  That  Hon.  George  Bell  was  interested  in  Companies  having  large  deal- 
ings with  the  Department  of  Telephones,  the  said  Companies  taking  advantage 
of  such  connection  to  put  pressure  on  rural  telephone  companies  to  buy  supplies 
and  have  installation  work  done  by  such  favoured  companies. 

One  Select  Committee  of  the  Legislature  (E.  A.  Magee,  Chair- 
man) reported  on  March  6th  that  definite  charges  existed  against 
Hon.  J.  A.  Sheppard,  Speaker  of  the  House,  as  to  $700  having  been 
paid  him  by  Mead,  a  Moose  Jaw  hotel-keeper,  for  the  party  cam- 
paign fund;  that  S.  R.  Moore,  M.L.A.,  was  alleged  to  have,  with 
others,  received  a  promise  of  $5,000,  with  $500  paid  on  account,  to 
secure  a  liquor  license  for  a  man  named  Kennedy,  in  Shaunavon 
and  for  other  considerations;  that  Rev.  M.  L.  Leitch,  M.L.A.,  had 
asked  an  applicant  for  a  hotel  license  for  a  donation  of  $1,000  to 
his  Church  fund  and  had  received  $500 — without  improper  pledges ; 
that  C.  H.  Cawthorpe,  M.L.A.,  and  D.  C.  Lochead,  M.L.A.,  were 
charged  with  obtaining  moneys  under  conditions  which,  if  proved, 
involved  false  pretenses.  J.  F.  Bole,  CX-M.L.A.,  Hon.  A.  P.  McNab 
and  Mr.  Leitch  were  exonerated.  A  reference  of  these  charges  to  a 
Royal  Commission  was  advised.  The  other  Committee,  of  which 
Hon.  "W.  C.  Sutherland  was  Chairman,  reported  as  to  the  Bribery 
charges,  that  after  a  wide  scope  given  the  inquiry  J.  A.  Sheppard, 
A.  F.  Totzke,  J.  0.  Nolin,  D.  C.  Lochead,  S.  S.  Simpson,  H.  C.  Pierce 
and  C.  H.  Cawthorpe,  members  of  the  House,  with  Gerhard  Ens, 
ex-M.L.A.,  appeared  to  be  implicated  by  the  evidence;  that  no  direct 
evidence  was  given  as  to  the  first  four  though  F.  Brunner,  the 
Liquor  men's  official,  testified  directly  as  to  the  last  four  and  was 
corroborated  in  some  details  by  others.  The  contradictory  nature 
of  the  evidence  was  said  to  be  extraordinary  and  attention  was 
drawn  to  the  incidental  evidence  offered  by  one  Kocot  of  Regina, 
Mr.  Pierce  and  others,  as  to  "a  conspiracy  to  bribe  a  considerable 
number  of  members,  about  the  time  of  the  Session  of  1915,  in 
order  to  procure  the  defeat  of  the  Government  and  of  the  Govern- 
ment's measure  to  abolish  the  liquor  trade."  Further  inquiry  was 
advised  and  the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission  suggested. 

Meantime  the  Standing  Committee  of  the  House  had  reported 


SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATION;  CHARGES  OF  CORRUPTION      701 

inability  to  fix  responsibility  for  the  Road  frauds  referred  to  it 
and  also  recommended  appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission.  The 
result  of  these  and  other  conditions  was  the  appointment  of 
three  Royal  Commissions — dealt  with  further  on  in  this  Section 
— to  inquire  into  everything  involved  in  all  these  complicated 
matters.  Messrs.  Willoughby  and  Wylie  thought  (Mar.  8)  that 
the  names  should  have  been  submitted  to  the  Opposition  for 
approval  and  claimed  that  the  public  would  be  satisfied  with  no 
Tribunal  appointed  by  this  Government. 

By  this  time  two  members — H.  C.  Pierce  and  S.  S.  Simpson — 
had  been  arrested  charged  with  accepting  bribes,  together  with 
C.  H.  Cawthorpe  in  the  same  position  when  able  to  leave  the 
Hospital,  and  a  former  member,  Gerhard  Ens,  Inspector  of  Public 
Institutions;  5  hotelmen — Peterson,  Waddell  and  Willson  of  Re- 
gina,  with  Dallas  and  Mead  of  Moose  Jaw — were  under  arrest 
charged  with  trying  to  bribe  members  of  the  Legislature;  J.  P. 
Brown  of  the  Highways  Commission,  E.  H.  Devline,  M.L.A.,  and 
E.  L.  H.  Smith  of  the  Bank  of  Ottawa,  had  left  for  parts  unknown ; 
A.  J.  McPherson  had  retired  from  the  Local  Government  Board 
and  John  Lindsay  had  died  under  arrest ;  there  was  indirect  though 
not  positive  evidence  against  the  Speaker  and  three  other  members 
of  the  House.  On  top  of  all  this  came  another  series  of  charges 
(Mar.  9)  from  Mr.  Bradshaw  which  amplified  and  extended  others 
already  made  as  to  Liquor  licenses  and  the  politicians  and  declared 
chiefly : 

(1)  That  in  consequence  of  corrupt  bargains,  the  Government  and  its 
agents  received  political  support  and  large  sums  of  money  from  the  Licensed 
Victuallers'  Association  and  its  members  for  election  purposes. 

(2)  That  large  sums  of  money  had  been  paid  to  agents  or  offcials  of 
the  Government  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining   concessions   from  the   Govern- 
ment in  connection  with  liquor  licenses. 

(3)  That  large  sums  of  money  were  paid  to  agents  or  officials  of  the 
Government  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  liquor  licenses. 

(4)  That  prosecutions  against  liquor  licensees  were  stifled  by  the  Govern- 
ment, its  agents  and  officials  in  consideration  of  political  support. 

(5)  That  in  specified  cases  Hon.  W.  F.  A.   Turgeon  and  Hon.  A.  P. 
McNab  stifled  in  September,  19.12,  certain  prosecutions  under  the  Liquor  Act. 

They  were  ruled  out  of  order  as  a  whole  on  the  14th  as  dealing 
with  matters  previously  disposed  of  in  the  Legislature.  Mr.  Calder, 
however,  intimated  that  some  of  the  statements  would  be  submitted 
to  one  of  the  sitting  Commissions  and  this  was  afterwards  done. 
Meanwhile,  some  other  important  matters  had  been  before  the 
House.  Early  in  the  year  Mr.  Scott  had  stated  that  the  vote  would 
be  granted  to  women  in  a  letter  to  Mrs.  John  McNaughton,  Provin- 
cial President  of  the  Women  ?s  Grain  Growers '  Association,  and  the 
local  leader  in  the  movement.  Thousands  of  women  had  been  repre- 
sented by  signatures,  delegates  or  in  person  on  Feb.  14  when  they 
met  the  Government  and  Legislature  and  urged  this  issue  with  the 
result  stated.  The  Bill  as  presented  and  passed  was  simply  an 
amendment  to  the  Statute  Law  declaring  that  wherever  the  word 
"voter"  was  used  throughout  the  Act  it  would  in  future  include 


702  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

females  as  well  as  males.  As  there  was  manhood  franchise  in  the 
Province  this  gave  every  woman,  21  years  of  age  and  a  British  sub- 
ject, the  right  to  vote.  Another  statutory  amendment  gave  soldiers, 
chaplains,  surgeons  and  nurses  serving  in  the  military  forces  of 
Canada,  while  still  resident  in  Canada,  the  right  to  vote,  their 
ballots  to  count  in  the  electoral  districts  in  which  they  were  quali- 
fied voters  before  enlistment.  Soldiers  also  who  had  been  six 
months  in  Saskatchewan  could  vote,  although  not  qualified  else- 
where, their  votes  to  count  in  the  electoral  district  in  which  their 
headquarters  lay.  Under  the  Volunteers  &  Reservists  Relief  Act 
further  steps  were  taken  to  protect  the  interests  of  these  men  as 
to  property,  sales,  foreclosure,  liens,  mortgages,  executions,  etc., 
during  the  War  and  for  six  months  after — large  powers  of  emer- 
gency action  being  given  to  Supreme  Court  Judges.  The  Sales  of 
Liquor  Act  was  modified  to  permit  the  Referendum  on  the  existing 
system  being  taken  in  1916  instead  of  1919;  amendments  to  the 
Homesteads  Act  dealt  with  a  woman's  rights  in  case  of  lunacy  or 
living  apart  from  her  husband  and  clauses  further  protecting  the 
wife's  share  in  the  homestead  were  included;  the  Special  Surveys 
Act  was  enlarged  and  extended  in  application;  the  Steam  Boilers' 
Act,  Hotel  Act,  Insurance  Act,  School  Act,  Rural  Telephones, 
Arrears  of  Taxes,  the  Dairymen's  and  Stray  Animals  Acts,  were 
slightly  amended. 

The  Board  of  Highway  Commissioners  had  its  work  clearly 
defined  and  such  services  as  surveys,  drainage,  water  supply,  fire- 
guards and  ferries  were  placed  under  its  control  and  a  Fair-wage 
clause  was  added  to  the  Public  Works  and  Highway  Acts;  a  new 
Vital  Statistics  Act  divided  the  Province  into  registration  divisions, 
with  provision  for  more  frequent  and  regular  reports  as  to  births, 
marriages,  deaths,  and  regulations  in  the  transport  of  bodies,  etc. ; 
the  City,  Town  and  Village  Acts  were  revised  in  varied  detail  and 
consolidated,  while  the  Rural  Municipality  Act  was  amended  to 
provide  that  the  value,  for  purposes  of  assessment  and  taxation,  of 
lands  held  under  lease  from  the  Dominion  Government,  should 
not  exceed  $2  per  acre,  and  that  wherever  this  valuation  was  ex- 
ceeded in  1913,  1914  or  1915,  the  municpality  should  refund  to 
the  lessee  the  excess  taxes  collected ;  the  Hospital  Act  was  amended 
to  permit  of  contiguous  municipalities  co-operating  to  establish  a 
union  institution  and  to  afford  relief  to  isolated  families,  and 
especially  women,  upon  the  farms.  A  Patriotic  Revenue  Act  was 
passed  providing  that  there  should  be  levied  annually  in  each  city, 
town,  village  and  rural  municipality,  by  a  special  rate,  an  amount 
equal  to  one  mill  on  the  dollar,  on  the  total  value  of  all  the  rate- 
able property  in  the  municipality — such  amount  to  be  known  as 
"The  Patriotic  Tax."  In  each  Local  Improvement  District,  which 
had  no  local  officials,  a  special  rate  of  one  cent  per  acre  was  levied 
for  the  purposes  of  the  Act.  The  School  Assessment  Act  was 
amended  to  permit  the  appointment  of  an  Adjustment  Board  to 
decide  on  proportionate  payments  by  rural  and  urban  portions  of 


SASKATCHEWAN  LEGISLATION;  CHARGES  OF  CORRUPTION      703 

a  School  District;  Game  Act  amendments  increased  various  license 
fees  and  fines,  forbade  absolutely  the  sale  of  game  and  recognized 
private  game  preserves;  the  Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator 
Co.  was  given  power  to  maintain  and  operate  elevators  outside 
of  Saskatchewan  and  the  Local  Government  Board  had  its  powers 
enlarged  to  deal  with  defaulting  municipalities  and  with  the  sale 
of  shares  of  all  companies,  with  specified  exceptions. 

What  was  called  the  Redistribution  Bill,  increasing  member- 
ship in  the  Legislature  from  54  to  59,  had  its  2nd  reading  on  Mar. 
9th  and  passed  on  the  14th.  Mr.  Turgeon  described  it  on  the  9th  as 
dealing  with  certain  portions  of  the  Province  where  conditions  had 
changed  since  the  last  redistribution  of  seats  was  made  and  where 
the  Government  was  of  opinion  that  the'  people  should  have  a  larger 
representation.  The  constituencies  particularly  affected  were 
Maple  Creek,  Pinto  Creek,  Willow  Bunch  and  Melfort;  with 
Battleford,  North  Battleford  and  Lloydminster  in  the  North. 
Messrs.  Willoughby  and  Bradshaw  opposed  it  as  unnecessary,  as 
adding  $10,000  a  year  to  Provincial  expenses,  as  gerrymandering 
certain  seats  for  the  Government,  as  introduced  at  the  end  of  the 
Session.  Hon.  Mr.  Motherwell  contended  that  Woman  Suffrage 
alone  was  a  sufficient  reason  for  the  changes.  During  the  effort 
of  J.  A.  Sheppard  to  be  re-elected  for  Moose  Jaw  County  he 
declared  that  the  money  received  from  crtain  liquor  interests  was 
given  to  the  Liberal  campaign  funds  of  his  City  and  that  he  had 
no  personal  interest  in  it.  He  was  opposed  by  J.  E.  Chisholm 
(Cons.)  and  defeated  on  Dec.  11  by  a  considerable  majority. 

Matters  of  special  discussion  included  the  acute  situation 
caused  by  coal  shortage  which  Dr.  R.  M.  Mitchell  brought  up  on 
Jan.  31,  with  specific  reference  to  Weyburn  and  the  C.N.R.  branches 
and  the  fact  of  the  C.P.R.,  there,  having  100,000  tons  which  it  was 
selling  to  the  farmers;  the  Resolution  of  J.  D.  Stewart  presented 
and  passed  unanimously  on  Feb.  2nd  urging  the  transfer  to  Saskat- 
chewan of  the  School  lands  and  funds  held  by  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment; the  proposal  of  Bernhard  Larsen  (Feb.  2)  for  a  system  of 
Federal  rural  banks  which  was  debated  during  the  week  and  finally 
withdrawn  on  Feb.  9 ;  the  Resolution  of  T.  H.  Garry  asking  the 
Federal  Government  to  provide  for  free  entrance  of  wheat — under 
United  States  Reciprocity  legislation — to  the  American  market, 
carried  with  4  Conservatives  against  it  who  also  voted  for  the 
Opposition  amendment  declaring  the  matter  one  of  Federal  juris- 
diction and  not  within  the  competence  of  the  House;  the  discus- 
sion on  Mar.  10  as  to  giving  soldiers  at  the  Front  a  vote  with  all 
the  speakers  favourable,  except  from  the  standpoint  of  practicabil- 
ity, and  only  W.  B.  Willoughby  and  F.  C.  Tate  voting  for  it  in 
Committee ;  the  Petition  of  protest  presented  by  the  Opposition  to 
Lieut. -Governor  Lake  on  Mar.  14  as  to  extension  of  the  scope  of 
existing  inquiries — especially  in  the  Liquor  charges — and  its  prac- 
tical acceptance  by  the  Government  in  their  partial  reference  to 
a  Royal  Commission;  the  question  raised  by  Mr.  Willoughby 


704  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

as  to  the  naturalization  and  franchise  of  alien  women  married  to 
British  subjects  who  might  vote  without  having  the  qualifications 
necessary  for  their  husbands.  The  House  prorogued  on  Mar.  14 
after  the  stormiest  Session  in  its  history.  It  may  be  added  that 
A.  S.  Smith,  M.L.A.,  for  Moosomin,  died  on  Nov.  10  and  that  W.  B. 
Bashford  (Lib.)  won  his  appeal  and  retained  his  seat  for  Rosthern 
before  the  Supreme  Court  on  July  8. 

Out  of  this  turmoil  of  suspicion,  attack,  charge 
The  Royal  and  counter  charge  and  political  conflict,  came  three 

commissions  Royal  Commissions  of  Inquiry  which  an  aggressive, 
of  inquiry  hopeful  Opposition  had  obtained  from  a  much-har- 

assed Government  and  one  obviously  anxious  as  to 
its  own  position  and  the  good  name  of  the  Province.  The  Ministers, 
as  a  whole,  had  done  good  administrative  work  and  service  in 
Saskatchewan ;  Mr.  Scott  and  Mr.  Calder  were  men  of  exceptional 
ability;  they  do  not  appear  in  this  crisis  to  have  shirked  the  issue 
or  to  have  condoned  the  offences  of  those  who,  in  many  cases,  were 
their  friends  and  followers.  They  had  hesitated  in  the  1915  Session 
and  again  in  the  early  part  of  1916  to  produce  copies  of  all  pay- 
sheets  in  connection  with  one  or  two  millions  of  small  road  disburse- 
ments but  D.  J.  Wylie,  who  moved  for  the  Return,  was  advised 
that  he  could  see  any  paysheet  he  wanted  at  the  Department.  The 
three  Committees  of  the  Legislature  held  wide-open  inquiry  and 
heard  every  kind  of  evidence — much  of  which  would  have  had  no 
place  before  a  Royal  Commission  or  Court;  when  trusted  officials 
took  the  alarm  and  fled  or  confessed,  arrests  were  made  right  and 
left  and  every  effort  taken  to  bring  back  fugitives — warrants  on 
Feb.  29  having  been  issued  against  four  members  of  the  Legislature 
with,  also,  Gerhard  Ens,  J.  P.  Brown  and  E.  H.  L.  Smith, — and 
others  followed  for  five  hotelmen. 

Before  the  Legislative  Committee  Messrs.  Calder  and  Turgeon 
produced  some  evidence  as  to  personal  association  between  Hon. 
Robert  Rogers,  D.  B.  Neely,  M.P.,  A.  Champagne,  M.P.,  and  Senator 
T.  0.  Davis,  Liberals,  who  had  opposed  the  Scott  legislation  of 
1913,  and,  adding  that  to  stories  of  H.  C.  Pierce  as  to  an  Oppo- 
sition Liquor  Fund  in  the  last  Elections  of  $500,000,  they  claimed 
that  Mr.  Rogers  was  implicated.  There  was  something  in  Mr. 
McNab's  claim  to  the  Saskatoon  press  on  Feb.  28  that  the  Liquor 
business  produced  unscrupulous  men  who  at  times  would  do  much 
to  prevent  Temperance  legislation  or  overturn  a  Temperance  Gov- 
ernment. On  the  other  hand  the  Opposition  pressure  for  a  Royal 
Commission  was  vigorous  and  the  language  used  on  press  and  plat- 
form stronger  than  Parliamentary  rules  admit  while  Mr.  Calder, 
on  Mar.  1,  received  a  Deputation  of  Regina  Liberals  with  a  Peti- 
tion signed,  amongst  others,  by  J.  A.  Allan,  K.C.,  Dr.  A.  S.  Gorrell, 
P.  G.  M.  of  the  Masonic  Order,  James  Balfour,  K.C.  ex-Mayor,  L. 
T.  McDonald,  R.  H.  Williams,  ex-Mayor,  J.  F.  Frame,  K.C.,  Aid. 
G.  H.  Barr,  G.  S.  Gamble,  F.  N.  Darke  and  Robert  Sinton  asking  for 
a  Royal  Commission  of  Judges, 


THE  SASKATCHEWAN  COMMISSIONS  OP  INQUIRY  705 

Finally,  on  Mar.  9  Mr.  Calder  stated  that  conditions  had 
changed  greatly,  that  the  Government  would  enlarge  its  policy  of 
meeting  the  issues  involved  and  accept  the  Commission  plan  but 
that  "the  great  volume  of  work  to  be  undertaken  could  only  be 
expeditiously  met  by  dividing  up  the  Inquiry."  When  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  Commissions  was  announced  on  the  10th  it  was  found 
to  be  as  follows:  (1)  Bribery  and  Liquor  Commission*  composed 
of  Hon.  J.  T.  Brown  and  Hon.  E.  L.  Elwood  of  the  Supreme 
Court;  (2)  Highway  Frauds  Commission  composed  of  Hon.  E.  L. 
Wetmore,  ex-Chief  Justice  of  Saskatchewan,  W.  E.  Mason,  Manager 
of  the  Canada  Permanent  Loan  Corporation  at  Regina,  and  H.  G. 
Smith,  ex-President,  Eegina  Board  of  Trade;  (3)  Buildings  and 
Telephone  Commission  composed  of  Sir  F.  W.  G.  Haultain,  Chief 
Justice,  Hon.  H.  W.  Newlands  and  Hon.  J.  H.  Lament  of  the  Su- 
preme Court.  The  references  to  these  bodies  were  lengthy  and 
elaborate  but  not  too  technical  and  they  can  be  summarized  here, 
briefly,  but  fully  enough  for  the  purpose : 

I.    BRIBERY  AND  LIQUOR  COMMISSION. 

(a)  To    inquire    into    the    allegation    that    a    number    of    the    Liberal 
Members   of   the   Assembly  were   bribed   in   December,   1913,   to    oppose    the 
Government  Bill  to  abolish  the  bar,  introduced  to  the  Assembly  in  December, 
1913;   and 

(b)  Whether   a   conspiracy  was    entered   into   between    certain   persons 
in  the  year   1915  to  bribe  members  of  the  Assembly  in  connection  with  the 
Government's  liquor  policy,  introduced  into  the  Assembly  in  the  Session  of 
1915,  and  the  facts  if  any;t 

(c)  Whether  Hon.  J.  A.  Sheppard  and  S.  E.  Moore,  as  members  of  the 
Legislature,  received  money  from  Liquor  License  applicants  for  securing  such 
license  and  whether   Cameron   Lochead   or   C.   H.   Cawthorpe   received   money 
or  any  other  consideration  for  stifling  prosecutions  against  Liquor  licensees; 

(d)  Whether  the   Hon.   A.   P.   McNab   was  a  party   to   having   charges 
against  one  Sutton,  a  liquor  licensee  of  Saskatoon,  or  against  one  Eobertson, 
a  liquor  licensee  of  Alsask,  withdrawn  in  consideration  of  promised  political 
support ; 

(e)  Whether    any   member    of   the    Government,    personally    or    through 
any  official  of  the  Government,  or  any  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly, 
did   stifle   or  become   a  party   to   the   stifling   of   any   prosecution   against   a 
liquor  licensee,  in  return  for  promised  political  support; 

(f)  Whether  any  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  did  receive  any 
money  from  any  applicant  for  a  liquor  license  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
such  license  for  such  applicant. 

II.     HIGHWAY  FRAUDS  COMMISSION. 

To  inquire  into  all  contracts  or  pretended  contracts  for  roads  on  which 
payments  were  made  from  the  Public  Treasury  during  the  years  1913,  1914, 
1915  and  1916,  as  well  as  any  other  works  or  pretended  works  of  a  fraudu- 
lent character  during  the  same  period  in  connection  with  roads  or  bridges 
and,  without  in  any  way  restricting  the  nature  or  scope  of  such  inquiry,  to 
answer  the  following  question:  (1)  Which,  if  any,  of  the  said  contracts  or 
pretended  contracts  or  works  were  fraudulent,  and  in  what  respect?  By  whom 
were  the  frauds  committed  and  to  what  extent  was  the  Public  Treasury 
defrauded  by  reason  of  such  contracts  or  works? 

*NOTE. — These  are  purely  arbitrary  names  used  for  purposes  of  treatment  here. 

fNOTE. — A  counter-charge  introduced  by  the  Government  and  based  upon  alleged 
relations  of  Brunner,  Waddell  and  other  Licensed  Victualler  officials  with  the  Conserva- 
tive leaders. 

45 


706  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

(2)  Who  were  the  persons  who  received  the  proceeds  of  such  fraudulent 
contracts  or  works?     What  disposition  was  made  of  such  proceeds?     Had  any 
member  of  the  Saskatchewan  Government  any  knowledge  of  such  frauds  or  was 
any  such  member  directly  or  indirectly  connected  therewith? 

(3)  Had  any  member  of  the  Assembly  any  knowledge  of  such  frauds 
or  was  any  such  member  directly  or  indirectly  connected  therewith? 

(4)  Did   the    responsible    officials    of    the    Departments    of    Government 
concerned  take  the  necessary  reasonable  precautions  to  prevent  the  occurrence 
of  such  frauds?     If  not  what  further  steps  might  have  been  taken? 

(5)  The  Commission  was  empowered  to  inquire  into  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  contract  entered  into  between  the  E.  J.  Lecky  Construction  Co., — 
with   which   A.    J.    McPherson   was    privately    connected — and    the    Board    of 
Highway  Commissioners  about  July,   1913,   for   the  construction  of   a  bridge 
at  Saskatoon. 

III.     BUILDING    &    TELEPHONE    COMMISSION. 

(a)  To  inquire  into  allegations  of  graft  and  incompetence  in  Government 
officials  at  North  Battleford  Insane  Asylum;    the  issue  of  contracts  without 
tender  or  at  excessive  prices;  gross  irregularities  in  the  electric  wiring  of  the 
building  and  connivance  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  in  such  irregularities. 

(b)  Charges  as  to  fraud  in  material  of  Eegina  Gaol,  manipulation  of 
prices  and  contracts  for  electrical  work  and  the  alleged  loss   of  $33,000   to 
the  Province  in  the  purchase  of  the  Gaol  site  by  F.   J.   Eobinson  and  his 
associates. 

(c)  Connivance    of    certain    officials    in    the    Telephone    Department    in 
graft  and  the  obtaining  of  excessive  prices  for  wiring  and  intallation  supplies; 
the   charge   of   direct   or   indirect  interest  by   Hon.   G.    A.   Bell,   Minister   of 
Telephones,    in    a    company    or    companies    having    large    dealings    with    the 
Department — such  companies  benefitting  financially  by  their  alleged  relations 
with  the  Minister. 

The  initial  point  in  respect  to  these  Commissions  was  the  wide- 
open  scope  of  the  inquiry  and  the  absence  of  technical  or  legal 
obstruction.  This  was  a  feature  also  of  the  proceedings.  The 
first  sitting  of  the  Bribery  Commission  was  at  Regina  on  Mar. 
10  with  C.  H.  Ireland  acting  as  Secretary.  II.  E.  Sampson 
appeared  for  the  Commissioners  on  the  Conspiracy  charges — intro- 
duced by  the  Government  to  ascertain  the  alleged  relations  between 
Mr.  Rogers,  the  Saskatchewan  Opposition  and  the  Liquor  interests 
in  1915;  H.  V.  Bigelow,  K.C.,  and  P.  H,  Gordon  for  Mr.  Brad- 
shaw;  H.  Y.  McDonald,  K.C.,  for  the  Ministers  and  for  Messrs. 
J.  A.  Sheppard,  J.  0.  Nolin,  S.  S.  Simpson,  A.  F.  Totzke,  S.  R. 
Moore,  C.  Lochead,  and  C.  H.  Cawthorpe — members  included  in 
the  charges;  and  W.  H.  McEwen  for  H.  C.  Pierce,  M.L.A.  Rules 
of  the  Civil  Courts  were  to  be  followed,  the  Opposition  Counsel 
was  paid  by  the  Government  and  the  order  of  charges  taken  up 
was  (1)  the  Liquor  license  allegations  against  the  members  men- 
tioned; (2)  the  general  charge  of  bribery  against  certain  Liberal 
members,  and  (3)  the  Conspiracy  charge.  Mr.  Bradshaw,  through 
H.  V.  Bigelow,  K.C.,  submitted  detailed  charges  of  bribery  against 
members  in  8  cases  with  alternative  charges  of  obtaining  money 
under  false  pretenses  or  as  political  inducements.  II.  E.  Sampson, 
for  the  Crown  or  Government,  gave  further  particulars  as  to  the 
alleged  conspiracy. 

In  the  License  cases  a  feature  of  the  Inquiry  was  the  difficulty 
of  proving  anything — the  sworn  denial  of  a  Minister  or  member 


THE  SASKATCHEWAN  COMMISSIONS  OP  INQUIRY  707 

standing  against  the  sworn  statement  of  a  witness.  Very  often 
there  was  no  record  on  the  Attorney-General's  fyles  as  to  the 
withdrawal  of  a  case — the  instructions  having  been  verbal.  As 
the  correspondent  of  the  Conservative  Vancouver  Province  put  it 
on  Mar.  22:  "There  is  wholesale  evidence  of  hotelmen  contributing 
to  Campaign  funds  but  little  evidence  that  Attorney-General  Tur- 
geon  was  quashing  prosecutions  in  return  for  political  support  or 
campaign  contributions."  By  this  time  50  witnesses  had  testified, 
some  charges  had  collapsed,  notably  two  of  those  against  J.  A. 
Sheppard,  and  others  remained  in  the  state  where  a  man's  politics 
would  formulate  the  decision.  A  charge  against  Hon.  George 
Langley  of  receiving  money  in  a  License  connection  not  only  failed 
but  Judge  Brown  said  to  him  (Mar.  31)  :  "There  is  not  a  suspicion 
of  evidence  against  you."  F.  Brunner,  Treasurer  of  the  Licensed 
Victuallers,  testified  on  Mar.  29  that  in  December,  1913,  he  had 
drawn  $10,000  from  the  Bank,  and  given  it  to  Clayton  Peterson,  a 
Regina  hotelman ;  that  he  had  personally  given  Gerhard  Ens,  at  that 
time  M.L.A.  for  Rosthern,  $500  when  Ens  complained  to  him  about 
being  left  out  of  the  distribution ;  that  C.  II.  Cawthorpe  and  H.  C. 
Pierce  had  stated  that  they  received  their  share  of  the  money 
from  Peterson.  He  was  not  sure  of  his  dates  and  it  was  shown 
that  he  had  failed  in  getting  a  Government  job ;  while  at  this  time 
he  was  a  Conservative  organizer  and  receiving  $250  a  month  salary. 
Peterson  denied  these  statements  under  oath. 

On  the  other  hand  a  letter  of  Oct.  7,  1915,  from  Hon.  Mr. 
Turgeon  was  submitted  describing  Brunner  "as  a  good  and  useful 
citizen  as  well  as  a  sincere  and  energetic  member  of  the  Liberal 
party"  while  the  Saskatoon  Phoenix  (Lib.)  of  Feb.  28  described 
him  as  of  German  birth  and  avowed  German  views!  E.  L.  H. 
Smith  of  the  Bank  of  Ottawa,  who  had  been  brought  back  from  the 
States  by  the  Government,  testified  as  to  Brunner  and  Peterson 
getting  $9,000  from  the  Bank  in  1915.  H.  C.  Pierce,  M.L.A.,  (Apr. 
20)  denied  Brunner 's  charges  and  declared  that  he  had  told  him 
that  the  brewers  had  $500,000  to  defeat  the  Scott  Government,  and 
that  the  Conservatives,  Hon.  Robert  Rogerts  among  them,  were 
engineering  a  plan  to  defeat  the  Government  on  the  proposed 
Temperance  legislation.  There  was  some  sensational  evidence  on 
May  22  as  to  J.  A.  Sheppard  and  J.  F.  Bole,  CX-M.L.A.,  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Provincial  Liquor  Dispensaries,  having  tried  in  1913 
to  obtain  money  in  return  for  a  certain  license.  This  evidence, 
which  was  strongly  contradicted,  evoked  a  statement  from  Judge 
Elwood  that  "the  record  of  this  Commission  is  full  of  perjury." 
A  final  incident  was  the  statment  of  W.  L.  McTavish  of  the  Regina 
Province  (Cons.)  that  he  had  no  evidence  to  offer  although  his 
paper  had  stated  there  was  much  more  coming.  The  sittings  closed 
on  July  6  and  on  Aug.  20  the  Commissioners  made  their  Report 
public.  The  Liberal  press  claimed  that  it  was  a  complete  exonera- 
tion of  the  Government,  its  Departments  and  its  Ministers,  indi- 
vidually or  generally,  and  in  respect  to  the  Liquor  traffic, 


708  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Of  the  27  charges  made  by  Mr.  Bradshaw  two  were  dropped  by 
him  and  15  dismissed  by  the  Commission.  Of  the  remaining  10 
charges,  the  Commission  agreed  in  its  finding  against  the  members 
charged  in  seven  cases.  These  seven  charges  affected  four  private 
members.  With  regard  to  the  other  three  charges,  Commissioners 
Brown  and  Elwood  made  separate  findings,  the  former  that  no 
case  was  made  out  establishing  the  truth  of  the  charges,  and  the 
latter,  while  not  always  finding  that  the  charge  was  proved,  stated 
that  there  was  evidence  either  to  support  the  charge  or  to  establish 
some  connection  between  the  charge  and  the  person  charged.  Of 
the  13  men  named  by  Mr.  Bradshaw,  7  were  exonerated  by  the 
Commission  of  the  charges  laid  against  them,  namely,  the  Hon.  W. 
F.  A.  Turgeon,  Hon.  George  Langley,  Hon.  A.  P.  McNab,  A.  F. 
Totzke,  J.  0.  Nolin,  C.  Lochead  and  S.  S.  Simpson.  Two  others, 
J.  F.  Bole  and  G.  Ens,  .ex-members  of  the  Legislature,  were  exon- 
erated by  Commissioner  Brown,  but  not  by  Commissioner  Elwood. 
The  other  four,  J.  A.  Sheppard,  member  for  Moose  Jaw;  S.  R. 
Moore,  member  for  Pinto  Creek ;  H.  C.  Pierce,  member  for  Wadena, 
and  C.  H.  Cawthorpe,  member  for  Biggar,  were  held  to  be  guilty, 
the  first  two  of  receiving  money  in  connection  with  the  securing  of 
licenses,  the  third  of  bribery,  and  the  fourth  of  both  bribery  and 
receiving  money  in  connection  with  a  promise  to  stifle  prosecutions. 
In  the  case  of  one  of  the  charges  against  the  Hon.  A.  P.  McNab, 
the  Commissioners  found  separately.  Commissioner  Brown  said 
that  in  his  opinion  there  was  no  evidence  in  support  of  the  charge 
"on  which  he  would  be  warranted  in  imputing  wrong-doing  to 
McNab,"  while  Commissioner  Elwood  declared  that  "Mr.  McNab 's 
evidence  is  by  no  means  satisfactory"  and  concluded  that  the 
prosecutions  in  question  were  withdrawn  as  the  result  of  an  inter- 
view which  took  place  between  William  Robertson,  a  hotel  licensee, 
and  McNab.  As  to  the  conspiracy  charges  against  the  License 
Victuallers  and  Brewers'  Association  and,  indirectly,  the  Opposi- 
tion and  Mr.  Rogers  in  the  1915  Election,  the  Commissioners  found 
them  not  proven. 

There  was  enough  in  this  Report  to  please  both  Parties.  The 
Government,  as  such,  was  cleared  but  the  Opposition  had  unques- 
tionably opened  up  ground  of  ligitimate  suspicion  and  inquiry  and 
thus  cleared  the  air  and  cleaned  up  the  Legislature.  As  to  those 
involved  Gerhard  Ens  protested  strongly  against  Commissioner 
Elwood 's  report  (Leader,  Aug.  25)  ;  the  acquitted  members  and 
the  Liberal  press  denounced  Mr.  Bradshaw  and  demanded  his  re- 
tirement from  the  Legislature  as  not  having  proved  all  his  charges ; 
the  findings  seemed  to  prove  that  a  fund  of  nearly  $15,000  had 
been  collected  and  spent  by  the  Liquor  interests  in  trying  to  defeat 
or  delay  Prohibitory  legislation;  Mr.  Speaker  Sheppard  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  Legislature  on  Oct.  18,  stood  again  and  was  defeated. 

Meanwhile  the  Highways  Inquiry  had  been  delayed.  Commis- 
sioner Wetmore  was  away  in  British  Columbia,  Mr.  Mason  had 
declined  to  serve  on  the  Commission  and  much  depended  on  the 


THE  SASKATCHEWAN  COMMISSIONS  OP  INQUIRY  709 

testimony  of  E.  H.  Devline  and  J.  P.  Brown,  who  were  fugitives 
from  justice  but  toward  the  end  of  March  were  brought  back — 
Brown  from  Texas  and  Devline  from  Seattle.  Early  in  April  E. 
L.  H.  Smith  was  brought  from  St.  Paul  and  the  trio  completed. 
They  had  all  been  advertised  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
continent  and  each  waived  extradition  when  finally  located.  The 
first  sitting  was  on  Apr.  19  with  G.  D.  Mackie,  C.E.,  appointed  in 
place  of  Mr.  Smith,  and  with  Auditors  selected  to  examine  the  road- 
books of  the  Highway  Department.  P.  E.  Mackenzie,  K.C.,  was 
Government  Counsel,  H.  E.  Sampson,  Crown  Prosecutor,  and  J.  N. 
Fish,  K.C.,  Counsel  for  the  Commissioners;  Mr.  Bradshaw  and  the 
Opposition  were  represented  by  N.  R.  Craig,  H.  C.  Pope  and  Walter 
Mills  of  Moose  Jaw,  and  R.  E.  Turnbull,  Regina.  J.  P.  Brown 
testified  as  to  bogus  contracts,  fraudulent  payments,  moneys  appro- 
priated through  cheques  issued  to  non-existant  persons,  bogus  con- 
tractors. H.  S.  Carpenter,  acting  Chairman  of  the  permanent 
Highways  Board,  testified  on  Apr.  25  that  out  of  35  contracts  for 
Government  road  work  included  in  the  programme  for  1915,  19 
were  frauds  of  J.  P.  Brown,  the  Chief  Clerk;  E.  L.  H.  Smith 
told  (May  23)  of  the  "Trust  Fund"  in  the  Bank  through  which 
Brown  had  manipulated  his  bogus  cheques,  etc.,  with  Smith's  con- 
nivance and  the  help  of  E.  H.  Devline;  the  latter,  under  nine 
charges  of  forgery,  uttering  and  false  pretenses,  testified  as  to 
fraudulent  pay-sheets  and  cheques — three  of  which  latter  he  cashed. 
On  July  6th  Mr.  Bradshaw  was  examined  and  stated  that  W. 
J.  Gallon,  Provincial  Conservative  organizer,  possessed  a  mass  of 
documentary  evidence  showing  that  something  was  wrong  with 
the  road  expenditures  and  from  this  he  had  obtained  his  first  data ; 
Hon.  Mr.  Calder  appeared  on  Nov.  1-2  and  stated  that  "never  at 
any  time  from  1912  until  the  present  investigation  started  could 
he  recollect  any  person  raising  a  question  as  to  the  Highways 
Board  not  performing  its  whole  duty  under  the  law."  He  swore 
positively  that  none  of  the  moneys  taken  by  Brown  had  been  given 
to  the  campaign  fund,  so  far  as  his  knowledge  went,  or  been  sent 
to  Manitoba  as  was  rumoured.  The  Commission  had  sat  almost 
continuously  up  to  this  time  and  until  Dec.  7 ;  it  spent  14  days  in 
Victoria,  B.C.,  where  the  evidence  of  F.  J.  Robinson,  ex-Chairman 
of  the  Highways  Board,  was  taken,  and  examined  115  witnesses. 
An  Interim  Report*  of  the  Commissioners  found  that  the  total 
amount  of  the  frauds  perpetrated  by  J.  P.  Brown,  Chief  Clerk  of 
the  Highways  Department,  and  E.  H.  Devline,  M.L.A.,  was  $11,469. 
The  total  amounts  of  the  other  Brown  frauds,  with  which  the 
names  of  J.  F.  Lindsay  of  Swift  Current  and  E.  L.  H.  Smith  of 
the  Broad  St.  Bank  of  Ottawa,  Regina,  were  connected,  was  $52,924. 
Other  road  frauds  carried  out  by  Simpson,  a  junior  clerk  in  the 
Highway  Board,  and  Godfrey,  a  road  foreman,  totalled  $2,262. 
The  frauds  perpetrated  by  Brown  were  based  upon  forgeries — 

*NOTE. — It  was  issued  so  early  in   1917    (Jan.   8)   that  its  terms  may,  as  an  excep- 
tional   case,     be    included    here. 


710  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

forged  contracts  and  pay  lists,  engineers'  certificates,  endorsements 
on  cheques  and  signatures  of  the  three  officials  who  acted  from 
time  to  time  as  Chairman  of  the  Highways  Board.  Brown's  know- 
ledge of  the  Department,  his  clever  penmanship  and  the  confidence 
of  his  chiefs  appear  to  have  made  the  frauds  possible. 

The  Commission  declined  to  deal  at  this  stage  with  the  question 
of  the  Government  taking  proper  precautions  to  prevent  such 
frauds ;  the  origin  of  the  Bradshaw  charges  was  traced  from  Gallon, 
the  Conservative  organizer,  to  the  suspicions  of  a  Bank 'of  Ottawa 
clerk  called  Morris.  No  finding  was  made  as  to  the  disposition 
of  the  moneys  taken  by  Brown  and  Lindsay  as  Mr.  Bradshaw 's 
counsel  claimed  that  part  of  the  Inquiry  was  not  completed';  the 
others  concerned  were  said  to  have  used  the  money  for  their  own 
purposes;  no  other  member  of  the  Legislature  than  Devline  was 
involved.  In  the  aftermath  of  this  Inquiry  a  Supreme  Court  jury 
disagreed  as  to  E.  L.  H.  Smith  who  was  charged  with  stealing 
$25,000  from  the  Provincial  Government;  other  juries  disagreed 
as  to  C.  H.  Cawthorpe,  M.L.A.,  charged  with  accepting  a  bribe 
from  Clayton  Peterson,  Treasurer  of  the  Liquor  men ;  H.  C.  Pierce, 
M.L.A.,  "Wadena,  was  found  guilty  of  accepting  a  bribe  and  sen- 
tenced to  18  months  imprisonment  and  a  fine  <  of  $500 ;  Gerhard 
Ens,  ex-M.L.A.,  charged  with  accepting  a  bribe,  was  acquitted ;  Alex. 
Milne,  charged  with  thefts  of  documents  from  the  Government, 
which  were  used  by  the  Opposition,  was  found  guilty;  Clayton 
Peterson  was  found  guilty  of  perjury  and  Grant  Waddell,  charged 
with  conspiracy,  was  found  not  guilty.  Devline  was  found  guilty 
and  sentenced  to  3  years  in  the  Penitentiary  at  hard  labour.  He 
expressed  (Oct.  11)  keen  regret  and  stated  that  he  .had  made 
full  restitution.  J.  P.  Brown  on  June  28th  had  been  convicted  in 
the  District  Court  and  sentenced  to  seven  years'  imprisonment.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  Pierce  and  Cawthorpe  still  held  their  seats, 
though  their  resignations  had  been  demanded  by  the  Premier. 

The  Buildings  Commission,  presided  over  by  Chief  Justice 
Haultain,  carried  its  inquiry  through  the  year  and  into  1917.  J. 
F.  Bryant,  K.C.,  represented  Mr.  Bradshaw  and  H.  Y.  McDonald, 
K.C.,  Messrs.  McNab  and  Bell  of  the  Government.  The  subject  of 
investigation  was  almost  entirely  the  Battleford  Asylum  for  the 
Insane.  It  had  cost  up  to  Feb.  3,  1917,  a  total  of  $1,712,210  with 
$66,779  outstanding.  Various  expert  witnesses  were  examined  at  the 
April  sittings  and  H.  S.  Carpenter,  acting  Deputy  Minister  of 
Public  Works  in  1911,  testified  in  April  as  to  the  original  contracts. 
In  August  it  developed  that  the  Conservative  lawyers  were  trying 
to  prove  fraudulent  items  in  the  contracts  which  would  total  $402,- 
000  and  include  excessive  profits,  fraudulent  pay-sheets  and  faked 
invoices.  Mr.  Carpenter,  Ernest  Brown  and  J.  M.  Smith,  succeed- 
ing Deputy  Ministers,  were  before  the  Commission  in  lengthy  ex- 
aminations. No  conclusion  had  been  come  to  at  the  close  of  the 
year  and  the  other  matters  under  Inquiry  had  not  been  touched. 


EDUCATIONAL  CONDITIONS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN  711 

the    annual 


Bi-lin   ual 

separatlfschooi,  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Education   (Hon.  Walter 
and  other  Scott)  showed  steady  progress  and  the  Deputy  Min- 

Educationai  jster  (A.  H.  Ball)  dealt  with  184  new  Public  school 
districts  in  the  year,  or  a  toal  of  3,367  having  schools 
in  operation  with  4,006  departments  or  rooms  under  separate 
teachers.  There  were  17  Catholic  Separate  School  districts  and 
3  Protestant  Separate  districts.  A  strong  effort  was  made  during 
the  year  to  increase  the  number  of  qualified  teachers  and  to  limit 
the  number  of  provisional  certificates.  Eventually  the  Depart- 
ment found  it  necessary  to  issue  only  543  of  the  latter  as  compared 
with  «872  in  1914  and  1,346  in  1912.  The  Agricultural  Instruc- 
tion Committee,  appointed  by  the  Premier,  did  good  work  in  1915 
and  through  1916  also;  its  members  were  officials  of  the  Depart- 
ments of  Education  and  Agriculture,  heads  of  Normal  Schools 
and  the  College  of  Agriculture,  and  Directors  of  special  work 
under  Government  control  —  Dr.  W.  J.  Rutherford,  A.  F.  Mantle, 
Dr.  R.  A.  Wilson.  J.  A.  Snell,  A.  H.  Ball,  D.  P.  McColl,  S.  E. 
Greenway,  A.  R.  Greig,  P.  W.  Bates  and  A.  W.  Cocks.  The  last 
two  were  appointed  Directors  of  School  Agriculture  and  Fannie 
A.  Twiss  of  Household  Science.  The  training  of  teachers,  arousing 
of  real  interest  in  children,  teaching  practical  farm  knowledge  and 
scientific  facts  in  popular  form,  encouraging  school  gardens  and 
improving  school  grounds,  developing  school  fairs  as  aids  to  ele- 
mentary science,  gardening  and  agriculture,  promotion  of  rural 
organizations,  publishing  pamphlets,  etc.,  were  parts  of  the  work 
carried  on. 

Principal  Snell  reported  125  women  students  at  the  Provincial 
Normal  School,  Saskatoon,  and  315  men.  The  Public  School  In- 
spectors submitted  many  interesting  comments  —  especially  upon 
the  Bi-lingual  situation  in  a  Province  with  (1911  Census)  22,251 
French,  68,628  Germans,  41,651  Austro-Hungarians,  33,991  Scan- 
dinavians, 17,405  Russians  and  a  few  others  out  of  a  total  of 
492,432.  J.  T.  M.  Anderson,  (Yorkton  District)  reported  more 
qualified  Canadian  teachers  in  charge  of  Foreign  pupils  and  an 
increased  desire  to  have  English  taught;  J.  Marshall  (Radville) 
stated  that  the  language  problem  was  being  solved  very  satis- 
factorily —  the  playground  being,  however,  a  better  element  in 
fusion  than  the  classroom;  A.  L.  Merrill  (Canora)  reported  33 
districts  wholly  Ruthenian  with  teachers  not  possessing  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  English  and  with  English  teachers,  when  tried,  a 
lamentable  failure,  but,  upon  the  whole,  with  "a  year  to  year 
improvement"  in  conditions;  R.  D.  Coutts  (Moosoniin)  stated  that 
some  teachers  in  his  French,  German,  Ruthenian  and  Roumanian 
settlements  were  getting  good  results  while  others  were  almost  help- 
less. In  general  matters  H.  A.  Everts  (Regina)  reported  that  some 
of  the  Trustees  did  not  appear  to  know  what  was  the  proper  flag 
to  fly;  A.  Kennedy,  Weyburn,  deplored  "the  tremendous  lack  of 


712  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

interest"  in  all  school  matters  except  the  tax-rate.     The  statistics 
of  the  year  1915  were  as  follows: 

Number   of  pupils   enrolled    119,279 

Average    attendance    of   pupils    70,024 

Number  of  pupils  enrolled  in: 

Rural    Schools   69,302;    Village    Schools    19,320;    Town    Schools    15;207; 

City  Schools   15,450    119,279 

Average    attendance    of  pupils   in: 

Rural    Schools    39,248;    Village    Schools    10,762;    Town    Schools    9,837; 

City  Schools  10,177    70,024 

Number   of  teachers   employed   during   the   year: 

Male   1,609 ;    Female   3,340    4,949 

School  debentures  registered    $1,009,025.00 

Amount   expended   in   Sites   and   Buildings    , 1,253,478 . 57 

Amount   expended   for   Teachers'    salaries    2,817,411 . 84 

Amount   expended   for   all   Educational   purposes    8,163,896. 62 

Total   School   Assets    17,248,049  . 00 

Total    School    Liabilities     8,931,750 . 00 

Average    Salaries: 

1st     Class — Males  $832;      Females  $797         3rd    Class — Males      785;      Females     749 

2nd    Class — Males     813;     Females     779         Provisional — Males   779;      Females      742 

During  1916  the  foreign  element  wielded  an  important  influence 
in  politics  and  affairs  but  there  was  no  violence  and  such  racial 
bitterness  as  was  expressed  did  not  take  any  dangerous  form.  There 
was,  however,  organization,  with  the  School  question  as  an  ever- 
convenient  centre  for  agitation  and  political  work.  There  was  a 
Provincial  German- American  Association,  there  was  a  French  Pro- 
vincial Association  for  the  protection  of  religious  rights  and 
language  privileges,  there  were  other  racial  organizations.  From 
a  Calendar  issued  by  Der  Courier  of  Regina,  the  Toronto  News 
(Oct.  13)  translated  the  following:  "We  German  Canadians  should 
consider  it  to  our  honour  and  advantage  to  care  for  the  rich 
German  culture.  The  growing  Canadian  nation  can  only  succeed 
when  the  best  things  in  the  German  elements  take  root  in  it  and 
continue  to  develop.  On  that  account  we  welcome  heartily  the 
efforts  of  the  Young  German  Union  of  Edmonton,  Alberta,  to 
educate  German  children  in  the  rich  treasures  of  the  German  mind 
which  are  stored  in  our  literature.  We  shall  here  mention  very 
briefly  some  of  the  most  important  demands  we  have  to  make : 
(1)  Instruction  in  German  in  every  public  school  where  German- 
Canadians  are  strong  enough;  (2)  more  attention  to  the  German 
language  and  literature  in  the  high  schools;  and  (3)  training  of 
German-English  teachers. ' ' 

The  pamphlet  issued  by  Principal  E.  H.  Oliver  of  the  Saska- 
toon Presbyterian  College,  late  in  1915,  reviewed  the  situation  at 
length ;  the  Better  Schools  movement  had  the  whole  question  in 
mind  and  the  co-operation  of  Mr.  Premier  Scott  and  W.  B.  Wil- 
loughby,  K.C.,  in  this  connection ;  the  Saskatchewan  Public  Educa- 
tion League  and  the  united  efforts  of  papers  such  as  the  Regina 
Leader,  the  Saskatoon  Phoenix,  the  Moose  Jaw  News,  Canora  Ad- 
vertiser and  Moose  Jaw  Times  pointed  to  non-party  efforts  at  im- 
provement. The  Orange  Lodge  of  Saskatchewan  devoted  alternate 
attention  to  Bi-lingualism  in  Ontario,  Manitoba  and  in  Saskatche- 
wan. The  Provincial  Public  School  Trustees  (Regina,  Mar.  4) 
passed  a  Resolution  in  favour  of  teaching  only  English  in 
the  Rural  Schools  up  to  grade  five  and  this  created  much  dis- 


EDUCATIONAL  CONDITIONS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN  713 

content  in  the  minority;  the  Rural  Municipalities  Convention  at 
Regina  on  Mar.  10  went  further  than  the  Grain  Growers'  Associa- 
tion and  demanded  that  English  be  the  only  language  taught 
in  the  Public  School.  Der  Courier  of  Regina  (Mar.  15)  attacked 
the  Trustees '  action  as  above :  ' '  Our  desires  with  regard  to  English 
may  be  expressed  in  the  following  request :  It  should  be  permissible 
in  every  school  to  devote  one  hour  of  the  daily  teaching-time  to 
instruction  in  any  non-English  language.  In  this  language-study 
all  children  might  share  who  had  entirely  completed  the  curriculum 
of  the  first  school  year. ' '  Practically,  this  was  the  Manitoba  situa- 
tion before  the  Norris  Government  took  action. 

Meanwhile,  Norman  F.  Black,  Ph.D.,  the  well-known  education- 
alist and  writer,  had  completed  in  March  a  six  months'  press 
campaign  for  better  schools  and  was  quoted  as  expressing  the 
belief  that  from  15,000  to  20,000  children  of  school  age  were  not 
enrolled  in  the  schools,  while  pointing  out  that  the  average  attend- 
ance was  only  53%  of  the  enrollment.  In  the  Leader  (Jan.  22) 
he  summarized  the  situation:  "Provision  must  be  made  for  more 
continuous  and  thorough  supervision  of  rural  schools  than  is 
possible  under  the  existing  system.  At  least  an  elementary  edu- 
cation must  be  placed  within  reach  of  every  child  in  Saskatchewan. 
More  stringent  and  workable  Compulsory  education  laws  must 
be  enacted.  The  prevailing  system  of  local  administration  calls 
for  radical  reform,  the  present  system  of  school  grants  requires 
revision,  and  the  whole  matter  of  the  financial  maintenance  of 
the  schools  must  be  studied  afresh." 

Meantime,  some  of  the  Opposition  papers  and,  notably,  the  Sas- 
katoon Star  were  taking  up  vigorously  the  one-language  idea  for 
the  schools  and  the  latter  declared  that  in  60  or  70  schools  Ruthen- 
ian  took  precedence  of  English  in  the  courses  of  instruction.  These 
people,  however,  or  Ukrainians  as  they  called  themselves,  held  a 
Students'  Convention  at  Saskatoon  on  Aug.  4-5  when  Bishop  Budka 
laid  stress  upon  ' '  taking  advantage  of  Canada 's  educational  facili- 
ties." He  appealed  to  Ukrainians  in  Canada  to  keep  to  their 
Greek  Catholic  faith,  which  would  preserve  their  nationality  in 
this  country  together  with  their  customs  and  traditions.  "To 
whom  belong  the  school,  to  those  will  belong  the  future."  Joseph 
Megas,  the  Chairman,  was  explicit:  "All  realize  that  the  future 
of  this  country  is  and  shall  ever  remain  British  and  that  know- 
ledge of  the  English  language  is  an  indispensable  necessity.  The 
promoters  of  this  Convention  have  one  aim  only  in  view  and  that 
is  to  encourage  a  Province-wide  campaign  among  the  Ruthenian 
citizens  to  educate  their  boys  and  girls  in  the  higher  grades." 
Nothing  was  said  of  Bi-lingualism  or  of  Public  Schools  as  such. 
Resolutions  were  passed  as  follows : 

(1)  The  Ukrainian  people  are  not  to  be  identified  with  the  Austrians 
in  the  sense  of  true  nationality,  language  and  homogeniety. 

(2)  The  Kuthenian  citi2ens  in  Canada  became  true  Canadians  and  wish 
to  remain  as  such,  and  to  retain  their  allegiance  as  loyal  British  subjects. 


714  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

(3)  The  Euthenian  Convention  expresses  the  wish  that  a  provision  be 
made  for  a  course  of  the  Ukrainian  language,  history  and  literature  at  the 
University  of  Saskatchewan. 

(4)  This  Convention  wishes  to   co-operate  with  the  recently  organized 
British-Ukrainian   League   at  Winnipeg   and  heartily   approves   of   the   estab- 
lishment of  the  Euthenian  Education  Association  at  Saskatoon,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  educating  Euthenian  boys  and  girls  in  the  public  high   schools   of 
the  city. 

The  Separate  School  question  had  meanwhile  continued  along 
lines  of  a  three-year  old  controversy  which  turned  on  the  school 
rates  and  municipal  assessments.  Under  enactment  dating  from 
1891,  prior  to  the  formation  of  the  Province,  but  confirmed  in 
1905,  it  had  been  held  for  years  that  Catholics  and  Protestants, 
respectively,  had  no  choice  but  to  support  with  their  taxes  a  separ- 
ate school  when  such  existed.  In  1911,  however,  Judge  E.  A.  C. 
McLorg  in  the  Saskatoon  District  Court,  gave  judgment  that 
Catholics  and  Protestants  might,  if  they  so  desired,  support  the 
Public  School  instead  of  their  own  Separate  School.  To  remedy 
what  it  claimed  was  a  chaotic  state  of  affairs,  the  Saskatchewan 
Government,  in  January,  1913,  amended  the  School  Law  by  making 
it  quite  clear  that  Catholics  and  Protestants  must  pay  their  taxes 
to  the  Separate  School  of  their  faith,  if  such  school  existed  in  the 
district.  Meantime,  the  Government  had  also  amended  the  Act 
dealing  with  School  Assessment  and  provided  that  a  certain  pro- 
portion of  all  taxes  of  corporate  companies  should  be  paid  to  the 
minority  School  Trustees,  and  a  small  degree  of  growth  had  fol- 
lowed in  the  number  of  Separate  Schools. 

During  the  next  three  years  there  had  been  a  keen  and  heated 
controversy  led,  in  1915  and  the  early  part  of  1916,  by  Eev.  M.  A. 
MacKinnon  of  Regina  and  Mr.  Premier  Scott.  A  long  succession 
of  vigorous  letters  appeared  in  the  press  from  these  two  disputants 
and  education,  religion,  politics  and  personalities  were  freely 
thrown  into  the  melting-pot  with,  curiously  enough,  pastor  and 
pew  involved  as  Mr.  Scott  attended  Knox  Church  where  Mr.  Mac- 
Kinnon preached.  The  radius  of  the  controversy  grew  and  as  the 
Premier  put  it  to  the  polemist  (Leader,  Jan.  1,  1916)  :  "In  these 
three  years  you  have  not  ceased  to  attack  the  amendments  and  my 
Government  and  myself.  In  every  Church  court  you  have  done 
it.  You  procured  adoption  of  a  resolution  condemning  me  and 
the  enactments  by  the  General  Assembly.  You  did  the  same  in  the 
local  Synod  one  year  ago.  Not  content  with  that  you  renewed  at 
every  subsequent  meeting  your  condemnation  of  myself  in  the 
matter."  A  little  later  he  described  (Jan.  17)  Mr.  MacKinnon's 
Christmas  sermon,  in  which  this  law  was  attacked,  as  a  most  brazen 
piece  of  calculated  dishonesty;  on  the  21st  he  reviewed  at  length 
the  Separate  School  system  of  Canada  as  a  whole ;  into  the  dispute, 
also  came  the  Rev.  Principal  Angus  Graham  of  Moose  Jaw.  The 
controversy  was  as  to  the  interpretation  of  the  1913  amendments, 
the  object  of  the  Scott  Government  in  making  them  and  the  degree, 
if  any,  of  encouragement  which  they  gave  to  the  Separate  School 
system. 


EDUCATIONAL  CONDITIONS  IN  SASKATCHEWAN  715 

On  Feb.  24  the  Hon.  Walter  Scott  presented  the  subject  to  the 
Legislature.  In  a  vigorous  statement  backed  up  by  letters  from 
Judges  of  'the  Supreme  and  District  Courts,  the  Premier  en- 
deavoured to  prove  that  the  1913  amendment  did  not  in  any  way 
change  the  law  and  that  its  effect  was  merely  to  clarify  its  inter- 
pretation as  the  Government  had  all  along  contended.  The  cloud 
cast  on  this  law  by  the  ruling  of  Judge  McLorg,  he  contended,  was 
at  last  removed  by  correspondence  now  read  to  the  Legislature 
in  which  the  Judge  admitted  that  when  he  gave  his  Vonda  judg- 
ment he  was  not  aware  that  two  judgments  from  Supreme  Court 
Judges  were  in  existence  upholding  the  opposite  opinion  to  that 
given  by  him.  Judge  McLorg 's  letter,  dated  Jan.  19,  1916,  stated 
that  "yon  mention  certain  judgments  and  opinions  dealing  with 
the  interpretation  of  the  legislation  now  in  discussion.  As  my 
decision  is  under  review  perhaps  you  will  be  good  enough  to  let 
me  have  the  text  of  these  judgments  or  refer  me  to  the  quarter 
from  whence  obtainable.  I  need  not  trouble-  you  for  the  opinions,  for 
no  matter  how  valuable  they  would  not  obviously  be  binding  on 
me — whereas,  of  course,  I  should  be  compelled  to  follow  the  judg- 
ments. "  Mr.  Scott  contended  that  this  admitted  an  error  in  the 
judgment  through  ignorance  of  preceding  decisions ;  Judge  McLorg 
denied  this  absolutely. 

In  his  speech  Mr.  Scott  had  rather  bitterly  attacked  the  Rev. 
Mr.  MacKinnon  and  asked  the  Presbyterian  Church  Courts  to 
deal  with  him  for  misrepresentation,  etc.  A  still  more  acrimonious 
debate  ensued.  The  repeal  of  the  amendment  passed  in  due  course 
but  the  personal  controversy  continued  in  the  press  and  elsewhere. 
The  Knox  Church  congregation  met  and  passed  a  Resolution 
(signed  by  many  Liberals)  supporting  their  pastor;  the  Regina 
Ministerial  Association  (Jan.  13)  had  already  declared  its  "con- 
viction that  every  ratepayer  in  the  Province  of  whatever  religious 
faith  should  be  free  at  all  times  to  pay  his  regular  school  tax  to 
the  public  school''  and,  on  Mar.  7,  expressed  confidence  in  Mr. 
MacKinnon ;  other  churches  followed  this  lead  and  Manitoba 
College,  Winnipeg,  made  the  preacher  a  D.D.  On  Apr.  6  Dr.  Mac- 
Kinnon stated:  ''We  do  not  purpose  to  submit  to  the  second 
amendment  which  Mr.  Scott  did  not  annul.  He  withdrew  the 
one  touching  individuals,  but  not  the  one  which  divides  the  taxes 
from  corporations.  We  propose  to  have  this  Act  passed  upon  by  a 
properly  constituted  Court." 

Meanwhile  the  Separate  School  Board  of  Regina  had  appealed 
from  a  finding  of  the  Court  of  Revision,  that  Catholics  and  Protes- 
tants were  not  lawfully  bound  to  support  the  Separate  Schools  of 
their  districts,  and  the  Local  Government  Board,  which  first  re- 
ceived assessment  appeals,  had  endorsed  the  Separate  School  conten- 
tion. The  city  then  went  to  the  Supreme  Court  and  that  body,  by 
unanimous  judgment,  upheld  the  decision  of  the  Board  with  Sir  F. 
Haultain  and  Justice  Newlands,  Lamont,  Brown,  Elwood  and 


716  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

McKay  en  bane.     A.  R.  Tingley,  K.C.,  was  the  Separate  School 
Counsel.* 

Saskatchewan,  under  Mr.  Scott's  Government,  had 
The  Temper-  ck>sed  the  bars  and  tried  the  Gothenburg  or  Dispen- 
QoCve?nm!nt0nS  sar^  system  during  the  past  year  but  it  did  not  satisfy 
and  the  war  the  Prohibitionists.  The  press  was  a  unit  so  far  as 
the  absence  of  any  expressed  desire  for  the  return 
of  the  bars  was  concerned;  no  political  party  or  leader  had  de- 
clared in  its  favour  nor  had  any  public  organization  urged  it. 
There  was  much  criticism  of  the  hotels  and  commercial  travellers 
complained  bitterly  but  few  advocated  the  old  policy.  J.  D. 
Manley,  a  Banish-the-Bar  agent,  reported  jubilantly  (Jan.  25) 
as  to  conditions  in  Northern  Saskatchewan.  Under  the  Sales  of 
Liquor  Act  a  sort  of  Local  option  system  was  in  force  for  the 
municipal  abolition  of  local  Government  Dispensaries  and  5  North- 
ern districts  and  2  Southern  ones  had  voted  for  the  elimination  of 
these  shops. 

An  official  Report  for  the  half  year  of  Dec.  31,  1915,  showed  the 
following  cases  of  drunkenness  in  four  large  communities  during 
July-September  in  1914  and  1915  respectively:  Moose  Jaw  294 
and  74;  Regina  249  and  58;  Saskatoon  137  and  64;  Prince  Albert 
61  and  16.  The  1st  annual  Report  of  the  Saskatchewan  Liquor 
Stores  system  was  submitted  by  J.  F.  Bole,  Commissioner  for  the 
Government,  which  described  his  organization  and  acquisition  of 
the  Provincial  stocks  of  liquor,  with  the  many  difficulties  en- 
countered during  the  transfer.  Much  of  the  bulk  goods  and  bonded 
stock  was  found  to  be  short  in  measure  and  altogether  deficient  in 
quality.  Naturally  some  friction  had  occurred  but  on  July  1,  1915, 
23  Government  stores  were  opened  and,  in  order  to  supply  stocks 
for  the  stores,  a  warehouse  was  established  at  Regina.  This  one 
establishment  was  now  stated  to  be  handling  the  entire  stock  of 
the  liquors,  with  the  exception  of  lager  beer,  sold  by  the  System 
in  the  Province.  On  an  investment  of  $1,184,494  a  net  profit  of 
$378,847  had  been  earned  from  July  1,  1915,  to  Jan.  1,  1916.  Of 
the  bar-rooms  closed  under  this  Act  there  had  been  406  and  38 
wholesale  stores  while  11  club  licenses  were  cancelled  and  those 
of  three  Railway  systems. 

It  was  claimed  that  this  policy  had  dis-organized  the  entire 
Liquor  business  of  the  Province  and  paved  the  way  for  abolition. 
These  were  the  chief  arguments  used  to  meet  the  Resolution  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature  by  J.  E.  Bradshaw  (Cons.)  on  Feb.  3: 
"That  in  the  opinion  of  this  House  the  system  of  Government 
Dispensaries  created  under  the  Sales  of  Liquor  Act  is  detrimental 
to  the  best  interests  of  the  people  of  the  Province  and  a  blight  on  the 
reputation  of  Saskatchewan  and  should  be  forthwith  abolished." 
Hon.  Mr.  Motherwell,  for  the  Government,  defined  the  Dispensary 
as  a  safety  valve — "a  temporary  step  taken  to  meet  certain  extraor- 
dinary conditions ;  directly  the  temporary  need  has  been  disposed  of 

*NoTi:. — This   decision    was   made   public   on   Jan.    G,    1917. 


THE  TEMPERANCE  QUESTION:  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  WAR    717 

the  System  is  disposed  of  as  well."  The  Hon.  Mr.  Calder  (Feb.  7) 
pointed  out,  that  "the  question  of  the  permanent  closing  of  the 
bar  will  be  settled  by  the  people  in  a  Referendum.  The  situation 
seven  months  ago  was  that  the  people  were  not  ripe  for  Prohibition. 
We  decided  to  close  the  bars  and  had  to  decide  as  to  whether  we 
would  leave  the  remnant  of  this  business  in  private  hands  or  find 
some  method  of  taking  it  over."  It  was  decided  to  establish  the 
Liquor  stores  and  manage  them  with  a  Referendum  as  to  permanent 
maintenance  at  the  municipal  elections  of  1919.  The  Resolution 
was  defeated  by  35  to  3. 

On  Feb.  25  Mr.  Calder  presented  to  the  House  an  amendment 
to  the  Sales  of  Liquor  Act  by  which  the  Provincial  vote  on  the 
Liquor  Store  System  was  changed  from  1919  to  the  municipal 
elections  of  1916  and  the  people  authorized  to  finally  decide  in 
favour  of  modified  and  guarded  sale,  or  total  Prohibition,  with 
power  in  the  hands  of  the  Government  to  bring  on  the  vote  earlier 
in  1916  if  it  so  desired.  Other  amendments  added  some  stringent 
restrictions.  The  Opposition  policy  of  W.  B.  Willoughby  in  1916 
was  practically  as  follows:  (1)  Approval  of  closing  the  bars  during 
the  duration  of  the  War  whether  that  time  be  long  or  short;  (2) 
a  Referendum  to  be  held  on  the  policy  of  Provincial  Prohibition  at 
the  first  municipal  elections  following  the  next  Provincial  general 
election;  (3)  Prohibition  to  be  brought  into  effect  one  year  after 
the  taking  of  the  Referendum  if  it  should  be  favourable  to  such 
policy.  To  the  Manitoba  Electors  on  the  eve  of  their  Referendum 
Mr.  Calder  sent  a  message  (Mar.  10)  declaring  that  Saskatchewan 
for  over  8  months  had  been  without  an  open  bar  and  that  the  re- 
sultant benefits  were  "almost  incalculable." 

In  August  preparations  began  for  the  final  vote ;  the  Provincial 
Banish-the-Bar  Executive  got  its  organization  into  shape  for  pub- 
lic meetings  and  conventions.  Meantime  the  Provincial  Director 
of  Public  Accommodation  under  the  Hotel  Act  of  1915  had  ex- 
pended $100,000  in  special  grants  for  the  maintenance  of  rest  and 
reading  rooms  with  a  Report  showing  that  conditions  were  better 
than  the  old  system:  "The  provision  for  board  and  lodging  is 
decidedly  better ;  many  of  the  hotels  are  more  homelike ;  guests  are 
receiving  better  attention  and  the  business  of  hotel-keeping,  as 
such,  is  altogether  on  a  higher  plane."  On  Dec.  11  the  male  and 
female  voters  of  Saskatchewan  answered  the  following  question 
at  the  polls :  ' '  Shall  the  Liquor  Stores  System  be  abolished  ? ' '  The 
vote  was  almost  unanimous — the.  six  cities  going  14,528  in  favour 
with  2,286  against  and  similar  proportions  elsewhere. 

As  to  the  War  Saskatchewan  did  splendid  service.  Officially 
the  Government  had  expended  up  to  May  1,  1915,  under  an  Act  of 
the  1914  War  Session,  $371,381  for  Patriotic  purposes  of  which 
$347,381  went  in  the  purchase  of  horses  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment ;  in  the  succeeding  year  $104,262  was  granted  for  recruiting, 
Belgium  and  Polish  Relief  Funds,  British  and  Foreign  Sailors' 
Society,  expenses  of  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  (Saskatchewan 


718  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

branch)  etc.,  or  a  two-years'  total  of  $475,515;  during  the  1916 
Session  the  Patriotic  Revenues  Act  was  passed  imposing  a  tax  of 
one  mill  on  the  dollar  and  within  a  year  $972,000  was  collected, 
of  which  the  major  part  went  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund.  In 
this  connection  the  Education  Department  undertook  a  Patriotic 
Fund  collection  and,  necessarily,  the  patriotic  education  of  the  chil- 
dren. Early  in  the  year  A.  H.  Ball,  Deputy  Minister,  issued  instruc- 
tions in  aid  of  this  object :  * '  The  entertainments  proposed  should  be 
largely  of  an  educational  and  patriotic  nature,  preferably  organized 
by  the  co-operation  of  trustees,  teachers,  parents  and  ratepayers 
generally  and  might  consist  of  songs  and  choruses,  musical  drills, 
dialogues,  recitations  and  essays  by  the  pupils  and  their  friends, 
addresses  on  patriotic  subjects  and  topics  connected  with  the  War, 
instrumental  music,  tableaux  and  plays.  There  are  over  3,700 
school  districts  in  the  Province  and  the  sum  of  $25,000  is  set  as 
the  total  contribution  for  which  the  schools  together  should  aim, 
though  it  is  believed  that  a  greater  sum  than  this  can  be  raised. 
The  contribution  will  be  known  as  *  The  Schools  Patriotic  Funds. '  ' 
On  Dec.  30,  1916,  the  total  receipts  were  $24,192.  A  similar  collec- 
tion for  the  Belgian  Children's  Relief  Fund  realized  $46,037  up 
to  the  same  date. 

The  British  Red  Cross  in  1916  received  $95,085  from  Saskat- 
chewan and  the  voluntary  contributions  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic 
Fund  totalled  $368,312  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  with  $561,221  more  in 
1916.  The  officials  of  the  Saskatchewan  Branch  were  His  Honour 
R.  S.  Lake  (President),  Commissioner  Perry,  C.M.G.,  and 
President  W.  C.  Murray,  LL.D.,  Vice-Presidents,  Hon.  G.  A.  Bell, 
Treasurer  and  Thos.  M.  Bee,  Secretary.  The  Saskatchewan  Divi- 
sion of  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission,  with  Hon.  E.  L.  Elwood 
as  Chairman,  did  good  work ;  Lieut.-Col.  J.  Glenn,  Lieut.  J.  P.  Lyle 
and  Lieut.  M.  Malcolm  of  the  Legislature  joined  the  Forces  and 
Lieut.-Col.  J.  E.  Bradshaw,  M.L.A.,  raised  the  243rd  Battalion  while 
Lieut.  Nelson  Spencer,  M.L.A.,  was  C.O.  of  the  Alberta  Hussars 
which  also  recruited.  In  this  connection  it  was  a  busy  year.  Sas- 
katchewan and  Manitoba,  as  one  Military  District,  recruited  up  to 
Oct.  31,  74,748  men  out  of  a  total  male  population  (18  to  45)  of 
281,669.  In  Saskatoon  during  February  a  circular  call  was  issued, 
in  thousands,  appealing  for  recruits  and  signed  by  24  leading 
citizens  who  had  given  their  sons  to  the  War  and  including 
President  W.  C.  Murray  of  the  University,  Mayor  Young,  G.  H. 
Clare  and  James  Clinkskill.  In  March  the  Province  was  created 
a  separate  Military  District  (No.  12)  with  Col.  N.  S.  Edgar,  who 
had  been  wounded  at  Festubert,  in  command.  Incidents  of  the  year 
included  the  opening  of  the  Returned  Soldier's  Convalescent  Home 
at  Regina  on  Apr.  8 — once  St.  Chad's  Anglican  College  which  had 
been  denuded  of  students  by  unanimous  enlistment;  the  work  of 
the  Returned  Soldiers'  Welcome  League  at  Regina  with  James 
Balfour,  President,  and  Dr.  W.  D.  Cowan,  Vice-President ;  the 
raising  by  April,  1916,  of  $18,000  through  the  Provincial  I.O.D.E. 


NEW  MARTIN  GOVERNMENT  :  PROVINCIAL  GRAIN  GROWERS      719 


for  war  purposes  and  a  special  collection  of  $2,000  for  Russian 
Relief  work  and  $1,100  for  the  Serbians. 

There  was  a  warm  welcome  home  given  to  Major  R.  J.  Bateman 
(Apr.  23),  a  Professor  in  the  University  of  Saskatchewan  who  had 
left  as  a  private  and  returned  to  command  a  Company  in  the  new 
Western  Universities  Battalion,  and  a  similar  reception  (May  9) 
to  Lieut.-Col.  H.  E.  Munroe,  H.D.,  of  Saskatoon  who  had  served 
at  the  Dardanelles  and  was  returning  to  the  Front  in  command  of 
No.  8  Overseas  Stationary  Hospital.  Other  incidents  included 
the  efforts  in  May  to  re-organize  the  Militia  units  of  Saskatoon  and 
Regina  and  an  urgent  appeal  to  citizens  to  join  the  local  Regi- 
ments ;  the  winning  of  the  C.M.G.  by  Lieut.-Col.  J.  F.  L.  Embury, 
K.C.,  of  Regina  and  his  promotion  to  command  a  Brigade  in  the 
field,  with  a  D.S.O.  won  by  Major  J.  A.  Ross  of  Regina ;  the  fact 
of  four  Moose  Jaw  citizens  winning  the  D.S.O. — Brig.-Gen.  G.  S. 
Tuxford,  Stanley  Anderson,  Capt.  Mclntyre  and  Capt.  Robert 
Murdie;  and  the  same  honour  given  Major  Kenneth  Perry  of 
Regina  with  an  M.C.  to  Lieut.  J.  H.  Ross,  R.F.C.,  of  Moose  Jaw; 
the  shipment  in  August  of  40  carloads  of  wheat  as  part  of  the 
Saskatchewan  Grain  Growers'  Patriotic  Acre  Fund;  the  announce- 
ment at  the  Franco-Canadian  Catholic  Association,  with  160  Dele- 
gates present  at  its  5th  annual  Convention,  in  a  loyal  address  from 
Archbishop  Mathieu,  that  15  French  priests  had  left  Saskatchewan 
for  active  service;  the  winning  of  the  Rhodes  Scholarship  for 
the  Province  by  J.  A.  Maefarlane  and  his  decision  to  enlist  as  a 
Private  without  continuing  his  course  at  Oxford  and  the  enlist- 
ment of  Richard  Rennie  with  his  three  sons  at  Yorkton;  the  re- 
peated mention  of  Capt.  J.  A.  Cullum,  M.D.,  of  Regina, 
for  bravery,  his  decoration  with  the  M.C.,  and  the  French  Croix 
de  Guerre  and  death  in  action  late  in  the  year;  the  death  at  the 
Front  of  Major  A.  F.  Mantle  so  well  known  in  the  Public  Service, 
of  Capt.  J.  T.  Clinkskill,  son  of  the  ex-Mayor  of  Saskatoon,  of 
Capt.  C.  D.  Livingstone,  ex-Mayor  of  Yorkton,  and  of  Aid.  Andrew 
MacDougall  of  Saskatoon ;  the  excellent  work  of  the  Saskatchewan 
Boy  Scouts  and  the  formation  of  a  Provincial  Council  with  A.  H. 
Ball  as  Commissioner  and  76  Scout  organizations ;  the  enlistment  of 
222  Provincial  Civil  Servants. 

The  New  Martin  ^^  through  the  year  there  was  talk  of  changes 
Government:  in  the  Government  and,  as  months  passed,  it  became 
Grain  Growers  clear  that  Mr.  Scott's  health  was  getting  worse  rather 

p"ddPp°*'nclal  t^ian  ketter  and  tnat  a  man  of  physical  as  well  as 
mental  strength  was  needed.  What  was  termed  his 
"dynamic  force"  carried  the  Premier  a  long  way  but  presumably 
it  had  limitations.  Mr.  Calder  had  long  been  in  line  of  succession 
and  had  acted  as  Premier  on  many  occasions  in  the  past  10  years ; 
Mr.  Motherwell  was  a  pioneer  in  the  Province  with  many  friends 
and  followers;  Mr.  Langley  had  been  25  years  in  Saskatchewan, 
was  a  practical  farmer  and  had  experience  of  government  in  the 
old  Territorial  days.  In  September  it  was  announced  that  Mr. 


720  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Scott  was  again  seriously  ill  and  had  to  leave  for  the  South;  on 
Oct.  16  his  resignation  was  made  public  with  the  statement  that 
physicians  had  ordered  a  complete  rest  from  all  work  and  respon- 
sibility for  a  year. 

There  was  much  in  the  tribute  paid  by  President  W.  C.  Murray 
of  the  University  of  Saskatchewan  to  Mr.  Scott  (Oct.  17)  when,  after 
reference  to  the  large  way  in  which  as  Premier  he  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  Provincial  government,  he  added:  "Mr.  Scott  had  a  pro- 
found appreciation  of  the  importance  of  Education  and  determined 
that  the  young  people  of  Saskatchewan  should  enjoy  opportunities 
which  were  denied  the  older  generations.  I  believe  his  greatest 
ambition  was  to  work  out  large  and  lasting  reforms  in  the  system 
of  public  instruction."  Energy,  strong  purpose  and  will-pow,  r, 
democratic  beliefs,  were  the  pivotal  points  in  his  character.  Mr. 
Calder  was  called  upon  by  the  Lieut. -Governor  to  form  an  Ad- 
ministration but  declined  to  do  so — the  Liberal  press  stating  that 
at  the  next  Federal  election  he  proposed  to*  stand  for  the  Dominion 
House  and  that  he  then  might  be  a  member  of  the  Liberal  Govern- 
ment at  Ottawa  if  his  party  was  successful.  On  Oct.  19  it  was 
announced  that  His  Honour  had  called  in  W.  M.  Martin,  M.P.,  and 
that  he  had  accepted  the  Commission  with  a  prompt  organization 
of  the  following  Cabinet: 

Premier   and   Minister   of  Education Hon.  Wm.   Melville   Martin,   B.A. 

President   of  Council  and  Minister  of  Rail- 
ways      Hon.  James    Alexander    Calder   LL.D. 

Attorney-General  and  Provincial  Secretary .  Hon.  Wm.   Ferdinand   Alphonse   Turgeon,    K.c. 

Minister  of  Agriculture    Hon.  Wm.    R.    Motherwell 

Minister  of  Public  Works    Hon.  Archibald    Peter   McNab 

Minister   of  Telephones .Hon.  George    Alexander    Bell 

Minister   of   Municipal   Affairs    Hon.  George  Langley 

Provincial  Treasurer    Hon.  Charles    Avery    Dunning 

Mr.  Martin,  at  39  years  of  age,  was  an  active  and  well-known 
Liberal  member  of  the  House  of  Commons  and  had  sat  for  Regina 
since  1908  with  majorities  of  760  on  the  first  occasion  and  1,730  in 
1911 ;  he  had  the  confidence  of  his  Leader  at  Ottawa  and  had  been 
in  frequent  consultation  of  late  years  with  the  Saskatchewan  Min- 
isters. It  was  really  a  re-organization  and  the  only  other  change 
was  the  calling  in  of  Mr.  Dunning  and  his  appointment  as  Trea- 
surer in  place  of  Mr.  Bell.  An  Englishman  by  birth  (1885)  Mr. 
Dunning  had  taken  up  farming  in  1903  and  in  1911  organized  the 
Saskatchewan  Co-operative  Elevator  Co.,  and  become  its  General 
Manager ;  he  also  was  a  Vice-President  of  the  Grain  Growers '  Asso- 
ciation and  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Council  of  Agriculture.  Mr. 
Martin  was  elected  for  Regina  in  a  bye-election  and  the  Hon.  C.  A. 
Dunning  re-elected  in  Kinistino.  The  new  Premier  at  once  issued  an 
Address  to  the  Electors  of  Saskatchewan  (Oct.  25)  in  which  he  first 
eulogized  Walter  Scott  as  the  most  striking  figure  amongst  those 
who  had  shaped  the  destinies  of  Saskatchewan  and  as  "the  bul- 
wark of  Liberalism  in  Western  Canada;"  stated  his  intention  of 
calling  a  Convention  of  the  Liberals  of  the  Province  as  soon  as 
arrangements  could  be  made ;  expressed  absolute  confidence  in  the 
integrity  of  every  member  of  his  Government  but,  in  view  of  two 
Royal  Commissions  being  still  in  Session,  added  that  "if,  as  a 


THE  HON.  WILLIAM  MELVILLE  MARTIN,  B.A.,  M.P. 

Appointed    Prime    Minister    of    Saskatchewan,     1916. 


NEW  MARTIN  GOVERNMENT  :  PROVINCIAL  GRAIN  GROWERS      721 

result  of  the  reports  of  the  Commissions,  any  member  of  the  Gov- 
ernment or  any  employee  of  the  Public  service  is  shown  to  have 
been  guilty  of  dishonest  or  improper  acts,  he  will  at  once  be  re- 
moved from  office ; ' '  referred  to  the  harmful  influence  of  the  Liquor 
interests,  their  alleged  alliance  with  the  Conservative  Party,  the 
exhaustive  inquiries  which  had  taken  place,  with  the  one  outstand- 
ing fact  that  "no  member  of  the  Government,  no  member  of  the 
Liquor  License  Commission,  no  employee  of  the  Liquor  License 
Branch  of  the  Public  service  in  a  period  of  10  years,  was  involved 
or  compromised  in  the  slightest  degree ' ' ;  and  intimated  that  if  the 
guilty  members  of  the  Legislature  did  not  resign  their  fellow-mem- 
bers would  take  action. 

As  to  his  own  policy  it  was  dealt  with  in  general  terms  as  (1) 
improving  Agricultural  conditions,  lightening  the  burdens  of  pro- 
ducers, making  farm  life  more  attractive;  (2)  attention  to  ques- 
tions of  Immigration  and  Land  Settlement  and  action  in  respect 
to  the  Farm  Mortgage  Loan  Act  which  was  still  inoperative; 

(3)  improved  facilities  for  handling  and  marketting  Live-stock; 

(4)  reform  of  the  Educational  system,  especially  in  respect  to 
children's  attendance  at  school  and  strict  observance  of  "the  use 
of  the  English  language  as  the  medium  of  instruction ;"  (5)  hasten- 
ing the  resumption  of  Railway  branch  line  construction  whenever 
possible;    (6)    a  continuance  of  the  struggle   for  Reciprocity  in 
natural  products,  for  free  wheat  and  free  agricultural  implements 
and  for  a  general  revision  of  the  tariff  downwards;  (7)  Provincial 
control  of  the  natural  resources  and  public  domain  of  the  Pro- 
vince.   No  reference  was  made  to  the  war.    On  Oct.  31  Mr.  Martin 
appealed  for  men  to  aid  in  threshing  and  preserving  the  wheat 
crop: 

If  winter  should  begin  as  early  this  year  as  it  did  in  1915  there  will  pro- 
bably be  $100,000,000  worth  of  grain  unthreshed.  When  it  is  remembered  that 
thero  is  an  acute  labour  shortage  which  has  been  increased  by  the  fact  that 
perhaps  75  per  cent,  of  the  harvest  labour  has  already  returned  to  the  East 
on  account  of  the  bad  weather,  there  is  a  very  serious  situation  to  cope  with. 
There  are  strong  Imperial  reasons  as  well  as  local  urgency,  for  putting  forth 
every  effort  to  preserve  the  Provincial  wheat  crop  of  this  year  and  I  would 
urge  every  physically  fit  man  or  boy  who  can  possibly  do  so  to  volunteer  to 
help  to  man  the  threshing  machines. 

On  Nov.  15  the  Premier  was  at  Saskatoon,  opened  the  4th 
bridge  across  the  Saskatoon  River  and  addressed  the  students  at 
the  University ;  on  the  2nd  he  spoke  to  the  Canadian  Club  at  Regina 
and  urged  help  for  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  which  would  need, 
in  Saskatchewan  alone,  $280,000  of  voluntary  contributions.  As 
to  the  rest :  ' '  Without  distinction  of  race,  of  party,  or  of  class 
the  people  of  Saskatchewan  have  enthusiastically  responded  to  the 
call  to  arms  and  we  all  know  and  recognize  that  we  are  face  to 
face  with  the  greatest  emergency  in  the  Empire's  history."  A 
curious  incident  occurred  on  Nov.  21  when  the  Regina  Post  (Cons.) 
published  what  purported  to  be  a  report  of  proceedings  and  dis- 
cussions at  a  Cabinet  meeting  regarding  the  Mortgage  Loan  ques- 
tion. Objection  was  naturally  taken  and  a  Royal  Commission  was 
46 


722  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

appointed  composed  of  T.  H.  McGuire,  K.C.,  and  J.  H.  Parker, 
to  inquire  into  the  source  of  such  information.  During  the  inquiry 
G.  F.  Wright,  Editor  of  the  paper,  testified  (Dec.  1)  that  the  source 
was  the  Premier  himself  and  the  date  Nov.  21.  JJy  4  witnesses 
J.  F.  Frame,  K.C.,  proved  that  this  was  impossible  while  Mr.  Martin 
stated  that  a  typewritten  document  on  this  subject  had  disappeared 
about  that  time.  Mr.  Weight  then  changed  the  date  and  the 
Premier  swore  that  though  a  conversation  had  taken  place  this 
subject  was  not  mentioned.  The  Report  of  the  Commissioners 
(Dec.  26)  stated  that  the  above-mentioned  document  was  the  source 
of  the  information.  On  Oct.  31  the  Hon.  Mr.  Dunning  issued 
a  statement  in  which  he  declared  that: 

The  great  distinction  between  real  Liberalism  and  real  Conservatism  in 
this  Dominion  lies  principally  in  the  attitude  of  each  toward  the  fiscal  or  trade 
policy  of  the  Dominion.  In  the  West  the  Grain  Growers'  movement  has  been 
the  greatest  fighting  agency  against  the  Protective  Tariff  and  I  believe  that 
from  the  West,  with  its  increased  representation,  it  is  possible  to  develop  such 
a  force  for  true  Liberalism  as  will  affect  the  whole  of  the  party,  and  so  render 
easy  reform,  which,  without  that  influence  developed  in  that  way,  would  be 
impossible. 

If  politics  was  the  sensational  subject  of  the  year,  Agriculture 
was  the  practical  one.  At  the  University  of  Saskatchewan  and  its 
College  of  Agriculture  there  gathered  in  January  all  the  organiza- 
tions connected  with  this  great  industry.  The  Dairymen's  Associa- 
tion and  the  annual  Convention  of  the  Agricultural  Societies  of  the 
Province;  the  Live-stock  Commission  of  which  the  members  were 
Hon.  W.  C.  Sutherland,  M.L.A.,  (Chairman),  Hon.  W.  R.  Mother- 
well,  Dr.  J.  G.  Rutherford,  Prof.  O.  D.  Skelton,  Kingston,  J.  D.  Mc- 
Gregor, Brandon  and  W.  A.  Wilson ;  the  Agricultural  Short  Courses 
at  the  University  were  in  progress  and  a  banquet  was  given  on  the 
24th  to  Seager  Wheeler  of  Rosthern  in  honour  of  his  world-cham- 
pionship prizes,  for  the  best  wheat,  won  at  various  United  States 
International  contests.  Succeeding  incidents  included  the  visit  of 
the  Live-stock  Commission  to  the  chief  centres  of  the  Province  and 
the  collection  of  much  information ;  the  claim  of  J.  H.  Haslam,  Re- 
gina,  (Winnipeg  Free  Press,  Feb.  14)  that  the  chief  source  of  Ger- 
many's economic  strength  was  in  its  organized  care  of  Agriculture 
over  many  years ;  the  protest  of  Hon.  W.  R.  Motherwell  at  Saskatoon 
against  certain  increased  powers  for  distributing  cars  being  given 
the  Dominion  Grain  Commission  and  the  Minister's  declaration 
that  millions  of  bushels  of  threshed  grain  in  certain  sections  lay 
exposed  and  could  not  get  transportation  either  on  railways  or 
OArer  impassable  roads ;  the  request  of  the  Regina  Board  of  Trade  to 
Hon.  W.  J.  Roche  that  a  Commission  be  appointed  to  take  charge 
of  the  situation  arising  out  of  $1,000,000  being  still  outstanding  of 
Dominion  liens  re  Seed  indebtedness ;  the  fact  of  Saskatchewan  acre- 
age under  crop  being  9,921,770  acres  in  1916  (July  estimate  of 
Department)  compared  with  10,543,796  in  1914;  an  Agricultural 
Conference  at  the  University  in  Saskatoon  on  Sept.  6  to  discuss  the 
question  of  seed  growing  and  selection  with  W.  L.  Ramsay,  Blad- 
worth,  in  the  chair;  the  organization  at  Swift  Current  in  July  of 


NEW  MARTIN  GOVERNMENT  :  PROVINCIAL  GRAIN  GROWERS      723 

the  Farmers'  Non-Partisan  Political  League  with  about  2,000 
members  (by  October)  and  the  intention  of  capturing  the  Legis- 
lature so  that  farmers  should  be  able  to  mill  their  own  wheat, 
have  Government-owned  mills,  rural  credit  banks,  packing  plants 
and  elevators. 

The  Saskatchewan  Grain  Growers'  Association  met  at  Saska- 
toon on  Feb.  15  with  J.  A.  Maharg  in  the  chair;  the  Women's 
Section  also  met  with  Mrs.  John  McNaughtan  presiding.  About 
2,000  delegates,  their  wives  and  friends  were  present.  Mr.  Maharg 
in  his  address  stated  that  the  membership  was  steadily  increasing ; 
that  the  trading  and  co-operative  department  in  its  policy  of  "  buy- 
ing collectively  what  we  require  for  ourselves  and  selling  what 
we  produce  in  a  similar  way"  had  aroused  such  local  hostility 
that  it  might  be  necessary  to  buy  a  large  amount  of  the  members' 
requirements  outside  of  Canada ;  that  while  mistakes  as  to  the  War 
had  been  made  both  in  England  and  in  Canada,  "yet  the  great- 
est mistake  of  all  would  have  been  to  hav^  not  entered  the  War;" 
that  farm  labour  was  very  scarce  through  the  recruiting  of  agricul- 
turists and  that  it  might  be  necessary  to  amend  the  Alien  Labour 
laws  and  utilize  more  female  labour.  The  Secretary,  J.  B.  Mussel- 
man,  reported  27,000  members  and  funds  received  during  the  year 
of  $19,013.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  chief  Resolutions 


1.  That  we  demand  permission  to  exercise  our  unquestionable  right  of 
marketting  our  wheat  wherever  it  may  be  to  our  greatest  advantage. 

2.  That  whereas   the   present   War  has   plainly   shown   that   the   British 
Empire  must  stand  or   fall   together,   and  whereas  we  believe  that  a  tariff 
on  goods  from  Great  Britain  entering  Canada  should  not  be  tolerated;  there- 
fore, we  urge  that  the  Dominion  Government  immediately  take  the  necessary 
steps  to  bring  about  Free  Trade  between  Canada  and  Great  Britain. 

3.  That  the  care  of  returned  soldiers  and  dependents  is  a  national  re- 
sponsibility and  that  funds  for  this  purpose  should  be  raised  by  an  equitable 
system  of  Dominion  taxation. 

4.  That   the   Convention    approves    of    raising    capital    for    the    Trading 
Department  by  means  of  Debentures  and  Life  Memberships;    re-affirms  its 
stand   for   Direct   Legislation    for    the    Province;    approves    a    Federation    of 
Provincial  and  inter-Provincial  agricultural  bodies. 

5.  That  Railways  should  be  compelled  to  erect  fences  alongside   their 
tracks;    that  the   Association   should   promote   study   and   discussion   of   econ- 
omic problems;   that  a  portion  of  all  automobile  license  fees  should  go  into 
rural  treasuries  for  the  upkeep  of  roads;   that  Provincial  Woman's  Suffrage 
should  be  enacted. 

6.  That  the  Federal  Government  should  commandeer  all  Munition  pro- 
fits in  excess  of  15  per  cent,  and  that  all  the  Governments  should  endeavour 
to  secure  farm  help,  if  necessary  from  outside  of  Canada,  and  with  enlisted 
farmers  in  the  West  released  for  service  as  farm  labourers. 

7.  That   in   view   of   the   many  lives   lost   in   outlying   districts   through 
lack  of  medical  attendance  "the  Provincial  Government  should  take  up  the 
matter  of  providing  adequate  nursing  and  compulsory  medical  facilities  for 
rural  districts  at  public  expense." 

8.  That  ' '  this  Convention  approves  the  movement  now  on  foot  to  thor- 
oughly examine   our   educational   conditions,   and   will   support   the   necessary 
legislation  to  place  our  Public  Schools  on  an  up-to-date  and  satisfactory  basis; 
that  it  deems  it  advisable  that  every  child  in  Saskatchewan  shall  be  taught 
the  English  language,  and  that  all  elementary  schools  shall  be  brought  under 
Government  control  and  inspection,  and  an  effective  system  of  Compulsory 
education  enacted." 


724  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

A  Resolution  urging  the  Dominion  Government  to  "place'  restric- 
tions after  the  War  upon  the  entry  to  the  Dominion  of  those 
nationalities  or  groups  that  have  in  the  past  been  found  to  be 
unassimilable  or  otherwise  undesirable"  with  a  reference  to  "alien 
belligerent  countries"  aroused  the  wrath  of  C.  E.  Eymann  of 
Der  Courier,  Regina.  In  deference  to  his  vigorous  remarks  the 
word  "alien"  was  eliminated  and  finally  the  motion  was  whittled 
down  to  one  of  encouraging  "desirable  immigration."  The 
Women's  Grain  Growers  took  especial  interest  in  the  question  of 
Municipal  Hospitals  and  urged  it  by  speech  and  Resolution.  Dur- 
ing the  Convention  C.  A.  Dunning  gave  an  address  on  the  Co- 
operative Elevator  system,  its  struggle  with  great  difficulties  and 
a  progress  shown  in  the  record  of  46  elevators  and  3,250,000 
bushels  handled  in  1912;  137  elevators  and  12,900,000  bushels  in 
1913 ;  192  and  19,500,000,  respectively,  in  1914 ;  215  and  13,764,- 
000  in  1915.  It  may  be  added  that  the  Report  for  the  year  of  July 
31,  1916,  showed  assets  of  $4,419,219  with  liabilities  to  the  Saskat- 
chewan Government  of  $1,639,267,  to  the  Dominion  Government 
of  $109,479  and  to  the  Public  of  $1,071,143.  The  grain  handled 
was  43,198,000  bushels  and  the  number  of  elevators  in  use  230. 
At  the  annual  meeting  on  Nov.  22  the  resignation  of  the  Hon. 
C.  A.  Dunning  was  accepted  and  F.  W.  Riddell  was  appointed 
General  Manager  with  James  Robinson  as  Executive  Director.  At 
the  Grain  Growers'  Association  the  following  officers  had  been 
elected  in  the  February  meeting :  President,  John  A.  Maharg, 
Moose  Jaw;  Vice-President,  A.  G.  Hawkes,  Percival;  Directors-at- 
large,  Mrs.  John  McNaughtan,  Piche;  J.  B.  Musselman,  Moose 
Jaw;  Thos.  Sales,  Langham;  Hon.  George  Langley,  Regina;  John 
F.  Reid,  Orcadia. 

The  Rural  Municipalities  Convention  at  Regina  on  Mar.  9 
was  addressed  by  Hon.  W.  R.  Motherwell  who  told  them  that  $25,- 
000,000  a  year  was  lost  through  noxious  weeds.  C.  M.  Hamilton 
was  re-elected  President.  Resolutions  were  passed  (1)  in  favour 
of  Municipal  Hospitals  supported  by  the  Government  and  the 
Rural  Municipalities  co-operatively;  (2)  demanding  from  Rail- 
ways more  efficient  cattle-guards  and  fences;  (3)  urging  that 
"municipal  councils  be  authorized  not  to  include  lands  owned  by 
men  on  active  service  in  the  annual  sale  list;"  (4)  asking  the  Gov- 
ernment "to  so  amend  the  Rural  Municipality  Act  that  each  Muni- 
cipality shall  receive  a  just  proportion  of  the  funds  raised  through 
Automobile  taxation,  to  use  for  the  improvement  of  the  public 
roads."  The  4th  annual  Convention  of  the  Saskatchewan  Stock 
Growers'  Association  met  at  Swift  Current  on  June  6-7  with  0. 
Olafson  in  the  chair  and  passed  Resolutions  asking  (1)  the  enforce- 
ment by  the  R.N.W.M.  Police  of  the  present  Prairie  Fire  Act  and 
its  amendment  so  as  to  increase  the  penalties  for  letting  fires  get 
away;  (2)  referring  to  cattle-stealing  north  of  Saskatchewan  River 
and  asking  for  a  Mounted  Police  patrol;  (3)  urging  the  arrange- 
ment of  an  international  stock  inspection  certificate  so  that  ship- 


HIGHER  EDUCATION  :  UNIVERSITY  OP  SASKATCHEWAN        725 


ments  to  the  States  would  not  have  to  be  unloaded  at  the  border. 

The  Agricultural  development  of  Saskatchewan  in  1916  had  a 
set-back  from  its  record  of  the  preceding  year.  According  to 
Federal  statistics  the  total  of  the  field  crop  area  was  11,623,710  acres 
compared  with  12,824,550 — Provincial  figures  gave  the  1916  area 
as  13,529,121  acres— and  the  value  of  the  product  as  $248,013,300 
against  $267,935,300  in  1915.  The  butter  produced  at  the  Gov- 
ernment creameries  was  2,538,061  Ibs.,  valued  at  $1,270,000  and 
in  the  private  Creameries  at  $500,000;  the  total  value  of  all  dairy 
products  was  placed  at  $5,470,000.  The  Government  appropria- 
tions for  Agricultural  purposes  in  1916  totalled  $371,795  with 
$25,800  from  the  Education  Department  for  agricultural  education 
and  an  estimated  revenue  of  $184,500.  The  average  value  of  farm 
land  in  Saskatchewan  was  stated  at  $23.07  per  acre  in  1916  and  the 
wages  of  farm-help  per  month  (with  board)  as  $43.23  for  males 
and  $22.46  for  females;  the  industrial  capital  of  the  Province  in 
1915  was  $16,788,992,  the  wages  or  salaries  $2,071,639,  the  value 
of  products  $15,162,574.  The  details  of  Saskatchewan  field  crops 
in  1916  were  (Federal  statistics)  as  follows: 

Field  Crops  Area 

Acres 

Fall    Wheat     105,700 

Spring    Wheat     7,352,000 

All    Wheat 7,457,700 

Oats 3,180,600 

Barley     344,000 

Rye      20,500 

Flax     497,700 

Potatoes 30,000 

Turnips,   Mangolds,   etc 12,200 

Hay   and   Clover    75,000 


Yield 

Average 

per  acre 

Total 

price 

Total 

Bush. 

Yield 

per  Bush, 

Value 

20-25 

2,140,000 

1.41 

$3,017,000 

16-50 

121,308,000 

1.28 

155,274,000 

16-50 

123,448,000 

1.28 

158,291,000 

42-75 

135,971,000 

0.46 

62,547,000 

29-25 

10,062,000 

0.77 

7,748,000 

23-50 

482,000 

1.10 

530,000 

11-50 

5,724,000 

2.23 

12,765,000 

176-00 

5,280,000 

0.62 

3,274,000 

266-00 

3,245,000 

0.57 

1,850,000 

tons 

tons 

per  ton 

1-97 

148,000 

5.85 

866,000 

Higher  Education  :  Saskatchewan  University.    The 

University  of  Saskatchewan  continued  to  do  splendid  work  during  1916. 
The  total  registration  of  the  year  was  291  compared  with  445  in  1915  but  the 
number  of  its  Staff  and  students  on  active  service  at  the  close  of  1916  was 
at  least  230,  of  whom  18  had  been  killed  in  action  and  43  wounded.  A  new 
contingent  was  raised  during  the  year  under  command  of  Major  (and  Pro- 
fessor) R.  J.  G.  Bateman.  The  annual  Report  of  the  President — Walter  C. 
Murray,  LL.D. — for  the  year  of  June  30,  1915,  had  shown  an  increase  of 
attendance  to  the  445  figure  as  above  and  described  the  graduation,  for  the 
first  time,  of  25  students  in  Agriculture  and  8  in  Law  with  80  graduates  in 
Arts  and  67  others.  To  the  patriotism  of  the  War  response  of  the  University, 
whose  motto  was  "For  God  and  Country,"  high  tribute  was  paid  by  Dr. 
Murray  who  then  illustrated,  in  the  following  facts,  the  close  grip  of  Pro- 
vincial interests  held  by  the  institution:  ''The  activities  of  the  Extension 
Department  fall  into  several  groups.  There  is,  first,  the  Conventions  and 
Short  Courses  held  at  the  University.  These  extended  from  4  days  to  3 
weeks.  Eight  were  held  and  the  attendance  approximated  600.  There  is, 
secondly,  the  Short  Courses  held  at  various  centres  in  the  Province  extending 
from  two  to  five  days;  37  were  held  and  the  attendance  exceeded  3,250. 
There  are,  in  the  third  place,  the  various  activities  conducted  through  the 
Agricultural  Societies.  These  societies  increased  from  101  to  110  in  the  year 
and  held  116  competitions  of  various  kinds  attended  by  over  8,000;  made 
provision  for  241  Institute  meetings,  attended  by  about  10,000  and  held  100 
exhibitions  whose  attendance  cannot  be  accurately  estimated,  but  would  pro- 


726  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

bably  average  500  each.  In  the  fourth  group  is  the  work  of  the  Homemakers ' 
Clubs.  They  have  been  very  active  under  the  direction  of  the  University.  In 
three  years  their  number  has  risen  to  340,  and  their  membership  must  be  in 
the  vicinity  of  5,000.  Lastly,  there  are  the  special  activities  in  which  the 
University  co-operated  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  Eailways. 
There  were  the  Better  Farming  special  train,  running  for  five  weeks  and 
attended  by  40,000  people;  the  two  dairy  specials,  running  this  spring  for 
two  weeks,  holding  105  meetings  and  attended  by  6,564  people.  The  Exten- 
sion Department,  at  a  very  moderate  estimate,  reached  directly  over  125,000 
people  and  benefitted  indirectly  a  great  many  more."  At  the  Convocation 
on  May  4  the  President  gave  an  eloquent  address  with  many  references  to 
the  sacrifices  of  War  and  the  patriotism  shown  by  staff  and  students;  the 
Hon.  E.  L.  Wetmore  presided  and  the  Connaught  Gold  Medal  was  awarded 
to  John  A.  Weir,  B.A.,  LL.B.,  who  had  won  the  Ehodes  Scholarship  in  1915 
but  been  unable  to  go  to  Oxford;  41  graduates  received  the  degree  of  B.A., 

5  that  of  B.Sc.,  8  that  of  LL.B.,  5  that  of  M.A.,  10  that  of  Associate  in 
Agriculture. 

University  incidents  of  the  year  included  the  appointment  of  Prof.  W. 
W.  Swanson,  M.A.  Ph.D.,  of  Queen's  University,  Kingston,  to  the  Chair  of 
Economics  at  Saskatoon,  while  J.  W.  Eaton,  M.A.,  Professor  of  German,  en- 
listed as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  C.A.M.C.— the  6th  of  the  Faculty  to  go;  the 
closing  of  the  School  of  Engineering  because  nearly  all  the  students  had  en- 
listed; the  valuable  exhibit  at  the  College  of  Agriculture  in  July  of  100  high- 
class  Live-stock  and  various  kinds  of  poultry;  the  election  in  June  to  the 
University  Senate  of  T.  D.  Brown  from  Eegina,  with  4  members  re-elected — 
Dr.  T.  A.  Patrick,  Yorkton,  Sir  Frederick  Haultain,  Regina,  W.  B.  Willoughby, 
K.C.,  M.L.A.,  Moose  Jaw,  and  Norman  McMurchy,  Regina.  The  Senate  re- 
elected  A.  F.  Angus,  Regina,  A.  F.  Hitchcock,  Moose  Jaw,  and  J.  Dixon,  Maple 
Creek,  as  members  of  the  Board  of  Governors;  W.  J.  Bell,  Saskatoon,  Levi 
Thomson,  M.P.,  Wolseley,  and  Mr.  Justice  McKay  were  re-appointed  by 
Order-in-Council.  At  this  time,  also,  Wm.  Ramsay,  B.A.,  was  appointed  Assist- 
ant Professor  of  Classics;  R.  J.  Manning,  M.A.,  D.SC.,  Assistant  Professor  in 
Chemistry;  J.  M.  Adams,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Physics.  During 
the  year  ex-Chief  Justice  E.  L.  Wetmore  gave  to  Wetmore  Hall,  the  Legal 
Faculty  of  the  University,  a  $100  yearly  scholarship  and  J.  A.  McFarlane 
won  the  Rhodes  Scholarship  for  1916  but  enlisted  as  a  present  duty  greater 
than  the  continuance  of  his  studies;  the  I.O.D.E.  voted  in  its  Provincial 
Chapter  to  give  $2,000  for  the  endowment  of  a  Scholarship;  Miss  Christina 
Murray  was  elected  President  of  the  Senior  Arts  &  Science  Class  and  J. 
Wallace  Bond  of  the  Junior  Arts  &  Science. 

As  to  other  institutions  Regina  College  (Methodist)  had  an  increased 
enrollment  with  306  students  in  the  year  1915  and  with  reports  which  showed 
prosperity  despite  war  conditions;  the  assets  of  the  College  for  1915-16  were 
$656,379  and  there  was  a  surplus  of  revenue;  the  Lieut. -Governor  opened 
the  new  Women's  Residence  on  Mar.  28  with  addresses  by  Hon.  J.  T.  Brown, 
Chairman  of  the  Board,  and  others;  the  Honour  Roll  of  enlistments  showed 
36  and  President  E.  W.  Stapleford,  M.A.,  on  June  13  told  the  Methodist  Con- 
ference that  all  was  going  well  and  that  the  College  would  be  a  centre  for  the 
study  of  moral,  social  and  educational  problems.  Emmanuel  College,  (Angli- 
can) affiliated  with  the  University,  was  almost  depleted  by  the  War;  Prin- 
cipal G.  E.  Lloyd  retired  and  went  to  England  (with  Rev.  Dr.  Carpenter  acting 
as  Principal)  while  his  3  sons  enlisted  with  38  other  students;  only  12  were  left 
at  the  close  of  the  1916  term.  The  Presbyterian  Theological  College  at  Moose 
Jaw  under  Principal  A.  A.  Graham  had  3  graduates  in  Divinity  and  awarded 

6  scholarships.     The  Lutheran  College  at  Outlook,  costing  $28,000,  was  dedi- 
cated on  July  9. 

Incidents  of  the  Year  in  Saskatchewan 

Jan.  20.  The  Provincial  Conservative  Association  of  Saskatchewan  met 
at  Saskatoon  and  elected  the  following  officers:  Hon.  President,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir 
R.  L.  Borden;  Hon.  Vice-President,  W.  B.  Willoughby,  M.L.A.;  President, 


SASKATCHEWAN  INCIDENTS  IN  1916 


727 


Dr.  Bowman,  Weyburn;  Vice-Presidents  Donald  MacLean,  Saskatoon; 
and  J.  A.  Foley,  North  Battleford;  Secretary,  W.  A.  Munns,  Moose 
Jaw;  Treasurer,  Dr.  Mahan,  Regina.  Mr.  Willoughby,  the  Provincial 
leader,  declared  in  his  speech  that  "if  the  Conservative  party  is  returned 
to  power  the  amendments  to  the  School  Act  and  the  School  Assessment 
Act  will  be  immediately  repealed  and  English  be  made  the  only  language 
of  instruction  in  the  schools  of  the  Province. ' '  The  Dispensary  system  must  be 
abolished;  the  Highway  Commission  was  corrupt  and  the  system  must  be 
reformed;  the  Hail  Insurance  policy  was  condemned. 

Mar.  2.  The  Saskatchewan  School  Trustees'  Association  passed  the  fol- 
lowing Resolution :  "That  this  Association  notes  with  regret  the  large  num- 
ber of  private  schools  existent — devised  with  intent  to  defraud  the  child  of 
a  Canadian  education — and  would  strongly  urge  the  application  of  Compulsory 
education  or  compulsory  inspection  by  the  Department." 

Mar.  26.  Wm.  Trant,  of  Regina,  received  from  the  Lieut. -Governor  the 
Silver  Cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  conferred  by  the  King. 

May  9.  Rev.  Father  Benoit  announced  at  Regina  the  details  of  a  Colon- 
ization scheme  for  the  repatriation  of  French-Canadians  from  the  United 
States  to  Saskatchewan.  He  had  succeeded  in  raising  funds,  by  way  of 
stock  iii  the  Canadian  Colonization  Co.  Ltd.  of  Regina,  with  an  authorized 
capital  of  $£00,000  and  expected  to  start  in  September  bringing  in  one  family 
a  day.  The  Company  would  procure  the  land,  have  its  own  ranches  for  cattle 
and  horses  for  the  supply  of  the  settler  and  accept  installment  payments. 

Oct.  19.  It  was  announced  that  the  Regina  Province  had  been  acquired 
by  W.  F.  Herman  of  the  Saskatoon  Star  and  would  be  changed  in  name 
to  the  Regina  Daily  Post. 

Nov.  8.  W.  B.  Willoughby,  M.L.A.,  Opposition  Leader,  speaking  at  Rose- 
town  urged  that  English  should  be  "the  sole  language  of  instruction  in 
schools,"  and  though  he  challenged  no  man's  right  to  send  his  children  to 
a  private  school,  he  intended  "to  see  that  in  such  private  schools  English 
would  be  the  language  of  instruction  in  the  primary  classes  with  properly 
qualified  teachers  and  Compulsory  attendance  laws  enforced." 

Dec.  31.  The  new  Census  population  of  Saskatchewan's  chief  cities;  with 
their  Mayors  in  1916;  were  as  follows: 

Regina     26,105 Dr.  W.  D.  Cowan. 

Moose    Jaw     16,889    W.   W.    Davidson. 

Saskatoon    21,054    Dr.   Young. 


Dec.  31.     The  Presidents  or  heads  of 
the  Province  during  1916  were  as  follows: 

Saskatchewan   School   Trustees'    Association 

Saskatchewan   Educational   Association 

Elementary    Section    

Secondary   Section    

Catholic    Franco-Canadian    Association 

Provincial  Winter  Fairs  Association    

Saskatchewan   Horse    Breeders'    Association 

Saskatchewan    Sheep   Breeders'    Association 

Saskatchewan    Cattle    Breeders'    Association 

Saskatchewan   Swine   Breeders'   Association 

Saskatchewan   Equal  Franchise   Association.... 

Provincial   W.C.T.U 

Saskatchewan    Retailers'    Association 

Saskatchewan   Amateur   Baseball   Association 

Retail   Implement   Dealers'    Association 

Saskatchewan    Bowling   Association 

Saskatchewan  Credit   Men's   Association    

Provincial    Boys'    Work    Association 

Saskatchewan    Medical    Association 

Provincial   Institute   of   Accountants 


the  chief  public  organizations  of 


W.  M.  Parlee 

John  Hewgill    .... 
E.  L.  Anderson .  .  . 

W.    M.    Finlay 

Dr.     Godin 


Robert    Sinton    

Robert  Sinton 

E.     E.     Baynton.  .\.  .  .  . 

J.    G.    Robertson 

A.   B.    Potter    

Mrs.    Lawton    

Mrs.  W.  W.  Andrews.  . 

A.    A.    Evans 

C.   J.   Locke    

Hugh    Rorison    

J.   A.   Dickson    

G.  W.  Macf  arland 

Michael    Stark    

Dr.  R.  H.  Love 

W.    E.    Hodge 


.  Grayson. 

.  Moosorain. 

.  Regina. 

.  Yorkton. 

.Willow   Burch. 

.Regina. 

.  Regina. 

.  Bigstick   Lake. 

.  Davidson. 

.  Langbank. 

.  Yorkton. 

.  Regina. 

.  Outlook. 

.  Regina. 

.  Moose   Jaw. 

.  Moose   Jaw. 

.  Regina. 

.  Regina. 

.  Saskatoon. 

.  Regina. 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  ALBERTA 


The  Hon.  A.  L.  Sifton  led  his  Government  through 
The  Sifton          some  difficult  positions  during  this  year  and  faced  in 

Government;       th     Legislature   vigorous   attacks   from  the   Opposi- 
Administration        .  °          _  ..        °     .._..  ,  TT        ,,         .,  -, 

and  Politics        tion  under   Edward  Michener.     Usually  silent  and 

firm  in  his  conduct  of  affairs  and  not  given  to  mak- 
ing speeches  or  seeking  publicity,  there  was  one  matter  in  which 
during  these  years  he  had  expressed  himself  with  some  persistence 
— the  position  of  the  Banks  in  the  West.  To  the  Canadian  Club, 
Calgary  (Jan.  25,  1916)  he  stated  that  "the  time  was  ripe  for 
amendments  to  existing  legislation  governing  these  institutions  by 
which  some  more  definite  control,  in  the  disposal  of  their  deposits, 
should  be  secured  for  the  people. ' '  He  argued  that  the  total  amount 
invested  in  Bank  stocks  in  Canada  was  $114,000,000  while  the 
money  of  the  people  over  which  the  Banks  exercised  aribtrary  con- 
trol totalled  $1,700,000,000  and  claimed  that  though  deposits  had 
increased  during  the  "War  credits  had  been  curtailed.  Another 
Western  point  of  view  was  expressed  to  the  Calgary  Board  of 
Trade  on  Apr.  26  when  Mr.  Sifton  declared  that  the  four  western 
Provinces  were  the  only  ones  in  Canada  in  which  Dominion  assist- 
ance was  not  given  to  the  construction  of  Branch  lines:  "We 
had  to  do  that  work  ourselves.  The  transcontinental  railways 
were  built  for  Eastern  Canada  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  East, 
more  than  for  the  other  parts  of  Canada."  At  this  time  also  the 
Calgary  Board  (Apr.  22)  asked  the  Dominion  and  Provincial  Gov- 
ernments for  a  Civil  Service  reform  which  would  eliminate  politics. 

On  Feb.  6th  the  Government  took  out  a  policy  with  Lloyd's, 
London,  England,  and  insured  the  Provincial  parliament  buildings 
for  the  sum  of  $2,000,000  against  war  risks  of  any  kind.  The  policy 
was  of  an  elastic  character — covering  damages  from  bomb  out- 
rages, etc.,  or  fires  resulting  from  gasoline  used  by  alien  enemies. 
Mr.  Sifton  was  Minister  of  Railways  and  Telephones  and  was 
able  to  state  on  Jan.  26  that,  during  1915,  326  miles  of  new  railway 
had  been  constructed  in  the  Province,  or  more  than  in  all  the  other 
Western  Provinces  put  together — all  but  22  miles  being  aided  by 
Government  guarantees.  The  total  included  22  miles  of  C.BJK., 
59  C.N.R.,  97  Edmonton  and  Dunvegan,  100  Alberta  and  Great 
Waterways,  48  Central  Canada.  J.  D.  Me  Arthur,  the  Government 
Contractor,  and  President  of  the  Edmonton-Dun veganr  the  A. 
&  G.  W.  and  Central  Canada  Lines,  stated  on  Feb.  10  that  over 
700  miles  leading  into  the  far  north  of  Alberta — the  fertile  pioneer 
regions  of  the  Peace  River — would  be  completed  by  the  end  of 
the  winter  and  the  North  be  opened  up  to  a  surprising  degree. 

This  meant  much  to  Edmonton.  Thousands  of  settlers  had 
gone  North  during  the  past  year  or  two  in  anticipation  of  the 

[728] 


THE  SIFTON  GOVERNMENT:  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS    729 

coming  of  steel  and,  in  consequence,  the  wholesale  trade  from  that 
part  of  Alberta  during  1916  formed  a  considerable  part  of  the 
business  done  by  Edmonton  houses.  On  Mar.  22  Edmonton  was 
actually  connected  by  rail  with  Grande  Prairie  City  and  the  resi- 
dents of  the  latter  place  gave  a  banquet  to  W.  Rathbone  Smith, 
General  Manager  of  the  Edmonton-Dunvegan  with  many  present 
who  had  reached  Grande  Prairie  by  the  famous  Edson  trail,  with 
its  hardships  and  perils  and  a  journey  occupying  weeks  and  some- 
times months;  others  had  travelled  by  the  more  circuitous  route 
via  Athabasca,  Lesser  Slave  Lake,  Peace  River  Crossing  and 
Dunvegan ;  and  all  had  a  distinct  recollection  of  danger  overcome, 
and  obstacles  surmounted.  This  50-mile  branch  had  been  construct- 
ed within  a  year  and  under  many  and  varied  difficulties.  The 
connection  of  Edmonton  with  Peace  River  Crossing  (360  miles) 
with  Spirit  River  (357  miles)  and  in  another  direction  180  miles 
to  Fort  McMurray  (almost  completed)  also  meant  much  in  new 
production — that  of  the  Peace  District  increasing  132%  in  1915 
according  to  Allan  McKenzie,  President  of  the  Peace  River  Board 
of  Trade.  In  the  presss  of  June  19  Mr.  Me  Arthur  made  this 
statement: 

My  faith  in  the  Peace  Eiver  country  has  never  wavered.  Some  years  ago 
I  became  convinced  that  this  vast  territory,  rich  in  agricultural  and  other  re- 
sources, would  support  a  big  population,  and  that  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
settlers  would  be  attracted  to  it,  owing  to  its  splendid  soil,  delightful  climate^ 
and  enormous  possibilities,  and  also  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  the  Peace  Eiver 
country  is  practically  the  only  remaining  belt  of  available  homestead  land  in 
the  whole  Dominion.  That  opinion  has  become  more  deep  rooted  as  the  days 
have  gone  by.  I  am  not  surprised  that  the  settlers  in  the  Grande  Prairie, 
Spirit  Eiver,  Waterhole,  and  other  northern  areas  waited  through  the  long, 
weary  years  for  transportation  facilities,  instead  of  going  whence  they  came, 
for  on  these  fertile  prairies  they  have  a  glorious  heritage.  During  the  next 
few  years  the  Peace  Eiver  country  will  become  known  as  the  greatest  mixed 
farming  territory  in  the  Dominion.  Hogs,  cattle,  butter,  eggs,  poultry  and 
other  produce  will  be  raised  in  ever-increasing  quantities,  under  the  most  ad- 
vantageous conditions. 

However  great  the  troubles  over  the  original  A.  &  G.  W.  the 
Sifton  Government  deserved  credit  for  overcoming  them  and 
seeing  the  possibilities  of  this  region  with  results  which  in  1916 
were  becoming  clear.  To  the  Edmonton  Bulletin  (Nov.  30)  Mr. 
McArthur  stated  that  in  the  current  year  the  total  tonnage  shipped 
from  Edmonton  to  the  North,  via  his  Railways,  amounted  to  over 
40,000  tons,  compared  with  the  old-time,  round-about  shipment  of 
perhaps  1,500  tons  a  year;  he  was  proud  of  having  built  650  miles 
of  railway  in  these  regions  within  four  years  besides  grading  150 
miles  in  readiness  for  steel.  To  meet  this  construction  and  that  of 
various  branch  lines  in  every  part  of  the  Province  the  Government 
had  borrowed  since  1905  a  total  of  $26,733,178  and  guaranteed 
securities — not  all  utilized — of  $58,752,500  or  a  total  committment 
smaller  than  the  Debt  of  the  City  of  Toronto.  Against  this,  it 
was  claimed  by  friendly  financial  critics,  there  were  $12,000,000  of 
remunerative,  direct  liability  bonds  on  which  the  Province,  practi- 
cally, did  not  pay  interest;  a  Dominion  subsidy  of  $405,375  per 


730  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

annum  which  equalled  5  per  cent,  on  $8,107,500 ;  the  ownership  of 
7,236,925  acres  of  lands  unsold,  at  the  average  price  paid  on  pre- 
vious sales  ($11.69)  was  worth  $84,588,000.  The  Provincial  Trea- 
surer stated  in  the  House  (Mar.  9)  that  up  to  this  time  the  Railway 
mileage  guaranteed  and  authorized  was  3,510  and  mileage  executed 
2,535;  that  the  amount  of  authorized  guarantee  was  $59,410,450 
and  the  amount  actually  executed  $43,100,450 ;  that  by  Apr.  1,  186 
new  lines  of  railway  would  be  completed  making  76%  of  all  lines 
guaranteed  and  that  it  was  estimated  that,  in  1915,  31,993,000 
bushels  of  grain  had  been  carried  by  railways  thus  aided ;  that 
the  Edmonton-Dunvegan  line  had  carried  5,000  cars  of  general 
supplies  and  200  of  settlers'  effects  into  the  North. 

As  to  Telephones  the  annual  Report  for  Dec.  31,  1915,  showed 
long-distance  lines  of  16,780  wire  miles  and  4,095  miles  with  331  toll 
offices;  there  were  592  towns,  villages,  and  communities  in  the 
Province  served  by  the  Government  system  of  toll  and  rural  lines, 
and  the  Inter-provincial  service  which  extended  to  53  points  in 
Saskatchewan  and  35  in  British  Columbia.  There  were  35,046  sub- 
scribers '  stations  connected  with  the  system  and  the  rural  lines  con- 
sisted of  32,322  wire  miles  and  9,593  pole  miles,  giving  service 
to  10,645  subscribers.  Extensions  were  made  (1915)  in  70  dis- 
tricts, while  2,144  rural  stations  were  added  and  821  discontinued 
service,  making  a  net  gain  of  1,323  rural  subscribers.  The  Tele- 
phone area  of  the  Province  was  about  80,000  square  miles  and 
within  this  area  there  were  592  distinct  communities  receiving 
telephone  service,  either  by  means  of  long  distance  or  rural  lines. 
The  revenue  was  $1,048,541  and  expenditures  $587,538  with  net 
earnings  of  $461,003.  After  deducting  Interest,  Sinking  Fund 
and  uncollectible  accounts  ($25,900)  the  surplus  was  $9,733.  The 
total  cost  and  capital  expenditure  was  $9,015,052.  As  to  rates 
rural  subscribers  paid  from  $15  to  $20  a  year. 

The  Hon.  C.  R.  Mitchell,  Provincial  Treasurer,  reported  for 
the  year  of  Dec.  31,  1915,  total  revenues  of  $5,143,590  and  ex- 
penditures of  $5,714,031  or  a  deficit  of  $570,441  with,  it  was 
claimed,  outstanding  collections  unpaid  (Wild  lands  and  Succes- 
sion duties)  which  would  actually  leave  a  surplus  of  $200,000. 
The  Telephone  surplus  was  $27,892  with  an  accumulated  total 
of  $335,375  and  the  Province  had  a  Bank  balance  of  $711,393 
on  Dec.  31.  The  Receipts  included  $1,851,346  from  Dominion  sub- 
sidies and  grants;  $107,880  from  Succession  duties  and  $105,913 
from  the  Agricultural  Department  with  $236,172  from  its  Dairy 
Branch;  $331,214  from  the  Municipalities  Department,  $220,511 
from  Fees,  etc.,  in  the  Treasury  Department ;  $153,  591  from  Court 
fees  and  $260,803  from  Land  Title  fees  and  $149,962  from  Liquor 
licenses ;  $399,356  from  the  Provincial  Secretary — chiefly  Corpora- 
tion taxes — with  $77,626  from  Automobiles;  $999,549  from  Tele- 
phones. The  Expenditures  included  $768,093  upon  Public  Debt, 
$485,528  on  Civil  government ;  $119,483  upon  Legislation ;  $733,649 
upon  Administration  of  Justice  and  $903,613  upon  Education; 


THE  SIPTON  GOVERNMENT:  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS    731 


$377,112  upon  Agriculture  and  Statistics  and  $236,811  upon  the 
Dairy  branch  Creameries,  etc. ;  $111,860  upon  Hospitals  and  Chari- 
ties and  $227,623  upon  other  Public  institutions;  $971,657  upon 
Telephones  and  $553,962  upon  Public  Works.  As  to  Capital  account 
$3,252,983  was  received  from  the  sale  of  Debentures  and  $1,170,- 
398  expended  upon  Public  Works  with  $1,867,530  paid  the  Central 
Canada  Railway. 

Mr.  Mitchell  in  his  Budget  speech  of  Mar.  9th  gave  the  Lia- 
bilities of  the  Province  on  Dec.  31,  1915,  as  $26,733,178.  The 
Assets  he  described  as  $124,008,635  which  total  included  $8,107,- 
500  of  a  Dominion  Debt  allowance  upon  which  6%  interest  was 
received;  $6,550,737  of  a  School  Lands  Fund  (Dominion)  upon 
which  3%  and  5%  was  received;  $2,000,000  advanced  to  the  Cen- 
tral Canada  Railway  at  5% ;  $8,972,740  invested  in  the  Telephone 
plant,  stock  and  tools.  To  this  revenue-producing  total  of  $27,- 
083,463  the  Treasurer  added  $12,287,631  as  the  value  of  Provincial 
buildings,  bridges,  trunk  roads,  etc.,  and  $84,588,074  as  the  value 
of  unsold  lands  at  price  of  preceding  sales.  The  estimated  Re- 
ceipts for  1916  were  $6,084,740  and  Expenditures  $6,011,835.  As 
to  general  conditions  he  described  the  prosperity  coming  from  the 
great  crops  of  1915  and  gave  the  following  figures: 


Wheat,  S 
Wheat,  W 
Oats 

Barley  .  .  . 
Flax 

Rye     

Speltz     .  .  . 

Hay    

Potatoes  , 
Turnips  .  . 
Carrots  . 


$35,700,000 

1,338,750 

22,837,500 

7,350,000 

810,000 

428,750 

45,150 

2,000,000 

3,150,000 

640,000 

330,000 


Animals  Slaughtered  and  sold.  . 

Butter,   Eggs  and  Milk    

Wool     Clip     (1,750,000     Ibs.     at 

27c.)     

Pish    

Game    and    Furs     

IJortic\iltural    Products    

Poultry  and   Products    


Total 


$20,500,000 
11,000,000 

472,500 
250,000 

1,000,000 
150,000 

3,000,000 


$111,002,650 


The  1914  total  had  been  $78,516,891.  To  Mr.  Mitchell  the 
Superintendent  of  Insurance  (W.  V.  Newson)  reported  for  1915 
Fire  Insurance  premiums  of  $2,118,892  and  Losses  of  $617,231; 
Life  insurance  premiums  of  $2,107,035,  death  claims  $254,491  and 
the  new  Insurance  written  of  $17,885,421  with  a  total  Provincial 
business  in  force  of  $69,362,228;  Hail  insurance  premiums  of 
$1,119,816  and  Losses  $855,643.  During  the  Session  Mr.  Mitchell 
obtained  power  to  issue  $2,000,000  in  bonds  which  was  done  at 
5%  and  a  20-year  term  to  realize  95-63 — the  sale  being  made  in 
Toronto.  To  the  Hon.  C.  W.  Cross,  K.C.,  Attorney- General,  was 
submitted  an  elaborate  Report  by  A.  M.  McDonald,  Superintendent 
of  Neglected  Children,  as  to  the  operations  of  the  Act  and  the  work 
of  Juvenile  Courts,  with  80  local  Commissioners,  and  specially 
important  work  done  at  Edmonton,  Calgary,  Lethbridge  and  Medi- 
cine Hat.  The  Department  of  Mr.  Cross  had  charge  of  the  Liquor 
licenses  and  bore  the  brunt  of  Conservative  attacks  along  lines 
resembling,  in  some  lesser  respects,  those  of  Saskatchewan  but 
which  the  Premier  and  the  Legislative  majority  did  not  deem  im- 
portant enough  to  investigate. 

The  Hon.  Wilfrid  Gariepy,  K.C.,  Minister  of  Municipalities,  had 
to  deal  with  6  cities  compared  with  2  in  1905,  48  towns  against  15, 


732  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

102  villages  compared  with  30  and  87  rural  nmnicipalitities  where 
there  were  none  in  that  year.  For  1916  John  Perrie,  Deputy 
Minister,  submitted  elaborate  data  as  to  the  Assessment,  taxation, 
debenture  debt,  number  of  resident  farmers  and  assessable  acreage 
of  land  in  all  rural  municipalties  with  tables  as  to  population,  etc., 
of  villages,  towns  and  cities.  In  a  speech  at  Edmonton  on  Feb. 
16  Mr.  Gariepy  referred  to  the  number  of  patriotic  meetings  he  had 
addressed ;  the  ready  response  of  many  aliens  and  added :  "  I  say 
that  traitor,  criminal  or  lunatic  is  the  Canadian  who,  with  danger 
staring  him  in  the  face,  does  not  do  his  full  share  for  the  British 
flag,  for  human  liberty,  and  for  true  civilization."  A  large 
Deputation  representing  rural  interests,  Labour  bodies,  etc., 
waited  upon  Mr.  Gariepy  on  Oct.  26  to  urge  that  a  Provincial 
system  of  Public  Hospitals  should  be  established,  which  would 
include  all  public  hospitals  now  in  operation;  that  the  Pro- 
vince be  divided  into  hospital  districts  or  areas  so  arranged  that 
hospitals  could  be  established  within  reasonable  reach  of  all ;  that  all 
hospitals  should  conform  to  a  Provincial  standard  and  be  erected 
and  equipped  under  Government  supervision  with  Provincial  inspec- 
tion and  standards  for  nurses,  together  with  provision  for  their 
training ;  that  the  service  of  each  hospital  should  be  available  to  the 
residents  of  the  district  without  fees,  and  that  hospitals  be  built, 
equipped,  operated  and  maintained  by  a  tax  on  the  land,  and 
other  natural  resources.  The  Minister  promised  that  the  subject 
would  be  seriously  considered  by  the  Cabinet.  About  this  time  he 
announced  that  A.  A.  Carpenter  of  the  Public  Utilities  Board  would 
hear  and  determine  appeals  received  against  assessments  made  for 
the  purposes  of  the  Wild  Land  tax  of  1%  upon  values.  He  would 
sit  in  various  parts  of  the  Province  with  public  notice  as  to  time 
and  place.  At  the  close  of  the  year  Mr.  Gariepy  stated  that  after 
a  Departmental  survey  of  the  Province  it  was  found  that  there 
were  approximately  8,000,000  acres  of  wild  land,  other  than  Gov- 
ernment land,  of  an  assessed  value  of  $69,973,934  and  producing 
taxes  for  the  year  of  $699,824. 

The  Minister  of  Public  Works  (Hon.  Charles  Stewart)  issued 
an  annual  Report  for  1915  filled  with  elaborate  details.  •  In  the 
Highways  Branch  the  number  of  bridges  constructed  was  343  with 
177  under  repairs;  the  mileage  of  roads  was  stated  to  be  increas- 
ing and  a  system  of  improved  maintenance  under  organization; 
very  few  large  public  buildings  were  constructed  and  the  Architects' 
Branch  dealt  chiefly  with  completion  of  plans  and  construction; 
the  Mines  Branch  reported  to  L.  C.  Charlesworth,  Deputy  Min- 
ister, a  1915  output  of  3,434,891  short  tons  of  which  1,682,922 
tons  were  lignite  and  1,626,237  bituminous,  with  125,732  anthra- 
cite and  280  mines  in  operation,  6,445  persons  employed,  with  78 
accidents  including  18  deaths;  the  Steam  Boilers'  Branch  dealt 
with  1,946  boilers  inspected  during  the  year,  1,102  certificates 
issued  and  $16,041  collectel  in  fees.  The  Receipts  for  1915  were 
$270,065;  the  Expenditures  $2,149,398  of  which  $369,657  went  on 


THE  SIPTON  GOVERNMENT:  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS    733 

buildings,  $122,325  on  the  larger  bridges,  $525,779  on  trunk  roads 
and  bridges  and  $173,434  on  ordinary  roads. 

As  Minister  of  Education  the  Hon.  J.  R.  Boyle  had  problems 
to  deal  with  similar  to  those  of  other  Western  Provinces.  Upon  one 
point  he  was  positive  in  the  Legislature  (Mar.  30)  :  "If  there  is 
one  thing  I  am  proud  of  more  than  anything  else  it  is  that  I  have 
never  permitted,  on  any  occasion,  politics  to  interfere  in  the  slight- 
est degree  with  the  administration  of  the  Department  of  Educa- 
tion." Another  point  he  laid  stress  upon  was  the  enforcement  of 
the  School  Attendance  Act.  His  Report  for  the  calendar  year, 
1915,  dealt  with  definite  progress  in  many  directions.  One  phase 
the  Minister  summarized  as  follows :  ' '  The  total  enrollment  in 
ungraded  schools  in  1913  was  39,287.  In  1914  it  had  increased 
to  46,550.  The  total  aggregate  of  attendance,  computed  upon  the 
basis  of  one  child  one  day  at  school,  showed  an  aggregate  attend- 
ance in  the  ungraded  schools  in  1913  of  3,403,422.  This  in  1914 
had  reached  4,304,918,  being  an  increase  of  approximately  26  per 
cent.  During  1915  we  improved  our  organization  considerably  and 
in  that  year  the  total  enrollment  had  increased  to  51,207,  the  total 
aggregate  attendance  to  5,037,541,  being  a  further  increase  of  17 
per  cent,  over  1914.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  our  aggregate  attend- 
ance in  the  rural  schools  has  increased  in  two  years  from  3,403,422 
to  5,037,541,  being  an  increase  of  48  per  cent." 

The  Deputy  Minister,  D.  S.  Mackenzie,  stated  that  despite  war 
calls  the  supply  of  teachers  for  1915  had  been  sustained  but  that 
the  drain  was  steady  and  would  be  felt  in  the  future.  The  num- 
ber of  school  districts  organized  during  the  year  was  120,  as  com- 
pared with  123  during  the  former  year,  but  while  only  two  con- 
solidations of  school  districts  were  effected  in  1914,  ten  such  con- 
solidations were  brought  into  existence  in  1915.  The  school  popu- 
lation had  increased  by  7,376,  or  8|%.  At  the  same  time  the 
regularity  of  attendance  was  greater  than  ever  before  in  the  history 
of  the  Province  or  2%  over  that  of  1914  and  more  than  5%  over 
that  of  1913.  The  total  of  school  districts  in  1915  was  2,478,  the 
number  of  classrooms  3,082,  the  total  enrollment  97,286;  the  rural 
pupils  were  51,207  and  the  urban  46,079 ;  the  school  taxes  raised 
totalled  $3,733,322  of  which  $1,986,172  was  urban;  the  grants  paid 
to  school  districts  totalled  $569,555,  the  school  debentures  registered 
were  $495,885,  the  payments  on  teachers'  salaries  $2,244,963. 

A  problem  of  1916  was  the  growing  shortage  of  teachers  des- 
cribed by  Mr.  Boyle  in  November  when  he  appealed  for  young 
women  to  come  forward  and  take  the  place  of  the  600  young  male 
teachers  who  were  fighting  for  the  Empire.  * '  This  year  only  223 
teachers  have  come  into  the  Province  from  outside  sources,  and  300 
permits  to  teach  have  been  issued  to  persons,  some  of  whom  have  had 
training  and  experience  but  others  little  of  the  kind.  Even  now  there 
are  100  schools  for  which  teachers  can  not  be  found."  He  also 
stated  that  Provincial  teachers  had  been  greatly  handicapped  by 
lack  of  text-books  which  could  give  quick  and  concise  information 


734  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

upon  such  subjects  as  Canadian  bird  life,  natural  history,  botany 
and  the  history  of  the  West.  The  Bi-lingual  question  was  not 
as  troublesome  a  question  as  in  some  Provinces  but  it  was  present 
in  varied  form.  On  June  25  the  yearly  St.  Jean  Baptiste  celebra- 
tion took  place  at  Edmonton  with  600  French-Canadians  celebrat- 
ing the  anniversary  and  hearing  speeches,  at  a  banquet,  from 
Archbishop  Legal  and  Hon.  W.  Gariepy — the  former  telling  them 
that  "the  rights  of  the  race  are  bound  up  in  the  folds  of  the 
British  flag  and  through  allegiance  to  it  only  will  you  win  those 
rights  some  day  which  you  consider  yours."  On  the  26th  2,000 
persons  of  this  race  met  at  St.  Paul  de  Metis  and  listened  to  Mr. 
Gariepy  and  D.  W.  Warner. 

In  reply  to  a  question  during  the  Session  (Mar.  3)  Mr.  Boyle 
stated  that  the  National  Anthem  was  in  the  new  Music  text-book 
and  that  it  was  the  duty  of  every  teacher  to  teach  it ;  while  the  rural 
schools  were  being  instructed  in  the  War  and  the  part  the  Allies 
were  taking  in  it.  In  May  the  Minister  announced  the  purchase  of 
the  Alberta  Ladies'  College,  Red  Deer,  for  use  as  a  School  for  the 
Feeble-minded  children  of  the  four  Western  Provinces  in  accord- 
ance with  a  recent  Conference  and  arrangements  whereby  Manitoba 
was  to  look  after  the  deaf  and  dumb,  Saskatchewan  the  blind,  Alber- 
ta the  feeble-minded,  and  British  Columbia  the  incurably  insane. 
Mr.  Boyle  also  stated  that  he  was  going  to  appoint  a  Committee  to 
revise  the  course  of  studies  in  Rural  schools  and  that  upon  this 
Committee  the  farming  interests  would  be  well  represented. 

The  Hon.  Duncan  Marshall,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  was  con- 
spicuous during  the  year  in  his  efforts  and  policy.  His  Report  for 
Dec.  31,  1915,  covered  a  wide  range  of  subjects  and  the  statements 
of  14  heads  of  Branches.  H.  A.  Craig,  Deputy  Minister,  described 
the  yield  of  wheat  as  nearly  36  bushels  against  an  average  of  20 
for  the  previous  ten  years.  Oats  had  increased  from  an  average 
below  35  to  over  57  and  barley  from  25  to  35.  The  total  production 
of  grain  was  about  25%  above  1914  production  and  double  what 
it  was  five  years  before.  Live-stock  conditions  were  good  but 
fluctuating:  "The  high  price  of  grain  at  the  close  of  1914  and  the 
beginning  of  1915  demoralized  the  hog-raising  interests.  The 
greater  part  of  the  stock  was  marketted  hurriedly  and  in  poor,  light 
condition.  Even  where  feed  was  plentiful,  many  farmers  sold  not 
only  their  surplus  but  also  their  breeding  stock.  The  outstanding 
feature  of  the  live-stock  interest  at  the  close  of  the  year  is  the  de- 
mand for  good  breeding  stock  in  meat  animals."  Dairy  interests 
showed  consistent  progress:  "This  year  the  increase  over  the  pre- 
ceding year  is  35  -48  per  cent,  in  amount  and  the  market  for  Alberta 
butter  has  been  considerably  enlarged.  It  extends  to  Montreal  in 
the  East  and  to  Australia,  from  which  country  we  formerly  im- 
ported butter,  on  the  West.  The  output  this  year  has  reached 
the  sensational  total  of  over  7,000,000  Ibs." 

Much  was  being  done  in  Agricultural  education  and  the  attend- 
ance at  the  Vermilion,  Olds  and  Claresholm  schools  had  increased 


THE  SIFTON  GOVERNMENT:  ADMINISTRATION  AND  POLITICS    735 

from  234  in  1913-4  to  286  in  1914-15  and  337  in  1915-16;  the  work 
of  the  Provincial  Veterinarian  was  largely  educational  as  to  Live- 
stock disease  and  preventives  and  cures;  the  Dairy  Commissioner 
(C.  P.  Marker)  dealt  with  the  work  of  13  cheese  factories  and  57 
creameries  and  a  production  increasing  at  35%  annually  during 
the  past  three  years;  the  Agricultural  Societies  reporting  were 
204  in  number  and  the  Women 's  Institutes  numbered  107  with  3,000 
members;  C.  S.  Hotchkiss,  Statistician,  dealt  with  a  grain  crop  of 
164,332,483  bushels  which  was  nearly  three  times  that  of  1914, 
with  the  1913  record  of  75,575,682  as  the  next  highest  and  an  esti- 
mated 1916  yield  of  122,885,000  bushels.  As  to  Immigration  Mr. 
Hotchkiss  reported  about  20,000  for  seven  months  of  1915  and 
added:  "Of  that  total  about  15,000  came  from  the  United  States; 
allowing  cash  of  $500  and  settlers'  effects  valued  at  $350  per  head, 
conceded  by  the  immigration  authorities  to  be  a  very  fair  average 
estimate,  these  15,000  settlers  have  brought  into  the  country  a  sum 
of  nearly  $12,750,000."  Between  April-October  the  British  immi- 
grants totalled  7,185  and  from  elsewhere  1,992. 

Vital  Statistics  for  1915  (Mr.  Marshall  being  Registrar-General ) 
showed  13,452  births,  4,202  marriages  and  3,588  deaths.  Asso- 
ciated with  this  Department  was  the  annual  Report  of  the  Alberta 
Horse  Breeders'  Association  which  stated  that  up  to  Dec.  31,  1915, 
the  British  Government  had  purchased  between  13,000  and  14,000 
horses  in  Canada,  the  Canadian  Government  25,846  and  the  French 
Government  3,500,  making  a  total  of  approximately  412,346.  Of 
this  number  the  French  purchased  about  900  in  Alberta,  and  the 
Canadian  Government  2,921,  while  the  British  purchased  222.  It 
may  be  added  as  to  Live-stock  in  general,  that  the  following  were 
official  figures  for  1916:  Horses  621,200;  Swine  440,310;  Sheep 
539,100;  Dairy  Cows  215,033;  Other  Cows  179,200;  Beef  Cattle 
209,615 ;  Other  Cattle  546,176.  Mr.  Marshall  addressed  many  meet- 
ings during  the  year  and  was  at  Ottawa  in  February  with  J.  A. 
McColl,  M.L.A.,  seeking  certain  concessions  from  the  Railway  Com- 
mission for  the  Alberta  farmers.  He  obtained  a  reduction  of  the 
back-haul  charges  to  the  internal  Elevator  at  Calgary  up  to  a 
maximum  of  2  cents  per  bushel,  and  the  Grain  Commission  agreed 
to  forego  all  storage  charges.  Relief  from  congestion  and  the 
need  for  more  cars  were  strongly  urged. 

In  an  address  at  Edmonton,  (Feb.  22)  Mr.  Marshall  dealt  at 
length  with  Agriculture  as  the  greatest  of  all  occupations  and  the 
need  of  special  education  to  make  the  youth  of  the  country  feel 
this  fact.  In  the  Legislature  on  Mar.  23  the  Minister  gave  a  long 
review  of  his  Department's  work  in  promoting  live-stock  farming, 
agricultural  school  extension  work,  summer  farm  courses  for  the 
cities,  demonstration  farms,  the  Dairy  branch  and  Women's  Insti- 
tutes. In  August  he  made  an  800-mile  motor  tour  of  the  wheat  dis- 
tricts and  reported  conditions  (Aug.  31)  as  good.  He  told  a  Liberal 
meeting  in  Edmonton  (Oct.  26)  that  the  future  would  see  an 
intensified  struggle  between  Free-trade  and  Protection — the  latter 


736  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

being,  like  war,  "a  species  of  barbarism."  He  added  that  it  was 
''up  to  the  Liberal  party  to  make  during  the  next  ten  years  the 
greatest  fight  for  lower  tariffs  and  freedom  of  trade  they  had  ever 
made.  '  ' 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  the  appointment  of  E.  A.  Howes, 
B.S.A.,  Edmonton,  and  W.  P.  McAlpine,  Vermilion,  as  members 
of  the  Board  of  Agricultural  Education,  of  A.  G.  Browning,  Ed- 
monton, as  Deputy  Attorney-General  and  of  Mrs.  Arthur  Murphy, 
Edmonton,  as  Neglected  and  Dependent  Children  Commissioner; 
the  nomination  of  A.  C.  Rutherford,  LL.D.,  one-time  Liberal  Premier 
of  the  Province,  as  Conservative  candidate  to  oppose  Hon.  J.  R. 
Boyle;  the  statement  in  March  of  W.  H.  Andrews,  for  the  Retail 
Merchants  Association,  that  the  farmers  of  Alberta  owed  to  the 
merchants  about  $30,000,000  and  that  during  1915  the  agricultur- 
alists sent  $12,000,000  to  mail-order  houses;  the  appointment  of 
Mrs.  R.  R.  Jamieson,  President  of  the  Local  Council  of  Women,  as 
a  Police  Magistrate  of  Calgary. 


Alberta  Legisia  h  Session  of  the  third  Legislature  of  the 

tion  and  charges  Province  was  opened  by  Lieut.-Governor  Robert 
of  Corruption;  George  Brett  on  Feb.  24,  1916,  with  a  Speech  from 
Prohibition  and  f  ^e  Throne  which  expressed  pleasure  at  the  bounti- 
rrage  ful  harvest  and  referred  to  the  length  and  greatness 
of  the  War  in  which  the  Empire  was  engaged  ;  mentioned  approval 
by  the  people,  under  the  Direct  Legislation  Act,  of  a  Prohibition 
Bill  and  its  coming  presentation  to  the  House  ;  declared  that  '  '  for 
many  years  there  has  been  a  growing  feeling  that  the  equality  of 
the  sexes  should  be  recognized,  and  that  the  women,  who,  perhaps 
in  a  special  degree  in  a  new  country  have  aided  in  the  develop- 
ment, put  up  with  the  hardships  and  assisted  in  the  prosperity, 
should  have  the  right  to  take  an  equal  part  in  the  Government  of 
the  country"  and  announced  a  measure  which  would  embody  this 
principle.  The  Hon.  C.  W.  Fisher  was  Speaker,  two  members 
appeared  in  khaki  and  there  were  seven  absent  on  service.  The 
Address  was  moved  by  J.  P.  McArthur,  Gleichen,  and  S.  G.  Tobin, 
LeduCj  and  passed  after  some  discussion  but  without  division. 

Then  came  a  number  of  Opposition  charges  and  for  a  time  the 
two  main  elements  of  legislation  were  held  up.  On  Mar.  1  Dr. 
G.  D.  Stanley  (Cons.)  presented  a  series  of  allegations  as  to  "cer- 
tain matters  of  grave  importance."  He  declared  that  it  was  a 
topic  ''of  common  knowledge"  that  improper  relations  existed 
between  officials  and  agents  of  the  Government  and  the  officials 
of  the  Liquor  License  branch  of  the  Attorney-General's  Depart- 
ment on  the  one  hand,  and  the  licensees  of  the  Province  on  the 
other  hand.  "The  facts  in  connection  with  this  relationship  have 
become  so  notorious,  that  they  can  no  longer  be  avoided  or  ignored." 
Evidence  had  come  to  him  which  appeared  to  be  absolutely  con- 
clusive that  licensees  of  the  Province,  not  on  their  own  motion 
but  by  the  coercion  of  the  agents  of  the  Government,  had  offered 
large  sums  of  money  which  went  into  the  pockets  of  those  agents 


ALBERTA  LEGISLATURE  ;  PROHIBITION  AND  WOMAN  SUFFRAGE    737 

or  were  used  for  the  general  advantage  of  the  Government :  ' '  The 
amounts  are  so  large,  and  the  payments  so  frequent,  that  it  creates 
a  grave  public  scandal,  and  one  that  not  only  tends  to  corrupt  the 
public  life  of  the  Province  but  renders  largely  inefficient  this 
Department  of  the  Government.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  a  new 
Liquor  Act  is  about  to  be  placed  on  the  statute  book  it  is  especially 
necessary  that  this  Department  should  be  free  from  corrupt  influ- 
ence." He  laid  before  the  House  the  following  charges: 

(1)  That   the   Government   or   its   agents   have   for   some   time   received 
large  sums  of  money  from  the  Licensed  Victuallers'  Association  for  election 
purposes. 

(2)  That  sums  of  money  have  from  time  to  time  been  paid  by  licensees 
in  the  Province  to  agents  or  officials  of  the  Government  for  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining concessions  from  the  Government  in  connection  with  Liquor  Licenses. 

(3)  That  thousands  of  dollars  have  been  paid  to  agents  of  the  Govern- 
ment to  stifle  prosecutions  under  the  Liquor  License  Ordinance. 

(4)  That  in  the  year  1914  a  large  number  of  licensees  of  the  Province 
paid  the  sum  of  $25,000  to  the  agents  of  the  Government  to  secure  immunity 
from  such  extortion  at  the  instance  of  such  agents. 

On  Mar.  7  Dr.  Stanley  presented  a  Resolution  asking  that 
these  charges  be  referred  to  a  Royal  Commission  and  claimed 
that  he  had  the  strongest  evidence  to  support  them.  In  the  first 
charge  he  had  evidence  to  show,  he  said,  that  at  least  $30,000  was 
paid.  On  the  second  charge  he  mentioned  $60,000  as  the  sum 
involved.  In  the  third  charge  he  could  establish  that  at  least 
$10,000  was  paid.  In  reply  Mr.  Premier  Sifton  stated  that  the 
charges  were  improperly  made  as  to  form,  that  the  only  definite 
one  was  in  connection  with  the  sum  of  $25,000  raised  by  the 
Licensed  Victuallers'  Association,  and  alleged  to  have  been  handed 
over  to  the  Government  or  its  agents.  There  was  sufficient  answer 
to  this  charge,  he  said,  and  if  the  members  of  the  Opposition  had 
any  other  definite  statements  to  make  instead  of  the  vague  ones  they 
had  offered  these  could  be  investigated  by  the  Public  Accounts 
Committee  of  the  Legislature,  and  a  Judicial  inquiry  afterwards, 
ordered  if  there  was  found  to  have  been  any  wrong-doing.  The 
Premier  read  affidavits  made  by  C.  H.  Belanger,  President  of  the 
Licensed  Victuallers'  Association,  and  also  by  Robert  MacDonald, 
proprietor  of  the  Selkirk  Hotel,  declaring  that  the  sum  of  $25,000, 
which  had  been  raised  in  1914,  was  raised  solely  for  legitimate 
purposes  and  that,  neither  directly  nor  indirectly,  had  any  of  the 
money  been  paid  to  members  of  the  Government  or  agents  thereof. 
The  other  charges,  he  added,  referred  to  officials  of  the  Depart- 
ment and  if  the  Opposition  so  desired  they  could  commence  pro- 
ceedings in  any  Court  and  could  select  any  Counsel  they  desired, 
and  all  the  expenses  would  be  paid  by  the  Government.  Either 
the  Courts  or  the  House  itself  was  the  only  proper  place  to  inquire 
into  charges  of  that  kind.  He  declared  it  suspicious  that  these 
charges  should  be  sprung  the  day  after  he  had  told  the  brewers 
and  hotel-keepers  that  there  would  be  no  modification  of  the  Pro- 
hibition Act  for  their  benefit. 

Edward  Michener,  Conservative  Leader,  stated  that  the  Oppo- 
47 


738  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

sition  had  a  mass  of  specific  evidence  and  only  needed  an  oppor- 
tunity to  present  it  to  a  proper  tribunal.  The  people,  he  asserted, 
would  not  be  satisfied  until  the  fullest  investigation  was  made. 
He  asserted  that  the  affidavits  of  Belanger  and  MacDonald  were  not 
sufficient  answer  to  that  charge  and  declared  that  there  had  been 
a  practical  hold-up  of  the  hotel-keepers  for  years  in  order  to  get 
election  funds.  The  Opposition  would  make  every  effort  to  force 
an  investigation.  The  Hon.  C.  W.  Cross,  Attorney- General,  stated 
that  his  one  great  object  since,  as  a  young  lawyer,  he  became  Attor- 
ney-General, more  than  ten  years  before,  was  to  see  that  the  Criminal 
law  of  the  Province  was  impartially  administered:  "This  has 
ever  been  my  aim  and  I  appeal  to  any  practicing  barrister  in 
the  Province  in  proof  of  the  statement  that  no  prosecution  has 
ever  been  stifled  by  this  Department."  He  regretted  that  more 
specific  charges  had  not  been  made.  If  they  were,  he  himself  would 
propose  an  immediate  Inquiry.  No  more  Government  speakers 
appeared  though  A.  F.  Ewing,  Geo.  Hoadley,  John  Kemmis,  R. 
Patterson  and  T.  M.  M.  Tweedie — all  Conservatives — followed  in 
strong  denunciation  of  the  Government. 

Mr.  Ewing  declared  that :  ' '  The  charges  have  no  personal  refer- 
ence to  any  member  of  the  Government.  It  is  impossible  to  get  a 
proper  investigation  in  a  criminal  Court  for  in  some  cases  it  is 
not  possible  to  name  a  specific  person  for  prosecution."  The 
Resolution  was  voted  down  by  30  to  14.  On  Mar.  13  Mr.  Michener 
again  spoke  of  these  charges.  He  said  little  fault  could  be  found 
with  the  administration  of  the  Departments  of  Public  Works, 
Education  and  Municipal  Affairs,  but  again  urged  an  investigation 
of  the  Liquor  branch  of  the  Attorney-General's  Department,  and 
added  to  it  the  Telephone  Department,  as  subjects  for  proper 
inquiry  by  a  Royal  Commission — the  latter  because  of  Sinking 
Fund  conditions  which  he  criticized.  He  also  asked  for  an  inde- 
pendent Audit.  On  Apr.  4th  Dr.  Stanley  formulated  his  charges 
in  a  new  and  more  definite  form  to  meet  the  Government's  claim 
that  they  had  been  improperly  laid  and  now  claimed,  on  his  respon- 
sibility as  a  member  of  the  House,  that  the  Hon.  the  Attorney- 
General  (C.  W.  Cross)  had  been  guilty  of  corrupt  practices  in  office 
and  was  cognizant  thereof  and  a  party  thereto  in  each  of  the  fol- 
lowing charges: 

A.  That  licensees,  being   such   under   the   Liquor   License   Ordinance   of 
this  Province,  have  paid  under  duress  large  sums  of  money  to  agents  of  the 
AttorneyGeneral  for  election  purposes. 

B.  That  licensees  of  this  Province  have  paid  large  sums  of  money  to  the 
agents  of  the  Attorney-General  for  the  purpose   of  obtaining  unlawful   con- 
cessions in  matters  governed  by  the  Liquor  License  Ordinance. 

C.  That  Licensees  of  this  Province  have  paid  large  sums  of  money  to 
the  agents   of  the  Attorney-General   for   the  purpose   of   stifling   or   unjustly 
abandoning  prosecutions  under  the  Liquor  License  Ordinance. 

D.  That  certain  licensees  of  this  Province  have  paid  large  sums  of  money 
to  the  agents  of  the  Attorney-General  for  the  purpose  of  securing  immunity 
from  the  threats  and  coercion  of  such  agents  and  further  extortions  in  the 
matter  of  privileges  granted  under  the  Liquor  License  Ordinance. 


ALBERTA  LEGISLATURE  ;  PROHIBITION  AND  WOMAN  SUFFRAGE    739 

A  Royal  Commission  of  three  Judges  was  asked  for.  Mr.  Pre- 
mier Sifton  again  declined  the  request  because  (1)  the  statement  in 
the  second  paragraph  was  absolutely  incorrect  and  because  (2) 
having  examined  this  document  he  found  it  a  repetition  of  the 
charges  made  before  and  as  absolutely  indefinite,  so  far  as  charg- 
ing any  wrong-doing  was  concerned,  as  the  former  one.  On  Apr. 
13  Dr.  Stanley  again  asked  by  Resolution  for  an  inquiry  into  these 
charges,  specified  in  minute  detail  a  number  of  cases  in  which 
he  alleged  money  had  been  paid  and  charged  that,  in  all,  the  sum 
of  $200,000  had  been  received  by  the  Attorney- General  .or  his 
agents  as  Liquor  contributions  to  a  campaign  fund.  Mr.  Michener 
added  that  these  were  but  a  sample  of  the  cases  as  to  which  evidence 
could  be  obtained  and  that  the  people  of  Alberta  demanded  there 
should  be  an  investigation  into  the  "organized  system  of  corrup- 
tion" that  had  prevailed  in  the  Province.  The  Premier  replied 
at  unusual  length.  He  noted  that  in  all  Provinces  law  breakers 
or  people  who  had  hotels  and  broke  the  law,  were  opposed  to  the 
administration  of  Justice :  ' '  It  is  not  anything  new  to  find  that  they 
are  opposed  to  their  licenses  being  cancelled;  it  is  nothing  new  to 
find  the  people  who  are  selling  whisky  contrary  to  law  very 
much  opposed  to  the  administration  of  the  License  department 
and  the  Attorney-General."  He  stated  that  these  charges  had 
been  mentioned  to  him  a  year  before  as  a  threat  in  the  event  of 
passing  Prohibition  but  that  no  attention  had  been  paid  to  them 
and  Prohibition  was  passed.  "I  have  no  doubt  that  the  Hon. 
member  can  get  40  hotel-keepers  to  come  here  and  try  to  wreak 
vengeance  on  the  Government ;  but  I  doubt  that  even  if  he  could 
substantiate  his  statements  by  the  oaths  of  hotel-keepers  whether 
it  would  have  very  much  effect  on  public  opinion.  I  am  prepared  to 
take  the  responsibility  that  I  have  already  taken  twice  in  this 
House  and  to  ask  the  members  to  decline  to  pass  the  motion  pro- 
posed. ' '  It  was  rejected  by  32  to  14. 

The  Opposition  returned  to  the  charge  in  another  direction,  on 
Apr.  17,  when  Dr.  T.  H.  Blow,  seconded  by  Mr.  Michener,  moved 
a  long  Resolution  declaring  (1)  that  in  Railway  construction 
matters  the  Minister  of  Railways  had  been  guilty  of  gross  negli- 
gence ;  (2)  that  bonds  of  Railway  corporations  had  been  guaranteed 
upon  inaccurate  information  as  to  the  cost;  (3)  that  the  Min- 
ister had  permitted  payments  out  of  proceeds  of  guaranteed  bonds 
in  a  "reckless  and  negligent  manner;"  (4)  that  the  Government 
had  guaranteed  such  bonds  for  construction  in  sums  greatly  in 
excess  per  mile  of  the  actual  cost  of  the  roads;  (5)  that  a  Loan  of 
$2,000,000  was  granted  the  Central  Canada  Railway  Co.  under 
mis-statements  of  fact.  A  Royal  Commission  was  asked  for  but 
refused  by  a  vote  of  31  to  14,  after  Mr.  Sifton  had  declared  it  un- 
wise "to  ask  for  a  Royal  Commission  to  investigate  the  doings  of 
a  whole  Legislature."  The  Legislature  had  assumed  responsibil- 
ity for  the  Guarantees  and  he  answered  a  lot  of  Dr.  Blow's  statis- 
tics with  such  a  statement  as  this:  "Consider  figures  in  regard  to 


740  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  price  of  ties.  He  quoted  15c.,  21c.  and  25c.,  but  if  he  would 
look  up  the  Federal  records  last  year  he  would  find  that  the  average 
price  for  ties  throughout  the  whole  of  Canada  was  53c.  Even 
the  member  for  Centre  Calgary  would  admit  the  Peace  River 
country  was  not  the  cheapest  place  to  buy  ties  in  and  there  they 
had  cost  50c."!  Another  motion  on  Apr.  17  (R.  E.  Campbell  and 
H.  H.  Crawford)  requested  the  Government  to  appoint  a 
Royal  Commission  "to  make  full  investigation  into  the  conduct 
of  the  Hon.  Arthur  L.  Sifton,  the  Hon.  Charles  R.  Mitchell, 
the  Hon.  Wilfrid  Gariepy,  and  the  Department  of  the 
Attorney- General,  in  that  they  have  jointly  and  severally  inter- 
fered with  the  due  administration  of  justice  in  the  Province  of 
Alberta."  These  charges  involved  the  alleged  political  removal 
of  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  from  office  and  the  improper  release  of 
certain  prisoners.  The  Ministers  explained  the  matters  very  fully 
and  the  motion  was  lost  by  31  to  11. 

On  Apr.  4  the  Opposition  had  moved  several  other  Resolutions. 
One,  presented  by  Dr.  Stanley,  urged  that  the  Insanity  Act  be 
amended  so  that  no  person  could  be  legally  declared  insane  except 
upon  examination  and  concurring  evidence  by  two  qualified  Alberta 
physicians  and  that  no  person  under  such  examination  or  legally 
declared  insane  should  at  any  time  be  confined  in  a  common  gaol. 
It  was  lost  on  division  and  another  motion  by  him  declaring  it 
desirable  that  the  Canadian  ensign  be  continually  displayed  by 
all  the  schools  in  the  Province  was  withdrawn  after  discussion.  Mr. 
Michener  moved  a  Resolution  describing  the  importance  of  Agri- 
culture to  the  Province  and  declaring  that  the  Government  "as 
soon  as  the  necessary  financial  and  other  arrangements  can  be  made, 
should  bring  into  effect  and  operation  a  system  of  Agricultural 
Credits  best  adapted  to  present  needs  and  conditions."  The 
Hon.  Mr.  Sifton  moved  an  amendment  stating  that  Banking  legis- 
lation was  a  Federal  power;  that  the  Government  had  already 
announced  its  intention  of  introducing  supplementary  legislation 
along  the  line  of  Co-operative  loans;  that  this  was  subject  to  the 
wish  of  the  Farmers'  Associations  for  delay  until  they  could  see 
the  result  of  a  request  for  Federal  banking  action;  that  "the  posi- 
tion taken  by  the  Government  is  in  the  best  interests  of  the  Pro- 
vince." After  debate  this  amendment  was  accepted  by  31  to  13. 

George  Hoadley  moved  that  the  Government  should  extend 
the  Telephone  service  to  all  farmers'  Branch  Lines  and  co-operate  in 
construction  so  as  to  cover  all  outlying  rural  districts.  The  Premier 
moved  an  amendment,  which  was  adopted,  declaring  that  the  Gov- 
ernment "should  give  them  regular  interchange  service"  but  only 
when  such  branch  lines  were  constructed  with  standard  Government 
specifications  and  extended  under  practical  conditions.  Messrs. 
Mitchener  and  A.  F.  Ewing  asked  by  Resolution  for  amendment  to 
the  Alberta  Election  Act.  It  was  rejected  by  30  to  13.  Messrs. 
Ewing  and  Michener  then  proposed  (Apr.  4)  that  the  Government 
should  adopt  "a  system  of  Civil  Service  based  solely  upon  qualifi- 


ALBERTA  LEGISLATURE  ;  PROHIBITION  AND  WOMAN  SUFFRAGE    741 

cation  and  merit  and  permanently  maintained  independent  of  poli- 
tical party  influence;"  but  the  Government  amendment  declaring 
that  appointments  * '  should  continue ' '  under  the  conditions  specified 
passed  after  long  debate  on  Apr.  6  and  with  several  amendments 
to  the  amendment  rejected — one  denouncing  severely  any  Civil 
servant  who'  would  make  a  party  use  of  his  Department  and 
another  censuring  Ministers  for  alleged  encouragement  of  employees 
in  political  campaigns.  R.  E.  Campbell  (Cons.)  proposed  that  the 
Minister  of  Railways  be  censured  for  alleged  neglect  of  his  duties 
in  allowing  the  A.  &  G.  W.  Railway  to  pay  unfair  wages  and  prac- 
tice extortionate  charges  for  goods  sold  to  their  employees  but  it 
was  defeated  by  24  to  12. 

The  Prohibition  Act  was  the  chief  Government  measure  of  the 
Session.  It  had  been  originally  prepared  by  the  Temperance  and 
Moral  Reform  League  of  the  Province  and  was  submitted  to  the 
popular  vote  on  July  21,  1915,  under  the  Direct  Legislation  Act  of 
the  Province.  It  had  been  approved  by  a  majority  of  25,000. 
The  Legislature  was  now,  in  its  1916  Session,  called  upon  to  put  it 
into  effect  "without  substantial  alteration"  under  the  wording 
of  the  Direct  Legislation  Act.  During  the  campaign  it  had  been 
urged  that  the  Act  contained  serious  defects  and  would  be  unwork- 
able ;  but  the  Prohibitionist  forces  had  held  a  meeting  at  Red  Deer 
and  decided  that  there  should  be  no  changes  made.  The  Legislature 
was,  therefore,  practically  stripped  of  its  powers  in  this  respect. 
The  original  Bill  had  passed  with  little  study  or  debate  and  the 
people  had  voted  according  to  their  inclinations  with  little  inter- 
ference except  from  those  who  wanted  the  Act  put  through.  The 
important  provisions  were  those  declaring  that: 

(1)  All  liquor  containing  more  than  2%  per  cent  alcohol  shall  be  con- 
sidered intoxicating  liquor; 

(2)  That  it  shall  be  an  offence  against  the  Act  for  a  person  to  have 
liquor  in  a  dwelling  house  exceeding  one  quart  of  spirits  and  two  gallons  of 
malt  liquor; 

(3)  That  it  is  unlawful  for  persons  living  in  apartments  or  in  boarding 
houses,    or    anywhere    other    than    in    their    own    private    dwelling    houses,    to 
have  liquor  on  the  premises; 

(4)  That  vendors  will  be   appointed  by  the  Government  to   sell  liquor 
to    those   allowed   to   obtain   it   on   affidavit.      The   vendors   shall   be    salaried 
officials  and  shall  not  sell  to  persons  other  than  doctors,  druggists,  dentists, 
veterinary  surgeons,  clergymen,  etc.; 

(5)  That    liquor    manufactured    and    stored    in    this    Province    may    be 
shipped  out  of  the  Province,  and  from  points  outside  to  points  inside. 

This  Sale  of  Intoxicating  Liquors  Act  was  presented  for  its 
2nd  Reading  on  Mar.  3rd  by  the  Premier  without  a  speech,  passed 
without  discussion  in  a  few  minutes,  and  went  through  its  other 
stages  in  the  same  way  except  that  the  House — though  assuming 
no  particular  responsibility  further  than  the  Premier's  statement 
on  Mar.  29  that  the  Act  would  be  enforced — did  make  two  slight 
amendments,  one  being  grammatical  and  the  other  removing  a 
quantity  restriction  on  the  amount  of  liquor  a  clergyman  might 
keep  for  sacramental  purposes.  A  Petition  signed  by  the  owners 
of  hotel  property,  liquor  licensees,  mortgagors  of  hotel  property, 


742  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  Banks  interested  in  hotel  mortgages,  asked  on  Feb.  25  that  in 
view  of  the  early  coming  into  effect  of  the  Prohibition  Bill,  some 
form  of  compensation  be  granted.  On  July  1st  the  Act  came  into 
operation,  and  70  retail  houses,  55  wholesale  firms  and  12  clubs 
lost  their  right  to  sell  liquors.  Results  varied  greatly.  On  the  one 
hand  during  the  first  few  weeks  and  months  public  drunkenness 
was  much  lessened  and  merchants'  collections  were  better;  on  the 
other  hand  liquor  imports  greatly  increased  and  went  into  the 
homes  while  much  money  went  out  of  the  Province.  The  Rev. 
W.  F.  Gold  was  appointed  Inspector  under  the  Act  and  he  stated 
that  in  Edmonton,  Calgary  and  Lethbridge  the  total  arrests  and 
convictions  in  June  before  the  Act  were  365  and  in  July  120; 
arrests  for  drunkenness  were  respectively  130  and  27. 

The  2nd  reading  of  the  Equal  Suffrage  Act  was  moved  by  Hon. 
A.  L.  Sifton  on  Mar.  1st  and  passed  with  one  dissentient  voice — 
Lucien  Boudreau.  The  Premier  described  the  measure  as  one  of 
value  to  the  Province,  importance  to  the  bettering  of  politics,  neces- 
sary to  the  full  fruition  of  democracy,  good  for  the  women  and 
for  the  men.  In  Alberta  "  where  the  women  had  assisted  their 
husbands  and  brothers  to  build  up  their  homes ;  where  the  women 
had  stayed  at  home  and  worked  while  their  husbands  were  abroad 
trying  to  make  a  living;  they  had  a  right,  an  unalterable  right 
by  eternal  justice,  to  be  placed  on  an  equality  with  the  men." 
Delegates  were  in  the  gallery  from  all  parts  of  the  Province  and 
from  all  the  Women's  organizations.  Under  the  measure  any  man 
or  woman  21  years  of  age,  being  a  British  subject,  who  had  resided 
for  one  year  in  the  Province  and  for  three  months  in  an  electoral 
district,  could  vote  in  that  district  for  the  Provincial  Legislature. 
Women  received  exactly  the  same  rights  as  men  and  could  be 
elected  to  the  Legislature  or  become  Ministers  of  the  Crown.  It 
was  stated  that  there  were  60  women  to  every  100  men  in  the  Pro- 
vince. 

Other  legislation  of  the  Session  included  Hon.  Mr.  Mitchell's  Act 
taxing  theatre  and  moving  picture  admissions  upon  a  graduated 
scale  of  one  cent  up  to  25  cents,  and  his  Bill  amending  the  Corpor- 
ation Taxation  Act  so  as  to  apply  to  all  Companies  operating  in 
the  Province  and  including  those  under  Dominion  charter — the 
only  exemption  being  the  Farmers '  Co-Operative  Elevator  Co.  The 
Hon.  Mr.  Boyle  amended  the  School  Ordinance  Acts  to  facilitate 
operations  in  new  Sections;  the  Premier  carried  his  measure  for 
the  Relief  of  Volunteers  and  Reservists  and  explained  that  "it 
practically  provided  a  Moratorium  for  soldiers,  sailors,  reservists 
— everybody,  who,  from  Alberta,  had  or  would  enlist  for  service 
in  connection  with  the  War. ' '  A  Bill  of  J.  G.  Turgeon  's  raised 
the  age  for  criminal  assault  to  16  and  of  consent  to  21.  The  Hon. 
A.  J.  McLean  carried  a  Fire  Prevention  Act  which  authorized 
officials,  and  created  a  Government  organization,  to  enforce  regula- 
tions in  respect  to  (a)  the  prevention  of  fires;  (b)  the  storage, 
sale  and  use  of  combustibles  and  explosives;  (c)  the  installation 


ALBERTA  AND  THE  WAR;  RESOURCES  AND  PROGRESS        743 

and  maintenance  of  automatic  or  other  fire  alarm  systems  and  fire 
extinguishing  equipment;  (d)  the  construction,  maintenance  and 
regulation  of  fire  escapes;  (e)  the  means  and  adequacy  of  exit, 
in  case  of  fire,  from  factories,  asylums,  hospitals,  churches,  schools, 
halls,  theatres,  etc. ;  (f )  the  suppression  of  arson  and  investiga- 
tion of  the  cause,  origin  and  circumstances  of  fires.  Hon.  Mr. 
Gariepy  amended  the  Timber  Areas  Tax  Act  so  as  to  reduce  the 
taxation  from  2^/2  to  one  cent  per  acre  in  harmony  with  rates 
elsewhere  in  the  West;  an  amendment  was  made  to  the  Marriage 
law,  after  discussion,  requiring  that  marriages  between  15  and  18 
should  have  the  consent  of  both  parents  and  between  18  and  21 
the  consent  of  either.  Another  measure  provided  for  soldiers  vot- 
ing as  follows :  ' '  Any  elector,  male  or  female,  who  is,  on  polling  day, 
a  member  of  the  active  military  or  naval  forces  of  His  Majesty, 
raised  for  service  in  the  present  war,  may  vote  in  the  electoral 
division  in  which  such  elector  is  quartered,  for  a  candidate  in 
the  electoral  division  in  which  he  or  she  is  an  elector. ' ' 

A  Hydro-Electric  (Edmonton)  Bill  was  approved  which  con- 
firmed an  agreement — without  popular  vote — of  the  City  Council 
and  the  Hydro-Electric  Company ;  the  incorporation  of  the  North- 
ern Alberta  Gas  Development  Co.  forbade  the  importation  of 
natural  gas.  To  all  this  legislation  no  serious  objection  was  made 
except  some  outside  criticism  of  the  Corporations  Tax,  as  illegally 
affecting  extra-Provincial  companies — the  Montreal  Financial  Times 
describing  it  as  "most  extreme  and  burdensome"  and  (July  15) 
as  '  *  drawn  up  in  a  spirit  of  gross  and  deliberate  hostility. ' '  On  the 
other  hand  V.  E.  Mitchell,  K.C.,  gave  that  journal  (July  29)  an 
opinion  that  it  was  perfectly  constitutional  because  of  its  general 
application.  The  Mortgage  Loan  Associations  also  attacked  the 
Soldiers '  Moratorium  Act  as  discouraging  the  investment  of 
capital  and  claimed  that  men  were  joining  home  Militia  units  in 
order  to  evade  their  liabilities  and  were  coming  under  its  operation. 
On  Apr.  19th  the  Legislature  was  prorogued. 

The  Government  during  the  year  donated  $1,000 
to  Bel^ian  Relief  and  $2,500  in  aid  of  recruiting. 
Resources  ^e  contributions  of  Alberta  to  the  Canadian  Patri- 

and  Progress  otic  Fund  up  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  were  $370,540  and  the 
amount  paid  out  $665,048;  up  to  the  close  of  1916 
the  total  received  was  $1,064,047  and  paid  out  $1,801,048.  These 
figures  were  exceptionally  good  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  its 
population  of  374,663  (1911  Census)  142,000  were  foreign-born — 
or  500,000,  with  a  corresponding  ratio  of  foreign-born,  as  it  pro- 
bably was  in  1916.  So  with  the  35,000  troops  who  enlisted  out  of 
122,000  eligible  men  before  the  close  of  this  year  and  thus  reached 
the  high-water  mark  in  that  respect  for  Canada.  The  Alberta 
Branch  of  the  Red  Cross  Society  contributed  332,320  articles  for 
shipment  in  1915  and  in  1916  823,045  articles,  with  cash  collections 
of  $126,913.  The  Legislature  gave  11  of  its  members  to  active  ser- 
vice—Major R.  B.  Eaton;  Pte.  Gordon  Macdonald;  Major  C.  S. 


744  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Pingle;  Lieutenants  J.  E.  Stauffer,  J.  G.  Turgeon,  F.  Walker  and 
G.  E.  Le  Roy ;  Major  J.  R.  Lowery ;  Lieut.-Colonels  Nelson  Spencer 
and  J.  S.  Stewart;  Capt.  R.  F.  Campbell.  According  to  Mayor 
Henry  of  Edmonton  that  city  had  contributed  in  the  first  two  years 
of  war  $400,000  to  Patriotic  Funds  besides  motor  ambulances  and 
machine  guns.  In  October,  1916,  the  citizens  undertook  to  raise 
$200,000  for  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  and  Red  Cross  with  a 
Committee  which  included  A.  M.  Frith  (Chairman)  and  H.  M.  E. 
Evans  (Treasurer),  Dr.  H.  M.  Tory,  G.  S.  Hensley,  Rathbone  Smith 
and  others.  Despite  unfavourable  financial  conditions  it  was  obtain- 
ed. Earlier  in  the  year  G.  P.  Smith,  M.L.A.,  collected  $20,000  in  his 
Cainrose  constituency  from  which  about  $10,000  was  expected. 

Military  incidents  of  the  year  in  Alberta  included  the  enlist- 
ment of  Lieut.-Col.  A.  C.  Kemmis,  who  had  raised  and  command- 
ed the  13th  C.M.R.,  as  a  Private  in  the  Winnipeg  forces,  and  of 
Frank  Walker,  M.L.A.,  as  a  Private  in  the  151st  Battalion;  the 
wrecking  of  two  supposedly  German  restaurants  in  Calgary  by 
several  hundred  soldiers  on  Feb.  10;  the  enlistment  as  a  Private 
of  F.  H.  Whiteside,  M.L.A.,  at  Coronation  and  his  death  through 
shooting  by  a  companion  on  Sept.  29  ;  the  enlistment  of  the  five  sons, 
and  service  as  a  Red  Cross  Nurse  by  the  one  daughter,  of  Mrs. 
Clark  of  Edmonton,  and  of  John  Coyle,  Edmonton,  with  all  his 
six  sons;  the  gift  of  colours  to  the  194th  Battalion  by  Hon.  A.  C. 
Rutherford  of  Edmonton  and  his  selection  as  Hon.  Colonel  of  the 
Regiment;  the  statement  of  Lieut.-Col.  F.  C.  Jamieson,  returned 
from  the  Front,  that  of  the  150  men  in  the  19th  Alberta  Dragoons 
one-half  had  obtained  Commissions  in  the  British,  Canadian  or 
Air  Services;  the  announcement  that  16%  (2,500)  of  the  members 
of  the  United  Farmers  of  Alberta  were  on  active  service ;  the  pre- 
paration, under  the'  Alberta  Committee  of  the  Military  Hospitals 
Commission  (Hon.  C.  W.  Fisher,  Chairman)  and  the  direct  control 
of  Dr.  J.  C.  Miller,  of  the  returned  soldiers  for  Civil  Service  examin- 
ations ;  the  compulsory  retirement  of  Rev.  Dr.  J.  M.  Fulton,  Knox 
Church,  Calgary,  an  American  citizen,  for  preaching  along  anti- 
British  and  pro-American  lines. 

Major  G.  W.  Marriott,  at  home  on  furlough,  (Dec.  18)  stated 
that  the  exploits  of  the  Edmonton  boys  would  make  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  stories  of  the  War.  "Scores  of  them  have  re- 
ceived decorations  and  have  won  imperishable  renown  with  deeds 
that  make  the  heart  throb  with  pride."  There  was  a  strong  effort 
to  obtain  permission  for  raising  a  French-Canadian  Battalion  from 
the  Western  Provinces.  It  was  urged  by  Major  de  Blois  Thibau- 
deau  and  finally  declined  by  General  Hughes.  On  Feb.  28  the 
Hon.  Wilfrid  Gariepy  stated  in  Edmonton  his  confidence  in  the 
raising  of  such  a  unit ;  J.  H.  Picard,  J.  H.  Gariepy,  L.  Boudreau, 
M.L.A.,  J.  L.  Cote,  M.L.A.,  and  other  representative  French-Canadians 
endorsed  this  view — the  last  mentioned  stating  that  250  had  al- 
ready enlisted  in  the  Province.  The  War  obituary  of  1916  includ- 
ed Corp.  A.  Bramley  Moore,  CX-M.L.A.  ;  Lieut.  C.  R.  Magrath  God- 


ALBERTA  AND  THE  WAR;  RESOURCES  AND  PROGRESS        745 

win,  a  nephew  of  C.  A.  Magrath,  ex-M.p.,  of  Lethbridge;  Lieut.- 
Col.  A.  W.  Tanner,  M.D.,  of  Moosomin;  Lieut.  Locksley  McKnight, 
Principal  of  an  Edmonton  School  and  Capt.  A.  S.  Goddard,  B.A., 
Vice-Principal  of  another  school;  Lieut.  James  McNeill,  for  two 
years  Mayor  of  Vegreville;  Harold  G.  Riddell,  son  of  the  Prin- 
cipal of  Alberta  College;  all  of  whom  were  killed  in  action.  The 
Honours  received  included  Dr.  J.  R.  Christian  of  Edmonton  and 
J.  L.  Mainwaring,  a  Lethbridge  journalist,  who  won  the  M.C. ; 
Lieut.-Col.  W.  A.  Griesbach,  who  won  the  D.S.O.  for  ''conspicu- 
ous gallantry  and  skill  in  handling  his  Battalion  during  a  heavy 
bombardment  and  subsequent  attack  by  the  enemy";  the  M.  C., 
"won  by  Lieut.  Linton  B.  Yule  of  an  Edmonton  school.  As  to  the 
Alien  population  of  Alberta  there  was  little  trouble.  The  Bund  der 
Deutschen,  or  League  of  Germans,  devoted  itself  chiefly  to  the 
fostering  of  the  German  language  in  schools — the  cultural  mis- 
sion of  certain  Germans  with  the  same  ideas,  but  not  the  same 
rights,  as  the  French-Canadian  population. 

Agriculture  was,  of  course,  the  pivot  of  Albertan  prosperity 
in  1916.  The  Government  aided  it  with  appropriations  of  $586,500 
for  all  kinds  of  public  services;  the  total  value  of  field  crops, 
according  to  Federal  figures,  was  $114,372,000  compared  with  $94,- 
747,200  in  1915;  the  wages  of  its  farm-help  in  1916  averaged  per 
month  (with  board)  for  males  $19.52  and  for  females  $16.39; 
the  receipts  of  Live-stock  at  the  Calgary  stockyards  totalled  $8,400,- 
318  in  value  and  at  Edmonton  $618,252  for  the  first  three  months 
of  operation.  At  the  same  time  the  value  of  manufactured  pro- 
ducts produced  in  1915  was  $30,594,647.  It  may  be  added  that 
the  Provincial  and  Federal  statistics  of  agricultural  production 
always  differ — sometimes  they  vary  greatly-— and  that  the  Provin- 
cial estimates  for  1916  totalled  a  value  of  $124,507,650  for  grain 
crops.  The  general  farm  production  of  all  kinds  may  be  seen  from 
the  following  table  to  which  may  be  added  $118,098,685  as  the 
total  value  of  Live-stock  in  hand: 

Wheat,    Spring    $70,875,000       Carrots     350,000 

Wheat,     Winter     1,750,000  Animals  slaughtered  and  sold        23,000,000 

Oats      39,600,000       Dairy    Products    12,500,000 

Barley    9,000,000  Wool    Clip     (1,750,000    Ibs.)               560,000 

Flax   1,462,500       Game   and  -Furs    2,000,000 

Rye     225,000       Horticultural      160,000 

Speltz     45,150       Poultry     3,000,000 

Hay    3,450,000                                                              

Potatoes      6,000,000 

Turnips    750,000             1916     $174,727,650 

The  8th  annual  meeting  of  the  United  Farmers  of  Alberta 
was  held  at  Calgary  on  Jan.  18-21  with  1,000  delegates  and  visitors 
in  attendance  of  whom  200  were  women  of  the  Auxiliary  Associa- 
tion. E.  J.  Fream  was  chosen  Chairman  of  the  Convention  and 
Hon.  Duncan  Marshall,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  after  expressing 
regret  at  the  recent  death  of  James  Speakman,  President  of  the 
Association,  stated  its  pride  in  the  fact  that  "the  Alberta  Govern- 
ment had  put  more  legislation,  originated  by  the  organized  farmers, 
on  the  statute  books  than  any  other  Province  in  Canada. ' '  Strong- 
ly emphasizing  the  need  of  wider  markets  he  declared  export  of 


746  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

agricultural  products  to  be  the  big  feature  of  Canadian  develop- 
ment during  the  next  decade  and  instanced  the  fact  that  Alberta 
butter  had  practically  driven  New  Zealand  butter  off  the  market  in 
British  Columbia  without  any  tariff  assistance.  Addresses  were 
delivered  at  the  annual  banquet  by  Lieut.-Governor  Brett  and  Dr. 
Magill  of  the  Grain  Commission,  by  John  Kennedy  for  Manitoba 
farmers  and  J.  A.  Maharg  for  Saskatchewan,  by  Edward  Michener, 
M.L.A.,  and  others.  It  was  reported  to  the  Convention  that  in  the 
past  year  the  Live-stock  department  of  the  Alberta  Farmers'  Co- 
Operative  Elevator  Co.,  had  handled  763  cars  of  stock,  consisting 
of  56,603  hogs,  1,129  cattle  and  805  sheep.  G.  F.  Chipman  of  the 
Grain  Groivers'  Guide  introduced  a  proposal  to  establish  a  Free 
Trade  League  and  stated  that  at  the  next  election  the  Prairie 
Provinces  would  have  43  seats  in  the  House  of  Commons  as  against 
27  at  present,  and  that  36  of  these  seats  would  be  controlled  by  the 
rural  vote;  "If  farmers  were  prepared  to  work  and  to  contribute 
part  of  their  wealth  they  could  place  sufficient  Free  Trade  members 
in  Parliament  to  make  themselves  felt."  A  Resolution  was  unani- 
mously passed  that:  "We  still  stand,  unequivocally,  for  Free  trade 
with  the  world,  emphasizing  especially  Free  trade  with  Great  Bri- 
tain, free  agricultural  implements  from  the  United  States  and  an 
open  market  for  our  grains  to  the  south. ' ' 

As  to  another  issue  of  great  importance  and  wide  discussion 
in  Alberta  the  Directors  of  the  Association  reported  that:  "Your 
Directors  have  gone  on  record  as  definitely  favouring  the  system 
of  Co-operative  Farm  Mortgage  Associations,  governed  and  con- 
trolled by  the  people  themselves,  as  most  suitable  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  farmers.  They  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Agricul- 
tural Credit  question  is  such  a  large  one  and  consists  of  so  many 
phases,  each  one  of  which  has  some  bearing  on  the  whole,  that 
the  introduction  of  reforms  in  practically  all  branches  of  our  fin- 
ancial system  will  be  necessary  before  an  ideal  condition  is  brought 
about.  Your  Directors  believe  that  in  the  matter  of  long-term  farm 
loans  this  could  be  done  to  best  advantage  through  a  system  of 
Co-operative  Associations,  and  would  recommend  that  the  necessary 
legislation  be  introduced  at  the  earliest  possible  moment.  In  the 
matter  of  short  term  loans  we  believe  that  a  system  of  small  Co- 
operative Credit  Associations  based  on  the  Raiffeisen  system  would 
be  productive  of  the  greatest  result.  It  would  appear  that  the 
work  in  this  connection  must  be  started  in  a  small  way  and  might 
perhaps  be  done  without  legislation  to  start  with."  Other  Reso- 
lutions were  passed  as  follows: 

1.  Urging  the  Provincial  Government  to  establish  an  agricultural  bank, 
whereby  the  farmers  can  obtain  money  at  a  more  reasonable  rate  of  interest 
than  at  present. 

2.  Urging    upon    the    Dominion    Government    the    expediency    of    impos- 
ing on  all  protected  industries  a  tax  on  the  profits  of  such  manufacturing  over 
and  above  the  cost  of  production. 

3.  Suggesting  that  funds  needed  to  provide  for  the  reinstatement  in  civil 
life  of  returned  soldiers  should  be  raised  by  taxation  levied  on  such  a  basis 
as  will  give  to  all  the  honour  of  paying  their  fair  share. 


ALBERTA  AND  THE  WAR;  RESOURCES  AND  PROGRESS        747 

4.  Asking  the  Legislature  to  enact  a  reasonable  and  workable  Initiative, 
Referendum    and   Eecall    Act    followed    by    a   Direct   Legislation    Bill,    which 
would  ensure  the  adoption  of  Proportional   representation  and  the  abolition 
of  all  deposits  by  candidates  for  public  office. 

5.  Asking  Provincial  aid  to  village  and  municipal  Libraries;  that  rural 
Councillors  be  elected  for  two  years  but  with  one-half  retiring  annually  by 
rotation;   that  a  Sunday  be  officially  set  apart  for  the  discussion  of  U.F.A. 
affairs. 

6.  Proposing   that    the    Government   place    a   uniform   tax   on   all   lands 
subject  to  taxation,  whether  organized  or  not  or  used  for  ranching  or  farm- 
ing. 

7.  Urging  the  restoration  of  the  time-honoured  right  of  trial  by  jury  in 
actions  on  contract  and  for  recovery  of  land,  and  asking  that  laws  be  enacted 
compelling  all  mortgagees  to  accept  as  securitiy  in  connection  with  any  loan 
the  insurance  offered  by  the  mortgagor. 

8.  Asking     legislation     to     prevent     delays     in     obtaining     repairs     to 
agricultural    machinery    and    petitioning    the    Dominion    Government    to    give 
farmers  and  ranchers  all  assistance  possible  in  the  construction  of  water-dams 
and  reservoirs. 

9.  Urging    a   bounty    on    coyotes    and    a   better    means    for    destroying 
gophers. 

D.  W.  Warner,  Edmonton,  was  elected  Hon.  President,  H.  W. 
Wood,  Carstairs,  President ;  W.  D.  Trego,  Gleichen,  S.  S.  Dunham, 
Lethbridge,  Rice  Sheppard,  Edmonton  and  James  Weir,  Parkland, 
Vice-Presidents ;  P.  P.  Woodbridge  remained  Sec.-Treasurer.  The 
Women's  Auxiliary  became  the  United  Farm- Women  of  Alberta 
with  Mrs.  Parlby  of  Alix  as  President.  At  the  Convention  of  Local 
Improvement  districts  and  Rural  Municipalities  (Edmonton,  Feb. 
17)  Resolutions  were  passed  (1)  asking  the  Legislature  to  amend  the 
Municipal  Act  so  as  to  permit  of  an  annual  tax  levy  in  rural  munici- 
palities for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  surplus  fund  until  such  fund 
equalled  the  amount  of  all  taxes  in  arrears  at  the  end  of  the  last  ca- 
lendar year,  and  (2)  to  amend  the  Municipal  Act  so  as  to  provide 
that  the  assessment  rolls  as  finally  revised  to  31st  August  in  any 
year  should  be  the  basis  for  the  tax  levy  in  the  calendar  year  next 
succeeding.  Vere  Brown,  Superintendent  of  Western  Branches, 
Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  stated  that:  "The  time  is  coming 
when  the  Bankers  will  generally  recognize  that  the  situation  in 
the  West  is  going  to  require  a  departure  from  the  principle  of 
one-year  loans,  or  less,  and  give  more  extended  loans  in  the  Live- 
stock industry." 

The  annual  Convention  of  the  Alberta  Farmers'  Co-operative 
Elevator  Co.  Ltd.,  was  held  at  Calgary  on  Nov.  15-16  with  200 
Delegates  present  and  C.  Rice  Jones  in  the  Chair.  The  profits  for 
the  year  were  $282,484  as  against  $36,229  in  1915.  The  total 
assets  of  the  Company  increased  from  $902,041  to  $1,509,496. 
Sixteen  new  local  branches  were  organized  making  a  total  of  103 
locals  and  11,256  shareholders  holding  an  aggregate  of  14,472 
shares.  The  87  elevators  of  the  Company  handled  during  the  13 
months  prior  to  Aug.  31,  1916,  a  total  of  19,320,556  bushels  of  grain 
and  nineteen  new  elevators  were  built  during  the  year.  The  Live- 
stock department  handled  36,224  hogs,  3,545  cattle  and  659  sheep 
valued  at  $878,042.  The  total  subscribed  capital  was  $859,980, 


748  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  paid-up  capital  stock  of  the  Company  in  1915  was  $163,869, 
while  on  31st  August,  1916,  it  totalled  $301,737.  The  dividend  was 
8%  and  $175,000  was  placed  in  Reserve  fund. 

As  to  mining  and  other  interests  the  Canadian  Coal  &  Coke 
Co.  ended  its  career  at  Calgary  on  Jan.  20  with  the  sale  of  its  assets 
for  $3,000,000  to  a  syndicate  called  the  North  American  Collieries, 
Ltd.,  of  which  H.  A.  Lovet,  K.C.,  Montreal,  was  President;  the 
Peace  River  Trading  &  Land  Co.  passed  under  control  of  Lord 
Rhohdda  and  other  British  capitalists;  legitimate  boring  and  ex- 
ploration was  proceeding  in  the  Calgary  oil-fields  with  positive 
commercial  production  commencing.  Inspector  John  T.  Sterling 
told  the  Edmonton  Board  of  Trade  on  July  25  that  there  the  supply 
of  coal  was  practically  unlimited  and  that  a  number  of  seams  of 
steam  coal  of  excellent  quality  had  been  discovered  on  the  C.N.R. 
and  the  G.T.P.  in  the  mountains  west  of  Edmonton;  that  in  the 
Edmonton  district,  where  all  the  coal  mined  was  lignite,  there 
were  in  operation  34  mines,  capable  of  producing  a  total  output  of 
1,900,000  tons  per  year  but  that  the  actual  output  during  1915 
from  this  territory  was  457,980  tons,  or  24/1  per  cent,  of  what  the 
mines  were  capable  of  doing ;  that  of  the  amount  produced  during 
3915,  375,923  tons  were  sold  for  consumption  in  Alberta,  495  tons 
in  British  Columbia,  80,031  tons  in  Saskatchewan  and  only  1,531 
tons  in  Manitoba;  that  there  was  no  reason  why  the  mines  in  Al- 
berta should  not  be  supplying  the  Manitoba  market  as  far  east  as 
Winnipeg.  A  heavy  strike  of  oil  was  reported  on  July  27  at  the 
McArthur  Wells,  14  miles  north  of  Peace  River,  but  it  did  not 
work  out  sufficiently;  the  Alberta  Commission  of  Inquiry  into 
the  Oil  Companies  of  1914  was  resumed  at  Calgary  by  Judge  W.  A. 
D.  Lees  in  August  with  the  Monarch  Oil  Co.,  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Oil  Co.,  the  Black  Diamond  Co.,  as  the  subjects  of  chief  investi- 
gation; collateral  to  this  was  the  conviction  (Nov.  8)  of  G.  E. 
Buck  of  the  Black  Diamond  Co.,  and  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
famous  Calgary  Oil  boom  for  publishing  false  statements  and  his 
sentence  to  four  years  in  the  Penitentiary. 

Miscellaneous  statistics  showed  the  Hail  Insurance  Companies 
of  Alberta  as  having  an  Income  of  $1,280,556  and  Losses  of  $1,- 
044,285  with  $384,166  as  expenses  or  a  net  deficit  of  $147,895; 
Fire  Insurance  (1915)  with  $2,239,979  of  Premiums  and  $704,- 
532  of  losses;  Bank  clearings  for  the  Province  in  1916  of  $114,345,- 
962  or  an  increase  of  $8,000,000;  the  issue  of  9,656  licenses  for 
motor  vehicles  compared  with  5,832  in  1915;  the  construction  of 
over  100  miles  of  Railway  during  the  year.  This  included  the 
following:  Edmonton-Dunvegan,  70  miles;  A.  &.  G.  W.,  27  miles; 
C.N.R.,  7  and  a  few  miles  by  the  C.P.R.  The  Homestead  entries 
were  2,212. 

Higher  Education  and  the  University.     The  6th  an 

nual  Convocation  of  the  University  of  Alberta  was  held  at  Edmonton  on  May 
10  with  the  Chancellor,  Hon.  C.  A.  Stuart,  presiding,  and  addresses  from 
Dr.  H.  M.  Tory,  President  of  the  University,  Dr.  J.  A.  MacLean,  President 


HIGHER  EDUCATION  AND  THE  UNIVERSITY  749 

of  the  University  of  Manitoba  and  Hon.  J.  E.  Boyle,  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion. The  War  permeated  every  part  of  the  proceedings.  A  University 
Battalion  was  present  as  a  guard  of  honour,  out  of  the  56  graduates  18  had 
joined  the  colours,  Captains  H.  J.  Macleod  and  A.  D.  Cowper  were  present 
to  receive  their  degrees.  In  his  address  President  Tory  stated  that  200 
students  were  at  the  Front  or  on  their  way,  while  six  had  been  killed  in 
action.  The  President's  Eeport  stated  that  in  common  with  all  the  Universities 
of  Canada  that  of  Alberta  had  suffered  a  serious  diminution  in  students 
because  of  the  large  number  of  men  who  had  enlisted.  The  registration 
during  the  year  had  been  418,  a  decrease  of  21.  Of  this  registration  361  were 
male,  and  57  female  students.  The  number  of  women  now  constituted  about 
15  per  cent,  of  the  total  enrollment  and  there  had  been  an  increase  of  students 
in  the  freshmen  year  from  160  to  174.  The  registration  in  the  Department 
of  Graduate  Studies  had  increased  from  20  for  1915,  to  26  for  1916,  a  per- 
centage larger  in  proportion  than  that  of  many  of  the  older  Universities.  Deal- 
ing with  the  distribution  of  the  students  Dr.  Tory  stated  that  330  were  British 
— 228  Canadians  and  102  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh,  Australian, 
Indian  and  Newfoundland  origin.  There  were  61  from  the  various  States 
in  the  Union  and  27  from  other  Foreign  countries. 

As  to  the  Extension  Department  the  President  stated  that  during  the 
year  191  lectures  had  been  delivered  in  132  places,  with  an  approximate 
attendance  of  20,320  and  an  average  of  106  at  each  lecture.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  these  lectures  had  been  given  at  outside  points  in  assisting  organiza- 
tion for  patriotic  purposes.  There  were  now  112  travelling  libraries  in  the 
field  as  compared  with  86  a  year  ago.  These  comprised  3,984  volumes  in 
addition  to  745  volumes  which  were  included  in  the  open  shelf  list.  There  were 
2,495  slides  in  the  lantern  slide  collection  for  lending  purposes.  These  had 
been  especially  useful  in  educating  the  people  in  the  rural  communities 
regarding  the  War.  The  outstanding  development  of  the  year  was  the  organ- 
izing of  a  new  Faculty  of  Agriculture,  which  had  15  students.  He  stated 
that  H.E.H.  the  Governor-General  had  given  a  gold  medal  for  this  Faculty 
as  had  the  Lieut.-Governor  and  Chief  Justice  in  other  connections.  Dr.  Mac- 
Lean  dealt  eloquently  with  the  influence  of  the  War  upon  national  life  and 
received  the  Hon.  degree  of  LL.D.,  as  did  Brig.-General  E.  A.  Cruikshank, 
F.R.S.C.,  of  M.D.  13.  The  graduates  included  the  following:  B.A.,  27;  B.Sc., 
8;  LL.B.,  10;  M.A.,  7;  M.Sc.,  3;  B.D.,  1.  The  latter  degreee  was  unique 
as  coming  through  a  Provincial  and  non-sectarian  University — from  Alberta 
College,  an  affiliated  institution.  At  the  close  of  1916  figures  supplied  to 
the  writer  by  the  University  showed  291  members  of  the  staff,  students  and 
graduates  on  active  service,  35  killed  in  action  or  missing,  and  51  wounded; 
66  of  the  number  were  commissioned  officers  and  8  were  wounded;  the  stu- 
dents in  attendance  were  305. 

At  the  June  Convocation  of  Alberta  College,  Edmonton,  (Methodist) 
Principal,  the  Eev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Eiddell  dealt  with  an  increase  of  129  students 
and  50%  of  the  male  students  as  under  enlistment;  the  graduates  totalled  10 
with  Eev.  D.  H.  Telfer,  M.A.,  receiving  his  B.D.  degree  from  the  University — 
the  first  in  Alberta.  At  the  close  of  the  year  and  the  term  the  registration 
was  690  or  an  increase  of  300  over  the  same  period  in  1915;  a  staff  of  30 
teachers  had  been  engaged  to  handle  the  situation.  The  success  had  been  great- 
est in  the  Commercial  and  Telegraphy  business  departments;  in  the  Academic 
department  the  College  gave  instruction  in  public  and  high  school  work  up  to 
and  including  Grade  X.,  and  the  matriculation  subjects  necessary  for  the  prim- 
ary examination  of  the  Chartered  Accountants '  Association  of  Alberta.  All  the 
academic  work  was  given  in  the  night  classes  and  in  addition  the  complete 
matriculation  course  was  taught  under  the  direction  of  the  Principal  and  four 
University  graduates.  Special  classes  were  taught  for  non-English  speak- 
ing students,  where  emphasis  was  laid  upon  all  the  English  subjects  and 
these  were  attended  by  upwards  of  60  students.  The  College  had  the  largest 
Music  Conservatory  in  Western  Canada  with  complete  courses  in  piano,  violin, 
organ,  voice,  theory,  harmony,  mandolin,  etc.  Mount  Eoyal  College,  Calgary, 
under  the  Eev.  Dr.  G.  W.  Kerby,  reported  in  June  159  students  with  40  enlist- 


750  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

ments — two  of  them  members  of  the  Board  of  Governors — and  three  deaths  in 
action.  Friends  had  subscribed  $15,000  to  help  the  institution  and  Dr.  Kerby 
acted  as  Chief  Recruiting  Officer  for  his  District.  Eed  Deer  Ladies'  College 
sold  its  local  site  during  the  year  and  moved  temporarily  to  Edmonton. 

Alberta  Incidents  of  Importance  in  1916 

Aug.  17.  It  was  stated  at  Calgary  that  a  unique  bond  issue  had  been  floated 
by  Geo.  Lane,  a  well-known  rancher  of  High  River,  for  $330,000  and  based 
upon  Alberta  farm  properties  paying  $104,095  yearly  income.  Mr.  Lane 
came  to  this  Province  in  1884,  as  foreman  for  the  Northwest  Cattle  Co.,  and 
in  1892  established  himself  as  an  independent  rancher.  From  the  smallest 
beginnings  he  had  steadily  built  up  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  plants  in 
Western  Canada. 

Sept.  25.  According  to  statements  compiled  at  Edmonton  there  were  51 
Cadet  Corps  in  Alberta  with  124  companies  and  4,924  members.  § 

Nov.  2.  It  was  stated  that  G.  P.  Smith,  M.L.A.,  and  a  Daysland-Camrose 
delegation,  had  put  before  the  Government  a  Drainage  scheme  which  promised 
to  solve  a  difficult  problem  and  which  the  Government  was  prepared  to  endorse 
and  aid.  The  plan  was  for  the  Provincial  Government  to  take  over  from  the 
Dominion  Government  any  lake  lands  that  could  be  reclaimed  by  drainage,  and 
to  turn  these  lands  over  to  the  drainage  district  to  be  disposed  of  by  public  auc- 
tion, and  the  proceeds  applied  to  the  cost  of  the  ditch.  In  the  particular 
project  under  consideration  it  was  estimated  that  fully  8,000  acres  could  be 
reclaimed.  The  benefit  to  the  roads  could  scarcely  be  estimated,  as  no  roads 
were  possible  until  the  work  was  done.  The  benefit  to  the  farm  lands  through- 
out the  district  would  be  even  greater. 

Nov.  6.  The  Benchers  of  the  Law  Society  of  Alberta  were  elected  for 
a  three-year  term  as  follows:  James  Muir,  K.C.,  R.  B.  Bennett,  K.C.,  M.P., 
A.  H.  Clarke,  K.C.,  Sir  J.  A.  Lougheed,  K.C.,  of  Calgary;  O.  M.  Biggar,  K.C., 
J.  C.  F.  Boun,  K.C.,  Frank  Ford,  K.C.,  C.  C.  McCaul,  K.C.,  of  Edmonton;  C.  F. 
P.  Conybeare,  K.C.,  Lethbridge;  W.  M.  Campbell,  Macleod,  and  W.  A.  Begg, 
Medicine  Hat. 

Dec.  31.  The  chief  public  Associations  of  Alberta  and  their  elected  heads 
during  1916  were  as  follows: 

Alberta   Cattle  Breeders'   Association James   L.   Walters    Clive. 

Southern    Alberta    Wool    Growers'    Associa- 
tion      E.    Harker    Magrath. 

Alberta   Women's    Institutes    Miss   Isabel    Noble    Daysland. 

Alberta    Agricultural    Fairs'    Association.  .  .E.    L.    Richardson    Calgary. 

Alberta    Swine    Breeders'    Association L»ew    Hutchinson    Duhamel 


Alberta  Sheep   Breeder's  Association C.   W.    Peterson 

Rural  Municipalities'  Association J.   H.    Lamb 


,  Edmonton. 
,  Youngstown. 


United  Farmers'   of  Alberta    H.    W.    Wood     .... 

Alberta  Trades  &  Labour  Council    Alex.    Ross    Edmonton. 

Union   of   Alberta   Municipalities Norman    Holmes     Claresholm. 

Alberta  Horse  Breeders'   Association    Geo.    Lane     High     River. 

Natural    History    Society     Dr.  H.   George    Edmonton. 

Edmonton    Board    of    Trade    &    Industrial 

Association     H.   M.    E.   Evans    Edmonton. 

Alberta   Poultry   Association    R.  B.  Hunter   Edmonto,n. 

Alberta  Holstein  Breeders'   Association ....  Thos.    Laycock    Edmonton. 

Alberta    Medical    Association     Dr.   W.   A.   Lincoln    Calgary. 

Alberta   High   Court,    I.O.F W.   S.  Davidson    Calgary. 

Alberta    Educational    Association    E.   W.    Coffin,    B.A.,   Ph.D Calgary. 

Educational   Alliance    of   Alberta    Inspector,    G.    M.    Morgan     ....  Medicine    Hat. 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 


_.    _  These  were  fateful  days  for  all  Governments  and 

The  Bowser  «    -i-»    • ,  •  ••      /-<   ••        -i  •  -,  A- 

Government;  that  oi  British  Columbia  was  to  be  no  exception. 
Bye-elections  After  a  dozen  years  of  success  under  Sir  Richard 
and  Adminis-  McBride,  of  difficulties  overcome,  railways  built  and 
progress  made,  the  Government  and  the  Province  had 
been  met  and  hardly  hit  by  War  conditions.  The  Premier  retired 
late  in  1915  to  the  post  of  Agent-General  in  London  and  his  chief 
lieutenant — Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser — had  taken  over  the  leadership. 
Scandals  there  were  and  the  talk  of  scandal  was  everywhere:  the 
population  of  the  Province  had  decreased  by  100,000  it  was  said — 
partly  by  migration  of  American  workmen  and  partly  by  cessation  of 
Railway  work  and  partly  by  enlistment ;  deficits  were  heavy  and  so 
were  taxes,  discontent  was  rife  and,  with  all  his  enormous  majority 
(only  a  couple  of  Socialist  opponents)  in  the  House  Mr.  Bowser's 
position  was  not  at  all  a  pleasant  one  at  the  beginning  of  1916. 
On  Jan.  5  Sir  R.  McBride  received  a  popular  demonstration  on 
leaving  Victoria  for  London,  an  illuminated  Address  from  his  old 
constituency  of  New  Westminster,  and  many  proofs  of  the  personal 
regard  in  which  he  was  held  and  the  undoubtedly  high  political 
position  he  had  attained — far  beyond  his  native  coasts  and  moun- 
tains. To  his  London  predecessor  of  many  years  and  ex-Premier 
of  British  Columbia  in  pioneer  days — the  Hon.  J.  H.  Turner — many 
tributes  were  paid  and  during  the  Session  of  the  Legislature  he 
was  voted  $5,000  and  a  monthly  allowance  of  $500  for  life  with  a 
grant  to  his  wife  if  she  survived  him. 

During  the  year  Mr.  Bowser  faced  his  difficulties  and  his 
opponents  with  vigour  and  was  aided  by  a  gradual  improvement 
in  business  conditions  as  shown  by  the  comparison  of  figures  in 
the  first  10  months  of  1915  and  1916  at  Vancouver  which  had 
been  the  most  depressed  centre ;  Bank  clearings  229  to  260  millions, 
Customs  returns  $4,282,000  to  $5,127,000,  building  permits  $1,552,- 
000,  to  $2,025,000,  etc.  In  the  last  days  of  1915  the  new  Premier 
had  issued  an  Address  optimistic  in  tone  and  full  of  proposed 
reforms  and  progressive  policies  as  to  farming,  ship-building,  better 
markets,  transportation,  lands  and  lumber.  There  was  consider- 
able expenditure  in  the  immediate  past,  or  the  present,  of  public 
money — Dominion  and  Provincial — as  the  following  statement  of 
Reginald  Hay  ward  at  a  Victoria  Conservative  meeting  (Jan.  29) 
indicated:  ''We  have  the  Outer  Wharf  improvements,  costing  over 
$3,000,000;  the  new  Drill  Hall,  completed  at  a  cost  of  $300,000; 
the  addition  to  the  Post  Office,  costing  $200,000,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  large  harbour  and  general  Public  Works  appropriations; 
the  new  additions  to  the  Parliament  Buildings  have  cost  in  the 
neighborhood  of  $1,250,000.  About  $500,000  was  expended  on  the 

[751] 


752  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Normal  School  at  Mount  Tolmie,  $300,000  on  the  Wilkinson  Road, 
and  over  $250,000  in  building  the  Malahat.  There  is  here  repre- 
sented a  total  of  over  $7,000,000.  Besides  these  things  there  is 
the  Observatory  on  Saanich  Mountain,  which  will  cost  a  large  sum 
of  money" — and  was  to  be  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 

The  Hon.  C.  E.  Tisdall,  new  Minister  of  Public  Works,  left 
at  this  time  for  a  tour  of  inspection  from  east  on  the  G.T.P.  as  far 
as  McBride,  where  he  reached  the  C.  N.  Pacific  and  went  to  Kam- 
loops.  The  paternal  and,  no  doubt,  necessary,  system  of  govern- 
ment in  these  sparsely  settled  communities  was  illustrated  in  the 
Premier's  comment  on  Jan.  20  that  he  hoped  Mr.  Tisdall  and  Hon. 
Wm.  Manson,  who  accompanied  him,  would  be  able  to  stop  at  a 
certain  point  and  "hear  at  first  hand  any  suggested  needs  of  the 
Kamloops  riding."  The  other  Ministers  also  scattered  into  the 
Interior  and  on  Feb.  1  a  Cabinet  meeting  was  held  at  Kamloops 
where,  for  a  time,  Mr.  Bowser  was  kept  by  illness.  The  chief  thing 
before  the  Government  at  this  juncture  was  to  win  the  bye-elec- 
tions in  Victoria,  Vancouver  and  Rossland  caused  by  the  appoint- 
ments of  Hon.  A.  C.  Flumerfelt,  as  Minister  of  Finance,  Hon.  C. 
E.  Tisdall  to  the  Public  Works  Department,  and  Hon.  Lome  A. 
Campbell  as  Minister  of  Mines.  The  situation  was  more  difficult 
than  perhaps  was  realized.  A  powerful  Prohibitionist  sentiment 
had  been  aroused  and  was  being  turned  against  the  Government 
which  had  not  believed  in  the  extreme  policy,  though  willing  to  go 
a  long  way;  Liberals  outside  the  House  were  steadily  organizing 
and  were  stronger  than  was  generally  supposed;  discontent  was 
rife  and  the  retirement  of  Sir  R.  McBride  had  weakened  the  Gov- 
ernment more  than  it  knew;  continuous  charges  of  corruption  in 
such  pamphlets  as  The  Crisis  in  B.  C.  had  hurt  Mr.  Bowser's 
own  reputation  and  placed  him  in  the  position  of  being  the  most 
criticized  member  of  the  old  or  the  new  Government. 

Mr.  Tisdall 's  election  was  the  first  to  come  off  and  the  contest 
practically  began  with  the  year.  The  new  Minister  was  a  man  of 
personally  high  standing  and  nothing  could  be  said  or  was  said 
against  him  in  that  respect ;  his  policy  may  be  summarized  as  (1)  en- 
couragment  to  ship-building,  (2)  establishment  of  a  copper  refinery 
for  Vancouver,  (3)  legislation  giving  state  compensation  to  injured 
workmen,  (4)  an  additional  Cabinet  Minister  for  Vancouver,  in  him- 
self, and  the  fact  of  Mr.  Bowser  being  the  first  Premier  to  come 
from  that  city.  He  and  his  press  and  speakers  had  much  to  say 
as  to  the  progress  of  British  Columbia  in  the  ten  years  prior  to 
the  War  and  his  opponents  had  much  to  say  as  to  present  depres- 
sion and  the  carelessness  shown  somewhere,  or  by  someone  in 
authority,  as  to  the  deplorable  career  and  collapse  of  the  Dominion 
Trust  Co.  The  Liberals  nominated  M.  A.  Macdonald,  President 
of  the  Provincial  Liberal  Association  and  an  active,  fighting  mem- 
ber of  the  party  and  he  made  a  great  point  of  the  tremendous 
railway  liabilities  of  the  Province.  To  this  Mr.  Tisdall  replied 
on  Jan.  7 :  ' '  The  bonded  indebtedness  of  British  Columbia  is  $18,- 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    753 

379,275.  That  of  Alberta  is  $26,233,833  and  of  Saskatchewan 
$20,885,540.  Moreover  Alberta  and  Saskatchewan  were  only  carved 
out  of  the  Northwest  Territories  a  few  years  ago,  and  in  that 
time  have  acquired  a  bonded  indebtedness  greatly  in  excess  of  that 
of  British  Columbia  which  has  been  doing  business  for  half  a  cen- 
tury. In  addition  to  this  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta 
have  guaranteed  railways  on  the  same  principle  as  British  Columbia 
has  done,  and  while  the  total  amounts  are  scarcely  as  great,  there  is 
a  wide  difference  between  building  railways  across  the  level  prairie 
and  through  the  mountains  of  British  Columbia."  He  quoted  the 
Railway  guarantees  of  the  Western  Provinces  as  being:  Manitoba, 
$25,221,580 ;  Alberta,  $55,810,450 ;  Saskatchewan  $45,625,000 ;  Bri- 
tish Columbia,  $80,322,072.  Besides  these  facts  the  Minister  de- 
clared the  Assets  of  British  Columbia  to  be  much  greater — its 
standing  timber  alone  being  worth  $400,000,000  and  its  Crown 
lands  $100,000,000.  L.  D.  Taylor,  formerly  Mayor  of  the  city 
and  a  Liberal,  was  an  independent  candidate. 

In  February  the  contest  became  keen  and  the  fighting  vigor- 
ous. Mr.  Tisdall  made  much  of  the  Powell  River  Pulp  Mill  indus- 
try which  had  been  encouraged  to  spend  a  large  sum  of  money  near 
Vancouver.  He  was  aided  by  H.  H.  Stevens,  M.P.,  Prof.  E.  Odium, 
Alex.  Lucas,  M.L.A.,  and  other  speakers.  On  Feb.  23  he  reviewed 
the  Government's  timber  policy  which  had  brought  in  a  revenue 
of  $2,500,000  and  provided  for  the  lands  reverting  to  the  Crown 
upon  expiration  of  the  leases  while,  across  the  border,  four-fifths 
of  the  timber  land  was  in  the  hands  of  private  owners;  he  dealt 
with  the  pulp  and  paper  industries,  which  had  been  established 
and  developed  by  Government  aid  and  now  employed  1,600  men 
and  had  a  payroll  of  $150,000  per  month;  he  dealt  with  the 
Government's  plans  for  developing  a  ship-building  industry. 
On  the  24th  Mr.  Premier  Bowser  spoke  at  length.  In  de- 
fending the  Kitsilano  Reserve  deal  which  had  been  strongly 
attacked  he  stated  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary  to  get 
the  Indians  off  their  80-acre  reserve  in  the  heart  of  Vancouver ;  an 
opportunity  had  come  after  many  years  of  effort  and  H.  0.  Alex- 
ander, a  native  son  of  the  City,  who  knew  the  Indians  and  who 
spoke  Chinook  fluently,  undertook  to  settle  the  question ;  he  brought 
the  matter  to  a  conclusion  and  the  Indians  were  given  $300,000  to 
leave  the  reserve  and  were  fully  satisfied.  Lieut.-Governor  T.  W. 
Paterson  signed  a  special  warrant  and  Mr.  Bowser,  himself,  had 
brought  the  cheque  to  Vancouver,  turned  it  over  to  the  Bank,  the 
Indians  were  paid  and  the  money  placed  in  savings  accounts  for 
them.  If  Mr.  Alexander  received  $80,000  he  had  earned  it,  said 
the  Premier,  and  had  been  engaged  over  a  year  at  the  work.  He 
referred  to  the  Public  Debt  of  British  Columbia  as  very  small 
for  a  Province  which  owned  its  own  lands,  mines  and  timber  and 
compared  it  with  the  Vancouver  debt  of  $35,000,000. 

Meantime  the  Liberals  were  fighting  strongly  with  help,  also, 
from  Sir  Charles  Hibbert  Tupper,  a  respected  Conservative  leader  ' 
48 


754  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

of  the  old  days,  who,  though  latterly  unfriendly  to  the  McBride 
Government,  had  not  taken  a  position  of  public  or  platform,  antag- 
onism. The  Socialist  leader  in  the  Legislature,  Parker  Williams, 
also  spoke  for  Mr.  Macdonald.  With  these  elements  of  dissatisfaction 
were  the  clerical  leaders  in  the  incidents  of  1915* — notably  the 
Rev.  Dr.  John  MacKay,  Principal  of  Westminster  Hall,  and  Rev. 
A.  E.  Cooke.  The  remarks  of  Dr.  MacKay  on  Feb.  4  were  typical 
of  many  Opposition  speeches:  " There  is  overwhelming  evidence 
of  the  fact  that  the  electorate  has  been  systematically  debauched 
with  its  own  money  in  the  name  of  Public  Works.  The  municipal 
councils,  boards  of  trade  and  other  similar  organizations  have  been 
systematically  captured  wherever  possible,  and  made  mere  tools 
in  the  hands  of  the  bosses."  After  enlarging  on  the  subject  he 
added :  '  *  The  curse  of  Almighty  God  rests  upon  the  man  or  the  in- 
stitution which  resorts  to  such  diabolical  courses.  And  the  curse  of 
the  Almighty  will  rest  on  this  whole  Province  until  it  has  made 
such  practices  forever  impossible. ' ' 

The  steady  influx  of  Chinese  was  made  an  issue — 1912-3,  5,730 ; 
1913-4,  6,896;  1914-5,  5,117.  An  illustration  of  the  arguments 
used  may  be  quoted  from  Patrick  Donnelly,  a  Liberal  candidate 
for  the  coming  general  election  (Feb.  9)  when  he  stated  that  Asi- 
atics were  replacing  white  men  in  the  Vancouver  Island  mines; 
that  the  high  price  of  coal  was  due  to  $9,000,000  of  watered  stock 
in  the  Mackenzie-Mann  Collieries  Co.;  that  the  Pacific  Great 
Eastern  crowd  had  got  $20,000,000  out  of  the  Province  on  a  capi- 
tal of  $250,000.  Mr.  Macdonald  in  his  speeches  made  a  great  deal 
of  the  Kitsilano  reserve  purchase  with  its  $80,000  commission,  the 
Songhees  reserve  deal  with  alleged  $105,000  commission,  Hon.  Dr. 
Young's  acceptance  of  $105,000  worth  of  Pacific  Coast  Coal  stock 
at  a  time  when  the  Company  had  negotiations  with  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  alleged  sub-letting  of  the  tender  for  the  excavation 
for  the  new  Parliament  Buildings  addition  at  Victoria  to  a  Con- 
servative druggist  at  a  price  thousands  in  excess  of  the  lowest 
tenderer.  He  alleged  that  a  surplus  of  $8,000,000  in  1911  had 
become  a  deficit  of  $18,000,000  in  1916.  H.  C.  Brewster,  the 
Opposition  leader,  (Feb.  20)  told  an  audience  that  he  wanted 
to  be  "in  the  House  and  to  have  Mr.  Macdonald  with  him:  "To 
force  discussion  of  public  measures  and  to  help  in  stopping  the 
raids  on  the  treasury  planned  for  this  Session.  There  will  never 
again  be  a  one-sided  House  in  British  Columbia  and  the  financial 
vultures  well  know  that  this  is  their  last  chance."  T.  D.  Pattullo, 
from  Prince  Rupert,  also  helped  in  the  contest  and  G.  E.  McCros- 
san  (Feb.  21),  like  other  speakers,  did  not  mince  words:  "The  past 
ten  years  of  Government  have  been  a  carnival  of  graft,  extrava- 
gance and  spoliation  such  as  has  never  before  been  seen  here  or 
elsewhere."  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper  on  Feb.  25  handled  the  Ministers 
without  gloves,  and  described  Mr.  Bowser  as  the  Kaiser  of  Pro- 
vincial politics:  "We  must  put  an  end  to  this  system  of  rule  by 

*NOTE. — See   Provincial  affairs  in   1915  volume. 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    755 

party  caucus  and  restore  the  system  of  party  government  in  the 
Legislature. ' ' 

The  result  on  Feb.  26  was  the  defeat  of  Mr.  Tisdall,  by  a  large 
majority,  with  the  vote  as  follows:  Macdonald  9,592;  Tisdall 
5,462 ;  Taylor  194.  Mr.  Bowser  attributed  the  turn-over  to  general 
financial  depression,  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the  people  for  an 
Opposition  in  the  House,  a  little  "Dominion  Trust"  and  the  acti- 
vities of  Prohibitionists.  A  long  and  unpleasant  investigation  by 
Select  Committee  and  Court  trials  followed  in  an  effort  to  prove 
corruption  against  the  Liberals.  Meanwhile  Hon.  Lome  Camp- 
bell, on  the  same  day,  had  been  elected  in  Rossland  by  331  over 
Mayor  Wilson  (Lib.)  who  received  322  votes — a  Socialist  named 
W.  W.  Lefeaux  receiving  12  votes.  The  election  in  Victoria  was 
still  proceeding.  H.  C.  Brewster  had  been  selected  to  oppose  the 
Hon.  A.  C.  Flumerfelt;  both  candidates  were  of  the  highest  char- 
acter personally  and  there  was  a  minimum  of  personalities  in  the 
contest.  The  latter  was  a  financial  leader  in  the  community  and 
the  type  of  man  who  should  make  a  good  Finance  Minister.  Mr. 
Brewster  had  some  years  before  been  in  the  Legislature  for  a  short 
time,  made  a  good  record  and  was  now  striving,  in  an  up-hill  task, 
to  bring  his  party  back  into  some  semblance  of  Legislative  strength. 
Mr.  Flumerfelt  had,  early  in  January,  found  it  necessary  to  call 
a  meeting  of  Provincial  bankers  to  discuss  with  him  the  financial 
and  business  situation  and,  after  supplying  them  with  a  mass  of 
information  about  industrial  and  general  conditions,  he  urged  a 
loosening  of  the  purse-strings  so  far  as  might  be  deemed  possible. 
To  a  Conservative  association  on  the  17th  he  stated  as  to  the  Lumber 
industry  that  "instead  of  shipping  only  40,000,000  to  50,000,000 
feet  a  year  to  all  the  overseas  markets  combined,  as  we  do  at  pre- 
sent, Australia  alone  could  take  double  that  quantity  from  us  and 
still  give  us  only  a  moderate  share  of  her  orders ; "  15  new  vessels 
were  essential,  however.  Incidentally,  Mr.  Lome  Campbell  stated 
that  "a  short  time  ago  one  of  the  big  mining  companies  in  the 
Interior  had  received  a  contract  from  the  War  Office  to  supply 
25  tons  of  zinc  per  day  at  15  cents  per  pound  for  which,  previously, 
the  Imperial  Government  had  paid  27  cents,  for  an  inferior  quality, 
in  the  United  States." 

These  speeches  were  preliminary  and  on  Feb.  21  the  campaign 
began  with  an  appeal  from  the  Minister  for  clean  politics — which 
he  defined  as  "a  morally-correct  science  of  organization  and  regu- 
lation of  the  affairs  of  State" — and  for  the  elimination  of  all 
questionable  methods  in  public  affairs.  He  declined  to  accept  ' '  any 
responsibility  for  any  Governmental  action  prior  to  Dec.  15"  when 
he  had  joined  the  Government.  On  the  23rd  he  referred  to  his 
own  long  connection  with  the  British-American  Trust  Co.  of  Vic- 
toria and  paid  tribute  to  Mr.  Bowser  as  Attorney- General  in 
respect  to  the  Dominion  Trust  Co.  charges  and  the  legislation  of 
1912:  "Notwithstanding  all  the  pressure  brought  to  bear  on  the 
Government  by  Trust  Companies  from  all  over  the  Province,  I 


756         /       THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

can  say,  as  one  who  had  to  suffer  at  the  time,  that  the  Attorney- 
General  never  receded  in  one  instance  from  the  Trust  Company 
Act  he  had  put  through  to  protect  the  interests  of  the  people  of 
this  Province. ' '  On  the  26th  the  Minister  announced  that  following 
negotiations,  inaugurated  a  few  weeks  before,  an  Eastern  shipping 
concern  was  ready  to  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Government  6  deep- 
sea  vessels  to  carry  the  products  of  British  Columbia  to  the  markets 
of  the  world,  the  vessels  to  be  at  the  complete  disposal  of  the  Pro- 
vince without  cost  to  the  people  and  under  arrangements  similar 
to  those  adopted  by  the  Imperial  Government  for  certain  essen- 
tial articles  of  trade.  They  should,  he  thought,  prove  the  nucleus  of 
a  British  Columbia  marine  and  would  provide  yearly  transportation 
for  about  35,000,000  feet  of  lumber  abroad. 

The  Hon.  Thos.  Taylor,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  dealt  with 
the  Parliament  Buildings  charges  and  stated  that  the  total  expen- 
diture up  to  date  on  the  building  was  $1,168,346  against  an  esti- 
mated $1,000,000 ;  that  the  contract  for  the  additions  was  $950,000 
let  to  McDonald  &  Wilson  of  Vancouver  with  a  special  plant 
installation  for  boilers,  using  fuel  oil,  of  $81,000  and  another  item 
of  $14,000;  that  the  results  included  the  "best,  all-round,  fire- 
proof Library  building  in  Canada"  and  were  eminently  satisfac- 
tory. He  stated  that  in  1903,  when  the  McBride  Government 
came  into  power,  the  revenue  was  $2,639,000.  In  1913  the  revenue 
was  $12,510,000  while  the  expenditures  on  public  works  were  as 
follows:  1903-4,  $750,373;  1913-14,  $8,476,747.  The  total  expendi- 
ture on  public  works  from  1903  to  1914  was  $37,000,000.  On  Feb. 
28  Mr.  Flumerfelt  gave  a  further  ship-building  pledge:  "Legisla- 
tion will  be  introduced  within  the  next  ten  days  for  aid  in  ship- 
building to  the  extent  of  $2,000,000  by  way  of  guarantee.  We 
propose  that  at  least  ten  ships  be  laid  down  forthwith,  five  of 
which  shall  be  in  Victoria  or  vicinity  and  the  balance  at  other  con- 
venient points  in  the  Province.  The  aid  will  be  afforded  on  a  basis 
of  50%  of  the  value  of  such  vessels."  At  this  juncture,  also,  the 
Premier  intervened  with  a  pledge  of  Prohibition,  somewhat  along 
Manitoba  lines,  and  a  Referendum.  The  immediate  proclamation 
was  also  announced  of  the  Agricultural  Credits  Act  which  pro- 
vided for  the  issuance  of  Government  securities  in  a  sum  not  exceed- 
ing $15,000,000,  to  be  lent  to  farmers  on  specific  conditions  and  at 
favourable  rates  of  interest.  The  Premier  made  several  speeches  in 
the  campaign  but  it  was  noticeable,  after  the  Vancouver  result,  that 
enthusiasm  ran  toward  the  Liberals. 

Their  campaign  was  a  keen  one.  Mr.  Brewster  was  assisted  by 
Ralph  Smith,  ex-M.p.,  John  Oliver,  former  Liberal  leader,  Wm. 
Sloan,  CX-M.P.,  and  others.  The  Leader  contended  (Feb.  22)  that 
the  Administration  had  been  legislating  in  the  interests  of  the  few 
against  the  rights  of  the  many,  and  the  Province,  "under  a  dom- 
ineering, freedom-suppressing,  autocratic  Government."  The  "big 
interests"  were  fiercely  attacked  and  Mr.  Flumerfelt,  as  a  Director 
of  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  came  in  for  much  of  it.  Mr. 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    757 

Brewster  alleged  (Feb.  24)  that  the  law  firm  af  Bowser,  Reid  & 
Wallbridge  had  acted  as  attorneys  for  the  Dominion  Trust  Co.  and 
that:  "I  can  show  you  many  old  men  to-day  digging  in  ditches, 
who  a  few  years  ago  were  worth  $50,000,  because  of  the  Dominion 
Trust  failure,  the  responsibility  of  which  falls  solely  on  Mr. 
Bowser."  The  denunciation  of  Mackenzie  &  Mann  and  the  rail- 
way interests  was  continuous  in  all  the  speeches  and  no  doubt  effec- 
tive; with  charges,  also,  that  the  Bowser  law  firm  was  associated 
with  the  Railways.  Mr.  Oliver  made  this  appeal  (Feb.  29)  :  "We 
have  the  greatest  natural  resources  possible,  we  have  the  greatest 
coal  fields  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  20,000,000  acres  of  agricul- 
tural and  timber  lands,  yet  we  have  unemployment,  poverty,  bank- 
ruptcy and  starvation. ' '  Mr.  Brewster  spoke  against  the  shipbuild- 
ing policy  and  was  helped  by  the  statement  of  Neil  Neilson,  Austra- 
lian Trade  Commissioner  at  San  Francisco  (Feb.  15)  that  "by  the 
time  ships  can  be  built  here  the  War  will  be  over  and  the  pressure 
on  rates  be  gone.  If  ships  were  to  have  been  built  here  they  should 
have  been  started  or  built  a  long  while  ago. ' ' 

On  the  last  day  of  the  contest  the  Victoria  Times  (Lib.)  pub- 
lished a  message  from  Sir  Charles  Hibbert  Tupper:  "I  ask  Con- 
servatives to  drive-  from  power  this  Government  which  has  dis- 
graced the  Province  and  which  has  been  the  servile  tool  of  adven- 
turers. I  ask  Conservatives  to  defeat  every  Minister  of  Mr.  Bowser 
who  shows  his  head.  There  are  mile-posts  on  the  trail  of  this 
corrupt  combination.  An  Opposition,  had  it  existed  on  the  floor 
of  the  House,  would  long  ago  have  exposed  their  iniquities.  What 
about  Sir  Richard  McBride  and  the  Judas  Iscariot  who  sold  him? 
Who  is  this  little  Kaiser  who  attempted  to  read  out  of  the  party  Con- 
servatives who  dare  to  have  opinions  of  their  own?"  The  re- 
sult of  the  general  situation,  of  which  these  statements  on  the  one 
side  and  pledges  on  the  other  were  the  outcome,  was  the  election 
of  Mr.  Brewster  on  Mar.  4  by  4,812  to  2,416.  As  in  Vancouver 
the  Liberal  majority  was  in  the  thousands  where  in  recent  elections 
the  Conservative  majority  had  been  hundreds.  Both  Mr.  Flumer- 
felt  and  the  Premier  stated  that  no  change  would  follow  in  Gov- 
ernment policy. 

Following  these  incidents  Mr.  Bowser  did  his  best  to  encourage 
his  followers  and  hearten  the  Province  but  he  lacked  the  natural 
and  buoyant  personal  magnetism  of  his  predecessor.  '  He  told  the 
Fruit  Growers  (Mar.  7)  that  there  would  soon  be  a  separate  Min- 
ister of  Agriculture  devoting  himself  to  that  industry;  in  the 
House,  Hon.  Mr.  Manson  dilated  (Mar.  17)  on  what  the  Government 
had  done  for  Agriculture,  etc.,  with  a  steady  though  slow  pro- 
gress in  all  directions  and  Hon.  Mr.  Taylor  declared  (Mar.  22) 
that  in  "the  six  years  up  to  September,  1915,  the  Province  spent 
$17,450,811  on  roads  and  trails,  and  had  standardized  or  rebuilt 
14,000  miles  of  roads  and  6,000  miles  of  trails,  while  spending 
$2,761,451  on  School-houses  and  $7,620,340  on  other  Public  build- 
ings, $4,720,088  on  bridges  and  wharves,  or  a  total  of  $32,553,000;" 


758  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

on  Mar.  27  the  Government  placed  with  a  Canadian  financial 
house  a  loan  for  $1,000,000  which,  under  the  terms  of  the  Agricul- 
tural Credits  Act,  was  to  be  lent  out  to  farmers  all  over  the  Pro- 
vince— the  rate  being  5-63%,  and  the  term  25  years;  the  Acting 
Finance  Minister  on  the  same  date  indicated  a  possible  expendi- 
ture of  $11,000,000  and  another  $5,000,000  for  the  P.  G.  E.  Rail- 
way during  the  year — a  prospect  unpleasant  to  the  tax-payer  but 
not  so  to  the  workman.  The  Session  was  filled  with  work  and 
charges  and  investigations;  on  June  6  changes  in  the  Government 
were  announced  following  the  proffered  resignations,  some  months 
before,  of  Messrs.  Tisdall  and  Flumerfelt.  Hon.  Wm.  Manson  be- 
came Minister  of  Agriculture — a  Department  hitherto  united  with 
Finance;  Hon.  L.  A.  Campbell  remained  Minister  of  Mines  and 
Acting-Minister  of  Finance;  Hon.  W.  R.  Ross  and  Hon.  Thomas 
Taylor  held  their  Departments  of  Lands  and  Public  Works  respec- 
tively; George  Albert  McGuire,  a  Vancouver  dentist  and  member 
since  1909,  was  made  Provincial  Secretary  and  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion ;  Ernest  Miller,  M.L.A.  for  Grand  Forks  since  1905,  was  appoint- 
ed President  of  the  Council.  A  little  later  Alex.  Stewart,  Mayor  of 
Victoria,  became  Minister  of  Finance.  This  was  the  Government 
which  faced  the  General  Elections. 

Meantime,  the  administration  of  Departments  proceeded  and 
the  annual  Reports  gave  the  usual  dry  but  useful  official  state- 
ments.    The  Premier  was  also  Commissioner  of  Fisheries  and  to 
him   J.   P.   Babcock,   Assistant- Commissioner,   reported   for   Dec. 
30,  1915,  a  total  value  of  $11,515,086  for  the  fish  marketted  in  the 
Province  or  36%  of  the  total  for  all  Canada;  a  small  catch  of 
salmon  on  the  Fraser,  Skeena,  Nass,  etc.,  totalling  1,133,381  cases; 
the  growth  of  Prince  Rupert  as  a  receiving  and  shipping  point  for 
fish,  aided  by  the  Department,  by  its  terminal  position  on  the 
G.T.P.  and  by  a  change  in  Dominion  Customs  regulations ;  the  fact 
that  there  was  a  steady  increase  in  United  States  fishing  vessels 
plying  to  Prince  Rupert  with  Halibut  of  7,520,810  Ibs.  landed  in 
1913,  8,741,100  Ibs.  in  1914,  and  16,095,315  Ibs.  in  1915 ;  the  con- 
tinued scientific  investigation  into  food-fishes  and  biology  by  a 
Scientific  staff,  some  of  whose  work  was  recorded  in  the  annual 
Report;  the  conclusive  evidence  submitted  by  W.  F.  Thompson  to 
the  Department  as  to  depletion  in  the  Halibut  fisheries — an  ex- 
hausted condition  of  the  banks  off  the   Coast  which  established 
"the  vital  need  of  protection."    During  1916  the  development  of 
Prince  Rupert  conditions  caused  a  demand  from  Seattle  and  Alaska 
to  Washington  for  protection  of  their  interests.  They  wanted  a  regu- 
lation of  importation  into  the  United  States  of  these  fish  which  would 
compel   transhipment   at    an    American   port   in    order   to   reach 
the  United  States  market  and  thus  cut  out  Prince  Rupert  and  the 
G.T.P.   interests.     The   British   Ambassador   protested   on   behalf 
of  Canada  against  the  inclusion  in  a  Revenue  Bill  of  this  clause: 
*  *  No  fresh  or  frozen  halibut  or  salmon  from  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean   shall   be   admitted   into   the   United   States   through   any 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    759 

foreign  country  except  when  they  shall  be  in  bond  from  an  Ameri- 
can port."  Finally  Congress  rejected  the  proposal  and  Prince 
Rupert  remained,  in  place  of  Seattle,  the  headquarters  of  the  Hali- 
but fishing  fleet  of  this  coast. 

To  Hon.  W.  J.  Hanson,  Minister  of  Agriculture,  (July  1,  1916) 
an  elaborate  Report  was  presented  by  W.  E.  Scott,  Deputy  Min- 
ister, as  to  1915  conditions.  He  showed  that  importations  of  food 
and  agricultural  products  were  decreasing  but  variable :  1912, 
$13,099,885;  1913,  $20,070,757;  1914,  $25,199,125;  1915,  $16,434,- 
970.  As  prices  were  10%  higher,  the  population  much  less  and 
its  purchasing  power  diminished,  the  latter  figure  was  not  conclu- 
sive of  real  change.  Home  production  was  more  satisfactory, 
though  influenced  also  by  these  considerations :  1912,  $23,323,269 ; 
1913,  $26,222,033;  1914,  $30,184,100;  1915,  $31,127,801.  Four  new 
Creameries  were  started  during  the  year  and  the  quality  in  dairy 
stock  showed  great  improvement;  the  sheep  industry  faced 
serious  difficulties  from  dogs  and  occasionally  from  bears,  coyotes 
and  panthers,  while  Mr.  Scott  urged  co-operative  grading  and 
marketting  for  wool;  the  poultry  industry  had  a  check  and  it  was 
a  poor  year  for  bee-keeping.  The  active  Branches  of  the  Depart- 
ment— Live-stock,  Horticulture,  Statistics,  Plant  Pathology,  Im- 
ported Fruit  inspection,  Nursery  stock  and  Publications — report- 
ed at  length,  including  various  sub-branches  which  dealt  with 
soil  and  crops,  poultry,  veterinary  subjects,  Dairy,  markets  and 
Fruit  pests.  There  were  10  demonstration  and  six  experimental 
orchards,  the  primary  schools  in  connection  with  fruit  being  very 
popular.  Of  many  valuable  reports  one  of  the  chief  was  that  of 
the  Assistant  Statistician,  A.  B.  Tweddle,  who  gave  the  total  Agri- 
cultural product — grain,  hay  and  vegetables — as  $11,986,479  in 
1913;  $13,167,674  in  1914  and  $12,807,692  in  1915.  The  cars  of 
fruit  shipped  showed  an  increase  and  numbered  2,360  in  1915 
with  a  total  fruit  production  of  $1,642,300;  the  honey  crop  was 
57,245  Ibs.,  or  half  that  of  1914;  the  total  value  of  Live-stock 
(horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  swine)  was  $26,700,375  or  $1,100,000 
above  1914.  The  total  of  all  Agricultural  production,  including 
slaughtered  or  sold  animals,  was  $26,222,033  with  importations  of 
similar  products  from  other  Provinces  totalling  $12,936,980  and 
from  Foreign  points  $7,133,777. 

The  most  important  matter  in  connection  with  Agriculture  in 
1916  was  the  putting  into  operation  (Apr.  26)  of  the  Act  of  1915 
providing  for  Loans  to  farmers  under  certain  specific  conditions 
and  the  appointment  of  the  following  members  of  an  Agricultural 
Credit  Commission  to  carry  out  the  plan  involved:  Hon.  Wm. 
Manson  of  Prince  Rupert  (Superintendent),  Wm.  Budge,  Steveston, 
and  Wm.  Duncan,  Sandwick.  A  sum  of  $1,000,000  was  obtained 
by  the  Government  on  the  sale  of  bonds  at  84  -72  or  5  -63%  and  was 
to  be  issued  at  6^2  per  cent.  The  Act  authorized  borrowing  up 
to  $15,000,000  for  the  purpose  and  Loans  were  to  be  made  for  the 
following  purposes:  (a)  The  acquiring  of  land  for  agricultural 


760  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

purposes  and  the  satisfaction  of  incumbrances  on  land  used  for 
such  purposes;  (b)  for  clearing,  draining,  dykeing  or  irrigation 
works;  (c)  the  erection  of  farm  buildings;  (d)  the  purchase  of 
live-stock,  machinery  fertilizers,  etc.;  (e)  discharging  liabilities 
incurred  for  the  improvement  and  development  of  land  used  for 
agricultural  purposes  and  any  purpose  that,  in  the  judgment  of 
the  Commission,  is  calculated  to  increase  land  productiveness. 
Loans  (maximum  $10,000  and  minimum  $250)  were  to  be  of  long 
or  short  term  and  to  run,  if  necessary,  for  36 y2  years  at  \% 
more  interest  than  the  amount  paid  by  the  Commission  on  its  bonds. 
S.  A.  Cawley,  CX-M.L.A.,  Chilliwack,  and  four  others,  were  appointed 
valuators.  Applications  came  in  steadily  and  by  the  end  of  Decem- 
ber 1,179  had  been  received  for  $2,441,295 ;  the  total  amount  granted 
was  $623,550  and  the  value  of  the  land  held  as  security  was  $2,- 
070,366. 

As  to  the  general  situation  Alex.  Lucas,  M.L.A.,  the  father 
of  the  Act,  stated  (Feb.  10)  that  there  were  at  least  40,000,000 
acres  of  good  agricultural  land  in  the  Province — suitable  for 
market  gardening,  mixed  farming  or  stock-raising.  The  farmers 
were  greatly  pleased  with  the  Federal  Apple  duty  of  1916  and 
estimated  that  it  should  mean  to  them  much  of  the  $1,000,000  being 
paid  for  United  States  apples;  W.  E.  Scott  described  it  as  "the 
saving  of  the  Apple  industry  of  the  Province";  Western  Canada 
was  said  to  import  1,000  carloads  of  American  apples  yearly. 
According  to  the  Farmers'  Institute  meetings  of  Mar.  8-9  the 
gopher  question  was  one  of  their  most  serious  evils — the  pests 
coming  from  wild  lands  beyond  local  control  and  in  numbers  too 
great  to  deal  with.  In  March  the  Department  issued  the  first 
number  of  its  new  Agrwultural  Journal,  with  W.  E.  McTaggart 
in  charge,  and  containing  much  useful  information. 

The  Hon.  W.  R.  Ross,  K.C.,  Minister  of  Lands,  dealt  with  con- 
ditions up  to  the  end  of  1915.  R.  A.  Renwick,  Deputy  Minister, 
reported  a  war-time  curtailment  of  all  activities,  2,277  pre-emption 
records  issued  compared  with  4,304  in  1914;  fresh  evidences  of 
the  suitability  of  much  land  in  the  Northern  Interior  for  agricul- 
ture and  stock-raising;  satisfactory  results  from  the  lowering  of 
pre-emptions  in  timbered  areas  of  the  Coast  from  holdings  of 
360  acres  to  40  acres;  the  receipt  of  very  small  payments  for  out- 
standing balances  on  land-sales  as  to  which  the  amount  due  was 
$7,132,676  on  surveyed  lands,  $1,691,652  on  unsurveyed  lands  and 
$3,167,730  on  townsite  properties  and  suburban  lands.  At  the 
close  of  this  year  the  surveyed  lands  suitable  for  pre-emptors  was 
computed  at  2,395,980  acres.  The  results  of  elaborate  dry-farm- 
ing investigations  in  Lillooet  and  Nicola  were  given  by  Prof.  W.  J. 
Elliott  and  the  Survey  Board  reported  1,012,000  acres  surveyed  in 
1914  and  615,300  acres  in  1915.  It  was  stated  that  89  B.C.  land- 
surveyors,  or  40%  of  the  entire  number,  had  enlisted.  The  Water 
Rights  Branch  reported  through  Wm.  Young,  Comptroller,  as  to 
operation  of  the  Water  Act  and  development  of  Irrigation ;  grants, 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    761 

licenses  and  the  disposal  of  lands  made  valuable  by  water  powers 
and  privileges;  hydrographic  and  topographic  surveys,  etc.;  in- 
vestigations into  Water-powers,  and  data  as  to  annual  rentals. 

The  Forest  Branch  Report  showed  for  1915  the  efforts  of  H. 
R.  MacMillian  in  seeking  lumber  markets  in  Australia,  South  Afri- 
ca, India,  China,  Japan  and  New  Zealand;  the  production  in  1914 
of  1,151,903,000  feet  B.M.  of  timber  and  shipment  of  50,307  tons 
of  manufactured  paper  with  13,000  tons  of  sulphite  wood-pulp. 
The  1916  Report  of  the  Forest  Branch  was  submitted  to  Hon. 
T.  D.  Pattullo,  the  new  Minister,  and  showed  a  vigorous  campaign 
along  timber  lines  with  212,000  farm  Bulletins  issued  in  the  year ; 
a  shipment  of  875,000  shell-boxes  to  the  War  Office  with  500,000 
more  on  order  and  a  water-borne  export  of  timber  for  the  year  of 
$43,676,523  compared  with  $58,074,773  in  1915;  a  total  timber- 
cut  of  991,780,200  feet.  B.M.  in  1915  valued  at  $29,150,000  with 
an  estimated  value  for  1916  of  $35,528,000;  390  saw-mills  for  the 
Province  were  reported  in  1916  with  Forest  revenues  of  $2,999,328 
— an  increase  of  $600,000  in  the  year  with  a  Forest  protection  ex- 
penditure of  $156,205;  the  area  of  Crown-grant  timber  lands  (pri- 
vate) was  stated  at  922,206  acres  with  an  average  value  of  $9.73 
per  acre.  During  the  year  a  shipment  of  160,000  Creosoted  railway 
ties  was  made  to  India  for  the  Bengal  and  North  Western  Railway. 
On  Feb.  22  Hon.  Mr.  Ross  stated  that  the  Province  had  a  mill  capa- 
city of  2,500,000,000  feet;  an  actual  output  valued  at  $29,000,000; 
1,000,000,000  shingles  shipped  to  market  in  the  year;  a  new  pulp 
and  paper  industry  producing  $3,000,000  a  year  already;  some 
of  the  largest  plants  in  the  world  for  saw  and  paper  mills ;  a  Forest- 
stand  of  400,000,000,000  feet  of  merchantable  timber.  In  October 
H.  R.  MacMillan,  head  of  the  Forestry  Service,  resigned  and  was 
succeeded  by  M.  A.  Grainger. 

Intimately  associated  with  this  Department  and  the  lumber 
question  was  that  of  ship-building.  Some  reference  has  been  made 
to  Government  policy — as  to  which  a  special  sub- Committee  had  for 
months  been  studying  the  subject  under  Mr.  Tisdall's  chairmanship 
—and  on  Jan.  6  the  Lower  Coast  Boards  of  Trade  and  the  B.  C. 
Manufacturers'  Association  had  urged  the  Government,  by  Reso- 
lution to  "grant  a  bonus,  based  on  value  and  tonnage,  towards  the 
cost  of  construction  of  vessels  built  in  British  Columbia,  and  to 
grant  a  subsidy  for  a  term  of  years  to  all  ships  so  built  in  respect 
to  all  local  products  carried  in  such  vessels  with  freight  charges 
to  be  approved  by  the  Government ;  on  Mar.  1st  it  was  announced 
that  the  Canadian  Puget  Sound  Lumber  Co.  Ltd.,  a  large  industry 
under  suspended  conditions,  was  about  to  resume  operations  and 
would  construct  six  of  the  Government's  proposed  new  ships;  in 
May  the  Vancouver  Island  Marine  Ltd.,  was  incorporated  to  build 
ships  under  the  Government 's  Aid  to  Ship-building  Act  while  vari- 
ous old  established  concerns  prepared  to  take  advantage  of  its  terms 
and  the  Canada  Steamships  Ltd.,  of  Montreal,  also  proposed  to 
share  in  the  coming  development;  under  the  terms  of  the  Act  a 


762  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

Shipping-Credit  Commission  was  created  composed  (Aug.  2)  of 
H.  B.  Thomson,  M.L.A.,  Victoria  (Superintendent),  F.  Buscombe, 
ex-Mayor  of  Vancouver,  and  W.  J.  Goepel,  Deputy  Minister  of 
Finance.  This  body  had  power  to  loan  money  for  the  construc- 
tion of  ships,  to  subsidize  them  after  the  War,  when  charter 
prices  would  be  lower,  and  to  guarantee  the  bonds  of  ship- 
building companies  to  the  extent  of  six  per  cent.  The  Commis- 
sion could  borrow  money  through  the  Government  and  lend  it  to 
ship-builders,  the  loans  to  be  repaid  within  five  years  with  one- 
fifth  of  the  principal  each  year.  Each  loan  was  limited  to  55 
per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  ship,  which  had  to  be  built  and 
registered  in  British  Columbia.  The  Commission  held  a  first 
mortgage  on  the  value  of  the  vessel ;  the  craft  was  to  be  insured  in 
favour  of  the  Commission;  the  Commission  was  made  managing- 
owner  until  the  loan  was  repaid  and  the  ship  was  not  to  leave  Bri- 
tish Columbia  waters  until  the  money  loaned  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Government. 

By  this  time  several  vessels  were  under  construction  and  at 
the  close  of  the  year  nine  were  specified.  In  October  it.  was 
announced  that  Norwegian  representatives  were  at  Vancouver  offer- 
ing contracts  for  8  steel  ships  to  cost  about  $10,000,000.  The 
matter  was  referred  to  Ottawa  and  thence  to  the  British  Government 
which,  naturally,  would  want  guarantees  as  to  the  vessels  falling  in- 
to enemy  hands  before  or  after  the  War ;  on  Oct.  20  Sir  R.  L.  Borden 
wired  the  Mayor  of  Vancouver  an  assurance  that  "  subject  to 
the  final  approval  of  the  British  Government,  ships  built  in  Van- 
couver could  be  transferred  to  the  Norwegian  flag,"  and  contracts 
for  the  building  of  three  steel  ships,  valued  at  $1,250,000  each,  were 
at  once  signed.  Following  this  the  Dominion  Government  granted 
a  drawback  of  99%  on  the  duty  of  American  manufactured  articles 
going  into  the  construction  of  ships  built  in  Canada.  In  November 
it  was  stated  that  during  the  first  9  months  of  1916  Siberian  freight 
to  the  value  of  $35,469,243  moved  through  Vancouver  over  the 
C.P.R.  alone,  and  that  during  this  period  only  $37,417,495  moved 
through  the  rival  United  States  port  of  Seattle  over  all  lines. 
Speaking  in  Victoria  (Nov.  28)  K.  R.  Neild  urged  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Island's  iron  resources  and  the  making  of  steel  to 
help  in  ship-building.  For  this,  capital  and  enterprise  were 
necessary,  but  the  reward  would  be  great. 

The  1915  Report  (June  30)  was  the  last  submitted  by  Hon. 
H.  E.  Young,  as  Minister  of  Education.  The  total  enrollment  in 
all  Public  Schools  and  Colleges  was  64,624  or  an  increase  of  2,361 ; 
the  boys  numbered  33,289  and  girls  31,335;  the  average  actual 
daily  attendance  was  52,821  or  an  increase  of  3,444  and  a  per- 
centage of  81  -73  in  regular  attendance  or  the  highest  in  the  record 
of  the  Province;  the  number  of  teachers  employed  was  1,966  or 
an  increase  of  107.  In  view  of  the  alleged  decreasing  population 
of  the  Province  this  condition  was  very  satisfactory.  As  to  Col- 
leges the  enrollment  of  the  McGill  University  branch  in  Vancou- 


BOWSER  GOVERNMENT;  BYE-ELECTIONS  AND  ADMINISTRATION    763 

ver  was  290  and  in  Victoria  70;  the  High  Schools  had  an  enroll- 
ment of  3,912;  the  graded  city  schools  of  31,549;  the  rural 
municipal  schools  15,758.  The  total  expenditure  upon  Education 
was  $1,607,650  of  which  the  Government  contributed  $1,168,406— 
the  cost  per  capita  being  $21.78  compared  with  $14.66  in  1906. 
The  Provincial  Normal  School  at  Vancouver  had  237  students  and 
that  of  Victoria  45;  the  enrollment  at  the  Summer  Courses  for 
teachers  was  513.  In  Technical  education  night  schools  for  instruc- 
tion had  been  organized  at  11  centres  with  3,733  in  attendance; 
manual  training  and  domestic  science  were  taught  in  the  elementary 
schools  of  eight  cities.  The  Free  Text-book  Branch  showed  107,930 
books  given  away  to  pupils,  38,222  volumes  held  in  reserve  and  2,934 
destroyed  during  the  year. 

There  was  no  trouble  as  to  language  or  religion  in  the  schools 
of  British  Columbia  during  the  year,  though  Rev.  J.  G.  Inkster 
at  a  Victoria  meeting  on  May  2  declared  that  as  1,500  school  chil- 
dren in  that  city  and  3,500  in  Vancouver  did  not  attend  Sunday 
schools  and  received  no  religious  instruction  in  schools,  they  were 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  Pagans;  Dr.  H.  E.  Young,  though 
retired  from  the  Ministry  of  Education,  continued  to  show  great 
interest  in  the  work  and,  in  fact,  piloted  the  educational  estimates 
through  the  House  in  March  for  the  Government.  On  the  30th 
he  declared  that  "the  teachers  of  British  Columbia  are  well  in- 
formed, well  trained  and  cultured.  When  their  pupils  enter  into 
competition  with  those  from  other  Provinces  in  University,  Naval 
or  Civil  Service  examinations  they  invariably  come  out  at  the  top 
of  the  list;"  on  Apr.  18  he  made  a  strong  plea  for  aid  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  British  Columbia  so  that  it  be  kept  out  of  debt  or 
difficulty.  On  Jan.  7  Mr.  Justice  W.  H.  P.  Clement  gave  a  deci- 
sion in  the  case  which  had  caused  Mr.  Young's  retirement  from 
the  Government  and  he  now  declared  that  the  $105,000  worth  of 
stock  in  the  Pacific  Coal  Mines,  Ltd.,  and  given  to  Hon.  Dr. 
Young  some  years  before,  had  not  received  value  in  the  treasury 
from  the  vendors  and  should  be  returned.  On  May  31  Dr.  Young 
was  appointed  Provincial  Health  Officer  and  Secretary  of  the 
Health  Department. 

The  Report  of  Hon.  L.  A.  Campbell,  Minister  of  Mines,  for 
1915,  showed  the  total  production  of  all  minerals  up  to  date  to  be 
$516,270,253  with  placer  gold  yielding  $74,039,603,  the  gold  (lode) 
mines  $86,763,450  and  silver  $39,298,273;  lead  mines  $33,407,662 
and  copper  $96,774,870 ;  Zinc  $3,168,774  and  coal  and  coke  $156,- 
928,640.  The  value  of  Provincial  mineral  production  for  1913  was 
$30,296,398,  for  1914  $26,388,825  and  for  1915  $29,447,508.  Speak* 
ing  on  Sept.  20  Mr.  Campbell  anticipated  a  1916  total  of  $40,000,000. 
In  the  Legislature  some  months  before  (Mar.  27)  he  declared  that 
"in  the  immediate  future  Granby,  Britannia  and  other  mines  on 
the  coast  of  British  Columbia  will  produce  100,000,000  pounds  of 
copper  every  year,  valued  at  more  than  $20,000,000." 

For  the  year  ending  Mar.  31,  1915,  Hon.  W.  J.  Bowser  was 


764  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

Minister  of  Finance  and  the  Public  Accounts  showed  Provincial  Lia- 
bilities at  that  date  of  $29,341,318  and  Assets  of  $18,148,411 ;  the 
Revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  was  $7,974,496  and  the  Expenditures 
$12,174,251;  the  Railway  Guarantees  of  the  Province  were  $80,- 
332,072  of  which  the  Canadian  North  Pacific  stood  for  $47,975,000, 
the  Pacific  Great  Eastern  for  $31,710,000  and  the  Nakusp  and 
Slocan  for  $647,072.  The  re-organization  under  Mr.  Bowser  made 
Hon.  Lome  Campbell  acting  Minister  of  Finance,  after  Mr.  Flumer- 
felt's  defeat,  and  his  Budget  of  Mar.  28,  1916,  was  optimistic  in 
opinion  though  he  had  to  deal  with  the  above  figures  which  showed 
a  deficit  of  over  $4,000,000  and  a  revenue  which  fell  short  by 
$2,200,000  of  the  earlier  estimate  with  expenditures,  however,  of 
$1,800,000  less  than  the  estimate.  For  1915-16  he  placed  the 
Revenues  at  $5,944,015  and  the  Expenditures  at  $11,300,000.  The 
latter  total  included  fixed  charges  of  $8,300,000. 

Included  in  the  Revenues  of  1914-15  were  $723,135  from  Do- 
minion Subsidies ;  $749,098  from  Land  Sales  and  $127,469  from 
Land  revenues;  $1,755,119  from  timber  royalties  and  licenses  and 
$443,727  from  Registry  fees;  $1,422,016  from  Real  and  Personal 
property  and  Wild  land  taxes;  $428,708  from  Income  tax  and 
$289,743  from  Mineral  and  coal  taxes;  $251,638  from  Chinese 
Restriction  Act.  The  Expenditures  included  $994,139  upon  Public 
Debt,  interest,  etc.;  $1,596,731  upon  Civil  government  and  $417,- 
323  for  maintenance  of  Public  institutions ;  $513,563  for  Hospitals 
and  Charities  and  $404,082  for  Administration  of  Justice;  $1,- 
310,200  for  Education  and  $4,029,032  for  Public  Works.  A  long 
review  of  Provincial  progress  followed  but  most  of  the  figures  are 
recorded  under  the  Department  of  Agriculture  statistics.  Later 
in  the  year  estimated  Expenditures  for  the  year  of  Mar.  31,  1917, 
totalled  $11,301,374.  In  his  reply  H.  C.  Brewster  (Lib.)  contend- 
ed that  in  every  year  since  1912  there  had  been  a  deficit,  the  whole 
aggregating  $22,879,927,  or,  making  allowance  for  the  Sinking 
Fund  of  $1,769,296,  a  net  deficit  in  that  period  of  $21,110,631. 
When  to  this  was  added  the  amount  the  contractors  and  promoters 
of  the  P.G.E.  desired  to  borrow — $6,500,000 — the  situation  was, 
he  declared,  serious. 

The  Report  of  the  Minister  of  Public  Works  (Hon.  C.  E.  Tis- 
dall)  as  submitted  in  January,  1916,  was  simply  a  detailed  list  of 
works,  and  expenditures  on  public  buildings,  roads,  bridges,  dykes, 
etc.  To  Hon.  Thomas  Taylor,  Minister  of  Public  Works,  the  Pro- 
vincial Board  of  Health  reported  Vancouver  as  the  only  Canadian 
city  with  a  Tuberculosis  dispensary,  stated  that  10,000  persons 
died  in  Canada  every  year  from  this  disease,  and  gave  the  Pro- 
vincial deaths  of  the  year  from  this  cause  as  425 ;  the  total  of  Births 
in  the  Province  was  8,754,  Deaths  2,832,  Marriages  3,393.  There 
was  no  separate  Railway  Department  in  British  Columbia,  though 
$100,000,000  had  been  added  to  Provincial  liabilities  within  a  de- 
cade through  railway  construction,  but  Mr.  Taylor  as  Minister  of 
Public  Works  had  this  subject  also  under  his  control.  During 


THE  B.  C.  LEGISLATURE;  CHARGES  AND  INVESTIGATIONS    765 

1916  a  great  topic  of  discussion  was  the  Pacific  Great  Eastern  run- 
ning from  Burrard  Inlet  to  Prince  George. 

On  Sept.  20,  1916,  the  Chairman  of  the  Board  (Col.  J.  W. 
Stewart)  described  the  situation  prior  to  the  crisis  of  this  year.  It 
appeared  that  in  1912  the  Government  had  guaranteed  securities 
of  the  Company  at  $35,000  per  mile  for  450  miles  of  line,  that  in 
1914  this  was  extended  over  the  entire  mileage  of  480  miles,  with 
additional  securities  of  $7,000  per  mile  also  guaranteed  or,  alto- 
gether, $42,000  per  mile  for  480  miles  of  railway,  amounting  to 
$20,160,000.  Of  these  securities,  $14,234,805  had  been  sold  and  the 
balance,  $5,925,195,  pledged  to  secure  a  loan  of  $4,800,000.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Company's  official  statement  of  Dec.  31,  1915,  the  net 
expenditures  upon  the  Railway  up  to  that  date  were  $28,292,398 
and  the  receipts  from  the  Government  $19,385,119,  leaving  cash  of 
over  $8,000,000  supplied  by  the  contractors  —  Foley,  Welch  and 
Stewart.  The  financial  position  was  so  bad  at  periods  in  1916  that 
operations  ceased  and  the  Government  faced  a  difficult  problem. 
Eventually  they  carried  in  the  Legislature  a  measure  of  relief  to  the 
enterprise  by  which  $6,000,000  was  to  be  borrowed  by  the  Govern- 
ment, loaned  at  cost  to  the  Railway  and  repaid  within  10  years. 
The  Company  believed  and  stated  that  this  money,  on  the  opinion 
of  its  Chief  Engineer,  ensured  the  completion  of  that  portion  of  the 
line  between  Squamish,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  Howe  Sound, 
and  Prince  George  where  connection  would  be  made  with  the 
transcontinental  line  of  the  G.T.P. 

The  demand  for  the  completion  of  the  Railway  was  considerable, 
it  was,  early  in  the  year,  graded  all  the  way  to  Prince  George  and 
7,000  men  were  employed;  as  Mr.  Bowser  (May  15)  had  pointed 
out  to  the  House  if  the  Government  did  not  help  the  work  would 
practically  have  to  stop,  Foley,  Welch  and  Stewart  would  have 
lost  11/2  millions  worth  of  supplies  previously  purchased,  thousands 
of  men  would  be  out  of  work,  the  Province  would  have  to  assume 
the  bond  interest  burden  at  once,  the  line  would  have  been  uncom- 
pleted for  several  years  and  gone  into  the  hands  of  a  receiver.  H. 
C.  Brewster  had  an  Opposition  motion  in  the  House  declaring 
that  there  had  been  a  breach  of  the  Criminal  Code  in  advancing 
certain  moneys  to  the  P.G.E.  before  completion  of  the  line  but 
it  was  voted  down  on  the  19th  with  the  comment  that  criminal 
intent  must  be  shown.  Mr.  Brewster,  it  may  be  added,  claimed 
that  the  Company's  figures  were  not  correct  and  that  the  Govern- 
ment had  actually  given  $1,580,000  more  than  the  Company  had 
spent.  Of  the  new  loan  the  Government  in  June  got  $2,000,000 
which  were  at  once  made  available  to  the  Company. 


British  coium-  ^^e  ^ast  Session  of  the  13th  Provincial  Legisla- 
bia  Legislature:  ture  was  opened  by  Lieut-Governor  F.  S.  Barnard 
Enactments,  on  Mar.  2,  1916,  in  a  Speech  from  the  Throne,  in 

l^ti^^ons       Wh?Ch     reference     was     made     to     the     War>     t°     the 

retirement  of  Sir  R.   McBride  and  the  services  in 
London  of  J.  II.  Turner;  it  was  stated  that  the  great  natural  in- 


766  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

dustries  of  the  country  were  prosperous  and  production  normal; 
a  ship-bulling  policy  was  fore-shadowed,  the  creation  of  a  Ministry 
of  Agriculture  promised,  the  establishment  of  public  markets  in- 
dicated, a  revised  measure  for  Workmen's  Compensation  intimated 
as  ready ;  a  Prohibition  Bill  with  Referendum  clause  attached  was 
promised  together  with  stringent,  additional  restrictions  under  an 
amended  Liquor  Act ;  further  assistance  to  the  Pacific  Great  East- 
ern and  a  Land-settlement  plan  for  returned  soldiers  were  men- 
tioned. Lytton  W.  Shatford  was  appointed  Deputy  Chairman,  or 
Chairman  of  Ways  and  Means,  and  A.  H.  B.  Macgowan,  Deputy 
Speaker.  The  address  was  moved  by  H.  B.  Thomson,  Victoria,  and 
J.  A.  Fraser,  Caribou,  and  the  two  new  Liberal  members,  H.  C. 
Brewster  and  M.  A.  Macdonald,  at  once  propsed  a  long  amendment 
which  declared  the  recent  bye-elections  to  prove  that  the  Ministers 
no  longer  possessed  the  confidence  of  the  electorate  and  therefore 
made  immediate  dissolution  advisable  and  then  proceeded  to  ex- 
press regret: 

1.  That  the  Government  had  permitted  speculators  to  acquire  large  areas 
of  fertile  and  easily  accessible  Crown  lands  to  the  detriment  of  settlement  and 
agricultural  production; 

2.  That  there  had  not  been  an  investigation  into  the  alleged  fraudu- 
lent acquisition  of  Crown  Lands; 

3.  That  there  was  no  legislation,  or  promise  of  it,  to  secure  to  soldiers 
and  their  heirs  the  holdings  under  the  Mineral  Act  or  Placer  Mining  Act, 
or  Land  Act  which  may  have  been  left  incompleted  by  their  enlistment  or 
death; 

4.  That  a  thorough  inquiry  was  not  made  into  the  Vancouver  Island 
Coal  strike  and  the  alleged  operations  of  an  American  mine-owner  in  precipi- 
tating the  strike  and  thus  causing  great  loss  and  damage  to  the  Province; 

5.  That  waste  and  extravagance  still  prevailed,  with  a  decrease  of  revenue 
by  $4,500,000  in  two  years,  an  increase  in  salary  lists  of  450%  in  ten  years, 
reckless  waste  in  purchase  of  the  Indian  Eeserves  and  expenditures  on  Public 
Works  and  Koyal  Commissions. 

After  a  prolonged  debate  in  which  the  two  Liberals  were 
supported  largely  by  the  Socialists — J.  T.  W.  Place  and  Parker 
Williams — and  the  whole  condition  and  political  history,  or  alleged 
history,  of  the  Province  was  reviewed  from  divergent  standpoints 
the  amendment  was  lost  by  29  to  4.  It  may  be  added  that  in  most 
of  the  divisions  of  the  Session  the  Socialists  were  in  Opposition — as 
indeed  they  had  been  since  the  Legislature  was  elected.  On  March 
27th,  Conservative  members  asked  for  a  return  of  correspondence 
between  Rev.  Dr.  John  MacKay,  Principal  of  Westminster  Hall, 
Vancouver,  and  the  Government,  regarding  the  Presidency  of  Bri- 
tish Columbia  University.  Dr.  MacKay  was  a  Prohibitionist 
leader  and  had  for  some  time  been  in  bitter  opposition  to  the 
Government.  The  letters  were  duly  tabled — so  far,  said  the  Hon. 
Mr.  Taylor,  as  they  were  not  marked  "private  and  confidential" 
— and  they  proved  decidedly  interesting.  From  their  tone  there 
was  no  doubt  that  Hon.  Dr.  Young,  Minister  of  Education,  if 
not  the  Premier,  also,  had  given  Dr.  MacKay  to  understand  that 
he  would  receive  the  appointment  and  the  first  letter  (Mar.  1,  1912) 
discussed  frankly  the  ways  and  means  of  getting  through  his  cur- 


THE  B.  C.  LEGISLATURE;  CHARGES  AND  INVESTIGATIONS    767 

rent  work  and  engagements,  while  that  of  Mar.  22  re-expressed 
anxiety  not  to  let  his  College  suffer  as  a  result  of  the  change. 
Between  this  time  and  June  2nd  some  delay  developed  which  he 
did  not  understand  and  he  urged  that  "the  sooner  action  is  taken 
now  the  better.  A  small  band  of  Toronto  University  men,  with 
F.  C.  Wade  at  their  head,  and  including  Principal  Vance  and  a  few 
others,  are  doing  their  best  to  discredit  the  present  method  of  mak- 
ing the  appointment. ' '  He  also  stated  that  the  * '  Methodist  machine ' ' 
was  after  something.  As  to  himself:  "I  have  not  and  will  not 
raise  a  finger  to  get  appointed." 

On  June  4,  1912,  Dr.  MacKay  wrote  again  stating  definitely 
that  on  Feb.  24  he  had  been  invited  to  Victoria  to  confer  with 
the  Minister  and  been  asked  by  him,  as  representing  the  Govern- 
ment, if  he  would  accept  the  Presidency  of  the  University;  on 
Feb.  28  came  a  letter  from  Dr.  Young  stating  that  if  nothing  unfore- 
seen occurred  he  intended,  after  the  Elections,  (in  which  the  Gov- 
ernment swept  the  Province)  "to  formally  offer  you  the  appoint- 
ment. ' '  Evidently  political  conditions  of  some  new  kind  developed, 
another  line  of  action  was  followed  and  the  correspondence,  as 
published,  showed  that  Dr.  MacKay  was  put  in  a  most  unpleasant 
position.  In  his  final  letter  to  Sir.  R.  McBride  (Feb.  18,  1913)  he 
said:  "You  were  present  when  my  letter  of  acceptance  was  read 
and  commented  on  it.  In  reply  to  that  letter  I  was  assured  that 
I  might  go  ahead  and  make  what  arrangements  were  necessary, 
as  you  had  decided  that  I  should  be  offered  the  position.  I  acted 
on  that  assurance."  Dr.  Mackay  added  he  would  not  tamely  sub- 
mit to  such  treatment — the  bye-election  of  1916  was  an  effective 
proof  of  this.  In  a  published  statement  (Mar.  30,  1916)  he  ex- 
pressed regret  at  the  above  personal  references,  stated  that  he  had 
been  misled  and  had  afterwards  written  Dr.  Young  to  that  effect, 
declared  his  reference  to  a  Methodist  machine  as  partly  jocular 
and  based  upon  a  Committee  of  his  own  which  at  one  time  the  Min- 
ister had  called  his  "machine"  and  declared  that  all  the  corre- 
spondence was  marked  "private"  on  the  envelope  or  the  letter. 
F.  C.  Wade,  K.C.,  in  The  Sun  of  Apr.  4  wrote  endorsing  Dr.  MacKay 
and  his  action  in  resenting  the  Government 's  ' '  deception ' '  and  their 
"repulsive"  conduct  in  publishing  private  correspondence.  On 
Apr.  4  Dr.  MacKay  was  elected  unanimously  as  Moderator  of 
the  Presbyterian  Synod  of  British  Columbia. 

During  the  Session  a  great  many  and  very  elaborate  questions 
were  asked  by  the  Opposition  as  to  Railways  and  other  matters  and 
were  answered  with  apparent  frankness ;  on  Apr.  4th  R.  H.  Pooley 
(Cons.)  moved  and  carried  an  Address  urging  upon  the  Dominion 
Government  the  pressing  necessity  of  legislation  whereby  eggs 
coming  from  China  and  other  foreign  countries  should  be  legibly 
marked  with  particulars  and,  later  on,  a  Provincial  Act  was  psssed 
along  this  line.  On  Apr.  5,  in  reply  to  an  inquiry,  the  Premier 
stated  that  his  law-firm  (Bowser,  Reid  and  Wallbridge)  "were  never 
appointed  solicitors  for  the  Pacific  Great  Eastern  Co.,  but  had 


768  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

done  a  portion  of  the  work  of  the  Company,  principally  dealing 
with  passing  of  titles  to  their  right-of  way;"  to  another  query 
Mr.  Bowser  stated  that  he  was  head  of  the  firm  and  that  it  had 
never  been  solicitors  for  Canadian  Northern  Pacific;  a  Bill  which 
proposed  a  Record  of  all  importations  of  workmen  was  ruled  out 
of  order  by  the  Speaker ;  a  Woman 's  Franchise  measure  was  defeat- 
ed by  24  to  6  with  H.  E.  Forster  and  Price  Ellison  as  its  Conserva- 
tive supporters;  a  Bill  relating  to  Trades  Unions  was  ruled  out  of 
order  (May  18)  and  the  Speaker's  ruling  sustained  by  27  to  4; 
on  the  19th  an  Opposition  motion  for  an  Inquiry  by  Royal  Com- 
mission into  the  disposition  of  public  moneys  advanced  on  the 
security  of  the  P.  G.  E.  Railway  was  negatived;  Mr.  Brewster,  in 
respect  to  the  Provincial  Elections  Act,  had  various  amendments 
intended  to  safe-guard  registration  and  voting  but  they  were  not 
accepted  by  the  majority;  on  May  30  the  two  Socialist  members 
moved  for  the  issuance  of  gill  licenses,  the  removal  of  certain 
restrictions  against  motor  boats,  and  cannery  licenses  but  had  no 
support. 

Meantime  the  Legislature  passed  various  measures  before  its 
prorogation  on  May  31.  The  Turner  allowance  and  grant  were 
approved;  the  Workmen's  Compensation  Act  was  the  product  of 
Labour  demands  and  was  prepared  by  a  Committee  composed  of 
A.  V.  Pineo,  a  Government  solicitor,  with  D.  Robertson  and  J.  H. 
MeVety  of  the  Labour  interests,  after  prolonged  study  and  a  tour 
of  the  United  States  and  Canada — it  undertook  to  manage  the 
entire  business  and  provided,  practically,  a  system  of  State  insur- 
ance against  accident  •  a  Government  Loan  Bill  gave  permission  to 
borrow  $10,000,000  of  which  $6,000,000  was  for  the  P.  G.  E.  Rail- 
way ;  Mining  Act  amendments  facilitated  mining  operations  greatly 
and  the  Prospectors'  Aid  Bill  appropriated  $200,000  to  be  used  in 
the  building  of  roads  and  trails  so  as  to  help  prospectors  with 
proven  claims  while  money  was  provided  to  aid  a  Nelson  smelter 
in  developing  new  processes  for  treatment  of  local  zinc  ores;  the 
Moratorium  Act  was  amended  so  that  an  answer  could  go  into  Court 
and  obtain  relief  not  only  from  present  payment  of  principal  on  a 
mortgage  but  also  arrears  of  interest  and  taxes — if  the  Judge  saw 
fit  to  grant  it ;  the  Company  Act  was  variously  amended  and  a 
Forest  Relief  Act  was  passed  to  enable  holders  of  special  timber 
licenses  who  had  failed  in  fees  to  regain  title;  many  changes 
were  made  in  the  Fire  Insurance  Act  along  lines  satisfactory  to 
the  companies;  the  Jury  Act  was  amended  to  provide  that  jury- 
men could  be  selected  at  large  without  the  necessity  of  being  on  the 
voters'  list,  with  old  lists  good  until  new  ones  were  prepared,  and 
the  need  was  illustrated  by  the  fact  of  only  15,000  voters  in  Van- 
couver out  of  35.000  recently  casting  their  ballots. 

The  Returned  Soldiers'  legislation  proposed  to  re-acquire  specu- 
lative holdings  in  arrears  and  facilitate  homesteading  (160  acres 
or  less)  for  returned  soldiers,  with  2,700,000  acres  available,  and 
to  create  a  special  Fund  from  which  advances  could  be  made  to 


THE   Hox.   HARLAX   CAREY   BREWSTER,   M.L.A., 
Appointed    Prime    Minister    of    British    Columbia,    1916. 


THE  B.  C.  LEGISLATURE;  CHARGES  AND  INVESTIGATIONS    769 

the  applicant  for  improvements,  etc. ;  a  Bill  creating  the  new  Port- 
folio of  Agriculture  was  passed  as  were  amendments  to  the  Coal 
and  Petroleum  Act  suspending  payments  and  penalties  under  the 
Act  until  6  months  after  the  conclusion  of  the  War ;  the  Franchise 
was  extended  to  Soldiers  whether  at  home  or  abroad  with  specific 
details  as  to  voting  at  the  Front  and  precautions  against  fraud; 
the  Elections  Act  was  also  amended  so  as  to  give  a  Referendum 
on  the  question  of  Woman's  suffrage — the  majority  to  decide  and, 
if  favourable,  the  voting  power  to  become  effective  on  Jan.  1,  1917 ; 
the  Constitution  Act  was  amended  to  permit  clergymen  to  sit  as 
members  of  the  Legislature ;  the  Forest  Act  was  amended  permitting 
the  export  of  unmanufactured  timber  during  the  War  and  the  sale 
of  16  acres  of  the  former  Songhees  Reserve  to  the  E.  &  N.  Rail- 
way was  permitted;  extensive  powers  were  given  the  governing 
Board  of  B.  C.  Land  Surveyors'  Association;  the  Moving  Picture 
Act  was  changed  to  permit  appointment  of  a  Commission  to  ex- 
amine operators  and  supervise  conditions.  A  Bill  was  passed 
putting  creameries  and  dairies  under  license,  and  another  to  pre- 
vent, under  the  Mines  Act,  the  unauthorized  use  of  certificates  of 
competency ;  Official  guardians  were  allowed  to  invest  trust  moneys 
in  Savings  Banks  or  Government  Savings  Banks — in  the  latter 
case  to  draw  3%  interest;  the  Hospital  Act  was  amended  to  compel 
additional  financial  aid  in  respect  of  maternity  cases. 

On  Mar.  14  the  Premier  introduced  a  measure  lengthening  the 
tenure  of  the  Legislature  and  explained  his  action  as  follows: 
"The  question  has  been  raised  as  to  the  life  of  this  Parliament. 
There  is  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether  it  extends  to  Mar. 
15,  being  to-morrow,  or  to  Mar.  30  or  to  June  1.  In  order,  there- 
fore, that  the  necessary  business  of  the  Session  may  be  transacted, 
the  Government  is  most  anxious  to  have  this  Bill  put  through  to- 
night. The  original  practice  in  the  Province  has  been  to  make 
writs  for  elections  returnable  on  different  days  to  cover  deferred 
elections  and  out  of  this 'has  come  the  complication.  Personally, 
I  hold  the  view  that  the  Legislature  can  exist  until  June  1,  being 
four  years  from  the  date  named  in  the  Order-in-Council  of  Feb. 
27,  1912.  The  Government's  legal  advisers  take  the  same  view." 
The  Act  was  put  through  despite  Liberal  opposition  and  on  June 
1st,  following  prorogation,  Mr.  Brewster  issued  a  writ  against  the 
Prime  Minister  for  the  purpose  of  securing  "Judicial  inquiry  into 
and  decision  upon  the  question  of  non-observance  of  statutory  pro- 
visions" resulting  from  this  action,  and  under  which,  he  claimed, 
all  the  money  grants  and  legislation  of  the  Session  after  Mar.  15, 
and  the  payment  of  $6,700,000  to  specific  purposes,  were  illegal. 
The  action  created  a  sensation  and  had  the  effect  of  holding  up 
sundry  matters  of  importance  and  of  being  much  discussed  in  the 
Elections.  Mr.  Justice  Morrison  on  Aug.  3rd  decided  that  the 
issue  was  not  urgent,  though  the  writ  was  properly  served,  and 
the  case  went  over. 

The  Prohibition  Act  had  been  the  most  important  measure  of 
49 


770  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

the  Session.  In  February  Jonathan  Rogers,  President  of  the 
People's  Prohibition  movement  at  Vancouver,  reported  a  "sym- 
pathetic1'' interview  with  the  Premier  and  all  kinds  of  pressure, 
in  letters,  resolutions,  newspaper  articles,  etc.,  was  brought  to 
bear  upon  Mr.  Bowser  and  the  Government.  The  Orange  Grand 
Lodge  asked  for  it  and  the  bye-elections  helped  to  prove  the 
strength  of  the  request.  On  Feb.  29  the  Premier  promised  a  large 
Delegation  that  he  would  pass  an  Act  providing  for  Prohibition  if 
approved  at  a  Referendum  and,  meanwhile,  would  make  the  regula- 
tions in  the  Liquor  Act  more  stringent — which  was  done.  Then 
came  pressure  from  License-holders  for  compensation  and  a  Depu- 
tation led,  in  this  case  and  differently  from  other  Provinces,  by  many 
prominent  citizens,  presented  their  claims  on  Mar.  15.  They  stated 
that  only  a  few  years  before  the  Liquor  Act  amendments  had 
forced  license-holders  to  heavy  expense  in  fitting  up  their  premises 
into  hotels,  that  large  sums  were  owing  for  these  improvements, 
and  that,  during  the  dull  times,  business  had  been  bad.  A  Workers' 
Equal  Rights  Association  was  formed  to  support  these  interests 
and  to  organize  all  over  the  Province.  On  Mar.  19  the  congrega- 
tions of  11  churches  in  Victoria  stood  up  almost  to  a  man  and 
endorsed  the  policy  of  the  Provincial  Government  and  a  great 
Prohibition  meeting  followed,  in  Victoria  on  Apr.  4,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Committee  of  100  with  a  unanimous  Resolution 
expressing  to  the  Premier  appreciation  of  his  pledge  and  opposing 
compensation  to  Liquor  dealers.  Another  big  Delegation,  opposed 
to  the  policy  and  representing  the  Merchants'  Protective  Associa- 
tion, waited  upon  Mr.  Bowser  on  the  6th,  led  by  Lieut.  A.  E. 
Tulk,  Charles  Wilson,  K.C.,  and  others,  while  the  press  began  to 
contain  advertisements  as  to  the  merits  and  demerits  of  Prohi- 
bition. In  Vancouver  21  churches  discussed  it  on  May  7  from  as 
many  pulpits. 

In  the  Legislature  Mr.  Bowser  carried  the  caucus  of  his  Party 
for  the  policy  on  May  17.  The  Bill  was  presented  on  May  25 
and  the  Premier  stated  that  it  was  chiefly  fashioned  upon  the 
Macdonald  Act  in  Manitoba.  It  would  be  submitted  to  the  electors 
of  the  Province  at  the  forthcoming  Provincial  elections  by  a 
Referendum  and,  if  approved,  become  effective  on  July  1,  1917.  It 
would  not,  of  course,  interfere  with  the  right  of  importation  for  pri- 
vate use  or  for  sacramental  purposes.  There  would  be  no  compensa- 
tion. R.  H.  Pooley  (May  26)  presented  an  amendment  for  (1)  the 
creation  of  a  Liquor  License  Compensation  Fund  and  (2)  the 
appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission  to  inquire  into  and  settle 
amount  of  compensation  in  each  case.  It  was  voted  down  by  30 
to  5 — the  latter  all  Conservatives.  The  Bill  passed  in  due  ocurse 
though  it  was  stated  that  the  Lieut.-Governor,  at  first,  had  de- 
clined to  sign  the  message  introducing  it  on  the  ground  that  there 
was  no  compensation.  Bishop  Doull  took  stand  for  this  policy 
before  the  Kootenay  Synod  on  June  20,  as  did  many  others.  The 
later  opposition  of  Mr.  Tulk  and  others  took  the  form  of  declaring 


THE  B,  C.  LEGISLATURE;  CHARGES  AND  INVESTIGATIONS    771 

that  the  measure  was  weak  and  insufficient  and  would  turn  the 
home  into  a  saloon.  In  a  long,  open  letter  to  C.  M.  Woodworth, 
Vancouver,  Mr.  Tulk  pressed  home  these  arguments  (July  27).  On 
the  other  hand  Mr.  Rogers,  the  Prohibitionist  leader,  declared 
(June  17)  that  "we  have  the  best  Prohibition  Act  of  the  four 
Provinces  of  Western  Canada."  Incidents  of  the  Session  included 
the  passing  of  estimates  totalling  $175,000  for  completion  and 
maintenance  of  the  Provincial  Government  building  in  London 
and  the  announced  retirement  of  F.  Carter-Cotton  after  sitting  in 
the  House  almost  continuously  since  1890. 

Meantime  there  had  been  a  continuous  investigation  of  various 
matters  by  the  Public  Accounts  Committee  and  on  May  26  its 
Report  was  issued.  As  to  the  Court  House  question  it  was  record- 
ed that  H.  C.  Hannington,  Inspector  of  Legal  Offices,  had  been 
instructed  by  the  Attorney-General  in  1913  to  look  for  a  favour- 
able site,  that  he  got  various  options  and,  finally,  the  present  site 
was  selected  with  a  reduction  from  $100,000  to  $75,000  in  price ; 
that  Mr.  Hannington,  however,  had  accepted,  without  the  Govern- 
ment 's  knowledge,  a  commission  of  $2,000  and  had  since  resigned  his 
post.  In  the  Parliament  Buildings  wing  matter  it  was  stated  that  in 
1911  the  Government  called  for  tenders,  and  several  were  sub- 
mitted. Messrs.  McDonald  &  Wilson's  tender  was  $970,250  while 
a  lower  one  was  received  from  an  American  firm  for  $939,000. 
Messrs.  McDonald  and  Wilson  agreed  to  take  $20,000  off  their 
tender  and  the  work  was  awarded  to  them.  The  Committee  report- 
ed that  not  a  dollar  was  expended  without  the  certificate  of  the 
supervising  architect,  F.  M.  Rathenbury,  and  that  no  irregularity 
was  shown;  that  the  building  was  done  as  cheaply  as  other  large 
structures  of  the  time  with  "a  rigid  and  exacting  inspection." 

As  to  the  much-debated  Songhees  Reserve  question  it  was  stated 
that  the  removal  of  the  Reserve  was  imperative ;  that  the  Indians 
were  satisfied  with  what  they  received  but  that  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Tate, 
their  resident  missionary  for  35  years,  thought  it  should  have  been 
$3,000,000 ;  that  J.  S.  H.  Watson,  Commissioner,  received  $75,000 
and  H.  D.  Helmcken,  K.C.,  $30,000  for  their  services.  Mr.  Brewster 
and  the  Liberals  claimed  the  Report  to  be  a  "whitewash"  and  that 
the  $30,000  given  to  H.  D.  Helmcken  was  a  bribe  from  Mr. 
Matson  to  the  Indians.  As  to  the  Kitsilano  Reserve  at  Vancouver 
Mr.  Bowser  had  testified  before  the  Committee  on  Apr.  26  that 
it  was  the  Songhees  settlement  which  had  given  the  idea  of  getting 
the  Indians  out  of  the  Kitsilano.  "There  had  been  a  great  deal 
of  criticism  about  the  Indians  being  allowed  to  occupy  such  a  loca- 
tion on  such  valuable  lands.  ...  In  1911,  he  discussed  the 
matter  of  the  removal  of  the  Indians  with  H.  0.  Alexander,  whose 
long  residence  in  Vancouver,  his  ability  to  speak  Chinook,  and 
the  confidence  which  the  Indians  possessed  in  him,  made  him  the 
very  best  man  for  the  purpose."  Finally,  with  the  knowledge  of 
the  Dominion  Government,  the  arrangements  were  made.  Deal- 
ing, further,  with  this  Public  Accounts'  inquiry  the  Premier  stated 


772  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

in  the  House  on  May  27th  that:  "For  nearly  three  months  the 
Committee  has  been  delving  into  the  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  the  Province,  extending  over  a  period  of  ten  years,  during  which 
over  $80,000,000  was  expended  and  yet  in  that  three  months' 
work  not  a  single  instance  of  wrong-doing  or  misapplication  of 
funds  had  been  found. ' ' 

On  Mch.  20th  M.  A.  Macdonald  moved  for  and  obtained  a 
Select  Committee  composed  of  Hon.  Ernest  Miller,  Thomas  Gifford, 
L.  W.  Shatford,  Parker  Williams  and  himself,  to  inquire  into  the 
Kitsilano  Indian  Reserve  purchase  and  the  alleged  division  of 
$300,000  by  which  the  Indians  received  $220,000  and  H.  0.  Alex- 
ander $80*000.  The  Committee  reported  on  May  31st  that  16 
meetings  had  been  held  and  every  scope  given  to  the  Inquiry  and 
that  ( 1 )  no  falsification  of  the  Public  Accounts  had  been  discovered 
— a  change  in  officials  having  caused  an  omission  of  record;  (2) 
that  the  transfer  of  Indian  interest  in  this  Reserve  cost  $300,000 
of  which  H.  0.  Alexader  received  in  connection  with  the  prolonged 
negotiations  $79,050  out  of  which  $39,525  went  to  Hamilton  Read ; 
that  the  latter  had  no  connection  with  the  Bowser  law-firm  at 
that  time  nor  until  some  time  afterwards;  that  the  Government 
were  not  beneficiaries  directly  or  indirectly  and  that  the  removal 
of  the  Reserve  was  of  great  public  benefit  and  conducted  in  a  fair 
and  proper  manner. 

Then  came  the  aftermath  of  the  Vaucouver  bye-election.  On 
Apr.  27  the  Premier  and  Hon.  Mr.  Taylor  moved  the  appointment 
of  a  Select  Committee — N.  F.  MacKay,  G.  A.  McGuire,  Ernest 
Miller,  H.  C.  Brewster  and  Parker  Williams — to  inquire  into  this 
bye-election  and  the  charges  made  in  the  public  press  which  alleged 
"the  prevalence  of  wicked,  improper  and  corrupt  practices  be- 
fore and  in  preparation  for,  and  at  the  time  of,  and  in  the  course 
of,  such  bye-election. ' '  Messrs.  Brewster  and  Place  moved  in  amend- 
ment that  the  circumstances  of  all  three  bye-elctions  (Vancouver, 
Victoria  and  Rossland)  be  inquired  into  but  were  beaten  by  26 
to  4;  a  further  amendment  (Cons.),  placing  witnesses  under  the 
protection  of  the  House,  was  carried  with  the  original  motion.  On 
May  1  Messrs,  Brewster  and  Macdonald  moved  for  a  Select  Com- 
mittee to  investigate  the  Victoria  bye-election  and  this  was  approved 
with  a  change  in  the  names  of  the  Committee  to  the  following : 
Alex.  Lucas,  H.  E.  Young,  F.  J.  MacKenzie,  M.  A.  Macdonald 
and  P.  Williams. — Mr.  Young  being  unable  to  serve  was  replaced 
by  M.  Manson.  It  may  be  interjected  here  that  this  latter  Com- 
mittee reported  no  incident  of  a  corrupt  nature. 

The  Vancouver  matter  was  very  different.  Curiously  enough 
the  action  of  Patrick  Donnelly,  a  Liberal,  in  laying  information 
at  Vancouver  on  Apr.  19  against  a  man  named  Annance — on  behalf 
of  Mr.  Macdonald,  the  successful  Liberal  candidate — had  opened 
up  the  whole  series  of  stormy  or  sordid  incidents  which  now  were 
revealed.  He  charged  Peter  Annance  with  trying  to  induce  certain 
Liberals  to  act  as  impersonators,  and  the  Conservative  press  re- 
sponded by  producing  a  partially  fraudulent  list  of  voters  said  to 


THE  B.  C.  LEGISLATURE;  CHARGES  AND  INVESTIGATIONS    773 

have  been  obtained  from  the  office  of  John  T.  Scott,  a  Liberal 
organizer  and  official  of  the  Provincial  Association.  Annance  was 
arrested  and  there  followed  the  appointment  of  the  Select  Com- 
mittee and  the  beginning  of  the  investigation  on  Apr.  28.  The 
first  witness  was  John  J.  Kelly,  Seattle,  who  testified  as  to  having 
been  one  of  a  party  of  eight  or  ten  "pluggers"  who  were  engaged 
in  Seattle  and  who,  in  return  for  payment  of  $10  and  travelling 
and  hotel  expenses,  committed  wholesale  personation.  This  man, 
who  also  admitted  giving  a  wrong  name  and  having  been  in  gaol, 
introduced  J.  L.  Sullivan,  a  Vancouver  hotel-man  and  Conser- 
vative, to  the  inquiry.  Other  Seattle  witnesses  corroborated  his 
testimony  as  to  impersonation  in  most  minute  details  and  alleged 
having  voted  under  dead  or  fraudulent  names  for  the  Liberal 
candidate;  proprieters  of  two  rooming  houses  told  of  the  coming 
of  the  gangs  and  of  the  rowdy  behavior  of  some  of  them ;  Mitchell, 
one  of  the  Seattle  men,  dealt  with  a  gathering  at  the  Regina  Hotel, 
Seattle. 

Here  the  crowd  was  separated  into  "gangs,"  "crews"  or 
"squads,"  according  to  the  various  terms  given  by  previous  wit- 
nesses. He  was  assigned  to  his  crew  and  the  next  night  with  a 
number  of  others  marched  to  the  boat  by  which  they  were  to  go 
to  Vancouver.  So  far  as  he  knew  there  had  been  no  trouble  with 
the  Immigration  authorities.  He  was  paid  his  money  by  a  man 
named  White  and  returned  to  Seattle  on  the  night  of  Saturday, 
election  day.  He  only  voted  once,  he  said,  though  he  was  taken 
to  three  or  four  different  polls.  This  is  a  type  of  the  evidence  given 
and  space  will  not  permit  of  more.  The  J.  T.  Scott  list  came  in 
for  immense  publicity  as  being  supposed  to  be  one  of  those  em- 
ployed for  or  by  these  men ;  there  were  three  of  them  which  witnesses 
said  were  not  to  be  challenged;  Robert  Gosden,  an  I.W.W.  leader 
— now,  it  turned  out  in  the  evidence,  a  Janitor  in  the  Parliament 
Buildings— testified  on  May  10  as  to  having  been  paid  $400  by  Scott 
with  more  promised  which  he  did  not  get.  Finally,  he  tried  to  get  it 
from  Mr.  Macdonald  who,  he  said,  gave  him  $50  on  Apr.  10.  His 
alleged  work  lay  in  providing  lists  of  voters'  names  and  particulars 
— dead,  absent  at  war,  moved  from  addresses,  etc.  On  the  day  after 
this  evidence  Gosden  was  arrested,  charged  with  perjury  by  Mr. 
Macdonald.  At  this  juncture  Peter  Annance  was  found  guilty 
(May  11)  of  attempting  to  procure  impersonation  and  given  9 
months  in  gaol  and  $300  fine — the  magistrate  declaring  that  there 
was  "a  vile  conspiracy  by  some  one." 

Following  this  the  Committee  tried  to  get  the  leaders  in  Seattle 
and  especially  wanted  J.  T.  Scott  who  by  this  time  had  left  Van- 
couver; a  witness  on  May  15  called  Robinson,  who  had  already 
served  a  goal  term  for  impersonation  in  another  election,  declared 
that  he  had  recehed  $200  from  Gosden  for  his  work  on  this 
last  occasion;  Peter  Annance,  out  upon  leave,  testified  (May 
17)  to  receiving  $220  from  Scott  (or  Stewart  as  he  was  called)  to 
distribute  amongst  the  workers.  Then  came  the  evidence  of  J.  L. 
Sullivan  of  the  Irving  Hotel,  Vancouver,  who  (May  18)  declared 


774  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

that  F.  W.  Welsh,  a  Conservative  candidate,  Walter  Leek,  Jos. 
Hoskins  and  Victor  Love,  of  the  Conservative  Association  Execu- 
tive, had  advance  information  that  "pluggers"  were  on  their  way 
to  Vancouver  and  did  nothing  to  prevent  the  men's  operations  and 
permitted  them  to  go  unmolested — presumably  with  a  view  to 
afterwards  reflecting  upon  Mr.  Macdonald.  Sullivan,  it  seemed, 
was  a  member  of  a  strong  political  family  in  Seattle — like  the 
Clancys  who  also  were  involved.  The  evidence  was  corroborated 
by  F.  W.  Welsh  on  May  22.  At  this  stage  a  warrant  was  issued 
for  Scott's  arrest  and  at  the  same  time  the  Liberal  leader  stated 
that  he  was  trying  to  get  him  before  the  Committee.  Mr.  Mac- 
donald testified  on  May  25  and  declared  the  Gosden  story  a 
•'dastardly  falsehood"  and  that  he  had  employed  a  detective  to 
catch  the  Conservatives  in  their  "plugging"  work.  An  effort 
followed  to  "switch"  the  pluggers  over  to  the  Consevative  side  and 
Clancy  and  White  from  Seattle  testified  to  the  effect  that  they 
were  employed  by  Sullivan  to  vote  for  Mr.  Tisdall.  H.  H.'  Pearce, 
who  was  Scott's  chief  assistant,  made  a  full  statement  (May  29) 
as  to  hiring  rooms  for  the  men  and  taking  them  to  the  polls  him- 
self. This  extraordinary  inquiry  closed  at  the  end  of  May  and  on 
June  1st  the  Committee  reported  26  meetings  and  55  witnesses 
examined  and  declared: 

1.  That  in  connection  with  the  said  bye-election  in  Vancouver   a  con- 
spiracy to  carry  on  personation  on  an  extensive  scale  was  entered  into  with 
the  object  of  securing  the  election  of  the  Liberal  candidate; 

2.  In  pursuance  of  this  conspiracy  a  large  number  of  men  were  collected 
in   Seattle   and  brought  to  Vancouver   in   separate  groups   and   instructed  to 
personate  for  M.  A.  Macdonald,  the  Liberal  candidate; 

3.  That  in  addition  to  the  men  brought  from   Seattle,  groups  of  men 
were    collected    from    the    water-front    and    other    places    in    Vancouver    for 
the  same  purpose; 

4.  That  all  these  various  groups  were  brought  to  certain  rooming  houses 
in  Vancouver  during  election  day,  from  whence  they  were  taken  from  time  to 
time  to  various  polls  and  instructed  to  personate  for  the  Liberal  candidate; 

5.  That  the  men  brought  from  Seattle  were  paid  $10  and  expenses  each 
and  those  collected  in  Vancouver  $10  each,  by  J.  T.  Scott,  or  by  those  acting 
for  him  in  his  behalf,  and  that  prior  to  election  day  lists  for  the  purpose  of 
facilitating  personation  were  prepared  by  J.  T.  Scott  and  his  assistants. 

Meanwhile  the  Gosden  case  was  under  preparation  and  came 
before  the  Police  and  Assize  Courts  on  June  1-2  when  Mr.  Mac- 
donald brought  various  witnesses — including  his  wife — to  prove 
that  he  could  not  have  met  Gosden  or  given  him  the  money  at 
the  time  and  place  specified;  other  witnesses  testified  supporting 
Gosden.  The  jury  disagreed  and  another  trial  was  allowed  at 
Victoria  in  November  but  on  the  llth  it  was  found  that  another  dis- 
agreement had  resulted.  On  July  21  Scott  had  been  located  in 
Seattle  and  on  Oct.  28  was  brought  to  Vancouver  to  face  the 
charge  of  inducing  impersonation.  Jos.  Martin,  K.C.,  acted  as 
Counsel  and  on  Nov.  9th,  after  Scott  had  escaped  from  the  charge 
of  the  police  (Nov.  3)  produced  a  "confession;"  this  the  magistrate 
would  not  receive  and  the  trial  went  over.  On  Dec.  19  the  docu- 
ment was  published  and  described  his  obtaining  100  men  at  Seattle, 
for  the  purposes  alleged,  after  a  conference  with  Mr.  Macdonald. 


THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  775 

The  Bowser  Government  had  been  preparing  for 
The  British  the  Elections  throughout  the  first  half  of  the  year. 
Columbia  Qen-  Its  legislation  along  the  lines  of  Shipping,  Labour,  Re- 
erai  Elections  turned  Soldiers,  Soldiers'  votes,  Prohibition  and 
Woman's  Suffrage  indicated  this;  its  re-organization 
after  defeat  in  the  bye-elections  was  no  doubt  the  best  that  could  be 
arranged ;  its  pressure  in  the  Vancouver  personation  inquiry  was 
a  strong  effort  to  bring  home  corruption  to  the  enemy.  Early  in 
the  year  Mr.  Bowser  and  his  Ministers  had  made  a  tour  of  the 
Interior  though  it  was  checked  by  the  Premier's  illness;  on  June 
7  Mr.  Bowser  with  Messrs.  Taylor,  Manson,  Campbell  and  others 
started  a  tour  of  Vancouver  Island  and  spoke  at  the  chief  points; 
on  the  15th  the  Premier,  with  Messrs.  Ross,  .Manson  and  H,  B. 
Thomson,  began  a  tour  of  Northern  British  Columbia  which  includ- 
ed the  Atlin  district,  Prince  Rupert,  Hazelton,  Telkwa,  Smithers, 
Prince  George  and  other  G.T.P.  points,  with  Quesnel,  Clinton, 
Lillooet,  etc.,  on  the  way  home ;  Hon.  L.  A.  Campbell  visited  Ross- 
land  and  other  mining  centres — also  in  June. 

On  his  return  from  the  North  (July  2)  where  he  had  visited 
many  places  far  away  from  railways,  the  Premier  described  con- 
ditions in  the  most  optimistic  vein;  the  Liberal  press  declared 
the  trip  a  dismal  failure  and  the  Omenica  Herald  was  particularly 
bitter  in  its  comments  upon  local  road-work  and  alleged  misappli- 
cation of  moneys.  Following  a  few  days  in  Vancouver  the  Premier 
was  in  the  Okanagan  and  Kettle  River  Valleys  and  other  southern 
points  on  July  18  and  following  days;  in  the  middle  of  August 
Fernie,  Fort  Steele,  Cranbrook,  Creston,  Kaslo,  Silverton,  Slocan, 
Vernon,  Kelowna,  Penticton,  Merritt  and  other  points  were  visited. 
The  Lower  Mainland  was  covered  early  in  September  after  fight- 
ing addresses  by  the  Premier  at  Nanaimo  and  Vancouver. 

The  Elections  had  been  announced  for  Sept.  14  with  nominations 
on  Aug.  3rd  and  the  Conservative  campaign  was  largely  a  defensive 
one.  It  was  similar  to  that  of  the  bye-elections  with  the  legisla- 
tion of  the  past  Session  added  and  with  free  denunciation  of 
Liberals  in  respect  to  the  Vancouver  corruption  charges  and  Mr. 
Brewster's  legal  effort  to  ''tie-up"  the  Province  by  his  action 
as  to  the  Legislature.  It  was  claimed  that  under  the  McBride  and 
Bowser  Governments  Agricultural  products  had  in  ten  years  in- 
creased from  $5,954,000  to  $30,800,000;  lumbering  from  $7,500,- 
000  to  $29,150,000;  fisheries  from  a  total  annual  production  of 
$4,748,000  to  $14,445,000 ;  mining  in  annual  output  from  $17,495,- 
000  to  $29,229,000 — a  total  increase  in  five  great  industries  from 
25  to  103  millions;  it  was  stated  that  British  Columbia  had  the 
smallest  bonded  Debt  of  the  Western  Provinces,  much  less  then 
Vancouver  city,  a  quarter  that  of  Toronto  and  one-fifth  that  of 
Montreal ;  the  Assets  of  the  Province  in  timber,  roads  and  bridges, 
Crown  lands,  towns-sites  and  public  buildings  was  put  at  $573,- 
000,000.  The  Victoria  Colonist  had  a  series  of  able  articles  on 
the  constructive  policy  of  the  Party  and  dealing  with  the  new  timber 


776  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

arrangements  and  limited  land  sales,  Railway  construction,  Crown 
land  surveys,  publicity  as  to  resources,  creation  of  the  University 
and  Normal  School,  progressive  Education  and  abolition  of  the 
Poll-tax.  D.  M.  Eberts,  K.C.,  claimed  (Sept.  11)  that  upon  Roads 
$30,000,000  had  been  spent  with  10,000  more  miles  operated  than 
when  Sir  R.  McBride  became  Premier;  upon  Railways,  also  the 
expenditure  had  been  great  and  essential  in  such  a  mountainous 
country.  But  a  cynic  would  say  the  people  had  the  railways  and  the 
question  now  was  what  could  the  other  side  give  them? 

On  July  7  H.  C.  Brewster  started  his  campaign  for  the  winning 
of  a  Province  and  the  defeat  of  a  party  which  had  been  in  power  for 
13  years.  He  had  little  general  assistance  except  from  M.  A. 
Macdonald  as  every  constituency  was  being  contested  and  every 
candidate  had  his  hands  full.  Vancouver  Island  was  first  covered 
and  a  series  of  meetings  held  at  all  the  chief  centres;  then  he 
went  to  the  North,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Macdonald,  late  in  July, 
spoke  at  Fort  Fraser,  Telkwa,  Hazelton,  Fort  George,  Prince 
George,  Lillooet  and  various  points  in  Cariboo ;  Yale,  the  Okanagan, 
Boundary  and  Kootenay  districts  were  visited — including  centres 
such  as  Merritt,  Grand  Forks,  Summerland,  Rossland,  Nelson,  Kaslo, 
Creston,  Cranbrook,  Fernie ;  various  points  in  the  beautiful  Colum- 
bia Valley  were  covered  and  then  Revelstoke,  etc.,  with,  finally, 
Vernon  on  Aug.  27  as  the  73rd  meeting  of  the  tour.  Mr.  Brewster 
declared  at  Vancouver  on  the  29th  that  the  Premier  had  not  a  safe 
seat  in  the  Province.  Early  in  September  Kamloops,  Victoria  and 
Vancouver  heard  the  Liberal  leaders. 

Upon  the  whole  it  was  an  aggressive,  clear-cut  campaign  with 
the  Vancouver  bye-election  as  the  one  defensive  point.  The  claim 
in  that  respect  was  that  the  charges  were  part  of  a  Conservative 
plot,  that  the  Government  or  its  agent  had  brought  the  so-called 
"pluggers"  originally  to  Vancouver  and  then  brought  them  be- 
fore the  Select  Committee  at  Victoria  to  testify  against  the  Liberals. 
At  a  great  mass-meeting  in  Vancouver  (July  4)  Mr.  Macdonald 
put  the  issue  thus:  "By  hook  or  by  crook,  chiefly  by  crook  and 
with  the  perjured  evidence  of  crooks,  I  must  in  some  manner  be 
linked  up  with  the  operation  of  the  gang  who  were  brought  from 
Seattle  to  vote  for  the  'wet'  candidate  in  that  election.  The 
purpose  of  the  Government  to  discredit  the  Liberal  party,  if  at  all 
possible,  would  not  be  served  unless  I  was  brought  into  the  plot 
and  to  accomplish  that  end  this  weird  tale  was  concocted."  He 
then  referred  to  the  actions  of  Welsh  and  Sullivan  in  connection 
with  the  gangs  and  declared  "that  all  facts,  no  matter  what  jug- 
gling, switching  or  double-crossing  took  place  when  they  got  here, 
go  to  show  that  they  were  brought  over  here  to  support  the  same 
interests  that  Sullivan  had  at  heart."  In  their  attacks  upon  the 
Government  the  Liberals  had  plenty  of  financial  ammunition.  It 
was  claimed  (Vancouver  Sun,  Aug.  17)  that  in  the  four  years  of 
1913-16  the  total  expenditures  were  $54,623,305  and  the  Receipts 
$31,432,385;  that  Mr.  Bowser  stood  for  (1)  control  by  corporations 


THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS 


777 


with  millions  of  public  money  for  their  use,  (2)  a  corrupt  patron- 
age system  in  politics,  on  the  roads,  and  with  contractors,  (3)  for 
a  low  standard  of  public  morality,  a  wasteful  expenditure  of 
public  money  and  inefficiency  in  public  service ;  that  the  Premier 's 
salary  and  allowances  were  $10,600  a  year  or  $1,600  more  than  those 
of  the  Ontario  Premier ;  that  the  expenditures  upon  Civil  Govern- 
ment salaries  had  increased,  as  compared  with  1903,  510%  and 
compared  with  1912,  151%,  while  those  upon  the  Administration  of 
Justice  had  increased  628%,  and  267%,  respectively.  The  charges 
of  the  Crisis  in  B.  C.  pamphlet  were  reiterated  in  a  thousand  forms 
and  were  briefly  as  follows: 

1.  Alienation  of  Provincial  lands  from  the  bona  fide  settler  to  the  specu- 
lator by  means  of  the  illegal  power-of-attorney  for  which  the  Government  is 
responsible.      The   Government's   advertised   reports   of   public   lands   suitable 
and  available  for  settlement  entirely  misleading; 

2.  The   unwise   alienation   of   the   Province's   priceless   coal   lands   with- 
out adequate  return  and  proper  safeguarding  of  the  public  interest; 

3.  Wasteful    maladministration    of   timber    resources    and   bad   bungling 
of  the  pulp  industry; 

4.  Criminal  neglect  in  not  limiting  and  regulating  company  promotions, 
resulting    in    ruinous    over-capitalization,    fraudulent    enterprises,    widespread 
loss  to  innocent  investors,  and  discredit  to  the  Province; 

5.  Wasteful   expenditure   and  juggling   of  public   accounts   and  balance 
sheets  and  "High  Finance"  in  railway  policy. 

Powerful  aid  was  interjected  into  the  contest  on  the  Liberal 
side  by  the  support  of  Sir  Charles  Hibbert  Tupper — a  master  of 
direct,  scathing  and  unflinching  denunciation,  a  Conservative  in 
every  personal,  traditional,  and  instinctive  sense.  His  first  appear- 
ance in  the  campaign — after  supporting  the  Liberals  in  the  bye- 
elections  of  February — was  by  a  letter  written  to  M.  A.  Macdonald, 
read  at  the  meeting  of  July  4,  and  expressing  regret  at  being 
called  to  Winnipeg:  "You  have  signally  shown  that  the  reputa- 
tion of  an  honest  man  cannot  be  affected  by  the  machinations  of  a 
desperate,  discredited  conglomeration  of  political  opponents,  even 
though  the  public  chest  be  open  to  them  in  their  malicious  work." 
On  Aug.  21  he  addressed  a  Victoria  mass-meeting  and  on  the  23rd 
one  at  North  Vancouver.  A  great  gathering  at  Vancouver  followed 
on  Sept.  1st  and  Sir  Hibbert  told  them  he  was  not  actuated  by 
any  desire  to  see  the  Liberals  in  office  but  simply  by  the  wish 
to  drive  false  trustees  out  of  office.  To  an  elaborate  campaign 
publication  called  The  Turning  Point  he  contributed  a  Preface 
containing  this  statement:  "The  real,  fundamental  issue  between 
the  people  of  British  Columbia  and  the  Government  and  Mr. 
Bowser,  is  the  question  of  patronage. ' ' 

A  leading  incident  of  attack  upon  the  Government  was  the 
charge  that  the  Military  Forces  Voting  Act  was  so  arranged  as  to 
be  open  to  great  abuse  and  that  F.  W.  Welsh,  a  man  mixed  up 
in  the  Vancouver  bye-election  affair  and  who  had  retired  from  the 
local  candidacy  of  the  party,  had  been  put  in  charge  in  England- 
Sir  C.  H.  Tupper  declaring  that  circumstances  were  "such  as  to 
show  the  intention  of  the  Government  to  abuse  their  power  and 


778  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

manipulate  this  vote  in  their  own  interest  by  unfair  means." 
Under  the  Act  voting  in  England  took  place  during  a  period  of 
six  weeks  and  the  counting  of  the  vote  was  to  be  not  less  than 
10  weeks,  or  more  than  11  wreeks,  from  the  date  of  nominations 
on  Aug.  3rd.  In  this  connection  on  July  30  H.  C.  Brewster  and 
Sir  C.  H.  Tupper  signed  a  joint  appeal  to  the  Soldiers  of  British 
Columbia  which  spoke  of  the  duty  of  those  at  home  to  improve 
and  elevate  public  conditions  and  defeat  wrong-doing:  "In  the 
performance  of  this  duty  we  believe  a  united  effort  should  be  made 
by  the  lovers  of  clean  Government  and  efficient  administration, 
both  Liberals  and  Conservatives,  to  drive  from  office  the  men  who 
are  misgoverning  our  Province." 

Meanwhile  Mr.  Brewster  had,  on  June  1st,  issued  a  Manifesto  to 
the  Electors  in  which  he  stated  that,  contrary  to  law,  ( 1 )  the  entire 
$25,000,000  of  Pacific  Great  Eastern  capital  had  been  handed  over 
to  the  promoters  without  cash  payment,  (2)  the  entire  proceeds  of 
guaranteed  P.  G.  E.  securities  ($18,000,000)  had  been  paid  to  the 
Company  before  the  line  was  completed  and (3)  the  P.  G.  E.  pro- 
moters had  been  permitted  to  award  the  construction  contract  to 
one  of  themselves  without  competition ;  that  first-class  timber-lands 
had  been  sold  as  second-class  agricultural  land  with  enormous  loss 
to  the  Province,  and  public  contracts  let  to  bidders  who  were 
not  the  lowest  tenderers  and  sub-contracts  and  extras  so  manipu- 
lated as  to  cause  further  heavy  losses  to  the  Province.  Reference 
was  also  made  to  commissions  paid  to  political  supporters,  members 
of  the  House  given  positions  of  profit  and  the  Attorney-General 
remaining  member  of  the  legal  firm  which  acted  as  solicitor  to 
corporations  doing  Government  business.  As  to  himself,  and 
Vancouver  conditions,  Mr.  Brewster  was  explicit:"!  shall  not  be 
satisfied  with  the  punishment  of  the  lieutenants,  such  as  Annance 
or  Scott.  It  will  only  be  when  we  learn  who  supplied  the  money 
that  enabled  these  men  to  operate  that  we  shall  know  which  party 
is  responsible  for  the  disgraceful  situation  in  Vancouver  on  Feb. 
26  last."  The  actual  policy  of  the  Opposition  was  summed  up  in 
official  publications  as  follows: 
A  Constructive  and  Development  No  politics  in  the  administration  of 

Policy.  Workmen 's  Compensation  Act. 

Abolition  of  one-man  Government.  Non-partisan  Civil  Service  and  aboli- 

Impartial  enforcement  of  laws.  tion  of  patronage  system. 

Economy  in  expenditure.  -^  ,       .          „  ^r     .  .     ,  T-, 

No    concealment    in    public    accounts,      Extension  of  Mumcipal  Powers. 

nor    payment    out  P0f    the    Public      Improved  Educational  System. 

Treasury  without  authority.  gj™c*  Legislation. 

Development  of  Natural  Kesources  in      Strict  8uP^vision  of  Trust  Companies. 

the  interest  of  all  the  people.  Government    control    of   Public   Utili- 

Eecovery  of  Public  Lands  and  a  Busi-          ties  including  coal  mines. 

ness   Settlement   Policy.  Eailways  must  be  completed  honestly 

Comprehensive  and  practical  provision          and  moneys   improperly  paid   must 

for  Eeturned  Soldiers.  be  restored. 

Incidents  of  the  contest  included  the  platform  of  Wm.  Sloan, 
ex-M.p.  in  Nanaimo  which  had  amongst  its  planks  the  Referendum 
and  Recall,  Proportional  representation,  a  munimum  wage  and  8- 


THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS 


779 


hour  day,  Government-owned  and  operated  Customs  smelters ;  the 
active  part  taken  as  speakers  in  the  contest  by  Mrs.  Ralph  Smith, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  deB.  Farris,  Eev.  Dr.  MacKay  and  Rev.  A.  E.,  Cooke ;  the 
cross-fire  and  persistent  attacks  upon  the  Prohibition  Bill  by  ad- 
vertisement displays  and  the  speeches  of  R.  Cassidy,  K.C.,  which 
reflected  indirectly  upon  the  Government,  and  the  fact  of  the 
majority  of  active  Prohibitionists  being  in  any  case  Liberals  and  in 
opposition  to  its  general  policy ;  the  vote  of  the  Vancouver  Trades 
&  Labour  Council  (July  20)  against  Prohibition  and  the  support 
given  by  C.  M.  Wood  worth,  former  President  of  the  Vancouver 
Conservative  Association,  to  the  Liberals ;  the  fact  of  R.  R.  Gosden 
making  speeches  in  Vancouver  against  M.  A.  Macdonald  with  all 
kinds  of  weird  assertions ;  the  personal  disapproval  by  Ralph  Smith 
of  his  Leader's  action  in  issuing  the  writ  regarding  the  Legislative 
Session  as  endangering  contracts  and  the  completion  of  the  P.  G.  E. 
Railway ;  the  trial  and  acquittal  of  M.  B.  Cotsworth,  author,  of  The 
Crisis  in  B.  C.  upon  a  charge  of  mis-using  the  mails  by  employing 
the  letters  O.H.M.S.  in  sending  out  the  pamphlet — Judge  Mclnnes 
declaring  (July  7)  that  he  had  "no  criminal  intent."  One  other 
matter  must  be  mentioned  as  having  its  influence  in  the  contest. 
This  was  the  official  investigation  by  Mr.  Justice  Murphy  in  July 
as  to  certain  charges  against  the  Public  School  Board  of  Van- 
couver and  F.  W.  Welsh,  Chairman  of  its  Building  Committee. 
The  finding  on  Aug.  22  was  that  J.  C.  Pendray,  a  soap  manufactur- 
er of  Victoria,  made  contribution  of  $25  to  the  funds  of  the  Van- 
couver Conservative  Association  by  deliberately  raising  a  tender 
for  soap  supplies  to  the  School  Board  to  provide  for  that  amount, 
and  that  F.  W.  Welsh  solicited  this  contribution  but,  presumably, 
without  guilty  knowledge  as  to  its  sources.  The  result  of  the  Elec- 
tions was  not  known  in  detail  on  Sept.  14  because  of  the  Soldiers' 
vote;  the  general  effect  was  that  of  a  political  avalanche.  As  fin- 
ally announced  it  was  as  follows : 


Constituency                  Conservative 
Alberni     Capt.  J.  G.  C.  Wood  . 

AtHn        ...                    W       Y       MpFinnnlH 

Liberal 
H.  C.  Brewster  .  .  . 
Frank   Mobley  .... 
J.   Yorston  
E.  D.  Barrow   .  .  . 
Ken.  F.  Duncan.  . 
John   Buckham    .  . 
Elugh  Stewart    .  .  . 
Dr.  J.  H.  King  .  .  . 
A..  M.   Patterson  .  . 
John     Oliver  
A.   W.   McCurdy    . 
John   Mclnnis    .  .  . 
A.   I.   Fisher    
Dr.   J.   D.   McLean 
J.  E.  W.  Thompson 
M.    B.   Jackson.  .  . 
F.   W.   Anderson    . 

Elected                        Politics 
H    C    Brewster     .    ...  Lib. 

Frank  Mobley    Lib. 
J.  Yorston   Lib. 

Cariboo     .  .  .  , 
Chilliwack    .  . 
Cowichan     .  . 
Columbia    .  .  . 
Comox     

.  W.  L.  Macken  
.  Capt.  W.  H.  Hayward 
.  Dr.  Taylor  

E.  D.  Barrow   
Capt.    Hayward     .  .  . 
John   Buckham    .... 
Hugh  Stewart    
Dr.   J.   H.   King    .  .  . 
Lt.  F.  J.  A.  Mackenzie 

Lib. 
Cons. 
Lib. 
Lib. 
Lib. 
Cons. 
Lib. 

.  M.  Hanson  

Cranbrook    . 
Delta     
Dewdney    .  .  . 
Esquimalt     .  . 
Fort    George 
Fernie     
Greenwood 
Grand  Forks 
Islands      .    .  . 
Kamloops 
Kaslo    

.  T.    D.    Caven     
.  Lt.  F.  J.  A.  Mackenzie 
.  W.   F.    Manson    
.  R.    H.    Pooley    
.  Hon.  W.  R.   Ross    .  .  . 
T    Uphill 

A.   W.   McCurdy  
Hon.   W.    R.    Ross.  . 
A.   I.   Fisher    

Lib. 
Cons. 
Lib. 

Dr.    J.    D.    McLean 
J.  E.  W.  Thompson. 
.  M.  B.  Jackson  
F.   W.   Anderson  .... 
John    Keen    
A.  McDonald   
Wm.  Sloan   
Dr.  W.  O.  Rose   
Dr.    K.    McDonald    .  . 

Lib. 
Lib. 
Lib. 
Lib. 
Lib. 
Cons. 
Lib. 
Cons. 
Lib. 

.  Hon.  E.  E.  Miller   .  .  . 
.  Capt.  W.  W.  Foster.  . 
.  J.   P.   Shaw    
R    J     Long 

Lillooet     .    .  . 
Nanaimo 
Nelson    .  .    . 

.  A.  McDonald   
.  A.  E.  Planta   
Dr    W    O    Rose 

J.     B.     Bryson.  .  . 
Wm.    Sloan    
A.   M.   Johnson    .  . 
Dr.    K.    McDonald 
L.   V.    Rogers    .  .  . 

1'       Williams     f!-!1 

N.  Okanagan 
S.  Okanagan 

.  P.  Ellison  

.  Mayor  Jones    
r»v    ff    ft    r»;«>. 

P.    Williams     .             .  .  Soc. 

780 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Constituency 
New       Westmi 
ster     
Omenica    .... 

Conservative 
n- 
.  I.    Gifford    
.  F.    M.    Dockrill    .... 

Liberal 
.  D.  Whiteside    

Elected 

D.  Whiteside    
A.    M.    Manson    .... 

Politics 

.  Lib. 
.  Lib. 

Revelstoke    .  . 
Rossland     .  .  . 

.  Hon.  T.  Taylor    .... 
.  Hon.    L.    Campbell.  . 

.  Dr.   Sutherland    .  . 
.  W    D    Wilson 

Dr.   Sutherland    .... 
W     D     Wilson 

.  Lib. 
Lib. 

Richmond     .  . 

.  W.   J.    Baird 

G    G    McGeer 

G    G    McGeer 

Lib. 

Saanich     .... 
Similkameen 

.  D.    M.    Eberts    
.  L.    W     Shatford 

.  F.    A.    Pauline    .  . 
R    S    Conkling 

F.    A.    Pauline     
L    W    Shatford 

.  Lib. 

Cons. 

Prince     Ruper 
Slocan     . 

t.  Hon.  Wm.  Hanson  .  . 
Wm    Hunter 

.  T.  D.  Pattullo.  . 
C    F    Nelson 

T.    D.    Pattullo    .... 
C    F    Nelson 

.  Lib. 
Lib 

N.    Vancouver 
S.    Vancouver 
Trail     

.  G.    H.    Morden     
.  Rev.   Wm.   Boulton  .  . 
.  J.   A.    Schofield 

.  G.   S.   Hanes    .... 
.  J.    W.    Weart    .  .  . 
M    Sullivan 

G.   S.   Hanes    
J.  W.  Weart    
J     A     Schofield 

Lib 
!  Lib. 
Cons. 

Vancouver 

Hon    W    J    Bowser 

Ralph   Smith 

Ralph   Smith 

Lib. 

Vancouver    .  . 
Vancouver    .  . 

.  Hon.     Dr.     McGuire  . 
.  Thomas  Duke    

.  M.   A.   Macdonald  . 
.  P    Donnelly  .... 

M.   A.   Macdonald    .  . 
Hon    W    J    Bowser 

.  Lib. 
.  Cons. 

Vancouver    .  . 
Vancouver    .  . 
Vancouver    .  . 

.  A.  H.  B.  Macgowan. 
.  C.  E.  Tisdall    
.  Walter    Leek 

.  Dr.  J.  W.  Mclntobh 
.  F.    S.   Cowper    .  .  . 
J    W    DeB    Farris 

Dr.   J.    W.    Mclntosh 
J.    S.    Cowper    
J    W    DeB    Farris 

.  Lib. 
.  Lib. 
Lib 

Victoria    .  . 

Hon     A     Stewart 

H    C    Brewster 

H    C    Brewster 

Lib 

Victoria 

R.   Hayward 

John  Hart 

Lib 

Victoria    .... 

.  J.   Dilworth    . 

.  Geo    Bell 

Geo    Bell    

.  Lib. 

Victoria    . 

.  L.    Tait     

.  H    C    Hall 

H     C     Hall       

.  Lib. 

Yale    . 

.  Alex.  Lucas    . 

.  J.   Walters    . 

J.   Walters    . 

.  Lib. 

This,  perhaps,  was  the  most  complete  overthrow  in  political 
history.  From  a  position,  at  the  first  of  the  year,  of  absolute 
dominance  in  the  Legislature  with  no  Liberals  and  two  Socialists 
in  Opposition,  the  Bowser  Government  now  was  defeated  with 
only  the  Premier,  Hon.  W.  R.  Ross  and  half-a-dozen  supporters 
elected.  At  first  it  was  thought  Mr.  Bowser,  personally,  was  beaten 
in  Vancouver  but  the  soldiers'  vote  saved  him.  Vancouver,  with 
the  one  exception  of  the  Prime  Minister,  was  a  sweep  for  the  Liber- 
als as  also  was  Victoria.  A  notable  Conservative  success  was  that 
of  L.  W.  Shatford  in  the  Similkameen;  later  a  recount  gave 
Esquimalt  to  R.  H.  Pooley,  the  late  Conservative  member,  while 
M.  B,  Jackson  (Lib.)  was  confirmed  in  his  seat  for  the  Islands  by 
another  recount.  Mr.  Brewster  at  once  issued  a  Message  to  the 
people  in  which  he  thanked  Sir  Hibbert  Tupper  and  Conservative 
supporters  in  general,  the  silent  and  independent  voters,  and  the 
women  in  particular,  and  added:  "It  is  no  sinecure  that  we  are 
about  to  succeed  to.  It  will  require  strenuous  work  and  unre- 
mitting attention  to  the  affairs  of  the  Province  to  pull  it  out  of 
the  hole  into  which  it  has  been  plunged  by  the  misgovernment  of 
years,  and  in  that  work  we  need  the  aid  and  loyal  backing  of 
every  citizen." 

Meanwhile,  the  soldiers '  vote  was  being  taken  in  camp  at  Vernon, 
in  Manitoba,  at  Valcartier,  in  England  or  in  parts  of  France,  and 
was  to  be  counted  at  Victoria  on  Oct.  13  so  far  as  the  4,000  voters 
in  Canada  were  concerned.  In  the  final  result  H.  C.  Brewster 
headed  the  poll  in  Victoria;  in  Vancouver  M.  A.  Macdonald  head- 
ed the  poll  while  P.  Donnelly  (Lib.)  had  to  give  way  to  Mr.  Bowser 
who  was  able  to  wipe  out  an  adverse  majority  of  215  and  come  in 
ahead,  also,  of  Mr.  Cowper.  Lieut.  F.  J.  A.  Mackenzie  was  elected 
by  the  solidiers'  vote  in  Delta  and  the  Hon.  Alex.  Stewart  was 
nearly  successful  in  Victoria;  one  soldier-Conservative  candidate, 
Capt.  W.  H.  Hayward,  was  re-elected  without  this  vote;  a  con- 


THE  BRITISH  COLUMBIA  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  781 

siderable  majority  of  the  soldiers'  vote  supported  the  Government. 
On  Nov.  26  the  total  vote  to  date  was  given  as  follows: 

Soldiers  England,  Rejected  Ballots 

Politics                              Civilian       Canada  etc.  Total  Civilian    .                .     1  587 

Liberals    74,705         9,012  7,171  89,888  Soldiers    (Ene  )            *204 

Conservatives     55,993         7,823  9,557  73,373  Soldiers    (Can')             463 

Socialists      3,970             350  596  4,916                                           

Independents      8,332         1,166  2,187  11,685            Total    2,254 

As  to  the  Eeferenda  the  vote  was  not  complete  till  the  end  of 
the  year  but,  as  announced  on  Nov.  2,  there  was  a  majority  for 
both  Prohibition  and  Woman  Suffrage.  The  Civilian  vote  for  Pro- 
hibition was  36,392,  against  it  27,217;  the  Soldiers'  vote  was,  respec- 
tively, 5,414  and  8,885.  The  Civilian  vote  for  Woman  Suffrage 
was  43,619  and  against  18,604;  the  Soldiers'  vote  stood  8,273  and 
6,002  respectively.  Following  the  Elections  preparations  were 
made  for  the  change  of  Government.  Mr.  Brewster  was,  on  Oct. 
26,  formally  and  unanimously  continued  in  his  Leadership  by  a 
Liberal  caucus  at  Vancouver;  in  a  speech  on  Oct.  31  the  incoming 
Premier  declared  that  ' '  the  Government  must  reduce  the  expendi- 
tures in  the  Province  and  on  the  other  hand  it  must  increase  the 
revenue  and  both  are  unpopular."  As  to  the  future  "we  must 
have  more  factories ;  we  must  have  more  production  from  the 
mines ;  our  timber  areas  should  not  be  allowed  to  stand  idle  while 
millions  of  dollars  worth  of  timber  from  the  States  are  being  ship- 
ped into  British  Columbia ;  it  is  the  duty  of  this  new  Government 
to  find  out  what  is  retarding  development."  Some  discussion  fol- 
lowed as  to  Mr.  Bowser's  attitude  in  retaining  office  from  Sept. 
14  to  Nov.  23.  On  this  latter  date  Mr.  Brewster  was  sworn  in  as 
Premier  and  on  the  30th  announced  his  Cabinet  as  follows : 

Premier  and  President  of  the  Executive  Council Hon.  Harlan   Carey   Brewster 

Attorney-General      Hon.  Malcolm   Archibald  Macdonald 

Minister  of  Finance    Hon.  Ralph    Smith 

Minister   of   Agriculture    and   Minister   of   Railways.  .  .Hon.  John    Oliver 

Minister    of   Mines    •.  .  .Hon.  William    Sloan 

Minister  of  Public  Works   Hon.  James   Horace   King,    M.D. 

Provincial    Secretary    Hon.  John    Duncan   MacLean,    M.D. 

Minister   of   Lands    Hon.  Thomas    Dufferin    Pattullo 

The  new  Premier  had  a  shrewd,  careful,  business-like,  kindly 
and  capable  personality,  was  47  years  of  age  with  practical  experi- 
ence in  various  occupations  as  a  youth  and  later  on  as  a  ship-purser 
and  cannery  owner,  with,  also,  five  years'  experience  in  the  Legisla- 
ture ;  Mr.  Macdonald,  an  LL.B.  of  Toronto  University,  was  a  clever 
lawyer,  good  speaker  and  a  forceful  politician;  Mr.  Pattullo  was 
a  son  of  the  well-known  G.  R.  Pattullo  of  Woodstock,  Ont.,  a 
journalist  and  ex-Mayor  of  Prince  Rupert ;  Mr.  Oliver  was  born  in 
England  in  1856  and  was  a  pioneer  in  agriculture  and  saw-milling 
with  nine  years'  experience  in  the  Legislature  and  a  high  reputa- 
tion for  political  honesty;  Dr.  King  of  Cranbrook  was  a  pioneer 
medical  man  in  the  Crow's  Nest — though  not  an  old  one — and  had 
won  his  way  in  business  and  politics  as  well;  Dr.  MacLean  was 
Mayor  of  Greenwood,  was  40  years  of  age  and  new  to  public  life, 
while  Mr.  Sloan  had  won  a  lucky  stake  in  the  Eldorado  days  of  the 
Yukon  and  was  M.  P.  for  Comox-Atlin  in  1904-11 ;  Ralph  Smith 


782 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


was  a  household  name  in  Provincial  politics  and  had  been  two 
years  in  the  Legislature  and  11  years  in  Parliament  and,  latterly, 
was  Vice-President  of  the  Provincial  Liberal  Association.  In  the 
bye-elections  which  followed  on  Dec.  16  no  Conservative  candidates 
were  in  the  field  and  six  of  the  new  Ministers  were  returned  by 
acclamation.  Mr.  Macdonald  and  Mr.  Smith  were,  however,  opposed 
in  Vancouver  by  D.  E.  McTaggart  who  represented  a  Liberal 
element  which  did  not  like  the  look  of  things  in  the  contest  of 
Feb.  26.  He  was  aided  by  Joseph  Martin,  M.P.  (England)  and  other 
prominent  Liberals  and  the  vote  on  Dec.  21  was  7,296  for  Smith, 
5,012  for  Macdonald,  3,872  for  McTaggart.  Meantime,  Mr.  Brew- 
ster  had  announced  a  Royal  Commission  (Dec.  5)  to  inquire  into 
the  Bye-election  of  Feburary  and  had  stated  that  J.  T.  Scott 
would  be  brought  back  if  at  all  possible.  On  Dec.  16  the  new  Pre- 
mier stood  beside  Sir  Robert  B  or  den  at  his  National  Service  meet- 
ing in  Victoria. 

British  Columbia  and  the  War.     This  Province  with  its 

large  English  population,  its  breath  of  sea-air  and  its  knowledge  of 
sea  power,  did  splendidly  in  the  war.  Out  of  its  estimated  400,000 
population  it  sent  36,000  men  by  the  close  of  the  year;  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Legislature  Capt.  W.  W.  Foster,  Lieutenants  W.  H.  Hayward, 
F.  J.  A.  Mackenzie  and  J.  G.  C.  Wood  were  overseas;  it  had  a  specially 
effective  Returned  Soldiers'  Commission  with  Hon.  H.  E.  Young  as  Chair- 
man and  many  local  Bed  Cross  branches  which  did  much  work  and  reported 
Eeceipts  for  1916  of  $165,636  with  supplies  shipped  which  totalled  890,000 
garments,  knitted  articles,  bedding  and  the  larger  surgical  articles ;  its  Patriotic 
Fund  contributions  totalled  $411,304  up  to  Dec.  31,  1915,  and  $1,354,185  up 
to  the  end  of  1916,  with  a  total  outlay  of  $1,990,873.  In  writing  of  Van- 
couver's War-work  to  Aug.  4,  1*916,  Mayor  McBeath  said:  "Twenty  nurses 
have  gone  with  the  forces,  in  addition  to  those  sent  by  the  Bed  Cross; 
500  railway  men  left  here  for  Russia  and  nearly  1,000  to  work  in  Old  Country 
munition  factories.  We  subscribed  for  15  machine  guns;  the  Vancouver 
World  supplied  every  local  soldier  with  a  Christmas  pudding;  supplies  for 
No.  5  Base  Hospital  were  mostly  subscribed  in  Vancouver  and  we  have  given 
250  Naval  volunteers.  The  City  Council  voted  half-pay  to  all  volunteers  in 
1914,  and  discharged  the  single  men  in  city  employ  except  in  the  Fire  and  Police 
services. ' ' 

New  Westminster  subscribed  to  the  various  funds  $92,179;  Victoria, 
which  had  already  collected  about  $500,000  for  all  kinds  of  funds  and  war 
purposes,  undertook  to  raise  late  in  1916  $200,000  for  the  Patriotic  Fund  and 
to  this  Hon.  James  Dunsmuir  gave  $5,000  and  J.  H.  Todd  &  Sons  $6,000; 
Vancouver,  which  had  subscribed  $300,000,  started  a  similar  collection  for 
$400,000,  raising  $310,000  by  the  end  of  November — amongst  the  sums  given 
being  $24,000  from  the  B.  C.  Electric  Railway  and  employees,  $5,000  from  the 
Police  Force,  and  $8,500  from  the  Provincial  Government  employees.  From 
the  Interior  points  came  many  promises  of  which  the  following  affords  an 
illustration : 


Name  of  Place 
Fernie      

Popula- 
tion 
5  000 

Amount 
Promised 
$30  000 

Name  of  Place 
Penticton 

Popula- 
tion 
1  500 

Amount 
Promised 
6  000 

Cranbrook 

2  500 

20  000 

4  000 

12  000 

Kaslo 

1  000 

10  000 

5  000 

20  000 

Silverton 

1  000 

15  000 

1  500 

6  000 

5  000 

25  000 

1  500 

5  000 

Trail     

4  000 

50,000 

6  000 

25  000 

Roseland    
Phoenix     . 

4,000 
1.000 

35,000 
20.000 

Greenwood 


600         $12,000 


Totals     43,600       $291,000 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA  AND  THE  WAR  783 

Sir  H.  B.  Ames  made  a  number  of  speeches  and  urged  strongly  the  calls 
of  the  coming  year.  The  Eed  Cross  work  of  Vancouver  was  in  the  hands  of 
a  Branch  with  Sir  C.  H.  Tupper  as  President  and  contributions  of  $145,- 
592  up  to  Sept.  30,  1916;  that  of  Victoria  and  District  collected  $83,320  with 
VV.  F.  Jones  as  Chairman  and,  in  both  case,  much  work  done  by  the  women. 
The  Vancouver  branch  in  March,  by  including  all  small  supplies,  made  a 
total  of  13,000,000  articles  shipped  to  Toronto  or  London.  To  the  British 
Red  Cross  appeal  of  1916  the  Province  responded  with  $36,113  to  which  Van- 
couver gave  $6,915  and  Victoria  $8,931.  To  the  Duchess  of  Connaught's 
Prisoners  of  War  Fund  $5,431  was  given;  one  collection  in  Victoria  gave 
$4,021  to  the  British  Sailors'  Relief  Fund,  a  French  tag-day  brought  $2,500, 
an  Italian  day  $1,500;  British  Columbia  schools,  through  the  Education 
Department,  contributed  $13,500  to  Belgian  Relief.  And  so  it  went  in  many 
another  sum  or  Fund  throughout  the  Province. 

Incidents  of  a  War  nature  included  the  fact  of  60  Vancouver  physicians 
being  on  service  in  January,  1916;  the  location  of  Canadian  General  Hospital 
No.  5  (British  Columbia)  at  Salonika  under  command  of  Lieut.-Col.  E.  C. 
Hart;  the  appointment  of  Capt.  Reginald  Tupper,  home  on  leave  because  of 
wounds,  to  the  command  of  the  72nd  Seaforth  Highlanders  at  Vancouver; 
the  statement  of  Major-Gen.  A.  W.  Currie  that  Lieut.-Col.  V.  W.  Odium, 
D.S.o.  of  Vancouver — who  later  became  a  Brigadier-General — was  one  of  the 
first  in  the  whole  Army  to  undertake  " cutting  out"  expeditions;  the  ela- 
borate Report  of  the  Provincial  Returned  Soldiers'  Commission  which  urged 
that  ' '  immediate  steps  be  taken  by  the  Government  to  provide  farm  lands 
for  colony  settlements  by  returned  soldiers,  that  each  colony  should  con- 
tain at  least  50  farms  and  that  an  expert  in  instruction  be  provided  for  the 
settlers ; ' '  the  public  charge  on  Apr.  28  by  the  Victoria  Board  of  Trade 
that  the  Vancouver  &  Nanaimo  Coal  Co.  Ltd.,  was  made  up  chiefly  of 
German  shareholders  with  J.  H.  Hawthornthwaite,  CX-M.L.A.,  and  Socialist,  as 
the  only  known  English-Canadian;  the  promotion  of  Capt.  R.  P.  Clarke,  M  C., 
of  Victoria,  to  the  command  of  the  14th  Battalion  at  the  Front. 

Other  incidents  were  the  undertaking  of  the  I.O.D.E.  of  Victoria  to 
have  a  ' '  Silent  recruiting  week ' '  for  one  of  the  Battalions — each  member 
wearing  a  badge  urging  enlistment;  the  boast  of  Kamloops  that  4,000 
enlistments  had  taken  place  in  its  vicinity  and  the  town  of  Burnaby's  Honour 
roll  of  627;  the  enlistment  in  the  ranks  by  Rev.  A.  MacKay  of  a  Vancouver 
Presbyterian  Church.  An  extraordinary  feature  of  enlistment  in  British 
Columbia  as,  indeed,  wherever  English  families  were  to  be  found  in  Canada, 
was  the  spirit  of  sacrifice  and  patriotism  which  ran  right  through  them — 
father,  mother,  and  sons.  Of  the  Mathieson  family,  Victoria,  5  brothers  were 
on  active  service  and  4  McMullen  brothers  of  Vancouver;  Arthur  Green  and 
three  sons  of  Victoria  and  4  sons  of  F.  M.  Eastwood;  six  sons  of  the  Cameron 
family,  Vancouver,  and  W.  H.  Mullin  and  three  sons  of  Victoria,  7  boys  of 
the  Kerridge  family,  Vancouver — were  all  at  the  Front.  Of  -the  George 
family,  Victoria,  in  1916,  three  were  killed,  one  was  missing,  one  a  prisoner, 
two  were  at  the  Front  and  two  waiting  till  they  were  old  enough  to  go; 
the  4  Franck  brothers,  T.  W.  Carter  and  three  sons,  and  Thos.  Jones  and 
three  sons  of  Victoria;  the  5  Peterson  brothers,  Henry  Digby  and  his  four 
sons,  7  sous  of  Fred  Watts,  J.  Fyvie  and  his  four  sons,  all  of  Vancouver ;  Harold 
Bradley  and  5  sons,  5  sons  of  Jos.  Sayer,  4  sons  of  S.  A.  Fletcher  and  5 
sons  of  G.  W.  Threw,  New  Westminster— these  illustrated  a  story  which 
could  be  told  of  the  whole  Province. 

Of  British  Columbia  casualties  there  were  many  during  1916  and  only 
a  few  can  be  mentioned.  Lieut.  A.  N.  King  of  Victoria,  Rhodes  Scholar 
in  1912;  Lieut.  C.  B.  Underbill,  Vancouver,  Lieut.  W.  S.  Earle,  R.F.C.,  Victoria, 
and  Lieut.  Leo.  Buchanan  of  Haney;  Lieut.  Gerald  H.  Peters,  Prince  Rupert, 
followed  his  brother  Lieut.  "Jack"  Peters,  in  being  killed  in  action;  Laeut. 
F.  F.  Elliott  of  Jubilee,  Lieut.  J.  K.  Kennedy,  Vancouver,  and  Major  W.  A. 
Casey,  C.E.,  Victoria;  Major  K.  C.  C.  Taylor,  D.S.O.,  and  Lieut.  T.  L.  Tracy, 
Vancouver;  Capt.  A.  W.  Agnew,  Victoria,  Major  W.  S.  Marshall,  Prince 
Rupert,  a  brother  of  Col.  W.  R.  Marshall,  D.S.O.,  Hamilton;  Lieut.  J.  G.  Hay, 


784  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Vancouver,  Lieut.  J.  C.  Holland  and  Major  N.  H.  Moncrieff,  Victoria;  were 
a  few  who  made  the  supreme  sacrifice.  In  three  cases  the  coveted  M.C.  had 
been  won  for  some  preceding  action:  Lieut.  S.  Duncan  Ellis,  Victoria,  Capt. 
Harold  Price,  Vancouver,  and  Lieut.  J.  A.  Macdonald,  Victoria.  Of  the 
Honours  won  the  most  conspicuous  were,  of  course,  reflected  in  the  rapid 
rise  of  Generals  Currie  and  Odium.  The  Bell-Irving  family  of  Vancouver 
won  a  succession  of  decorations;  Lieut.  E.  N.  McCallum  of  Victoria  received 
the  D.S.O.,  and  Lieut.  W.  C.  Merston,  Victoria,  both  the  M.C.  and  the  D.C.M. ; 
Lieut.  T.  O.  L.  Wilkinson  of  Comox  won  the  V.C.  and  lost  his  life;  Lieut. 
C.  E.  Beynolds,  Vancouver,  who  enlisted  as  a  Private,  won  his  rank  and  a 
D.S.O.;  Major  W.  W.  Foster,  M.L.A.,  Victoria,  received  a  D.S.O.  though  he 
lost  his  constituency  in  the  Elections;  Lieut.  E.  J.  Burde,  a  Port  Alberni 
journalist,  won  the  M.  C., — as  did  Lieutenants  G.  C.  Miller,  J.  C.  Eoss,  and 
W.  E.  Corfield,  Capt.  E.  O.  Wheeler  (who  also  received  the  Legion  of  Honour), 
and  Capt.  V.  G.  Tupper,  Vancouver. 

British  Columbia  Incidents  of  Importance 

Jan.  1.  Official  Eeports  showed  Life  Insurance  premiums  received  of 
$2,761,258  on  a  total  Insurance  of  $83,204,991  with  investments  by  the  com- 
panies in  the  Province  of  $16,228,300  and  claims  totalling  $1,021,605. 

Jan.  3.  Miss  Edith  L.  Paterson,  a  native  of  the  Province,  was  called  to  the 
Bar  by  Mr.  Justice  Gregory  of  Vancouver. 

Jan.  7.  Mr.  Justice  Clement  decided  in  the  Pacific  Coal  Mines,  Ltd., 
vs.  Messrs.  John  Arbuthnot  et  al  case,  that  the  plaintiff  Company  was  justi- 
fied in  its  suit  and  that  the  bond  issue  of  $1,500,000,  authorized  by  Act  of 
Parliament  on  Mar.  1,  1911,  and  carried  into  effect  at  a  meeting  of  the 
shareholders  in  Victoria  on  Mar.  1,  1911,  was  invalid. 

Jan.  13.  Mr.  Justice  D.  Murphy  stated  as  to  the  Dominion  Trust 
Co.  liquidation  that  the  Auditor's  Eeport  showed  that  there  werp  over 
$3,000,000  worth  of  claims  by  unsecured  creditors,  while  the  estimated  assets 
were  $460,000  plus  the  results  of  the  law  suits  against  the  Insurance  com- 
panies for  the  Arnold  insurance.  Of  the  latter  a  sum  of  $212,000  had  since 
been  paid  over  to  the  Liquidator  who  was  in  turn  sued  for  $75,000  by  Mrs. 
Arnold  and  her  children.  The  costs  of  the  liquidation  were,  up  to  the  end 
of  September,  about  $115,000. 

Jan.  17.  The  6th  annual  Convention  of  the  British  Columbia  Federation 
of  Labour  met  at  Vancouver  and  was  largely  devoted  to  consideration  of 
the  proposed  Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  Eeslutions  were  passed  declar- 
ing in  favour  of  a  six-day  weak  for  street  railwaymen  in  British  Columbia; 
of  the  enactment  of  a  law  for  the  examination  and  registration  of  plumbers; 
of  the  appointment  of  a  Provincial  inspector  of  gear  used  in  loading  and 
discharging  vessels;  of  the  abolition  of  property  qualification  for  public 
office;  of  placing  longshoremen  more  distinctively  within  the  scope  of  the 
new  Workmen's  Compensation  Act.  J.  H.  McVety,  Vancouver,  was  elected 
President. 

Jan.  29.  Mr.  Justice  Murphy  gave  Judgment  in  a  phase  of  the  Dominion 
Trust  matter  and  found  12  Directors  liable  for  the  action  and  policy  of  the 
Board  carried  on  without  their  knowledge. 

Jan.  30.  The  final  chapter  of  the  Behring  Sea  question  was  written  by 
Judge  L.  A.  Audette  of  the  Exchequer  Court,  who  was  appointed  a  Com- 
missioner in  June,  1913,  to  fix  the  amount  of  damages  suffered  by  British 
Columbia  vessel  owners  as  the  result  of  the  treaty  of  July,  1911,  providing 
for  a  cessation  of  pelagic  or  open  sea  sealing  for  a  period  of  fifteen  years 
from  Dec.  15,  3911.  The  aggregate  claims  amounted  to  $9,200,000.  The 
Judge  now  allowed  $60,633. 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA  INCIDENTS  OF  IMPORTANCE 


785 


Mar.  11.  W.  E.  Scott,  Deputy  Minister  of  Agriculture,  made  the  notable 
statement  in  an  address  that  "Agriculture  is  now  the  leading  industry  of 
this  Province,  exceeding  those  of  mining,  timber  and  fisheries."  The  Federal 
figures  of  production  in  1915  and  1916  were  as  follows: 


Field  Crop 

Area 
Acres 

Yield 
per  Acre 
Bush. 

Total 
Yield 
Bush. 

Average 
price 
per  bush 

Total 
Value 

Fall    Wheat    

,    1915 

6,000 

33-44 

200,600 

$0.91 

$182,500 

1916 

6,200 

30-75 

191,000 

1.53 

292,000 

Spring   Wheat    

.  .  .1915 

10,000 

32-43 

324,400 

0.96 

311,400 

1916 

9,800 

31-00 

304,000 

1.54 

468,000 

All   Wheat    

.  .  .1915 

16,000 

32-80 

525,000 

0.94 

493,000 

1916 

16,000 

30-94 

495,000 

1.54 

760,000 

Oats    

1915 

71,000 

61-84 

4,390,600 

0.49 

2,151,400 

1916 

60,000 

60-50 

3,630,000 

0.64 

2,323,000 

Barley     

.  .  .1915 

2,650 

4C-36 

106,900 

0.64 

68,400 

1916 

2,700 

45-75 

124,000 

0.83 

103,000 

Mixed  Grains   

.  .  .1915 

2,600 

40-00 

104,000 

0.50 

52,000 

1916 

2,600 

50-00 

130,000 

1.25 

163,000 

Potatoes      

.  ,1915 

16,000 

247-28 

3,956,000 

0.45 

1,780,000 

Turnips,  mangolds,  etc  .  . 

1916 
.  ..1915 

15,300 
3,800 

189-00 
455-61 

2,892,000 
1,731,000 

0.70 
0.39 

2,024,000 
675,000 

1916 

3,700 

500-00 

1,850,000 

0.50 

925,000 

tons 

tons 

per  ton 

Hay   and   Clover    

.1915 

167,000 

2-34.  . 

.  .  391,000 

14.57 

5,697,000 

1916 

175,000 

2;67 

467,000 

17.75 

8,289,000 

Alfalfa     

.  .  .1915 

12,100 

3-52 

43,000 

14.84 

638,000 

1916 

12,600 

9-88 

36,000 

15.00 

540,000 

i 


Average  wages  of  farm  help  in  1916  were  $542.91  with  board  for  males 
and  $325.09  for  females.  The  Farmers'  Institutes  totalled  136  in  1915  with 
8,469  members. 

Apr.  20.  According  to  E.  A.  Haggen,  M.E.,  in  the  Vancouver  Province 
the  total  amount  paid  in  dividends  by  the  mines  of  British  Columbia  to 
date  exceeded  $26,913,000  which  was  equivalent  to  a  profit  of  5  per  cent,  on 
the  total  value  of  the  mineral  production. 

May  16.  A  new  trial  was  ordered  by  the  Appeal  Court  of  British  Colum- 
bia in  the  case  of  Alex.  Lucas,  M.L.A.,  against  the  Ministerial  Union  of  the 
Lower  Mainland.  Much  public  interest  centred  in  this  case  which  arose 
out  of  the  publication  of  the  political  pamphlet,  The  Crisis  in  B.  C.  Mr. 
Lucas  sued  the  authors  and  publishers  of  the  pamphlet — M.  B.  Cotsworth, 
Bev.  A.  E.  Cooke  and  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  above  organization — for 
libel,  basing  his  suit  on  a  paragraph  in  which  it  was  stated  that  Mr.  Lucas 
had  lost  an  official  position  in  consequence  of  absenting  himself  from  office 
to  put  through  a  timber  deal  whereby  he  made  a  profit  of  $10,000. 

May  18.  Chief  Justice  Gordon  Hunter  in  one  of  the  subsidiary  Dominion 
Trust  Co.  suits  found  that  W.  E.  Arnold,  Managing-Director  of  that  concern, 
was  not  proved  to  have  committed  suicide  and  that,  therefore,  the  Insurance 
companies  were  liable  upon  his  policies. 

June  27.  H.  H.  Stevens,  M.P.,  backed  by  a  Dominion  Order-in-Council, 
proposed  a  plan  under  which  the  Vancouver  Harbour  Commission  should 
issue  $5,000,000  of  bonds  to  acquire  certain  properties  as  the  basis  of  a 
scheme  of  terminal  facilities  for  the  harbour  of  Vancouver,  the  bonds  to  run 
for  25  years  and  bearing  interest  at  5  per  cent.  The  properties  included 
the  Kitsilano  Indian  Eeserve,  80  acres,  to  cost  $700,000;  property  at  Port 
Moody,  88  acres,  with  a  frontage  of  half  a  mile,  to  cost  $550,000;  the  Heaps 
property  on  Burrard  Inlet,  16%  acres,  to  cost  $650,000;  Eight-of-way  for  a 
harbour  terminal  estimated  to  cost  $1,552,861,  and  a  portion  of  the  right-of- 
way  of  the  Pacific  Great  Eastern  to  cost  $516,267;  wharf  property  of  the 
Great  Northern  Eailway  and  waterfront  property,  to  cost  $1,800,000.  The 
total  cost  of  the  property  thus  to  be  acquired  was  $5,769,128.  The  Harbour 
Commissioners  expected  to  be  able  to  exchange  property  they  already  held  and 
thus  to  reduce  the  cost  to  them  by  $2,448,833.  Great  opposition  was  offered 
from  the  Board  of  Trade,  B.  C.  Manufacturers'  Association,  B.  C.  Lumber 

50 


786  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  Shingle  Manufacturers'  Association  and  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  and 
they  addressed  a  Memorandum  to  the  Dominion  Government,  asking  for  a 
full  investigation  with  the  appointment  of  Sir  Harry  Drayton  as  Commissioner. 

Dec.  31.  The  following  were  the  chief  Provincial  public  organizations 
and  their  elective  heads  during  1916: 

B.C.   Fruit  Growers'    Association    Thomas   Abriel    Nakusp. 

B.C.    Stock   Breeders'    Association    A.  D.  Paterson Delta. 

B.C.    Bee-Keepers'    Association D.   Mowat   McKay. 

B.C.  Grand.  Lodge  of  Free  Masons    Wm.    Astley    Vancouver. 

B.C.   Baptist   Missionary   Society    Mrs.  A.  E.  Crandall  ....  Vancouver. 

B.C.   Pharmaceutical   Association    T.  H.   Brown    Vancouver. 

Merchants'  Exchange    T.   W.   B.   London Vancouver. 

B.C.  Women's  Missionary  Association    Mrs.  F.   B.  Stacey Chilliwack. 

British    Columbia,    W.C.T.U Mrs.   C.   Spofford    Vancouver. 

B.C.   Orange  Grand  Lodge H.   Birmingham    Vancouver. 

Union  of  B.C.  Municipalities Mayor  Smith Vernon. 

Provincial   School   Trustees'    Association    A.    C.    Stewart    Vancouver. 

Board  of  Trade    J.  Robson    New  Westmin- 
ster. 

,  Board   of  Trade    Nicol  Thompson    Vancouver. 

Board  of  Trade    C.    H.    Lugrin    ........  Victoria- 
Royal   Vancouver   Yacht    Club    B.    T.    Rogers     Vancouver. 

Provincial    Chapter:      I.O.D.E Mrs.  Henry  Croft Victoria. 

Navy    League    Wm.   Blakemore    Victoria. 

B.C.  Dairymen's  Association   Wm.     Duncan     Victoria. 

B.C.   Institute   of   Civil   Engineers    E.   N.  Horsey   Victoria. 

B.C.   Manufacturers'    Association    J.  A.  Cunningham Vancouver. 

Dec.  13.  The  Salmon  pack  for  1916  was  valued  at  $995,065,  as  com- 
pared with  $1,133,381  in  1915.  The  pack  was  larger  than  for  any  year  pre- 
vious to  1912,  with  the  exception  of  the  quadrennial  run  years.  Log  produc- 
tion for  the  first  11  months  of  1916  was  996,265,436  feet  being  55  per  cent, 
greater  than  for  the  same  period  in  1915.  Shingle  production  was  handicapped 
by  a  scarcity  of  raw  material.  The  output  can  be  measured  by  the  number 
of  shingles  shipped  to  the  United  States  in  1916  which  was  1,236,428,000  as 
compared  with  1,256,804,000  in  1915.  Exports  invoiced  through  the  American 
Consulate  in  Vancouver  to  the  United  States  were  double  those  of  1915,  the 
figures  being  $52,396,880  and  $26,340,473  respectively. 

Dec.  31.  The  Municipal  Assessments  of  British  Columbia  in  1915 
totalled  $460,724,889  and  in  1916  $410,512,724 — Burnaby  being  the  only  centre 
showing  an  increase. 

British  Columbia  University:  Higher  Education. 

The  University  of  British  Columbia  continued  a  steady  process  of  up- 
building during  1916.  Its  Senate  (Feb.  16)  at  the  first  meeting  since  appoint- 
ment, decided  to  ask  the  Legislature  for  power  to  bring  Theological  Colleges 
into  affiliation;  also  for  an  extension  of  the  time  in  which  the  2,000,000  acres 
of  land  set  aside  by  the  Government  for  an  endowment  could  be  selected 
— only  800,000  acres  having  been  chosen.  It  was  decided  to  remain  another 
year  at  Fairview  instead  of  moving  to  the  permanent  site  at  Point  Grey — 
for  which  building  appropriations  of  $714,000  would  be  necessary.  President 
F.  F.  Westbook  was  elected  Chairman  of  the  Senate,  F.  C.  Wade,  K.C.,  Vice- 
Chairman,  Prof.  George  Eobinson,  Secretary,  and  J.  S.  Gordon,  Treasurer. 
In  addition  to  these  Mrs.  J.  W.  deB.  Farris,  the  only  woman  Senator,  W.  D. 
Brydone-Jack  and  Dean  Klinck,  Head  of  the  Agricultural  College,  were 
appointed  to  the  Executive. 

Dr.  Westbrook  submitted  a  Report  of  progress  showing  that  the  Univer- 
sity was  opened  on  Sept.  29,  1915,  and  that  379  students  had  been  enrolled  with 
56  more  at  the  Front.  There  was  a  staff  of  34  teachers  besides  the  members 
of  the  administrative,  library  and  technical  staff.  He  stated  that  a  rein- 
forced frame  building  had  been  erected  on  the  Point  Grey  site  at  a  cost  of 
$70,000  with  200  acres  cleared  at  a  cost  of  $40,000;  40  acres  would  be  under 
cultivation  in  the  Spring  and  a  central  campus  of  12  acres  had  been  graded. 


BRITISH  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY:  HIGHER  EDUCATION        787 

The  members  of  the  Officers'  Training  Corps  numbered  260.  He  strongly 
recommended  the  doing  of  permanent  work  on  the  University  site  in  prefer- 
ence to  the  scheme  of  erecting  temporary  buildings  elsewhere.  He  recommended 
consideration  of  several  other  matters:  Exemption  from  taxation  of  Univer- 
sity endowment  lands,  the  application  of  revenue  derived  from  sales  of 
lands  to  University  uses  and  provision  of  a  University  bursar  and  business 
agent.  Finding  that  the  existing  Act  virtually  prevented  the  University  from 
spending  money  in  creating  and  maintaining  more  than  four  specified  Faculties, 
those  of  Arts,  Applied  Science,  Law  and  Medicine,  the  Senate  approved  of 
a  proposed  change  to  enlarge  the  powers  of  the  institution.  An  interesting 
report  was  that  of  Dean  Klinck  of  the  Agricultural  Department  on  proposed 
University  aid  for  returned  soldiers.  It  was,  to  give  soldiers  back  from  the 
Front,  the  privilege  of  a  three-months'  course  in  Agriculture  prior  to  their 
settlement  on  the  land  offered  them  by  the  Government. 

To  the  Victoria  press  on  Mar.  10  President  Westbrook  gave  a  statement 
of  progress  made  despite  war  influences  and  the  lack  of  permanent  buildings: 
' '  The  students  now  in  attendance  come  from  40  localities  in  British  Columbia, 
three  other  Canadian  Provinces  and  six  foreign  countries.  We  are  providing 
instruction  in  42  subjects,  in  123  classes.  Our  work  would  have  been  even 
more  diversified,  but  for  war-time  conditions.  The  University  staff,  however, 
consists  of  34  teachers,  an  administrative,  library  and  technical  staff  of  12. 
The  University  library  already  has  22,000  bound  volumes  and  about  7,000 
pamphlets,  valued  at  $45,000. "  As  to  functions  the  University  would  aim  ' '  to 
place  at  the  service  of  the  people  of  British  Columbia  basic  facts  and  truths 
gleaned  from  former  experiences  extending  thousands  of  years  back  in  history, 
art,  music,  agriculture  and  the  sciences.  It  will  also  be  able  to  furnish  ex- 
perts to  the  various  branches  of  the  Government  for  research,  and  for  other 
work  that  requires  trained  men."  The  Arts  students  were  218  and  those  in 
Applied  Science  61. 

In  the  Legislature  Hon.  H.  E.  Young,  a  little  later,  carried  his  Bill 
exempting  University  endowment  lands  from  taxation  and  stated  that  the 
present  expenditure  of  the  institution  was  $250,000.  The  Government  set 
aside  at  this  time  $200,000  for  University  purposes.  The  first  Convocation 
took  place  in  the  Hotel  Vancouver  ball-room  on  May  4  with  the  Lieut.-Govr 
ernor  and  other  leading  local  men  present,  an  address  from  President  H.  M. 
Tory  of  Alberta  University,  a  squad  present  from  the  Western  University 
Battalion  under  Major  E.  W.  Brock,  lately  of  the  Staff,  the  statement  of  a 
roll  at  the  Front  now  totalling  two  Professors  and  over  100  students, 
the  giving  of  B.A.  degrees  to  40  graduates.  At  the  Senate  meet- 
ing of  this  date  F.  C.  Wade  urged  more  attention  to  Canadian  history  and 
protested  against  special  consideration  of  German  history  being  compulsory. 
Following  this  Prof.  G.  E.  Robinson  was  made  Dean  of  the  Arts  Faculty, 
E.  H.  Clark,  Ph.D.,  Ass't  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  A.  H.  Hutchinson,  Ph.D., 
Assoc.  Professor  in  Classics;  Prof.  S.  J.  Schofield,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  enlisted  as  a 
Private  in  the  University  Battalion,  while  Dean  Brack  of  the  Applied  Science 
Faculty  was  appointed  Major  and  2nd  in  command  of  the  Corps. 

Of  other  institutions  Westminster  Hall  (Presbyterian),  of  Vancouver, 
reported  40  students  at  the  Front  and  on  Sept.  29  conferred  the  Hon.  degree 
of  D.  D.  upon  Eev.  E.  A.  Henry,  Vancouver,  and  Eev.  H.  E.  Grant,  Prince 
Eupert.  The  condition  of  Columbia  College,  New  Westminster,  and  its  finan- 
cial difficulties  came  again  before  the  British  Columbia  Methodist  Conference 
which  was  told  that  an  appeal  to  the  churches  for  $9,000  had  realized  $2,100, 
that  over  75  students  had  enlisted,  that  the  net  enrollment  was  48  and  that 
there  was  a  current-year  deficit.  It  was  decided  to  continue-  the  College  and 
obtain  more  money  with  Eev.  A.  M.  Sanford  as  Principal  and  the  appointment 
of  Alice  E.  Oulton,  B.A.,  of  Moncton,  N.B.,  as  Lady  Principal.  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  the  Oblate  Order,  celebrated  its  golden  jubliee  at  New  Westminster 
without,  however,  any  public  display  owing  to  the  War.  The  first  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Anglican  Theological  College,  Vancouver,  (St.  Mark's  College  and 
Latimer  Hall)  showed  an  enrollment  of  35  students  with  14  at  the  Front. 
The  British  Columbia  Ehodes  scholar  of  1916  was  Edward  W.  Berry  of  Mur- 
rayville,  who,  also,  was  on  active  service. 


TRANSPORTATION  INTERESTS  AND  AFFAIRS 


The  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  in  1916.     During    the 

year  ending  June  30  the  C.P.E.  made  a  financial  and  traffic  agreement  with 
the  N.  Y.  Central,  Michigan  Central  and  the  Toronto,  Hamilton  &  Buffalo, 
under  which  a  joint  guarantee  for  $10,000,000  bonds  of  the  T.  H.  &  B.  was 
given;  the  authorized  agreement  for  acquisition  of  the  Allan  Line  was  put  into 
partial  operation  by  bringing  its  vessels  under  operation  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Ocean  Services,  Ltd.;  the  statement  was  made  in  the  annual  Eeport 
that  ' '  profits  resulting  from  the  manufacture  in  your  Company 's  shops  of 
munitions  of  war  undertaken  at  request  of  the  Government,  have  not  been  taken 
into  the  operating  revenue,  but  have  been  applied  as  a  set-off  against  con- 
tributions to  Patriotic  and  Eelief  Funds,  and  other  expenditures  -  by  your 
Company  directly  due  to  the  War  and  not  properly  chargeable  to  working 
expenses. ' ' 

The  35th  annual  Eeport  for  the  year  ending  June  30  showed  gross  earn- 
ings of  $129,481,885,  working  expenses  of  $80,255,965,  and  net  earnings  of 
$49,225,920.  Deducting  the  fixed  charges  of  $10,306,196  the  surplus  was 
$38,919,724;  the  net  surplus,  after  dividends,  etc.,  were  deducted,  was  $15,- 
444,158.  The  Eeceipts  included  surplus  revenue  and  special  income  of  $46,812,- 
390,  net  returns  of  $3,106,382  from  the  Lands  Department,  while  Accounts 
receivable,  advances  on  construction  work,  etc.,  totalled  $63,561,364.  With 
minor  additions  and  deductions  and  the  cash  in  hand  on  June  30,  1915,  of 
$17,055,269,  the  total  was  $68,571,776.  Expenditures  included  dividends 
totalling  $29,227,276,  and  after  the  inclusion  of  operating  expenses  and  $5,272,- 
690  invested  in  War  loans  the  Cash  in  hand  was  $41,581,680.  The  gross 
earnings  included  $24,690,652  from  passengers;  $89,654,405  from  Freight;  $1.- 
384,567  from  Mails  and  $13,752,260  from  Sleeping  cars,  Telegraphs,  etc.  The 
Equipment  of  the  Eailway  included  2,255  locomotives;  2,781  passenger,  sleep- 
ing, dining  cars,  etc.;  87,108  Freight  cars  and  8,287  of  all  other  kinds;  77 
steamers  in  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Great  Lakes,  British  Columbia  and  Coast 
services.  The  Freight  forwarded  during  the  year  and  in  the  succeeding  six 
months  to  Dec.  31,  1916,  was  as  follows: 

Frpiirht    Forward  Year  ™&'™%  6  months  ending 

June  30,  1916  Dec.  81,  1916 

Flour     Barrels  10,499,260  5,710,800 

Grain      Bushels  276,788,209  146,332,583 

Live-stock     Head  2,190,389  1,262,617 

Lumber     Feet  2,696,804,934  1,499,916,534 

Firewood     Cords  298,426  124,206 

Manufactured   Aticles    Tons  7,960,723  4,643,384 

All   other    articles    Tons  8,228,156  4,659,294 

In  the  latter  part  of  1916,  the  British  Treasury  included  C.P.E.  stocks, 
etc.,  in  their  financial  dealings  with  the  United  States  under  consent  of 
the  Company.  The  four  issues  dealt  with  totalled  $198,979,580  in  American 
currency  and  Lord  Shaughnessy 's  Eeport  of  Dec.  31,  1916,  stated  that  the 
Imperial  Government  proposed,  under  agreement,  to  take  over  these  stocks 
and  exchange  them  with  the  Company  for  an  issue  of  gold  bonds  payable 
as  to  principal  and  interest  in  New  York  or  Montreal  and  repayable  or  re- 
deemable under  specified  conditions.  The  consent  of  the  shareholders  and 
Dominion  legislation  were  necessary  but  both  were  assured.  During  this 
half  year  Connaught  Tunnel,  at  the  summit  of  the  Selkirks,  was  completed 
and  put  into  operation.  The  gross  earnings  for  the  half-year  were  $76,717,- 
965,  the  working  expenses  $45,843,199,  the  net  surplus  $13,634,504,  the  cash 
in  hand  on  Dec.  31  was  $57,076,018.  The  mileage  included  in  the  traffic 
returns  was  12,989  and,  of  other  Lines  worked,  778,  while  that  of  subsidiary 
lines  was  4,852.  Amongst  the  unsold  lands  and  other  properties  held  by 
the  Company  as  inactive  Assets  were  agricultural  lands  in  Manitoba,  Saskat- 

[788] 


THE  CANADIAN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY  IN  1916  789 

chewan  and  Alberta  estimated  as  worth  $69,419,099;  irrigated  lands  in 
Alberta  worth  $19,601,776;  unsold  lands  in  townsites  in  the  three  Provinces 
totalling  $22,000,000  in  value;  Timber  lands  and  mills  of  $2,376,900  with 
the  unsold  grant  to  the  E.  &  N.  Railway  of  $5,000,000.  The  Balance  Sheet 
for  the  year  of  June  30  and,  the  half-year  of  Dec.  31,  was  as  follows: 

Fiscal  year  For  six  months 

Assets                                                                               ending  ending 

June  30,  1916.  Dec.  81,  1916. 

Property  Investment:  Rolling  Stock  and  Steamers.  .  .  .$530,788,978.65  $532,981  893   93 

Acquired   Securities    (Cost)     111,793,714.53  114,231,203.48 

Advances  to  Lines  and  Steamships  under  Construction     42,852,519.99  43,416,517.33 

Advances   and    Investments    9,639,472.07  10,453,138.31 

Deferred  Payments  on  Lands  and  Townsites    12,006,140.61  16,889,679.00 

Special    Investment   Fund:    Deferred    Payments;    Gov- 
ernment  Securities,   etc 56,268,768.84  56,995,317.78 

Working  Assets:    Supplies,    Balances  and  Cash 69,738,327.27  88,, 358, 518. 92 

Other   Assets    127,129,135.93  123,442,275.15 

Total      $960,217,057 . 89      $986,768,543 . 90 

Liabilities 

Capital  Stock $340,681,921 . 12  $340,681,921 . 12 

4   per   cent.   Consolidated   Debenture    Stock 176,284,882.10  176,284,882.10 

Mortgage   Bonds    3,650,000.00  3,650,000.00 

52,000,000.00  52,000,000.00 


Note  Certificates   6  per  cent. 


Premium  on  Ordinary  Capital 

Current    Liabilities 

Accrued:    Coupons,   etc 

Equipment  Obligations    


Stock  Sold 45,000,000.00  45,000,000.00 

15,511,225.47  17,989,049.02 

531,658.91  544,060.51 

11,680,000.00  11,130,000.00 

Reserves  and  Equipment  or  Steamship  Replacements..  24,801,796.36  33,949,283.75 

Net   Proceeds,    Lands   and   Townsites    68,255,803.19  71,999,871.75 

Surplus  Revenue  from  Operation    100,604,596.60  116,804,453.96 

Surplus    in    other    Assets    121,215,174.14  116,735,021.69 

Total     $960,217,057 . 89     $986,768,543 . 90 

Incidents  of  the  year  included  a  record  in  gross  and  net  earnings  of 
the  last  six  months  not  before  equalled  in  C.P.E.  history;  the  increase  in 
Canadian  holders  of  the  stock  from  5,138  in  August,  1915,  to  6,531  in  October, 
1916,  with,  at  the  latter  date,  49%  of  the  Common  stockholders  still  in 
Great  Britain,  15%  in  Canada  and  22%  in  the  United  States,  and  with  the 
stock  declining  in  New  York  at  the  end  of  the  year  to  a  point  realizing 
about  6^%;  the  trouble  with  United  States  railways  late  in  the  year  as 
to  freight  cars  which  compelled  the  C.P.E.  for  a  time  to  refuse  use  of  its 
cars  in  the  States  because  of  the  difficulty  of  getting  back  the  22,000  cars 
already  there ;  the  announcement  on  Nov.  30  through  its  Department  of 
Natural  Resources  that  the  C.P.E.,  as  a  large  Canadian  landowner  in  Western 
Canada,  was  anxious  to  aid  in  the  returned  soldier  problem  by  placing  them, 
after  the  War,  upon  its  colonization  farms  with  one  of  two  plans  suggested 
—  (1)  a  limited  number  of  farms  in  selected  colonies,  with  distinctive  mili- 
tary names,  improved  previous  to  occupation  by  the  erection  of  a  house, 
barn  and  fence,  the  provision  of  water  supply,  and  the  breaking  of  forty 
acres,  with  live-stock,  implements  and  seed  grain,  where  necessary,  provided, 
and  (2)  a  supply  of  almost  unlimited  land  available,  farms  to  be  tirst 
selected  by  the  intending  colonists,  and  then  improved  by  them  with  assist- 
ance from  the  Company  in  the  way  of  advances  of  building  and  fencing 
material,  live-stock,  implements  and  seed  grain. 

Other  incidents  included  the  opening  at  Quebec  of  a  new  C.P.E.  station 
on  Aug.  10,  and  of  another  at  North  Toronto  on  June  14;  the  settlement  on 
Oct.  24  of  a  threatened  strike  of  trainmen  arranged  after  two  weeks  of 
negotiations  between  Grant  Hall,  Vice-President,  and  S.  N.  Berry  and 
James  Murdock  for  the  men,  with  Sir  Eobert  Borden  coming  in  at  the  end; 
the  raising  of  Sir  T.  G.  Shaughnessy,  K.C.V.O.,  President  of  the  Company, 
to  the  Peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron  Shaughnessy,  the  death  in  action  of 
his  son,  Capt.,  the  Hon.  A.  T.  Shaughnessy,  and  the  enlistment  of  his  other 
son,  Capt.,  the  Hon.  W.  J.  Shaughnessy;  the  retirement  of  W.  E.  Baker, 
c.v.o.,  Secretary  of  the  Company,  and  Assistant  to  the  President,  after  a 
long  and  distinguished  railway  career,  and  the  appointment  of  E.  Alexander 


790  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

as  his  successor.  The  War-work  of  the  C.P.E.  is  impossible  to  indicate  at 
this  stage  and  may  be  unwritten  for  years.  The  enlistment  of  thousands 
of  men,  the  war  services  of  cars  and  officials  and  steamships  and  materials, 
the  tremendous  production  of  munitions,  were  vaguely  known  but  not  ade- 
quately. At  the  annual  meeting  of  1916  Lord  Shaughnessy  was  re-elected 
President  and  Chairman  of  the  Company  with  the  following  Directors. 

Richard  B.  Angus Montreal.  Wilmot  D.   Matthews Toronto. 

Edward  W.  Beatty,  K.c Montreal.  Lieut.-Col.  Frank  S.  Meighen.  Montreal. 

Hon.     Frederick    L.     Beique,  Sir  Vincent  Meredith,  Bart..  Montreal. 

K.C Montreal.  Augustus  M.   Nanton    Winnipeg. 

George  Bury Montreal.  Sir  Edmund  B.   Osier,   M.P.  .  Toronto. 

James   Dunsmuir    Victoria.  John  K.   L.   Ross Montreal. 

Sir  Herbert  S.  Holt . Montreal.  Lord    Shaughnessy,    K.O.V.O. .  Montreal. 

Charles  R.  Hosmer Montreal.  Sir   Thomas   Skinner,    Bart..  London. 

As  to  the  future  after  the  War,  Lord  Shaughnessy  was  optimistic  in 
several  Western  .speeches — notably  at  Calgary  on  Sept  21  and  Vancouver 
on  the  18th.  He  criticized  the  South  African  Scrip  policy  for  the  soldiers, 
urged  a  non-political  Immigration  service  and  policy,  pointed  out  that  for 
months  after  the  War  all  shipping  would  be  used  in  bringing  Canadian 
soldiers  home,  stated  that  during  the  17  years  he  had  been  President  the 
C.P.E.  had  spent  $400,000,000  upon  public  works,  suggested  a.  combination 
of  Labour  and  Immigration  Bureaux  as  the  best  working  organization  for 
Immigrants  and  strongly  supported  school-garden  work.  J.  S.  Dennis, 
Assistant  to  the  President,  had,  earlier  in  the  year,  described  Lord  Shaugh- 
nessy's  plans  for  supplying  1,000  C.P.R.  farms  for  returned  soldiers  aud 
stated  (Apr.  24)  that  this  involved  building  1,000  houses  and  1,000  barns; 
constructing  1,300  miles  of  fence  and  digging  1,000  wells;  breaking  and 
cultivating  50,000  acres.  The  buildings  would  require-  about  20,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  and  the  preparation  of  these  farms  would  entail  an  expenditure 
of  $3,500,000.  As  to  patriotic  .work  the  C.P.R.  also  rendered  great  services  to 
the  Red  Cross  Society  in  all  its  branches  throughout  Canada  by  carrying 
supplies  over  their  lines  absolutely  free  of  charge.  The  Company  contri- 
buted millions  toward  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund,  etc.  The  first  year  of 
the  War  the  employees  gave  to  the  Patriotic  Fund  one  day's  pay  each  month 
and  in  1916,  this  contribution  was  increased.  This,  of  course,  was  in  addi- 
tion to  other  contributions  made  by  them. 

The  Grand  Trunk  and   G.  T.  Pacific.    The  year  was 

a  difficult  one  for  the  Grand  Trunk  Company  and,  especially,  for  its  great 
subsidiary  undertakings — the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  running  from  Winnipeg 
to  Prince  Rupert,  and  the  National  Transcontinental  Railway  running  be- 
tween Moncton  and  Winnipeg.  The  latter  it  had  been  under  contract  to 
operate  but  this  had  proved  impossible  and  the  Hon.  J.  D.  Reid,  acting 
Minister  of  Railways,  stated  in  the  House  on  Apr.  5,  that  the  Line  could  not 
be  made  to  pay  for  many  years  to  come.  The  Government  had  taken  this 
road  over  for  operation  and  with  difficulty,  owing  to  lack  of  equipment, 
was  now  carrying  it  on.  At  the  annual  meeting  in  London  on  Apr.  18, 
C.  F.  Smithers,  Chairman  of  the  Grand  Trunk,  reported  for  1915,  a  payment 
of  4%  on  guaranteed  stock  in  place  of  3%%  in  the  previous  year — a  result 
achieved  by  the  decrease  of  £330,662  in  working  expenses.  During  that 
year,  also,  the  Company  gave  six  months'  pay  to  every  one  of  their  men 
who  joined  the  Canadian  Forces  for  service  overseas,  which  amounted  to 
£90,772.  This  was  discontinued  on  Mar.  1,  1916,  as  no  more  men  could 
be  spared.  ' '  But, ' '  continued  Mr.  Smithers,  ' '  from  March  onwards,  in  place  of 
payments  to  the  men,  the  Directors  proposed  to  contribute  $10,000  per 
month  to  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund."  Up  to  Feb.  29,  1916,  from  the 
commencement  of  enlistment  for  the  War,  the  Grand  Trunk  and  the  Grand 
Trunk  Pacific  Companies  had  sent  a  total  of  2,965  men  to  the  Front.  As 
to  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific,  Mr.  Smithers  stated  that  the  good  harvest  of 
1915  had  had  a  very  beneficial  effect  on  the  traffic;  the  fish  trade  at  Prince 
Rupert  had  developed  in  a  satisfactory  manner;  the  Directors  thought  there 
was  a  considerable  trade  to  be  created  with  Alaska,  and  they  were,  there- 


THE  GRAND  TRUNK  AND  G.  T.  PACIFIC  791 

fore,  extending  the  voyages  of  their  boats  up  the  Pacific  coast  as  far  as 
Skagway. 

Meantime,  on  Dec.  10,  1915,  Mr.  Smithers  had  written  to  the  Premier 
at  Ottawa,  asking  the  Government  "to  take  over  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific 
Railway  as  from  1st  January  next,  with  all  its  branch  lines,  together  with 
its  development  Company  and  other  subsidiary  Companies,  and  all  the 
assets."  After  much  public  discussion  the  Government  decided  to  help  by 
way  of  a  Loan  to  the  G.T.P.  Co.  and  to  the  Canadian  Northern  Co.  which, 
also,  was  in  difficulties.  As  to  the  former  Sir  Thomas  White  explained  in 
the  House  on  May  8  that  the  Company  had  issued  securities  guaranteed  by 
the  Dominion  to  the  amount,  in  round  figures,  of  $78,000,000.  In  addition, 
loans  had  been  made  by  the  Dominion  Government  to  an  amount  of  $25,000,- 
000,  while  the  Provinces  of  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  had  given  their 
guarantees  in  connection  with  the  G.T.P.  Branch  Lines  Co.,  a  subsidiary 
concern,  to  the  amount  of  $13,000,000.  Besides  these  guarantees  given  by 
Governments  upon  the  securities  of  the  G.T.P.,  the  Grand  Trunk  Eailway 
Co.  had  guaranteed  additional  securities  of  that  road  to  a  total  amount  of 
$97,000,000.  It  had  also  guaranteed  the  G.T.P.  Branch  Lines  and  Develop- 
ment concerns  to  a  total  of  $25,000,000. 

Of  the  G.T.P.  itself  the  Minister  of  Finance  said  in  his  speech  (May  8) 
that  it  was  out  of  the  construction  stage :  ' '  Its  fixed  charges  for  the  present 
year  amount  to  $7,200,000,  representing,  of  course,  the  interest  upon  its 
securities.  To  this  must  be  added  a  deficit  on  operating  account,  etc.,  of 
$2,000,000  making  a  total  exceeding  $9,000,000  of  a  deficit.  In  addition 
the  two  Eailway  Companies  are  in  arrears  of  interest  payments  to  the  Do- 
minion Government  upon  a  loan  of  $25,000,000  made  to  the  G.T.P.  by  the 
Government."  Hence  the  Loan  of  $8,000,000  which  the  Minister  proposed 
and  carried.  Following  the  arrangements  made  in  this  connection,  which 
included  the  appointment  of  three  Government  Directors  upon  the  G.T.P. 
Board,  J.  B.  Fraser,  Ottawa,  Jules  Hone,  Montreal,  and  Peter  McAra,  Eegina, 
were  appointed.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  G.T.P.  Company  was  held  at  Mon- 
treal on  Sept.  20  and  E.  J.  Chamberlin,  President,  stated  that  "the  operations 
of  the  Company's  lines  during  the  year,  from  Winnipeg  to  Prince  Eupert, 
show  substantial  increase  in  both  passenger  and  freight  traffic.  Prosperous 
conditions  developed  as  a  result  of  the  enormous  production  in  Western 
Canada  which  was  reflected  in  passenger  receipts  early  in  the  present  year 
when  business  began  to  show  substantial  improvement.  In  connection  with 
the  Company's  steamships  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  service  was  established  be- 
tween Prince  Eupert  and  Alaska  to  meet  the  demand  for  transportation  to 
that  part  of  the  world."  Mr.  Chamberlin  was  re-elected  President  and  the 
Government  Directors  mentioned  above  with  A.  W.  Smithers,  Sir  H.  M. 
Jackson,  Sir  Felix  Schuster  and  Sir  Arthur  Yorke,  of  England,  and  W.  M. 
Macpherson,  Hon.  E.  Dandurand,  E.  B.  Greenshields,  H.  G.  Kelley,  W.  H. 
Biggar,  Frank  Scott,  J.  E.  Dalrymple  and  W.  H.  Ardley  of  Canada.  At 
the  end  of  1916  the  year's  statement  of  business  for  the  Grand  Trunk 
System  as  distinct  from  the  G.T.P.  was  as  follows — compared  with  1915 
and  given  in  pounds  sterling: 

Particulars  1915  1916 

Gross    Receipts    £8,292,688  £9,819,740 

Working   Expenses    6,511,257  -  7,228,027 

Net  Traffic  Receipts    1,781,431  2,591,713 

Income  from  Rentals,   etc 373,222  62'4*! 

Total  Net  Revenue    2,154,653  2-654'}5? 

Sundries  386,048  447,104 

Net   Revenue   Receipts    2,540,701  3,101,232 

In  1916  the  Passengers  carried  totalled  13,132,611  and  the  tons  of 
freight  and  live-stock  carried  were  22,710,527;  the  Eeceipts  from  Passengers 
were  £2,442,343  and  from  Freight  £6,386,714— an  increase  in  each  case  over 
1915.  The  Grand  Trunk  Western  Eailway  (subsidiary)  showed  a  net 
revenue  of  £398,440  and  the  Detroit  and  Grand  Haven  of  £33,724.  The 
maintained  and  operated  mileage  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Eailway  System  in 
1916  was  4,019  miles;  the  total  of  all  tracks  and  sidings  was  6,309  miles. 


792  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

The  securities  owned  by  its  shareholders  were  $54,101,194,  those  held  by 
the  Public  were  £13,722,538  or,  approximately,  $68,000,000.  The  Directors 
at  the  close  of  1916  were  A.  W.  Smithers  (Chairman),  Sir  H.  M.  Jackson, 
Stanley  Baldwin,  M.P.,  J.  A.  Glutton-Brock,  Col.  F.  Firebrace,  Sir  Felix 
Schuster,  Sir  H.  A.  Yorke  and  Sir  Lawrence  Young  of  England  and  E.  J. 
Chamberlin  (President)  and  W.  M.  Macpherson  of  Canada.  The  War -work 
of  the  Railway  has  been  mentioned  and  it  may  be  added  that  by  Dec.  31, 
1916,  the  Grand  Trunk  System  had  paid  out  of  its  revenues  in  war  salaries 
and  Patriotic  Fund  contributions  $1,000,000  while  3,000  men  had  enlisted 
and  the  employees,  not  overseas,  had  contributed  one  day's  pay  each  quarter 
toward  Patriotic  and  Eed  Cross  Funds  with  gifts,  also,  of  motor  ambulances 
and  field  kitchens.  The  Company  gave  the  facilities  of  its  motive  power 
and  mechanical  shops  to  the  Government  for  the  work  of  maintaining  the 
supply  of  munitions. 

The  Canadian  Northern  Railway  System,     it  was 

inevitable  that  War  conditions  should  affect  the  position  of  this  great 
transcontinental  undertaking.  The  year  1915  was  particularly  a  difficult 
one  and  in  it  there  had  been  a  decrease  in  gross  earnings  of  $5,544,362 
or  17-63%  and  a  net  loss  or  deficit  of  $1,640,283.  Matters  improved  in  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1916,  with  a  deficit  of  only  $248,127,  but  help  was 
imperative  in  view  of  the  situation  and  the  money  markets;  and  the  Govern- 
ment came  to  the  aid  of  the  Eailway  with  a  Loan  of  $10,000,000.  The 
Liabilities  of  the  Company  at  this  time,  in  outstanding  Funded  Debt, 
totalled  $383,438,742  of  which  the  Guaranteed  Dominion  or  Provincial  issues 
were  as  follows:  Dominion  $104,613,247;  Ontario  $7,859,997;  Manitoba 
$25,501,865;  Saskatchewan  $14,762,546;  Alberta  $18,950,361;  British  Colum- 
bia $39,953,123;  with,  also,  $147,129,658  of  unguaranteed  securities.  There 
was  besides  an  Income  convertible  debenture  stock  of  $25,000,000.  In  his 
speech  of  May  8  Sir  Thomas  White  stated  that:  ''To  this  must  be  added  the 
principal  of  equipment  securities  which  have  been  issued,  installments  of 
which  mature  from  time  to  time.  The  total  principal  so  outstanding 
amounts  to  $17,000,000.  Although  the  securities  which  are  pledged  against 
them  are  contained  in  the  total  of  outstanding  securities  mentioned,  there 
are  temporary  loans  and  obligations  current  amounting  to  $92,000,000.  The 
Company  officials  assume  that  they  will  be  able  to  renew  the  short-date  loans 
or  to  procure  new  loans  to  take  their  places;  but  if  they  do  not  receive 
assistance  in  respect  of  their  current  obligations,  they  will  not  be  able  to 
carry  through  the  year."  Under  new  arrangements  made  with  the  Govern- 
ment in  respect  to  the  Loan  of  $10,000,000  and  control  of  a  part  of  its 
stock,  the  following  Government  Directors  were  appointed:  W.  K.  George, 
Toronto,  H.  W.  Richardson,  Kingston,  and  W.  J.  Christie,  Winnipeg.  The 
statements  for  1915  and  1916  (June  30)  were  as  follows: 

Particulars  1915  1916 

Gross    Earnings     $25,912,106  $35,476,275 

Working   Expenses    ' 19,288,814  26,102,744 

Net    Earnings    6,623,291  9,373,530 

Fixed    Charges     8,263,574  9,621,657 

Net    Deficit    1,640,283  248,127 

Sir  Wm.  Mackenzie,  President  of  the  System  and  Executive  head  of  the 
entire  undertaking — as  Sir  D.  D.  Mann  had  been  the  practical  power 
— reviewed  the  whole  situation  in  his  second  annual  address  under  the  re- 
organization of  all  the  C.N.R.  Companies  into  the  one  System  which  had 
taken  place  in  1915.  He  pointed  out  that  the  average  mileage  under  opera- 
tion was  8,048  or  an  increase  of  779  miles  in  the  year,  and  that  the  operat- 
ing revenues  had  also  increased  36-91%;  that  the  System  was  fortunate  in 
the  possession  of  vast  timber,  mineral  and  agricultural  traffic  resources  on 
its  new  lines,  and  that  British  Columbia  business,  in  particular,  was  improv- 
ing; that  as  a  result  of  the  pulp-wood  demands  arrangements  were  being 
made  in  the  Company's  2,000,000  acres  of  Northern  Ontario  land  for  the 
establishment  of  pulp  and  paper  mills;  that  131,978,809  bushels  of  grain 
were  carried  as  against  58,575,520  bushels  in  1915,  or  an  increase  of  125%; 
that  the  new  station  in  North  Toronto,  which  would  be  occupied  with  the 


THE  CANADIAN  NORTHERN  RAILWAY  SYSTEM  793 

C.P.R.,  was  complete  and  that  it  was  hoped  the  Montreal  and  Vancouver 
terminals  would  be  ready  early  in  1917.  Reference  was  made  by  Sir  William 
to  the  increase  of  operating  expenses  by  35-33%  owing  to  greater  mileage 
and  freight,  and  to  the  sale  of  19,443  acres  of 'Company  lands  at  $318248 
He  also  mentioned  an  agreement  with  the  Cunard  Steamship  Company  under 
which  it  took  over  the  Atlantic  steamers  controlled  by  the  Canadian  Northern 
with  a  close  working  alliance  between  the  two  companies,  so  that  the  various 
Canadian  services  of  the  Cunard  line  and  the  Canadian  Northern  became  a 
single  transportation  unit  between  Europe  and  Canada. 

The  President  concluded  with  expressions  of  pride  in  the  great  under- 
taking which  he  and  his  associates  had  brought  to  completion:  "The  main 
line  from  Quebec  to  Vancouver  is  superior  to  any  line  crossing  the  Con- 
tinent of  America,  in  point  of  grades  and  curvatures  favouring  traffic, 
The  System's  railways  occupy  an  enviable  position  in  the  Prairie  Provinces, 
in  which  the  first  mileage  was  constructed.  Assuming  the  population  of 
villages  and  towns  having  1,000  inhabitants  and  over  to  be  urban,  the  rail- 
ways of  the  System  serve  90%  of  the  urban  population  of  Alberta,  and  97% 
of  the  urban  population  of  Saskatchewan  and  Manitoba.  In  British  Columbia 
the  System  has  lines  serving  78%  of  the  urban  population.  In  Ontario  and 
Quebec,  the  Provinces  from  which  manufactured  products  are  mainly  derived 
for  Canadian  consumption,  the  System  will  have  access  to  cities  and  towns 
with  70%  of  the  factory  output  of  these  two  Provinces — when  the  40  miles 
of  railway  to  Hamilton  is  in  operation.  Further  than  this,  the  railways  of 
the  System  are  now  serving  75%  of  the  aggregate  population  of  the  cities 
and  towns  of  all  Canada  having  5,000  inhabitants  and  over."  The  Freight- 
carried  in  1916  (June  30)  included  7,574,500  sacks  of  flour,  131,978,809 
bushels  of  grain,  488,809  head  of  live-stock,  1,809,000,000  feet  of  logs  and 
lumber,  1,741,031  tons  of  coal,  286,745  cords  of  firewood.  The  equipment 
included  740  locomotives,  1,264  Passenger  and  other  cars,  29,368  freight  and 
stock  cars;  the  total  mileage  was  9,296  though  the  average  operated  was 
8,048;  the  Passengers  carried  numbered  9,384,056  and  the  Freight  was 
13,353,381  tons.  The  Balance  Sheet*  was  as  follows  on  June  30,  1916: 

Assets 

Railway   and   Equipment   at   cost    $494,112,489 

Investments:    National   Trust   certificates   and   Terminal   Properties 8,703,838 

Land    Assets     29,405,165 

Cash   and   other  Current  Assets    35,345,840 

Sundries     .  11,179,957 


Total     $578,747,291 

Liabilities 

Capital   Stock,    Common    $100,000,000 

Capital   Stock   of  Affiliated   Companies — Less   $69,557,400   in   Treasury....  5,872,160 

5  per  cent.  Income  charge  stock 25,000,000 

Funded  Debt    285,416,264 

Equipment   Trust    Obligations    16,862,500 

Temporary   Loans   and   Construction   Account    72,579,918 

Current    Liabilities 12,994,152 

Interest,    etc.,    due    4,579,271 

Reserves      5,369,118 

Affiliated   Companies — Advances    10,250,506 

Surplus 39,823,459 

Total     $578  747,291 

As  to  the  War  the  C.N.R.  System  did  much  service.  Up  to  the  close 
of  1916,  the  Company  and  its  employees  had  subscribed  $100,000  to  the 
Patriotic  Fund;  of  the  men  2,400  had  gone  to  the  Front;  the  Winnipeg 
shops  had  been  turning  out  quantities  of  munitions  while  the  Railway  car- 
ried free  many  people  employed  in  connection  with  Patriotic  activities  and 
Red  Cross  work  with,  also,  freight  in  this  latter  connection.  The  Board  of 
Directors  at  the  close  of  1916  was  as  follows:  Sir  William  Mackenzie, 
President,  Sir  Donald  Mann,  Vice-President,  D.  B.  Hanna,  3rd  Vice-Presi- 
dent,  Z.  A.  Lash,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  Lieut.-Col.  Frederic  Nicholls,  R.  J.  Mackenzie 
and  E.  R.  Wood— all  of  Toronto,  and  R.  M.  Horne-Payne  of  London,  England. 

*NOTE. — The  omission  of  the  cents  makes  a  slight  discrepancy  in  additions. 


794  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Transportation  Incidents  of  1916 

Jan.    1.     Official   figures   showed   that   the   Dominion   or  Provinces   owned 
on  June  30,  1915,  the  following  Bailway  lines: 

Railway                                                                                                       Miles  Cost 

Intercolonial     1,455  $109,221,080 

National    Transcontinental     1,994  152,802,746 

Prince   Edward  Island 275  9,496,567 

Timiscaining   and   Northern    329  20,085,218 

New  Brunswick  Coal  and  Railway    58  218,936,600 


Total     4,111  $293,542,201 

Mar.  9.  The  Hon.  J.  D.  Eeid,  acting  Minister  of  Eailways,  dealt  in 
the  Commons  with  the  best  year  the  Intercolonial  Eailway  had  ever  had — 
the  1915  estimates  for  $9,290,650  being  reduced  to  an  expenditure  of 
$7,100,000  with  the  other  figures  as  follows: 

Actual     earnings    to     Dec.     31,  Estimated  expenses  Jan. -March, 

1915     $10,613,264            1916     2,260,000 

Estimated    Jan.-Mch.,     1916.  .  .      3,800,000  Renewal  of  equipment  account.  600,000 
Rail    renewal    a/c    400,000 

$14,413,264  Flre  renewal  a/c 100.000 

Actual  expenses  to  Dec.  31,  Total  $13,356,754 

1915  8,896,754  Showing  a  surplus  of 1,056,510 

Mar.  9.  Hon.  J.  D.  Eeid,  acting  Minister  of  Eailways,  stated  that  the 
Quebec  Bridge  would  probably  be  ready  for  use  by  the  end  of  1917. 
Meanwhile  the  new  car  ferry  between  Quebec  and  Levis  was  bridging  the 
gap.  The  expenditure  to  date  had  been  $18,000,000  of  which  amount 
$10,473,000  had  been  for  the  new  Bridge.  The  total  cost  of  the  under- 
taking, when  finally  completed,  would  be  about  $27,000,000. 

Mar.  9.  As  to  the  National  Transcontinental  Eailway  Hon.  Mr.  Eeid 
stated  that  to  Dec.  1,  1915,  the  gross  earnings  from  Moncton  to  Winnipeg 
were  $2,962,113,  while  operating  expenses  totalled  $1,975,994.  To  this 
should  be  added  a  rental  paid  to  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  of  $350,000  for 
the  Lake  Superior  section. 

Mar.  31.  The  construction  expenses  of  the  Intercolonial  totalled 
$106,312,705  to  date,  the  working  expenses  $218,463,865,  and  the  revenues 
$211,169,540;  The  Hudson  Bay  Eailway  running  from  Le  Pas  on  the  C.N.E. 
to  Port  Nelson  on  Hudson's  Bay  had  378  miles  graded  to  date,  241  miles 
of  track  laid,  395  miles  of  right-of-way  cleared; 

Upon  the  new  Welland  Ship  Canal  the  Government  expended  in  1914 
$994,247,  in  1915  $4,074,200  and  in  1916  $4,892,105,  with  sundries  making 
a  total  to  date  of  $10,147,801. 

Mar.  31,  The  total  Government  expenditure  to  date  on  the  National 
Transcontinental  Eailway  (Moncton  to  Winnipeg)  was  $159,881,197,  the 
mileage  distance  was  2,002,  the  working  expenses  for  the  year  $3,860,528, 
the  gross  earnings  $3,758,387;  the  certified  and  approved  expenditure  to 
date  on  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Eailway  (Winnipeg  to  Prince  Eupert)  was 
$93,160,195. 

Mar.  31.  The  year's  expenditure  on  Canadian  Canals  was  $7,906,863 
and  the  revenue  $446,722;  the  traffic  for  the  1915  season  was  15,198,803 
tons,  or  a  reduction  of  25,000,000  tons,  the  total  expenditure  on  the  Canals 
to  date  was  $126,971,260  and  revenues  $16,203,848. 

CANADIAN   RAILWAY  STATISTICS  TO  JUNE   30,    1916. 

Capital    $1,893,877,819 

Operated   Mileage    37,434 

Cost  of  Government-owned  and  operated   Railways    306,053,937 

Dividends  on    Stock    32,277,874 

Total  Dominion    (Cash)    Aid  to   Railways    184,719,627 

37,437,895 

17,914,836 

43,983,952 

49,027,671 

Freight"  Traffic    (Tons)     109,659,083 

Gross    Earnings     263,527,157 

Operating   Expenses    180,542,259 

Total  Locomotives    (No.)    5,490 

Total  Cars  in   Passenger  Service    6,326 

Total   Cars  in   Freight   Service    201,614 

Total   Taxation    $3,321,801 


Provincial    (Cash)    Aid    Si 

Total  Municipal   (Cash)   Aid  Subsidies 

Total  of  all  Land  Grants   (Acres)    

Passenger   Traffic    (No.) 


CANADIAN  RESOURCES  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


Mar.  31.  For  the  year  ending  at  this  date  the  Deputy  Minister  of 
Marine  and  Fisheries  (A.  Johnston)  reported  the  total  number  of  vessels 
on  the  Canadian  register  as  8,631  measuring  1,215,021  gross  tons.  The 
register  total  on  Dec.  31,  1914  and  1915,  was,  respectively,  8,772  vessels  with 
932,423  tonnage  and  8,757  vessels  with  929,312  tonnage. 

Mar.  31.  The  Immigration  figures  for  the  following  years  were  as 
under : 


Year 

1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 


British 

150,542 

142,622 

43,276 

8,664 


From 

the  U.  S. 

139,009 

107,530 

59,779 

36,937 


Other 

Countries 

112,881 

134,726 

41,734 

2,936 


Totals 

402,432 

384,878 

144,789 

48,537 


MINERAL   PRODUCTION   BY  PROVINCES. 


Provinces 

Nova  Scotia 
New    Brunswick 

Quebec    

Ontario      

Manitoba     

Saskatchewan     .  . 

Alberta    

British    Columbia 
Yukon     . 


1915. 

Value  of 

Per  cent 

Production. 

of  total. 

$18,088,342 

13-19 

903,467 

0-66 

11,619,275 

8-48 

61,071,287 

44-54 

1,318,387 

0-96 

451,933 

0-33 

9,909,347 

7-23 

28,689,425 

20-92 

5,057,708 

3.69 

Dominion 


1916. 

Value  of 

Per  cent 

Production. 

of  total. 

$19,963,985 

11-26 

878,446 

0-49 

14,397,909 

8-12 

80,379,352 

45'-32 

1,819,921 

1-03 

583,708 

0-33 

13,336,702 

7-52 

40,191,744 

22.66 

5,805.687 

3-27 

$137,109,171  100  -00  $177,357,454 

FOUR  YEARS  OF  TOTAL  CANADIAN  PRODUCTION. 


100-00 


Year 


Farm  Forest 

Products  Products 

1913      $194,930,040  $43,255,060 

1914      251,569,148  42,792,137 

1915      209,136,793  42,650,683 

1916      352,543,470        51,271,400 


Fisheries 

$16,336,721 
20,623,560 
19,687,068 
22,377,977 


Minerals     Manufactures 


$57,442,546 
59,039,054 
51,740,989 
66,589,861 


$43,692,708 
57,443,452 
85,539,501 

242,034,998 


FOUR  YEARS  (MAR.  31)  OF  CANADIAN  TRADE. 

Total 

Exports 

393,232,057 


1913 

1914  478^907^928 

1915  490,808,877 

1916  882,872,502 


Total 
Imports 
692,032,392 
650,746,797 
629,444,894 
564,505,796 


Entered  for 

Consumption 

675,517,045 

633,692,449 

587,439,304 

542,077,361 


Duty 

115,063,687.93 

107,180,578.33 

79,205,910.27 

103,940,100.86 


FOUR  YEARS  OF  CANADIAN  TRADE  WITH  BRITAIN  AND  STATES. 


Canadian 
Exports  to 

1913  ... 

1914  .  .  . 

1915  .  .  . 

1916  . 


United 
Kingdom 
177,982,002 
222,322,766 
211,758,863 
463,081,241 


United 
States 

167,110,382 
200,459,373 
215,409,326 
320,225,080 


Canadian 
Imports  from 

1913     

1914     

1915     

1916  . 


United 

Kingdom 

138,749,998 

132,070,876 

90,160,781 

80,108,795 


United 

States 

441,141,562 
410,786,091 
428,616,927 
398,693,720 


FOUR  YEARS  OF  BANK  CLEARINGS. 


Provinces 

Ontario     

Quebec    

Manitoba      

British    Columbia 

Alberta      

New    Brunswick 
Nova  Scotia   .... 
Saskatchewan     . 


1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

$2,747,331,878 

$2,536,380,813 

$2,411,179,697 

$3,248,026,159 

3,035,683,846 

2,797,227,742 

2,786,448,334 

3,939,249,604 

1,667,163,735 

1,397,358,263 

1,557,815,297 

2,090,717,775 

813,301,278 

560,899,682 

371,713,956 

415,837,842 

510,935,718 

399,965,447 

308,836,962 

400,754,671 

85,756,651 

78,001,844 

76,468,267 

90,966,795 

105,623,769 

100,260,107 

104,414,585 

125,997,877 

284,366,306 

203,366,827 

179,903,764 

245,637,184 

Total     $9,260,163,171         $8,073,460,725    $7,796,781,250  $10,557,187,917 

[795J 


796  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

CANADIAN   MINERAL   PRODUCTION    IN    1916 

METALLIC 

Product  Value 

Cobalt  metallic  and   contained  in  oxide,   etc $926,045 

Copper,  value  at  27  '202  cents  per  pound    32,580,057 

Gold    . 19,162,025 

Iron,  pig  from  Canadian  ore 1,328,595 

Iron,  ore  sold  for  export    393,689 

Lead,   value  at   8  '513   cents  per  pound    3,540,870 

Molybdenite,    No.   2   contents   at   $1 . 00   per   pound    159,000 

Nickel,    value    at    35    cents   per   pound    29,035,497 

Silver,   value   at   65  '661   cents  per   oz 16,854,635 

Zinc,  value  at  12-804  cents  per  pound    3,010,864 

Sundries 48,758 

Total     $107,040,035 

NON-METALLIC 

Arsenic,  white    $262,349 

Asbestos    5,133,332 

Chromite,  crude   ore    299,753 

Coal     38,797,437 

Graphite     285,362 

Gypsum     730,831 

Magnesite 563,829 

Mica    122,541 

Natural  gas    3,924,632 

Petroleum     392,284 

Pyrites    1,084,019 

Quartz    241,806 

Salt     668,627 

Sundries     , 508,891 


Total $3,015,693 

STRVCTURAL  MATERIALS  AND  CLAY  PRODUCTS 

Cement,    Portland $6,529,861 

Clay  Products    4,196,933 

Lime 1,089,505 

Sand  and  gravel    (not   complete)     1,498,009 

Stone     3,868,059 

Sundries 119,359 


Total     $17,301,726 

All  other  non-metallic    53,015,693 

Total   value,    metallic 107,040,035 

Grand  Total,    1916 $177,357,454 

Mar.  31.  The  Fisheries  Production  of  Canada  for  the  year  was  as 
follows : 

British   Columbia    $14,538,320        Manitoba    $742,925 

Nova    Scotia    9,166,851        Saskatchewan    165,888 

New  Brunswick    4,737,145        Alberta     94,134 

Ontario    3,341,182        Yukon    63,730 

Quebec     2,076,851  

P.    E..  Island    933,682  Total     $35,860,708 

The  chief  kinds  of  Fish  caught  were  Salmon  valued  at  $11,262,381, 
Lobster  $4,506,155,  Cod  $4,489,496,  Herring  $2,906,887,  Halibut  $2,261,776, 
Haddock,  Sardines  and  Whitefish  over  $1,000,000  each.  The  total  in  1914-15 
was  $31,264,631.  The  number  of  persons  working  in  Fisheries  and  Can- 
neries (1915-6)  was  27,320,  the  number  of  fishermen  engaged  74,862  and 
the  capital  invested  in  the  industry  $25,855,575. 

June  30.  The  Electric  Eailways  of  Canada  had  a  mileage  of  2,248;  a 
capitalization  of  $154,895,584;  Earnings  and  Income  of  $27,416,284;  Operat- 
ing expenses  of  $18,099,905;  Fare  passengers  carried  of  580,094,167  and 
freight  of  1,936,674  tons;  with  10,622  employees. 


GENERAL  INCIDENTS  OF  THE  YEAR 


Jan.  13.     Parliament,  which  opened  at  this  date  and  closed  on  May  18, 
discussed  the  following  more  important  issues  in  addition  to  War  matters: 
Subject  Date  Presented    by 

Seed   Grain    Indebtedness    ....................  Feb.     2    ........  W.    E.    Knowles. 

Pish,  Transportation  and  Marketting  of    ........  Feb.     3    ........  Clarence  Jameson. 

Labour  Bureaux,   Proposed  national    ...........  Feb.     7    ........  Hon.    R.    Lemieux. 

Divorce    Cases,    Procedure    in    ................  Feb.  14   ........  W.   B.  Northrup. 

Free    Wheat     ...............................  Feb.  14   ........  J.  G.  Turriff. 

Feb.  23    ........ 

Bank  Loans  to  Farmers    .....................  Feb.  18    ........  Sir   Thomas  White. 

Public  Health   Proposed,   Department  of    ........  Feb.  28    ........  Michael    Steele. 

French-Canadians  in  the  Public  Service    ........  Feb.  28    ........  H.  Boulay. 

Women    Suffrage     ...........................  Feb.  28    ........  Hon.    Wm.    Pugsley. 

Flax    Industry     .............................  Mar.     1   ........  S.    Frank    Glass. 

Grain    Transportation     .......................  Mar.     1   ........  Hon.   J.   D.   Reid. 

Customs'   Taxation    ..........................  Mar.  15   ........  Sir  Thomas  White. 

Capital   Punishment,    Abolition   of    .............  Mar.  20   ........  R.   Bickerdike. 

St.   John   Valley   Railway    ....................  Mar.  20   .......  F.   B.   Carvell. 

Technical    Education    ........................  Mar.  27      .....  Hon.  R.  Lemieux. 

Zinc    Bounty     ..............................  Apr.  19      .....  Sir   Thomas   White. 

Ma 


Hon.  J.  D.  Reid. 
Hon.  J.  D.  Reid. 
E.  M.  Macdonald. 


St.  John  &   Quebec  Railway    ..................  May     3 

Quebec  &   Saguenay  Railway    .................  May  16 

Shipbuilding,  Encouragement  of  ................  May  16 

DEBATES  IN  THE   SENATE,   1916. 
Debate   on  Address  .....................................................  Jan.    19 

Quebec  &  Saguenay  Railway    ....................................  Apr.   12,  May  17 

Recruiting   .............................................  Apr.  27,  Mar.  14,  May  4 

Supreme  Court,  Abolition  of  Appeals  from   ..........................  Apr.  6,  May  16 

Prohibition,    Provincial    ...............................................  May    9-11 

Port   Nelson   Expenditures    ....................................  ..........  Mar.    29 

Promotion   of  Agricultural,    Industrial   and   Trade   Interests    ..................  Mar.    15 

Proposed  Constitutional  Change    ...........................................  May  2 

French-Canadian  Position    .........................  Mar.   14,   16,  23,  Apr.  27,  May  4 

Feb.  24.  The  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Imperial  Privy  Council  gave 
judgment  in  the  matter  at  issue  between  the  Provinces  and  the  Dominion 
as  to  whether  Provincial  incorporation  of  a  Company  carried  the  right  to 
do  business  outside  Provincial  limits.  The  decision  was  that  Provincial  charters 
for  companies  with  Provincial  objects  were  legal  within  their  Provinces  and  also 
outside.  The  Dominion  charters  of  the  same  nature  might  or  might  not  be 
legal  but  in  any  case  Dominion  Companies  were  liable  to  taxation  in  all  the 
Provinces. 

Mar.  10.  Comprehensive  plans  for  the  beautification,  development  and 
replanning  of  the  Canadian  capital  were  presented  to  Parliament  when  the 
Finance  Minister  laid  on  the  table  the  Eeport  of  the  Federal  Town  Planning 
Commission,  appointed  in  June,  1913,  under  the  Chairmanship  of  Sir  Herbert 
Holt.  The  other  Commissioners  were  Sir  Alexandre  Lacoste,  Montreal,  Frank 
Darling  and  E.  Home  Smith,  Toronto,  and  the  Mayors  of  Ottawa  and  Hull. 

Mar.  21.  The  City  of  Toronto  appointed  Thomas  Bradshaw,  a  well- 
known  financier,  as  City  Treasurer  at  $15,000  per  annum. 

Apr.  2.  At  the  inaugural  meeting  of  the  Free  Trade  League  of  Can- 
ada, held  in  Winnipeg,  Dr.  Michael  Clark,  M.P.,  delivered  an  eloquent  address. 
D.  W.  Buchanan,  President  of  the  League,  was  Chairman. 

May  1.  The  personnel  of  the  Honorary  Trade  Commission  nominated 
by  Sir  G.  E.  Foster,  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce,  to  visit  the  United 
Kingdom,  France  and  Belgium  and  to  report  upon  Trade  conditions  and 
opportunities,  included  J.  W.  Woods,  President  (1915)  of  the  Toronto  Board 
of  Trade;  T.  H.  Wardleworth,  Montreal;  George  W.  Allan,  Winnipeg; 
Frank  Urgel  Pauze,  Lumber  dealer,  Montreal;  H.  Edmond  Dupre,  past  Presi- 
dent, Quebec  Board  of  Trade;  and  W.  Frank  Hatheway,  St.  John. 

June  10.  The  functions  of  the  Bureau  of  Social  Kesearch  established 
by  the  Governments  of  Manitoba,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  were  described 

[797] 


798  THE^  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

as  two-fold — (1)  to  secure  information  through  co-operation  with  public 
and  private  agencies  and  by  special  investigation  and  (2)  to  disseminate 
such  information  by  means  of  reports,  bulletins,  the  public  press,  lectures, 
correspondence,  etc.  Two  kinds  of  investigation  were  to  be  carried  on 
during  the  first  year:  (1)  The  care  of  immigrants,  with  special  reference 
to  the  Euthenians  settled  in  large  numbers  in  the  rural  districts  of  all  three 
Provinces;  (2)  a  preliminary  inquiry  with  regard  to  the  feeble-minded,  for 
whom  as  yet  there  was  no  proper  institutional  care.  The  Eev.  J.  S.  Woods- 
worth,  Winnipeg,  was  appointed  Director. 

June.  15.  At  this  date  14  seats  in  the  House  of  Commons  were  vacant 
and  the  bye -elections  held  over  by  tacit  agreement  of  the  two  parties — 
10  of  the  seats  were  Conservative  and  4  Liberal. 

June  19.  Lionel  Curtis,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Round  Table  move- 
ment, addressed  the  Toronto  Canadian  Club  as  he  did  later  those  of  many 
other  Canadian  centres.  During  this  Empire  tour  he  spoke  on  the  closer 
constructive  unity  of  the  Empire  in  South  Africa  and  Australia  as  well 

as  Canada. 

• 

June  28.  The  previous  week's  edition  of  the  Sault  Express,  edited  by 
C.  N.  Smith,  was  suspended  for  three  months  by  the  Government  for  declar- 
ing that  Canadians  had  better  stay  at  home  and  mind  their  own  business; 
Britain  could  get  her  troops  from  India. 

July  18.  Beginning  at  this  date  a  Conference  of  the  National  Liberal 
Advisory  Committee — 56  prominent  men  from  all  over  Canada — was  held 
at  Ottawa  with  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier  presiding — and  with  the  prior  announce- 
ment that  since  last  December  the  various  Sub-Committees  appointed  to  study 
the  questions  of  national  finance,  problems  of  rural  life,  establishment  of 
a  rural  credit  system,  the  welfare  of  returned  soldiers,  technical  education, 
control  of  limited  liability  companies,  bankruptcy  and  social  reform  and 
health  legislation,  and  railway  and  transportation  problems,  had  been  hard 
at  work,  and  were  ready  to  submit  interim  reports.  About  40  Delegates 
were  present.  The  enactment  of  a  Federal  bankruptcy  law  was  favoured 
by  the  Committee  headed  by  S.  W.  Jacobs,  K.C.,  Montreal;  the  subject  of 
Social  Eeform  was  ably  presented  in  a  Eeport  by  J.  E.  Atkinson,  Toronto, 
with  Old  Age  and  Mothers'  Pensions,  a  National  system  of  Health  and 
Unemployment  Insurance  supported;  John  Bain,  Ottawa,  Hon.  Edward 
Brown,  Winnipeg,  and  Hon.  J.  A.  Calder,  Eegina,  dealt  with  the  question 
of  Eural  Credits  and  favoured  the  issue  of  land  mortgage  bonds  on  the 
amortization  principle  by  Provincial  banks;  Hon.  S.  A.  Fisher  presented 
the  question  of  Agricultural  conditions  and  his  Committee  urged  a  com- 
prehensive system  of  Good  Eoads;  the  Committee  as  to  Eeturned  Soldiers 
(H.  B.  McGiverin,  ex-M.P.)  advised  a  Federal  Board  with  agents  through- 
out the  Dominion  to  administer  the  Pension  Act  and  supervise  employment 
questions;  the  Committee  on  Technical  Education  (Hon.  W.  L.  Mackenzie- 
King)  urged  a  comprehensive  national  plan  with  Dominion  and  Provincial 
co-operation;  the  Transportation  Committee,  through  Hon.  G.  P.  Graham, 
outlined  the  problems  involved  but  for  the  moment  did  not  make  recom- 
mendations. A  new  Committee  was  appointed  to  deal  with  the  question 
of  Proportional  Eepresentation.  Eesolutions  were  passed  (1)  in  favour  of 
Provincial  Banks  having  power  to  lend  on  long-term  Land  bonds;  (2)  con- 
firming the  Technical  Education  Eeport  and  that  relating  to  a  Federal 
Board  for  Eeturned  Soldiers'  affairs. 

July  25.  The  10th  annual  Convention  of  the  Western  Canada  Irriga- 
tion Association  was  held  at  Kamloops,  B.C.,  and  was  addressed  by  leading 
University  and  Agricultural  authorities  of  the  West.  The  Hon.  W.  E. 
Motherwell  of  Eegina  was  elected  President. 

Aug.  30.  The  Yukon  Territory  voted  on  Prohibition  with  the  follow- 
ing question  asked:  "Are  you  in  favour  of  prohibiting  the  sale,  importa- 


GENERAL  INCIDENTS  OF  THE  YEAR  799 

tion  and  manufacture  of  intoxicating  liquor  for  beverage  purposes  in  the 
Yukon  Territory?"  The  returns  showed  a  majority  of  3  against  it,  and 
demands  for  a  recount  were  dismissed  by  Mr.  Justice  Macaulay  as  not  com- 
ing within  the  purview  of  the  Yukon  Council  Ordinance. 

Nov.  21.  The  5th  annual  meeting  of  the  Associated  Boards  of  Trade 
of  Ontario  met  at  Hamilton  and  passed  Eesolutions  (1)  urging  the  Eailway 
Commission  to  relieve  or  prohibit  the  Express  companies  from  charging 
a  manifest  fee  on  express  traffic  with  the  United  States;  (2)  advocating  a 
tax-free  alcohol  for  purposes  other  than  as  a  beverage;  (3)  asking  the 
Ontario  Government  to  draft  a  Town-planning  Act  similar  to  those  of  other 
Provinces;  (4)  requesting  Dominion  legislation  for  the  Daylight  saving 
scheme;  (5)  asking  for  a  Federal  Commission  to  study  the  Immigration 
problem  and  for  a  Scientific  Investigation  Bureau  to  help  the  natural  re- 
sources of  the  country;  (6)  urging  Agricultural  Lectures  in  connection  with 
Boards  of  Trade;  (7)  requesting  a  Provincial  Department  of  Municipal 
Affairs.  H.  L.  Frost,  Hamilton,  was  elected  President  in  succession  to  R. 
Home  Smith,  Toronto. 

Nov.  30.  400  Shareholders  of  the  Grain  Growers'  Grain  Co.  meeting  in 
Winnipeg  endorsed  the  policy  of  the  Free  Trade  League  of  Canada  and  a 
large  number  joined  the  League  after  hearing  speeches  from  F.  J.  Dixon, 
M.L.A.,  G.  F.  Chipman  and  Eev.  Dr.  S.  G.  Bland. 

Dec.  1.  It  was  announced  at  Winnipeg  that  an  amalgamation  of  the 
United  Farmers  of  Alberta,  the  Alberta  Farmers'  Co-operative  Elevator 
Co.,  the  Manitoba  Grain  Growers'  Association  and  the  Grain  Growers'  Grain 
Co.  Ltd.,  had  been  arranged  as  The  United  Grain  Growers'  Ltd. 

Dec.  6.  The  platform  enunciated  by  the  Council  of  Agriculture  at 
Winnipeg  on  behalf  of  the  Farmers'  organizations  of  the  West,  was  an 
elaborate  document  demanding  (1)  Eeciprocity  and  reduced  tariffs;  (2) 
direct  taxes  on  improved  land  values,  incomes,  inheritance  and  corporation 
profits;  (3)  nationalization  of  railways,  telegraphs  and  express  companies; 
(4)  Direct  Legislation  with  the  Initiative  Referendum  and  Recall;  (5)  aboli- 
tion of  patronage,  publicity  for  campaign  funds,  Provincial  control  of 
liquor  manufacture,  export  and  import,  and  Provincial  Woman's  franchise 
to  automatically  include  Dominion  franchise. 

Oct.  29.  The  newspaper  situation  in  Canada  became  serious  during  the 
year  and  at  this  date  the  mills  had  declared  for  a  minimum  price  of  3 
cents  per  pound  f.o.b.  mill,  on  new  contracts  for  one  year.  This  proposed 
charge  represented  an  increase  of  approximately  60  per  cent,  in  the  cost  of 
newsprint,  as  the  minimum  rate  on  existing  contracts  was  considerably  under 
2  cents  per  pound — the  larger  newspapers  paying  1-87%  to  2  cents  at  the 
mills.  Sixty  per  cent,  of  the  newspapers  of  Canada  were  said  to  be  without 
contracts  or  else  with  contracts  expiring  by  Dec.  31,  1916.  The  contracts 
of  nearly  one-half  the  remaining  newspapers  terminated  before  June  30, 
1917.  It  was  estimated  by  S.  Eoy  Weaver  in  the  New  York  Tribune  that 
the  3 -cent  minimum  rate  would  involve  an  aggregate  extra  annual  cost  to 
the  Canadian  newspapers  of  $2,000,000.  The  fact  of  one  month's  increase 
in  exports,  as  follows,  will  illustrate  the  position:  Chemical  and  mechanical 
pulp,  June  1913,  $294,644  and  News-print  $874,284;  June  1914,  $618,o96 
and  $1,135,283  respectively;  June  1915,  $561,471  and  $1,345,444;  June  1916, 
$1,227,871  and  $1,713,822  respectively. 

May  16.  The  Royal  Society  of  Canada  met  in  its  annual  Session  at 
Ottawa  with  Dr.  Alfred  Baker  in  the  chair  and  the  delivery  by  him  of  an 
able  address  upon  "Canada's  Intellectual  Status  and  Needs, 
were  paid  to  deceased  members— Ernest  Gagnon,  S.  E.  Dawson,  Sir  Sandford 
Fleming,  W.  F.  King— and  the  following  were  elected  as  Fellows  of  the 
Society : 


800  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

C.  Marius  Barbeau,  B.sc.  D.  Fraser  Harris,   M.D.,  D.SC. 

L'Abbe  Emile  Chartier,  Ph.D.  Francis   E.   Lloyd,   M.A. 

Archibald  MacMechan,   B.A.,   Ph.D.  Victor    Morin,    B.A.,    LL.D. 

Oscar   D.    Skelton,    M.A.,   Ph.D.  Robert  A.  Falconer,  C.M.G.,  LL.D. 

C.   McLean   Fraser,   M.A.,   Ph.D.  Howard   L.   Bronson,   B.A.,   Ph.D. 

Andrew  Hunter,  M.A.,  B.SC.,  M.B. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Macallum,  F.R.S.,  was  elected  President  for  1916-17. 

Dec.  18.  John  Stanfield,  M.P.,  Chief  Whip  of  the  Federal  Conservative 
party,  resigned  his  seat  as  a  protest  against  the  administration  of  the  Gov- 
ernment railways  in  Nova  Scotia  by  Hon.  Frank  Cochrane.  He  had  de- 
manded promotion  for  men  in  the  I.C.E.  service  and  been  refused;  Mr. 
Cochrane  stated  that  the  men  were  not  capable  of  filling  the  posts  involved. 

PRESIDENTS — WOMEN'S  CANADIAN  CLUBS   1916. 

Victoria     Mrs.   Jenkins  Hamilton     Mrs.  H.    Carpenter 

Kingston Mrs.    John   MacGillivray.         Brandon    Mrs.  J.   S.  Matheson 

Montreal    Mrs.    W.    R.    Miller  Vancouver     Mrs.  Ralph    Smith 

Winnipeg     Mrs.   R.    M.    Dennistoun          Toronto Mrs.  James  George 

St.    John     Mrs.   G.   A.   Kuhring 

PRESIDENTS — CANADIAN    CLUBS    IN    1916. 

Woodstock G.   R.   Pattullo.  Regina     J.   F.   Bryant 

Victoria     J.  A.  Mara  Cape  Breton   .  .  .  .Judge   Finlayson 

Winnipeg     A.  L.  Crossin  Swift    Current    .  .Rev.  J.  Nichols 

Toronto    Dr.    G.    H.    Locke  Orangeville    A.    A.   Hughson 

Hamilton     J.  P.  Bell  Westmount    A.  W.  Armour 

Montreal    .• A.    E.    Holt  St.   John    Mayor  R.  T.  Hayes 

Vancouver     F.  W.  Peters  Ingersoll    J.   L.    Patterson 

Amherst     C.   R.   Smith  Saskatoon    G.  E.  McCraney,   M.P 

June  14.  The  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada 
passed  a  Eesolution  (406  to  88)  declaring  that  "in  accordance  with  its  re- 
commendations this  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Can- 
ada do  now  resolve  to  unite  with  the  Methodist  Church  of  Canada  and  the 
Congregational  Churches  of  Canada  to  constitute  the  United  Church  of 
Canada,  on  the  basis  of  union  approved  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1915 
and  by  the  majority  of  Presbyteries  since  consulted  under  the  Barrier  Act." 
Legislation  permitting  conveyance  of  Church  property  was  required  and  there 
was  also  strong  minority  opposition  to  the  Union  but  the  Eesolution  pro- 
ceeded to  recommend  a  Committee  for  taking  the  necessary  legal  steps,  etc. 
A  statement  of  protest  was  read  by  Dr.  Eobert  Campbell,  the  minority 
leader,  and  signed  by  himself  and  13  others,  which  declared  that: 
"This  General  Assembly,  having  voted  by  a  majority  to  adopt,  in  the  basis 
of  union  with  the  Congregational  and  Methodist  churches  of  Canada,  a 
constitution  entirely  different  from  that  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Can- 
ada, has  thereby  ceased  to  be  a  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Canada. ' ' 

July  6.  A  large  meeting  for  further  organization  to  preserve  and 
continue  "The  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada"  was  held  at  Toronto  and 
a  circular  appeal  afterwards  issued  by  Eev.  John  Penman,  President,  and 
Eev.  T.  Wardlaw  Taylor,  Secretary.  In  other  parts  of  the  country  there 
were  strong  protests  and  some  violent  speeches. 

Oct.  4.  A  Message  signed  by  Eev.  Dr.  E.  A.  Falconer  (President  of 
Toronto  University)  Convenor  of  the  Church  Union  Committee  of  the 
General  Assembly  was  issued  to  all  the  churches.  It  enclosed  the  Assembly 
Eesolution  on  Union  and  explained  the  serious  and  vital  character  of  the 
decision:  "It  was  initiated  in  response  to  religious  conviction,  and  as  the 
negotiations  proceeded,  this  conviction  has  deepened.  The  churches  have 
been  led  by  a  way  that  they  knew  not.  The  Union  will  give  wider  expres- 
sion than  hitherto  to  organic  Christian  fellowship;  it  will  remove  many  local 
rivalries,  will  set  free  many  men  to  work  in  rapidly  growing  or  otherwise 
necessitous  communities;  it  will  in  many  directions  economize  and  conserve 
our  common  resources,  and  will  greatly  aid  in  the  work  among  our  non- 


GENERAL  INCIDENTS  OF  THE  YEAR  801 

English-speaking  populations.  The  Union  will  not  sever  us  from  the  tradi- 
tions of  our  past  for  our  Church  will  carry  into  the  'United  Church  of 
Canada'  all  that  is  essential." 

DOMINION    GOVERNMENT   APPOINTMENTS    OF   THE    YEAR. 

Speaker  of  the  Senate   ....................  Hon.  Joseph  Bolduc    ......  St.    Victor    de 

Tring. 
Member,   King's  Privy  Council  for  Canada.  ..  David  Henderson,  M.P  ..... 

Member,   King's  Privy  Council  for  Canada.  .  .Andrew  Broder,  M.P  ....... 

Member,   King's   Privy  Council  for  Canada.  .  .Hon.  Wm.  Morris  Hughes  ..Melbourne. 
Senator   of   Canada    ......................  John  Stewart  McLennan   .  .  .  Sydney. 

Senator   of   Canada    ......................  Wm.  Henry  Sharpe    .......  Manitou. 

Lieut.-Governor    of    Manitoba  ...............  Sir  J.  A.  M.  Aikins,  K.c.  .  .  .Winnipeg. 

Lieut.-Governor  of  Nova   Scotia    ........  ...  .McCallum1   Grant    .........  Halifax. 

Medical       Superintendent,       Patent       Medicine 

Branch:   Inland  Revenue  Dept  ...........  J.  Ad.  Magnan   ...........  Montreal. 

Commissioner  of  Police  for  Western  Provinces  .  Barney  W.  Collinson   ......  Calgary. 

Postmaster  of   Quebec    ....................  Arthur  J.  Turcotte   ........  Quebec. 

Dominion  Inspector  of  Inland  Revenue   ......  Wm.  Caven   ..............  Montreal. 

Inspector  of  the  R.  N.  W.  Mounted  Police.  .  .  .Staff  Sgt.  K.  F.  Anderson   .  .Regina. 

Assistant  King's  Printer    ..................  Fred.   Cook    .........  .....  Ottawa. 

Commissioner  of  Taxation    .................  R.  W.  Breadner   ..........  Ottawa. 

Assistant  Commissioner  of  Taxation   .........  James  A.  Russell    .........  Ottawa. 

Postmaster  of  Halifax    ....................  Frederick  H.  Oxley    .......  Halifax. 

Registrar  in  Admiralty  for  the  Yukon   .......  John  Black   ..............  Dawson. 

Parliamentary     Under-Secretary     for     External 

Affairs  —  during   the   War    ...............  Lieut.-CoI.  Hugh  Clark,   M.P.Kincardine. 

JUDICIAL  APPOINTMENTS  OF  THE  YEAR. 

Supreme  Court  of  Ontario    ................  Hugh  Edward  Rose,  K.c.    .  .Toronto. 

County  Court  of  Peel    ....................  Benjamin  F.  Justin,   K.c  ____  Brampton. 

County  Court  of  Middlesex   ................  Joseph  Coulson  Judd,  K.c.  .  .  London. 

County   Court   of   Renfrew    ................  John  Michael  McNamara,  K.c.North  Bay. 

N.     B.     Court     of     Divorce     and     Matrimonial 

Causes    ...............................  Hon.  Oswald  Smith  Crocket  .  Fredericton. 

County  Court   of  Huron    ..................  Lewis  Henry  Dickson   .....  Exeter. 

District  Court  of  Rainy  River    .............  Allan   McLennan    .........  Kenora. 

Chief   Justice,    Supreme   Court   of  New   Bruns- 

wick    ................................  Hon.    Harrison   Andrew   Me-  , 

Keown     ...............  Fredericton. 

Supreme  Court  of  New  Brunswick    .........  Wm.   Botsford  Chandler,  K.C.Moncton. 

Appellate  Division,  Supreme  Court  of  Ontario.  Wm.  Nassau  Ferguson,  K.O..  Toronto. 
County  Court  of  Kent   ....................  Ward   Stanworth    .........  Chatham. 

Supreme  Court  of  Nova   Scotia    ............  Joseph      Andrew      Chisholm, 

K.C  ...................  Halifax. 

County  Court,  District  III,  Nova  Scotia  ......  John   Arthur   Grieson    .....  Weymouth. 

County   Court   of  Hastings    ................  John  Franklin  Wills,  K.C..  .  .Belleville. 

County  Court  of  Lincoln   ..................  John  Samuel  Camphjell,  K.O..  St."  Catharines. 

County   Court   of  Haldimand    ..............  Gerald  Holmes  Hopkins,  K.O.Lindsay. 

County  Court  of  Victoria-Haliburton    ........  Wm.   Davis   Swayze  ........  Dunnville. 

County  Court  of  Prince    ..................  Neil  McQuarrie,  K.c  .......  Summerside. 

Superior   Court   of   Quebec    ................  Victor  Allard,  K.C  .........  Berthier. 

Superior  Court  of  Quebec    ................  Louis    Joseph    Alfred    Desy, 

K.c  ...................  Three    Rivers. 

Superior   Court   of   Quebec    ................  Joseph  Matthias  Tellier,   K.c  Joliette. 

District  Court  of  Alberta   ..................  Fred.      Augustus      Morrison,  Vegreville. 


..............    .... 

County  Court  of  Prescott  and  Russell   .......  Colin   Gregor  6'Brian,  K.c..L'Orginal. 

IMPERIAL   HONOURS    CONFERRED    UPON   CANADIANS. 

K.C.M.G.     ...Pierre  Evariste  Le  Blanc,  K.c  .....  Lieut.-Governor   of   Quebec. 

K.C.M.G.     .  .  .  Hon.     James     Alexander     Lougheed, 

KG  .........  Minister  without  Portfolio. 

C.M.G  ......  Laurence  Fortescue,  I.S.O  ..........  Comptroller,   R.  N.  W.  Mounted  Police. 

C.M.G  ......  Frederick   Montizambert,   M.D.,  i.s.o.Director-General  of  Public  Health. 

Peerage     .  .  .  .Sir     Thomas     George     Shaughnessy, 

K.c.v.o     .....................  President  of  the   C.P.R. 

Peerage     ----  Sir  Wm.  Maxwell  Aitken,   Bart  ----  Member  of  the  Imperial  Parliament. 

Royal  Red 

Cross   .....  Margaret   Clothilde  Macdonald    ____  Canadian    Nursing    Services. 
K.C.M.G.      ...Hon.  Wm.  Thomas  White,  M.P  .....  Minister  of  Finance. 
Privy    Council- 

lor   .......  Sir   Gilbert   Parker,    Bart  .........  Member  of  Imperial  Parliament. 

Knight     .....  Hon.  Wallace  Graham   ...........  Chief  Justice  of  Nova  Scotia.  t 

Knight     .....  Hon.  Pierre  Armand  Landry    .....  Chief  Justice  of  New  Brunswick. 

Knight     .....  Hon.  Louis  Olivier  Taillon,  K.C  .....  Member  of  the  Canadian  Privy  Council. 

O.B  ........  Major-General  John  Wallace  Carson.London    Representative    of   Minister    of 

Militia. 

51 


802  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

C  B      Col.  Willoughby  Garnons  Gwatkin.  .Chief  of  General   Canadian   Staff. 

K.C.M.G.     .  .  .  Col.  Arthur  Percy  Sherwood,  C.M.G. 

M.v.O Chief  Commissioner  of  Canadian  Police. 

C.V.O James  F.  Crowdy Chief  Clerk  to  the  Governor-General 

I.S-.O Edouard    Gaston   Deville ....Topographical    Surveyor-General 

I.S^O Fred.   J.   Glackmeyer Sergeant  at  Arms  for  Ontario. 

Baronet Sir  Wm.   Maxwell  Aitken    Member  of  Imperial  Parliament. 

K.C.M.G.      .  .  .Collingwood    Schrieber,    C.M.G General     Consulting     Engineer     of     the 

Government. 

C.M.G Wm.    Brymner    President,   Royal   Canadian  Academy. 

C.M.G Lieut.-Col.  Henry  Jam'es  Grasett ...  Chief  Constable   of  Toronto. 

C.M.G Surg.-Gen.   Guy  Carleton  Jones    ...Director  of  Canadian  Medical   Services. 

C.M.G Brig.-Gen.    James    Charles   MacDou- 

gall     Canadian    Training    Division,    England. 

Knight     Brig.-Gen.   Alexander  Bertram    .  .  .  .Deputy    Chairman,    Imperial    Munitions 

Board. 

Knight     Hon.   Fred.   Wm.   Gordon  Haultain. Chief   Justice    of    Saskatchewan. 

Knight     John    Kennedy    Consulting   Engineer  Montreal  Harbour 

Board. 

INDEPENDENT    ORDER    OF   FORESTERS. 

Division                Name                Address  Division                Name                Address 
Alberta    W.   M.    David-  Ontario,    East- 
son     Calgary.                      ern J.  S.  Eagleson. Ottawa. 

British  Colum-Dr.       W.       C.  Ontario,   New.W.    B.    Moore-Sault            Ste. 

bia                      Whittiker     .  Vancouver.  _     _     _  ,      .    _  house Mane. 

,,     .    ,               _,                          _,            ._  _       P.    E.    Island.  J.  F.  Whear.  .  Charlottetown. 

Manitoba   ...  .Tom    Seaman.  Edrans    P.    O.      Quebec     Dr.  v.  Martin. Quebec. 

New        Bruns-  Quebec,  South.  W.     D.     Shan- 
wick     E.  A.  McKay.  Fredericton.  non    Valleyfield. 

Nova    Scotia..  R.  H.  McNeill.  Sydney.  Montreal    ....A.  D.  Quintin.Westmount. 

Ontario    J.  H.  LaughtonLondon.  Quebec,      Corn-Mrs.   J.   B.    A. 

Ontario,     Cen-  panion                Alarie    .  .  .  .Montreal. 

tral     Rev.  W.  H.  A.  Saskatchewan .  M.    M.    Morri- 

French     .  . .  Shanty    Bay.  son     Saskatoon. 

Dec.  13.  The  amalgamation  was  announced  of  the  Ottawa  Evening 
Journal  (Ind.  Cons.)  and  the  OttaM'a  Evening  Free  Press  (Liberal)  with  P.  D. 
Boss  of  the  former  journal  in  control  and  E.  Norman  Smith  of  the  latter  to  be 
Managing-Editor  of  the  new  Journal-Press. 

Dec.  31.  Amongst  the  many  journalists  who  went  on  active  service  during 
1916  were  Capt.  J.  D.  Black  of  the  Fredericton  Gleaner;  Lieut.  J.  Gordon 
Smith,  Victoria,  and  Hyndman  Irwin,  B.A.SC.,  of  the  Canadian  Engineer; 
Lieutenants  Bert.  Perry,  T.  H.  Smith,  Jos.  Walters  and  Clyde  Kennedy  of 
the  London  Advertiser;  Lieut.  W.  K.  Clarke  of  the  Montreal  Gazette,  Lieut. 
Irving  K.  Bobertson,  Toronto  Telegram,  and  Lieut.  John  J.  Kerr  of  the 
Moose  Jaw  News.  Amongst  the  newspaper  men  in  the  casualty  lists  the  most 
notable  were  Major  Gordon  Southam  of  the  Hamilton  Spectator  and  Major 
John  S.  Lewis  of  the  Montreal  Star,  who  were  killed  in  action.  Other  losses 
were  Lieut.  C.  'C.  Green  of  Haileybury,  Lieut.  W.  T.  Willison  of  the  Toronto 
News,  Lieut.  Hal  B.  Gordon  of  the  Toronto  Star,  Lieut.  K.  C.  Campbell, 
Financial  Post,  Toronto,  Pte.  Gordon  B.  Kipp,  Streetsville  Banner,  Lieut.  W. 
H.  Gordon,  Montreal  Journal  of  Commerce.  Capt.  C.  B.  Topp  of  the  Toronto 
Mail  was  twice  wounded. 

Dec.  31.  Some  Beligious  appointments  of  the  year  included  those  of  the 
Very  Bev.  C.  De  V.  Schofield  of  Victoria  as  Anglican  Bishop  of  Columbia  and 
Bev.  Cecil  S.  Quainton  of  Brandon  as  Dean  of  Victoria,  B.  C.;  the  Bev. 
Thomas  O'Donnell  as  President  of  the  Catholic  Church  Extension  Society  of 
Canada;  the  Bev.  W.  W.  Thomas  as  Archdeacon  of  Eastern  Manitoba  and 
Bev.  A.  H.  Crowfoot  as  Archdeacon  of  St.  John;  and  of  Bishop  Alexander, 
Winnipeg,  as  Archbishop  of  the  Bussian  Church  in  Canada.  Bev.  Dr.  A.  B. 
Baird  of  Winnipeg  was  elected  Moderator  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cana- 
da; James  P.  Murray,  Toronto,  as  President  of  the  Catholic  Truth  Society  of 
Canada;  Clarence  Bell,  Toronto,  as  President  of  the  Dominion  Anglican  Young 
Peoples'  Association. 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  INCIDENTS 


June  4.  The  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association  met  at  Hamilton 
with  J.  H.  Sherrard  of  Montreal  in  the  chair.  Mr.  Sherrard  reviewed  the 
war  industries,  the  question  of  after-war  trade,  the  economic  situation, 
Irrigation  problems,  Eeturned  Soldiers'  requirements  and  shipbuilding  needs. 
Eesolutions  were  passed  (1)  expressing  to  the  Government  "  approval  of  any 
scheme,  whether  under  the  Militia  Act  or  the  Defence  of  the  Eealm  Act  or 
otherwise,  for  the  complete  and  effectual  mobilization  of  the  entire  re- 
sources of  Canada  in  men  and  material  which,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Associa- 
tion, should  be  placed  unreservedly  at  the  disposal  of  our  country";  (2) 
urging  adoption  of  daylight-saving  legislation  and  free  alcohol  for  industrial, 
scientific  and  humanitarian  purposes;  (3)  describing  the  advantages  of  a 
great  shipbuilding  industry  and  the  imperative  war  needs  for  ships  and 
declaring  that  "this  matter  should  receive  immediate  and  serious  considera- 
tion at  the  hands  of  our  Government,  and  this  Association  places  itself  un- 
animously on  record  as  favouring  a  policy  of  liberal  encouragement,  by 
subventions  or  otherwise;  (4)  pledging  support  to  the  Government  in  any 
policy  of  developing  scientific  and  industrial  research.  Hon.  Lieut.-Col. 
Thomas  Cantley,  President,  Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.,  was  elected  Presi- 
dent and  in  a  brief  address  urged  national  unity  and  war  eo-ope'ration. 
G.  M.  Murray  was  permanent  General-Secretary  with  headquarters  at  To- 
ronto and  the  membership  was  over  3,000.  The  Vice-Presidents  were  S.  E.  Par- 
sons, Toronto,  and  W.  J.  Bulman,  Winnipeg,  with  George  Bodth  as  Treasurer. 

Aug.  31.  The  Milling  Companies  of  Canada,  in  the  War-years  to  date, 
which,  also,  were  their  fiscal  years,  had  the  following  exports: 

Wheat  Wheat  Flour  Bran 

^Year^of  Bushels  Value  Barrels  Value  Cwt.  Value 

1914^  .  120,426,579   $117,719,217      4,832,183      $20,581,079      2,077,713   $1,789,939 

1915  .  71,913,385        74,293,548      4,952,337        24,610,946      1,038,134         946,331 

1916      157,745,469      172,896,445      6,400,214        35,767,044      1,787,398 

Oct.  12.  With  the  consent  of  the  Minister  of  Finance  and  subject  to 
conditions  afterwards  fulfilled  arrangements  were  completed  for  the  absorp- 
tion by  the  Eoyal  Bank  of  Canada  of  the  Quebec  Bank — to  come  into  effect 
on  Jan.  1,  1917.  The  paid-up  capital  of  the  Quebec  Bank  was  $2,735,100, 
and  the  Eoyal,  under  the  terms  of  the  agreement,  took  over  27,351  shares 
of  Quebec  stock  and  gave  in  exchange  9,117  shares  of  Eoyal  stock  and 

>,775  in  cash. 


Dec.  2.  It  was  stated  by  Hon.  Frederic  Nicholls,  President,  that  tha 
Canadian  General  Electric  Co.  Ltd.,  when  the  War  broke  out,  like  many 
companies,  was  faced  with  the  problem  of  reducing  the  staff  or  making  a 
cut  in  wages  and  chose  the  latter  course,  the  employees  co-operating  by 
accepting  a  reduction  of  20  per  cent. ;  now  that  conditions  had  greatly 
improved  the  Company  proposed  to  pay  a  bonus  to  its  employees  equal  to 
the  total  amount  deducted  during  the  time  the  reduction  was  in  force  and 
involving  $130,000. 

Dec.  31.  The  Failures  of  Canada  in  1916  were  as  follows,  according 
to  Bradstreet's  which  dealt  with  the  value  realized:  1,774  in  number  with 
$6,369,178  of  realized  Assets  and  $15,998,284  of  Liabilities.  According 
to  E.  G.  Dun  &  Co.,  the  number  was  1,685,  the  nominal  Assets  $19,670,54, 
and  the  Liabilities  $25,069,534.  The  figures  included  Newfoundland. 

Oct.  4.  The  Eastern  Townships  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  met  at 
Coaticooke,  Quebec,  with  V.  E.  Morrill  in  the  chair  and  35  Boards 

[803] 


804  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

sented.     Affairs    such    as    Immigration    and    of    special    local    interest    were 
discussed  and  Mr.   Morrill  re-elected  President. 

July  7.  At  Digby,  N.S.,  a  Western  Nova  Scotia  Board  of  Trade  Asso- 
ciation was  organized  with  George  E.  Corbett,  Annapolis  Eoyal,  as  President. 

May  12.  The  Associated  Boards  of  Trade  of  South  Western  British 
Columbia  met  at  Vancouver  with  G.  O.  Buchanan,  Port  Haney,  in  the  Chair 
and  a  report  by  C.  H.  Stuart- Wade,  Secretary,  as  to  work  done  which  in- 
cluded action  regarding  land  clearings,  agricultural  loans,  government- 
owned  stump  pullers,  grain  transportation,  railway  and  shipping  facilities 
with  Interior  points,  reduction  of  freight  rates,  improved  express  rates, 
more  rapid  transportation  of  fruit,  expansion  of  Canadian  manufactured 
goods  for  war  purposes,  the  establishment  of  Provincial  industries,  ship- 
building and  lumber  questions,  lack  of  tonnage,  British  Columbia  products 
and  their  transportation,  reduction  <of  minimum  weight  on  fruit  cars  by 
express,  mining,  forestry  and  agriculture  generally.  Mr.  Buchanan  was 
elected  President  of  the  Provincial  Board  of  Trade  which  was  created  out 
of  this  organization. 

Aug.  30.  The  18th  annual  meeting  of  the  Ontario  Municipal  Associa- 
tion was  held  at  Toronto  with  A.  K.  Bunnell,  of  Brantford,  in  the  chair. 
Eesolutions  were  passed  (1)  in  favour  of  a  Municipal  Department  in  the 
Ontario  Government  and  (2)  recognizing  the  usefulness  of  the  Union  of 
Canadian  Municipalities  and  approving  co-operation  between  the  two  bodies 
in  advancing  municipal  interests  at  Ottawa.  W.  C.  Caughell,  Yarmouth, 
was  elected  President. 

Aug.  21.  The  16th  annual  Convention  of  the  Union  of  Canadian  Muni- 
cipalities was  held  at  Montreal  with  President  T.  L.  Church  in  the  chair. 
W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C.,  the  founder  (with  the  late  O.  A.  Howland)  of  the 
Association  and  its  continuous,  active  leader,  reported  briefly  as  Hon. 
Secretary.  Eesolutions  were  passed  (1)  expressing  renewed  determination 
' '  to  assist  and  in  every  way  aid  and  help  and  sustain  the  Government  of 
Canada  in  the  prosecution  of  the  present  War  to  a  successful  conclusion"; 
(2)  urging  adequate  public  receptions  to  local  returned  soldiers,  erection 
of  proper  local  memorials  to  those  who  had  fallen  and  absolute  preference 
to  returned  soldiers  in  all  public  employment;  (3)  declaring  it  the  duty  of 
Governments  to  see  that  ex-soldiers  and  sailors  dying  in  indigent  circum- 
stances had  decent  and  honourable  burial.  Mayor  Church  of  Toronto  was 
elected  Hon.  President,  and  Aid.  Leslie  H.  Boyd,  Montreal,  President; 
Mayors  Alex.  Stewart,  Victoria,  T.  J.  Stevenson,  London,  and  W.  D.  L. 
Hardie,  Lethbridge,  Vice-Presidents ;  W.  D.  Lighthall,  K.C.,  Westmount, 
Hon.  Sec.-Treasurer;  G.  S.  Wilson,  Assistant  Secretary. 

Sept.  26.  The  Civic  Improvement  Council  was  launched  at  Winnipeg 
with  29  city  organizations  represented  and  Geo.  W.  Markle  elected  President. 

Dec.  31.  The  War  services  of  Canadian  Banks  to  date,  in  the  matter 
of  enlistments,  are  shown  in  the  following  figures  officially  supplied  to  the 
author : 

Institution                                      Enlistments  Institution                                      Enlistments 

Bank    of    Nova    Scotia     428        Bank   of   British   North   America 292 

Canadian   Bank   of   Commerce    748        Imperial   Bank   of   Canada    368 

Union  Bank  of  Canada   666        Standard  Bank  of  Canada 153 

Home  Bank  of  Canada    90        Bank    of    Ottawa    200 

Bank   of   Montreal    685        Banque    d'Hochelaga    5 

Merchants     Bank     of     Canada 507        Royal  Bank  of  Canada    762 

Sterling  Bank  of  Canada   ...  .of  Staff  33%        Bank   of  Toronto    260 

La    Banque    Nationale 10        Bank  of  Hamilton    223 

Northern    Crown    Bank 168        Dominion   Bank 329 

The  Casualty  list  in  many  cases  was  very  heavy  and  the  proportion  of 
the  eligible  staff  at  the  Front  ran  up  in  the  case  of  the  Merchants  to  58%. 
The  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  did  a  public  service  in  publishing  a  series 
.of  valuable  pamphlets  recording  particulars,  and  correspondence  of  historical 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  INCIDENTS  805 

value,  in  relation  to  that  portion  of  their  Staff  which  was  on  active  service 
Up  to  the  close  of  1916  the  casualties  of  the  Commerce—  killed,  wounded' 
and  missing  or  prisoners—  were  276;  those  of  the  Nova  Scotia  were  47  of 
the  Union  74,  of  the  British  North  America  87,  of  the  Imperial  24  ("killed 
only),  of  the  Eoyal  92. 

Dec.  31.  The  following  Eoyal  Commissions  were  appointed  during  the 
year  in  addition  to  those  whose  proceedings  are  reviewed  elsewhere  in  these 
pages;  Fred.  E.  Harrison  of  Calgary  (Dec.  1)  to  inquire  into  the  whole- 
sale and  retail  prices,  respectively,  of  the  staple  and  ordinary  articles  of 
food,  clothing  and  fuel,  at  Fernie,  B.C.,  and  at  Lethbridge  and  Calgary 
from  July  1st  to  Nov.  22,  1916;  W.  E.  Tupper,  A.  E.  Tibbits  and  J.  Fred. 
McDonald,  New  Glasgow,  to  investigate  conditions  as'  to  delivering  cargoes 
of  Coal  to  Coasting  vessels  in  the  Maritime  Provinces;  His  Honour  Emerson 
Coatsworth,  Toronto,  E.  T.  Corkhill,  Copper  Cliff,  and  Jos.  Gibbons,  To- 
ronto, to  inquire  into  the  unrest  in  the  mining  industry  at  Cobalt,  Ont.,  and 
its  nature  and  causes;  C.  A.  E.  Blanchet,  Ottawa,  to  inquire  into  the  cause 
of  unrest  in  the  Asbestos  Mining  Industry  at  Thetford  Mines,  in  Quebec; 
His  Honour  C.  G.  Snider,  Wm.  Inglis,  Toronto,  and  J.  A.  McClelland,  Mon- 
treal, to  investigate  into  the  unrest  manifested  in  certain  industries  in 
Toronto  and  Hamilton,  producing  munitions  of  war. 

Mar.  24.  The  Judges  of  the  District  Courts  of  Alberta  and  Saskat- 
chewan were  gazetted  Local  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  respectively,  of 
those  Provinces. 

Dec.  31.  The  1916  Eeport  of  the  Insurance  Department  at  Ottawa 
showed  an  increase  in  the  Life  Insurance  done  by  Canadian  Companies  of 
$17,167,971;  on  the  other  hand  the  United  States  companies  doing  business 
in  Canada  showed  a  decrease  of  $6,709,224,  and  British  companies  a  decrease 
of  $432,180.  Premiums  collected  by  the  Canadian  companies  amounted  to 
$30,445,735  or  an  increase  for  the  year  of  $1,899,432;  premiums  collected 
by  British  companies  were  $1,898,659  or  a  decrease  of  $172,933  for  the  year; 
premiums  collected  by  United  States  companies  were  $15,893,099.  The  total 
amount  of  Insurance  in  force  in  Canada  at  this  date  was  $1,402,466,288. 

Dec.  31.     Canadian  bond  sales  of  1916  were,  according  to  the  Monetary 
T\mes,  Toronto,  $336,882,542   compared  with  $335,106,328   in   1915   and  with^ 
the  f  ollowiug  distribution  : 

Amount  Per  cent,  of  total 

Sold  in  1915  1916  1915  1916 

Canada      ................  $64,875,214  $32,938,778  27-60  15  -50 

United    States    ...........  129,056,114  176,943,764     •       54-90  82-20 

Great    Britain     ...........  41,175,000  5,000,000  17'50  2  -30 


Total      ................  $235,106,328  $214,882,542          lOO'OO          lOO'OO 

BANK    APPOINTMENTS    OF    1916. 

Bank  of  Montreal    ........  Vice-President     ........  C.  B.  Gordon  .......  Montreal. 

Bank  of  Montreal    ........  Director  ..............  Capt.  Herbert  Molson. 

M.O  .............  Montreal. 

Bank  of  Montreal    ........  Director   ..............  Harold  Kennedy  .  .  .  .Quebec. 

Bank  of  Montreal    ........  Superintendent   of   B.    C. 

Branches   ...........  D.   R.   Clarke  .......  Vancouver. 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada  .....  Director   ..............  M.  B.  Davis   .......  Montreal. 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada  .....  Director  ..............  G.  H.  Duggan  ......  Montreal. 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada  .....  Director  ..............  C.    C.    Blackadar  ----  Halifax. 

Bank  of  Ottawa   ..........  Director   ..............  Geo.   Burn    ........  Ottawa. 

Bank  of  Ottawa   ..........  General  Manager    ......  D.  M.  Finnic    ......  Ottawa. 

Bank  of  Ottawa   ..........  Manager       of       Montreal 

Branch    ............  W.  P.  Murphy   .....  Montreal. 

Bank  of  Ottawa   ..........  Inspector    of    Branches.  .  J.  R.  Moffat   .......  Ottawa. 

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.  .Manager  of  Branch    ...  .A.  R.  B.  Hearn  .....  Winnipeg. 

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.  .Manager  of  Branch   ----  H.  W.  Supple  ......  Calgary. 

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.  .Manager  of  Branch   ----  J.  M.  Lay   .........  Vancouver. 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce.Superintendent  of  EasternE.  L.  Stewart  Patter- 

Branchea  son  .............  Montreal. 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce.  Director     .............  C.  N.  Candee  .......  Toronto. 

Bank  of  Toronto    .........  President   .............  W.   G.   Gooderham.  .  .Toronto. 

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.  .Manager  of  Branch   ...  .A.  R.  Green    .......  Victoria. 

Imperial   Bank   of   Canada.  .Director  ..............  J.  W.  Woods  .......  Toronto. 


806  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Merchants'  Bank  of  Canada. Managing-Director    E.  F.  Hebden Montreal. 

Merchants'  Bank  of  Canada.  General  Manager    D.  C.  Macarow Montreal. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch   Manager    H.   D.   Burns    Toronto. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch  Manager    F.  W.  Ross Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch  Manager    R.  G.  Wallace Hamilton. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch  Manager    R.  H.  Anderson   ...  .St.  John. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch   Manager    J.  W.  Corning    Edmonton. 

Bank  of  Nova  Scotia Branch  Manager    E.  F.  MacNeill Victoria. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Director     W.   E.   Phin Hamilton. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Director     Isaac  Pitblado,  K.c. .  .  Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Director     C.  H.  Newton Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Supervisor     H.  A.  Aylwin Hamilton. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Western    Super inten dent. F.   E.   Kilvert Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Assistant  Western   Super- 
intendent    J.  C.  Brown   Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Jnspector      for      Western 

Branches W.   L.   Birnie    Winnipeg. 

Bank  of  Hamilton Inspector   for   Ontario .  .  .  W.   W.   McGillivray .  .  Hamilton. 

Bank  of  Toronto    Director     A.  H.   Campbell    ....  Toronto. 

Bank  of  British  N.  America. Director     Hon.  A.  R.  Mills,  M.P.London. 

Bank  of  British  N.  America .  Advisory      Committee     in 

Canada    Sir  H.  B.  Ames Montreal. 

Bank  of  British  N.  America .  Advisory      Committee      in 

Canada    W.  R.  Maclnnes    .  .  .  Montreal.         .'.   * 

Bank  of  British  N.  America .  Advisory      Committee     in 

Canada    W.   R.   Miller    Montreal. 

Bank  of  British  N.  America .  Superintendent    of    East- 
ern Branches    O.  R.  Rowley Montreal. 

La   Banque   Nationale Vice-President     J.  B.  Laliberte" Quebec. 

La   Banque   Nationale Director N.   Lavoie    .....'...  .Montreal. 

Sterling  Bank  of  Canada.  .  .  Director     .  .  .  '. J.  W.  Norcross Toronto. 

Home  Bank  of  Canada Hon.  President Brig.-Gen.    The    Hon. 

James   Mason Toronto. 

Home  Bank  of  Canada President     M.    J.    Haney Toronto. 

Home  Bank  of  Canada Vice-President     R.  P.  Gough Toronto. 

Northern   Crown   Bank Director     W.   R.   Bawlf Winnipeg. 

Dec.    31.     The    number    of   Bank  Branches   opened   and   closed    in    1916 
were  as  follows: 

Bank                                           Opened  Closed  Bank  Opened  Closed 

Bank   of  Montreal    7  4        Northern  Crown  Bank   .  .  , 2  2 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce    ...  4  9        Bank  of  Toronto    2  1 

Royal  Bank  of  Canada    11  6  Banque    d'Hochelaga     (Sub-Agen- 

Merchants  Bank   of  Canada    ....  13  2            cies)      16  — 

Union  Bank  of  Canada 7  15        Bank    of    Ottawa 1  3 

Bank   of   Nova   Scotia    3  5        Standard  Bank  of  Canada 5  1 

Home  Bank  of  Canada 4  1        Imperial  Bank  of  Canada 3  6 

Molsons    Bank     1  1  Bank  of  British  North  America .  .  0  1 

Bank  of  Hamilton    2  —  La   Banque   Nationale    (Sub-Agen- 

Weyburn  Security  Bank    4  —            cies) 21  6 

FINANCIAL,   INSURANCE   AND   INDUSTRIAL   APPOINTMENTS   OF    1916. 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.President Col.  Thomas  Cantley.New    Glasgow. 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.Vice-President     W.  D.  Ross New    Glasgow. 

Nova  Scotia  Steel  &  Coal  Co.Director     T.  S.  Rogers 

Crown  Life  Insurance   Co. .  .  Director     John  F.   Ellis Toronto. 

Imperial  Life  Assurance  Co. .  Superintendent    for    Que- 
bec    E.  J.  L'Esperance.  .  .  Montreal. 

Great    West    Life    Insurance 

Co Director     W.    H.    Cross    .Winnipeg. 

Mutual  Life   of  New  York.  .Montreal  Manager    Brig.-Gen.    W.    O.    H. 

Dodds,   c.M.G Montreal. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  .  .Director     Sir  Vincent  Meredith, 

North   American   Life   Assur-  Bart     Montreal. 

ance   Co Director     W.  Cromwell  Gurney .  Toronto. 

North   American   Life   Assur- 
ance  Co President L.  Goldman Toronto. 

North   American   Life   Assur- 
ance  Co Vice-President     W.  K.  George Toronto. 

North   American   Life   Assur- 
ance  Co 2nd  Vice-Pres Lieut.-Col.  D.  McCrae.Guelph. 

North   American   Life   Assur- 
ance  Co Chairman  of  Executive.  .M.   J.    Haney    Toronto. 

Dominion   Iron   &   Steel   Cor- 
poration      President Mark  Workman    .  .  .  .Montreal. 

Dominion   Iron   &   Steel   Cor- 
poration      Director     Hector   Mclnnes,   K.C.Halifax. 


FINANCIAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL  INCIDENTS  807 

MacKay  Companies    Director     Lord  Shaughnessy    .  .Montreal. 

National    Trust    Co Director     John  Aird Toronto. 

National    Trust   Co Director     Sir     Lyman     Melvin- 

Jones Toronto. 

National   Trust    Co Director     J.   W.  Woods    Toronto. 

Maple  Leaf  Milling  Co Director     W.  E.  Milner   .....  .Winnipeg. 

Maple  Leaf  Milling  Co Vice-President     Hedley   Shaw    Toronto. 

Russell  Motor  Car.  Co.  Ltd. .  Secretary     H.   D.   Scully    Toronto. 

London    Guarantee    &    Acci- 
dent  Co General  Manager    George    Weir     Toronto. 

Saskatchewan   General   Trust 

Corporation     General  Manager    E.   E.  Murphy Regina. 

Winnipeg     Electric     Railway 

Co Director     J.  D.  McArthur Winnipeg. 

North      American      Pulp      & 

Paper  Co Director     C.  S.  Wilcox Hamilton. 

North      American      Pulp      & 

Paper  Co Director     Paul   J.   Myler    Hamilton. 

North      American      Pulp      & 

Paper  Co Director     Hon.  J.  M.  Wilson   .  .Montreal. 

National  Life  Assurance  Co. .Director     Henry  Cockshutt    .  .  .Brantford. 

National  Life  Assurance  Co..  Director     Hugh   Blain    Toronto. 

National  Life  Assurance  Co. .Director     Dr.  A.  A.  Macdonald. Toronto. 

Union   Trust   Co Director     Walter  C.  Laidlaw   .  .Winnipeg. 

Canada  Cycle  Motor  Co.  Ltd. General  Manager J.  W.  Gibson Toronto. 

Lake  Superior  Corporation.  .  President     J.  Fraser  Taylor  ....  Sault          Ste. 

Manufacturers'     Life     Insur-  Marie. 

ance   Co Superintendent  of  Ontario 

Agencies    Alex.  Mackenzie    .  .  .  .Hamilton. 

Great    West    Life    Insurance 

Co .» General  Manager    C.   C.  Ferguson    .  .  .  .Winnipeg. 

Canada   Car   &   Foundry   Co. 

Ltd Vice-President     W.  W.  Butler Montreal. 

Canada   Car   &   Foundry   Co. 

Ltd Vice-President     F.  A.  Skelton    Montreal. 

Sherwin-Williams        Co.        of 

Canada    Director     H.  M.  Ashby Montreal. 

Sherwin-Williams       Co.        of 

Canada     •. Director     Geo.    A.   Martin Montreal. 

Dominion     Permanent     Loan 

Co President     Frank  McPhillips.  .  .  .Toronto. 

Dominion     Permanent     Loan 

Co Vice-President     Hon.  T.  W.  McGarry .  Toronto. 

Sun  Life  Assurance  Co Director  for  Eastern  On- 
tario      W.  Y.  Lyle  Reid ....  Ottawa. 

Sun  Life  Assurance  Co Manager  for  Manitoba   .  .D.  J.  Scott   Winnipeg. 

Sun  Life  Assurance  Co Manager  for   China    W.  D.  McCallum Shanghai. 

Sun   Life  Assurance  Co Assistant-Secretary C.   S.  V.   Bronch ....  Montreal. 

Canada  Cement  Co Director     Herbert   C.   Cox Toronto. 

Canada  Cement  Co Director     A.  C.  Trigge Montreal. 

Bell   Telephone   Co Director     F.  W.  Molson Montreal. 

Western    Assurance    Co Director     John  Aird Toronto. 

British     America     Assurance 

Co Director     Alfred  Cooper London. 

Dominion  Bridge  Co Director     H.  H.  Vaughan Montreal. 

Canada  Cycle  &  Motor  Co. .  .  Director     Lloyd   Harris    Brantford. 

Acadia       Sugar       Refineries, 

Ltd President     T.  Sherman  Rogers.  .Montreal. 

Canadian    Vickers,    Ltd'. '.'.'.'.  Director     J.   W.   Norcross    .  ...  .Toronto. 

Murray-Kay,    Ltd General-Manager     J.  A.  C.   Poole Toronto. 

Huron  &  Erie  Mortgage  Cor- 
poration      Director     Isaac  Campbell,,  K.c.  .Winnipeg. 

Huron  &  Erie  Mortgage  Cor- 
poration         . Director     F.  W.   Drewry Winnipeg. 

Huron  &  Erie  Mortgage  Cor-  „.      . 

poration     .    Director     A.  L.  Crossm.  ....  .  .Winnipeg. 

Huron  &  Erie  Mortgage  Cor-  „.      .     t 

poration Director     John   McEachern    .  .  .Winnipeg. 

Dominion   Steel  Corporation. General-Manager     D.  H.  McDougall Sydney. 

Continental     Life     Insurance  n,      .. 

Co Director     Richard  Southam.  .  .  .Toronto. 

Continental     Life     Insurance  ^ 

Co Director     W.   A.   Medland Toronto. 

Continental     Life     Insurance  rp 

Co Director     J-    B.   Ferguson Toronto. 

Canada    Landed    &    National  m  _ 

Investment  Co Director     Wm.  Mulock,  Jr Toronto. 

Canadian      Locomotive      Co.  tr;«ffotnn 

Ltd .  .  Sec.-Treasurer     J.  H.  Guess. Kingston. 

Monarch  Life  Assurance   Co.Director     W.    A.    Matheson.  .  .  .Winnipeg. 

M°Snavinags  Bank    *  .  .^^President     Hon.   R.   Dandurand. Montreal. 


808  THE   CANADIAN   ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

HEADS   OF   SOME   CANADIAN   ORGANIZATIONS   IN   1916. 

Canadian   Bankers'    Association    E.   L.   Pease    Montreal. 

Canadian  Suffrage  Association    Dr.   Margaret   Gordon Toronto. 

Canadian  Guild  of  Organists    Dr.   Albert  Ham,   F.R.C.O.  .  .  .Toronto. 

Canadian    Bar   Association    Sir  J.   A.   M.   Aikins .Winnipeg. 

Grand    Lodge:    Orange    Young    Britons    of    N. 

America Capt.  T.  A.  Kidd Buritts,    Ont. 

Supreme  Lodge;   Sons  of  England D.  J.  Proctor    Toronto. 

Grand  Orange  Lodge  of  British  America Dr.    D.    D.    Ellis Flemins.    S. 

Canadian  Forestry  Association    Lieut.-Col.  J.   B.  Miller Ottawa. 

Royal  Canadian  Institute Prof.  J.  C.  McLennan,  r.R.S. Toronto. 

National  Association  of  Trained  Nurses Mrs.  R.  Bryce  Brown New   Westmin- 
ster. 

Canadian   Boy   Scouts    Col.  Sir  A.  P.  Sherwood.  .  .  .Ottawa. 

Empire   Club  of  Canada J.    B.    Perry Toronto. 

Union  of  Canadian  Municipalities Mayor  T.  L.   Church Toronto. 

United  Empire   Loyalists  of  Canada Lieut.-Col.  F.  W.  Macqueen. Toronto. 


CANADIAN  OBITUARY,  1916 


Name  Particulars  Place   of  Death          Date 

Alexander,  David  Watson.  .  .  Well-known  Business  man Toronto     .  Sept      12 

Allardice,    Clement   B Editor,       Family      Herald      and 

Weekly  Star    Montreal     .  .  .  Nov       17 

Archer,  Robert Financier     and    ex-President     of 

the  Board  of  Trade    Montreal     Jan  .       7 

Armstrong,     M.L.A.,     Samuel 

Henry    First  Mayor  of  Bracebridge.  .  .  .  Bracebridge May      15 

Barnsdale,  Elija  Kitchen.  .  .  .  Mayor  of   Stratford,    Ont Buffalo   Aug.       2 

Bissett,  ex-M.L.A.,  Dr.  Charles 

Peter    A  Nova  Scotia  public  man    ....  St.   Peters,   N.   S. .  .  Nov.     18 

Bowman,   Lieut.-Col.   Herbert  County   Clerk   and   Treasurer    of 

J.    .  .  . '. Waterloo    Kitchener June     19 

Boyer,    Louis   Alphonse M.P.    for   Maskinonge,    1872-78.  Laurentians   May      29 

Bruce-Smith,      M.D.,      Robert  Specialist    in    Nervous    Diseases; 

Wallace    Ontario  Inspector  of  Hospitals, 

etc.     .  .  .' Toronto     Mar.    28 

Bruenech,        A.R.C.A.,        Geo. 

Robert    Well-known  Artist    Toronto     July     22 

Bullock,     M.A.,     D.C.L.,     Rev. 

Canon   Reginald  Heber.  .  .  Well-known   Clergyman    Halifax     Sept.     26 

Carey,       M.A.       D.D.,       Ven. 

William   Banfield    Archdeacon  of  Quinte Kingston     May        4 

Carpenter,  Silas  Huntingdon.  Former  Chief  of  Montreal  Detec- 
tive force  Banff  July  1 

Champion,  Henry  Thomson.  .  Prominent  Winnipeg  Banker.  .  .  Winnipeg   June     27 

Oharbonneau,,Hon.  Napoleon.  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court.  .  .  Three  Rivers Aug.     31 

Chauveau,  K.c.,  B.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Member       Quebec       Government 
Hon.   Charles  Alexandre.  .       1878-9;  Judge  of  the  Court  of 

Sessions   1880-1910    New  York    Mar.        7 

Clifford,  Charles  Wm.  Digby.  M.L.A.    for   Cassiar.    1898-1906.  Vancouver    May      10 

Cosgrave,    Lawrence   Joseph.  Well-known    Brewer     Toronto     July      16 

Costigan,  Hon.  John Member  of  the  Dominion  Govern- 
ment 1882-1896;  M.P.  from 
1867  to  1904;  Senator  of  Can- 
ada   Ottawa  Sept.  29 

Coulson,  Duncan  President  of  the  Bank  of  Tor- 
onto   Toronto  Feb.  19 

Cowley,  Rev.  Canon  Alford.  For  28  years  Pastor  of  St. 
James'  Anglican  Church,  Win- 
nipeg   Victoria  June  29 

Creelman,  K.c.,  Adam  Ruther-  Prominent  Lawyer  and  14  years 

ford    General  Counsel  of  the  C.P.R.  Montreal     Feb.        6 

Croil,   James Noted    Journalist,     Author,     and 

Editor;   a  Leader  in  the  Pres- 
byterian Church Montreal Nov.     28 

Cunningham,  Thomas Former  Member  B.  C.  Legisla- 
ture; Provincial  Fruit  In- 
spector   Vancouver  Feb.  16 

Currie,  David Well-known  Agricultural  Author- 
ity and  writer;  Pen-name 

"Rusticus."    Montreal     Jan.      12 

Davidson,  Col.  Andrew  Dun-  Well-known    Land,    Timber    and 
can     Grain    Operator;     Land    Com- 
missioner for  C.N.R Rochester Apr.     22 

Dawson,  C.M.G.,  Litt.D.,  LL.D.,  King's     Printer     Ottawa,     1891- 

F.R.S.C.,  Samuel  Edward.  .       1909;   Author  and  Scholar.  .  .  Westmount     Feb. 

Denholm,  Andrew Newspaper    Publisher;    ex-Presi- 

-     dent,     Western     Ontario     Li- 
brary    Association Blenheim    Jan.        6 

Deroche,  K.c.,  Hammel  Mad- M.L.A.      for      Addington      1871- 

den     1883     Napanee Mar.     16 

Dewdney,  Hon.  Edgar Former  Lieut. -Governor  of  Bri- 
tish Columbia ;  Minister  of  the 

Interior    1888-1892 Victoria    Aug. 

Dickson,  M.L.A.,  Hon.  Walter  Speaker      of      New      Brunswick 

Brittain    Legislature     Moncton   Jan.      23 

Dixon,     Rev.     Canon     James 

Henry    Well-known   Clergyman    Morm  Heights Aug. 

Doherty,   Thomas    Mayor   of   Sarnia Sarnia    Sept. 

Douglas,  K.C.,  Wm.  Murray.  Prominent    Lawyer    Toronto     Jan. 

Doull,  Lieut.-Col.  John  Doull.  Assistant   Adjutant-General,   Val- 

cartier  Camp,   1916 Quebec    July        1 

[809] 


810  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

Name  Particulars  Place   of  Death          Date 

Doyle,   Joseph  Nevin Author  and   Composer Belleville     Dec.      17 

Drummond,  Thomas  Joseph.  President  for  some  years  of  Lake 
Superior  Corporation  and  the 
Canada  Iron  Corporation.  .  .  .  Castine,  Me Aug.  5 

Duff,  Lieut.-Col.  Ramsay.  ..  Assistant-Director,  Medical  Ser- 
vices   Cairo  Feb.  7 

Duncan,  jjitt.D.,  Norman ....  Canadian     Novelist    and    Writer 

living  in  the  States Buffalo   Oct.      18 

Dunlop,    Justice   John Judge   of   Superior   Court Montreal     Nov.        7 

Dunn,  Hon.  Albert  T For  many  years  Surveyor-Gen- 
eral of  New  Brunswick St.  John  Apr.  30 

Parrer,   Edward Eminent      journalist;       One-time 

Editorial  writer  on  the  Toronto 
Mail  and  then  the  Toronto 
Globe  Ottawa  Apr.  27 

Farrow,  Thomas M.P.   for   Huron   1872-1888 ....  Collingwood    Apr.      15 

Foy,      K.C.,      Lii.D.,      M.L.A.,  Member   of   Ontario   Government 

Hon.  James  Joseph since  1905 Toronto     June     13 

Fraser,      B.A.,      Prof.      Wm. 

Henry    University  of  Toronto York    Mills     Dec.      28 

Garrow,  Hon.  James  Thomp-  M.L.A.    for    West    Huron,    1890- 

son     1902 ;     Justice     of    the     High 

Court   Toronto    Aug.     31 

Gordon,       M.D.,       Lieut.-Col.  On    active    service    with   Toronto 
Andrew  Robertson    University  Base  Hospital    (In- 
valided)  Toronto     Dec.      16 

Gray,   D.D.,   Rev.   S.  Harper.  Minister    of    Old    St.     Andrew's 

Church -. Toronto     Aug.       5 

Grigg,  Richard Commissioner  of  Commerce  since 

1912     Ottawa      Jan.        6 

Gundy,  D.D.,  Rev.  Joseph  R. .  51  years  a  Minister  of  the  Metho- 
dist Church St.  Thomas  Mar.  24 

Gurney,  Edward President  of  the  Gurney  Foundry 

Co.  Ltd.;  ex-President,  C.M.A., 
and  Toronto  Board  of  Trade; 
President,  Northern  Crown 
Bank  Toronto  Sept.  18 

Hale,    George   Hughes Veteran  Journalist   and  Founder 

of  Orillia  Packet Orillia     Dec.      13 

Harrison,    Frederick   W ex-Mayor  of  Owen  Sound Owen   Sound    Feb.        9 

Hedley,   James  Alexander ...  For     30     years     Editor     of     The 

.  .Monetary  Times    Toronto     Dec.      23 

Henry,        M.D.,        Lieut.-Col.  Mayor   of  Orangeville   six  years; 
James     > Vice   President,   Ontario  Medi- 
cal Council    Orangeville     Oct.      30 

Hill,  James  Jerome President,  St.  Paul  &  Minne- 
apolis, Great  Northern  and 
Northern  Pacific  Railways  .  .  St.  Paul  May  29 

Irvine,  Col.  Acheson  Gosford.  Late  warden  of  Stony  Mountain 

Penitentiary    Quebec    Jan.        9 

Irving,     M.A.,     Hon.     Paulus  Justice    of    the    B.    C.    Supreme 

Aemilius    Court,     or     Court    of    Appeal, 

since    1897    Victoria  .  .  Apr.        9 

James,     C.M.G.,     M.A.,     LL.D.,  Ontario  Deputy  Minister  of  Agri- 
F.R.S.C.,   Charles  Canniff .  .       culture    1891-1912;    Dominion 

Commissioner   of   Agriculture.  St.  Catharines June     23 

Karn,   Dennis  Weston Manufacturer  and  ex-Mayor.  .  .  .  Woodstock  Sept.     19 

Kerr,   P.O.,  K.O.,  Hon.  James  Speaker   of  the   Senate   in   1909- 

Kirkpatrick 11 ;     Grand     Master     Masonic 

Grand  Lodge  1875-7 Toronto     .  .  .  Dec.        4 

Kertland,     M.D.,    Dr.     Edwin 

Henry     Well-known    physician Toronto     Aug.        1 

King.   M.A.,   K.C.,   John Prominent     lawyer,     Senator     of 

Toronto  University Toronto     Aug.     30 

King,     C.M.O.,    LL.D.,    F.R.S.C., 

Wm.  Frederick Chief  Astronomer   of  Canada .  .  .  Ottawa    Apr.      23 

Knowles,         K.C.,         Edward  Probate     Judge     for     St.     John, 

Thomas    Chesley N.B St.    John    Apr.      28 

Kylie,  Capt.  Edward  Joseph.  Associate     Professor,     University 

of    Toronto Owen  Sound    May      14 

Lacombe,  D.D.,  Very  Rev.  Al-  Pioneer  Western  Priest  and  Mis- 

bert    sionary     Near    Calgary    ....  Dec.     11 

Lancaster,     K.O.,     M.P.,     Ed-  Member  for  Lincoln  and  Niagara 

ward  Arthur since  1900 St.  Catharines Jan.        4 

Landry,  Sir  Pierre  Armand.  Chief  Justice,  New  Brunswick; 
Member  Provincial  Govern- 
ment, 1878-83 Dorchester  July  28 

Laurence,  ex-M.p.,  Col.  H.  T.  One-time  Mayor  of  Truro,   N.   S.  Truro    Aug.     17 

Lazier,   K.C.,   Stephen  Frank- 
lin     Prominent  Lawyer Hamilton    Oct.        4 

Leslie,   Norman   George Manager      of      Imperial      Bank, 

Winnipeg     .  .  ; Winnipeg Feb.      25 


Lis,e,   K.C  ..™,  Henry 


CANADIAN  OBITUARY  811 

Pl.ce  o<  »«,,„          D.t. 


Claude    ................  Traveller   and   Public  man 


T  ]nvAm-,nstar 
y 


Loudon,  M.A.,  I.L.D.,  James..  ex-President   of   Toronto   Univer- 

Lynch,     D.O.L.,     LL.D.,     Hon.  Member'  of  '  Quebec  '  Government  Toronto     .........  Dee-      29 

William  Warren  .........       1878-87  ;        Superior        Court 

Mathieu,  D.O.L.,  Hon.  Michel.  Forlf  /elr^Judge  '  of  'the'  Su-  Kn°Wlt°n    ........  N°V'     23 

perior  Court;  Dean  of  Faculty 

of  Law,   Laval  .............  Montreal  July      30 

May,  Samuel  .............  Pioneer     Manufacturer     of     Bil- 

Hard    Tables    ..............  Toronto  <~)<>t       23 

Meigs,  ex-M.P.,  Daniel  Bishop.  ex-Mayor  of  Farnham    ........  Farnham  ".  ".  July        6 

Moberly,  George   ..........  ex-  Mayor    ..................  Collinewood  Anr      2fi 

Morrice,  David   ...........  Well-known    Business    man    and  ......  Apr>      ' 

Capitalist     ................  Montreal     ........  Nov.      14 

Murray,  Thomas  ..........  Principal  of  Collegiate  Institute.  Owen  Sound   .....  May     23 

Macdonald,       Hon.      William  One   of  the  founders  of  Victoria 
John     .................       and  for  many  years  in  Senate 

of  Canada   ................  Victoria    .........  Oct.     25 

Macdonnell,     Donald     Green-  Member  of  Parliament  for  Glen- 

field    ..................       garry    ....................  Vancouver    .......  Nov.     12 

MacLean,     D.D.,     Rev.     Alex-  Pioneer  Presbyterian  Minister  of 

ander     ................       Nova    Scotia  ...............  Eureka   ..........  Aug.     17 

Macpherson,    M.A.   K.O.,   Ken-  Prominent    Lawyer,    Artist    and 

neth  R  .................       Musician    .................  Montreal     ........  Apr.      27 

McDonald,    Hon.    James.  .  .  .  Member  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Gov- 

ernment     without      Portfolio  ; 

M.L.A.  since  1897  ..........  West  Bay  ........  Mar.       2 

McDonald,  Milton  ......  ...M.L.A.     for     Bagot     1899-1900; 

ex-President,      Quebec     Dairy- 

men's Association   ..........  Murray   Bay    .....  July      18 

McDonald,    Hon.   William...  Senator    of    Canada;     M.P.     for 

Cape  Breton,   1879-1884  .....  Glace  Bay    .......  July        4 

McGill,   Lieut.-Col.   Sydenham  R.M.C.     Staff    Adjutant    for    18 

Clitherve    ..............       years    ....................  Kingston     ........  Jan.        2 

Mclntyre,  K.C.,  John   ......  Prominent  Lawyer   ...........  Kingston     ........  Oct.        4 

McKay,   M.D.,   Angus    ......  M.L.A.    for    S.    Oxford   16   years 

and  ex-Mayor    .............  Ingersoll     ........  May        7 

MacKay,  Hon.  Robert  ......  Senator   of   Canada   since    1901; 

Director,      C.P.R.,      Bank     of 

Montreal,   etc  ..............  Montreal  ......  ...  Dec.     25 

McKenzie,    Dr.    Bartholomew 

Edwin    ................  Prominent    Orthopedic    Surgeon.  Toronto     .........  Apr.     21 

McMaster,   Mrs.   Susan  Moul-  Widow   of   Senator   William   Mc- 

ton   ...................       Master     ..................  Montreal     ........  Aug.     23 

McMicken,     Alexander  ......  Mayor    in    1883    and    12    years 

Police  Magistrate    ..........  Winnipeg    ........  July      29 

McNicoll,   David  ...........  Former  Vice-President  and  Gen- 

eral Manager  of  C.P.R  .....  Guelph    ..........  Nov.     25 

Ogletree,   Hon.  Francis    ....  Member    of    the    first    and    only 

Legislative  Council  of  Manito- 

ba    ......................  Portage  la  Prairie  .  Dec,:    22 

Osborne,  James  Kerr   ......  Vice-President,         Massey-Harris 

Co.   for  years  ..............  Bonnemouth     .....  Jan.      13 

Ouimet,      K.C.,      P.C.,      Hon.  M.P.   for  Laval  23  years;   Mem- 
Joseph   Alderic  ..........       ber  of   Dominion   Government, 

1892-6;      Puisne      Judge      of 

King's  Bench  to  1906  .......  Montreal     ........  May      12 

Patterson,   John    ..........  City   Treasurer,    Toronto  .......  Toronto     .........  Feb.      23 

Pemberton,   Joseph  Despard.  Well-known   Surveyor  of   British 

Columbia    .................  Silver  Mine  Trail  .  .  Aug.     30 

Pemberton,       Mrs.       Theresa  Widow   of   the   late   J.    D.    Pern- 

Jane  Despard  ...........       berton  and  a  Pioneer  resident.  Victoria    .........  Aug.     ^4 

Powell,      M.A.,     D.D.,     D.C.L..  ex-President,       King's       College, 

Rev.  Thomas  Wesley  .....       Windsor,    N.    S  .............  Philadelphia     .....  Apr.      17 

Reed,    Edmund  Baynes  .....  Provincial    Agent     of    Dominion 

Meteorological  Service    ......  Victoria    .........  Nov.      18 

Reynolds,  M.D.,  Frank  Stuart.  B.  C.  Journalist    .............  Nanaimo     ........  Mar.       2 

Riley,   Hon.   George  ........  Senator  of  Canada  ............  Victoria    .........  Jan. 

Riordon,  John  George    .....  Vice-President,  Mail  Printing  Co.  Toronto     .........  Mar.        7 

Ritchie,  Hon.  Allan  ........  Formerly   M.L.C.    and   Mayor    of 

Newcastle,    N.    B.;    Prominent 

Lumberman     ..............  Newcastle     .......  Jan.        2 

Ritchie,  K.C.,  Charles  Henry.  Prominent     Counsel;     President, 

Albany  Club    ..............  Toronto     .........  Oct.        3 

Roberts,    George   R  .........  Former  Editor  of  Canadian  Bap- 

tist  ............  .  .........  Toronto     .........  Jan-      12 

Roberts,    James   Edward  ....  President    of   Dominion    of   Can- 

ada  Accident  &  Guarantee  Co.  Toronto     .........  Oct.        2 

Roper,    Wm.   James  ........  A  noted  Cattle  Rancher  of  early 

days  .....................  Victoria    .........  Aug.       4 


812  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Name  Particulars  Place  of  Death          Date 

Ryckman,     M.A.,     D.D.,     Rev. 

Edward  Bradshaw Eminent   Methodist   Divine Toronto     Mar        6 

Saunders,  D.D.,  Rev.  Edward  F«r   49    years   Minister    of   First 

Manning    Baptist     Church     in     Ottawa : 

Author  and  Historian    Toronto     Mar.     15 

Score,  Richard  John Well-known    Business    man    and 

Citizen   Toronto     May     24 

Scriven,    D.D.,    Rt.    Rev.    Au- 
gustine      Bishop  of  Columbia    Sandwick,  B.  C. .  . .  June     19 

Semple,  Andrew M.P.  for  Wellington,  1885-1900.  Toronto     Jan.      22 

Shanley,      D.S.O.,      Lieut. -Col.  Invalided  home  from   active   ser- 

Coot'e    Nesbitt    vice    Toronto     Sept        7 

Sheldon-Williams,  George  For     17    years    Editor    of    B.C. 

Gilbert Mining  Exchange    Victoria    Feb.      13 

Shepley,     K.C.,     George    Fer- 
guson      Prominent    Counsel    Toronto     Jan.      16 

Simpson     John   A M.L.A.     for     Inmsfail,     Alberta, 

1894-1913      Innisfail     Sept.     10 

Sissons     Jonathan    ex-Warden    of    Simcoe    and    last 

President  of  the  Ontario  Agri- 
cultural &  Arts,  Association.  .  Barrie     May      22 

Smallman,    John   Bramwell.  .  Prominent    business    man London     Feb.      14 

Smith,  Alex.   S M.L.A.,     for     Moosomin,     Sask., 

since    1908 Moosomin Nov.      10 

Spink,    Samuel    2nd  President,  Grain  Exchange.  Winnipeg     Sept.     19 

Sprague,      M.A.,      D.D.      Rev. 

Howard    Well-known   Methodist   Minister.  Sackville     Oct.      29 

Stephens,    ex-M.P.,    George.  .  Prominent  Ontario  business-man.  Chatham     July      17 

Stevens,  Gardner    Vice-Presiclont      Eastern     Town-  _ 

ships   Bank Waterloo,    Que J»n-      1U 

Stikeman,    Harry    Gen.-Manager,    Bank    of    British  Q 

North  America,    1895-1912  .  . .  Montreal     ***• 

Stratton,  Hon.  James  Robert.  M.L.A.  for  W.  Peterborough, 
1886-1904;  M.P..  1908-11  and 
Provincial  Secretary  of  On- 
tario, 1900-1905  Hot  Springs Apr.  19 

St.       Pierre,       Hon.      Henri 

Cesaire     Quebec   Superior  Court  Judge .  .  Montreal     Jan.        8 

Taylor,  Wm.  H M.L.A.  for  Middlesex,  1894-1904.  Parkhill    May      29 

Thomson,      Charles      William  A   Pioneer  in  B.   C.   Commercial 

Ringler    Life    Victoria    Jan.      30 

Vardon,    Dr.    Thomas   Wyre.  ex-Mayor   of   Gait Gait     June     30 

Wilkins,   M.D.,   George    Medical  Director  of  the  Sun  Life.  Montreal     Aug.        7 

Wilson,  Richard  M Director   of   the   Grain   Growers' 

Association,    Manitoba    Winnipeg    June     24 

Yates,      M.D.,      Col.      Henry  On    active    service    .'n   the    Army 

Brydges Medical    Corps    Ramsgate,  Eng Jan.      22 


1916  Historical  Supplement 

The  Public  Work  of  Some  Well-Known  Canadians 


[813] 


JACOB  LEWIS  EXGLEHART, 

Chairman    Timiskaming    and    Northern    Ontario    Railway. 


JACOB  LEWIS  ENGLEHART 


To  take  a  prominent  part  in  the  pioneer  activities,  the  early  life 
and  development,  of  a  new  country  or  region  which  already  is 
potentially  great,  affords  high  honour  to  any  man  of  ambition;  it, 
at  the  same  time,  entails  prolonged  labour  and  much  responsibility, 
requires  distinct  capacity  and  calls  for  obvious  courage  and  energy. 
In  his  connection  with  Northern  Ontario,  as  in  personal  and  public 
life  generally,  Jacob  Lewis  Englehart  has  shown  himself  a  shrewd, 
strong  and  successful  man.  Born  (1847)  and  educated  at 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  he  commenced  work  in  New  York  at  the  early 
age  of  13  and  while  still  a  young  man  rose  to  be  partner  in  the 
concern — an  oil  exporting  firm.  In  that  business  he  became  an 
expert  and  interested  in  the  refining,  production  and  export  of 
Canadian  petroleum.  Coming  to  Ontario  in  1870,  as  a  result  of  this 
business,  he  established  the  firm  of  J.  L.  Englehart  &  Co.,  at  London, 
with  strong  New  York  connections,  built  the  first  Provincial  refin- 
ing works  for  export  and,  after  six  years  of  successful  operation, 
sold  out  his  interests. 

He  then  acquired  control  of  the  Carbon  Oil  Co.  of  Hamilton, 
moved  the  works  to  Petrolia  and  bwlt  up  a  new  and  greater  busi- 
ness there  until  in  1881  the  Imperial  Oil  Co.  Ltd.,  was  organized 
with  his  Company  as  a  part  and  Mr.  Englehart  as  Vice-President 
of  a  concern  which  in  1916  is  one  of  the  great  industries  of  Canada 
operating  four  of  the  most  modern  refineries  in  the  world  at  Sarnia, 
Ont.,  and  Vancouver,  B.C. — the  former  with  13,000  barrels  capacity 
— and  at  Regina  and  Montreal.  Ground  for  another  refinery  has 
been  purchased  at  Halifax.  The  success  of  this  Company  has  been 
remarkable  and  its  production  large,  with  a  business  of  transcon- 
tinental character  represented  by  hundreds  of  marketting  stations, 
bulk  storage  stations,  a  tankage  at  Fort  William  for  6,000,000 
barrels,  a  handsome  new  building  in  Toronto. 

As  a  business  man,  therefore,  Mr.  Englehart  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful and  in  1916  is  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Toronto,  President 
of  the  Crown  Savings  &  Loan  Association,  Petrolia,  Vice-President 
of  the  London  &  Western  Trust  Co.  Long  before  taking  up  his 
important  work  in  New  Ontario  he  had  shown  himself  a  public- 
spirited  citizen.  Early  in  his  Canadian  residence  he  became  a 
British  subject  and  in  London  and  Petrolia,  and  later  at  Toronto, 
was  interested  in  many  public  matters.  A  Governor  of  Toronto 
University  for  a  time  he,  in  1911,  gave  to  the  town  of  Petrolia  his 
handsome  residence  for  Hospital  purposes  in  memory  of  and  as  an 
honour  to  his  late  wife.  It  was  called  the  Charlotte  Eleanor  Engle- 
hart Hospital.  He  has  also  given  an  X-ray  machine  to  St. 
Michael's  Hospital,  Toronto,  and  a  Chime  of  11  bells— one  of  the 
finest  in  Canada— to  Christ  Church,  Petrolia.  But  all  this  work 

[815] 


816  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  these  incidents  were  only  preliminary  to  or  associated  with  the 
great  opportunity,  the  central  event,  in  his  life. 

In  1902  the  Temiskaming  &  Northern  Ontario  Eailway  Act  had 
been  passed,  a  Government  railway  through  what  was  then  con- 
sidered a  waste  and  wilderness  was  initiated,  an  important  experi- 
ment in  public  ownership  undertaken  and  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Com- 
mission appointed  with  A.  E.  Ames  (Chairman),  Edward  Gurney, 
M.  J.  O'Brien,  B.  W.  Folger  and  F.  E.  Leonard  as  the  members. 
Early  in  1904  Mr.  Ames  resigned  and  was  succeeded  by  Robert 
Jaffray.  During  these  years  the  work  of  tenders  and  contracts,  of 
surveying  and  preparing  the  way,  was  in  hand  and  in  1905  a  re- 
organization of  the  Commission  took  place  under  the  late  Sir  James 
"Whitney  as  Prime  Minister.  Cecil  B.  Smith  became  Chairman  and 
J.  L.  Englehart,  with  Denis  Murphy  of  Ottawa,  were  appointed 
Commissioners.  On  Nov.  1,  1906,  Mr.  Smith  resigned  and  Mr. 
Englehart  became  Chairman  with,  at  the  close  of  this  year,  138 
miles  of  Railway  between  North  Bay  and  the  new  northern  town  of 
Englehart  under  operation.  The  new  Commissioner  had  first  be- 
come interested  in  railways  through  the  transportation  needs  of  his 
Oil  business  and  this  interest  had  grown  with  his  business  success. 
In  1872,  a  couple  of  years  after  coming  to  Canada,  he  attended  an 
important  Railway  Convention  at  Saratoga  and,  thereafter,  fol- 
lowed closely  other  similar  gatherings  and  gained  an  insight  into 
riilway  policies,  conditions  and  practice  which  was  to  prove 
more  than  useful  at  this  stage.  Up  to  this  time  the  enterprise  and 
its  development  had  not  been  altogether  easy,  political  difficulties 
and  changes  of  Government,  public  doubts  about  a  policy  which 
the  history  of  the  Intercolonial  had  not  rendered  popular,  ignorance 
as  to  the  riches  of  the  North  and  the  resources  which  would  feed 
such  a  Railway,  were  factors  in  the  situation  which  required  a  man 
of  energy,  business  capacity  and  optimism  to  cope  with.  Mr. 
Englehart  from  1906  to  1916  dominated  the  Commission  and 
influenced  public  men  and  public  opinion  as  only  a  man  who  was 
himself  permeated  with  faith  in  the  North  country  and  its  future, 
in  the  Railway  and  its  success,  could  do.  In  this  process  his  grasp 
of  broad  policies  and  of  minute  detail  made  a  most  effective  com- 
bination. A  writer  in  the  Toronto  Globe  of  Feb.  4,  1911,  (J.  A. 
McNeil)  speaking  from  personal  knowledge  stated  that: 

The  Chairman  of  the  Temiskaming  Railway  Commission  scrutinizes  every 
item  of  expenditure,  no  matter  how  small,  and  signs  every  check  and  voucher 
which  leaves  the  office,  but  beyond  the  multiplicity  of  small  things  he  has 
the  larger  vision  of  the  man  who  can  plan,  and  carry  to  fruition,  vast  and 
vital  projects.  The  visitor  to  the  Offices  of  the  Commission  finds  its  head 
easy  of  access,  urbane  of  manner,  debonair  of  person,  and  unvaryingly  genial 
and  obliging.  It  does  not  matter  whether  it  be  a  member  of  the  Government 
who  drops  in,  a  railway  magnate  come  to  confer  upon  momentous  matters,  a 
newspaperman  in  search  of  information,  or  the  humblest  employee  of  the  road 
with  a  grievance  or  a  request — all  alike  are  made  to  feel  welcome  and  at  ease. 

It  was  a  great  but  at  this  stage  a  rough  country  through  part 
of  which  the  pioneer  Line  steadily  ploughed  its  way  and,  as  so  often 
happens,  the  greater  the  progress  of  the  project  the  better  known 


J.  L.  ENGLEHART  AND  NEW  ONTARIO  817 

became  all  the  surrounding  regions.  There  were  and  are  many 
divisions  in  New  Ontario — Nipissing,  Timiskaming,  Sudbury, 
Algoma,  Thunder  Bay,  Rainy  Eiver,  Kenora  and  Patricia ;  it  is  a 
region  330,000  square  miles  in  extent  and  larger  by  far  than  the 
British  Isles,  with  large  rivers,  vast  forests,  great  lakes.  The 
climate  of  such  a  country  varied  greatly  and  ignorance  on  this 
point  was  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  in  settlement — time  and  the 
T.  &  N.  0.  convinced  a  wide  public  that  it  was,  in  general,  "invigor- 
ating, health-giving,  glorious."  The  clay-belt  of  the  North  with 
its  16,000,000  of  splendid  agricultural  land,  well  timbered  and 
watered  and  as  fertile  as  the  prairies  of  the  West,  was  advertized 
far  and  wide  by  T.  &  N.  0.  pamphlets  which  did  work  for  this 
section  of  Canada  similar  to  that  which  the  C.P.R.  has  done  in 
Europe  for  Western  Canada.  Accompanying  this  and  the  growth 
of  population  came  the  successive  discoveries  of  silver  in  the  Cobalt 
region  and  of  gold  in  the  Porcupine;  knowledge  grew  as  to  great 
fisheries  and  water-powers,  fine  timber,  quantities  of  pine  and  pulp- 
wood,  land  capable  of  producing  the  finest  grains  and  vegetables, 
spacious  playgrounds  for  the  workers  of  a  nation,  scenery  of  varied 
beauty  or  rugged  gloom,  game  resources  for  the  sportsmen  of  a 
continent,  opportunities  and  homes  for  millions  of  people. 

But  all  this  was  not  flashed  upon  the  perception  of  the  Domin- 
ion as  a  moving  picture  is  at  a  modern  theatre.  It  required  work, 
faith,  energy  and  these  Mr.  Englehart  had  in  abounding  measure. 
In  1905  when  he  took  hold  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Timiskaming  was 
looked  upon  as  a  wilderness.  In  1916  Latchford  had  300  people, 
Cobalt  was  the  centre  of  the  third  silver  mining  camp  in  the  world 
with  5,600  population,  Haileybury  had  5,000  people  and  New 
Liskeard  3,000;  there  were,  also,  Earlton  (200),  Englehart  (800), 
Matheson  (300),  Porcupine  (5,000),  Cochrane  (2,500),  Charlton, 
Thornloe,  Monteith,  Dane,  Kelso  and  other  villages.  These  were  the 
places  built  up  by  the  Railway  or  developed  by  the  mines ;  where 
minerals  were  not  the  source  of  wealth  and  progress,  rich  agricul- 
tural lands  or  great  pulp  mills  contributed  to  the  same  end.  The 
three  chief  periods  in  the  evolution  of  the  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  may 
be  seen  by  a  glance  at  the  enclosed  table — with  the  proviso  that 
but  for  the  War  the  position  of  1915  would  have  been  greatly 
improved : 

As  on  Oct.   31st                                     1905  1910  1915 

Passengers  carried    86,648  670,913  480,995 

Tons  of  Freight  carried 99,192  624,820  676,938 

Earnings     $253,720  $1,591,852  $1,551,551 

Expenses     $139,772  $1,165,361  $1,328,496 

Net  earnings    $113,948  $426,490  $210,538 

Earnings  per  mile  of  road.  .  .  .                    $2,245  $6,122  $5,098 

Wages  paid    $233,999  $878,192  $953,209 

Milea"ge  in  operation 138  340  455 

Cost   of   Road    J«7Ao«sn<;"t  $14,193,619  $17,913,700 

Cost  of  Equipment    ($7,426,805  j-  V$1>TL8,802  $2,243,124 

Back   of  this   success   were   many   things   of  which   only  Mr. 

Englehart  and  a  few  others  could  speak.     Out  of  the  120  months 

involved  in  this  period  there  were  not  more  than  a  dozen  in  which 

he  had  failed  to  visit  the  North  country— from  the  days  of  rough 

52 


818  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pioneer  transportation  through  roadless  and  forest-clad  regions 
to  the  time  of  luxurious  parlour  cars  and  pullman  sleepers ;  labour 
had  to  be  obtained,  transported,  fed,  conciliated  and  sometimes, 
though  not  often,  fought;  settlers  had  to  be  sought,  encouraged, 
instructed,  helped  and  sometimes  held  in  check  when  sudden  rushes 
to  silver  or  gold  mining  camps  took  place,  or  guarded  in  the  inevi- 
table forest-fires  and  pioneer  difficulties  of  the  earlier  days;  poli- 
ticians, no  doubt,  Jiad  to  be  kept  up  to  the  mark  in  expenditures 
running  up  to  $20,000,000  upon  an  undertaking  new  to  the  Province 
as  a  Government  enterprise  and  involving  obviously  heavy  liabilities ; 
progress  for  the  country  itself  had  to  be  maintained  and  publicity 
for  it  and  for  the  Railway  seemed  almost  equally  necessary  and 
these  were  sought  by  Mr.  Englehart  and  the  Commission — which 
in  1907  included  Denis  Murphy  and  Frederick  Dane  and  in  1915 
George  W.  Lee  in  place  of  the  latter — through  newspapers,  cir- 
culars, publications  of  all  kinds,  the  promotion  of  visits  by  Boards 
of  Trade  and  public  bodies,  and  influence  with  financial  men  in 
Toronto,  Montreal  and  New  York  and  other  Canadian,  United 
States  or  British  centres. 

These  efforts  were  helped  by  the  mine  discoveries  of  1905-6 — 
which,  indeed,  the  Railway  initiated — just  as  the  development  which 
followed  was  facilitated,  organized  and  usefully  applied  through 
its  construction  and  progress.  It  was  really  the  projection  of  the 
Railway  which  caused  the  discovery  as  La  Rose  was  one  of  the  T.  & 
N.  0.  construction  men  when  he  stumbled  in  1903  upon  the  first 
valuable  nugget  of  silver  which  formed  the  basis  of  the  famous  La 
Rose  mine  and  of  various  fortunes.  In  1902  Cobalt,  as  village  or 
camp,  was  not  in  existence,  the  Timiskaming  country  was  a  vast 
waste  of  forest  and  unknown  rocky  fastnesses;  to  date  in  1916 
the  total  silver  production  is  $135,976,328  with  dividends  of 
$67,181,742.  The  T.  &  N.  0.  Act  was  amended  in  March,  1909, 
permitting  extension  to  Gowganda.  Then  came  the  gold  discoveries 
and  gradual  evolution  of  the  Porcupine  region  with  a  branch  Rail- 
way connection  arranged  which  created  opportunities  and  facili- 
tated operations.  At  the  close  of  that  year  the  region  of  muskeg 
and  swamps  and  rocky  elevations  around  Porcupine  Lake  and 
along  the  River  had  become  a  new  mining  sensation  and,  in  time, 
became  a  real  basis  for  rich  production  of  gold  which  in  1916 
totalled  $21,610,770. 

Meanwhile,  Mr.  Englehart  was  personally,  as  well  as  by  Rail- 
way work  and  guidance,  promoting  the  welfare  and  fame  of  this 
country.  In  New  York  or  in  London,  at  Toronto  or  Ottawa,  he 
pressed  its  claims  for  investment,  production,  settlement,  recogni- 
tion. Addressing  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade  on  Apr.  6,  1911,  he 
said :  ' '  Is  it  not  your  duty  to  assist  in  opening  up  that  great  North- 
land, and  to  see  that  the  settlers  turn  back  from  the  trek  of  the 
West  to  the  trek  of  the  North — to  hold  our  people  in  our  own 
back  yard.  The  Province  of  Ontario  with  the  Northland  at  its  back 
— the  Timiskaming  country — has  the  possibilities  and  is  a  whole 


J.  L.  ENGLEHART  AND  NEW  ONTARIO  819 

Dominion  in  itself."  He  did  not,  however,  do  very  much  public 
speaking.  His  enthusiasm  found  vent  rather  in  personal  statements 
and  advice,  in  practical  management  and  effort,  in  official  publica- 
tions which  contained  glowing  pictures  of  the  Great  North. 
He  had  the  confidence  which  so  often  makes  transportation 
the  twin  partner  of  individual  enterprise  and  proves  a  strong  factor 
in  turning  natural  resources  into  economic  riches.  It  was,  in  one 
sense,  the  lure  of  the  wild,  the  fascination  of  the  vast  lone  land 
which  seems  to  have  caught  Mr.  Englehart;  in  another  it  was 
the  grip  of  the  keen  man  of  business  insight  who  saw  the  possibilities 
of  a  great  country  and  made  others  feel  his  own  convictions. 

But  more  than  this  was  necessary  in  creating  and  moulding  the 
T.  &  N.  0.  Railway — capacity  in  management,  tact  in  dealing  with 
men,  insight  into  detail  as  well  as  oversight  of  policy.  According 
to  one  writer:  "Mr.  Englehart  adopted  what  might  be  called  the 
paternal,  not  to  say  the  patriarchal,  method.  The  employees  of 
the  road  were  made  to  feel  that  they  were  not  only  active  partners, 
but  members  of  one  big  family."  Conference  meetings  with  Staff 
and  officials  and  employees  kept  the  whole  system  in  friendly  co- 
operation under  careful  and  exact  management.  Such  in  brief  is 
the  story  of  a  successful  Canadian  career — the  life  of  a  man  who 
has  few  enemies  and  many  friends;  who  has  done  good  service  in 
his  local  community,  successful  work  in  his  personal  business,  valu- 
able work  in  his  public  capacity.  The  T.  &  N.  0.  Railway  is  in  part 
a  monument  to  him  in  the  North;  something  which  he  perhaps 
regards  as  greater  is  the  respect  of  the  people  for  whom  he  has 
laboured ;  he  has  seen  at  least  the  beginning  of  the  development  in 
which  he  had  such  faith. 


NOEL   MARSHALL 


There  are  in  Canada  a  few  prominent  business  men  in  each 
of  its  larger  communities  who  take  no  part  in  politics  as  such 
but  who  value  the  privilege  of  sharing  in  certain  branches  of  public 
work  or  social  reform  which,  in  turn,  bring  to  them  publicity,  repu- 
tation and  responsibility.  Of  this  class  is  Noel  George  Lambert 
Marshall,  an  Hon.  Lieut.-Colonel  in  the  Militia,  who  of  late  years 
has  become  so  well  known  through  his  connection  with  the  Cana- 
dian'National  Exhibition,  the  Red  Cross  Society  and  other  forms  of 
public  effort.  Mr.  Marshall  was  born  in  London,  England,  in 
1852  and  four  years  afterwards  was  brought  to  Toronto  by  his 
parents ;  like  so  many  others  of  his  day  he  left  school  for  business 
at  the  age  of  15 ;  served  for  nine  years  in  the  coal  business,  learned 
it  thoroughly  and  was  able  in  1879  to  acquire  an  interest  in  the 
C.  J.  Smith  Coal  Co.;  in  1888  he  became  associated  with  Sir  Wm. 
Mackenzie  and  they  bought  out  the  entire  business,  capitalized  it 
at  $500,000,  and  changed  the  name  to  the  corporate  title  of  Stan- 
dard Fuel  Co.  Ltd.,  (1891).  One  business  interest  led  to  another 
and,  in  1916,  Mr.  Marshall  is  President  of  the  Faramel  Co.-  Ltd., 
Toronto,  and  of  the  Dominion  Automobile  Co.  Ltd. ;  Vice-President, 
Imperial  Guarantee  and  Accident  Co.  and  the  Chartered  Trust 
and  Executor  Co. ;  Director  of  the  Sterling  Bank  of  Canada, 
the  Western  Canada  Flour  Mills  Co.  Ltd.,  the  Canadian  Northern 
Prairie  Lands  Co.  Ltd.  and  the  Merchants  Mutual  Steamship  Co. 

Mr.  Marshall  was  a  member  of  the  Toronto  Board  of  Education, 
1890-1  and  has  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade  since  1899 ;  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  latter  body  for  several  terms  and 
for  14  years  he  represented  the  Board  of  Trade  on  the  Executive  of 
the  Canadian  National  Exhibition.  Of  this  latter  important  in- 
stitution he  was  Yice-President  in  1912-15  and  in  the  year  191 6  was 
elected  President.  This  office  he  has  held  since  then  and  to  it  has 
devoted  much  energy  and  labour.  The  Exhibition  during  the 
past  decade  has  become  one  of  the  great  factors  in  Toronto's 
growth,  a  vital  element  in  its  trade  and  a  factor  in  keeping  it  as 
the  centre  and  civic  leader  of  the  Province  of  Ontario.  In  his  14 
years'  work  on  this  Directorate  Mr.  Marshall  did  excellent  public 
service.  During  this  period  other  things  had  developed.  A  lover 
of  boys,  and  boy  life,  he  was  the  founder  in  1900,  and  President, 
of  the  Broadview  Boys'  Association  which  did  much  for  many 
youths  and  was  finally  merged  in  the  Y.M.C.A.  He  also  took  a 
strong  interest  in  the  Canadian  Boy  Scouts  and  since  1911  has 
been  Vice-President  of  the  Provincial  Council — an  organization 
numbering  thousands  in  Ontario  and  throughout  the  Empire  pro- 
bably 250,000  more,  with  a  primary  object  of  inculcating  in  the 
mind  of  youth,  resourcefulness,  descipline,  self-reliance,  unselfish- 

[820] 


LlEUT.-COLONEL   NOEL   MARSHALL, 
Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee   Canadian  Red  Cross  Society. 


NOEL  MARSHALL  AND  RED  CROSS  WORK  821 

ness,  loyalty  and  patriotism.  A  lover  of  horses  he  was  the  founder 
(1903)  of  the  Open- Air  Horse  Parade  in  Toronto  which  has  done 
much  to  encourage  popular  appreciation  of  this  useful  animal  and 
he  is  now  President  of  the  Association  which  looks  after  the  matter. 

In  1903  Mr.  Marshall  was  Chairman  of  the  Home  Comers' 
Celebration  arranged  by  the  Board  of  Trade  and  organized  a 
welcome  to  thousands  of  Toronto's  one-time  citizens  who  returned 
on  a  visit  from  many  cities  and  places  and  even  countries.  It 
was  successful  in  a  most  unusual  degree.  Since  1910  he  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Ontario  Parole  Commission  appointed  by  the 
Provincial  Government  to  deal  with  the  paroling  of  prisoners;  he 
is  a  Vice-President  of  the  Toronto  Hospital  for  Incurables  and  a 
Governor  of  the  Western  Hospital,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  the 
Children's  Aid  Society,  the  Orphan  Boys'  Home  and  the  Working 
Boys'  Home;  a  Director  of  the  Georgina  Homes  and  the  Bishop 
Strachan  School,  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Board  of  the  Daughters 
of  the  Empire.  These  numerous  activities  were  rounded  out  by 
election  (1902)  as  President  of  the  National  Club  after  being  chosen 
a  Director  in  1895  and  Vice-President  in  1896.  This  is  the  'only 
organization  in  Canada  which  combines  a  certain  element  of  almost 
traditionary  patriotism  with  social  objects  and  life.  Mr.  Marshall 
held  the  Presidency  for  three  years  and  during  his  term  of  office 
took  a  leading  part  in  the  erection  of  a  new  Club  building.  On 
Dec.  11,  1907,  he  was  tendered  a  Banquet  in  appreciation  of  his 
services.  He  was  a  member  of  St.  George's  Society  for  many 
years  and  is  now  a  Life  member;  he  was  practically  the  founder 
of  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Toronto,  and  was  Warden  for  twenty-five 
years ;  recently  he  has  been  Treasurer  of  the  Laymen 's  Missionary 
Movement  of  the  Church  of  England. 

To  this  wide  range  of  activities  the  War,  as  in  so  many  other 
cases,  brought  new  work  and  a  wider  sweep  of  opportunity.  In  the 
Red  Cross  movement  Mr.  Marshall  took  deep  interest  from  the 
beginning  of  the  War  when  its  Canadian  Branch  was  tremendously 
revived  and  practically  re-created.  When  the  first  meetings  were 
held  after  the  declaration  of  war  there  was  much  to  be  done — 
more  than  anyone  then  dreamed  of — and  the  Executive  Committee 
as  constituted  for  war-work  consisted  of  Col.  G.  Sterling  Ryerson, 
President  of  the  Society;  Noel  Marshall,  Chairman  of  Executive; 
K.  J.  Dunstan,  Sir  John  M.  Gibson,  K.C.M.G.,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E. 
Gooderham,  Colonel  the  Hon.  James  Mason,  Treasurer;  John  T. 
Small,  K.C.,  Hon.  Solicitor,  and  Colonel  G.  A.  Sweny;  with  Mrs. 
A.  E.  Gooderham,  Mrs.  H.  P.  Plumptre  and  F.  Gordon  Osier  as 
Associate  members.  Only  a  few  branches  were  in  existence  and 
the  skeleton  of  an  organization.  Much  preliminary  work  was  at 
once  done  with  the  formation  of  new  branches  as  the  first  require- 
ment, the  collection  of  funds  as,  obviously,  the  greatest  need,  the 
instruction  of  the  public  as  to  the  supplies  desired  and  not  desired 
and  regarding  methods  of  packing  and  shipment,  the  arrangements 
for  reception  and  distribution  in  England  and  at  the  Front — a 


822  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  EEVIEW 

thousand  and  one  details.  To  this  work  Mr.  Marshall  devoted 
much  time  and  energy.  At  the  end  of  1914  the  Canadian  Red 
Cross  Society  had  180  branches,  by  the  close  of  1915  it  had  484, 
at  the  end  of  1916  it  had  772.  There  were  also  seven  Provincial 
Branches. 

During  the  first  war-year,  or  rather  five  months  of  war,  the 
Hon.  Treasurer,  Colonel  James  Mason,  reported  the  receipts  (Dec. 
31,  1914)  as  $279,291  of  which  $83,010  went  to  the  British  Bed 
Cross,  $9,800  to  Cliveden  Hospital,  $24,675  for  motor  ambulances 
at  the  Front,  and  $32,040  for  clothing  and  hospital  and  service 
supplies.  Lieut.-Col.  Jeffrey  H.  Burland  and,  on  his  death,  Lieut.- 
Col.  C.  A.  Hodgetts,  M.DV  were  appointed  in  succession  as  Canadian 
Red  Cross  Commissioner  in  England.  Mr.  Marshall,  in  his  Report 
as  Chairman  of  the  Executive,  dealt  with  the  great  initial  difficulty 
of  getting  inexperienced  officials  at  new  Branches  to  fully  con- 
form to  the  vital  rules  and  regulations  which  war  made  essen- 
tial; described  the  lack  of  uniformity  and  system  in  packing, 
marking  and  forwarding,  and  popular  ignorance  as  to  the  Society 
being  restricted  in  its  operations  to  the  helping  of  sick  or  suffer- 
ing soldiers  and  as  not  able  to  supply  material  comforts  to  men  in 
health;  referred  to  the  special  staff  created  in  Toronto  for  man- 
agement and  shipment  of  the  ever-increasing  volume  of  supplies. 
On  Jan.  22,  1915,  this  first  period  of  service  was  reviewed  in 
Toronto  by  the  officers  of  the  Society  with  H.R.H.  The  Duke  of 
Connaught  present  and  the  following  tribute  paid  by  Colonel  Sir 
John  Gibson  to  Mr.  Marshall: 

I  particularly  wish  to  mention  the  name  of  Mr.  Noel  Marshall,  for  he 
has,  as  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee,  rendered  a  great  service  to  the 
Red  Cross  Society.  The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  is,  one  may  almost  say, 
the  Society  itself,  for  through  his  hands  must  pass  practically  everything 
relating  to  the  work  of  the  Society.  Always  ready  to  assist  in  every  way 
and  never  giving  offence,  courteous  and  obliging  to  all  who  seek  his  assistance 
and  advice,  he  has  devoted  his  whole  time  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Society. 
Without  his  services  the  Society  could  not  have  attained  the  wonderful  results 
that  it  has  attained  and  a  debt  of  gratitude  is  due  him  for  the  time,  care  and 
energy  that  he  has  devoted  day  in  and  day  out  to  the  Canadian  Eed  Cross 
Society. 

During  1915  the  development  of  work  was  very  great — in  col- 
lection of  funds  and  supplies,  in  correspondence  and  distribution 
of  circulars  containing  facts  and  suggestions  and  in  publishing 
Bulletins  of  information.  The  receipts  were  $872,252  and  the 
expenditures  included  $14,950  contributed  to  the  Duchess  of  Con- 
naught's  Hospital  at  Cliveden,  $50,000  to  the  British  Red  Cross 
and  $23,350  to  the  French  Red  Cross,  $41,281  to  ambulance  and 
equipment,  $54,073  to  clothing  and  supplies,  $25,000  to  St.  John's 
Ambulance  Brigade.  The  Report  of  the  Central  Council  was  sub- 
mitted at  the  annual  meeting  on  Jan.  18,  1916,  by  Colonel  Marshall 
—he  was  created  an  Hon.  Lieut.-Colonel  in  1915 — and  covered  a 
wide  area  of  important  work  in  an  active  and  ceaseless  charity 
exercised  by  the  Canadian  people  toward  their  sick  and  wounded 
men.  The  Hospitals  established  and  equipped  by  the  Canadian 


NOEL  MARSHALL  AND  RED  CROSS  WORK  823 

Red  Cross  Society  in  England  or  those  which  were  under  construc- 
tion at  Dec.  31,  1915,  included  the  Duchess  of  Connaught's  Hospital 
at  Cliveden  with  900  beds ;  the  King's  Canadian  Red  Cross  Hospital 
at  Bushey  Park  to  which  His  Majesty  had  donated  his  estate  of 
that  name,  and  the  Canadian  Red  Cross  Special  Hospital  at  Bux- 
ton ;  while  the  Daughters  of  the  Empire  Hospital  for  Officers  in 
London  was  also  taken  over  by  the  Society.  To  over  100  hospitals 
and  institutions  in  England  and  France  and  to  the  Canadian  Hospi- 
tals in  the  Mediteranean  a  constant  stream  of  supplies  was  going 
forward.  To  Colonel  Marshall  there  came  (Dec.  10,  1915)  a  letter 
from  the  Premier  in  which  Sir  Robert  Borden  expressed  to  the 
Committee  and  the  Society,  and  its  supporters  throughout  the 
country,  appreciation  of  the  splendid  efforts  of  an  organization 
which  had  thus  co-ordinated  the  patriotic  activities  of  every  com- 
munity in  the  Dominion: 

Last  summer  I  had  the  privilege  of  seeing  at  first  hand  a  great  deal  of 
what  is  being  done  by  the  Society  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  France,  and 
of  hearing  of  its  exertions  in  other  fields,  such  as  in  the  Mediterranean.  In 
London  the  Information  Department,  the  Prisoners  of  War  Department,  and 
the  Parcels  Department,  conducted  under  the  supervision  of  a  number  of  ladies 
who  have  devoted  themselves  to  these  Branches,  are  dong  most  efficient  work 
in  securing  and  sending  to  relatives  at  home  news  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
and  prisoners  of  war,  and  in  distributing  to  all  these  the  various  comforts  sent 
forward  from  Canada.  And  it  can  confidently  be  said  that  the  Duchess  of 
Connaught  Hospital  maintained  by  the  Society  at  Cliveden,  which  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  inspecting  more  than  once,  is  not  surpassed  by  any  Military  Hospi- 
tal in  Europe. 

At  the  8th  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  on  Feb.  21,  1917, 
Their  Excellencies  the  Duke  and  Duchess  of  Devonshire  were  pre- 
sent with  Col.  G.  A.  Sweny  in  the  chair.  In  moving  adoption  of 
the  annual  Report  Colonel  Marshall  described  the  continued  pro- 
gress of  the  Society — its  incorporation  on  Mar.  22nd,  the  closer 
co-ordination  of  branches,  its  undertaking  to  act  as  the  medium 
for  the  despatch  of  all  gifts  to  Canadian  prisoners  of  war,  the 
provision  of  the  Kingscliffe  Rest  Home  for  Canadian  nurses,  the 
organization  of  the  Princess  Patricia  Hospital  at  Ramsgate  and 
the  Canadian  Red  Cross  Hospital  at  Vincennes,  France,  the  send- 
ing of  supplies  to  164  Hospitals  and  institutions.  Meantime,  Gen- 
eral Mason  had  reported  receipts  of  $1,240,035,  of  which  $19,994 
went  in  Christmas  gifts  to  men  overseas,  $26,516  to  St.  John  Am- 
bulance, $19,540  to  Scottish  Women's  Hospital  and  $147,474  for 
supplies.  During  1916  Colonel  Marshall,  at  the  request  of  the 
Executive,  had  in  May  proceeded  overseas  to  look  into  the  admin- 
istration of  the  Society's  affairs  in  Europe  and  he  was  given  full 
executive  powers  to  act  in  cases  requiring  immediate  attention.  He 
inspected  the  warehouses  and  large  surplus  supplies  in  London  and 
recommended  certain  grants  of  money  and  supplies  to  the  Allies 
—whose  representatives  he  met  in  London  and  with  whom  he  dis- 
cussed the  imperative  needs  of  the  moment.  He  visited  the  Can- 
adian hospitals  in  England  and  France  and  in  Paris  arranged  to 
transport  5,000  cases  of  supplies  monthly  to  that  city  and  also 


824  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  details  of  a  proposed  allotment  of  $50,000  for  the  French  Red 
Cross. 

Colonel  Marshall  was  a  member  of  the  Ontario  Central  Com- 
mittee which  superintended  the  British  Red  Cross  Collections  of 
1915  and  1916  when  the  Province  contributed  the  splendid  total  of 
$3,149,226.  In  1915  he  was  created  by  the  King  a  Knight  of 
Grace  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  Of  his  sons  one 
— Kenric  R.  Marshall — went  to  the  Front  with  the  1st  Contingent, 
is  now  Major  and  Deputy  Quartermaster  General  of  the  3rd 
Division  and  won  the  D.S.O.  in  1917  for  conspicuous  gallantry. 
Such  is  a  brief  record  of  Noel  Marshall's  life  and  work.  The 
work  outlined  is  considerable,  the  objects  achieved  of  importance 
to  the  community;  and  Colonel  Marshall  has  thus  won  for  himself 
an  established  place  in  the  financial  and  patriotic  life  of  the  Domin- 
ion. 


THOMAS  FINDLEY, 

President    of   the    Massey-Harris    Co.    Ltd. 


THOMAS  FINDLEY 


To  rise  in  31  years  from  the  position  of  a  farm-lad  to  that  of  Pre- 
sident and  General-Manager  in  the  greatest  manufacturing  esta- 
blishment of  Canada  is,  in  itself,  no  small  achievement;  when  the 
direction  of  such  a  concern  as  the  Massey-Harris  means  an  import- 
ant share  in  providing  some  of  the  essentials  of  war  material  and 
production  in  a  time  of  world-struggle,  the  matter  becomes  of 
public  importance.  Mr.  Findley  has  not  been  greatly  in  the  public 
eye:  he  has  preferred  to  work  up  slowly  and  steadily  until  his 
later  successes  came  to  him  almost  as  a  matter  of  course.  Born 
in  1870,  in  York  County,  he  left  his  home-farm,  where,  after  the 
early  death  of  his  parents  he  had  been  brought  up  by  grand-parents 
who  possessed  strong  Scotch  personalities,  at  14  and  started  amid 
pioneer  conditions  at  Sutton  to  work  in  a  general  store  with  all- 
round  duties  which  included  driving  the  mail  twice  weekly  to 
a  couple  of  outlying  Post  Offices — no  easy  task  in  times  of  winter 
storm.  After  4^  years  at  this  work  and  the  incidental  study  of 
telegraphy,  Mr.  Findley  started  as  telegraph-operator  with  the 
Massey  Manufacturing  Company  at  Toronto,  in  1890,  and  just  a 
short  time  before  the  re-organization  upon  which  the  greatest  ex- 
pansion of  that  industry  was  to  be  based.  In  the  autumn  of  1891 
these  arrangements  were  completed  and  combined  the  greater 
Implement  concerns  of  Canada  in  one  as  the  Massey-Harris  Co. 
Ltd.,  with  $5,000,000  capital— $3,500,000  paid  up.  The  following 
table  indicates  the  elements  entering  into  this  combination: 

Massey-Harris    Company    Toronto    Hart  A.  Massey 

Massey-Harris    Company    Toronto    W.   E.   H.   Massey 

Massey-Harris   Company    Toronto    Chester  D.  Massey 

Massey-Harris   Company    Toronto    E.   Harmer 

A.   Harris   Son   &   Co Brantford    Lyman  Melvin  Jones 

A.   Harris   Son   &   Co Brantford    J.    Kerr   Osborne 

A.   Harris   Son   &   Co Brantford    J.  N.  Shenstone 

J.   O.   Wisner   Son  &   Co Brantford    Wareham   S.   Wisner 

J.    O.   Wisner   Son  &   Co Brantford    C.  L.  Wisner 

Patterson  Bros.   Co.   Ltd Woodstock   A.   S.   Patterson 

Patterson  Bros.   Go.   Ltd Woodstock J.  D.  Patterson 

For  the  next  25  years  these  men  managed  the  Company  with 
the  three  Masseys  as  Presidents  in  succession  and  Sir  Lyman  Melvin 
Jones  as  General-Manager  from  the  beginning  and  President  from 
1902  until  his  death  in  1917.  Meanwhile  Mr.  Findley  had  been  stead- 
ily growing  into  and  with  the  business — Chief  Accountant  in  1895, 
Assistant  to  the  President  in  1902,  Assistant  General-Manager  in 
1907,  a  Director  of  the  concern  in  1909  and  Vice-President  in  1912. 
The  Company  had  expanded  enormously  during  this  period  until  it 
was  the  second  largest  industry  of  its  kind  in  the  world  with  immense 
factories  in  Toronto,  Brantford  and  Woodstock  employing  7,500 
persons,  a  paid-up  capital  of  $15,000,000  and  warehouses,  factories 
and  representatives  all  over  the  world.  Its  mowers,  harvesters, 
reapers  and  self-binders  were  everywhere  as  well  as  being  the 

[825] 


826  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

pioneer  product  in  each  case  for  Canada.  Of  this  development  Mr. 
Findley  had  become  a  part — his  genial  disposition,  coolness  and  yet 
quickness  of  personal  decision,  being  the  salient  points  of  character. 
The  heads  of  the  Company  trusted  him ;  the  staff  liked  him  and  with 
the  men  he  was  popular,  so  that  his  appointment. in  1917  as  Presi- 
dent and  General-Manager  was  natural  and  appropriate.  The 
character  of  the  congratulatory  letters  which  came  to  Mr.  Findley 
on  his  appointment  indicated  that  the  appreciation  was  wider  than 
business  or  personal  circles — though  he  had  never  taken  part  in 
public  affairs.  The  Chairmanship  of  the  Legislative  Commitee  of 
the  Canadian  Manuf acurers '  Association  in  1912-14  and  Member- 
ship of  the  Executive  since  191.5  had  been  his  only  public  offices. 

The  War  affected  the  Massey-Harris  interests  more  than  it  did 
other  Canadian  concerns ;  the  very  fact  of  their  large  business  con- 
nections abroad  with  branches  at  Berlin  and  Buda  Pesth,  in  France 
and  Eussia,  in  Great  Britain  and  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
involved  their  trade  vitally  for  a  time.  The  German  and  Austrian 
houses  were  taken  over  by  the  Governments  and  marked  off  as  pro- 
bable losses ;  the  Allied  Powers,  as  the  War  developed,  found  Imple- 
ments to  be  as  important  for  agricultural  production  as  Munitions 
were  for  the  War ;  Great  Britain  eventually  turned  these  factories 
over  to  its  Munitions  Department  as  one  of  the  chief  war  factors  and 
allotted  men  for  their  work ;  Russia  aided  them  financially  in  every 
possible  way,  and  France  provided  for  transportation  from  Canada. 
The  initial  check,  therefore,  to  the  Massey-Harris  concern  was  fol- 
lowed by  increased  demands  and  production.  With  this  and  other 
matters  Mr.  Findley  as  Vice-President  and  Assistant  General-Man- 
ager was  intimately  associated.  He  shared  in  the  important  arrange- 
ments in  1914  for  the  production  of  18-pounder  shrapnel  shells.  A 
large  warehouse  was  allotted  to  this  work,  a  new  plant  installed  at  a 
cost  of  over  $300,000  and,  in  1917,  operations  are  underway  upon  a 
big  scale  as  one  of  the  most  important  of  Canadian  war-plants 
carrying  on  this  work.  Early  in  the  struggle  the  British  War 
Office  ordered  thousands  of  waggons  from  the  Company  and  latterly 
the  supply  of  Forestry  waggons  and  those  required  for  the  Canadian 
Service  transport  system  have  run  up  int6  thousands.  The  firm, 
in  fact,  designed  the  Service  waggon  now  in  use  (1917)  by  the 
Canadian  authorities. 

It  was  natural  that  the  Company  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  Findley  and  the  late  Sir  L.  Melvin  Jones,  should  have  shared 
in  War  contributions  of  another  kind.  Its  traditions  were  of  that 
nature  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  since  1896,  under  the  will  of  the 
late  Hart  A.  Massey,  the  earnings  on  his  large  holdings  of  stock  in 
the  Company  had  been  devoted,  under  his  will,  to  educational, 
charitable  and  religious  objects — involving  a  continuous  gift  of 
over  one-fifth  of  the  earnings  of  the  entire  capital  stock  to 
these  purposes.  Since  the  War  began  the  Company  has  given  to 
Canadian  Patriotic  funds  over  $100,000;  in  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  they  have  done  their  share  locally;  in  Great  Britain  they 


THOMAS  FINDLEY  AND  THE  MASSEY-HARRIS  INTERESTS    827 

established  the  splendid  Kingswood  Hospital  for  Convalescent  Can- 
adian soldiers.  Mr.  Findley  and  the  management  took  special  inter- 
est in  this.  In  looking  for  a  location  they  negotiated  as  to  a  build- 
ing at  Eamsgate  which,  eventually,  was  found  too  large  for  the 
immediate  purpose  desired  and  they  handed  it  over  to  the  War 
Office  with  the  $10,000  involved  in  a  two  years'  lease.  Eventually 
the  beautiful  buildings  and  site  now  occupied  at  Kingswood  were 
obtained  and  one  of  the  finest  Hospitals  in  all  the  War  areas 
established.  The  house  and  estate  are  in  Dulwich,  a  London  suburb ; 
the  park  area  is  about  30  acres  and  the  building  itself  a  spacious 
Elizabethan  mansion  of  baronial  type,  well-arranged  and  comfort- 
able with  beautiful  satinwood  fittings,  valuable  carved  woodwork, 
oak  panellings,  stained  glass  and  marble  fixtures.  It  was  re- 
arranged to  receive  100  patients  and  with  a  view  to  producing  a 
home-like  effect,  a  Canadian  atmosphere,  and  the  greatest  degree 
of  individual  comfort.  Military  discipline  there  was  but  it  was  re- 
duced to  the  limit  of  absolute  war  necessity  and  the  beautiful 
building  has  suffered  no  damage  from  soldiers  who  were  careful  not 
to  abuse  their  privileges. 

In  the  initiation  of  the  enterprise  the  Directors  thought  it  well 
to  ask  the  co-operation  of  the  Staff  and  employees  and  this  was 
received  in  generous  measure.  The  Company  bore  the  preliminary 
expenditure ;  the  Staff  and  employees  shared  in  the  cost  of  mainten- 
ance. It  was  opened  on  June  1,  1916,  by  Sir  Charles  Wakefield,  Lord 
Mayor  of  London,  with  Sir  George  Perley  as  Chairman.  The  Lord 
Mayor  stated  in  his  address  that :  "  As  far  as  I  know  this  will  be  the 
only  institution  of  its  kind  founded  by  a  single  establishment  and 
entirely  kept  up  by  the  regular  contributions  of  its  members  and 
workers.  If  that  be  so,  it  is  an  example  which,  even  at  this  period, 
might  be  taken  to  heart  and  followed  by  other  great  commerical 
Companies  and  Corporations  in  various  parts  of  the  Empire." 
The  Hospital  was  quickly  filled  with  patients  and  every  comfort 
and  possible  pleasure  given  them — within  the  institution,  and  with- 
out from  generous  British  hosts ;  on  Feb.  8,  1917,  the  King  and 
Queen  visited  Kingswood  and  stamped  with  their  approval  this 
patriotic  effort  of  the  Massey-Harris  management,  Agents  and  em- 
ployees. 

The  career  of  Mr.  Findley  may  be  left  at  this  point  with  a  few 
personal  references.  He  was  married  in  1894  to  Phoebe  Constance 
Smith  of  Kingston  and  his  eldest  son — Lieut.  Thomas  Irving  Find- 
ley — is  on  active  service  with  the  Artillery  and  was  wounded  in 
1916  but  afterwards  returned  to  duty ;  he  has  many  friends  and  it 
is  safe  to  say  no  enemies;  he  stands  for  the  higher  moral  and 
religious  influences  of  civic  and  national  life  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Finance  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada.  Al- 
together, his  life,  though  not  in  later  years  stirring  or  striking  in 
any  sensational  way,  has  been  important  to  the  community  and  the 
country  in  its  personal  success,  and  in  its  wise  conduct  of  large  in- 
terests. 


ALBERT  EDWARD  GOODERHAM 


Colonel  Albert  Edward  Gooderham  is  a  citizen  of  Toronto  who 
has  been  fortunate  in  having  the  means  to  prove  his  public  spirit 
and  still  more  so,  perhaps,  in  having  the  desire  to  do  public  work. 
As  Vice-President  and  Managing-Director  of  Gooderham  &  Worts, 
Ltd.,  the  firm  of  distillers  who  date  back  to  the  early  days  of  Toronto 
history  and  development — grandson  of  the  founder,  Wm.  Gooder- 
ham and  son  of  the  late  George  Gooderham,  President  of  the 
Bank  of  Toronto — he  early  realized  the  financial  ends  which  so 
many  men  work  a  lifetime  to  achieve.  Born  in  1861  he  is  at  this 
time  a  Director  of  the  Bank  of  Toronto,  of  the  Canada  Permanent 
Mortgage  Corporation,  of  the  Confederation  Life  Association,  of 
the  Clifton  Hotel  Co.  Ltd.,  of  the  General  Distillery  Co.  Ltd.,  and 
President  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  Guarantee  &  Accident  Co., 
and  of  the  King  Edward  Hotel  Co.  Ltd.  He  early  took  an  interest 
in  Militia  matters,  entered  the  10th  Royal  Grenadiers  in  1885  as 
2nd  Lieutenant,  became  Lieutenant  in  1887,  Captain  in  1896,  Major 
in  1902  and  in  1907  was  promoted  to  Lieut.-Colonel  and  given 
command  of  the  Regiment  which,  in  1880,  had  been  re-organized 
under  Lieut.-Col.  H.  J.  Grassett,  C.M.G.,  and  had  seen  a  succession 
of  well-known  commanders  in  Lieut.-Colonel  G.  D.  Dawson,  Brig.- 
Gen.  The  Hon.  James  Mason,  Lieut. -Colonels  John  Bruce  and  G.  A. 
Stimson.  Upon  his  retirement  in  1913  he  was  succeeded  in  turn 
by  Lieut.-Colonels  Harry  Brock,  D.C.L.,  and  J.  Cooper  Mason,  D.S.O. 

During  his  command  Colonel  Gooderham — he  was  promoted  in 
1915 — took  part  in  the  Quebec  Tercentenary  Celebration  in  1908 
and  in  October  of  that  year  was  presented  with  a  sterling  silver 
punch-bowl  by  his  officers  on  the  25th  anniversary  of  his  wedding ; 
in  1912  he  gave  a  dinner  to  1,778  members  and  ex-members  of  the 
Battalion  on  the  50th  anniversary  of  its  organization  and  in  the 
same  year  had  his  term  of  command  extended  for  one  year  by  special 
request  of  all  his  Staff.  Meanwrhile,  he  had  taken  an  interest  in  the 
work  of  the  British  Empire  League,  the  Canadian  Forestry  Associa- 
tion, St.  George's  Society,  the  Royal  Life  Saving  Society,  the  Boy 
Scout  Association.  In  1883  he  married  Mary  Reford  Duncansoii 
of  Amherstburg  and  she  eventually  took  an  active  interest  in 
public  affairs ;  became  President  of  the  Imperial  Order  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  Empire  in  succession  to  the  late  Mrs.  Nordheimer 
and  helped  in  building  up  the  Order  to  one  of  the  most  important 
Women's  organizations  in  the  world,  with  500  Chapters  and  30,- 
000  members.  She  was,  also,  appointed  Hon.  Treasurer  of  the 
Fund  for  marking  Soldiers'  graves  in  South  Africa. 

It  was  natural,  therefore,  that  the  first  public  object  to  which 
Colonel  Gooderham  gave  substantial  support — the  institution  in 
North  Toronto  for  the  care  of  children  predisposed  to  tuberculosis, 
from  physical  condition  or  environment,  and  called  the  I.O.D.E. 

[828] 


COLONEL  A.  E.  GOODERHAM. 


A.    E.    GOODERHAM    AND    CANADIAN    WAR-WORK  829 

Preventorium — should  be  operated  under  control    of    the  .Order. 
There  had  been  for  some  years  a  locally-organized  and  excellent 
work  done  by  the  Heather  Club  of  Toronto  amongst  local  children 
—aided  in  summer  by  the  John  Ross  Robertson  Lakeside  Home. 
But  great  need  was  felt  for  a  winter  home  and  this  appealed  to 
Colonel  Gooderham.     He  secured  the  property  on  Yonge  Street, 
furnished  the  Preventorium  and  arranged  that  it  should  become  the 
property  of  the  Municipal  Chapter  of  the  Order  when  an  endow- 
ment fund  of  $60,000  was  created.     Although  the  War  deferred 
the  completion  of  this  Fund,  two-thirds  of  the  endowment  (1917) 
are  in  hand.    Many  Primary  Chapters  of  the  I.O.D.E.  contributed 
$100  yearly  to  the  up-keep  of  the  institution  and  others,  like  the 
Heather  Club  Chapter,  endowed  beds  and  gave  special  gifts  to  aid 
the  work.     The  Preventorium  was  formally  opened  by  Sir  John 
Gibson,  Lieut. -Governor,  on  May  7th,  1913,  with  accommodation  for 
30  boys  and  30  girls.   Although  the  Heather  Club  Chapter  looked 
after  a  number  of  the  children  in  the  summer,  many  of  them  re- 
mained in  residence  all  the  year  round,  and  plans  are  being  develop- 
ed by  Colonel  Gooderham  (1917)  for  a  large  extension  of  the  work 
with,  especially,  a  new  building  where  tubercular  babies,  under 
four,  can  be  given  treatment.     The  work  of  this  institution  was 
and  is  purely  preventive.     Its  principal  patron  started  with  the 
intention  of  spending  $18,000  to  $20,000  but  the  institution  ha? 
now  cost  him  over  $100,000  and  the  policy  of  the  Board  is  still 
one  of  progress  and  expenditure.     The  number  of  children  dur- 
ing the  1st  year  was  108  and  one  year  afterwards  102  had  been 
discharged  as  cured ;  during  the  2nd  year  there  were  180  and  in  the 
3rd,  208  in  attendance ;  with  156  admitted  in  the  year  ending  Sept. 
30,  1916,  and  continued  records  of  permanent  cures.     The  active 
Medical  officers  of  the  institution  have  been  Dr.  Harold  Parsons, 
Dr.  Allan  Brown,  Dr.  J.  H.  Elliott  and  Dr.  V.  W.  McCormack; 
cases  of  actual  disease  developed  are  sent  to  the  Queen  Mary  Hospi- 
tal ;  the  Board  of  Management,  with  Mrs.  Gooderham  as  Hon.  Presi- 
dent and  Mrs.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston  as  President,  is  appointed  by  the 
I.O.D.E. ;  Colonel  Gooderham  has  a  place  on  the  Advisory  Board. 
With  the  coming  of  the  War  opportunities  for  public  service 
were  infinitely  enhanced  and  Colonel  Gooderham  was  one  of  those 
who  at  once  did  his  share.    Prior  to  May,  1914,  with  the  exception 
of  smallpox  and  typhoid  vaccines,  none  of  the  preventive  or  curative 
elements  along  this  line  were  prepared  in  Canada  but  in  that 
month  the  University  of  Toronto  undertook  to  establish  a  Labora- 
tory for  the  production  and  distribution  of  diphtheria  and  tetanus 
(lockjaw)    antitoxin,  anti-meningitis  serum,  anti-rabic    (Pasteur) 
vaccine  as  well  as  that  of  smallpox,  with  a  view  to  free  distribu- 
tion in  Canada.    Preliminary  steps  were  taken  but  many  more  were 
needed  when  the  War  broke  out.  Specially  trained  experts  were 
required,  equipment  was  a  costly  process  requiring  time  or  special 
exertion  and,  with  the  coming  of  war  these  difficulties  increased, 
while  a  great  shortage  developed  in  the  world's  supply  of  tetanus 


830  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

antitoxin  owing  to  the  enormous  demands  from  the  Western  front 
where  the  old  and  rich  soil  infected  almost  all  wounds  with  lock- 
jaw germs  and  made  the  serum  absolutely  necessary.     Early  in 
1915   the    Canadian   Red   Cross   Society,   upon   whose    Executive 
Colonel  Gooderham  had  a  seat,  was  urgently  requested  to  obtain 
10,000  doses  of  this  antitoxin  for  the  soldiers  in  France  but  they 
found  the  United  States  prices  prohibitive  and  the  Toronto  Univer- 
sity Laboratory  at  once  proposed  to  relieve  the  situation.     Colonel 
Gooderham,  who  was  also  a  member  of  the  University  Board  of 
Governors,  offered  to  equip  a  special  laboratory  for  the  purpose  of 
producing  tetanus  antitoxin.     At  the  same  time,  the  Department 
of  Militia  and  Defence  agreed  to  make  a  errant  of  $5,000  on  con- 
dition that  the  entire  output  should  be  available  for  the  use  of  the 
Depadment    if    required.     The    University    agreed    to    this    an! 
even  promised  to  supply  the  antitoxin  at  approximately  cost  price. 
The*  special   Laboratory   was   at   once   established   under   the 
immediate  direction  of  Dr.  R.  D-.  Defries,  and  for  over  a  year  has 
been  preparing  and  sending  to  France  all  the  tetanus  antitoxin 
required  for  the  use  of  the  2nd  British  Army  Corps  and  C  E.F., 
at  a  price  lower  than  the  lowest  quoted  by  anv  American  manu- 
facturer.    Since  beginning  this  work  over  50,000  packages  have 
been  sent  overseas.     The  work  of  the  Laboratory  was  much  ham- 
pered at  the  outset  by  the  lack  of  accommodation  for  horses  and 
other  necessary  laboratory  animals,   and,  because  the  University 
did  not  possess  a  farm,  the  horses  could  not  be  kept  under  the 
best  possible  conditions.    The  available  Laboratory  space,  also,  was 
inadequate.     When  this  became  known  to  Colonel  Gooderham  he 
increased  his  gift  many  times  and  purchased  a  50-acre  farm  in 
York  township  about  12  miles  north  of  Toronto.     On  this  farm, 
a  splendid  laboratory  and  stables  have  been  built  through  his  gen- 
erosity, and  the  whole  property  given  to  the  University.     H.R.H. 
The  Duke  of  Connaught  was  much  interested  in  this  work  and 
consented  to  the  institution  being  called  "the  Connaught  Labora- 
tories of  the  University  of  Toronto."    Dr.  J.  G.  Fitzgerald  of  the 
University  Department  of  Hygiene  has  stated  that  "Canada  has 
in  this  institution  one  comparable  in  the  scope  of  its  activities  to 
the  Serum  Department  of  the  Pasteur  Institute,  Paris;  the  Lister 
Institute,  London;  and  the  Research  Laboratories  of  the  Health 
Department  of  New  York  City."     The  cost  of  the  undertaking  to 
Colonel  Gooderham  has  been  $65,000  and  it  is  understood  that  he 
also  is  taking  steps  to  endow  the  Laboratory  and  Farm  with  a 
considerable  sum. 

Following  these  developments  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
at  Ottawa  found  themselves  facing  a  75  per  cent,  increase  in  the 
already  high  prices  of  Acetone — a  high  explosive  compound — 
supplied  from  the  United  States.  They  decided  upon  the  manu- 
facture in  Canada  and  after  investigation  it  was  found  that  the 
Gooderham  &  Worts  Distillery  at  Toronto  was  the  most  suitable 
for  the  purpose.  The  Board  thereupon  offered  to  lease  the  build- 


A.    E.    GOODERHAM    AND    CANADIAN    WAR-WORK  331 

ings  and  plant  from  the  Company  for  the  duration  of  the  War ;  the 
rental  to  be  based  on  the  average  net  profits  of  Messrs.  Gooderham 
&  Worts  for  the  past  three  years,  plus  interest  on  their  actual 
investment.  The  offer  (involving  from  $300,000  to  $500,000)  was 
refused  and  Colonel  Gooderham,  for  his  Company,  asked  the  Muni- 
tions Board  to  accept  the  buildings  and  plant  for  the  period  named 
without  charge  or  compensation  and  with  any  personal  services  that 
he  and  his  son  could  render  given  upon  the  same  basis.  The 
arrangement  was  accepted  and  the  work  is  now  in  hand  with 
Colonel  Gooderham  as  Managing-Director.  For  this  generous  action, 
which,  also,  involved  the  elimination  of  profits  on  the  manufacture 
of  Acetone  the  thanks  of  the  British  Government  were  accorded. 
The  whole  matter  had  been  put  through  in  1915-6  without  publicity 
and  it  only  became  known  through  a  statement  in  the  Ottawa 
Journal-Press  of  Jan.  8,  1917. 

During  a  visit  to  London  late  in  1915  Colonel  Gooderham 
noticed  that  whilst  the  rank  and  file  of  the  Canadians  were  well 
supplied  with  Hospital  accommodation,  the  necessities  of  sick  and 
wounded  officers  had  not  been  sufficiently  considered  and  attended 
to,  and  that  there  was  need  of  another  Officers '  Hospital  in  London. 
In  1916,  therefore,  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Gooderham  undertook  to  organ- 
ize and  establish  such  a  Hospital  at  No.  1  Hyde  Park  Place,  London. 
As  finally  established  it  contained  30  beds,  operating  room  and 
every  kind  of  comfort  and  proved  very  popular  amongst  Canadian 
Officers.  It  was  opened  in  the  month  of  May  by  H.  E.  H.  the 
Duchess  of  Argyll  and  on  May  23rd  Their  Majesties  the  King 
and  Queen  visited  the  Hospital  and  expressed  congratulations 
to  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Gooderham  upon  its  completeness  in  every 
respect.  Sir  Wm.  Osier  and  Mr.  Donald  Armour,  P.R.C.S.,  offered 
their  voluntary  services  to  the  establishment.  The  I.O.D.E.  in 
Canada  helped  in  maintenance  but  it  is  understood  that  Colonel 
Gooderham 's  expenditures  were  three  or  four  times  the  original 
estimate  of  cost.  It  may  be  added  that  Colonel  and  Mrs.  Gooder- 
ham contributed  $2,500  to  equip  a  recreation  room  at  the 
Duchess  of  Connaught  Hospital,  Cliveden,  Such  is  a  brief  re- 
cord of  public  work  done  by  one  well-known  citizen  of  Toronto. 
It  has  not  been  widely  known  and  Colonel  Gooderham,  obviously, 
has  not  sought  publicity;  he  has  never  been  a  politician  and  his 
efforts  have  been  purely  practical.  The  result,  however,  makes  an 
effective  total  of  voluntary  accomplishment. 


CHARLES   NEWTON   CAN  DEE 


Charles  Newton  Candee  is  of  the  English  type  of  manufacturer 
— quiet,  unassuming,  unaggressive  in  style,  yet  successful.  The 
nature  of  his  long  business  career  has  inspired  personal  confidence 
and  built  up  a  wealth  of  experience  and  knowledge  around  impor- 
tant and  world-wide  interests.  He  was  born  in  Rochester,  N.Y., 
in  1860  and,  though  becoming  a  British  subject  soon  after  he  settled 
at  Toronto  in  1886,  and  being  a  British  subject  now  in  the  most 
earnest  and  patriotic  sense  of  the  words,  he  is,  also,  very  proud  of 
an  ancestry  which  is  associated,  in  the  most  distinguished  way, 
with  American  business  and  with  some  great  events  in  the  history  of 
the  Old  World.  Of  this  a  word  may  be  said.  Few  names 'are 
greater  in  the  annals  of  France  than  that  of  Conde  and  of  this 
family  Jean  de  Conde,  who  was  a  devoted  adherent  of  Henri  de 
Navarre,  was  with  Admiral  Coligny  at  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew. His  grandson,  Jean  de  Conde,  went  to  Boston  in  1639  to 
strike  out  a  path  for  himself  in  a  new  land,  and  his  son,  the  first 
born  on  this  continent,  was  Zaccheus  Cande,  whose  name  suffered 
from  various  spellings  and  changed  in  succeeding  generations  to 
that  of  Candee. 

From  him,  in  direct  descent,  came  Leverett  Candee  who  founded 
in  New  Haven  in  1842  the  firm  of  L.  Candee  &  Co.,  with  Henry 
Hotchkiss  as  partner — a  concern  which  is  still  in  operation.  Two 
years  before  this  Charles  Goodyear  had  started  to  develop  his  famous 
discovery  of  vulcanized  rubber  and  it  was  the  issue  by  him  to  the 
Candee  Company  of  the  first  license  to  manufacture  rubber  boots  and 
shoes  in  the  United  States  which  laid  the  foundation  of  its  success ; 
just  as  similar  rights  granted  by  Goodyear,  under  his  patents, 
to  all  kinds  of  subsidiary  industries  laid  the  basis  of  many  another 
American  fortune.  With  the  Goodyears  the  Candees  intermarried 
and,  it  may  be  added,  Leverett  Candee 's  father  and  C.  N.  Candee 's 
great  grandfather  wrere  brothers.  Mr.  Candee  enjoys  telling  friends 
of  this  ancestor — Daniel  Candee — who  was  the  youngest  of  nine 
brothers  reaching  the  combined  age  of  785  years  or  an  average  of  87 
years  each !  The  Canadian  scion  of  this  family  has,  it  will  be  seen, 
the  possibly  unique  privilege  in  this  democratic  age  of  uniting  the 
aristocracy  of  old  France  with  the  busy  industrial  life  of  the 
American  Republic  and  Canadian  Dominion. 

As  a  matter  of  fact  all  branches  of  the  rubber  industry  in  the 
United  States  took  their  permanent  rise  from  the  date  of  Good- 
year's  patent  and  this  development  was  greatly  promoted  by  the 
discovery  of  hard  rubber  and  the  increased  demands  of  the  Civil 
War.  From  this  beginning  in  the  Republic  the  industry  grew 
until  now  there  are  more  than  $1,000,000,000  invested  in  it  with 
an  immense  range  of  essential  production.  C.  N.  Candee  began 
his  business  career  (1879)  in  the  wholesale  and  retail  rubber 
establishment  of  0.  W.  Clary,  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  and  in  1886  was 
appointed  Assistant-Manager  of  the  Gutta  Percha  &  Rubber  Mfg. 

[832] 


CHARLES   N.   CANDEE, 
President  and  Managing-Director  Gutta  Percha  and  Rubber  Ltd.,  Toronto. 


C.  N.  CANDEE  AND  CANADIAN  RUBBER  INTERESTS        833 

Co.,  Toronto,  then  a  subsidiary  concern  of  the  New  York  firm  of 
that  name.  Those  were  years  in  which  the  demand  for  rubber  goods 
was  increasing  in  Canada  through  railway  development  and  the 
need  for  packing  and  hose  to  be  used  in  conveying  steam  and 
water  and  for  rubber  foot-wear ;  later  came  the  increased  industrial 
demand  for  rubber  belting  and  tires;  still  more  recently  the  enor- 
mous requirements  for  bicycles,  typewriters,  automobiles,  motor 
vehicles,  the  electrical  trades,  etc.,  with  ever-growing  and  chang- 
ing demands  for  lesser  things  such  as  rubber  cushions,  stamps,  foot- 
balls, tennis-balls,  etc. 

Canadian  requirements  increased  steadily  and  in  1887  the  Com- 
pany was  re-organized  as  a  Canadian  concern — The  Gutta  Percha 
&  Rubber  Mfg.  Co.,  of  Toronto,  Ltd. — for  the  manufacture  of 
rubber  belting,  packing,  hose,  rubber  footwear,  automobile, 
carriage  and  truck  tires.  The  capital  was  $200,000  and  H.  D. 
Warren  was  President  while  Mr.  Candee  on  Jan.  26,  1889,  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Company.  In  1913,  after  Mr.  Warren 's 
death,  another  re-organization  took  place  as  Gutta  Percha  &  Rubber 
Limited,  with  a  capital,  of  $6,000,000,  Trumbull  Warren,  son  of  the 
late  H.  D.  Warren,  as  President  and  Mr.  Candee  as  Vice- 
President  and  Managing-Director.  Then  came  the  War  and  Mr. 
Warren,  stirred  by  the  finest  British  patriotism,  at  once  volun- 
teered for  active  service  and  in  1915  was  killed  in  action.  On 
Feb.  29,  1916,  C.  N.  Candee,  after  a  business  life  of  37  years 
devoted  to  the  rubber  industry,  became  President  as  well  as  Man- 
aging-Director of  the  most  important  purely  Canadian  rubber 
interest  of  Canada — a  concern  which  from  small  branch  begin- 
nings had  become  a  great  business  with  trade  all  over  the  world 
and  exports,  in  particular,  to  Great  Britain,  Switzerland,  Italy, 
Germany  and  Turkey  (before  the  War),  Norway  and  Sweden, 
South  Africa,  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  the  British  West  Indies. 
Subsidiary  companies  had,  also,  sprung  up  in  Canada  and  in  1917 
Mr.  Candee  is  President  of  the  Winnipeg  Rubber  Co.  Ltd.  and  Van- 
couver Rubber  Co.  Ltd.,  and  Treasurer  and  Director  of  the  Toronto 
Rubber  Co.  Ltd. 

Meantime  Mr.  Candee  had  taken  small  part  in  what  is  us- 
ually called  public  life ;  he  was  neither  a  politician  nor  a  publicist ; 
he  had  no  desire  to  reform  anything  or  anybody  so  far  as  specific 
kinds  of  advocacy  were  concerned.  Essentially  a  business  man 
of  quiet,  unassuming  manner,  he  had  become  a  recognized  authority 
in  business  and  industrial  circles,  a  man  of  many  friends  in  private 
life  but  of  comparatively  few  positions  in  the  public  eye.  He 
married  Anna  Park  Taylor  of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  in  1892  and  has  one 
son  and  three  daughters.  The  son,  Charles  Newton  Candee,  Jr., 
after  graduating  during  1914  at  Toronto  University  with  high 
honours  in  the  field  of  Chemical  engineering  had  proposed  to 
volunteer  for  active  service  when  war  broke  out  but  was  per- 
suaded by  those  interested  to  attempt — in  association  with  E. 
Neil  Macallum,  a  son  of  Prof.  A.  B.  Macallum— the  discovery  of 
some  new  method  for  manufacturing  a  remedy  of  special  impor- 

53 


834  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tance  to  the  medical  profession,  in  great  demand  everywhere,  and 
for  which  Germany  alone  had  the  secret  processes.  The  two  young 
men  set  to  work  under  the  suspended  German  patent  and  in  a 
very  short  time  by  strenuous  effort  had  produced  a  drug  which  is 
said  to  be  as  good,  if  not  better,  than  the  German  original.  It  is 
now  being  supplied  to  the  Canadian,  British,  United  States  and 
other  Governments  and  Hospitals. 

Returning  to  Mr.  Candee  it  may  be  stated  that  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade  and  Canadian  Club,  a  Governor 
of  the  Toronto  Conservatory  of  Music,  an  Hon.  Governor  of  the 
Toronto  General  Hospital,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Management  of 
the  Toronto  Hospital  for  incurables,  a  Mason  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute,  London.  When  it  was  proposed  a  few  years 
ago  to  rebuild  and  enlarge  St.  Paul's  Church,  Toronto,  at  the 
wish  of  the  popular  Rector — Ven.  Archdeacon  Cody — Mr.  Candee  as 
Church  Warden  threw  his  energies  into  the  effort  and  the  splen- 
did edifice,  erected  and  completed,  with  its  famous  organ,  at  a  cost 
of  $400,000,  owed  not  a  little  to  his  efforts.  If  Clubs  indicate 
social  temperament  he  had  his  share  with  membership  in  the 
York;  Toronto;  National;  Royal  Canadian  Yacht;  Lambton  Golf 
and  various  Sporting  and  Fishing  Clubs — of  which  sports  he  was 
very  fond.  With  the  coming  of  the  War  he  took  great  interest  in 
Red  Cross  work  and  became  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Toronto  Branch 
of  the  Society.  With  this  event,  too,  there  came  immense  demands 
upon  his  business  and  personal  attention  and  interest  because  of  the 
increased  consumption  of  rubber  products  in  a  great  variety  of  war 
requirements  amongst  the  Allies.  If,  in  times  of  peace,  the  rubber 
industry  of  the  United  States  consumed  considerably  more  than  one- 
half  of  the  world's  rubber  production,  what  must  have  been  the 
requirements  at  this  time  from  many  nations.  During  three  years 
preceding  the  War  there  were  50,000,000  pairs  of  rubber  boots  and 
shoes  used  annually  in  the  United  States  and  now  came  demands 
from  at  least  12,000,000  soldiers  with  the  additional  call  for  high 
rubber  trench  boots  as  an  essential;  the  need  of  countless  motor 
vehicles  and  tires  for  purposes  only  second  in  importance  to  muni- 
tions and  men;  the  call  for  clothing  and  mechanical  supplies  for 
great  armies  to  which  transport  organization  and  scientific  produc- 
tion were  almost  as  important  as  artillery. 

What  Mr.  Candee 's  Company  has  done  in  this  connection  is 
not  and  may  never  be  fully  known ;  much  of  it  may  perhaps  be  guess- 
ed. We  do  know  that  certain  rubber  supplies  such  as  Khaki  ground- 
sheets,  overshoes,  rubber  boots  for  the  British  War  Office  and  the 
Admiralty,  special  boots  for  officers,  rubber  tires  and  supplies, 
were  shipped  to  various  countries  in  large  .quantities.  It  is,  also, 
known  that  the  Company  sent  overseas  more  than  300  men  as  its 
contribution  to  the  preservation  of  British  life  and  Canadian 
liberties.  Taken  altogether,  therefore,  Mr.  Candee  has  reason  to 
be  satisfied  with  having  lived  a  useful  life;  the  community  of  his 
choice  has  recognized  in  him  a  useful  citizen  and  this  year,  1917, 
saw  him  appointed  a  Director  of.  one  Canada's  great  financial 
institutions,  the  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce. 


LIEUT.-COL.  WILFRID  S.  DINNICK, 

Hon.    Organizer    of    Canadian    Patriotic    and    British    Red    Cross    Collections. 


WILFRID  SERVINGTON  DINNICK 


Lieut.-Col.  Wilfrid  Servington  Dinnick,  during  the  past  20  years, 
has  won  pronounced  financial  success  in  Toronto  and  shown  un- 
usual qualities  of  personal  energy  and  public  spirit.  Born  at 
Guildford,  England,  in  1874,  the  son  of  a  Clergyman,  he  came  to 
Canada  in  1889  to  hew  out  a  path  for  himself  in  a  new  land  of 
obvious  opportunity.  Financial  work  appealed  to  him  and  for 
some  years  he  was  with  the  Provincial  Loan  Co.,  Toronto,  then 
he  became  an  Inspector  of  the  Canada  Birkbeck  Investment  Co., 
and  in  1899  launched  out  as  organizer  and  manager  of  the  Standard 
Loan  Co.  which,  in  the  succeeding  year,  had  assets  of  $142,000  and 
in  1903  had  acquired  those  of  the  Aid  Savings  &  Loan  Co.,  Toronto. 
In  1904  the  Ontario  Industrial  Loan  &  Investment  Co.  Ltd.,  was 
absorbed  and  in  1905  the  Huron  &  Bruce  Loan  Co. ;  in  1906  the 
Canadian  Homestead  Loan  &  Savings  Association  was  taken  over 
and  in  1907  the  Canada  Savings  Loan  &  Building  Association. 
By  this  time  the  organization  had  assets  of  $2,500,000  with 
a  capital  of  $1,000,000  and  a  place  amongst  the  larger  corporations 
of  this  character  in  Canada,  with  men  such  as  Lord  Strathcona 
upon  its  Board  of  Directors  and  with  Mr.  Dinnick  as  General- 
Manager. 

In  May,  1913,  the  Standard  and  The  Reliance  Loan  &  Savings 
Co.  pf  Ontario  were  amalgamated  and  their  combined  interests, 
as  the  Standard-Reliance  Mortgage  Corporation,  on  Dec.  31,  showed 
a  paid-up  capital  of  $2,000,000,  assets  of  $5,110,332  of  which 
$4,255,220  was  invested  in  mortgages  and  securities  against  real 
estate,  with  $518,501  standing  in  stocks  and  bonds  and  cash;  net 
earnings  of  $351,336  and  a  revenue  of  $400,000.  Directors  of  the 
Company  included  N.  H.  Stevens  of  Chatham  (President)  ;  W.  S. 
Dinnick,  H.  S.  Brennan  and  John  Firstbrook,  Vice-Presidents ;  Lord 
Hyde  and  Herbert  Waddington,  who,  also,  was  Managing-Director, 
as  he  had  been  of  the  Reliance  Loan.  Subsidiary  to  this  Company 
was  the  Dovercourt  Land,  Building  &  Savings  Co.,  which  Mr. 
Dinnick  reorganized  in  1904  and  of  which  he  became  President.  It 
has  had  a  large  place  in  the  real  estate  development  of  Toronto 
with,  upon  the  whole,  a  conservative  influence.  It  may  be  added 
that  in  1914  the  Standard  Reliance  absorbed  the  Sun  &  Hastings 
Savings  &  Loan  Co.,  with  its  assets  of  $1,185,877— thus  increasing 
its  own  assets  to  $6,300,000  and  its  capital  stock  to  $2,563,663.  The 
report  of  this  Company  for  1915  showed  total  assets  of  $6,444,642 
and  a  debenture  business  of  $2,551,246  with  net  earnings  of  $335,- 
032 ;  while  a  valuation  of  the  Dovercourt  Company  properties  was 
reported  with  a  surplus  in  assets  of  $1,446,562.  The  Sterling 
Trusts  Corporation,  a  small  concern  in  Regina,  of  which  Mr. 
Dinnick  acquired  control  in  1913  and  became  President,  was 

[835] 


836  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

brought  to  Toronto  and  its  first  Report  for  the  next  year  showed 
a  capital  of  $1,000,000  in  which  $313,531  was  paid  up  and  net 
earnings  of  $23,204  with  assets  of  $3,285,683  as  compared  with 
$1,827,357  in  1913. 

Meanwhile,  out  of  Mr.  Dinnick's  real  estate  interests  there  had 
grown  by  1914  many  suburban  properties  split  up  into  building  and 
house  lots  for  various  classes  of  people,  the  best  known  being  the 
large  and  beautiful  building  district  called  Lawrence  Park  at  the 
north  end  of  Toronto,  which  for  a  time  developed  with  marked  suc- 
cess. Two  estates  or  old-time  farms  had  been  skilfully  laid  out  by 
an  English  consulting  engineer,  W.  S.  Brooke,  and  the  result  was  a 
piece  of  practical  City  and  Town  Planning  of  the  kind  which 
Associations,  now  elaborately  patronized  and  widely  encouraged  by 
the  public,  might  well  approve.  Late  in  1913  Mr.  Dinnick  visited 
the  West  and  after  a  five  weeks'  study  of  the  situation  gave  an 
interview  in  Toronto  (Saturday  Night,  Oct.  18,  1913)  which  had 
wide  publicity  and  which  expressed  in  no  measured  terms  his  dis- 
approval of  a  certain  form  of  sub-division  business,  its  injury  to 
Western  real  estate,  in  particular,  and  permanent  effect  upon  prices 
there.  As  to  Toronto  he  remained  optimistic. 

At  this  time  he  proved  his  faith  by  practice  and  the  Dovercourt 
Company  acquired  the  old  Royal  Bank  building  on  King  Street 
for  $700,000  as  it  years  before  had  acquired  the  Yonge  Street 
Arcade  property.  In  1915,  again,  it  acquired  110  more  acres 
of  a  suburban  character  in  North  Toronto.  With  this  subject  of 
Toronto  he  was  never  tired  of  dealing  and  in  1914  issued  a  book  en- 
titled Tremendous  Toronto,  which  was  the  high-water  mark  of  busi- 
ness optimism  as  to  a  city  which  at  that  time  made  one-seventh  of 
Canada's  industrial  output,  had  one-eighth  of  Canada's  industrial 
capital  and  number  of  employees,  and  paid  one-sixth  of  its  industrial 
wages;  a  city  with  new  buildings  in  the  past  six  years  costing 
$130,000,000  and  with  estimated  public  improvements  in  the  next 
five  years  to  cost  $350,000,000.  The  War  intervened  but,  meantime, 
the  justifiable  optimism  and  solid  work  of  men  like  W.  S.  Dinnick 
had  done  much  for  the  progress  of  Toronto. 

Meanwhile,  as  his  business  interests  grew,  Mr.  Dinnick  had 
begun  to  express  an  interest  in  public  matters  of  a  non-business 
character.  Arising,  naturally,  out  of  his  development  of  suburban 
properties  came  an  appreciation  of  the  practical  value  of  small 
plots  of  ground,  back-gardens  and  so  on.  In  1913  the  Dovercourt 
Company  offered  prizes  totalling  $1,000  for  the  best-kept  backyard 
garden  in  the  city — worked  by  the  competitor  without  hired  help. 
The  offer  was  successful  in  creating  much  interest  in  the  subject 
and  was  renewed  for  a  time  while  Mr.  Dinnick  by  means  of  news- 
paper advocacy,  circulars  and  addressing  public  meetings,  called 
wide  attention  to  the  importance  of  the  subject.  He  took  much 
the  same  line  as  the  Rotary  Clubs  afterwards  did  throughout  Can- 
ada and  urged  the  cultivation  of  all  vacant  lots  with  the  interesting 
argument  (Massey  Hall,  Sept.  10,  1915)  that  if  the  kitchen  gardens 
of  Canada  were  put  to  practical  use  it  would  mean  $10,000,000 


"W.  S.  DINNICK  AND  PATRIOTIC  ORGANIZATIONS  837 

a  year  of  increased  production;  in  Toronto  80%  under  cultiva- 
tion for  vegetables  would  mean  a  return  of  $1,875,000.  During 
this  year  the  Dovercourt  contestants  numbered  616  as  against  234 
in  1914. 

All  this  financial  and  general  work  had,  however,  merged  largely 
by  this  time  in  the  question  of  War  conditions,  development,  duties 
and  obligations.  To  a  man  like  Mr.  Dinnick  there  were  only  two 
paths  open — the  abandonment  of  important  business  interests  and 
duties  for  active  service,  or  the  doing  of  public  service  in  addition 
to  private  labour.  Into  the  latter  alternative  he  threw  himself  with 
characteristic  energy  and  initiative.  The  first  phase  was  naturally 
military  and  it  developed  out  of  the  Home  Guard  and  the  desire 
to  learn  rifle  shooting,  which  was  an  early  and  popular  incident 
of  war-activities.  Then  the  109th  Regiment  was  organized  (on 
Dec.  15,  1914)  with  Lieut.-Col.  W.  T.  Stewart  in  command,  Major 
W.  S.  Dinnick,  second  in  command,  "W.  K.  McN aught,  C.M.G.,  as 
Hon.  Colonel  and  Major  H.  H.  Horsfall.  There  were,  as  time 
passed,  a  number  of  other  officers  who  afterwards  went  on  active  ser- 
vice or  did  splendid  recruiting  \vork  .at  home,  or  both — such  as 
Major  M.  S.  Boehm,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  G.  Wright  and  Lieut. -Colonels 
C.  S.  Pote,  M.C.,  V.  V.  Harvey,  D.S.O.,  J.  G.  Wright,  E.  H.  Greer, 
W.  H.  Price,  W.  A.  McConnell  and  E.  W.  Hagarty. 

Within  a  year  the  Regiment  was  able  to  send  1,000  men  to 
Niagara  for  training,  to  meet  drafts  for  active  service  totalling 
2,000  and  to  see  its  most  energetic  officer,  Major  W.  S.  Dinnick,  pro- 
moted to  command  with  the  rank  of  Lieut.-Colonel.  Of  its  Over- 
seas contingents  the  109th  had  first  contributed  (Jan.  4,  1915) 
100  men  and  four  officers  to  the  Eaton  Machine  Gun  Battery; 
then  200  men  for  various  battalions  were  sent  off  and  on  the  6th 
three  officers  and  100  men  left  to  join  the  35th  Battalion.  On  May 
10  one  officer  and  sixty  men  left  to  reinforce  the  35th;  on  June  14 
there  left  two  officers  and  100  men  to  the  58th  Battalion ;  on  July 
17,  200  men  went  to  the  37th  Battalion.  On  Aug.  15  fifteen  officers 
and  750  men  went  to  the  new  84th  Battalion  and  later  in  that 
month  additional  drafts  of  103  men ;  on  Oct.  1st  the  81st  Battalion 
claimed  100  men  and  on  Sept.  20,  23  men  transferred  to  the  2nd 
Pioneers.  In  November  reinforcements  to  the  84th  absorbed  three 
more  officers  and  83  men  while  163  men  were  sent  to  the  Canadian 
Army  Service  Corps,  the  4th  Field  Hospital,  the  Canadian  Royal 
Engineers,  the  Ammunition  Park  and  the  Princess  Patricia's. 
More  than  2,000  men  had  thus  passed  into  and  out  of  the  109th 
and  the  Regiment  was  still  over  strength  and  still  growing. 

During  1916  the  process  continued  and,  without  going  into 
details,  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  Regiment  claimed  to  have  186 
officers  and  over  5,000  men  on  active  service.  Early  in  1916  Col. 
Dinnick  did  his  best  to  help  the  Canadian  Defence  Force  scheme 
and  to  raise  250  Overseas  men  by  means  of  a  special  appeal  from 
returned  soldiers.  Much  effort  and  labour  was  put  into  this 
campaign  and  $20,000  was  raised  by  voluntary  subscription  to  help 
in  getting  the  men.  This  was  a  time  when  recruiting  had  almost 


838  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

collapsed ;  it  was  a  last  effort  of  voluntaryism  and  into  it  the  Great 
War  Veterans,  Col.  Dinnick  and  some  earnest  supporters,  threw 
all  their  strength — personal  pressure,  money,  and  clever  page  ad- 
vertisements in  the  papers.  The  effort  was  a  failure  in  part  but  it 
reflected  as  much  credit  upon  those  who  undertook  the  task  as  it 
did  the  reverse  upon  those  who  would  not  respond. 

Meantime,  Colonel  Dinnick 's  activities  had  not  been  confined 
to  military  matters.  In  September.  1915,  Lord  Lansdowne,  as 
President  of  the  British  Red  Cross  Society,  appealed  to  the  whole 
Empire  for  aid  in  a  special  collection  on  Trafalgar  Day,  Oct.  21. 
This  appeal  was  endorsed  by  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught  and 
Ontario  was  asked  for  $500,000,  while  it  was  thought  Toronto 
might  contribute  $250,000.  A  Toronto  Campaign  Committee,  com- 
posed of  J.  "W.  Woods,  President,  Arthur  Hewitt,  Vice-President, 
Sir  E.  B.  Osier,  Hon.  Treasurer  and  F.  G.  Morley,  Hon.  Secretary, 
was  appointed  with  G.  A.  Warburton  as  Organizer  and  W.  S. 
Dinnick  as  Publicity  Agent.  The  activities  of  the  latter  were  such 
that  he  became  a  central  figure  in  the  whole  affair  and  skil- 
ful advertising,  with  press  co-operation  of  every  kind,  soon  promised 
a  success  which  the  earnest  work  of  volunteer  helpers  assured. 
Finally,  when  all  returns  were  in,  the  total  collected  was  found  to 
be  $538,873  or  over  twice  what  was  hoped  for. 

When  a  similar  appeal  came  in  1916  W.  S.  Dinnick  was  asked 
to  be  Campaign  Organizer  with  R.  J.  Copeland,  President,  K.  J. 
Dunstan,  Vice-President,  and  Sir  Edmund  Walker  Hon.-Treasurer. 
As  was  expected  his  energy  contributed  substantially  to  once  more 
stirring  up  the  city.  It  was  hoped  to  equal  the  preceding  year 
but  calls  since  then  had  been  many  and  only  the  very  optimistic 
felt  certain  of  such  a  result.  When  complicated  details  of  can- 
vassers and  advertising  were  disposed  of,  however,  the  arrange- 
ments worked  like  a  clock  and  final  returns  showed  $740,000  col- 
lected. The  Canadian  Patriotic  Fund  campaigns  were  still  more 
important.  In  October,  1914,  Sir  Wm.  Mulock  and  his  Committee 
undertook  a  special  collection  for  the  Fund  in  Toronto  and  W.  S. 
Dinnick  was  asked  to  act  as  Chairman  of  the  Publicity  Committee. 
He  did  so  remarkably  well  in  this  work  that  it  proved  one  of 
the  large  factors  in  raising  the  $1,014,000  which  was  contributed 
and  in  January,  1916,  when  a  second  call  was  made  he  acted  as 
Hon.  Organizer  of  the  Committee.  The  result  of  this  collection 
was  $2,362,000.  In  1917  he  gave  similar  generous  response  to  the 
need  for  organization  of  workers  and  operations  and  was  again 
Hon.  Organizer.  A  sum  of  $2,500,000  was  asked  for  in  a  four-days' 
January  campaign  from  a  city  which  had  already  given,  and  pro- 
perly given,  millions  to  this  and  other  Funds.  ' '  Serve  by  Giving ' ' 
was  the  motto.  Sir  Wm.  Mulock  was  the  genial,  enthusiastic  Presi- 
dent of  Committee  and  Sir  Edmund  Osier  Treasurer.  On  Jan.  16  it 
was  found  that  once  more  Toronto  had  exceeded  expectations  and 
given  $3,258,972.  As  showing  the  men  associated  with  these  move- 
ments and  as  a  record  of  interesting  work  the  following  list  of 
Team  Captains  and  their  returns  may  be  given : 


W.  S.  DINNICK  AND  PATRIOTIC  ORGANIZATIONS  839 


A.   P    Burritt    

119,654 

Thos     Roden 

ay.ybi) 

H.    C.    Cox    

79,859 

Thos   Findley    

131  702 

A    F     Rutter 

Lee   Frankel    

....           70,827 

Wm    Stone 

«T.    J.    Gibson    

104  070 

R    B    Fudger 

J    J.   Gibbons    

201  090 

Controller    O'Neill 

F     B.    Hayes    

72  930 

A.  M.   Ivev    

103  196 

Mr     Justice    Lennox    

,.            63  556 

Rotary    Club 

Wm.   Mulock,   Jr  
F.    E.    Mutton     
Col.  Fred.  Nicholls    

119,504 
68,288 
112,450 

Women's    Committee     
City   of  Toronto    
County  of  York    .... 

214,250 
500,000 
250  000 

Geo     Oakley    Jr     

38  756 

Total     

.    $3.258.972 

At  the  great  mass  meeting  in  Massey  Hall  which  followed, 
Colonel  Dinnick  declared  that  "this  campaign  has  demonstrated 
again  that  when  a  patriotic  matter  is  fairly  put  up  to  the  people 
of  Toronto,  Toronto  is  ready  to  meet  it  willingly  and  nobly. 
This  campaign  was  one  of  the  most  intense  ever  held  in  Toronto.  We 
have  had  the  most  wonderful  army  of  workers  we  have  ever  had. 
I  say  '  army '  because  they  have  totalled  3,000. ' '  The  women  under 
Mrs.  H.  P.  Plumptre's  leadership  were  especially  praised.  In 
reading  of  such  campaigns  it  is  well  to  note  that  nothing  is  so 
soon  forgotten  as  the  work  put  into  public  matters  of  this  kind. 
If  analyzed,  the  individual  idea  would  probably  be  that  his  gift 
cancels  any  obligations  to  the  man  or  men  behind  the  movement. 
But  the  truth  is  that  the  enthusiasm  and  nervous  energy,  the  skill 
in  handling  men  and  the  general  all-round  capacity  required  to 
direct  such  efforts,  are  difficult,  almost  impossible,  to  obtain  for 
monetary  considerations  and  that  the  men  giving  such  services  free- 
ly to  a  community  deserve  both  reputation  and  appreciation. 

Such,  up  to  the  middle  of  1917,  was  the  general  record  and  War- 
work  of  Colonel  Dinnick.  Personally  he  has  been  Hon.  Secretary 
of  the  Canadian  Council,  Pocket  Testament  League  but,  though  a 
staunch  Churchman,  has  taken  no  public  part  in  religious  work. 
It  is  interesting,  however,  to  note,  in  passing,  that  he  had  for  many 
years  the  Eev.  Dr.  Alex.  Sutherland,  the  eminent  Methodist  divine, 
as  President  of  the  Standard  Loan  Co.  He  was  married  to  Alice 
Louise  Conlin  of  New  York  in  1905.  It  will  be  seen  from  this 
sketch  that  during  his  28  years  in  Toronto  Colonel  Dinnick 's 
financial  and,  latterly,  patriotic  work  have  covered  wide  fields 
of  activity ;  his  character  had  that  quality  of  aggressiveness  which 
usually  accompanies  enthusiasm  and  is  not  hampered  by  criticism ; 
at  the  same  time  it  was  tempered  in  his  case  by  financial  ex- 
perience and  capacity  and  became  a  driving  force  instead  of 
the  antagonistic  influence  which  it  assumes  in  some  personalities. 
This  fact  was  well  illustrated  in  the  announcement  made  late  in 
July,  1917,  that  he  had  retired  from  all  official  positions  in  the 
Standard-Reliance,  the  Dovercourt  Land  and  the  Sterling  Trust. 
It  was  said  he.  had  found  that  organizations  of  this  kind  hive 
their  limit  and  that  his  personal  ambition  and  aggressiveness  made 
him  seek  new  fields  of  action.  He  at  once  stepped  into  the  Presi- 
dency of  the  Toronto  Terminal  Warehouse  Co.  Ltd.  with  a  basis 
for  operation  in  what  was  said  to  be  the  biggest  warehouse  in 
Canada  and  the  fact  of  all  great  centres  on  the  continent,  except 
Toronto,  having  such  an  institution. 


JOHN   GOWANS   KENT 

There  are  two  Toronto  institutions  of  which  its  citizens  are 
proud  and  which  have  successfully  appealed  to  their  business  sense 
as  well  as  their  civic  pride.  To  have  worked  long  and  faithfully 
for  both  of  them  and  to  have  been  President  of  each  in  turn  is, 
therefore,  no  mean  distinction.  In  Mr.  Kent's  association  with 
these  organizations — the  Canadian  National  Exhibition  and  the 
Toronto  Board  of  Trade — he  has  shown  the  same  qualities  of  quiet, 
persistent,  unobtrusive  industry  and  capacity  which  first  won  him 
a  sound  and  stable  place  in  business  life  and  then  enabled  him 
to  attain  high  positions  without  seeking  for  them.  He  was  born 
at  Selkirk,  Ontario,  in  1861,  educated  in  Toronto  schools  and  en- 
gaged with  his  father  in  the  firm  of  Gowans,  Kent  &  Co.,  Toronto, 
(crockery  and  glassware)*  until  the  business  was  disposed  of  in 
1895.  It  was  ten  years  later  that  he  became  interested  in  what 
was  still  regarded  as  the  Toronto  Exhibition. 

Progress  had  been  steady  but  in  1905  the  Exhibition  was  very 
far  from  holding  a  national  and  Imperial  status  or  the  managers 
from  dreaming  of  a  success^  where  it  would  have  a  million  visitors 
and  be  the  biggest  yearly  Exhibition  in  the  world.  It  was  in  this 
year  that  Mr.  Kent  became  a  Director  and  the  President  of  the 
time,  and  since  1902,  was  W.  K.  McNaught  who  had  succeeded 
Dr.  Andrew  Smith  (1900-1901)  with  ''the  Father  of  the  Exhibi- 
tion," J.  J.  Withrow  holding  the  position  back  from  1899  to 
1879 — in  which  year  the  Toronto  affair  had  first  become,  in  name 
at  least,  the  Canadian  National  Exhibition.  Following  the  time 
of  Mr.  Kent 's  appearance  on  the  scene  the  Presidents  were  Colonel 
J.  A.  McGillivray,  1906,  W.  K.  George  1907-1908,  and  George  H. 
Gooderham  1909-11.  In  1906  the  receipts  were  $187,111  and,  the 
attendance  527,000.  Then  came  years  of  steady  increase  with  the 
latter  receipts  and  attendance,  respectively,  as  follows :  1909,  $249,- 
603  and  752,500;  1910,  $293,797  and  837,200;  1911,  $336,178  and 
926,500.  For  the  succeeding  year  Mr.  Kent  was  elected  President. 
By  this  time  the  Exhibition  was  an  established  institution  bring- 
ing 300,000  visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  continent;  making  the 
resources  of  the  Provinces  known  each  to  the  other ;  composed  of  a 
large  group  of  buildings  in  substantial  and  varied  types  of  architec- 
ture and  built  of  steel,  brick,  stone  or  concrete;  including  many 
smaller  structures  suitable  for  poultry,  dogs,  cats,  pet  stock,  horses 
and  other  Live-stock;  providing  splendid  electrical  displays  or 
grand-stand  spectacles  and  forming,  in  its  combined  character,  an 
education  in  Canadian  development,  industrial  and  agricultural 
conditions,  commercial  opportunities  and  mineral  resources. 

Mr.  Kent  set  out  to  establish  a  record  and  he  was  successful. 
The  year  1911  had  exceeded  900,000  in  attendance ;  one  of  the  Tor- 

[840] 


JOHN  G.  KENT, 

President  of  the  Toronto  Board  of  Trade;    Ex-President  Canadian   National   Exhibition. 


J.  G.  KENT  AND  THE  CANADIAN  NATIONAL  EXHIBITION      841 

onto  papers  was  inspired  by  the  new  and  energetic  President  to 
this  1912  heading:  " Off  to  a  Million."  Attendance  did  not  reach 
that  figure  but  the  year  was  an  exceptional  one  in  other  ways.  For 
the  second  time  in  an  Exhibition  history  of  34  years  it  was  opened 
by  Eoyalty — the  preceding  occasion  being  1880  when  H.  E.  H.  the 
Princess  Louise  had  officiated;  it  was  called  the  "Imperial  Year" 
and  realized  its  name  in  reviews  and  functions  for  the  Imperial 
Cadet  Corps — a  large  body  of  well-drilled  youths  from  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  Newfoundland  and  from  most  of  the  Provinces  of 
Canada,  including  Ontario,  Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  Alberta,  Saskat- 
chewan, Manitoba  and  British  Columbia.  Large  bodies  of  Boy 
Scouts  were  also  present.  At  the  opening  ceremonies  on  Aug.  25  Mr. 
Kent  welcomed  H.  R.  H.  The  Duke  of  Connaught — who  was  accom- 
panied by  H.  E.  H.  Princess  Patricia — in  very  effective  terms:  "It 
is  fitting  that  we  should  welcome  in  this  Imperial  Year  of  the  Cana- 
dian National  Exhibition  a  member  of  the  illustrious  House  under 
whose  wise  and  beneficent  rule  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  has  developed  into  the  family  of  nations  that  make  up  the 
greatest  Empire  the  world  has  ever  known.  We  need  not  assure  you 
of  our  loyalty  to  the  Crown  you  represent  or  to  the  Empire  to  which 
we  are  all  so  proud  to  belong.  You  will  see  here  to-day  in  addition 
to  Canadian  manufactures  and  products,  exhibits  from  the  Mother- 
land and  from  other  of  the  Overseas  Dominions;  music  and  art 
works  loaned  by  the  Old  Land  to  help  the  culture  of  the  new ; 
cadets  from  the  various  nations  of  the  Empire  who  will  carry  to 
their  homes  beyond  the  seas  a  knowledge  of  the  other  component 
parts  of  the  vast  Empire  to  which  they  belong  that  must  insure 
far-reaching  results  in  its  future  unification."  The  results  for 
1912  came  very  near  the  million— $384,708  of  receipts  and  962,000 
of  attendance. 

No  doubt  Mr.  Kent  and  his  associates  determined  to  reach  the 
million  mark  in  1913  and  they  appear  to  have  made  a  vigorous 
effort.  The  Toronto  Globe  of  Aug.  25,  1913,  started  them  off  with 
this  editorial  comment:  "For  one  whole  fortnight  Toronto  will 
present  the  greatest  annual  national  Exhibition  ever  seen  either 
in  Canada  or  in  any  other  country.  Beyond  doubt  in  range  and 
in  genuine  merit  this  year's  will  surpass  all  its  predecessors.  As 
an  annual  event  it  has  no  equal  anywhere."  The  opening  cere- 
monies, on  the  same  day,  were  performed,  very  appropriately,  by 
the  Prime  Minister  of  Canada  following  the  Governor-General. 
To  Sir  Eobert  Borden  Mr.  Kent  said,  in  asking  him  to  formally 
declare  the  Exhibition  open:  "You  will  see  here  to-day  gathered 
within  this  Exhibition  Park  those  natural  resources  that  have  made 
the  20th  Century  peculiarly  Canada's  own;  you  will  see  undoubted 
proofs  of  industrial  progressiveness  that  guarantee  the  sure  and 
speedy  up-building  of  our  commerce;  you  will  see  a  gathering  of 
happy,  prosperous  and  contented  people."  The  result  of  those 
two  years'  labour,  added  to  all  the  strenuous  strivings  from  the 
early  days  of  Withrow  and  Hill  to  those  of  Kent  and  Orr,  was  that 


842  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  high-water  mark  was  reached  with   an   attendance   standing 
at  1,009,000  and  receipts  of  $459,238. 

During  these  later  years  and  in  1914-16,  when  Joseph  Oliver 
and  Noel  Marshall  were  the  successive  Presidents,  Dr.  J.  0.  Orr 
had  been  the  energetic  Secretary  and  Manager  of  the  Exhibition 
but  his  health  gave  way  and  in  1917,  in  the  emergency  which 
resulted,  Mr.  Kent  consented  to  act  as  Hon.  Manager  of  the  insti- 
tution. For  a  number  of  years  he  had  been  a  constant  visitor 
at  the  Offices  and  buildings  and  was  in  close  touch  with  the  intimate 
details  of  management.  By  this  time,  also,  the  buildings  and  plant 
were  valued  at  $5,000,000,  an  attendance  of  100,000  a  day  was  not 
at  all  uncommon  (one  day  in  1913  totalling  154,000),  the  area  of 
its  Park  was  264  acres  and  the  average  annual  surplus  paid  to  the 
City  of  Toronto  was  $40,000  while  the  floor-space  for  exhibits,  ex- 
clusive of  Live-stock,  was  700,000  square  feet.  Its  exhibition  of 
Paintings  gathered  from  home  and  abroad  was,  before  the  War, 
a  most  important  feature  ;  even  during  war  difficulties  it  maintained 
an  excellent  standard.  The  patriotic  character  of  the  displays  given 
each  year  were  particularly  useful  in  illustrating  to  visitors  the 
course  of  Canadian  thought — typical  incidents  being  the  year  of 
the  Imperial  Cadets  and  the  bringing  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria's 
Jubilee  gifts  for  exhibition  to  her  Canadian  people. 

In  1912  Mr.  Kent  had  been  elected  to  the  Council  of  the  Board 
of  Trade ;  in  1917  he  was  elected  President.  This  body,  with  some 
thousands  of  members,  holds  an  important  place  in  the  civic  life 
and  progress  of  Toronto.  It  considers,  debates  and  sometimes 
acts  strongly  upon  the  larger  municipal  issues  facing  Toronto,  as, 
for  instance,  Hydro-electric  Power,  Transportation  problems,  Tariff 
questions,  Immigration,  New  Ontario,  etc.  Of  other  public  organi- 
zations in  which  Mr.  Kent  has  taken  an  interest  the  chief  was,  per- 
haps, the  Boy  Scouts  of  Toronto,  numbering  2,500.  He  began  to  help 
the  movement  in  1912  and  in  1913  was  elected  President  of  the 
Toronto  District  and  is,  to-day,  proud  of  the  fact  that  1,500  mem- 
bers of  this  Association  have  gone  on  active  service.  Their  training 
as  manly  boys  had  been  looked  after,  their  view-point  guided  along 
lines  of  manly  reponsibility ;  when  the  call  of  patriotism  came  they 
were  quick  to  respond,  A  different  kind  of  organization  was  the  Na- 
tional Live-Stock  Records  Board  of  which  he  was  a  member  and 
which  is  made  up  of  men  appointed  by  the  various  thoroughbred 
Live-stock  societies  who  look  after  the  proper  records  and  regis- 
trations for  the  Dominion  Government.  Akin  to  this  is  the  Cana- 
dian Kennel  Club  for  the  proper  governing  of  dogs  and  the  general 
welfare  of  thoroughbreds  and  of  which  Mr.  Kent  has  been  President 
for  25  years;  as  an  amateur  dog  fancier  he  has  many  times  swept 
the  boards  with  Wolf  and  Grey-hounds.  He  has  also  been  a 
Director  of  the  Crown  Life  Insurance  Co.  since  1908  and  in  1909 
was  elected  Vice-President;  he  is  a  Director  of  the  Canada  Bond 
Corporation.  Mr.  Kent  was  married  in  1889  to  Margaret  E.  Martin, 
Toronto,  and  their  only  son,  Lieut.  Henry  Gowans  Kent,  is  on 
active  service  with  the  Royal  Flying  Corps. 


Financial  and  Industrial 
Supplement 


[843] 


CANADIAN  FINANCE  AND  THE  WAR 

ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS 

OF 
THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL 


Address  by  -^  hoped  when  I  last  had  the  pleasure  of  address- 

sip  H.  Vincent  ing  you*  that  before  this  Annual  Meeting  the  end  of 
Meredith,  Bart.,  the  cruel  and  devastating  war  which  has  convulsed 
President  of  Europe  would  be,  if  not  reached,  at  least  within 
measurable  distance.  In  this  expectation  we  have  been 
disappointed.  No  one  can  yet  fix  the  day  of  its  termination,  but 
I  am  sure  I  express  your  feelings  when  I  say  we  hold  an  unshaken 
confidence  of  the  ultimate  victory  of  Britain  and  her  Allies.  Can- 
ada, inspired  by  a  deep-rooted  loyalty  to  the  Empire,  has  given  and 
is  still  prepared  to  give  freely  her  gallant  youth  and  monetary 
means  to  the  great  cause,  upon  the  success  of  which  her  liberties 
and  national  existence  so  greatly  depend. 

The  year  has  again  been  one  of  considerable  anxiety  to  all 
those  engaged  in  financial  affairs.  Our  profits  have  been  curtailed 
by  payments  of  Government  taxes  at  home  and  abroad,  while  earn- 
ings on  loans  in  Canada  have  been  affected  by  reduced  borrowings 
on  the  part  of  our  customers.  It  is  not,  however,  an  unfavourable 
feature  that  the  prosperity  of  large  manufacturing  industries,  and 
business  in  general,  has  produced  a  curtailment  of  bank  loans  and 
converted  borrowers  into  depositors.  The  low  rates  of  interest  on 
that  portion  of  our  reserves  carried  in  New  York  have  also  been 
a  contributing  factor  to  diminished  earnings  compared  with  those 
antecedent  to  the  war.  But  despite  these  disabilities,  we  have  been 
able,  after  making  what  we  believe  to  be  full  provision  for  bad  and 
doubtful  debts,  to  pay  our  usual  dividends  with  the  customary 
bonus  and  to  carry  a  balance  to  credit  of  Profit  and  Loss  Account. 
I  trust,  therefore,  that  under  the  circumstances  you  will  consider 
the  results  of  the  Banking  year  satisfactory. 

RELATIONS  WITH  UNITED  STATES  AND  ALLIED  COUNTRIES. 
The  wide  ramifications  of  the  business  of  the  Bank  make  us 
necessarily  deeply  concerned  with  commercial  conditions  in  other 
countries.  In  Great  Britain,  general  trade  has  been  spurred  to 
great  activity  by  the  war's  demands.  There  has  been  no  lack  of 
employment,  wages  have  risen,  money  has  been  circulated  freely, 
returning  to  the  Banks  in  the  form  of  increased  deposits,  and  for 

*NOTE. — For  preceding  Annual  Addresses  and  Reports  and  an  Historical  record 
of  the  Bank  see  other  volumes  of  The  Canadian  Annual  Review — 1910-5.  Annual 
Meeting  dealt  with  here  was  on  Dec.  5,  1916. 

[844] 


THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL- ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS        845 

ttye  time  being,  at  least,  prosperity  has  prevailed,  despite  the  dis- 
placement of  labour  by  the  war.  In  the  United  States,  also  as  a 
result  of  the  war,  there  is  an  activity  in  business  unexampled  in 
its  history.  The  shipments  of  gold  to  that  country  in  payment  of 
munitions,  grain  and  other  commodities  have  reached  a  sum  in 
excess  of  $700,000,000  since  the  outbreak  of  the  war.  This  huge 
inflow  of  the  precious  metal,  together  with  the  fact  that  under  the 
new  Federal  Reserve  Act  the  proportion  of  reserves  required  to 
be  carried  by  the  Banks  has  been  reduced,  is  causing  concern  to 
many  financial  men,  who  fear  that  it  will  bring  about  a  period  of 
inflation  to  be  followed  by  a  serious  financial  reaction. 

At  present  these  conditions  are  serving  a  useful  purpose  to  the 
Allied  Countries  by  causing  a  plethora  of  money,  thereby  enabling 
them  to  borrow  at  comparatively  reasonable  rates  of  interest.  If 
the  United  States  market  will  continue  to  look  with  favour  on 
further  Allied  loans,  any  menace  to  the  financial  situation  to  that 
extent  will  be  removed.  The  recent  action  of  the  Federal  Reserve 
Board  in  counselling  caution  in  the  investment  of  American  Bank 
funds  in  Treasury  Bills  of  the  Entente  Powers  is  doubtless  intended 
as  a  warning  to  imprudent  or  inexperienced  bankers.  It  is  hoped, 
however,  that  it  will  not  bring  about  a  diminution  in  Allied  borrow- 
ings in  the  United  States,  with  the  possibility  of  a  check  in  the 
volume  of  trade  with  Europe.  The  Allied  loans  so  far  issued  in 
New  York  aggregate  $1,585,000,000,  of  which  sum  Great  Britain 
has  borrowed  $860,000,000,  France  $570,000,000,  Russia  $130,000,- 
000,  and  Italy  $25,000,000. 

BUSINESS  CONDITIONS  IN  CANADA. 

As  the  result  of  the  phenomenal  crop  of  a  year  ago,  coupled 
with  vast  expenditures  by  the  Allied  Governments  in  this  country 
for  munitions  and  by  our  own  Government  for  requirements  in 
connection  with  the  war,  high  wages  are  being  paid  for  all  classes 
of  labour,  and  trade  conditions  at  the  moment  in  Canada  are  buoy- 
ant in  nearly  all  lines  of  business.  The  few  exceptions  will,  gen- 
erally speaking,  be  found  in  industries  concerned  with  the  produc- 
tion and  sale  of  luxuries.  Owing  to  unusual  adverse  climatic  con- 
ditions and  decreased  acreage,  the  yield  of  wheat  this  season  will 
probably  not  exceed  in  quantity  in  the  North- West  one  half  of  last 
year's  bountiful  crop,  and  will  fall  somewhat  below  the  average  in 
the  older  provinces ;  but  the  farmers  will  be  largely  compsensated  for 
the  diminished  yield  by  the  high  prices  being  paid  for  grain  and  all 
other  farm  products.  Estimates  this  season  are,  as  is  usual,  con- 
flicting, but  those  believed  to  be  most  reliable  give  a  wheat  crop 
for  the  three  North- West  Provinces  of  160,000,000  to  175,000,000 
bushels,  and  for  all  Canada  185,000,000  to  200,000,000  bushels,  and 
it  is  not  improbable  it  may  exceed  these  figures.  Were  it  not  for  the 
fact  that  our  shipments  of  grain  to  Great  Britain  will  probably 
be  curtailed  by  a  shortage  of  ocean  tonnage,  the  results  might  be 
looked  upon  as  not  unfavourable  on  the  whole. 


846  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

In  this  connection,  I  may  add  that  the  past  season  has  been 
very  propitious  for  the  dairy  trade,  the  production  of  cheese  and 
butter  exceeding  all  previous  records  and  marketted  at  unprece- 
dentedly  high  prices.  The  sudden  reversal  in  the  position  of  Can- 
ada from  a  debtor  to  a  creditor  nation,  as  respects  foreign  trade, 
has  been  very  remarkable.  In  the  seven  months  of  the  fiscal  year 
to  October  31st  the  excess  of  imports  over  domestic  exports  of 
merchandise  was,  as  recently  as  1913,  no  less  than  $145,000,000  and 
in  the  like  period  of  1914  the  adverse  balance  of  trade  amounted 
to  $60,000,000.  Then  the  gap  began  rapidly  to  close.  The  produc- 
tion of  munitions  of  war  of  every  description,  together  with  the 
bountiful  harvest  of  last  year,  carried  the  exports  to  an  unprece- 
dentedly  high  figure.  In  the  seven  months  to  October  31st,  1915, 
the  value  of  domestic  exports  exceeded  imports  by  $73,300,000  and 
in  the  corresponding  period  of  this  year  the  excess  of  exports  over 
imports  has  reached  the  large  sum  of  $160,000,000.  Nor  has  this 
reversal  of  the  balance  of  trade  been  accomplished  by  contraction  of 
imports ;  in  the  present  year  the  value  of  imports  has  outstripped  all 
previous  records.  The  change  has  been  effected  entirely  by  ship- 
ments abroad  of  the  huge  crop  of  1915,  and  the  large  output  of  war 
supplies,  the  export  of  agricultural  products  in  the  seven  months' 
period  to  October  31st  having  risen  from  $75,500,000  in  1914,  to 
$233,500,000.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add  that  this  striking 
change  in  foreign  trade  balance  has  greatly  ameliorated  the  financial 
situation  and  is  at  once  a  cause  and  reflex  of  the  existing  commercial 
activities  of  the  country. 

SUCCESS  OF  DOMESTIC  LOANS. 

In  a  little  more  than  a  year,  Canada  has  issued  two  Domestic 
loans  amounting  to  $200,000,000,  and  the  Canadian  Government 
has  borrowed  in  New  York  $95,000,000.  The  success  of  our  internal 
loans  is  a  matter  of  pride  and  congratulation.  It  is  due  largely 
to  the  spirit  of  loyalty  of  our  people  and  a  determination  to  do 
all  within  them  to  bring  the  war  to  an  early  and  successful  conclu- 
sion. So  far,  a  depletion  of  Bank  deposits 'in  consequence  of  these 
contributions  has  not  taken  place;  in  fact,  they  show  month  by 
month  a  gratifying  increase.  It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however, 
that  these  increases  are  only  partially  due  to  the  savings  of  our 
people.  They  may  be  accounted  for  to  a  very  considerable  extent 
by  the  husbanding  of  resources  by  our  large  corporations,  a  pru- 
dent and  wise  precaution  in  view  of  the  uncertain  conditions  which 
now  prevail  and  will  continue  to  exist  during  the  continuance  of 
the  war. 

The  Minister  of  Finance,  to  whom  the  country  owes  much  for 
his  wise  and  far-seeing  administration  of  our  financial  affairs, 
will  doubtless  keep  in  view  these  conditions  when  making  further 
calls  on  our  resources,  which  of  necessity  he  must  do  from  time  to 
time.  The  net  debt  of  Canada  on  October  31st  last  was  $696,000,- 
000.  The  war  expenditure  has  now  reached  $23,000,000  a  month 


THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS        847 

and  is  increasing.  Ere  long  the  public  debt  of  Canada  will  reach  a 
billion  dollars  and  involve  an  interest  charge  of  not  less  than 
$45,000,000  annually.  While  it  is  true  that  through  adventitious 
circumstances  public  revenue  has  increased  during  the  last  year 
or  two,  no  dependence  can  be  placed  on  the  continuance  of  this 
buoyancy,  so  that  we  will  have  to  face  a  heavy  interest  charge  on 
account  of  public  debt,  and  a  resulting  taxation. 

It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  if  Canada  is  to  escape  the  dis- 
ability of  being  a  dear  country  to  live  in,  the  strictest  economy 
in  Government  expenditures  will  have  to  be  practised  and  all 
demands  for  public  aid  involving  new  burdens  be  held  severely  in 
check.  The  high  cost  of  living  is  again  causing  much  concern 
among  many.  The  change  from  suburban  to  city  life,  owing  to  its 
many  attractions,  has  been  in  process  for  some  years,  with  a  corre- 
sponding decline  in  production  and  in  increased  demand  for  all 
commodities.  This  circumstance,  with  the  enormous  demands  of 
all  countries  for  the  products  of  the  farm  and  field,  have  been 
contributory  causes,  if  they  are  not  wholly  responsible,  for  the 
high  and  increasing  prices  of  all  necessities.  The  improved  condi- 
tions under  which  farm  labour  is  now  carried  on,  by  reason  of  the 
facilities  given  by  rural  mails  and  the  less  arduous  means  of  com- 
munication, have  ameliorated  many  of  the  former  hardships  of  farm 
life  and  a  movement  back  to  the  land  may  be  hoped  for.  But  so 
long  as  the  war  lasts  and  the  men  who  have  been  withdrawn  from 
productive  occupations  are  engaged  in  fighting  our  battles,  I  fear 
we  can  look  for  little  relief  from  the  acute  conditions  which 
now  confront  us. 

POLICY  CANADA  SHOULD  FOLLOW. 

There  are  three  objects  to  which  every  effort  must  be  bent: 

ECONOMY — that  we  may  be  enabled  to  provide  the  Government 
with  funds  to  do  our  part  to  win  the  war  and  to  make 
provision  for  taxes  which  we  shall  undoubtedly  be  called  upon  to 
pay. 

PRODUCTION — that  we  may  increase  our  exports  and  furnish 
more  plentifully  our  home  markets ;  and  above  all 

IMMIGRATION — (which  will  bring  about  increased  production 
so  necessary  to  our  well-being)  to  be  promoted  at  all  times  and 
under  all  circumstances,  more  particularly  of  settlers  who  seek 
the  land. 

The  Railway  situation  in  Canada  has  been  a  matter  of  some 
anxiety  to  those  connected  with  financial  affairs.  The  Dominion 
Government  has,  as  you  are  aware,  appointed  a  Commission  of 
capable  and  experienced  men  to  thoroughly  investigate  the  situa- 
tion in  respect  to  the  newer  transcontinental  railways,  and  while 
I  cannot,  of  course,  anticipate  the  findings  and  recommendations 
of  this  Commission,  I  may  be  allowed  to  express  the  hope  that 
neither  Government  ownership  nor  Government  operation  will 
ensue,  either  of  which,  I  am  convinced,  would  prove  detrimental 
to  the  best  interests  of  Canada.  And  now,  as  my  remarks  draw  to 


848  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

a  close,  I  am  tempted,  contrary  to  my  usual  practice  and  unre- 
strained by  the  old  adage  Never  prophesy  unless  you  know,  to  look 
into  the  future.  The  thoughts  of  many  men  are  turned  towards 
the  problems  that  will  confront  us  after  the  war.  Government 
Commissions  are  dealing  with  them;  the  press  devotes  much  space 
to  their  discussion;  international  conferences  have  met,  but  our 
first,  obvious  and  imperative  duty  is  to  win  the  War.  When 
that  is  done,  new  conditions  will  unquestionably  supervene.  It 
seems  probable  that  for  some  months  to  come,  orderfc  for  munitions 
and  war  supplies  will  continue  to  keep  our  industrial  plants  actively 
employed. 

OUTLOOK  FOR  POST  BELLUM  PERIOD. 

A  temporary  check  in  business  generally  may  be  looked  for 
when  peace  is  in  sight,  but  I  do  not  anticipate  that  any  lengthened 
cessation  of  our  commercial  and  industrial  activities  will  immedi- 
ately ensue.  The  period  of  reconstruction  will  probably  not  be 
accomplished  for  several  months,  and  during  this  time  Europe 
should  provide  a  market  for  all  we  can  produce,  and  new  markets, 
perhaps,  will  be  opened  to  us  which  we  have  never  yet  been  able  to 
reach.  These  countries,  however,  will  be  "beating  their  swords 
into  ploughshares,"  straining  their  energies  to  the  conversion  of 
munition  plants  into  factories  for  the  production  of  goods  for  both 
home  and  foreign  trade  in  the  effort  to  regain  their  former  markets, 
to  liquidate  foreign  debts  and  to  recover  the  gold  of  which  by  neces- 
sity they  may  have  been  temporarily  deprived.  When  this  rehabili- 
tation has  been  effected,  we  in  Canada  must  be  prepared  to  meet  in 
our  own  markets  the  keen  competition  of  foreign  goods.  To  cope 
successfully  with  this  competition,  expenditures  on  capital  account 
should  be  avoided  as  far  as  possible  and  resources  conserved.  Effi- 
ciency, efficiency,  efficiency  must  be  our  watchword,  conjoined  with 
economy  in  all  walks  of  life. 

With  regard  to  immigration,  I  do  not  share  the  optimistic 
views  of  many  of  our  friends  as  to  the  immediate  outlook.  That 
in  time  we  will  receive  a  large  influx  of  new  settlers  there  is  no 
doubt,  but  for  a  period  we  shall  be  at  a  diadvantage  owing  to  a 
deficiency  of  tonnage  to  carry  them  to  our  shores  from  Europe, 
and  it  is  not  improbable  that  Continental  nations  will,  for  the 
purpose  of  self-preservation,  place  an  embargo  on  all  emigration. 
Great  Britain,  for  similar  reasons,  though  she  may  not  take  such 
drastic  measures  in  regard  to  her  daughter  nations,  will  no  doubt 
discourage  intending  emigrants  from  leaving  her  shores.  This  I 
say  without  for  a  moment  meaning  that  efforts  to  secuure  immigra- 
tion should  be  in  any  way  relaxed.  Canada  is  bearing  up  magni- 
ficently under  the  strain  of  this  world-wide  war,  and  her  sacrifices 
will  be  amply  repaid  by  the  engendering  of  a  spirit  of  self-reliance, 
and  she  will  emerge,  a  comparatively  little  known  country,  to  take 
her  rightful  position  in  the  affairs  of  the  nations.  The  future,  as 
I  have  said,  is  bes*et  with  new  problems  and  is  not  entirely  free  from 
financial  anxieties,  but  by  a  young  people  possessing  great  national 


THE  BANK  OP  MONTREAL- ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS        849 

spirit,  a  territorial  Empire  and  unrivalled  natural  resources,  the 
future  can  be  looked  forward  to  with  hope  and  confidence. 
Address  by  sir  Gentlemen :— In  this  the  29th  month  of  the  war,  it 

Frederick  is  my  duty  to  present  for  your  approval  the  99th 

Williams-Taylor,  annual  statement  of  the  Bank  of  Montreal.  Also  it 
Qen®pa' ^*nafler  is  my  combined  duty  and  privilege  to  explain  the 
chief  changes  in  the  balance  sheet  now  before  you. 
First,  however,  let  me  comment  briefly  upon  the  factors  that  bear 
most  importantly  upon  the  future  course  of  our  affairs  and  that 
have  influenced  our  banking  position  in  the  year  under  review. 
The  outstanding  business  feature  in  Canada  is  an  industrial  condi- 
tion more  abnormal  in  character  than  ever  before  in  the  history 
of  this  Bank,  or  of  this  country.  The  same  statement  applies  in  a 
greater  or  lesser  degree  to  several  belligerent  and  neutral  countries, 
but  in  Canada  economic  conditions  as  well  are  in  an  unnatural 
state.  This  is  partly  due  to  the  war,  also  a  result  of  suspended 
immigration  and  of  a  lengthy  period  of  an  extravagance  of  which 
we  are  now  feeling  the  cumulative  effect.  Canada  sold  her  record 
crop  of  last  year  at  high  prices,  as  in  the  years  of  the  American 
Civil  War,  while  this  year  we  are  disposing  of  a  moderate  crop  at 
such  steadily  mounting  prices  that  we  again  reap  a  golden  harvest 
about  equal  in  amount  to  that  of  1915.  The  total  value  of  last 
year's  crops  was  $798,000,000.  Our  much  criticised  adverse  trade 
balance  has  disappeared  as  though  by  magic,  and  our  exports  are 
now  vastly  in  excess  of  our  imports. 

1914  1915  1916 

Exports  for  year  ended  31st  October $459,300,000     $550,500,000      $1,172,700,000 

Imports  for  year   ended   31st   October...      -514,600(000       421,700,000  716,900,000 

Total  trade  for  year  ended   31st   October     $973,900,000     $972,200,000      $1,889,600,000 

Many  of  our  great  industries  have  converted  big  floating  debts, 
a  cause  of  anxiety,  into  cash  surpluses.  As  a  natural  outcome,  our 
stock  markets  are  booming.  Not  only  is  unemployment  unknown, 
but  unskilled  labour  commands  wages  two  and  a  half  times  greater 
than  the  pay  of  our  volunteer  citizen  soldiers,  who  so  spendidly 
risk  their  lives  for  their  country,  while  men  engaged  in  "factory 
piece  work"  can  earn  as  much  as  a  college  professor.  It  is,  there- 
fore, not  surprising  that  the  unanalytical  minded,  or  those  pre- 
occupied with  their  own  affairs,  or  those  who  have  not  contributed 
in  flesh  and  blood  to  the  Cause,  should  complacently  say  "Times 
are  good."  Among  those  who  do  not  join  in  this  refrain  are  the 
men  and  women  of  the  salaried  class  and  those  with  small  fixed 
incomes.  These  have  been  hard  hit  by  war  prices  and  are  indeed 
finding  it  difficult  to  make  both  ends  meet. 

The  present  buoyant  industrial  conditions  are  obviously  the 
direct  outcome  of  a  'steadily  increasing  demand  by  the  Allies  for 
food,  clothing  and  other  munitions  of  war  at  rapidly  rising  prices, 
yielding  large  profits  to  the  producers.  Payment  for  these  war  ex- 
ports and  for  our  surplus  crops,  coupled  with  loans  of  $275,000,000 
effected  in  New  York  since  the  outbreak  of  hostilities,  have  brought 
money  into  the  country  at  a  rate  not  only  unprecedented,  even  in 
54 


850  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  days  of  our  heavy  borrowing  in  London,  but  so  undreamed  of 
that  we  can  advantageously  ponder  on  what  might  have  been  our 
condition  had  there  been  no  war.  An  American  authority  has  said, 
""The  war  has  saved  the  United  States  from  a  great  industrial  and 
financial  calamity."  In  many  respects  conditions  in  Canada  are 
comparable  with  those  in  the  United  States.  In  two  notable  respects 
they  differ.  Our  neighbours  across  the  border  are  adding  to  their 
wealth  at  a  pace  without  precedent  in  history,  but,  unlike  the 
Dominion,  unpenalized  by  increasing  national  debt  and  loss  of 
human  life. 

There  is  another  side  to  this  picture  on  which  it  is  not  well  to 
dwell  unduly,  but  which  should  be  kept  clearly  before  us.  Post 
bellum  conditions  will  surely  weigh  upon  us  more  heavily  or  less 
heavily  in  proportion  to  our  present  indifference  or  our  foresight, 
and  in  direct  ratio  to  the  steps  we  take  to  provide  for  inevitable 
problems  and  difficulties.  Our  agricultural  production  brings  not 
only  prosperity  but  stability;  apart  therefrom,  though  the  cost  of 
these  alleged  good  times  will  not  fall  equally  upon  individuals, 
Canada  as  a  whole  will  pay,  and  is  paying  already,  in  hard  cash, 
reflected  in  a  formidable  national  debt  and  in  a  great  public  debt 
per  capita.  We  are  also  paying  in  that  most  priceless  of  all  trea- 
sures, the  blood  of  the  manhood  of  our  country.  So  far  the  cost  to 
us  of  the  war  is  14,000  lives  plus  45,000  casualties,  and  in  money 
$354,000,000.  The  transient  nature  of  our  increased  exports  alone 
is  a  simple  index  to  a  situation  that  commands  the  attention  of  all 
thinking  people.  These  views  may  not  be  acceptable  to  all,  but  they 
are  common  sense  and  basfcd  upon  arithmetical  facts.  To  be  fore- 
warned is  to  be  forearmed.  These  are  the  main  factors  that  have 
influenced  and  will  influence  the  banking  position — the  movement  in 
deposits  and  loans  and  the  safety  of  both.  Therefore,  in  my  opinion, 
the  business  of  this  Bank  should  be  conducted  with  such  views 
plainly  before  us  until  the  situation  clears. 

There  are  two  obvious  means  of  lightening  Canada's  coming 
burden,  viz.,  thrift  and  immigration.  The  two  are  closely  allied, 
for  only  by  practising  national  and  personal  economy  or  thrift  can 
we  reduce  our  high  cost  of  living — that  most  effective  barrier  to 
immigration.  Upon  immigration  we  mainly  depend  for  the  fuller 
development  of  our  unsurpassed  natural  resources.  Thrift  is  over- 
due but  can  be  started  forthwith  ;  immigration  must  wait,  but  should 
follow  in  natural  sequence.  I  have  no  words  at  my  command  with 
which  to  adequately  urge  the  necessity  of  an  organized  and  an 
individual  effort  to  promote  thrift.  The  timely  and  eloquent  '  *  Call 
to  Action"  of  our  Minister  of  Trade  and  Commerce  commands  atten- 
tion. I  am  not  sure  that  it  should  not  be  preceded  by  a  "Call  to 
Reason, ' '  in  order  that  the  importance  of  the  problems  of  the  situa- 
tion be  impressed  upon  those  who  are  living  in,  let  us  say,  the 
paradise  of  the  unwise. 

Sane  optimism  and  self-confidence  are  admirable  national  quali- 
ties and  should  be  the  order  of  the  day.  There  is  a  point  where 
optimism  loses  its  value  and  the  danger  of  over-confidence  begins. 


THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL — ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS         851 

That  is  the  point  for  nations  to  avoid.  To  sum  up,  we  are  going  to 
win  the  just  war  we  are  waging,  we  are  bound  to  win  the  war,  but 
let  us  emerge  from  it  unexhausted,  in  order  that  the  victory  over 
our  enemies  may  be  perpetuated  and  recurrence  of  such  insensate 
destruction  rendered  impracticable.  With  the  advent  of  peace  will 
come  relief  to  our  Empire,  but  to  financial  and  trade  conditions 
peace  will  bring  a  necessity  for  sudden  readjustment  that  in  Can- 
ada, as  elsewhere,  must  tax  every  resource  to  the  utmost.  I  am 
satisfied  that  our  Banks  stand  prepared  to  meet  these  new  condi- 
tions with  the  adaptability  and  strength  that  have  made  them  the 
bulwark  of  the  Canadian  financial  situation. 

CONDITIONS  AT  LONDON. 

Throughout  the  year  under  review,  the  trend  of  money  rates  in 
London  has  been  steadily  upward,  and,  therefore,  notwithstanding 
heavy  income  tax,  the  substantial  reserves  we  carry  at  that  reserve 
point  have  been  employed  with  profit  to  ourselves,  also  with  ad- 
vantage to  the  Empire,  as  the  chief  securities  in  which  we  deal, 
either  by  way  of  loan  or  purchase,  are  British  Government  se- 
curities. It  is  not  out  of  place  to  mention  here  that  this  Bank 
is  among  the  important  and  appreciated  lenders  of  short  money  in 
the  London  market,  and  though  it  is  not  for  us  to  take  praise 
for  this,  yet  the  fact  is  not  to  be  lost  sight  of  when  weighing 
Canada's  assistance  to  the  Empire  in  this  war.  In  this  connection 
I  may  say  that  as  a  borrowing  centre  London  remains  closed  to 
the  Dominion  except  for  such  loans  as  our  Government  effect  from 
the  Imperial  Government  for  war  purposes.  On  the  other  hand, 
some  of  our  Provincial  Governments  and  several  municipalities  have 
repurchased  largely  their  outstanding  long-dated  London  loans  and 
refunded  them  in  New  York,  thus  helping  the  sterling  exchange 
situation.  The  obligant  also  has  profited  through  reduction  in 
capital  debt.  The  help  that  can  in  this  way  be  rendered  to  Great 
Britain  in  maintaining  the  value  of  the  pound  sterling  is  in  itself 
sufficient  reason  why  all  our  public  bodies  with  loans  afloat  in  Lon- 
don should  give  this  matter  their  loyal  and  early  attention. 

UNITED  STATES. 

With  the  exception  of  one  brief  spasm,  both  call  and  time 
money  in  New  York  have  remained  abundant  and  therefore  cheap. 
The  call  rate  averages  2-30%  throughout  the  year,  as  compared 
with  2  -39%  the  preceding  year.  It  will  be  obvious  to  you  that  it 
is  not  very  profitable  to  lend  money  at  such  rates,  but  our  policy 
remains  unchanged  of  carrying  important  reserves  in  New  York, 
no  matter  what  the  earning  power  may  be.  During  the  Bank's 
year.  Canada  borrowed  in  New  York  by  way  of  public  loans  $153,- 
000,000.  This  sum  includes  the  Dominion  Government  loan  of 
$75,000,000,  borrowed  naturally  on  terms  dictated  by  the 
lender,  terms  that  should  have  been  better  but  might  have 
been  worse  had  our  credit  not  stood  so  high.  Of  the  latter 
sum  $25,000,000  was  for  refunding  purposes.  In  the  pre- 


852  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

vious  year  Canada  borrowed  in  New  York  about  $142,000,- 
000  and  in  1914,  $25,000,000.  The  interest  on  Canada's  indebted- 
ness abroad — mainly  to  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States — now 
amounts  to  about  $175,000,000  a  year.  It  is  worthy  of  special 
mention  that  since  August,  1914,  New  York  has  loaned  no  less 
than  $2,000,000,000  to  foreign  countries,  thus  establishing  itself  in 
an  important  position  among  the  great  loaning  centres  of  the  world. 

BANK  STATISTICS. 

The  range  in  Canadian  Bank  deposits  has  been  as  follows : 

31st   October,    1914 $1,144,200,000 

31st    October,    1915 1,240,300,000 

31st   October,    1916 1,531,800,000 

In  congratulating  ourselves  on  this  increase  of  $388,000,000, 
it  is  well  to  remember  that  in  these  two  years  Canada  borrowed 
in  the  United  States  the  sum  of  $270,000,000  that  naturally  went 
to  swell  Bank  deposits.  Our  own  total  deposits  have  increased 
$63,000,000  during  the  year  and  are  $102,000,000  greater  than  in 
1914,  the  figures  being : 

31st    October,    1914 $197,200,000 

31st    October,    1915 236,000,000 

31st    October,    1916 299,200,000 

The  increase  in  our  savings  deposits  has  been  satisfactory.  Our 
notes  in  circulation  are  $4,500,000  more  than  a  year  ago.  This 
year's  tax  on  our  circulation,  payable  to  the  Dominion  Government, 
amounts  to  $160,000.  The  ratio  of  our  quick  assets  to  liabilities  has 
increased  to  75%  from  64%  a  year  ago  and  55%  the  preceding 
year.  This  increased  percentage  is  sound  and  wise  in  our  opinion, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  we  carry  deposits  of  a  special  character. 
The  diminution  in  our  current  loans  in  Canada  is  directly  due  to 
the  remarkable  ease  in  the  financial  position  of  industrial  companies 
as  a  result  of  providing  war  supplies  and  munitions.  Our  current 
loan  figures,  exclusive  of  advances  to  Dominion  Government,  and 
our  loans  to  municipalities  have  been  as  follows: 

31st    October,    3914 $108,800,000  $9,000,000 

31st    October,    191 5 99,100,000  11,200,000 

31st    October,    1916 87,800,000  ]  1,300,000 

Current  loans  of  other  Banks  in  Canada  are  about  the  same  as 
last  year,  but  $25,400,000  less  than  in  October,  1914.  Commer- 
cial failures  in  Canada  during  the  twelve  months  ended  31st  Octo- 
ber, 1916,  numbered  1,986  against  2,883  for  the  previous  year 
and  2,583  the  year  before  that. 

After  the  passing  of  the  Annual  Report  the  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  Directors:  D.  Forbes  Angus,  R.  B.  Angus,  A.  Baum- 
garten,  H.  R.  Drummond,  C.  B.  Gordon,  E.  B.  Greenshields,  C.  R. 
Hosmer,  Harold  Kennedy,  Sir  William  Macdonald,  Hon.  Robt. 
Mackay,  Wm.  McMaster,  Sir  Vincent  Meredith,  Bart.,  Capt.  Herbert 
Molson  and  Lord  Shaughnessy,  K.C.V.O.  At  a  subsequent  meeting 
of  the  Directors,  Sir  Vincent  Meredith,  Bart.,  was  re-elected  Presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  C.  B.  Gordon  was  elected  Vice-President. 


THE  BANK  OF  MONTREAL — ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS        853 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 

OF 

THE    BANK   OF    MONTREAL 
October  31st,  1916 

LIABILITIES 

Capital    Stock    $16,000  000 . 00 

Res*     $16,000,000 . 00 

Balance  of  Fronts  carried  forward   1,414,423.99 


TT     ,   •       ^    T^-   •*      A  $17,414,423.99 

Unclaimed   Dividends    3,433 . 00 

Quarterly  Dividend,  payable  1st  December, 

1916      $400,000.00 

Bonus  of   1   per  cent,  payable   1st   Decem- 
ber,    1916     160,000 . 00 

560,000.00 

$17,977,856.99 


33,977,856.99 

Notes  of  the  Bank  in  circulation $21,779,134.00 

Deposits   not   bearing   interest 88,767,018.22 

Deposits   bearing   interest,    including   interest   accrued   to 

date   of  statement    210,439,031.57 

Deposits  made  by   and  Balances  due  to   other   Banks  in 

Canada     5,663,390 .91 

Balances  due  to  Banks  and  Banking  Correspondents  else- 
where  than   in   Canada    545,282.46 

Bills    Payable     1,225,935 . 75 

328,419,792'.  91 

Acceptances  under   Letters  of  Credit    2,179,360 . 30 

Liabilities  not  included  hi  the  foregoing    638,531 . 65 

$365,215,541.85 


ASSETS 

Gold  and  Silver  coin  current    $21,040,803.21 

Dominion  notes    20,273,216.00 

Deposit  in   the   Central  Gold  Reserves    7,500,000.00 

Deposit   with   the   Minister   for  the   purposes   of  the   Cir- 
culation  Fund    790,000 . 00 

Balances  due  by  Banks  and  Banking 
Correspondents  elsewhere  than  in 
Canada  $  31,631,237.46 

Call  and  Short  (not  exceeding  thirty 
days)  Loans  in  Great  Britain  and 

United  States 113,002,097.27 

144,633,334.73 

Dominion     and     Provincial     Government     Securities     not 

exceeding    market    value     419,736.71 

Railway    and   other    Bonds,    Debentures    and    Stocks    not 

exceeding    market    value     13,947,120.84 

Canadian     Municipal     Securities,     and     British,     Foreign 

and    Colonial    Public    Securities    other    than    Canadian     21,796,159.26 

Notes   of   other    Banks    1,749,441 . 00 

Cheques    en    other    Banks    14,832,868 . 53 

$246,982,680 . 28 

Current    Loans    and    Discounts    in    Canada     (less    rebate 

of   interest)     93,729,065.43 

Loans     to     Cities,     Towns,     Municipalities     and     School 

Districts      ... 11,255,571.96 

Current    Loans    and    Discounts    elsewhere    than   in    Can- 
ada    (less    rebate    of    interest)     6,478,263.23 

Overdue    debts,    estimated    loss    provided    for     350,954.24 

• — — --  111,813,854.86 

Bank    premises    at    not    more    than    cost    (less    amounts    written    off) 4,000,000.00 

Liabilities  of  Customers  under  Letters  of  Credit   (as  per  Contra) 2,179,360.30 

Other  Assets  not  included  in  the   foregoing    

$365,215,541.85 

H    V    MEREDITH  FREDERICK  WILLIAMS-TAYLOR, 

President.  General   Manager. 


854  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 
30th  April,  1917. 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital    Stock    $16,000,000 . 00 

Rest     $16,000,000 . 00 

Balance  of   Profits  carried  forward 1,557,034.51 


$17,557,034.51 

Unclaimed   Dividends    3,126 .  00 

Quarterly    Dividend,    payable    1st    June, 

1917      $400,000 . 00 

Bonus  of  1  per  cent,  payable  1st  June, 

1917      160,000.00 

560,000.00 

: 18,120,160.51 


$34,120,160.51 

Notes   of   the   Bank   in   circulation $  21,891,437.00 

Deposits    not    bearing    interest     91,412,284.99 

Deposits   bearing   interest,    including   interest    accriied   to 

date    of    statement     232,731,994.44 

Deposits  made  by  and  Balances  due  to   other   Banks   in 

Canada      2,873,064 . 25 

Balances    due    to    Banks    and    Banking    Correspondents 

elsewhere  than  in  Canada 514,708.16 

Bills    Payable 475,789  .  72 

.. 349,899,278.56 

Acceptances   under    Letters    of    Credit 2,106,162.49 

Liabilities   not   included   in   the    foregoing 681,286.23 

$386,806,887.79 


ASSETS. 

Gold    and    Silver    coin    current $21,556,501.31 

Dominion    notes     30,971,312 . 25 

Deposit  in  the   Central   Gold   Reserves 7,000,000.00 

Balances    due    by    Banks    and    Banking 
Correspondents      elsewhere      than      in 

Canada      $23,189,919  .  58 

Call    and    Short     (not    exceeding    thirty 
days)     Loans    in    Great    Britain    and 

United    States    114,156,887 . 75 

137,346,807.33 

Dominion   and   Provincial   Government   Securities   not  ex- 
ceeding   market    value     16,273,465 . 44 

Railways   and   other   Bonds,    Debentures   and   Stocks   not 

exceeding    market    value     14,722,192 . 50 

Canadian     Municipal     Securities,     and     British,     Foreign 

and  Colonial  Public   Securities  other  than   Canadian..      28,090,026.23 

Notes   of   other   Banks    1,716,821.00 

Cheques    on    other    Banks 12,327,296.33 

$270,004,422.39 

Current    Loans    and    Discounts    in    Canada     (less    rebate 

of  interest)     91,733,075.26 

Loans     to     Cities,     Towns,     Municipalities     and     School 

Districts      11,380,184.03 

Current    Loans    and    Discounts    elsewhere    than    in    Can- 
ada    (less    rebate    of    interest) 6,200,179 .16 

Overdue    debts,    estimated    loss    provided    for 403,853.45 

109,717,291.90 

Bank  Premises   at  not  more  than   cost    (less   amounts  written   off) 4,000,000.00 

Liabilities  of  Customers  under   Letters   of  Credit    (as  per   Contra) 2,106,162.49 

Deposit  with  the  Minister  for  the  purposes   of  the   Circulation   Fund....  790,000.00 

Other   Assets   not    included   in   the    foregoing 189,011.01 

$386,806,887.79 

H.     V.     MEREDITH,  FREDERICK      WILLIAMS-TAYLOR, 

President.  General    Manager. 


FINANCE  AND  WAR  IN  CANADA,  1916 
ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS 

OF 
THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE 


Tne  shadow  of  the  great  European  war  has  been 
Genera?  Mana!  the  dominating  influence  in  business  affairs  during 
ger— sir  the  year  through  which  we  have  just  passed.  No 

John  Aird*  important  new  transaction  could  be  undertaken  with- 
out considering  the  effect  of  the  war,  and  in  the 
conduct  of  the  affairs  of  a  great  fiduciary  institution  such  as  a 
bank  it  has  been  necessary  to  give  more  consideration  to  the  factor 
of  safety  than  to  the  factor  of  profit.  Under  these  circumstances 
we  feel  that  you  will  be  well  content  with  the  results  which  we  lay 
before  you  to-day. 

The  Bank's  profits  for  the  year  under  review  were  $2,439,415,  an 
increase  of  $87,380  over  the  figures  of  the  preceding  year,  a  trif- 
ling sum  when  you  consider  the  increased  amount  of  "business  on 
which  it  has  been  earned,  and  the  great  activity  which  has  prevailed 
throughout  the  year.  We  have  felt  it  our  duty  to  render  a  large 
amount  of  assistance  in  their  financing  to  both  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment and  the  Dominion  Government,  and  as  rates  of  interest 
on  this  class  of  business  are  naturally  low,  our  profits  have  been 
reduced  correspondingly.  Apart  from  this,  however,  there  has  been 
a  greatly  increased  turnover  during  the  past  year  which  is  not 
reflected  in  an  increase  of  the  profits  of  the  Bank,  and  this  tendency 
towards  a  steady  reduction  in  profits  has  been  apparent  for  some 
years  past.  The  ratio  of  our  profits  to  total  average  assets  during 
the  five  years  ending  1915  ranged  from  145%  to  1-13%,  but  in 
almost  every  year  the  tendency  has  been  downwards. 

We  have  paid  the  usual  dividends  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent, 
per  annum,  with  bonuses  of  one  per  cent,  at  the  end  of  each  half 
year;  the  war  tax  on  our  note  circulation  has  called  for  $147,288, 
the  Officers'  Pension  Fund  for  $80,000,  and  sundry  subscriptions 
for  Patriotic  purposes  for  $71,700,  leaving  a  balance  at  credit  of 
Profit  and  Loss  of  $802,319  to  be  carried  forward  to  the  accounts 
of  next  year.  As  long  as  present  conditions  continue  we  must, 
I  fear,  accept  a  low  rate  of  profit,  and  it  is,  of  course,  possible  that 
there  may  be  still  further  depreciation  in  the  market  value  of 
securities,  so  that  we  think  it  wise  to  carry  forward  a  large  balance 
in  Profit  and  Loss  account.  During  the  past  year  the  values  of 

*NOTE. — For  History  of  this  Bank,  see  1910  Supplement  and  succeeding  Volumes 
for  yearly  Addresses  and  Reports.  This  annual  meeting  was  on  Jan.  9,  1917. 

[855] 


856  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

investment  securities  have  depreciated  further,  which  is  only  natural 
as  long  as  the  governments  of  the  great  nations  engaged  in  war 
are  obliged  to  increase  the  rates  of  interest  which  their  securities 
bear.  Up  to  the  present,  however,  we  have  not  found  it  necessary 
to  add  to  the  sum  of  $1,000,000  reserved  last  year  for  possible 
further  depreciation,  and  we  believe  that  we  have  provided  for  any- 
thing which  is  likely  to  occur. 

The  notes  of  the  Bank  in  circulation  show  an  increase  of  $2,- 
861,000  over  the  figures  of  the  previous  year.  Throughout  the 
year  the  note  circulation  of  the  chartered  banks  has  been  unpre- 
cendentedly  high,  due  partly,  no  doubt,  to  the  high  prices  prevail- 
ing for  almost  all  commodities  and  partly  to  the  activity  in  busi- 
ness arising  from  the  large  orders  for  merchandise  and  munitions 
placed  in  Canada  by  the  allied  governments.  In  the  general  in- 
crease of  note  circulation  this  Bank  has  had  its  full  share,  and  the 
demand  upon  our  supply  of  notes  has  been  much  greater  than 
had  been  anticipated.  Almost  throughout  the  year  our  note  cir- 
culation has  been  in  excess  of  paid-up  capital  and  beyond  any 
figures  heretofore  reached  in  our  history.  Our  deposits  show  a 
satisfactory  growth,  the  increase  being  $35,373,000,  of  which  over 
$25,000,000  is  in  deposits  bearing  interest ;  these  include  the  savings 
of  the  people  and  are  therefore  less  subject  to  fluctuation  than 
demand  deposits  not  bearing  interest.  Through  the  medium  of  our 
Monthly  Commercial  Letter  we  have  endeavoured  to  impress  upon 
the  public  mind  the  necessity  for  the  exercise  of  economy  to  a  de- 
gree never  known  in  Canada,  and  we  should  like  to  think  that  some 
part  of  the  increase  to  which  we  have  just  referred  has  been  due 
to  the  advice  thus  given.  Canadians  cannot  too  often  be  reminded 
that  only  by  the  universal  exercise  of  economy  and  thrift  to  an 
extent  to  which  they  have  in  the  past  been  strangers  and  by  the 
setting  aside  of  what  is  thus  saved  for  investment  in  government 
loans  or  as  bank  deposits,  can  we  do  our  share  to  provide  the  where- 
withal necessary  to  carry  the  war  to  a  victorious  conclusion. 

Our  total  holdings  of  coin  and  legals  are  $46,291,000,  an  increase 
of  $6,389,000  over  the  figures  of  a  year  ago,  but  of  this  sum  $6,000,- 
000  is  represented  by  a  deposit  in  the  Central  Gold  Reserves  to 
cover  the  issue  of  note  circulation  in  excess  of  our  paid-up  capital, 
already  referred  to.  These  holdings  of  cash  represent  18  -5%  of 
the  total  of  our  deposits  and  circulation  and  17-9%  of  our  total 
liabilities  to  the  public,  and  in  view  of  the  uncertainties  of  war 
conditions  we  are  sure  that  you  will  approve  our  policy  of  keeping 
strong  in  this  respect.  Our  immediate  available  assets  total  $129,- 
341,000,  equal  to  fifty-six  per  cent,  of  our  deposits  and  fifty  per 
cent,  of  our  total  liabilities  to  the  public.  The  largest  increase 
in  any  one  item  composing  this  amount  is  in  British,  foreign  and 
colonial  securities,  etc.,  which  show  an  increase  of  over  $15,500,- 
000  and  include  the  securities  purchased  and  held  for  the  advances 
which  we  have  made  to  the  Imperial  Government  to  finance  their 
purchases  in  the  Dominion.  There  has  been  a  slight  increase  of 


CANADIAN  BANK  OP  COMMERCE— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    857 

$858,000  in  our  holdings  of  Dominion  and  Provincial  securities  and 
a  decrease  of  $1,802,000  in  our  holdings  of  railway  and  other  bonds 
debentures  and  stocks.  We  have  thought  it  desirable,  in  view  of 
the  exigencies  of  the  war  and  of  the  requirements  of  the  Govern- 
ments of  Great  Britain  and  Canada,  to  realize  on  these  securities 
as  opportunity  offered.  This  has  seemed  the  more  advisable  because 
of  the  doubtful  outlook  as  to  the  future  trend  in  the  value  of  such 
securities.  Notwithstanding  the  advances  we  have  made  to  the 
Governments  of  our  own  country  and  Great  Britain  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  war,  we  have  not  found  it  necessary  to  decrease  the 
assistance  which  we  render  to  the  ordinary  business  of  the  country. 
Indeed  our  total  current  loans  at  the  date  of  the  statement  before 
you  amounted  to  $186,109,000,  an  increase  of  over  $13,800,000  as 
compared  with  the  figures  of  a  year  ago.  It  has  always  been  the 
policy  of  this  Bank  to  consider  as  one  of  the  principal  aims  which 
should  be  kept  before  the  executive,  that  it  should  render  the  ut- 
most possible  assistance  to  the  development  of  Canadian  trade  and 
industry.  We  have  not  failed  in  this  duty  during  the  year  just 
past.  The  total  of  overdue  debts  shows  a  considerable  decrease  and 
stands  at  a  lower  figure  than  for  a  number  of  years  back  and  at 
only  about  half  the  amount  of  last  year.  This  is  doubtless  due  to 
general  liquidation  of  indebtedness,  brought  about  in  part  by  the 
satisfactory  results  of  the  crops  for  the  last  two  years  and  in  part 
by  the  prosperity  arising  out  of  the  war.  There  has  been  little 
change  in  the  figures  of  Bank  Premises  account.  The  slight  in- 
crease is  chiefly  due  to  the  purchase  of  sites  for  some  of  our 
smaller  branches.  Our  total  assets  show  a  growth  of  $38,000,000 
and  now  amount  to  the  large  sum  of  $288,427,000.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  note  that  this  is  about  ten  times  the  total  assets  in  the  balance 
sheet  of  twenty  years  ago  when  they  stood  at  $28,596,000.  The 
increase  alone  during  he  year  just  past  has  exceeded  the  total 
figures  of  the  whole  Bank  at  that  time  by  no  less  than  the  sum 
of  ten  million  dollars. 

The  number  of  our  branches  stands  at  376  as  against  374  a  year 
ago,  the  smallest  increase  in  many  years,  indicating  the  policy 
which  has  prevailed  in  this  respect.  Until  the  war  is  over  and  the 
future  of  the  branches  we  now  have  has  been  made  more  clear,  we 
shall  doubtless  continue  to  mark  time  in  this  respect.  The  number 
of  our  shareholders  continues  to  increase  in  a  gratifying  manner. 
At  the  date  of  the  closing  of  our  books  we  had  6,648  as  against 
6,341  last  year,  an  increase  of  about  300  principally  in  the  Provinces 
of  Ontario,  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia.  The  members  of  the  staff 
number  2,976,  as  shown  in  the  following  comparative  table : 


Officers     on     regula 
Temporary    clerks 
Temporary  women 
Stenographers   and 
Messengers    

Total     . 

30th  Nov., 
1916 
.       1,806 

30th  Nov., 
1915 
2,170 
61 
23 
344 
230 

31st  July, 
1914 
2,597 
3 
2 
378 
232 

3,212 

187 

clerks  and  stenogr 
women    clerks    on 

352 
373 
258 

regular    staff.  .. 

.      2,976 

2,828 

858  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Since  our  last  annual  meeting  an  additional  fifty-nine  brave 
and  promising  young  men  of  our  staff  have  laid  down  their  lives 
on  the  field  of  battle.  Our  complete  casualty  list  to  date  is  as 
follows : 

Killed     .  . ' 84  Prisoners      9 

Wounded 175  111     20 

Missing     8  

Total     296 

We  have  received  many  indications  that  our  men  are  measur- 
ing well  up  to  what  is  required  of  them  and  are  capable  of  taking 
their  full  share  in  the  wonderful  operations  at  the  front  which 
are  thrilling  the  world.  Six  of  our  officers  have  been  awarded  the 
Military  Cross  and  three  more  have  been  recommended  for  it. 

As  to  the  future  it  is  obvious,  we  think,  that  after  the  war 
finance  will  be  more  liquid,  inasmuch  as  the  warring  Powers  are 
not  likely  to  attempt  to  float  any  more  new  loans  for  many  years 
to  come.  They  will  naturally,  we  believe,  content  themselves  with 
funding  at  long  dates  their  floating  and  short  dated  debts.  Before 
the  war  money  was  gradually  increasing  in  value,  and  there  will 
be  within  the  Empire  many  new  enterprises  as  well  as  others  held 
up  temporarily  which  will  require  financing.  How  soon  these  will 
come  into  the  market  to  borrow  will  depend  upon  the  willingness 
of  the  public  and  financial  houses  to  encourage  bona  fide  enter- 
prises by  reasonable  rates  for  money.  It  will  be  natural  for  a  Bri- 
tisher to  invest  his  savings  in  our  own  securities,  particularly  at 
the  rates  of  interest  which  are  likely  to  prevail.  We  shall,  there- 
fore, watch  this  situation  with  increasing  interest  as  future  develop- 
ment at  home  and  abroad  may  depend  upon  the  willingness  of 
capitalists  and  others  to  accept  a  lower  return  from  such  invest- 
ments than  they  can  obtain  under  present  conditions  by  simply 
investing  their  surplus  funds  in  government  and  similar  securities. 

Address  of  the  *  shall  not  apologize  as  I  did  a  year  ago  for  asking 

President sir    you  to  devote  your  attention  to  the  material  affairs 

Edmund  Walker,  of  Canada  at  a  time  when  the  Empire  and  its  Allies 
c.v.o.,  D.C.L.,  are  fighting  for  the  greatest  of  all  causes — the  liberty 
of  the  world.  Canada  has  in  that  short  time  so  en- 
larged her  sphere  of  action  that  only  the  blind  could  fail  to  see  that 
every  detail  of  our  national  life  which  aids  or  hinders  our  power  to 
serve  in  the  great  conflict  is  of  supreme  importance.  In  the  terrible 
winter  of  1914-15  we  did  not  realize  that  our  aid  was  to  count  for 
much  in  the  struggle  greatly  as  we  desired  to  help.  We  did  not 
really  believe,  despite  the  warning  of  Kitchener,  that  war  would 
still  be  raging  in  1917  with  the  end  not  nearly  in  sight.  Now  we  do 
not  talk  of  any  definite  time  for  the  end ;  we  only  know  that  the 
last  man,  the  last  gun,  the  last  dollar,  may  be  needed,  but  that  we 
shall  win  beyond  any  peradventure  if  the  people  in  all  the  allied 
countries  can  be  made  to  understand  what  is  required  of  them. 

Turning  at  once  to  our  trade  with  other  countries,  that  being 
the  best  indication  of  the  tendency  of  affairs  at  the  moment,  we  find 
that,  leaving  out  the  shipments  of  gold  and  bullion,  both  inwards 


CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE — ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    859 

and  outwards,  our  exports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  31st  March, 
1916,  exceeded  our  imports  by  $249,088,274,  and  that  for  the  six 
months  ending  30th  September,  1916,  the  excess  was  $141,100,898. 
We  cannot  keep  in  mind  too  clearly  what  has  happened  since  the 
end  of  our  period  of  expansion  in  1913,  and  a  repetition  of  the 
figures  given  last  year  will  aid  us  to  do  so : 

^o^'o0*1   Year                      Imports  Exports  Excess  Imports     Excess  Exports 

1912-13     $686,515,536  $377,068,355  $309,447181 

1913-14     635,383,222  455,437,224  179  945  998 

1914-15     497,376,961  461,442,509  35934452 

1915-16     530,211,796  779,300,070           $249  OsV  274 

.6  mos.   ending   Sept 405,901,765  547,002,663           141,10o',898 

The  improvement  from  year  to  year  is  as  follows : 

1913  to  1914 $129,501,183 

1914  to  1915 144,011,546 

1915  to  1916 285,022,726 

1913  to  1916 $558,535,455 

For  the  six  months  of  the  present  year  the  gain  over  the 
astonishing  figures  for  the  first  half  of  last  year  is  nearly  another 
100  millions.  The  gain  of  285  millions  in  our  foreign  trade  as 
compared  with  March,  1915,  is  almost  all  due  to  the  increase  in 
the  value  of  the  exports,  the  increase  in  the  imports  being  only 
32  millions.  If  we  are  really  to  exercise  an  effective  economy  we 
should  be  very  jealous  as  to  the  nature  of  any  imports  not  neces- 
sary for  the  production  of  war  supplies  or  for  our  national  exist- 
ence. There  is  some  improvement  in  this  respect,  but  it  is  not 
pleasant  to  see  about  10  millions  sent  abroad  for  motors  and  about 
as  much  more  for  silk  goods  and  velvets.  The  chief  increases  are 
in  iron  and  steel  bars  and  goods,  and  in  iron  ores,  in  machinery, 
in  wool,  cotton  and  jute  and  goods  made  therefrom,  in  raw  rubber, 
in  various  chemicals,  oils,  explosives,  etc.,  needed  for  making  muni- 
tions, in  various  articles  for  the  army  and  navy,  and  to  a  consider- 
able extent  in  foodstuffs,  so  that  apparently  the  chief  increases  are 
in  necessary  articles  although  we  regret  that  many  of  them  were 
not  made  in  Canada.  There  is  a  large  increase  in  our  exports  under 
every  general  heading,  especially  under  manufactures,  mining, 
agriculture  and  animals  and  their  products.  The  total  of  our  im- 
ports and  exports  of  merchandise  in  the  fiscal  year  ending  March, 
1916,  was  $1,309,511,866,  against  $241,025,360  in  1896,  that  being 
also  a  period  of  excess  exports.  This  enormous  foreign  trade  is 
of  course  coincident  with  a  great  decline  in  all  domestic  trade  not 
connected  with  the  war,  and  is  swollen  largely  by  purchase  of  steel 
and  other  material  imported  from  the  United  States  to  be  used 
here  in  making  munitions;  the  money  result  is  abnormal  because 
of  the  high  price  of  almost  every  known  commodity.  I  am  not 
putting  forward  the  figures,  however,  as  a  guide  to  what  may  be 
possible  after  the  war,  I  am  putting  them  forward  as  an  indication 
of  what  may  be  accomplished  when  we  are  spurred  by  great  events. 
The  financial  ideal  for  us  at  the  moment  is  to  pay  interest  on  our 
foreign  indebtedness,  to  provide  our  share  of  the  cost  of  the  war, 
and  to  lend  as  much  as  possible  to  Great  Britain  to  pay  for  muni- 


860  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

tions  made  for  her  by  Canada.  We  are  apparently  accomplishing 
this,  but  in  the  absence  of  figures  we  cannot  estimate  what  amount 
of  profit  from  our  home  trade  is  eventually  invested  in  war 
securities.  We  are,  however,  being  helped  to  accomplish  this  re- 
sult, in  a  manner  which  may  deceive  us,  by  the  large  market  in 
the  United  States  for  our  securities,  and  also  by  the  many  sub- 
scriptions received  from  our  wealthy  neighbours  when  issues  of 
our  own  war  loans  are  made  in  Canada.  The  sales  of  Canadian 
bond  issues  for  the  eleven  months  of  1916  are  of  peculiar  interest, 
showing  how  completely  our  reliance  for  the  placing  of  our  se- 
curities is  now  transferred  from  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States 
and  to  our  own  greatly  enlarged  market.  The  following  state- 
ment has  been  prepared  for  us  by  the  Dominion  Securities  Cor- 
poration : 

Securities  Total  Sold  In  Canada  vn{ij%taies  ^t^n 

Municipal      $49,100,575  $13,567,055  $35,533,520           

Railway    15,920,000           15,920,000           

Governments     200,545,300  83,350,000  117,195,300           

Miscellaneous  Corporations   .  24,750,000  6,050,000  10,700,000  $8,000,000 

Public    Service    Corporations  5,900,000           < 5,900,000           

Canadian   Co.'s   operating   in 

Foreign    Countries     .  .  .  7,500,000           7,500,000           

Total    $303,715,875        $102,967,055        $192,748,820        $8,000,000 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  actual  sales  in  Canada  of  Government 
bonds  are  considerably  less  than  the  amounts  offered  to  the  public 
in  Canada.  To  the  extent  thus  shown  buyers  in  the  United  States 
have  eventually  become  the  owners  of  these  issues.  Since  August, 
1914,  Canadian  securities  to  the  extent  of  about  50  millions  of 
dollars,  which  had  been  sold  in  Great  Britain  or  elsewhere  in 
Europe,  have  been  returned.  These  have  been  either  directly  re- 
sold or  the  nature  of  the  issues  re-arranged  and  about  one  half 
has  found  a  new  market  in  the  United  States,  the  remainder  being 
absorbed  in  Canada.  The  figures  of  such  transactions  are  not  in- 
cluded in  the  statement  of  new  issues. 

The  total  of  the  deposits  of  Canadian  banks  at  30th  November 
last  was  $1,521,349,000,  as  compared  with  $1,288,985,000  at  the 
same  date  in  1914,  an  increase  of  $232,364,000.  Our  deposits  will, 
we  trust,  continue  to  increase,  but  the  extent  of  the  increase  will 
depend  on  the  results  of  the  campaign  of  thrift,  and  only  to  a 
proportionate  extent  shall  we  be  able  to  help  in  the  way  which 
we  believe  most  vital  in  winning  the  war.  We  must  of  course  bear 
in  mind  that  the  war  securities  held  by  the  banks  are  only  a  part 
of  the  resources  which  are  being  used  for  war  purposes  and  that 
the  loans  made  to  every  manufacturer  of  war  supplies  have  to  be 
included  to  indicate  the  total  extent  to  which  their  resources  are 
so  used. 

The  Review  of  Business  Conditions  which  accompanies  our 
annual  Report  records  prosperity  beyond  anything  we  have  ever 
known  in  almost  every  part  of  Canada.  This  results  from  the 
existence  of  a  market  which  needs  almost  everything  we  produce 
and  which  must  pay  almost  anything  the  seller  asks.  If  it  is  true 


CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    861 

that  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  exports  of  the  United  States  are  a  result 
of  the  war,  much  the  same  must  be  true  of  Canada,  and  in  addition 
a  large  part  of  our  home  consumption  is  due  to  the  requirements  of 
the  Canadian  army.  As  individuals,  almost  all  are  gaining  by  the 
war,  except  those  with  more  or  less  fixed  incomes  and  without 
power  to  adjust  the  same  when  prices  are  high,  and  those  who  are 
engaged  in  business  not  connected  with  war  supplies.  The  money 
made  by  the  individual,  however,  has,  so  far  as  the  nation  is  con- 
cerned, to  be  provided  by  a  war  debt  incurred  partly  by  Canada 
and  partly  by  Great  Britain.  We  do  not,  like  the  United  States, 
receive  gold  in  exchange  for  a  large  part  of  our  products,  we  even 
borrow  from  the  United  States  part  of  the  cost  of  the  war.  If 
we  could  free  ourselves  from  the  habit  of  thinking  of  commodities 
merely  in  the  terms  of  their  money  value,  we  should  discover  that 
what  we  are  doing  is  to  provide  material  to  help  our  gallant  sons 
and  their  fellow  Britons  to  win  the  war  and  that  there  is  no  one 
to  pay  for  this  material  ultimately  but  ourselves  and  the  Mother- 
land. Therefore,  in  the  monthly  letters  issued  by  this  Bank  we 
have  constantly  preached  thrift  in  order  to  discourage  people  from 
spending  that  which  as  a  nation  we  cannot  afford  to  spend.  We 
repeat  once  more  that  every  dollar  any  Canadian  saves,  whether 
he  buys  a  war  bond  therewith  or  indirectly  enables  the  banks  to 
do  so,  is  one  dollar  more  of  power  to  win  the  war,  and  that  partic- 
ular dollar  no  one  else  can  provide  if  he  fails  to  do  so.  We  are 
told  by  every  one  who  visits  England,  and  especially  by  those  who 
have  also  seen  the  battle  line  and  the  conditions  there,  that  in 
Canada  we  act  as  if  no  war  existed.  I  have  referred  to  the  motors 
and  the  silks,  but  they  are  only  examples  of  an  extravagance  which 
is  observable  in  every  direction.  We  should  undoubtedly  forbid, 
or  at  all  events  heavily  penalize,  the  importation  of  all  luxuries; 
municipal  expenditures  should  be  further  curtailed  and  all  pro- 
jected improvements  first  submitted  to  the  criticism  of  provincial 
commissions;  we  should  not  think  it  amiss  if  the  expenditures  of 
individuals  at  eating  places  are  legally  restrained  and  meatless  days 
are  instituted.  I  am  not  endeavouring  to  say  in  what  directions 
economy  should  be  enforced  in  Canada  as  it  has  been  in  England, 
but  beyond  a  doubt  it  must  be  enforced  in  many  directions  if  it 
is  not  voluntarily  adopted  by  our  people. 

It  is  not  easy  to  conjecture  how  far  the  prosperity  of  Canada 
is  due  to  the  activity  in  production  of  all  kinds,  to  the  ready 
market  and  high  prices,  and  how  far  to  the  grain  crop  of  1915,  a 
crop  so  extraordinary  that  it  exceeded  some  estimates  by  seventy 
million  bushels  and  our  own  by  fifty  millions,  but  it  is  well 
to  remember  that  our  prosperity  was  due  to  both  causes  and  that 
the  crops  this  year  have  not  been  good.  If  we  have  throughout 
Canada  a  fair  average  result,  that  is  the  best  we  can  say  of  our 
agricultural  and  pastoral  production.  High  prices  will  make  up 
for  this  to  the  producer,  but  nothing  can  make  up  to  the  nation  for 
the  shortage  of  foodstuffs  at  such  a  time.  The  liquidation  of  debts 


862  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

following  the  great  crop  in  the  West,  the  improvement  in  the  towns 
and  cities  of  the  prairie  provinces  and  British  Columbia,  the  growth 
in  bank  deposits,  the  marked  improvement  in  railroad  earnings, 
and  the  increase  in  the  figures  of  every  clearing-house  in  Canada, 
are  all  things  so  directly  dependent  upon  the  great  crop  that  we 
must  expect  a  lesser  degree  of  prosperity  in  the  West  in  1917. 

Since  1913,  when  the  largest  figures  up  to  that  time  were 
reached,  the  totals  of  the  Clearing  Houses  have  been  declining  in 
volume.  During  this  year,  however,  they  have  expanded  to  figures 
much  beyond  anything  hitherto  recorded,  the  total  being  $10,564,- 
043,000,  an  increase  over  1915  of  35-48  per  cent.,  and  over  1913 
of  14  -17  per  cent.  In  the  three  principal  cities  the  increases  over 

1915  range  from  35  to  42  per  cent.,  and  over  1913  from  14  to  29 
per  cent.     There  are  now  twenty-five  Clearing  Houses  in  Canada, 
two  having  been  established  during  the  year,  namely  Kitchener 
and  Sherbrooke.     We  subjoin  as  usual  the  building  permits  for 
the  four  principal  cities.     Except  in  Montreal  they  show  a  very 
considerable  advance  upon  1915  although  they  are  still  inconsider- 
able as  compared  with  1912  and  1913,  the  years  of  greatest  expan- 
sion: 

1913  1914            1915  1916 

Montreal      $27,032,000  $17,619,000  $7,495,000  $5,334,000 

Toronto     27,038,000  20,672,000                  6,651,000  9,882,000 

Vancouver    10,423,000  4,484,000                  1,593,000  2,412,000 

Winnipeg    18,621,000  12,160,000                  1,826,000  2,507,000 

A  year  ago  we  were  able  to  make  a  few  not  very  well-connected 
remarks  regarding  the  manufacture  of  munitions  in  Canada.  We 
sought,  however,  to  convey  at  least  some  idea  of  the  scale  on  which 
we  were  working,  and  to  indicate  that  there  are  very  few  of  our 
industries  that  cannot  aid  in  the  cause.  Although  very  many  goods 
are  being  shipped  and  contracts  carried  out  which  do  not  come 
within  the  operations  of  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board,  the  War 
Purchasing  Commission,  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  or  the 
British  War  Office  Purchasing  Department  at  Montreal,  such  in- 
formation as  can  be  gathered  as  to  the  operations  of  these  bodies 
is  useful.  The  shipments  through  the  Imperial  Munitions  Board 
comprise  empty,  fixed  and  complete  shells,  also  fuses,  brass  cart- 
ridge cases,  steel  forgings,  cordite,  tri-nitro-toluol,  etc.  During 

1916  the  total  disbursements  were  about  320  millions  of  dollars, 
and  while  we  have  no  information  on  which  to  hazard  an  opinion 
as  to  the  scope  of  operations  for  1917,  it  is  at  least  suggestive  that 
the  actual  business  completed  during  the  year  amounted  to  about 
a  million  dollars  a  day  and  that  many  manufacturers  are  only  now 
ready  to  deliver  certain  kinds  of  shells  to  the  full  capacity  of  the 
plants  established  for  the  purpose.     A  year  ago  women  were  but 
little  employed  in  making  munitions,  now  they  are  working  by 
thousands  in  munition  factories,  and  while  much  delay  was  caused 
by  the  necessity  of  creating  new  shop  conditions  for  them,  this  has 
been  accomplished  in  many  factories,  and  we  can  but  hope  that  thou- 
sands more  of  our  women  will  come  forward  for  this  work  and  thus 
release  many  men  for  the  front.    When  we  consider  that  there  are 


CANADIAN  BANK  OP  COMMERCE— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    863 

600  factories  in  Canada  and  Newfoundland  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  all  making  munitions  night  and  day,  three  shifts  of  eight 
hours  or  for  the  women  in  some  cases,  four  shifts  of  six  hours  daily, 
we  can  get  some  sense  of  the  scale  of  operations.  The  supervision  of 
all  this  requires  between  3,000  and  4,000  inspectors  and  600  other 
employees.  This  is  all  on  Imperial  account,  but  we  find  that  the 
work  of  the  War  Purchasing  Commission  appointed  by  the  Domin- 
ion Government  is  on  a  similar  scale.  For  the  first  year  or  more 
practically  everything  required  for  the  upkeep  of  our  army  in  Eng- 
land and  Prance  was  supplied  by  Great  Britain  on  our  account. 
Since  then  we  have  tried  to  supply  its  requirements  direct  from  Can- 
ada, although  this  is  possible  only  in  the  case  of  some  articles.  We 
have  no  knowledge  as  to  the  total  amount  expended  by  the  Com- 
mission, but  the  following  items  will  be  interesting: 

Clothing,   boots,   etc $35,000,000 

Motor   trucks    and    other   vehicles 3.000,000 

Accoutrements      3JOOo)oOO 

Arsenal    supplies,    cartridges,    rifles,    machine    guns    and   revolvers 17,000,000 

Drugs    and    surgical    instruments    1,000,000 

Furniture,    hospital    supplies    and    stores 6,000,000 

Transportation    of    troops    to    seaboard    and    to    England    over 10,000,000 

Maintenance    of   men    while    in    Canada,    not   including    pay,    about 35.000,000 

The  Commission  has  purchased  about  3  million  pounds  of  fresh 
fish,  about  half  on  Canadian  and  half  on  Imperial  account.  The 
purchases  on  Imperial  account  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
for  the  year  to  23rd  December,  amount  to  186,000  long  tons  of  hay, 
450,000  tons  of  oats,  equalling  nearly  30,000,000  bushels,  and  187,- 
000  tons  of  flour,  the  amount  expended  in  this  way  being  over 
$137,500,000.  Among  the  purchases  of  the  British  War  Office  Pur- 
chasing Department  at  Montreal  for  the  past  year,  are  the  following 
items : 

Cottons   and   woollens $1,000,000 

Food   stuffs — cheese,    canned   meats   and   vegetables,    etc. .  .  20,000,000 

Miscellaneous   merchandise   of   iron   and   steel 1,500,000 

Other   miscellaneous   merchandise    1,500,000 


Total     $24,000,000 

After  the  adoption  of  the  Annual  Report  the  following  gentle- 
men were  re-elected  as  Directors  of  the  Bank:  Sir  Edmund 
Walker,  c.v.o.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  John  Hoskin,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
J.  W.  Flavelle,  LL.D.,  A.  Kingman,  Hon.  Sir  Lyman  Melvin 
Jones,  Hon.  W.  C.  Edwards,  Z.  A.  Lash,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  E.  R.  Wood, 
Sir  John  M.  Gibson,  K.C.M.G.,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  Robert  Stuart,  George  F. 
Gait,  A.  C.  Flumerfelt,  William  Farwell,  D.C.L.,  George  G.  Foster, 
K.C.,  Charles  Colby,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  George  W.  Allan,  K.C.,  H.  J.  Fuller, 
F.  P.  Jones,  and  H.  C.  Cox.  At  a  meeting  of  the  newly  elected 
Board  held  subsequently,  Sir  Edmund  Walker,  c.v.o.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 
was  elected  President,  and  Mr.  Z.  A.  Lash,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 


864 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


GENERAL  STATEMENT 
OF 

THE  CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE 

30TH  NOVEMBER,  1916. 
LIABILITIES 


4     2 


Deposits   not   bearing   interest  £12,839,192   18      7 

47,238,935 
29,037 

1,031,893 
449,350 
429,994 

7 
16 

13 
0 
11 

5 
7 

2 
0 
0 

Deposits     bearing     interest,     including     interest 
accrued   to    date                                           •  •           34  399  742      8   10 

HtthBk'Cd 

Balances    due    to    Banks    and    Banking    Correspondents    elsewhere 

Bills    pavable                                 

£  53,136,611 
428 
107,876 

6,021,064 

12 
4 
14 

9 

0 
11 
3 

6 

Capital    Paid    up                                                             £  3  082  191   15      8 

Rest     Account                          2,773,972   12      1 

Balance  of  Profit  as  per  Profit  and  Loss  Account         164,860      1      9 

ASSETS 
Gold   and   Silver   Coin   Current    £  4,310,040      7      6 

£   59,265,941 

1 

0 

£  9,511,850 

3,801,708 

571,635 

3,551,283 
1,604,889 
3,025,712 
4,344,110 
165,814 
27,480,437 

3,391,318 
429,994 
47,411 

239,272 
80,016 

994,409 
26,076 

MM** 

10 

4 

15 
5 
7 
5 
2 
12 
18 

16 
11 
19 

5 
1 

0 

4 

3 

6 

10 
7 
11 
6 
1 
2 
5 

4 

0 
6 

3 

5 

6 

9 

Dominion    Notes                         •           •  •         ....        3  968  933      8      6 

Deposit  in  the  Central  Gold  Reserves  1,232,876  14      3 

Notes    of    other    Banks           £       335,005      9      7 

Cheques    on    other    Banks                                                 1  986  595   12      6 

Balances  due  by  other  Banks  in  Canada  285   11      9 

Balances     due     by     Banks     and     Banking     Cor- 
respondents   elsewhere    than    in    Canada...      1,479,821   10      8 

Dominion    and    Provincial    Government    Securities,    not    exceeding 

British,  Foreign  and  Colonial  Public  Securities  and  Canadian  Muni- 

Railway    and   other   Bonds,    Debentures   and   Stocks,    not   exceeding 

Call    and    Short    Loans    (not    exceeding    30    days)    in    Canada    on 

Call    and    Short    Loans    (not    exceeding    30    days)    elsewhere    than 

Deposit   with  the   Minister   of   Finance   for  the  purpose   of  the   Cir- 

Other    Current    Loans    and    Discounts    in    Canada    (less    rebate    of 
interest)      

Other   Current   Loans   and   Discounts    elsewhere     than    in     Canada 

Liabilities   of   Customers  under   Letters   of   Credit,    as  per   contra.  . 
Overdue   Debts    (estimated   loss   provided   for)  

Real   Estate  other  than   Bank   Premises    (includ- 
ing the  unsold   balance   of  former   premises 
of  the   Eastern   Townships   Bank)  £      259,820      4     2 
Less    mortgage    assumed     20  547   18   11 

Mortgages   on    Real   Estate    sold   by   the    Bank  
Bank  Premises  at  cost,  less  amounts  written  off  £  1,056,052   17      3 
Less    mortgage    assumed    on    property    pur- 
chased                                     61  643   16     9 

Other  Assets  not  included   in  the   foregoing  

£   59,265,941 

1 

0 

B.    E.    WALKER,                                                                                               JOHN    AIRD. 
President                                                                                                                  General   Manager 

CANADA   IN   WAR-TIME:  THE  WEST  INDIES 
ANNUAL  ADDRESSES  AND   REPORTS 

OF 

THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA 


Address  by  sir  -^II  v^ew  °^  the  comparative  uncertainty  with  which 

Herbert  s.  Holt,  Canada  necessarily  looked  forward  to  the  year  just 
President  of  '  Passed,  it  is  specially  gratifying  to  be  able  to  present 
the  Bank  so  excellent  a  statement  as  that  before  you  to-day.  It 

undoubtedly  excels  any  previous  exhibit.  Our  total 
assets  have  increased  during  the  year  fifty-five  million  dollars.  Seven 
years  ago  they  were  sixty-seven  millions ;  to-day  they  are  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty -three  millions.  In  keeping  with  the  fixed  policy  of 
the  Bank,  the  ratio  of  liquid  assets  to  liabilities  to  the  public  has 
been  maintained  at  a  high  percentage.  No  matter  how  rapid  the 
Bank's  extension,  we  have  not  in  the  past  departed  from  this  car- 
dinal principle,  and  we  do  not  intend  to  in  the  future. 

We  are  not  singular,  however,  in  respect  of  the  year's  growth. 
The  wonderful  prosperity  of  the  country  was  reflected  in  the  assets 
of  Canadian  banks  in  general,  the  total  increase  amounting  to  two 
hundred  and  fifty-five  millions.  This  prosperity  is  not  confined 
to  those  engaged  directly  or  indirectly  in  the  supplying  of  war 
materials.  It  is  widely  diffused,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  record  Bank 
clearings,  the  congestion  of  railway  traffic,  the  general  activity  in 
every  department  of  wholesale  and  retail  trade,  and  the  great  volume 
of  exports.  Labour  is  scarce  and  never  commanded  higher  wages. 
Commodity  prices  have  attained  a  level  comparable  only  with  Civil 
War  times  in  the  United  States.  The  following  is  a  statement  of 
some  present  prices  compared  with  those  of  twelve  months  ago: 


1915  1916 
Wheat,    per   bushel 

$1.00-$1.10  $1.70av. 

Copper  Ingots,  per  Ib.        .20%  .31-32 

Pig    Iron,    per    ton. .    25.00  41.00 

Steel   Billets,  per  ton.    42.60  50.20 
Steel   Rails,   per  gross 

ton    28.00  38.00 

Structural     Steel,     per 

ton— bars     54.60  76.20 

Structural     Steel,     per 

ton — plates     56.00  99.00 


1915 


per 


Structural    Steel, 

ton  —  shapes  .....  48  .  40 
Staple  Cotton,  per  Ib.  .12 
Wool,  per  Ib.  —  Lin- 

coln Clothing  .....  38 
Wool,  per  Ib.  —  South 

Downs    .....  ......  46 

Wool,  per  Ib.—  Merino  .70 
Sole  Leather,  per  Ib..  .41 
Print  Paper,  per  ton  40.00 
Wood  Plup,  per  ton.  15.00 
Sulphite,  per  ton....  38.00 


1916 


77  .  60 

.17 


,55-60 


.75 

1.25 

.63 

60.00 

40.00 

100.00 


The  list  might  be  extended  indefinitely.  Abnormally  high  prices 
are  enriching  the  producer  and  manufacturer,  but  profits  are  not 

*NOTE. — Preceding  Annual  Addresses  and  Reports  with  an  Historical  record  of 
the  Bank  may  be  consulted  in  volumes  1910-15.  Annual  meeting  dealt  with  here  was 
on  Jan.  11,  1917. 


55 


[865] 


866  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

so  large  as  might  appear  on  account  of  material  increases  in  the 
cost  of  production.  Meanwhile,  the  liabilities  of  manufacturers  and 
others  to  their  bankers  have  been  greatly  reduced — in  many  cases 
wiped  out — the  large  credit  balances  created.  This  is  a  very  satis- 
factory situation,  as  working  capital  now  accumulated  will  be  of 
great  utility  on  the  return  of  peace.  We  should  bear  in  mind  that 
there  is  no  permanence  in  war  prosperity;  that  it  is  war  business 
which  has  so  accelerated  the  wheels  of  industry;  and  the  termina- 
tion of  this  must  react  on  industrial  activities  with  far-reaching 
results.  Factories  employed  exclusively  in  this  connection  will 
close  down.  Kindred  industries  stimulated  by  high  prices  will 
suffer  by  the  establishment  of  more  ordinary  conditions.  Exports 
will  decline  as  Europe  imports  less,  and  commodity  prices  will 
recede.  Labour  will  become  a  glut  on  the  market,  aggravated  by  the 
return  of  soldiers  in  large  numbers.  All  this  appears  certain  to 
follow  the  establishment  of  peace,  and  the  longer  the  war  endures 
the  more  drastic  will  be  the  depression,  because  of  the  greater 
economic  exhaustion  of  Europe  and  the  effect  upon  her  buying 
power.  We  have  already  seen  the  stock  markets  convulsed  by  a 
most  improbable  suggestion  of  peace. 

However,  after  the  first  shock  of  readjustment,  we  may  expect 
a  great  demand  for  our  farm  products,  building  material,  farming 
implements,  etc.,  etc.,  in  the  rehabilitation  of  Europe.  Pending  this 
demand  and  in  preparation  for  the  depression  in  business  that  must 
occur,  the  prudent  man  will  put  his  house  in  order.  The  war  is 
now  in  its  third  year  and  prospects  of  peace  in  the  near  future 
are  not  bright,  but  the  people  of  Canada  are  increasingly  deter- 
mined to  help  at  any  cost  to  bring  about  a  complete  victory  for  the 
Allies. 

The  Quebec  Bank,  incorporated  in  1818,  whose  assets  we  have 
recently  acquired,  was  one  of  the  oldest  banks  in  Canada.  Until 
a  few  years  ago  its  operations  were  confined  to  Ontario  and  Quebec 
— principally  to  Quebec,  in  which  province  it  had  a  valuable  con- 
nection. As  we  had  very  few  branches  in  this  province,  the  acqui- 
sition of  their  connection  was  specially  desirable.  Our  branches 
now  number  over  400.  The  fifteen  Quebec  Bank  branches  closed 
by  us  were  located  mostly  in  leading  western  cities  where  we  are 
duplicated,  and  the  resultant  saving  will  be  considerable.  The 
closing  of  these  offices  gave  us  over  one  hundred  men,  of  whom  we 
were  in  great  need,  to  supplement  the  staff  at  other  offices.  You 
will  be  asked  to-day  to  pass  a  resolution  increasing  the  number  of 
Directors  from  seventeen  to  twenty,  in  order  to  include  three  of  the 
Quebec  Bank  Directors. 

You  are  aware  that  the  capital  was  rounded  off  to  $12,000,000 
during  the  year  by  the  issue  of  4,400  shares  allotted  to  the  share- 
holders at  par.  The  issue  of  shares  in  connection  with  the  Quebec 
Bank  purchase  has  placed  it  again  at  an  odd  figure,  namely,  12,911,- 
700.  As  the  outstanding  circulation  of  this  Bank  and  the  Quebec 


THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA  —  ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS     867 

Bank  at  the  highest  point  in  December  last  was  approximately 
$10,000,000  in  excess  of  the  present  paid-up  capital,  it  may  become 
expedient  to  increase  the  capital  further.  It  is  expected,  however, 
to  make  no  issue  before  the  end  of  the  war,  or  until  conditions 
warrant  an  increase  on  terms  favourable  to  the  shareholders. 


Address  by  Mr.  *  sna^  TQ&*  briefly  to  some  aspects  of  the  general 
Edson  L.  Pease,  situation.  The  financial  and  economic  strength  de- 
vice-President veloped  by  Canada  since  the  beginning  of  the  war  is 

D^eaor*91"9  little  short  of  marvellous-  In  the  first  17  months  she 
evolved  from  a  debtor  to  a  creditor  country,  with  a 
balance  of  $206,706,000  in  her  favour.  In  the  past  12  months  the 
balance  has  reached  $329,000,000.  More  remarkable  still  is  the 
transition  from  an  habitual  borrower  in  London  to  a  lender  to 
the  Imperial  Government,  coincident  with  the  raising  of  large 
domestic  loans. 

In  July,  1914,  before  the  war,  the  percentage  of  liquid  assets  of 
the  associated  banks  to  their  liabilities  to  the  public  as  it  is  com- 
monly determined,  was  43-34.  On  November  30,  1915,  this  per- 
centage stood  at  50  -85,  and  on  November  30,  1916,  at  55  -73.  Dur- 
ing the  period  between  November  15,  1915,  and  December  15,  1916, 
the  Dominion  Government  floated  two  domestic  loans  of  $100,000,- 
000  each,  the  first  of  this  character  put  out  in  Canada.  The  banks 
underwrote  $25,000,000  of  the  first  loan  and  $50,000,000  of  the 
second,  and  were  relieved  of  the  latter  underwriting  as  public  sub- 
scriptions aggregated  $200,000,000.  Despite  withdrawals  of  sav- 
ings for  investment  in  these  loans,  and  the  fact  that  during  the 
same  period  the  Canadian  banks  advanced  the  Imperial  Government 
$100,000,000  (expended  for  munitions  of  war  in  Canada  and  still 
current),  their  combined  deposits  on  November  30th  last  were  $232,- 
000,000  greater  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  year,  and  the  liquid 
percentage  was  higher.  Of  the  increase  in  deposits  $122,000,000  was 
in  the  Savings  Department  in  Canada.  This  extraordinary  show- 
ing is  due  to  large  expenditures  for  munitions;  to  a  rich  harvest; 
to  the  sale  of  surplus  wheat  (estimated  at  30,000,000  bushels)  from 
the  previous  year's  bumper  crop  at  very  high  prices;  and  to  the  sale 
in  the  United  States  of  $75,000,000  Dominion  Government  and 
$75,000,000  miscellaneous  securities.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
a  large  proportion  of  these  security  sales  represented  renewals  of 
obligations.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  accession  of  national  wealth  has 
been  great. 

It  was  a  wise  and  courageous  departure  of  the  Government 
to  take  advantage  of  the  great  improvement  in  the  monetary  situa- 
tion in  Canada  to  float  internal  loans.  The  vigorous  response  by  the 
public  was  a  general  surprise,  both  offerings  being  subscribed  for 
twice  over.  The  benefit  of  the  investment  of  the  country's  savings 
in  our  own  Government  bonds  is  obvious.  It  is  estimated  that  not 
over  $35,000,000  of  these  issues  went  to  American  investors. 


868  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Another  notable  feature  of  the  times  is  the  loan  of  $100,000,000 
made  by  the  associated  banks  during  the  year  to  the  Imperial  Gov- 
ernment on  Treasury  Bills  at  twelve  months'  date  for  the  purpose 
of  purchasing  munitions.  Since  the  close  of  our  fiscal  year  $20,000,- 
000  additional  at  six  months'  date  has  been  advanced  by  a  syndi- 
cate of  six  Banks,  including  ourselves,  for  the  purpose  of  buying 
wheat  and  storing  it  over  the  winter.  A  further  munition  credit  of 
$50,000,000  having  a  currency  of  twelve  months  has  also  been  recent- 
ly extended.  The  affording  of  credits  to  the  Imperial  Government 
will  have  a  very  beneficial  influence  on  Canadian  finance,  and  the 
possession  of  short  date  British  Treasury  Bills  will  place  the  banks 
after  the  war  in  a  very  strong  position. 

The  great  factor  in  support  of  the  financial  situation  in  Can- 
ada since  the  beginning  of  the  war  has  been  the  collaboration  of 
Chartered  Banks,  through  the  intermediary  of  the  Canadian  Bank- 
ers' Association,  with  the  Minister  of  Finance.  They  may  be  de- 
pended upon  to  co-operate  loyally  in  assisting  the  Minister  to  the 
utmost  limit,  having  due  regard  to  the  needs  of  commercial  bor- 
rowers and  the  maintenance  of  proper  liquid  reserves,  in  his  arduous 
task  of  financing  Canada's  war.  The  Banks  are  also  co-operating 
with  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  in  his  praiseworthy  efforts  to 
increase  production  and  expand  the  country's  live  stock  trade.  To 
this  end  liberal  advances  are  being  extended  to  breeders  of  cattle. 
As  a  result  of  their  combined  action,  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
has  been  instrumental  in  turning  back  to  the  farms  of  western  Can- 
ada, from  Winnipeg  and  other  Stock  Yards  in  the  last  three  months 
over  9,000  head  of  cattle  and  1,400  sheep,  which  would  otherwise 
have  been  slaughtered  or  shipped  to  the  South.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  the  large  diversion  of  cattle  from  the  Winnipeg  Stock  Yards  to 
the  prairies  instead  of  to  the  United  States.  In  1915,  44,975  head 
were  shipped  South;  in  1916  only  21,124.  In  1915  there  were 
shipped  from  the  Winnipeg  Stock  Yards  to  the  prairies  9,380, 
and  in  1916,  29,246.  Likewise  the  Minister  of  Trade  and  Com- 
merce will  receive  the  hearty  support  of  the  banks  in  his  campaign 
to  develop  our  foreign  trade  in  preparation  for  after-war  compe- 
tition. It  will  be  seen  that  the  Canadian  Bankers'  Association  is 
endeavouring  to  further  the  interests  of  the  community  by  every 
means  in  its  power,  and  I  am  pleased  to  say  that  at  no  time  in 
its  history  has  there  been  greater  unanimity  among  the  members. 

Compared  with  the  marvellous  crop  of  1915,  the  harvest  of  last 
year  was  very  disappointing  in  volume,  but  in  value  it  approached 
the  previous  year,  owing  to  the  abnormal  prices  which  prevailed. 
A  small  crop  with  high  values  is  not  so  beneficial  on  the  whole  as 
a  large  crop  with  lower  values,  as  the  proceeds  of  the  larger  crop 
are  more  widey  disseminated.  The  farmer  received  unusual  returns 
last  year,  and  no  one  will  begrudge  the  wealth  which  has  come  to 
him.  High  prices  for  all  grains  prevailed  from  the  beginning  of  the 
harvest.  Usually  prices  rule  lowest  during  the  harvest.  Canada's 


THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA—  ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    869 

wonderful  progress  during  the  year  is  summarized  in  the  following 
comparative  statistics  : 

Value    of    Field    Crops    (Dec.    31)....    $797,669,000  $729,346,000  Dec.  $68,323,000 

Railroad     Earnings      (June     30),     12 

T,  m1ontj},s    •  .  .....  /  '  ......  %-  .........      210,000,000  258,000,000  Inc.  48,000,000 

Bank    Clearings    (Dec.    31.)  .........  7,796,781,000  10,557,188,000  Inc.  2,760  407  000 

Note1   Circulation    (Nov.    30)  .........      124,153,000  148,198,000  Inc  24045000 

Chartered   Banks—  Deposit    (Nov.    30)  1,288,985,000  1,521,349,000  Inc!  232i364'oOO 
Chartered        Banks  —  Current        Loans 

TT   (N°,V<    3i2)     u";,:'  "/XT  ......  ;••••      ^MOl.OOO        927,399,000     Inc.         46,298,000 

Exports  —  Merchandise    (Nov.    30),    12 

months    ........................      598,742,000     1,073,509,000      Inc.       474  767  000 

Imports  —  Merchandise     (Nov.    30),    12 


435,342,000        744,403,000      Inc.       309  061  000 
Customs    Receipts    .....  ............         87,618,000        136,160,000     Inc.         48,542|oOO 

Our  foreign  trade  last  year,  you  will  observe,  exceeded  $1,800,- 
000,000,  being  nearly  double  the  amount  for  the  previous  year,  and 
nearly  two  and  a  half  times  as  great  as  in  1914.  These  abnormal 
figures  are  due  to  enormous  munition  orders  and  high  prices  for 
commodities.  All  our  energies  should  be  directed  to  counterbalanc- 
ing the  loss  of  these  orders  on  the  return  of  peace  as  far 
as  possible  by  supplementary  exports.  In  addition  to  reveal- 
ing to  us  our  economic  power,  the  war  has  created  a  great 
opportunity  in  the  field  of  foreign  trade.  The  primary  essen- 
tials to  success  in  this  direction  are  immigration,  which  should 
be  stimulated  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  provide  for  a  large  develop- 
ment of  our  natural  resources,  and  encouragement  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  some  form  to  industrial  interests,  without  which,  as  a 
young  manufacturing  country,  it  would  be  difficult  to  take  full 
advantage  of  the  coming  opportunity  to  enter  competitive  markets. 
We  believe  the  present  prosperity  will  probably  continue  while 
the  war  lasts,  to  be  followed  by  an  inevitable  reaction  during  the 
readjustment  period.  But  with  the  triumph  of  the  Allies  —  a  fore- 
gone conclusion  —  a  new  era  of  prosperity  will  eventually  come  to 
us.  We  should  have  less  to  fear  from  the  readjustment  if  the 
people  of  this  country  would  curb  their  propensity  to  reckless 
speculation  and  extravagance  in  this  time  of  plenty. 

.     BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

Commercial  conditions  in  the  past  year  showed  marked  improve- 
ment over  1915.  Real  estate,  however,  continued  dull.  Economy 
practised  in  public  and  private  life  is  having  a  beneficial  effect. 
The  year  was  fairly  good  for  agriculture,  and  would  have  been 
more  successful  but  for  the  shortage  of  competent  labour.  Fruit 
crops  arid  the  yield  of  vegetables  were  larger  than  in  the  previous 
year,  and  brought  better  prices.  The  salmon  pack  was  disappoint- 
ing. The  Fraser  River  catch  of  sockeyes  was  not  over  50  per  cent. 
of  the  lowest  previous  record.  Prices  ruled  high  with  a  very  active 
demand.  The  halibut  fisheries  enjoyed  a  good  season,  with  con- 
siderably enhanced  prices.  Whaling  figures  are  not  yet  available, 
but  are  reported  to  be  the  best  for  several  years  past. 

The  state  of  the  lumber  industry  has  been  healthier  and  more 
active  than  for  years  past.  The  cut  for  the  current  year  is  estimated 
at  1,250,000,000  feet,  compared  with  1,017,000,000  feet  in  1915. 
A  brisk  demand  developed  in  the  Prairie  Provinces  during  the 


870  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

spring  and  summer,  bringing  an  advance  in  prices.  Lumbering 
operations,  however,  were  seriously  hampered  by  a  shortage  of 
labour  and  high  wages.  It  will  be  difficult  to  get  out  sufficient  logs 
during  the  present  winter  to  meet  the  demands  expected  next 
spring.  The  export  trade  was  small  owing  to  scarcity  of  tonnage. 
On  account  of  the  continued  demand  for  pulp  and  paper  at  profit- 
able prices,  several  new  plants  will  commence  operations  during 
the  coming  year.  Another  important  industrial  development  is 
the  establishment  of  ship-building  yards  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

MIDDLE  WEST  PROVINCES. 

The  grain  crop  in  the  Middle  West  promised  to  be  even  larger 
than  the  record  crop  of  1915,  but  during  the  last  week  of  July, 
owing  to  damp,  hot  weather,  an  epidemic  of  rust  set  in  throughout 
southern  and  south-western  Manitoba  and  parts  of  Saskatchewan. 
Crops  in  the  affected  districts  were  practically  ruined,  the  return 
being  only  from  3  to  10  bushels  an  acre.  Hail  storms,  also,  have 
been  more  numerous,  more  severe  and  more  widespread  than  for 
many  years  past.  In  southern  Alberta,  and  in  southern  Saskatche- 
wan, from  Weyburn  west,  excellent  crops  were  harvested.  The 
following  estimate  of  the  1916  crop,  as  compared  with  1915,  is 
furnished  by  the  "Grain  Growers'  Guide." 

1915  1916 

Bushels  Bushels 

Wheat     341,500,000  168,605,000 

'    Oats    330,100,000  270,477,000 

Barley 62,700,000  48,515,000 

Flax     7,700,000  6,570,000 


742,000,000      494,167,000 

Farmers  have  increased  their  holdings  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and 
dairying  has  received  more  attention  than  formerly.  Business  con- 
ditions 'throughout  the  West  are  good.  Wholesale  houses  report 
an  increase  in  business,  and  collections  satisfactory  on  the  whole. 
Retailers  are  buying  carefully,  showing  no  disposition  to  over- 
stock. 

ONTARIO. 

The  past  year  was  a  favourable  one  in  the  Province  of  Ontario, 
except  for  agriculture  and  lumbering  and  the  building  trade.  Agri- 
culture has  hitherto  been  the  basis  of  Ontario's  prosperity,  with 
lumbering  next,  but  last  year  they  were  both  eclipsed  by  manu- 
factures. Plants  were  worked  to  the  fullest  capacity  that  labour 
conditions  would  permit,  while  agricultural  conditions  were  very 
unfavourable,  in  marked  contrast  to  1915.  The  only  good  crop 
was  hay^  which  yielded  7,200,000  tons,  or  2  -tons  per  acre,  as  com- 
pared with  4,253,000  tons  in  1915,  or  1-32  tons  per  acre.  The 
Department  of  Agriculture  furnish  the  following  comparative 
figures : 


Fall   Wheat    

1915           1916 
Bushels    Bushels 
per  Acre  per  Acre 
.  .  .  .           30-5          21-2 

Rye 

1915           1916 
Bushels    Bushels 
per  Acre  per  Acre 
18  '5           15  -8 

Spring  Wheat    .... 

....           21-2          15-3 

Corn    

7f>-2           4Q-2 

Barley     
Oats    

36-0          23-5 
41-9          26-5 

Potatoes    
Sugar    Beets    . 

.  .  .  .           76-0           53-0 
378-0         268-0 

THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    871 

Lumbering  operations  were  greatly  restricted  by  the  scarcity 
of  labour,  high  wages,  and  increased  cost  of  supplies.  Apples  and 
fruits  generally  fell  below  the  average.  Mining  is  rapidly  becoming 
an  important  factor  in  the  wealth  of  the  Province.  Important 
increases  are  shown  in  the  output  and  value  for  the  first  nine 
months  of  the  year,  compared  with  the  corresponding  period  of 
1915.  The  increases  in  value  for  that  period  are  as  follows: 

1915     H  -aa  1916 

Copper    matte     , $2,024,000  $6,286,000 

Nickel     matte      5,369,000  15  523  000 

Pig    Iroa    4,511,000  6,687,000 

£.»ld 5,827,000  7,514,000 

»"ver    8,030,000  9,750,000 

QUEBEC. 

In  the  Province  of  Quebec  crops  were  average  except  hay,  and 
prices  were  high.  The  dairying  industry  had  another  very  satis- 
factory year,  cheese  and  butter  commanding  the  higest  prices  on 
record.  Manufacturers  had  a  busy  and  profitable  year,  especially 
those  making  munitions  and  other  war  supplies.  Labour  was  scarce, 
wages  were  high,  and  money  was  spent  freely  by  the  working  classes. 
Exports  of  grain  and  dairy  products  from  Montreal  show  remark- 
able gains  over  1915,  except  in  the  case  of  wheat. 

Grain    and    Flour  1915  1916  Increase 

Wheat     (bushels)      34,025,000  34,602,000  577,000 

Oats    (bushels)     8,405,000  26,064,000  17,659,000 

Corn,    (bushels)    166,000  4,879,000  4,713,000 

Flour,    (Sacks)     1,701,000  4,821,000  3,120,000 

Dairy    Products  1915  1916  Increase 

Cheese    (boxes)     1,854,000  2,152,000  298,000 

Butter    (pkges)     54,500  179,300  124,800 

Eggs    (cases)     284,700  375,700  91,000 

Lumbering  operations  have  been  active,  and  pulp  and  paper 
mills  have  been -running  to  full  capacity.  Building  has  continued 
quiet,  as  elsewhere.  Both  wholesale  and  retail  trade  report  condi- 
tions generally  satisfactory,  and  collections  good. 

MARITIME  PROVINCES. 

The  Maritime  Provinces  have  prospered  exceptionally.  Steel 
plants  were  employed  to  their  utmost  capacity  and  mills  and  fac- 
tories in  general  were  busy  with  war  orders.  Farmers  did  well 
on  account  of  high  prices.  The  trade  in  dry  and  pickled  fish 
enjoyed  great  activity,  with  prices  at  high  water  mark.  The  lob- 
ster catch  exceeded  that  of  the  previous  season  and  prices  were 
satisfactory.  Lumbering  operations  about  equalled  those  of  the 
previous  year,  and  prices  were  good.  The  demand  for  wood  pulp 
increased  at  high  prices.  Operations  during  the  coming  season  are 
likely  to  be  somewhat  restricted  owing  to  a  shortage  in  labour  and 
the  increase  in  cost  of  supplies.  The  coal  output  was  a  little  less 
than  in  1915,  although  the  increased  requirements  of  steel  and  other 
industries  created  a  greater  demand.  The  quantity  mined  was 
limited  only  by  the  supply  of  labour  available.  The  shortage  in 
tonnage  and  consequent  high  freight  rates  have  brought  about  a 
revival  of  the  ship-building  industry  in  Nova  Scotia  and  yards  are 
showing  very  great  activity. 


872  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Newfoundland  experienced  an  excellent  year.  Her  most  im- 
portant industry,  the  cod  fishery,  showed  a  successful  catch,  and 
prices  were  exceptionally  high.  The  seal  fishery  had  a  record  year, 
the  total  catch  approximating  250,000  seals,  valued  at  $700,000. 
The  pit  prop  industry  has  developed  considerably.  It  is  estimated 
that  about  65,000  cords  of  pit  props  were  exported  to  Great  Britain 
during  the  year,  and  the  amount  would  have  been  greater  but  for 
lack  of  tonnage.  Pulp  and  paper  mills  worked  to  full  capacity. 
Other  industrial  concerns  had  a  busy  year,  and  obligations  were 
generally  well  met. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES. 

The  year's  results  in  Jamaica  were  only  fairly  satisfactory,  and 
the  lot  of  the  banana  planter  was  particularly  hard.  Tonnage  was 
lacking  for  the  export  of  the  early  fruit,  and  in  August,  for  the 
second  year  in  succession,  the  crop  was  entirely  devastated  by  hurri- 
cane. A  sharp  decline  in  the  price  of  logwood  was  another  un- 
favourable feature.  Imports  during  1915  (the  latest  figures  avail- 
able), decreased  from  £2,565,000  to  £2,327,000,  but  customs  duties 
showed  an  increase  of  £20,745,  due  to  the  higher  customs  tariff. 
Of  imported  goods,  Jamaica  purchased  54  per  cent,  from  the  United 
States,  33-2  per  cent,  from  Great  Britain,  and  9  per  cent,  from 
Canada.  It  should  be  remarked  that  Canada  could  supply  a  large 
proportion  of  the  goods  at  present  unobtainable  from  Great  Britain 
on  account  of  war  conditions.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  if  our 
exports  to  Jamaica  can  increase  to  any  appreciable  extent  unless 
better  steamship  service  is  provided.  Should  that  colony  become  a 
party  to  the  West  Indian  Reciprocity  Agreement,  of  which  she  has 
to  date  enjoyed  the  benefits,  this  could,  no  doubt,  be  arranged. 
Total  exports  were  valued  at  £2,228,664,  or  £676,000  less  than  the 
previous  year.  The  chief  cause  of  the  decrease  was  the  failure  of 
the  banana  crop.  Sugar,  rum  and  cacao,  brought  higher  prices. 
The  exports  of  sugar  and  rum  were  £441,000  of  which  Great  Britain 
took  £334,000.  Exports  of  fruit  were  £646,000,  of  which  £586,000 
went  to  the  United  States. 

Conditions  in  Trinidad  were  very  satisfactory.  A  good  cacao 
crop  was  marketted  at  high  prices.  The  sugar  crop  was  considerably 
above  normal,  and  the  estates  made  large  profits.  The  increase  in 
the  production  of  oil  continues,  and  important  shipments  were  made 
during  the  year,  largely  for  Navy  purposes.  The  energetic  develop- 
ment of  this  industry  during  the  past  five  or  six  years  has  proved 
very  fortunate  for  the  colony  in  view  of  the  present  demand  for  oil. 
Exact  figures  of  the  sugar  production  of  Barbadoes  have  not  come 
to  hand,  but  the  crop  was  much  larger  than  that  of  the  previous 
year.  Sugar  is  the  island 's  only  important  crop,  and  the  prosperity 
now  enjoyed  is  unprecedented.  St.  Kitt's  and  Antigua  are  in  a 
similar  position,  like  almost  all  the  sugar  producing  islands. 
Dominica  was  visited  by  a  severe  hurricane  which  resuted  in  some 
loss  of  life  and  considerable  injury  to  the  lime  industry.  While 


THE  BOYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    873 

some  of  the  individual  planters  suffered  heavy  loss,  conditions  in 
general  were  satisfactory.  Grenada  marketted  an  average  crop  of 
cacao  and  spices  at  satisfactory  prices.  The  sponge  industry  of 
the  Bahamas  continues  satisfactory,  except  in  certain  less  important 
lines,  which  were  formerly  taken  by  Germany  and  Austria.  The 
tourist  trade  was  the  best  in  years,  and  the  present  season  is  expect- 
ed to  be  quite  as  good.  M^K-. 
BRITISH  GUIANA. 

The  year  was  a  good  one  in  British  Guiana  in  almost  every 
branch  of  trade  and  industry.  The  sugar  crop  was  rather  smaller 
than  the  year  before,  but  good  profits  were  realized  from  high  prices. 
Shipments  of  rum  were  larger  than  in  1915,  and  prices  ruled  high. 
The  rice  crop  was  a  large  one,  exports,  according  to  incomplete 
estimates,  amounting  to  25,000,000  Ibs.,  as  compared  with  17,000,000 
Ibs.  the  year  before.  All  this  was  disposed  of  at  profitable  prices. 
The  production  of  balata  increased,  and  improved.  Exports  of 
timber  were  larger  than  last  year,  when  shipments  were  practically 
suspended  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  tonnage.  The  production 
of  gold  was  only  30,000  ozs.— 17,000  less  than  in  1915.  The  output 
of  diamonds,  however,  was  nearly  doubled.  The  imports  for  the 
first  ten  months  of  1916  were  equal  to  the  total  for  1915.  If  the 
rate  of  importation  was  the  same  for  the  balance  of  the  year, 
imports  would  show  an  increase  of  $1,263,000  over  1915.  The 
principal  imports  from  Canada  were  flour,  fish,  oats  and  lumber. 

BRITISH  HONDURAS. 

Business  conditions  in  British  Honduras  continue  somewhat 
unsatisfactory,  due  principally  to  the  limited  demand  for  mahogany. 
An  improvement  has  been  noted  recently  in  this  respect.  Shipments 
of  chicle  increased  during  the  year.  The  business  of  the  colony  is 
still  adversely  affected  by  the  political  disturbances  in  Mexico. 

CUBA. 

The  sugar  crop  for  1915-16  amounted  to  3,005,000  long  tons, 
against  2,575,000  for  1914-15.  It  is  estimated  that  producers  ob- 
tained an  average  price  of  $4  per  100  Ibs.,  f.o.b.  Cuba — about 
double  the  average  price  for  several  years  prior  to  the  war.  Experts 
estimate  the  probable  1916-17  crop  at  3,500,000  tons,  almost  1,000,- 
000  tons  more  than  the  crop  of  two  years  ago.  Sixteen  new  mills 
were  erected  during  the  past  year,  making  201  to  grind  during  the 
present  season.  On  account  of  unseasonable  weather,  the  mills 
are  considerably  later  than  usual  in  starting  to  grind,  and  the 
cane  is  giving  unfavourable  returns  as  compared  with  last  year. 
These  facts  together  with  a  scarcity  of  labour  and  transportation 
difficulties,  may  result  in  a  lower  production  than  estimated.  Sugar 
freights  during  the  last  crop  averaged  30c.  to  60c.  per  100  Ibs., 
and  present  indications  are  that  they  will  be  higher  during  the  com- 
ing season.  There  is  more  or  less  uncertainty  regarding  prices,  but 
the  outlook  is  nevertheless  very  favourable.  An  incident  worthy 


874  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

of  mention  in  the  sugar  trade  during  the  year  was  the  formation 
of  the  Cuba  Cane  Sugar  Corporation,  which  acquired  seventeen 
mills  with  an  anticipated  output  of  550,000  tons  during  the  present 
crop. 

The  production  of  tobacco  was  somewhat  under  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  and  less  than  half  a  normal  crop.  Prices  have  risen 
steadily,  and  the  value  of  the  past  crop  is  estimated  at  something 
over  $30,000,000,  as  compared  with  about  $20,000,000  in  1915. 
On  the  whole,  conditions  for  the  coming  crop  are  favourable 
to  an  increased  yield  of  good  quality.  The  cattle  industry 
has  been  very  profitable  on  account  of  the  greater  demand 
for  working  cattle,  together  with  high  prices  for  beef  and 
hides.  These  factors  have  led  to  a  depletion  of  the  breeding  stock, 
which  may  affect  the  industry  seriously  if  not  arrested.  Coffee 
and  cacao  are  rapidly  becoming  important  crops.  Production  and 
prices  during  the  past  year  were  satisfactory.  There  was  con- 
siderable development  in  the  mining  industry  during  1916,  par- 
ticularly in  iron,  manganese  and  copper.  A  notable  feature  of  the 
trade  of  Cuba  is  the  large  balance  of  trade  in  her  favour,  viz., 
$130,000,000.  For  1914-15  it  was  $92,000,000,  and  for  1913-14 
$38,000,000.  Imports  for  1915-16  were  $172,000,000,  and  exports 
$302,000,000. 

PORTIO  RlCO. 

The  balance  of  trade  in  favour  of  Porto  Rico  increased  from 
$15,000,000  to  $27,000,000  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1916. 
Exports  amounted  to  $66,731,000,  against  $49,357,000  in  1915.  The 
principal  items  were: 

1915  191fi 

Sugar      $27,278,000  $45,809,000 

Tobacco     9,246,000  v  8, 588,000 

Coffee    7,082,000  >5,049,000 

Fruit      3,030,000  2,942,000 

Imports  were  approximately  $39,000,000,  as  compared  with  $34,- 
000,000  in  1915.  The  1915-16  sugar  crop  amounted  to  483,000 
short  tons,  compared  with  350,000  in  the  preceding  year.  The 
average  price  was  $107 . 79  per  short  ton,  compared  with  $92 . 64  for 
the  previous  crop.  The  present  crop  is  estimated  to  produce  500,- 
000  tons.  The  coffee  industry  was  adversely  affected  by  the  war 
on  account  of  the  loss  of  important  European  markets.  The  crop 
of  1915-16  amounted  to  only  32,144,000  Ibs.,  as  compared  with 
51,125,000  for  the  previous  years,  and  the  value  was  $2,000,000 
less.  The  crop  now  being  harvested  is  greater  in  quantity,  but 
the  quality  is  poor  on  account  of  bad  weather  conditions.  Through 
lack  of  transportation  facilities  and  high  insurance  rates,  planters 
may  be  obliged  to  accept  a  low  price  for  their  product.  The 
tobacco  industry  is  in  a  prosperous  condition.  The  crop  now  under 
cultivation,  to  be  harvested  between  March  and  June  next,  is 
reported  as  good,  with  a  large  increase  in  acreage  and  prospects 
of  high  prices.  Fruit  conditions  were  only  fair,  crops  being  poor 
and  prices  low. 


THE  ROYAL  BANK  OP  CANADA—ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    875 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

During  the  past  year,  following  a  short-lived  revolution,  the 
United  States  naval  authorities  assumed  control  of  the  Government 
of  the  Dominican  Republic.  A  treaty  was  subsequently  concluded 
providing  for  the  government  of  the  Republic  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  United  States  covering  a  term  of  years.  Business  con- 
ditions were  somewhat  affected  by  the  political  unrest,  and  the  Gov- 
ernment's inability  to  meet  their  payments  during  several  months. 
The  assurance  of  a  stable  Government  should  greatly  help  the  devel- 
opment of  the  country,  which  has  been  retarded  for  years  past  by 
repeated  revolutions.  The  island  undoubtedly  has  a  great  future 
from  an  agricultural  point  of  view.  Branches  were  opened  during 
the  year  at  Sanchez  and  Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  the  principal 
centres  of  the  cacao  and  tobacco  trade  respectively.  Conditions  in 
these  districts  are  good,  although  they  have  suffered  in  the  past 
from  lack  of  adequate  banking  facilities.  The  sugar  industry  on 
the  south  side  of  the  island  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition,  and 
several  new  estates  are  in  course  of  formation. 

COSTA  RICA  AND  VENEZUELA. 

While  Costa  Rica  lacks  the  unusual  prosperity  of  most  of  the 
other  southern  countries  in  which  we  are  represented,  her  business 
conditions  are  normal  and  fundamentally  sound.  The  coffee  and 
banana  crops  were  good,  and  the  prices  satisfactory. 

A  branch  was  opened  during  the  past  year  at  Caracas,  Vene- 
zuela. Trade  statistics  for  the  calendar  year  1916  are  not  yet  avail- 
able, but  are  expected  to  be  substantially  the  same  as  in  the  previous 
year.  Imports  in  1915,  consisting  chiefly  of  dry  goods, '  machinery, 
flour,  rice,  etc.,  amounted  to  $13,400,000.  Exports  were  valued  at 
$23,300,000,  of  which  50  per  cent,  was  coffee,  with  cacao,  hides,  raw 
gold,  rubber  and  chicle  in  smaller  proportions.  The  coffee  crop 
now  about  ready  for  harvesting  will  probably  exceed  the  production 
of  last  year  but  prices  are  uncertain.  The  political  conditions  of 
the  country  are  quite  satisfactory,  and  the  finances  of  the  Govern- 
ment are  in  a  strong  position. 

After  an  address  by  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.,  2nd  Vice-President 
and  adoption  of  the  Report  the  following  (20)  Directors  were 
elected  for  the  ensuing  year : 

Sir  Herbert  S.  Holt,  K.B.    Hugh  Paton  M.  B.  Davis 

E.  L.  Pease  Win.  Eobertson  G.  H.  Duggan 

E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C.     A.  J.  Brown,  K.C.  C.  C.  Blackadar 

Jas.  Redmond  W.  J.  Sheppard  John  T.  Boss 

G.  R.  Crowe  C.  8.  Wilcox  R.  MacD.  Paterson 

D.  K.  Elliott  A.  E.  Dyment  G.  G.   Stuart,  K.C. 

Hon.  W.  H.  Thorne  C.  E.  Neill 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  Sir  Herbert 
Holt  was  unanimously  re-elected  President,  Mr.  E.  L.  Pease,  Vice- 
President  and  Managing  Director,  and  Mr.  E.  F.  B.  Johnston,  K.C., 
2nd  Vice-President,  for  the  ensuing  year. 


876  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

GENERAL  STATEMENT 
THE   ROYAL   BANK  OF   CANADA 

30TH  NOVEMBER,  1916 

LIABILITIES 
To  THE  PUBLIC: 

Deposits  not  bearing  interest    $   59,365,396.12 

Deposits  bearing  interest,  including  interest  accrued  to  date  of  Statement   140,862,199.46 

Total    Deposits     $200,227,595 .  58 

Notes  of  the   Bank  in   Circulation    18,178,228 . 49 

Balances  due  to  other  Bank&  in  Canada    1,464,467 . 85 

Balances  due  to  Banks  and  Banking  Correspondents  in  the  United  King- 
dom  and   foreign   countries    . 6,683,108.  63 

Bills  Payable    478,392  . 16 

Acceptances   under    Letters   of   Credit    452,677 .26 

$227,484,469.97 
To  THE  SHAREHOLDERS: 

Capital  Stock  Paid  in    $   12,000,000 . 00 

Reserve   Fund    12,560,000 . 00 

Balance    of    Profits    Carried    forward     852,346 . 28 

Dividend  No.   117    (at  12  per  cent,  per  annum),  payable  Dec.   1st,   1916  359,840.71 

Dividends   Unclaimed    4,770 . 25 


$253,261,427.21 
ASSETS 

Current    Coin     $  16,072,763  .  38 

Dominion    Notes    14,249,110 . 25 

Deposits  in  the   Central  Gold   Reserves 6,500,000.00 

Deposits  with  the  Minister  for  the  purposes   of  the   Circulation   Fund..  595,340.00 

Notes   of   other   Banks    3,857,573  . 80 

Cheques  on  other  Banks 11,805,508 .  55 

Balances   due   by   other   Banks   in   Canada 1,199 . 79 

Balances  due  by  Banks  and  Banking  Correspondents  elsewhere  than   in  t,   . 

Canada     5,092,067.54 

Dominion   and   Provincial   Government    Securities,    not    exceeding   market 

value     1,029,374 . 10 

Canadian  Municipal  Securities  and  British,   Foreign   and  Colonial  Public 

Securities   other  than   Canadian,    not   exceeding   market   value 14,012,089.69 

Railway  and  other  Bonds,   Debentures  and  Stocks,   not  exceeding  market 

value     15,464,604.22 

Call  Loans  in  Canada,  on  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks 11,076,005.90 

Call    and    Short    (not    exceeding   thirty    days)    Loans    elsewhere    than    in 

Canada     21,372,026.45 


$121,127,663.67 

Other  Current  Loans  and  Discounts  in  Canada   (less  rebate  of  interest).  86,936,631.39 
Other    Current    Loans    and    Discounts    elsewhere    than    in    Canada     (less 

rebate  of  interest)    37,928,027.25 

Overdue   Debts    (estimated   loss  provided    for)     466,640.93 

Real    Estate    other    than    Bank    Premises    1,095,473.24 

Bank   Premises,   at   not  more   than   cost,   less   amounts  written   off 5,138,398.14 

Liabilities  of  Customers  under  Letters  of  Credit,  as  per  contra 452,677.26 

Other   Assets   not    included   in   the    foregoing    115,915 . 33 


$253,261,427.21 

H.  S.  HOLT,  EDSON   L.   PEASE,  C.   E.   NEILL, 

President.  Managing  Director.  General  Manager. 


THE  ROYAL  BANK  OF  CANADA — ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS     877 


GENERAL  STATEMENT 

MARCH  31sr,  1917 

LIABILITIES 

Capital    Paid   Up    r .  .$  12,911,700.00 

Reserve  Fund    13,471,700 . 00 

Undivided   Profits    852,346 . 28 

Notes   in    Circulation    21,427,983 . 49 

Deposits    227,730,055 . 95 

Due    to    Other    Banks     9,579,687.09 

Bills    Payable    (Acceptances    by    London    Branch)     696,752.37 

Acceptances   Under   Letters   of   Credit    926,472 . 19 

Total $287,596,697.37 

ASSETS 

Cash  on  Hand  and  in  Banks    $  56,042,548.20 

Deposit  in  Central  Gold  Reserves 7,900,000.00 

Government    and    Municipal    Securities    32,231,139.25 

Railway    and    other    Bonds     Debentures    and    Stocks    14,397,292.73 

Call    Loans    in    Canada 11,408,601.25 

Call  Loans  elsewhere  than  in  Canada    12,036,717 . 10 

Deposit  with  Dominion   Government  for  Security  of  Note  Circulation    .  .  700,340.00 

$134,716,638.53 

Loans    and    Discounts     144,169,551 . 16 

Liabilities    of   Customers  under   Letters   of   Credit   as  per   contra    926,472.19 

Bank    Premises    6.208,557 . 23 

Real  Estate  other  than  Bank  Premises >. 1,575,478.26 


Total    : $287.596.697.37 


FINANCIAL  CONDITIONS  IN  CANADA 

ANNUAL  REPORTS  AND  ADDRESSES 
OF 

THE  MERCHANTS  BANK  OF  CANADA 


The  54th  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Shareholders  of 
Record  of  the  the  Merchants  Bank  of  Canada  was  held  011  June  6th 
Annual  Meeting  in  the  Board  Room  at  the  head  offices  of  the  Bank 
June e,  191 7*  at  Montreal.  Among  those  in  attendance  were: 
Messrs.  K.  W.  Blackwell,  Thomas  Long,  Andrew 
A.  Allan,  A.  J.  Dawes,  F.  Howard  Wilson,  Farquhar  Robertson, 
Geo.  L.  Cains,  Alfred  B.  Evans,  E.  F.  Hebden,  Lt.-Col.  James  R. 
Moodie,  D.  C.  Macarow,  Arthur  Browning,  Vivian  Harcourt,  John 
Baillie,  A.  Piddington,  Edward  Fiske,  T.  E.  Merrett,  A.  B.  Patter- 
son, R.  S.  White,  A.  D.  Fraser,  John  Patterson,  Dr.  A.  McDiarmid, 
Frederick  Hague,  C.  E.  Spragge,  R.  Shaw,  D.  Kinghorn,  J.  D.  G. 
Kippen,  W.  J.  Finucan,  W.  B.  Harshaw,  R.  H.  Arkell,  J.  G.  Muir, 
H.  B.  Loucks,  W.  A.  Meldrum,  and  J.  M.  Kilbourn.  On  motion  of 
Mr.  John  Patterson,  the  Vice-President,  Mr.  K.  W.  Blackwell,  in 
the  absence  of  the  President  (Sir  H.  Montagu  Allan),  was  asked 
to  take  the  chair.  Mr.  J.  M.  Kilbourn  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  meeting.  The  Chairman,  Mr.  K.  W.  Blackwell,  then  presented 
the  Financial  Statement,  as  follows: 

THE  BUSINESS  OF  THE  BANK  FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDED  30th  APRIL,  1917 

The  Net  Profits  of  the  year,  after  payment  of  charges,  rebate  on  dis- 
counts, interest  on  deposits,  and  making  full  provision  for  bad 
and  doubtful  debts,  have  amounted  to 

The   balance   brought    forward   from   29th   April,    1916,    was 


$1,120,308.84 
250,984.12 


Making    a    total    of.  . 


$1,371,292.96 


This  has  been  disposed  of  as  follows: 
Dividend  No.  116,  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  .$175,000.00 
Dividend  No.  117,  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  .  175,000.00 
Dividend  No.  118,  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  .  175,000.00 
Dividend  No.  119,  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  .  175,000.00 

Donations    to    Canadian    Patriotic    and    Red    Cross    Funds 

Government    War    Tax    on    Note    Circulation 

Written    off    Bank    Premises    account    

Contribution    to    Officers'    Pension    Fund 

Balance    carried    forward     


700,000.00 
30.000.00 
70.000.00 

100.000.00 
50.000.00 

421.292.96 


$1,371,292.96 


*NOTK. — For   History   of   the    Bank,    see   The    Canadian   Annual   Review    Supplement 
in    1910:    for    a    further    Historical    record,    see    1915    Supplement. 


|878] 


MERCHANTS  BANK  OF  CANADA — ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    879 
LIABILITIES. 

1.  To  THE  SHAREHOLDERS.  1917.  1916. 

Capital     Stock     paid     in .$     7,000,000.00  $7,000,000.00 

Rest    or    Reserve    Fund 7,000,000 . 00  7,000,000 . 00 

Dividends   declared   and  unpaid 178,365 . 00  175,542 . 50 

Balance    of    Profits    as    per    Profit    and    Loss    Account 

submitted    herewith     421,292 . 96  250,984 . 12 

2.  TO   THE   PUBLIC.                                                         $  14,599,657.96  $14,426,526.62 

Notes  of  the   Bank  in  Circulation 9,483,468.00  7  486  906  00 

Deposits    not    bearing    interest     27,101,587 . 86  17  18l'959   18 

Deposits    bearing    interest     (including    interest    accrued 

to    date    of   statement) ,  .  .  65,000,484.42  54,995  069   97 

Balances   due  to  other   Banks   in   Canada 628,863.08  363,799.39 

Balances  due  to  Banks  and  banking  correspondents  in 

the   United   Kingdom   and   foreign   countries 390,690.72  877,399.91 

Bills    payable     • 

Acceptances    un^der    letters    of    credit 411,806 .78  i  029  702   66 

Liabilities   not   included   in   the   foregoing 

$121,130,558.82  $96,361,363.07 
ASSETS,  "" — — — — — — • 

Current  Coin  $  4,766,438.82  $3,681,854.13 

Deposit  in  the  Central  Gold  Reserves 3,500,000.00  1,000,000.00 

Dominion  Notes  7,650,790.50  8,106,240.25 

Notes  on  other  Banks 793,367.00  702,006.00 

Cheques  on  other  Banks  5,674,828 .  67  2,754,968 . 88 

Balances  due  by  other  Banks  in  Canada 2,635.33  2,836.92 

Balances  due  by  Banks  and  banking  correspondents 

in  the  United  Kingdom 61,225.79  207,226.65 

Balances  due  by  Banks  and  banking  correspondents 

elsewhere      than      in      Canada,     and     the     United 

Kingdom  2,413,100.10  3,892,026.83 

Dominion  and  Provincial  Government  securities,  .not 

exceeding  market  value  3,862,507 . 19  2,480,446 . 72 

Railway  and  other  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks, 

not  exceeding  market  value 3,964,251.24  5,055,106.27 

Canadian  Municipal  securities,  and  British,  Foreign 

and  Colonial  public  securities,  other  than  Canadian  11,263,196.20  5,251,321.38 

Call  Loans  in  Canada  on  Bonds,  Debentures  and  Stocks  4,627,863.57  5,175,048.49 

Call  Loans  elsewhere  than  in  Canada 3,461,420.47  2,651,404.32 

$  52,041,624.88  $40,960,486.84 
Current  Loans  and  Discounts  in  Canada  (less  Rebate 

of  Interest)  62,737,958 . 74  48,835,565 . 38 

Current  Loans  and  Discounts  elsewhere  than  in 

Canada  (less  Rebate  of  Interest) 377,582.42  203,125.72 

Liabilities  of  customers  under  letters  of  credit  as 

per  contra  411,806.78  1,029,702.00 

Real  Estate  other  than  bank  premises 294,197.07  177,186.29 

Overdue  debts,  estimated  loss  provided  for 149,039.68  164,363.18 

Bank  premises,  at  not  more  than  cost,  less  amounts 

written  off  4,617,400.23  4,507,782.34 

Deposit  with  the  Minister  for  the  purposes  of  the 

Circulation  Fund  375,000.00  345,000.00 

Other  Assests  not  included  in  the  foregoing 125,949.02  138,151.32 

$121,130,558.82  $96,361,363.07 


K.    W.    BLACKWELL, 

Vice-President. 


E.    F.    HEBDEN, 

Managing  Director. 


D.    C.    MACAROW, 

General    Manager. 


You  will  observe  that  the  profits  on  this  occasion  are  larger 
by  $169,595.42.  Our  important  expansion  in  deposits  (about 
twenty  millions)  has  enabled  us  to  very  substantially  increase  our 
commercial  and  industrial  advances  to  the  material  improvement 
of  our  earning  power,  and  at  the  same  time,  to  keep  properly  strong. 
A  study  of  the  Balance  Sheet  will,  I  am  sure,  satisfy  you  in  the 
latter  respect.  During  the  past  year  we  have  opened  Branches  at : 
Almonte,  Pembroke,  New  Toronto,  Niagara  Falls,  Collingwood, 
Barry's  Bay,  Manitowaning,  Ont. ;  Grand  Mere,  Notre  Dame  St., 
Lachine,  Notre  Dame  de  Grace,  Que. ;  Sydney,  C.  B. ;  Forestburg, 


880  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

Nobleford,  Monarch,  Irma,  Chipman,  Alta. ;  Prussia,  Prelate, 
Meacham,  Sask.,  and  sub  offices  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Mimico,  Breslau, 
Douglas,  Ont. ;  Millicent,  Penhold,  Huxley,  Galahead,  Grainger, 
Alta. ;  Senlac,  Sask.  We  have  closed  the  following  offices,  as  un- 
reraunerative — Batttleford,  Sask.;  Lorraine  (Sub.),  Alta.  All  the 
various  offices  have  been  inspected  during  the  past  twelve  months. 

Mr.  K.  W.  Blackwell  said :  A  year  ago  I  told  you 
K.  w*  mack  wen,  that,  in  view  of  our  strong  position  and  the  gradual 
John  Patterson  clearing  of  the  financial  horizon,  that  we  were  ready  as 
and  Thomas  Bankers  to  consider  legitimate  propositions  for  the 
support  of  Industrial  undertakings  in  need  of  funds. 
We  had  then  substantial  increases  in  deposits  over  the  previous  year 
which  in  the  ordinary  and  natural  course  sought  and  found  profit- 
able employment.  During  the  year,  as  you  will  observe,  from  the 
statements,  we  have  been  able  to  keep  pace  with  commercial  develop- 
ments and  requirements,  thereby  assisting  and  accelerating  the 
productive  power  of  the  country,  while  at  the  same  time  subscrib- 
ing to  substantial  amounts  of  various  Dominion  Government  War 
Loans,  and  furthermore,  acting  in  concert  with  other  Banks,  have 
extended  our  share  of  support  to  the  Imperial  Government  with 
munitions  loans. 

In  view,  however,  of  the  strain  now  thrust  upon  Banking  re- 
sources generally,  due  in  a  large  measure  to  the  soaring  cost  of 
labour  and  of  commodities,  our  policy  must  henceforth  be  one  of 
special  care  and  conservation,  serving  in  the  meantime  our  clientele 
to  the  best  of  our  ability  consistent  with  mutual  safety  and  keeping 
always  in  view  the  uncertainties  which  surround  this  trying  period 
through  which  we  are  now  passing.  Late  in  the  Bank's  year  the 
Board  lost  a  very  valuable  colleague  and  friend  in  the  person  of 
the  late  Mr.  Alex.  Barnet.  In  Mr.  Barnet's  death  a  very. successful 
and  honourable  business  career  was  closed  and  we  shall  always  miss 
his  friendly  co-operation  and  valuable  advice.  In  Mr.  Barnet's 
place  the  Directors  have  elected  Mr.  Thos.  Ahearn,  of  Ottawa,  to 
be  a  Member  of  the  Board  of  the  Bank.  Mr.  Ahearn  occupies  a 
leading  place  in  the  business  life  of  the  Capital  City,  and  we  count 
ourselves  fortunate  in  numbering  him  among  the  Bank's  advisers. 
We  are  asking  to-day  for  your  election  of  a  very  prominent  Member 
of  the  industrial  field  in  the  Hamilton  and  Niagara  District  in  the 
person  of  Lieut.-Col.  Moodie,  as  a  director.  Colonel  Moodie  's  advice 
and  co-operation  will  be  a  substantial  gain  to  us,  and  we  shall  be 
very  glad  to  have  him  associated  with  us  in  the  direction  of  the 
important  affairs  of  the  Bank. 

Mr.  John  Patterson  expressed  his  satisfaction  at  the  statement 
presented  which  feeling  he  was  sure  would  be  shared  by  the  stock- 
holders generally.  He  also  expressed  satisfaction  at  seeing  Mr. 
Macarow  in  the  position  he  now  occupies,  and  at  having  Mr. 
Hebden  among  the  directors,  expressing  the  hope  that  the  Bank 
would  be  fortunate  enough  to  have  his  advice  and  co-operation  for 
many  years  to  come. 


MERCHANTS  BANK  OP  CANADA— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    881 

Mr.  Thomas  Long  said:  "Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen :— It 
is  a  great  pleasure  to  me  personally  to  be  with  you  to-day,  and  I 
am  much  pleased,  indeed,  to  see  so  many  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
Bank  present  at  this  meeting.  I  think  we  have  every  reason  to 
congratulate  ourselves  that  we  have  had  during  the  past  year  such 
good  business  as  is  shown  by  this  very  satisfactory  financial  state- 
ment laid  before  us.  Looking  back  for  several  years  in  the  past, 
I  think  we  all  recollect  that  the  statement  from  year  to  year 
has  been  improved  as  time  went  on.  Possibly  we  may  have  ex- 
pected at  the  time  the  War  broke  out  that  we  would  have  rather 
a  gloomy  business  time  of  it  during  the  existence  of  the  War,  but 
fortunately,  so  far  as  the  commerce  of  the  country  and  the  financial 
condition  of  Canada  is  concerned,  we  have  not  suffered  as  much 
as  we  might  have  expected  we  would.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  we 
have  suffered  as  much  as  we  are  going  to  suffer. 

"I  think,  gentlemen,  that,  as  stockholders,  we  have  just  reason 
to  feel  satisfied  with  the  statement,  and  to  feel  that  it  is  very  credit- 
able to  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  largely  the  cause  of  enabling 
the  whole  of  the  Bank  to  produce  such  a  statement.  I  am  sure, 
gentlemen,  we  all  regret  the  absence  from  amongst  us  to-day  of 
the  President  of  the  Bank,  Sir  Montagu  Allan.  During  his  absence 
I  think  the  Vice-President  has  filled  the  gap,  and  played  his  part 
as  Vice-President  creditably  to  himself,  and  profitably  to  the  Bank. 
Now,  we  also  notice  certain  changes  in  the  staff.  By  promoting  Mr. 
Hebden  from  the  position  of  General  Manager  to  the  position  of 
Managing  Director — which  is  considered  to  be  an  advanced  posi- 
tion from  that  of  General  Manager — we  have  given  a  much-merited 
advancement.  I  am  sure  we  all  have  the  highest  respect  for  Mr. 
Hebden,  and  I  hope  that  in  his  position  as  Managing  Director, 
which  he  now  fills  so  creditably,  he  will  be  at  a  good  many  annual 
meetings  to  come.  I  think,  gentlemen,  we  are  all  satisfied  with 
the  change  made  in  this  way,  and  in  the  elevation  of  Mr.  Macarow, 
to  fill  the  position  of  General  Manager  thus  left  vacant  by  Mr. 
Hebden.  I  think  you  will  agree  with  me,  gentlemen,  that  these 
are  two  desirable  changes.  I  believe  the  stockholders  will  heartily 
approve  of  them. 

Address  by  We  nave  tnis  year  an  unusually  interesting  and 

E  F  Hebden       satisfactory  statement  to  discuss  reflecting  a  better 

Managing-Dipec-  ti(Je  in  t.he  affairs  of  *ne  Bank-      A  vear  a£°  we.  nad 

tor  of  the'eank  " ten  mi1^on  increase  in  deposits  to  record.  Times, 
while  then  brightening,  were  such  that  no  additional 
commercial  business  had  been  sought,  On  the  contrary  our  policy 
was  to  keep  liquid  and  the  funds  available  went  mainly  into  cash 
and  high  class  bonds,  Government  and  Municipal.  During  the 
Bank's  fiscal  year  just  closed  a  great  change  for  the  better,  eco- 
nomically, came  over  the  whole  country  notwithstanding  the  war. 
Confidence  returned,  born  of  a  great  and  rich  increase  in  natural 
resources  throughout  Canada,  associated  with  greatly  increased 
56 


882  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

prices  for  everything  that  we  had  to  export  and  synchronizing  with 
vast  expenditures  throughout  the  country  on  munitions  account. 
Under  the  stimulus  of  this  conjunction  of  favourable  factors,  money 
began  to  flow  into  the  banks  whose  aggregate  deposits  have  in- 
creased within  the  twelve  months  by  the  very  large  sum  of  $200,- 
000,000.  The  increase  in  deposits  which  has  fallen  to  the  share  of 
the  Bank  represents  double  that  of  last  year,  namely,  $20,000,- 
000.  Month  by  month  our  deposits  have  grown,  distributed  pretty 
generally  over  the  whole  of  our  far-flung  chains  of  branches,  en- 
abling the  Bank  to  extend  its  loaning  and  discounting  business,  by 
many  millions,  automatically  placing  the  earning  power  of  the 
Bank  upon  a  much  improved  plane.  Within  the  twelve  months 
past  we  have  done  a  great  deal  in  the  direction  of  assisting  and 
facilitating  industrial  and  agricultural  enterprise,  in  addition  to 
which,  together  with  other  banks,  we  have  undertaken  our  full 
proportion  of  Dominion  Government  and  Imperial  Munition  loans. 
We  are  now  carrying  over  ten  millions  in  Dominion  and  Imperial 
war  obligations. 

The  Merchants  Bank  of  Canada  has  now  moved  well  up  into 
the  plane  of  hundred  million  institutions,  and  when  it  is  borne  in 
mind  that  we  have  not  amalgamated  with  any  other  Bank,  I  think 
it  will  be  admitted  that  your  own  has  done  fairly  well.  I  am  not 
going  into  statistics  with  you,  seeing  that  the  financial  journals 
have  been  keeping  the  country  so  fully  informed.  I  give  you,  how- 
ever, a  few  figures  showing  the  position  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada 
in  respect  to  imports  and  exports  (domestic)  just  before  the  war 
and  since,  which,  I  am  sure  you  will  agree  with  me,  are  surprising. 
The  total  imports — for  consumption — for  the  fiscal  year,  1914 
(end  of  March)  was  $633,692,000  and  in  1917  (just  closed)  $845,- 
331,000,  or  an  increase  of  $211,639,000.  The  exports  (domestic) 
for  1914  were  $431,588,000  and  in  1917  (just  closed)  they  were 
$1,151,376,000,  or  an  increase  of  $719,788,000.  The  net  Debt  of 
Canada  in  1914,  just  before  the  war  was  $335,996,850,  and  on 
March  31st,  1917,  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year,  it  was  approximately 
$900,000,000,  the  great  increase  being,  of  course,  mainly  due  to 
the  war.  Our  total  trade  for  the  fiscal  year,  1917,  was  over  $2,000,- 
000,000,  while  the  total  net  revenue  of  the  Dominion  was  $232,- 
000,000. 

And  here  I  should  like  to  say  that  a  great  question  of  the 
hour  is  to  retain  a  proper  liquid  position  of  the  Bank.  It  is  well 
understood  that  all  raw  materials  are  to  be  had  only  at  greatly  en- 
hanced prices,  and  that  wages  are  on  a  very  much  higher  scale,  and 
that,  of  necessity,  banking  credits  have  had  to  be  very  greatly  ex- 
panded to  meet  the  situation.  Under  these  circumstances,  un- 
reasonable buying  and  storing  of  raw  materials  far  ahead,  and  ex- 
cessive contracting  in  advance  on  borrowed  money,  are  not  the  best 
ways  of  helping  out  a  situation  that  bids  fair  to  become  strained, 
unless  a  policy  of  moderation  be  generally  adopted,  and  a  spirit  of 
sweet  reasonableness  prevail.  The  necessity  for  very  unusual  effort 


MERCHANTS  BANK  OF  CANADA— ADDRESSES  AND  REPORTS    883 

in  the  turning  out  of  war  orders  is  not  overlooked,  but  even  banks 
must  be  allowed  a  breathing  spell,  and  any  influence  consciously  or 
unconsciously  exerted  in  the  direction  of  impairing  the  liquid  posi- 
tion of  the  Chartered  Banks  of  Canada  should  surely  be  strongly  dis- 
couraged. The  Chartered  Banks  are  the  bulwark  and  stay  of 
Canada's  industrial  life.  Anything  done  that  would  cripple  or 
materially  lessen  their  usefulness  in  that  field,  including  work  for 
the  war,  would  work  Canada  a  serious  dis-service.  That  the  banks 
will  keep  themselves  properly  liquid  is  a  cardinal  and  primary  duty 
they  owe  to  themselves  and  to  the  country.  It  may  be  that  we  are 
departing  not  a  little  from  our  legitimate  business  when  we  Cana- 
dian bankers  make  advances  in  the  millions  on  obligations  that  have 
more  than  a  year  to  run.  However,  you  have  no  doubt  heard  of 
the  proverb,  that  needs  must  when  the  devil  drives. 

I  am  now  going  to  strike  a  personal  note  and  venture  a  word 
about  myself.  For  the  last  twenty  of  the  forty-six  years  I  have 
served  the  Merchants  Bank  I  have  been  a  fairly  busy  man,  and, 
when  a  year  ago  the  Board  proposed  a  re-organization  of  the  Chief 
Executive's  duties,  I  welcomed  it  as  affording  better  service  to  the 
bank  and  myself  a  much  needed  relief,  for  latterly  I  was  conscious 
of  being  under  a  considerable  strain.  Well,  the  Board  very  con- 
siderately gave  me  the  appointement  of  Managing  Director,  and  the 
Montreal  Manager  was  made  General  Manager.  The  advantage  to 
the  Bank  was  immediate,  and  to  myself  in  the  health  way,  impor- 
tant. The  new  General  Manager  has  had  a  large  and  extensive 
and  successful  experience  and,  in  his  new  capacity,  can  serve  the 
institution  as  no  other. 

Finally,  let  us  hope  that  the  coming  year  will  see  the  close  of 
the  Great  War  and  that  Armageddon  will  cease  pouring  out  rivers 
of  blood  on  the  flower-strewn  fields  of  France  and  Flanders.  It 
almost  seemed  at  one  time  as  if  God  had  turned  His  back  on  the 
nations  and  Hell's  drama  was  being  staged  with  the  Kaiser  as 
prompter.  We  are  in  the  way  of  better  things  now,  we  believe,  and 
we  all  trust  before  another  Annual  Meeting  comes  around,  peace 
will  have  been  signed  in  Berlin,  and  liberty  will  once  more  be 
enthroned  throughout  the  whole  world.  A  victor-crowned  host 
will  then  return  home  to  Canada,  and  among  them  over  five  hun- 
dred of  the  wearers  of  the  bays  will  be  men  from  the  Merchants 
Bank  of  Canada.  Those  men  in  our  service  who  have  not  gone  for- 
ward we  consider  have  well  served  their  King  and  Country  by 
making  possible  what  would  otherwise  have  been  impossible,  the 
reasonable  working  of  this  wide-reaching  institution.  All  thanks 
and  honour  likewise  to  them. 

In  the  first  place,  I,  too,  would  like  to  convey 
Address  by  my  acknowledgments  for  the  expression  of  confidence 
D.  c.  Macarow,  of  my  friend,  Mr.  Long,  and  I  only  hope  that  I  shall 
General  Manager  continue  to  merit  it  in  full  measure.  After  the  con- 
cise yet  comprehensive  review  of  the  Statement  in 
your  hands  and  of  the  situation  generally  by  the  Vice-President 


884  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

and  Managing  Director,  any  comments  of  my  own  would  be  quite 
superfluous.  There  is,  however,  one  hidden  yet  dominant  factor 
to  which  it  is  perhaps  pertinent  and  proper  I  should  make  some 
special  reference.  I  refer  to  that  all-important  portion  of  your 
assets,  the  staff. 

It  will  be  a  matter  of  interest  to  you — and  of  pride,  I  have 
no  doubt — to  know  that  from  a  total  of  874  male  members  of  the 
Staff  of  military  age  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  520,  or  59  per 
cent.,  have  enlisted  for  Active  Service  and  are  now  overseas.  Of 
these,  be  it  said,  with  feelings  of  the  deepest  and  most  reverent 
sorrow,  28,  or  one  in  every  19,  will  never  return.  Some  60  have 
been  wounded,  and  by  many  high  honours  have  been  won  for  valor- 
ous deeds  in  the  field  To  these  gallant  young  men,  actuated  by  the 
highest  of  patriotic  motives,  every  possible  tribute  of  praise,  admira- 
tion and  gratitude  is  extended.  But  we  must  not  forget  their  fel- 
lows, who,  out  of  necessity,  have  remained  behind,  and  who  have 
been  compelled,  in  the  circumstances,  to  assume  extra  duties  and 
heavier  responsibilities.  These  additional  burdens,  I  gratefully 
testify,  have  been  cheerfully  shouldered,  and  thus  have  they  been 
doing,  unostentatiously  but  effectively,  their  important  share  to- 
wards keeping  the  Home  Fires  burning  against  the  great  To- 
morrow, when  Canada  will  be  rejoicing  at  the  victor ous  return  of 
her  gallant  sons  from  the  Front.  Let  us  hope  the  dawn  of  that 
momentous  day  may  be  in  the  not  distant  future. 

After  the  Reports  had  been  adopted  the  following  Board  of 
Directors  was  elected:  Sir  H.  Montagu  Allan,  K.  W.  Blackwell, 
Thomas  Long,  F.  Orr-Lewis,  Andrew  A.  Allan,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  C. 
Ballantyne,  A.  J.  Dawes,  F.  Howard  Wilson,  Farquhar  Robertson, 
Geo.  L.  Cains,  Alfred  B.  Evans,  E.  F.  Hebden,  T.  Ahearn  and  Lt.- 
Col.  Jas.  R.  Moodie. 

At  a  subsequent  special  meeting  of  the  Directors,  Sir  H.  Montagu 
Allan  was  re-elected  President,  K.  W.  Blackwell  Vice-  President, 
and  E.  F.  Hebden  Managing  Director. 


A   GREAT   INSURANCE   CORPORATION 

ANNUAL    REPORTS  AND   PROGRESS 

OF 
THE   SUN    LIFE  ASSURANCE   COMPANY  OF   CANADA 


In  presenting  this  Report*,  dealing  with  the  Com- 
Innu4a?Repopt  Pan^'s  operations  for  the  year  ended  Dec.  31st,  1916, 
or  the  vour  Directors  wish  to  record  their  satisfaction  and 

company.  pride  in  the  results  achieved.     The  new  Assurances 

issued  and  paid  for  numbered  21,310  for  $42,772,- 
296.81,  or  $7,898,445.08  in  excess  of  the  corresponding  figures  of 
the  previous  year.  In  addition,  Assurances  totalling  over  two  and 
one-half  million  dollars  were  added  by  the  re-assurance  on  satis- 
factory terms  of  the  Prudential  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Win- 
nipeg. The  total  assurances  in  force  now  number  169,523,  for 
$281,434,699.94,  or  an  increase  for  the  year  of  $24,030,539.52. 

The  Income  from  all  sources  was  $18,499,131.62,  an  advance 
of  $2,526,459.31,  the  income  from  life  assurance  premiums  alone 
being  $11,955,952.82.  A  noteworthy  feature  was  the  increase  of 
over  three  quarters  of  a  million  dollars  in  new  annuity  transactions, 
a  remarkable  fact  in  view  of  prevailing  conditions.  The  Payments 
to  policyholders  and  their  representatives  amounted  to  $7,578,- 
016 . 87,  a  distribution  of  life  assurance  benefits  the  value  of  which 
it  is  impossible  to  measure.  The  Assets  increased  during  the  year 
by  $8,622,572.28,  and  now  amount  to  $82,948,996.06. 

Exceptional  opportunities  have  been  afforded  for  investment  in 
the  securities  of  our  own  Dominion,  of  the  Mother  Country  and  of 
some  of  our  Allies.  Such  investments  have  appealed  to  your 
Directors  from  the  standpoint  both  of  patriotism  and  of  financial 
advantage  to  our  policyholders,  and  large  allotments  of  Government, 
Provincial  and  municipal  issues  have  been  secured  on  highly  satis- 
factory terms.  The  Surplus  earned  during  the  year  was  $2,075,- 
174.32  in  addition  to  $250,000  which  has  been  set  aside  as  a  special 
Investment  Reserve  Fund. 

Profits  amounting  to  $1,110,900.31  were  paid  or  allotted  to 
policyholders,  and  $964,274.01  added  to  undivided  surplus  which 
now  stands  at  $8,509,865.45.  Your  Directors  have  thus  been  justi- 
fied in  maintainting  the  distribution  of  profits  to  policyholders  on 
the  very  favourable  scale  adopted  three  years  ago.  It  is  important 
to  note  that,  despite  the  payment  of  claims  arising  from  the  war, 

*NOTE. — Preceding  Annual  Reports  with  an  Historical  record  of  the  Company 
may  be  consulted  in  preceding  issues  of  The  Canadian  Annual  Review.  Annual  meet- 
ing dealt  with  here  was  on  Mar.  6,  1917. 

[885] 


886  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 

the  surplus  earnings,  as  in  former  years,  were  augmented  by  a 
very  considerable  profit  from  mortality,  the  actual  death  claims 
being  much  lower  than  those  predicted  by  the  mortality  tables. 

It  is  most  gratifying  to  report  that  the  agreement  under  which 
this  Company  reassured  the  Federal  Life  Assurance  Company  of 
Canada  in  1915  has  worked  out  so  satisfactorily,  that  we  are  already 
enabled  to  raise  the  apportionment  of  future  profits  to  holders  of 
participating  policies  in  that  Company  to  the  scale  used  for  holders 
of  corresponding  Sun  Life  policies.  The  advantages  which  have 
accrued  to  Federal  Life  policyholders  from  the  reassurance  of  that 
Company  have  thus  been  marked  and  substantial. 

T.  B.  MACAULAY,  S.  H.  EWING,  FREDERICK  G.  COPE, 

President.  Vice-President.  Secretary. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Company  was  held  at 
Report  of  the  the  Head  Office,  in  Montreal,  on  Tuesday,  March 
Annual  Meeting  6th,  1917,  at  2.30  o'clock  p.m.,  the  President,  Mr. 
of  company  T.  B.  Macaulay,  presiding.  In  moving  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Director's  Report  of  1916,  the  President 
spoke  briefly  of  the  Company's  operations  during  the  year,  and  its 
strong  financial  position.  With  regard  to  the  effects  of  the  war 
upon  mortality,  he  pointed  out  that  the  amount  of  actual  death 
claims  for  the  year  had  been  very  much  lower  than  amount  pre- 
dicted by  the  mortality  tables  and  provided  for  by  the  premium 
rates.  Speaking  of  the  Company's  investments  the  President  in- 
formed the  meeting  that  holdings  of  Government  and  Municipal 
securities  now  amounted  to  over  28  per  cent,  of  the  total  ledger 
assets,  and  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  holdings  had  been 
secured  for  long  terms  at  unprecedentedly  high  interest  rates  for 
such  strongly  secured  issues. 

Mr.  S.  H.  Ewing,  Vice-President,  in  seconding  the  motion  for 
the  adoption  of  the  Report,  expressed  great  satisfaction  with  the 
results  of  the  year's  operations.  The  meeting  was  also  addressed 
upon  various  phases  of  the  year's  operations  and  the  Company's 
position  by  a  number  of  other  Directors  and  Officers,  including : — 
Sir  Herbert  Holt,  Mr.  C.  R.  Hosmer,  Mr.  Geo.  E.  Drummond, 
Mr.  W.  M.  Birks,  Directors;  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Wood,  Actuary;  Mr. 
F.  G.  Cope,  Secretary;  Mr.  E.  A.  Macnutt,  Treasurer,  and  Mr. 
James  C.  Tory,  General  Manager  of  Agencies.  The  Report  was 
unanimously  adopted  and  the  retiring  Directors  representing  the 
Shareholders  and  the  Policyholders  were  unanimously  re-elected — 
the  Board  and  chief  officials  for  1917  being  as  follows : 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

T.    B.   MACAULAY,    F.I.A.,   F.A.S.,  -President   and   Managing   Director 

S.    H.    EWING  -Vice-President 

W.     M.     BIRKS  Sir    HERBERT    S.    HOLT 

Hon.    RAOUL    DANDURAND  CHARLES     R.     HOSMER 

J.     REDPATH     DOUGALL  ABNER    KINGMAN 

GEORGE    E.    DRUMMOND  H.    R.    MACAULAY,    M.D. 

H.    WARREN    K.    HALE  JOHN    McKERGOW 


THE  SUN  LIFE  ASSURANCE  Co. :  PROGRESS  AND  REPORTS    887 

OFFICERS 

Actuary  ;  Secretary  • 

ARTHUR    B.    WOOD,    F.I.A.,    F.A.S.  FREDERICK     G.'     COPE 

,     Treasurer-  General    Manager    of    Agencies: 

E.    A.    MACNUTT  JAMES    C.   TORY 

Consulting  Medical  Referee; 
W.   F.   HAMILTON,    M.D. 

Medical  Officer,-  Assistant     Secretary; 

C.     C.     BIRCHARD,     M.B.  C.    S.    V.    BRANCH 

•  Supt.    of    Home    Agencies;  Supt.    of   Home   Agencies: 

W.    A.    HIGINBOTHAM  JAMES   W.    SIMPSON 


STATEMENT  OF  ACCOUNTS  FOR  1916 

INCOME 
Life  Premiums: 

New     $1,874,285 . 12 

Renewals 9,768,942 . 54 

Single    Premiums    .  .       308,091 . 69 

-  $11,951,319.35 

Thrift   Premiums — Renewals    56,572  .  92 

Annuities    . 2,045,882 . 74 

Accident      26 . 68 


$14,053,801.69 

Less    paid    for    re-assurance     51,966.13 

$14,001,835.56 

Net  Income  from  Interest  and  Rents   4,306,671 . 83 

Net  profit  on   sale   of   Securities 108,839 . 77 

Receipts  towards  expenses  on  not-taken  policies  and  on  pi-emiums  advanced 

under   nonforfeiture   privilege    81,784.46 

$18,499,131.62 
DISBURSEMENTS 

Death  claims,   including  bonuses    $2,377,485.22 

Disability  claims    885 .  95 

Matured    endowments,    including    bonuses    1,215,928.77 

Accident    claims     135 . 00 

Annuity    payments     1,114,188.99 

Payments    under    guaranteed    interest    policies    18,266.51 

Cash    profits    paid    policyholders     1,032,215 . 13 

Bonuses    surrendered    44,591 . 90 

Surrender    values    1,413,043 . 59 

Surrender   values   of   matured    deferred   dividend   policies..       361,275.81 

$7,578,016.87 

Dividends  on  capital,  January  and  July,   1916    52,500.00 

Expense   account    1,248,787.26 

Commissions     1,527,379 . 92 

Medical    fees    107,374 . 82 

Taxes    (exclusive  of  those  on  real  estate)    167,287 . 74 

Federal   Life    shareholders    10,692 . 43 

Written    off    Securities    of    Federal    Life     3,456 . 79 

Total    Disbursements     10,695,495 . 83 

Excess  of  Income  over  Disbursements    7,803,635 . 79 

$18,499,131.62 


888  THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  KEVIEW 

ASSETS 
(The   market  values   given   are   those   fixed   by   the   Dominion   Government   Insurance 

Department). 

Bonds — Government,    Municipal,    Railway,    Gas, 
Electric   and  other  bonds: 

Par  Value    $52,120,087.42 

Ledger   Value    46,372,042 . 07 

Market   Value 45,939,709.42 

Carried  out  at  Market  Value    $45,939,709 . 42 

Stocks — Preferred   and  Guaranteed   Stocks: 

Par  Value    $7,971,600 . 00 

Ledger    Value     6,537,960.78 

Market   Value    6,454,220 . 00 

Carried  out  at  Market  Value 6,454,220 . 00 

Other    Stocks: 

Par    Value     1,391,900 . 00 

Ledger    Value     1,153,691 . 84 

Market   Value    1,244,313 . 00 

Carried  out  at  Market   Value    1,244,313 . 00 

Loans  on  Real  Estate,  first  mortgage    8,791,408 . 72 

Real    state,    including    Company's    buildings     3,330,259 . 81 

Loans   on   Company's  policies    (secured   by   reserves   on   same)     11,070,293.16 

Loans    on    bonds    and    stocks    2,256,997 . 40 

Cash  in  banks  and  on  hands 1,392,055 . 32 

Outstanding  premiums    (less  cost   of  collection) $953,326.34 

Deferred  premiums    (less  cost  of  collection)     435,692.10 

.        1,389,018.44 

(These    items   are    secured   by   reserves   included    in    liabilities). 

Interest   due    (largely   since   paid)     237,299 . 97 

Interest    accrued    , 826,888 . 51 

Rents    due    and    accrued    16,532 . 31 

Net  Assets    $82,948.996.06 

LIABILITIES 
Reserves  on  Life  Policies  according  to  the  British  Offices 

Om.    (5)   Table  with  3%   per  cent,  interest  on  policies 

issued  prior  to  December  31st,  1902,  and  3  per  cent,  on 

policies  issued  since  that  date  (Federal  Life  policies  3% 

per  cent.)    $58,423,592.54 

Reserves    on   Annuities    according   to   the    British    Offices 

Select  Annuity  Tables  with  3l/2  per  cent,  interest   ....      13,019,373.87 

$71,442,966.41 

Less  Reserves  on  policies  re  assured 172,801.32 

$71,270,165.09 

Death    Claims    reported   but    not    proved,    or    awaiting    discharge     913,433.53 

Extra   Reserve   for  unreported  death  claims    155,000 . 00 

Present    value    of    Death    Claims    payable    by    instalments     461,105.83 

Matured  Endowments  awaiting  discharge 103,193.16 

Annuity    Claims    awaiting    discharge* 71,075 . 93 

Dividends  to  policyholders  declared,  but  not  yet  due,  or  awaiting  discharge  230,676.99 
Profits  allotted  to  Deferred  Dividend  Policies,   issued  on  or  after  January 

1st,    1911    19,955.80 

Accumulated  Credits  on  compound  interest  policies    30,780 . 75 

Premiums   and    interest    paid    in    advance     66,356.32 

Sinking  Fund  deposited  for  maturing  degentures,  etc 116,430.  39 

Commissions,   medical   fees,   taxes,    etc.,    due   or   accrued    336,594.91 

Investment   Reserve   Fund    250,000  .  00 

Shareholders'  account,  including  dividends  due  1st  Jan.,  1917 60,955.97 

Sundry    Liabilities     3,405 . 94 


Total    Liabilities     $74,089,130.61 

Cash  Surplus  to  policyholders  by  the   Company's  standard,   as   above....        8,859,865.45 

Capital   subscribed,    $1,000,000;    paid   up    $    350,000.00 

Net   Surplus   over   all   Liabilities   and   capital   stock    8,509,865.45 

Net   Surplus   over   all    Liabilities,   except   capital    stock.  ..  .$8,859,865.45 


$82,948,996.06 


The   net    Surplus   over   all   Liabilities   and   capital    stock   according   to   the 
Dominion  Government  Standard  is   $9,531,310.13 


NEWFOUNDLAND 

THE  NORWAY  OF  THE  NEW  WORLD 


A    Land   of   surpassing   beauty   and 
of    rare   interest   for   the   Traveller. 

For  the  Photographer,  the  Artist,  and  the 
Lover  of  the  beautiful  in  Nature  its  attrac- 
tions cannot  be  exaggerated.  Its  Depend- 
ency, LABRADOR,  exceeds  -  in  its 
picturesque  natural  panoramas  the  much- 
praised  Fiords  of  Norway. 


THE  SPORTSMAN'S  PARADISE. 

Abounding  in  g-ame  of  the  finest, 
in  fin,  fur  and  feather.  Lordly 
Caribou  in  countless  herds. 
Rivers  teeming  with  salmon. 
Lakes  filled  with  trout.  Forests 
alive  with  birds  and  furry  crea- 
tures. All  sport  free  except  Cari- 
bou hunting,  which  requires  a 
license  fee  of  $50  (.£10),  and  sal- 
mon fishing,  which  involves  a  rod 
tax  of  $10  (£2). 

FOREST,  MINE  AND  FARMLAND 
WEALTH. 

Splendid  opportunities  to  acquire 


lands  for  Farming,  Mining,  Lum- 
bering and  Pulp  and  Paper  Mak- 
ing on  reasonable  terms,  with 
generous  concessions  from  the 
Government  of  Newfoundland  in 
the  way  of  free  entry  for  all 
machinery  and  equipments  requis- 
ite in  establishing  new  industries, 
COPPER  and  IRON  MINES 
in  active  operation. 

SAW  MILLS  cutting  exten- 
sively of  lumber  for  export. 

Two  of  the  world's  largest 
PAPER  MILLS  recently  esta- 
blished. 


For  information  respecting  SPORT,  apply  to  A.  W.  PICCOTT, 
Minister  of  Marine  and  Fisheries,  St.  John's,  N.F. ;  respecting 
LANDS  to  S.  D.  BLANDFORD,  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Mines, 
St.  John's,  N.F. ;  and  otherwise  to 

J.   R.   Bennett,  Colonial  Secretary, 
ST.  JOHN'S         -         =         -         NEWFOUNDLAND 


889 


A  Vast  New 
Land  Waiting  for  you  in 

Northern  Ontario 


Pulp  Wood  is  a  source  of  revenue  to  the  Settler 
and  the  demand  is  increasing  every  year. 

Opportunity  awaits  the  man  who  will  strike  out  to 
the  rich,  fertile  land  of  Northern  Ontario.  Millions  of 
acres  of  virgin  soil  obtainable  in  some  districts  at  50c. 
per  acre  and  in  others  FREE  are  calling-  for  cultiva- 
tion. This  land  contains  immense  resources  in  timber, 
mineral,  waterpower,  fish,  game  and  scenery,  and  is 
one  of  the  greatest  expanses  of  fertile  territory  in  the 
world.  This  land  calls  for  men  to  cultivate  it  ;  in 
return  it  will  give  health,  comfort  and  prosperity. 
Thousands  of  farmers  have  responded  to  the  call. 
How  about  you  ? 

For  full  information  as  to  terms,  regulations  and 
railway  rates  to  settlers,  write  to 

H.  A.  MACDONELL, 

Director  of  Colonization, 

Parliament  Buildings, 
HON.  G.  H.  FERGUSON,  TORONTO,   CANADA. 

Minister  of  Lands,  Forests  and  Mines. 


890 


NOVA  SCOTIA  STEEL 


AND 


COAL  COMPANY,  LIMITED 


MINERS  AND  SHIPPERS  OF  BITUMIN- 
OUS COAL  AND  HEMATITE  IRON  ORE 


ANUFACTURERS  of  basic  open-hearth  steel  of  all  grades, 
light  rails  of  A.S.C.E.  sections;  standard  sections  from  12  to 
45  Ibs.  per  yard.  Railway  angle  bars,  fish  plates,  tie  plates, 
spikes  and  bolts,  standard  or  special  as  required.  Heavy 
forgings  of  all  sizes  and  shapes  weighing  up  to  30  tons  each. 

Hydraulic  pressed  forgings  of  any  design.      Forgings  for  shrapnel  and  high 

explosive  shells  from  3-inch  in  diameter  upwards. 

IRON  MINES  :  ROLLING  MILLS.  FORGES.  ETC. : 

Wabana.  Nfld.  New  Gla»gow.  N.S. 

COAL  SHIPPING  PIERS :  BLAST  FURANCES  and  OPFN  HEARTH  FURNACES: 

North  Sydney.  N.S.  Sydney  Mine*.  N.S. 

Western  Sales  Office  for  Iron  and  steel:  Windsor  Hotel,  MONTREAL 
Western  Sales  Office  for  Coal :  Board  of  Trade  Bldg.,    -    MONTREAL 

Head  Office,     -    NEW  GLASGOW,  Nova  Scotia 


THE  EASTERN  CAR  COMPANY, 

Manufacturers  of 

RAILWAY  CARS 

of  all  sizes  and  designs,  Mining  Cars,  Structural  WorK. 
Head  Office,  -  NEW  GLASGOW,  Nova  Scotia 


891 


CANADIAN  GENERAL  ELECTRIC  CO., 

LIMITED 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 

Electrical  Apparatus  and  Supplies  for  Railway,  Light 
-  and  Power  Purposes 

GENERAL  OFFICES:  KING  AND  SIMCOE  STS.,  TORONTO 

FACTORIES: 

PETERBORO,  ONT.  TORONTO,  ONT. 

Tungsten  and  Carbon  Lamp  Works: 

TORONTO,  ONT.  PETERBORO,  ONT.  MONTREAL,   QUE. 


CANADIAN  ALLIS  CHALMERS, 


LIMITED 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 


Locomotives,  Structural  Steel,  Cast  Iron  Pipe  and  Power 

Plant  Equipment,  Mining,  Crushing,  Hydraulic 

and  Milling  Machinery 

GENERAL  OFFICES:  KING  AND  SIMCOE  STS.,  TORONTO 


FACTORIES: 

TORONTO,  ONT.  BRIDGEBURG,  ONT. 

MONTREAL,  QUE.  STRATFORD,  ONT. 


Architectural  Bronze  and  Iron  Works  : 

TORONTO 

892 


Wm.  A.  Read  ®  Co. 


Members  of  the   New  York,   Chicago,   Philadelphia    and 
Boston  Stock  Exchanges 


Municipal,  Railroad 

and  other 

Investment 
Securities 


Nassau  and  Cedar  Streets 

NEW  YORK        , 

CHICAGO      PHILADELPHIA      BOSTON      LONDON 


893 


The 

Corn  Exchange  Bank 

William  and  Beaver  Streets 
NEW  YORK 

Organized  -  1853 


Member  of  the  Federal  Reserve  System  and 
New  York.  Clearing  House. 


CAPITAL         -         r 
SURPLUS  AND  PROFITS 
NET  DEPOSITS       >         , 


OFFICERS 


WILLIAM  A.  NASH 
WALTER  E.  FREW     «fe 
FREDERICK  T.  MARTIN 
FRANCIS  H.  PAGE      '- 
DUNHAM  B.  SHERER 
EDWARD  S.  MALMAR 
WM.  E.  WILLIAMS 
JOHN  S.  WHEELAN 
RICHARD  D.  BROWN 
FREDERICK  K.  LISTER 


$3,500,000 

7,000,000 

110,000,000 


Chairman 

President 

Vice  President 

Vice-President 

Vice  President 

Cashier 

Assistant  Cashier 
Assistant  Cashier 
Assistant  Cashier 
Assistant  Cashier 


DIRECTORS 


WILLAM  A.  NASH 

WALTER  E.  FREW 

DAVID  BINGHAM 

CLARENCE  H.  KELSEY 

WM.  RHINELANDER  STEWART 

WILLIAM  H.  NICHOLS 

HENRY  SCHAEFER 


CHARLES  W.  McCUTCHEN 
ANDREW  MILLS 
PHILIP  LEHMAN 
HENRY  B.  VAUGHAN 
ROBERT  A.  DRYSDALE 
J.  LOUS  SCHAEFER 
DAVID  M.  MORRISON 


Thirty-eight  Branches  Located  in 
New  York  City 


894 


The 


National  Park  Bank 


of  New  York 


ORGANIZED,    1856 


Capital  ''.-..     : ..  -  .-' .%."."..,. 

Surplus  and  Undivided  Profits     - 
Deposits  (June  20,  1917) 


>    5,000,000.00 

16,000,000.00 

167,000,000.00 


PRESIDENT 

RICHARD    DELAFIELD 

VICE  PRESIDENTS 

GILBERT  G.  THORNE  MAURICE  H.  EWER 

JOHN  C.  VAN  CLEAF  GEORGE  H.  KRETZ 

WILLIAM  O.  JONES  SYLVESTER  W.  LABROT 

CASHIER 

ERNEST    V.  CONNOLLY 

ASSISTANT  CASHIERS 

WILLIAM  A.  MAIN  WILLIAM  E.  DOUGLAS 

FRED'K  O.  FOXCROFT  HENRY  L.  SPARKS 

J.  EDWIN  PROVINE  BYRON  P.   ROBBINS 

PERCY  J.  EBBOTT 

DIRECTORS 


STUYVESANT  FISH 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER 
EDWARD  C.  HOYT 
W.   ROCKHILL  POTTS 
RICHARD  DELAFIELD 
FRANCIS  R.  APPLETON 
CORNELIUS   VANDERBILT 
GILBERT  G.   THORNE 

HORACE  C. 


RICHARD  H.  WILLIAMS 
THOMAS  F.  VIETOR 
JOHN  G.  MILBURN 
WILLIAM  VINCENT  ASTOR 
JOSEPH  D.  OLIVER 
ROBERT  P.   PERKINS 
JOHN  JAY  PIERREPONT 
LEWIS  CASS  LEDYARD,  JR. 
STEBBINS 


895 


RATIONAL 
BANK 


Established  1851 


•pital       $3,000111 


OFFICERS 


WILLIAM  WOODWARD 


AYWARD  FERRY 


J.   NIEMANN 


WILLIAM   DONALD 


JOSEPH   BYRNE 


GEORGE  E.  LEWI! 


:HARLES  H.  HAMPTON          HENRY  P.  TURNBULL 


WH1TTAKER  WILLIAM   H.  SUYDAM 


'or.Nassau^PineStreet 


896 


Forty-Second  Street  at  Park  Avenue 
Opposite  Grand  Central  Terminal 

NEW  YORK 


WE  WOULD   WELCOME  YOU   HERE 
AND  TRY  TO  MAKE  YOU  LOOK  UP- 
ON THIS  HOTEL  AS  YOUR 
NEW  YORK  HOME 

B.  L.  M.  Bates,  Managing  Directot 


CANADIAN  LEGAL  CARDS 


Machray,  Sharpe,  Dennistoun,  Locke, 
Parker  &  Crawley 

Barristers,    Solicitors,     Attorneys,    Notaries,    Etc. 

CANADIAN  BANK  OF  COMMERCE  CHAMBERS 

WINNIPEG,  CANADA 

Solicitors  for :— Molson's  Bank,  Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce,  Etc. 
R.  M.  DENNISTOUN.  K.C.  J.  A.  MACHRAY.  K.C.  F  J   SHARPE 

CHARLES  H.  LOCKE  B.  C  PARKER 

C.  ALAN  GRAWLEY  G.  F.  De  C.  O'GRADY 


LENNIE,  CLARK  ®  HOOPER 

::     Barristers  and  Solicitors     :: 
VANCOUVER  BLOCK  VANCOUVER,  B.C. 

ROBT.  SCOTT  LENNIE  JOHN  ARTHUR  CLARK 

T.  B.  HOOPER,  (late  of  the  Saskatchewan  Bar) 

D.  J.  O'NEILL 

Cable*  Address:    "  Ler»r\ie."    Vancouver 


FETHERSTONHAUGH    &    CO. 

THE    OLD    ESTABLISHED    FIRM  = 

Patent  Barristers,  Solicitors  and  Experts, 

Engineers  and  Draughtsmen 

HEAD  OFFICE:  ROYAL  BANK  BUILDING,  KING  &  YONGE  STS.,  TORONTO,  CANADA 
HEAD  OFFICE  BRANCH  :  MERCHANTS  BANK  BUILDING,  KING  &  JAMES  STS.,  HAMILTON,  ONT. 

OFFICES. 
MONTREAL,  OTTAWA.  WINNIPEG  AND  VANCOUVER,  CANADA 

WASHINGTON,  D.C.,  UNITED  STATES 
Practice  before  the  Patent  Offices  and  Courts 


897 
57 


ii        n          ft 

HOME  BANK' CANADA 

BRANCHES  AND  CONNECTIONS  THROUGHOUT  CANADA 


J  -;•   MONEY  ORDERS  ISSUED  f~ 

When  sending"  money  anywhere  in  Canada  for 
mail  order  purchase  or  payment  on  other  account, 
make  the  remittance  by  a  Money  Order  through  the 
Home  Bank.  These  money  orders  are  for  sale  at  all 
Branches  ;  they  cost  only  a  few  cents,  and  they  pre- 
vent any  possibility  of  mistake. 

i  # 

.o.«,.3v«  ^COLLECTIONS 

Collections  made  to  any  point  in  Canada  where 
there  is  a  branch  of  a  Chartered  Bank.  Remittances 
promptly  forwarded. 

SAYINGS  DEPOSITS  ~"    ~ 

The  Home  Bank  was  established  as  a  savings 
bank  sixty-three  years  ago  and  it  now  does  a  very  large 
volume  of  business  with  thrifty  depositors.  Full 
compound  interest  paid  on  deposits  of  one  dollar  and 
upwards. 


Office:  8- 10  King  St,  West,  TORONTO 

EIGHT    BRANCHES    IN    TORONTO 

CORRESPONDENTS  IN  ALL  THE  PRINCIPAL  CITIES  OF  THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE 


898 


The 

Confederation 

:.    Life 

^Association 


is  a 


Sound  ji 
Canadian 
Company 


issuing    policies    upon   all    approved   plans   of    insurance 

The  Unconditional  Accumulation  Policy 

is  an  especially  attractive  contract  which  guarantees  to  the 
insured  many  liberal  benefits  and  the  choice  of  several  modes 
of  settlement  at  the  maturity  of  the  dividend  period.  Rates 
and  full  information  will  gladly  be  furnished  by  any 
representative  or  by  the 

Head  Office,  Toronto,  Canada 


899 


Guaranties 


is  what  the  wide-awake  business  man 
looks  for.  If  you  will  telephone  me, 
I  will  show  you  how  we  can  guarantee 
an  income  for  life  to  your  Beneficiary, 
thus  removing  any  doubt  that  through 
poor  investments,  dishonesty  on  the 
part  of  Executors  or  a  declining  interest 
rate,  her  income  may  be  lost,  impaired  or 
reduced,  and  the  principal  gone  forever. 

GEO.  H.  JUNKIN, 

City  Manager. 


The  Manufacturers  Life 
Insurance  Company 

HEAD  OFFICE    -    TORONTO,  CANADA 

Telephone,  Main  266. 
900 


Canada's  Two  Leading  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Companies 

A  World-wide  BuMnets  Transacted. 

Western    Assurance    Company 

Incorporated  A.D.    1851 

FIRE,  MARINE,  INLAND  TRANSPORTATION 
AND    EXPLOSION 

ASSETS  exceed         -  -  -  $5,000,000 

CAPITAL  (authorized)  -  -  6,000,000 

(subscribed)  -  -  2,500,000 

(paid-up)  2,500,000 

Losses  paid  to  policy-holders  since  organization  of  the  Company 
in   1851,   over  $66,000,000. 


. 

British  America  Assurance  Company 

Established  in  the  reign  of  King  William  IV.,  A  D.  1833 

FIRE,  MARINE,  INLAND  TRANSPORTATION 
AND    HAIL 

ASSETS  exceed        -  -  -  $2,500,000 

CAPITAL  (authorized)  -  -  3,000,000 

(subscribed)  -  -  1,400,000 

(paid-up)  .  -  1,400,000 

Losses  paid  to  policy-holders  since  organization  of  the  Company 
in   1833,   over  $41,000,000. 


BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 

W.  R.  BROCK,  President.  D.  B.  HANNA. 

W.   B.   MEIKLE,  Vice-President  and  JOHN  HOSKIN,  K.C.,  LL.D. 

General  Manager.  Z.  A.   LASH,  K.C.,  LL.D. 

JOHN  AIRD.  GEO.  A.  MORROW. 

ROBERT  BICKERDIKE,  M.P.  (Montreal).  LT.-COL.  THE  HON.  FREDERIC  NICHOLLS 

ALFRED  COOPER  (London,  Eng-.)  BRIG.-GEN'L  SIR  HENRY  PELLATT, 

H.  C.  Cox.  E.  A.  ROBERT  (Montreal).  C.V.O. 

E.  HAY.  E.  R.  WOOD. 


BOARD  AT  LONDON.  ENG. 

RT.  HON.  SIR  JOHN  H.  KENNAWAY,  BART.,  C.B.,  Chairman. 
SIR  ERNEST  CABLE.          ALFRED  COOPER.          Sm  CHARLES  JOHNSTON,  BART. 

LONDON  OFFICES  14  Comhill,  E.G. 

HEAD  OFFICES    -    TORONTO,  CANADA 

901 


/aDkTf&v 


NICKEL 


SHOT-HIGH  AND  LOW  CARBON. 
INGOTS-TWO  SIZES,  25  LBS.,  5O  LBS. 
ELECTROLYTIC  N  I  C  K  E  L-9  9.8O%. 

Prime    Metals    for    the     Manufacture    of    Nickel 

Steel,  German    Silver,   Anodes    and   all   remelting 

purposes.     Our  Nickel  is  produced  as  Rods,  Sheets, 

Strip  Stock,    Wire  and  Tubes. 


We  are  SOLE  PRODUCERS  ot  this  natural  stronger- 

than-steel,    non    corrodible    alloy.      Manufactured 

forms  are  Rods,    Flats,   Castings,   Tubes,   Sheets, 

Strip  Stock  and  Wire. 

SEND    ENQUIRIES    DIRECT    TO    US 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  NICKEL  COMPANY 

43    EXCHANGE    PLACE,          -          NEW    YORK 


902 


A.  E.  AMES&  CO. 

ESTABLISHED  1899 

INVESTMENT    SECURITIES 

GOVERNMENT 
MUNICIPAL  AND  CORPORATION 

BONDS  AND  STOCKS 

Members  Toronto  Slock  Exchange 

74  BROADWAY,   NEW  YORK,  N.Y. 

TRANSPORTATION   BUILDING  53   KING   STREET  WEST 

MONTREAL  TORONTO 


London  Guarantee  ®  Accident 

Company,  Limited 

EMPLOYER'S  LIABILITY  FIDELITY  GUARANTEE  BONDS 
WORKMEN'S  COMPENSATION        CONTRACT  BONDS 

ELEVATOR  LIABILITY  SUCCESSION  DUTY  BONDS 

TEAMS  LIABILITY  ADMINISTRATION  BONDS 

AUTOMOBILE  LIABILITY  COURT  BONDS 

PUBLIC  LIABILITY  INTERNAL  REVENUE  BONDS 

ACCIDENT  AND  SICKNESS  LOST  SECURITIES  BONDS 

AND  FIRE  INSURANCE 

GEO.   WEIR,   Manager  for  Canada 
Head   Office   for   Canada,  Cor.  Yonge  and  Richmond  Sts. 

Telephone  Main  648  TORONTO 

"  903 


1  CANADIAN    PACIFIC! 

I     ROCKIES     I 


IM 


'AGNIFY  Switzerland   by  fifty  and   you   have  the  = 

Canadian  Pacific  Rockies.     A  world  of  Alps  with  = 

fir-forested  slopes,  so  vast  that  the  train  takes  =j 
=5     twenty-four  hours  to  traverse  it  from  east  to  west. 


The  Garden  of  the  Giants 


fittingly  describes  this  paradise 
of  mighty  peaks.  Stop  off  at  the 
hotels  built  by  the  Canadian 
Pacific  in  this  lovely  region. 
Every  kind  of  convenience  and 
comfort.  Pony  riding,  sulphur 
swimming  pools,  golf,  fishing, 


boating,    and    camps  with    the 
best  of  guides. 

Service,  at  all  hotels,  Canadian 
Pacific    standard— none  better. 

Banff,    Lake    Louise,   Field, 
Glacier,    reached   only  via  the 


Canadian  Pacific  Railway 

"The  World's  Greatest  Highway" 

For  full  information  apply  to  any  Canadian  Pacific  Agent. 


C.  E.  E.  USSHER, 

Passenger  Traffic  Manager, 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 

Montreal. 


Warm  sulphur  swim- 
ming pool,  grand  golf 
courae,  pony  riding, 
hikes,  mountain  climb- 
ing, automobile  roads, 
splendid  hotel— inspir- 
ing mountain  scenury 
— everything  to  nmke 
your  visit  at  liaulf 
enjoyable. 


"The  Pearl  of  the 
World."  TheChrteau 
Lake  Louise  looks  out 
on  a  Fairyland.  De- 
lightful trips  —  pony 
trail  to  Saddleback 
--drive  to  Valley  of 
tha  Ten  Peaks,  Para- 
dise Valley  and  ride 
to  the  Lakes  iu  the 
Clonus. 


TraiLYohoValley 

Gateway  to  the  gla- 
ciers and  waterfalls 
of  Yoho  Valley.  Drive 
or  ride  to  the  beauti- 
ful Chalet  at  Emerald 
Lake,  then  two  or 
three  day  trip  through 
this  Alpine  Paradise, 
using  comfortable 
Canadian  Pacific 


A! pine  Climbing, 
Glacier,B.C. 

Resl  Swisa  Guides- 
comfortable  hotel  with 
Great  Glacier  a  few 
steps  away.  Many 
interesting  trips  and 
ehmbj—  beautiful 
Lake  Marion  and  Mt. 
Abbott,  Asulkan  Gla- 
cier, and  lordly  Mount 
Sir  Donald. 


(J04 


§2  -  3  H 

S  N  0  H 


3< 

<   H 


^o 


c 
o 


5 

c 


o 

O 

QQ 


§    1 

ids 

z|o 
3l£! 


8u. 

M^ 
I   J    BI 

<^Q 

^  8  S 

^  -j  pa 


s    i 

Q         _  *^O 

2  **-  ^ 
«  QJ  P 
5  *t**»  ^ 

§     ^ 

Q 
2 

< 
O 
2 


Q 


Canadian  Northern  Railway 


Mt.  Robson,  highest  peak  of  the  Canadian  Rockies  seen  from  the 
Canadian  Northern  Railway. 

Canada's  Newest  Transcontinental  Railway 

Convenient  Train   Service.        All  Modern   Equipment. 

For  through  tickets  and  information  apply  to 
General  Passenger  Department 

MONTREAL,  QUE.,    TORONTO,  ONT.,    WINNIPEG,  MAN. 


905 


Canada  Permanent  Mortgage  Corporation 


Toronto  Street,  Toronto 

President,  W.  G.  Gooderham, 


Established  1855 


First  Vice-President,  W.  D.  Matthews 
Second  Vice-President,  G.  W.  Monk 
Joint  General  Managers,  R.  S.  Hudson,  John  Massey 
Superintendent  of  Branches  and  Secretary,  George  H.  Smith. 

PAIO-UP  CAPITAL $6,000,000.00 

RBSERVB  FUND  (EARNED) 5.000,000.00 

INVESTMENTS 32,264,782.81 

The  Corporation  is  a 
LEGAL  DEPOSITORY  FOR  TRUST  FUNDS 

Every  facility  is  afforded  depositors.  Deposits  may  be  made  and  withdrawn  by  mail 
with  perfect  convenience.  Deposits  of  one  dollar  and  upwards  are  welcomed.  Interest  at 

THREE  AND  ONE  HALF  PER  CENT. 

per  annum  is  credited  and  compounded  twice  a  year 

DEBENTURES 

For  sums  of  one  hundred  dollars  and  upwards  we  issue  Debentures  bearing  a  special 
rate  of  interest,  for  which  coupons  payable  half-yearly  are  attached.  They  may  be  made 
payable  in  one  or  more  years  as  desired.  They  are  a 

LEGAL  INVESTMENT  FOR  TRUST  FUNDS 


Associated  with  the  above  Corporation,  and  under  the  same  direction  and   management, 

IS 

THE  CANADA  PERMANENT  TRUST  COMPANY 
Incorporated  by  the  Dominion  Parliament.  This  Trust  Company  accepts 
and  executes  Trusts  of  every  description,  acts  as  Executor,  Adminis- 
trator, Liquidator,  Guardian,  Curator,  or  Committee  of  the  Estate  of  a 
Lunatic,  etc.  Any  branch  of  the  business  of  a  Legitimate  Trust  Company 
will  have  careful  and  prompt  attention. 


The 

Toronto  Globe  : 

"  A    Mine   of    Inform- 
ation.   Mr.  Hopkins  is 

Canadian 

The  late 
Lord  Strathcona 
and  Mount  Royal  : 

doing    an     important 
public  service." 

Annual 

"Always    full    of    in- 
formation of  the  most 
interesting    character. 

Melbourne    (Austra- 

Review 

I  at  all   times  keep  it 
near  me  for  reference." 

lia)  Arrfus  : 

"Exhaustive   Account 
of  Canadian  Progress  " 

OF 

Public  Affairs 

Rt.    Hon.    Sir   R.    L. 
Borden.  G  C.M.G.. 
Prime   Minister  of 

By 

Canada: 



J,  CASTELL  HOPKINS 

"I  have  always  found 

F.S.S..,F.R.G.S. 

it  most  useful  and  re- 

London Standard  : 

Commenced    publi- 

liable." 

"There    is     hardly    a 
thing  of  local,  National 

cation   in    1901.       The 

La  Presse,  Mon- 

or   Imperial     interest 
about  which  you  can- 
not    learn     precisely 

volumes    as    a    whole 
make  this  work  what 

treal  : 

"A       most      valuable 
compendium       which 

what    you     want     to 
know." 

the      Manitoba      Free 

ought  to  be  the  vade 
mecum  of  all  business 

Press,      the      Toronto 

men,     students,     poli- 

• 

World  and  others  have 

ticians,  journalists  and 
others." 

Washington  Post  : 

described    it,     "A 



"Its  value  can  hardly 
.be   over-estimated    by 

National  Institution." 

The  late 
Sir  Geo.  W.  Ross. 

anyone  in  any  country 
who    appreciates    his- 
torical material,  inter- 

Cloth      -       -       $4.5O 
Leather           •          5.  SO 

Liberal    Leader   of 
the  Senate  : 

"  A  vast     amount     of 

esting     narrative    and 

or 

information,   perfectly 

useful  information." 

Cloth      -      -     18s.  5d. 

arranged." 

Leather-      -      £1:  2:  6 

906 


INDEX  OF  NAMES 


Lists  of  Names  in  Text  too  Long  to  Index 


Alberta  Associations,  Heads  of  Chief.      750 

Bank  Appointments  of  1916 806-7 

Bi-lingual  Petition,  Signatories  of  .  .  394 
Brigade  Commanders,  Canadian ....  264 
British  Columbia  Casualties  and  Hon- 

ours    783-4 

British  Columbia  Elections,  Result  of  779-80 
British  Columbia  Organizations,  Heads 

of    • 786 

Canadian   Casualties  in  the  War....  475-6 

Canadian  Clubs    Presidents  of 801 

Canadian     Families     Represented     at 

the  Front    468-75 

Canadian   Military   Promotions 479 

Canadian    Pacific    Railway,    Directors 

of    791 

Canadian   War   Honours 476-9 

Clergymen,    Enlisted   Canadian 438 

Conscription,    Supporters   of 323 

Dominion  Alliance,  Executive  of.  ...  388 
Dominion  Government  Appointments,  802 
Financial,  Insurance  and  Industrial 

Appointments     807-8 

French-Canadian      Battalions,       Com- 
manders of    351 

I.  0.  D.   E.,   Officers  of 421 

Imperial   Honours,    Canadians   receiv- 
ing          803 

Judicial  Appointments    802 

Manitoba    Casualties    and    War    Hon- 
ours     684-5 

Manitoba    Government,    Appointments 

of    656 

Manitoba  Grain  Growers'  Association, 

Officers  of    653 

Manitoba    Organizations,    Heads   of.  .      688 

Manitoba    Prohibition    Speakers 679 

Military   District    Commanders,    Cana- 
dian          258 

Military   Hospitals  Commission,   Mem- 
bers of 379 

Military    Officials    in    England,    Cana- 
dian          449 


Militia    Department     Officials,     Cana- 
dian          262 

Montreal   Casualties   in   the   War....      572 
National    Service,    Directors    of    ....      325 
New  Brunswick  Casualties  and  Hon- 
ours      639-40 

New  Brunswick  Organizations,  Heads 

of  Chief 642 

Nova  Scotia  Election,   Results  of.  ...      615 
Nova  Scotia  King's  Counsel,  Appoint- 
ments of    597 

Nova     Scotia     Organizations,     Heads 

of  Chief -. .- 643 

Ontario       Agricultural      Associations, 

Presidents   of    484 

Ontario   Government    Appointments.  .      493 
Ontario    Legislative    Members   on    Ac- 
tive   Service     545 

Ontario   Organizations,   Heads  of  Im- 
portant           548 

Overseas    Battalions,    Commanders   of 

Canadian 305-6 

Parliament:  Members  with  Sons  Over- 
seas          401 

Politicians  on  Active  Service 415 

Prohibition  Deputation,   Canadian...      247 
Prohibition,    Supporters    and    Oppon- 
ents   of    399 

Quebec   Elections,    Result   of 585 

Quebec   Organizations,    Heads   of.  ...      596 
Recruiting,    Canadian    Directors    of.  ,      305 
Recruiting     Speakers,     Canadian....      317 
Resources,    Committee    on    Organiza- 
tion of 541 

Royal  Society,  Fellows  of  1916 801 

Saskatchewan     Organizations,     Heads 

of    727 

6hell    Commission,    Counsel    of    Cana- 
dian          279 

St.  John  Ambulance  Association,   Offi- 
cers of 442 

Women's  Canadian  Clubs,   1916,  Pre- 
sidents   of 801 

Women    Workers,    Active   Canadian..      429 


Abbott,   Dr.  A.  H.,  295,   321, 

323,    425,    427,    443. 
Aberdeen,   Lady,   242    421. 
Acworth,   Win.   Mitchell,    796. 
Ackerman,   Capt.  C.  H.,  298. 
Adams,     Prof.     F.     D.,     445, 

548. 
Adams,     M.A.,    Ph.D.,    J.    M., 

726. 

Addams,   Jane,   203-4. 
Aga    Khan,    G. C.S.I.,    G.C.I.E., 

191. 

Aked,    Rev.    Dr.    C.   F.,    203. 
Aikins,    K.C.,    Sir    J.    A.    M., 

644    679-81,    685.    687. 
Ai,ney,    Jos.,    589,    591. 
Ainslie,   J.   A.,    594. 
Aird,   John,    361. 
Aitken,    M.P.,    Sir    Max,    251, 

264,      267,      298,      447-50, 

462-3. 

Albert,    Dr.,    224. 
Alderson,  C.B.,  Major-General 

E.    A.    H.,    257,    298,    300, 

460. 

Aldous,  Miss  Doris,  452. 
Alexander,    E.,    790. 
Alexander,  H.  O.,  771-2,  753. 
Alexander,      Prince      Regent, 

75. 


Alexander    of    Teck,     Prince, 


Allan,   Geo.  W.,   799. 

Allan,   J.   A.,    704. 

Allan,  J.  D.,  533. 

Allan,  W.  A.,   683. 

Allan,    W.    R.,    302. 

Allard,     M.L.A.,     Hon.    Jules, 

351,    559,    577-8. 
Allen,    Mrs.    Edith    E.,    628. 
Allen,    Hon.    James,    160, 
Allen,   T.   Carleton,    638. 
Allenby,   Sir  E.  H.  H.,   129. 
Allison,  J.  Wesley,  270,   272- 

3,  275-80,  282-7,  289.  413. 
Alphonso  XIII,  King,  56. 
Alte,  Viscount  de,  82. 
Ames,    A.    E.,    417,    572. 
Ames,  Sir  H.  U.,  440-1,  638, 

783. 
Anderson,  K.C.,  Edward,  665, 

683. 

Anderson,  J.  T.  M,   711. 
Anderson,    Stanley,    719. 
Andrew,    J,    A.,    390. 
Andrews,    K.c.,   A.  J.,    666-7. 
Andrews,    W.    H.,    736. 
Andrews,    W.    S.,    505. 
Angell,   Norman,   113,  446. 
Angus,    A.    F.,    726. 


Annancp,    Peter,    773    . 
Archambault,     Chief    Justice 

Sir  H.,   595. 

Archibald,   Hon.  W.   0.,   153. 
Ardley,    W.    H.,    792. 
Armour,       M.D.,       Lieut. -Col. 

Donald,    543. 
Armstrong,       O.M.G.,       Brig.- 

Gen.  C.  J.,  460. 
Armstrong,  Hon.  E.  H.,  599, 

601,    604. 

Armstrong,  Fred.  W.,   597. 
Armstrong,  George  W.,  657. 
Armstrong.      Hon.      .).      W., 

648,    661,    663. 
Armstrong,   S.   A.,   382, 
Arnim,  General  Sixt  Von,  44. 
Arnold,  R.C.D.,  Lieut.-Col.  H. 

W.,    315. 

Arnold.   W.   R.,    785. 
Arnold!,    K.C..   Frank,    444. 
Arnoldi,    Lieut.   Joan,   452. 
Arthurs,  Lt.-Col.  James,  401. 
Arundell,    Lord,   131. 
Ashby,    J.    S.    A.,    584. 
Ashdown,    J.    H.,    361,    417. 
Ashton,    Col.    E.    C.,    457. 
Ashto.n.    Lord,    187. 
Ashurst,   Senator  H.  F.,  224, 
Asmussen,    C.,    555. 


1 907  J 


908 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Asquith,    Lieut.   Arthur,    192. 

Beaubien,    K.C.,    Hon.    Chas. 

Asquith,  Lieut.  Herbert,  192. 

P.,    404,    592. 

Asquith,     Rt.     Hon.     H.     H., 

Beauchamp,   Earl,    187. 

28,  32,  41,  53,  100,  102-4, 

Beauchamp,  Lieut.-Col.  G.  E., 

106-8,   132,   137,   141;   143, 

569. 

180,    230,    405,    409. 

Beazley,    Hon.   R.   G.,    641. 

Asquith,      Lieut.      Raymond, 

Beck,    Hon.    Sir   Adam,    253, 

192. 

417,     502-6,     508-15,     543, 

Asselin,    Major    Olivar,    345, 

550. 

416. 

Beck,  Edward,  655,  669-70. 

Atkinson,  J.  E.,  799. 

Beck,    Stanley,    669. 

Atkinson,   Lord  531. 

Bedford,  Duke  of,   131. 

Atwater,    A.    W.,    284.   . 

Bedford,   Prof.   S.  A.,   601. 

Auld,   F.   H.,   692,    695. 

Bee,    Thomas   M.,    718. 

Austin,    0.    P.,    193. 

Beer,   G.   Frank.   482. 

Ayre,    B.    P.,    164. 

Begg.     C.M.G.,     Col.     Charles, 

Ayre,  C.  P.,   165. 

162. 

Avre,  E.  S.,   164. 

Begg,    W.    A.,    750. 

Ayre,  G.  W.,  164. 

Begin,    Cardinal,    262,    346-7, 

Ayre,    W.    D.,    164. 

530,    563. 

Belarid,    Dr.   H.    S,    400. 

Babcock,  J.  P..   758. 
Baillie,   Frank   W.,    302. 

Belanger,   C.   H.,   737. 
Belcourt,  K.C.,  Senator  N.  A., 

Bain,    John,    799. 

393,    404,    526,    567-8. 

Baird,    A.    B.,    688. 

Bell,  LL.D..  C.  N.,   688. 

Baird,    James   Bryson,    657. 

Bell,    Major  F.   M.,   454. 

Baird,    M.P.,   Major,    133. 

Bell,  Hon.  G.  A.,  690-1,  706, 

Baker,      Prof.     Alfred,     528. 

710,   718,    720. 

801. 

Bell,   Major  G-.   A..    535,   537. 

Baker,    Lieut.    Edwin,    543. 

Bell,  Sir  Hugh.   187. 

Baker,   Rev.   Dr.  E.   N.,   550. 

Bell,  J.  H..   6-10-1. 

Baker,  Lieut.-Col.  G.  H.,  401, 

Bell,    Tl'os.,    638. 

463. 

Bell,   W.  J.,    726. 

Baker,   J.   Allen,    103. 

Bellemare    M.f  ,   A.,    839. 

Baker,   Newton  D.,  202. 

Bellivear..    Archbishop,    675. 

Baker,    W.    R.,    790. 

Belliveai-,    Henri,    679. 

Balfour,  Arthur,   105,  187. 

Belton,     Lieut.-Col.     C.     W., 

Balfour,   Rt.  Hon.  A.  J.,  23, 

439. 

28,    107-9,    123,    125,    148, 

Belyea,     Major    Warren    H., 

181,    243. 

630. 

Balfour,    K.    0.,    James,    704- 

Bens-.rd,   Aime     657-74. 

18. 

Benedict    XV,    His    Holiness 

Balfour,  K.T.,  G.C.M.G.,  Lord, 

Pope,     56      85,     231,    434, 

143,    187, 

524,    530-1,    569 

Baldwin,    M.iV,    Stanley.    793. 

Benn,   Shirlev,   126. 

Ball,  A.  H.,   711,   718-9. 

Bennett.     R.     B..     265,     275, 

Ballou,    Sidney,    199. 

324,      327-8       330-3,     390, 

Bamford,    Hon.    F.   W.,    153. 

750.                  '^, 

Banks,   Win.,   328. 

Bennett,    R.    V.,    638. 

Bannatyne,   W.   M.,    655. 

Benoit,     Rev.     Father,     727. 

Baptic,    Surg.-Gen.    Sir   Wm., 

Benson.    Col.    T..    269,    280. 

457. 

Berle,   Rev.  A.  A.,   140. 

Barclay,   Gregory,   594. 

Bernhardi,   General  Von,   46, 

Bark,  M.,   70. 

223. 

Barker,   J.   Ellis,   115. 

Bernier    Hon.  J.  E.,   675. 

Barker,       Senator      Stephen, 

Berniei.   L.   M    J,    575. 

158,    181. 

Bernstovff.     Count    Von,     46, 

Barlow,    Col.    Sir  H.,    287. 

217    224-5    2-!8. 

Barnard,   Lieut.  -Governor,   F. 

Berrv,    Edward   W.,    788. 

S.,    765. 

Berr>,    S.    N.,    250,     790. 

Barnes,    G.    N.,    105,    151. 

Bertram     Col.    /lex.,    269-70, 

Barnes,   John,    26,    63. 

280.    282-3,   28-*.   295. 

Barustead,    A.    S.,    598-9. 

Berube,  J.  A.  L.,  574-5,  584. 

Barr,  AUL  G.  H.,   704. 

Besant    Mrs.   Annie,   169. 

Barrette,    Rev.    Fr.,    526. 

Besseler,  General  Von,   47. 

Barry,  Bishop  T.  D.,  637. 

Bethmann-Holhveg,            Herr 

Barss,  J.   Edmund.    607. 

Von,    41-2,    50,    229. 

Barthe,    Ulric,    352. 

Bewell,   W.   H.,    686. 

Bartlett,     E.    Ashmead,     107. 

Beyens,   Baron,   55. 

Bashford,    W.    B.,    704. 

Bibet   Capt.    L.    A.,    548. 

Bassick,    E.    W.,    276,    280-1. 

Bienvenne,    T.,    445. 

Batcheff,    M.,    31. 

Bigelow,    K.C.,    H.    V.,    706. 

Bateman,    Major   R.   J.,    719, 

Biggar,    K.C..    O.    M.,    750. 

725. 

Biggar,    W.    H.     792 

Bates,   F.  W.,    711. 

Billiarde,    F.    J.,    686. 

Baxter,   Hon.   J.   B.   M.,    623, 

Birdwood,     Sir    W.     R.,     63, 

625,    628,    631,    633,    638. 

152,    154. 

Bayrie,   J.    N.,    695. 

Birrell,   Augustine,    102,    134, 

Bean,    C.    E.    W.t    154. 

136,    142. 

P.eatty,     Admiral    Sir    David, 

RisKonet,    A.    J.,    573. 

124-5 

Bissin?,    General    Vou,    54-6. 

Black,    Frank   B.,    630. 

Black,    Miss    M.    J.    L.,    488. 

Blackburn,    V.O.,    A.    S.,    155. 

Blacklock,    Robt.   F.,   695. 

Blain,    Richard,    500. 

Blair,  H.  M.,   622-6,   632. 

Blanc,  Bishop  Le,  436,  632, 
636-8. 

Blanc,  Hon.  P.  E.  Le,  558, 
565,  573,  577. 

Blanchet,    C.    A.    E.,    806. 

Bland,  Rev.  Dr.  S.  G.,  417, 
800. 

Blatchford,    L.    H.,    554. 

Blaylock,  Major  H.  W.,   441. 

Blondin,  Hon.  P.  E.,  334, 
336-8,  387,  407. 

Blow,    Dr.    T.    H.,    759. 

Bogert,    Clarence   A.,    361-2. 

BoFvin,  M.P.,  G.  H.,  258, 
353,  411. 

Bolduc,    Hon.    Joseph,    404. 

Bole,  ex-M.L.A.,  J.  F.,  700, 
707-8,  716. 

Bond,    Mrs.   J.    H.    R.,    683. 

Bond,   J.   Wallace,   726. 

Bonn,    Prof.    Moritz   J.,    39. 

Bonnar,  K.C.,  R.  A.,  665-7, 
670. 

Bonnycastle,    A.    L.,    655. 

Booth,  General  Bramwell, 
480. 

Booth,    George,    804. 

Booth,    J.    R.,    388. 

Bopp,    Franz,    224,    226. 

Burden,  Col.  Allison  H.,   617. 

Borden,  Rev.  Dr.  B.  C.,  637. 

Borden,  Sir  F.  W.,  254,  296. 

Borden,    Lady,    242,    618. 

Borden,  Sir  Robert  L.,  146, 
161,  181-3,  233,  238,  242, 
425-53,  256,  261,  265,  267, 
274,  277-82,  286,  288,  291, 
293,  298-9,  304,  309, 
322,  325,  327,  329-33, 
336,  353,  357,  363,  366, 
377-8,  388,  393,  395, 
401-3,  405,  407-9,  417, 
419,  427-8,  432,  447-8, 
450,  534,  537,  545,  550, 
557,  566,  680,'  689,  726, 
762,  782,  790. 

Boselli,   Paolo,   73-4,   230. 

Rostock,    Hon.    Hewitt,    404. 

Boswell,    K.C.,    A.    R.,    489. 

Botha,  General,  173-5,  181- 
9,  405. 

Botocki,  Herr  Von,  37. 

Boudreau,   M.L.A.,  L.,   744. 

Boulay,    H.,    393. 

Boulton,  Constance,  424, 
427. 

Boun,    K.C.,    J.    C.    F.,    750. 

Bourassa,  Henri,  245,  309, 
330,  334,  336,  341-4,  347- 
8,  353,  394,  526,  56G, 
582-3. 

Bourke,    Dr.    L.    M.,    638. 

Bourne,   Cardinal,   436. 

Bowles,    T.    Gibson,    126. 

Bowman,   C.  M.,   497,   501. 

Bowman,    H.    A.,     647,    670. 

Bowser,  Hon.  W.  J.,  751-5, 
757,  763-5,  768,  770,  775- 
6,  780. 

Boy-Ed,    Capt,    K.,    224. 

Boyd,  M.C.,  Capt.  H.  O.. 
468. 

Boyd,    Aid.    Leslie    H.,    805. 

Boyle,    A.    E.,    688. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


909 


Boyle,     Hon.     J.     R.,     733-4, 

736,    742,    749. 
Boyle,   Rev.  Dr.  T.  Stannage, 

607. 

Bradbury,  G.  H.,  406. 
Bradley,    Lieut.-Col.,    425. 
Bradshaw,  J.  E.,   697-9,   700- 
1,    703,    706,    708-10,    718. 
Braithwaite,    Dr.   E.   E.,   550. 
Brancker,    Gen.,    133. 
Brand,     Hon.     H.     R.,     295, 

388. 

Brassey,    Earl,    187. 
Bratiano,    M.,  -76. 
Bray,    Mmc.,    405. 
Breithaupt,  L.  J.,  555. 
Brentano,    Prof.   Lugo,   34. 
Brett,   R.  G.,   736,   746. 
Brewster,   H.  C.,   754-7,   764- 

6,      768-9,      771-2,      775-6, 

778,    780,    782. 
Briand.     Aristide,     27-8,     32, 

60,    63-4,    151,    165,    231. 
Bridge,  Admiral  Sir  Cyprian, 

124,    128. 

Bridges,   Dr.   H.  V.   B.,   317. 
Brien,    Dr.    A.    E.,    596. 
Brierley,    J.    S.,    572. 
Briesen,    Arthur    Von,    282. 
Brincken,    Baron    Von,    226. 
Brittain,    Dr.   H.    L.,    547. 
Brittain,    W.    H.,    597. 
Britton,   K.C.,   B.   M.,   488. 
Brock,    Major    P.    W.,    550, 

787-8. 

Brocqueville,    Comte    de,    30 
Broder,    Hon.    Andrew,    277, 

279. 

Broderick,    F.    W.,    651. 
Brodie,    W.    G.,    172. 
Brooke,    Lieut.   E.   J.,   462. 
Brooke.  Gen.  Lord,  264,  448. 
Brooks,    M.   A.,    172. 
Brooks,    Sydney,    112, 
Brow.   E.    R.    640. 
Brown,  Hon.  Edward,   645-7, 

660,    663,    672,    680,    799. 
Brown,   Ernest,    710. 
Brown,    Grant,    282. 
Brown,    G.    W.,    433. 
Brown,    H.,    661. 
Brown,  J.  P.,  699,  701,  704, 

709-10. 
Brown,  Hon.  J.  T.,  705,  708, 

726. 

Brown,    Mrs.    McLaren,    453. 
Brown,    T.    D.,    726. 
Brown,   Mrs.   Vere,    683. 
Brown,    W.   Greenwood,    446. 
Browne,    F.   J.    E.,    590. 
Browning,    A.    G.,    736. 
Bruce,  M.D.,  Col.  H.  A.,  455, 

457-8. 
Bruchesi,     Archbishop,     238, 

348,  570. 
Brnere,   Hon.   Boucher  de  la, 

560. 

Bruneau,  Justice,  596. 
Brunner,  F.,  698,  707. 
Brusiloff,  General,  18,  47, 

68-9,    76. 
Bryan,  W.  J.,  169,  203,  207, 

222. 

Bryant,    K.C.,   J.   F.,    710. 
Bryce,   Dr.   George,    687. 
Bryce,    Lord,    58,    120,    148, 

188. 
Brydone-Jack,       Prof.,       665, 

787. 

Buchanan,  D.  W.,  799. 
Buchanan,  Sir  George,  71-2. 


Buchanan,   Lieut.-Col.   V.   C., 

465. 

Buck,    G.    E.,    748. 
Buckmaster,    Lord,    531 
Budge,    Wm.,    759. 
Budka,    Bishop,    673-4,    713, 
Bugeaud,    J.    Fabien,    573. 
Bulkeley-Johnson,     Capt.     E, 

F.,    244. 

Buller,   Col.  H.   C.,  463 
Bullock,  Maj.  the  Rev.  C.  S., 

282. 

Bullock,    W.    S.,   584. 
Bulman,  W.  J.,  55,  681,  804. 
Billow,    Prince   Von,    46,    50, 

229. 

Bunn,    J.    R.,    695. 
Bunnell,  A.  K.,   805. 
Burehell,    M.P..    R.    J.,     158 

181. 

Bureau,    Jacques,    390. 
Burgoyne,    W.    B.,    416. 
Burk,   Lieut.-Col.   C.  J.,   300. 
Burke,   John,  461. 
Burke,    J.    T.,    483. 
Burn,    George,    361. 
Burnham,    Capt.   J.   H.,   401. 
Burns,    Rt.    Hon.   John,    188. 
Burns,   Pat,   417. 
Burns,    T.    M.,    638. 
Burrell,   Hon.  Martin,    374-5, 

381,    405,    694. 
Burstall,    C.B.,   Brig. -Gen.   H. 

E.,    459,    465. 
Burt,  M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  Thomas, 

120. 

Burton,   Hon.  Henry,   175. 
Buscombe,    F.,    762. 
Bustin,   S.   B.,   629. 
Butler,   M.C.,   Capt.   Bertram, 

165. 

Butler,   G.  K.,   605. 
Buxton,    C.    R.,    113,    114. 
Bylander,    S.,   648. 
Byles,    Sir   W.    P.,    103. 
Byng,      K.C.M.G.,      Gen.      Sir 

Julian    H.    G.,    253,    460, 

464-5,    467. 

Cadorna,  Count  Luigi,  74. 
Cadwell,     E.    B.,    276-80-3-5. 
Calder,  Hon.  J.  A.,  332,  689- 

91,    696,    698-9,    701,    704, 

705,      709,      717,      719-20, 

799. 

Callbeck,  J.  W.,  640. 
Cameron,  Sir  Douglas,  644, 

656,    681. 
Cameron,   M.B..   Lieut.-Col.   I. 

H.,    543. 

Cameron,    Rev.    W.    A.,    438. 
Campbell,    A.   H.,    444. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  Colin  H.,  420. 
Campbell,    M.D.,    Prof.   D.   A., 

607. 
Campbell,    G.    B.,    573-84. 

ampbell,    G.    S.,    617. 
Campbell,    J.    A.,    661. 
Campbell,    J.    Ray,    632. 
Campbell,     Hon.     Lome     A., 

752,   755,   758,   763-4,   775. 
Campbell,    Dr.    Robt.,    801. 
Campbell,  R.  E.,   740-1. 
Campbell,   R.   F.,   744. 
Campbell,   W.   M.,   750. 
Dampeau,    Rev.    Father,    393, 

525-6. 

Candee,  C.  N.,  831-3. 
Cannon,  Lucien,  577. 
Cantley,  Thomas,  269,  280, 

804. 


Cantlie,     Lieut.-Col.     G      S 

465. 

Capelle,    Admiral    Von,    45. 
Carber,   M.,   55. 
Carey,  Lieut.  L.  C.,  221. 
Carncross,    M.L.A.,    Hon.    W. 

C.    F.,    163. 

Carnegie,    Andrew,    204. 
Carnegie,     Col.     David,     269, 

273,    280-1,    283-5,    295. 
Carnegie,    E.,    269,    280. 
Carol,    H.    M.    King,    76. 
Caron,    Hon.    J.    E.,     558-9. 

577,    579. 

Carpenter,  A.  A.,  732. 
Carpenter,    H.    S.,    699,    709- 

10. 

Carr,    Rev.    Father,    435. 
Carrick,    Col.   J.   J.,    401. 
Carroll,   Sir  James,   163. 
Carroll,   W.   F.,   401. 
Carruthers,    James,    444. 
Carter,     E.    C.,     172. 
Carter,    E.    S.,     621,     625-6, 

638. 
Carter,    M.L.A.,     S.    J.,    498, 

514,    516,    523,    536,    539, 

540,    563-4. 
Carter,    T.   J.,    633. 
Carter,    W.   H.,    668-9-70. 
Carter,   W.   S.,    635-6. 
Carter-Cotton,  F.,  771. 
Carson,    Sir    Edward,    108-9, 

142-4. 
Carson,  C.B.,  Maj.-Gen.  J.  W., 

447. 

Carson,    W.    O.,    487. 
Carvell,    F.    B.,    255,    271-2, 

274-5,     277,     281-3,     286, 

378,    625-7. 
Casement,      Sir     Roger,      35, 

135-6-9-40,   224. 
Casey,   Archbishop,   435. 

asgrain,  Hon.  J.  P.  B.,  592. 
Casgrain,     Hon.     T.     Chase, 

324,  330,  334-5,   387,   397. 
Cashin,  Hon.  M.  P.,   165. 
Cassidy,    K.C.,    R.,    779. 
Castleton,   v.O.,   C.   C.,    155. 
Caswell,   Rev.  W.  B.,   437. 
Caughell,   W.    C.,    805. 
Cavendish,      Lady      Blanche, 

244. 
Cavendish,       Lord      Charles, 

243. 

Cavendish,   Lady  Maud,   244. 
Cawley,    S.    A.,    760. 
awthorpe,     M.L.A.,     C.     H., 

700-1,    705-8,    710. 
Cayley,     Brig.-Gen.     D.     E., 

164. 
Cecil,  Lord  Robert,  56,  126-7, 

191. 

Chabot,    Rev.    Fr.,    526. 
Chabot,  M.P.,  Dr.  J.  L.,  393. 
Challies,   J.   B.,   445. 
Chalmers,       Sir      MacKenzie, 

142. 

Chamberlain,   A.   N.,    110. 
Chamberlain,     E.     .J,     792-3. 
Chamberlain,  M.P.,  J.  Austen, 

105,    168,    188. 
Chamberlain,    Senator   G.   E., 

200,    224. 
hambers,     M.D.,     Lieut.-Col. 

Graham,    543. 

Champagne,    M.P.,    A.,    704. 
handler,  W.  B.,   621,    624. 
Chapais,    Hon.   Thomas,    528. 
Chapman,    E.    R.,    430. 
Chappell,   E.,   176. 


910 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Charbonneau,    A.   A.,    525. 

Cochrane,  Hon.  F.,   382,  503, 

Charles,   Archduke,   47. 

539,  801. 

Charlesworth,   L.   C,   732. 

Cocks,    A.    W.,    711. 

Charron,    A.   T.,    550. 

Cockshutt,   Lieut.-Col.   W.   F., 

Charters,       O.B.,       Lieut.-Col. 

401. 

Alexander,    162. 

Coderre,    Justice,    594-95. 

Chase,    W.    H.,    607. 

Coffin,   H.   E.,    195. 

Chasse,   Aime,    339. 

Colby,   Banbridge,   140. 

Chauvel,    C.M.a.,    C.B.,    Brig.- 

Colby,    E.    C.,    623-4. 

Gen.   H.   G.,    154-5. 

Coldwell,    G.    R.,    665-6. 

Chelmsford,    Lord,    167,    169- 

Cole,   M.E.,   A.  A.,   489. 

70,    172. 

Coleman,    Prof,    A.    P.,    533. 

Chenevert,  Rene,  590. 
Cherbacheff,    General,    69. 

Collman,   C.  A.,   227. 
Cohner,    C.M.G.,    J.    G.,    453. 
Colquhoun,     Dr.    A.    H.     U., 

Chorrier,    Rov.    A.    A.,    686, 
Chesley,    Mrs.,    446. 
Chevassu,    Pierre,    589. 
Chiozza-Money,  Sir  Leo,   115. 
Chipman,    G.   F.,    746,    800. 
Chisholm,  J.  E.,  703. 
Choate,  J.  H.,   198. 

486. 
Colwell,   R.   B.,    642. 
Conboy,   Dr.  F.  J.,   547. 
Conduriotes,    Admiral,    80. 
Connaught,    H.    R.    H.    The 
Duchess     of,     239,     241-3, 

Choquette,   Hon.   P.   A.,    339, 
377,    393,    404,    587. 

441,    577. 
Connaught,     H.    R.    H.    The 

Chown,    G.    Y.,    550. 

Duke  of,  146,  238-41,  243, 

Chown'  Dr.  S.  D.,  436-7. 

256,  301,  399,  404-5,  408, 

Christian,  Dr.  J.  R.,  745. 
Christie,    M.   F,    682-3. 
Christie,  W.  J.,  655,  793. 
Church,  T.  L.,  241,  301,  311, 

440,     443,     577. 
Connell.   Dr.   S.   S.,   550. 
Connolly,   James,    134,    138. 
Connor,   J.   M.,    501. 

317,    332,    386,    493,    512, 
805. 

Conrad,    Dr.,    169. 
Constantine,     King,     17,     20, 

Churchill,   Rt.  Hon.  Winston, 
102,    128,    131,    247,    369. 

76-7,    79-81. 
Conybeare,    K.C.,    C.    F.    P., 

Clancy,  James,   492,   504-5-6. 
Clansen,  Charles,   433. 

750. 
Cook,    Rt.    Hon.    J.    H.,    149, 

Clapp,   Senator  M.   E.,   224. 
Clare,    G.    H.,    718. 

152,    233. 
Cook,  v.C.,  Thomas,   155. 

Clarim-Martiniz,    Count,    47. 

Cooke,  Rev.  A.  E.,  754,  779, 

Clark,         M.P.,         Lieut.-Col. 
Hugh,     252,     387. 
Clark,   K.C.,  J.  Murray,   444. 

785. 
Cooiie,    A.    W.,    391. 
Cooper,      Lieut.-Col.      J.      A., 
307. 

Clark,      M.P.,     Dr.      Michael, 
332,  414,  427,  799. 
Clark,    Ph.D.,    R.    H.,    788. 
Clark,  Sir  W.  Mortimer,  444. 

Copela'nd,   R.  J.,   443. 
Copp,   M.P.,   A.   B.,    625. 
Corbeil,   Rev.   Father,   591. 
Corbett,    Geo.    E.,    805. 

Clarke,   K.C.,   A.  H.,   750. 
Clarke,    M.C.,    Capt.     B.     R., 

Corbett,    Julian,    191. 
CorkhUI,    E.    T.,    806. 

783. 

Corning,    H.    W.,    601,    604, 

Clarke,   Dr.  C.  K.,   547,  549. 

608,  612,  615. 

Clarke,   K.C.,  Hon.  G.  J.,  618- 
9,    623-4,    626,    629,    631, 

Costa,   Senhor,   31. 
Cote",   M.L.A.,  J.  L.,   744. 

642. 
Clarke,   Thomas  J.,   138. 
Clarkson,  E.  R.  C.,  505,  507. 
Clarkson,    Prof.    R.    P.,    641. 
Clemenceau,  M.,   62. 
Clemens,    B.S.A.,   R.   H.,    483. 

Cote,    Thos.,    589-91. 
Cotsworth,  M.  B.,  779,  785. 
Cotton,   Lieut.   C.   P.,   463. 
Courtice,   Mrs.  A.   C.,  425. 
Courtney,     C.M.G.,    i.s.o.,    J. 
M.,    442. 

Clement,  K.C.,  E.  P.,   516-17, 

Courtney    of    Penwith,    Lord, 

523,    546. 

114,    188. 

Clement,    B.8.A.,    F.    M.,    483. 
Clement,   S.   E.,   660. 

Cousineau,      Philemon,      567, 
569,    574-6,   582-3. 

Clement.     Hon.     W.     H.     P., 

Coutts,    R.    D.,    711. 

763,    784. 

Covert,   A.  M.,   597. 

elemental,   M.,   28,    30. 

Cowan,  Dr.  W.  D.,  718,  727. 

Cleves,    Gertrude    des,    241. 

Cowdray,   Lord,   133. 

Clift,  J.  A.,   165,   181. 

Cowley,    R.   H.,   550. 

Clinch.    E.    S.,    696. 

Cowper,    Capt.    A.    D.,    749, 

Clune,   Archbishop,    152. 

780. 

Clingan,     Lieut.-Col.     George, 

Cox,    E.   W.,    546. 

657,    663,    681. 

Cox,  Senator  G.  A.,  491,  546. 

Clinkskill,    Capt.   J.    T.,    718- 

Cox,   ex-M.P.,   Harold,    187. 

19. 

Cox,   Lieut.-Col.  H.   C.,   302. 

Cloran,    Senator    H.    J.,    432. 

Coyle,    John,    744. 

Glutton  Brock,   J.   A.,    793. 

Coyne,   K.C.,  J.   B.,   666. 

Clvde,   Rev    J.  B     688 

Craig,    H.    A.,     734. 

Coatsworth,   His  Hon.   Emer- 

Craig,   Hen.   James,   444. 

son,   80t>. 

Craig,   Lieut.-Col.   J.   J.,   316. 

Cochin,    M.    Denys,    31. 

Craig,    N.    R.,    709. 

fockburii,   Fred.   J.,    592. 

Craig,  K.C.,  R.  W.,  66C-7. 

Cochran,  W.   Bourke,   140. 

Craig,   Rev.   W.   W.,   594. 

Crawford,   H.   H.,   740. 
Crawford,    Lord,    120. 
Crawford,  Dr.  Mary  E.,   655. 
Creaehan,  J.  D.,   638. 
Creelman,   Col.   J.   J.,   460. 
Crerar,  Mrs.  P.  D.,  425,  544. 
Crerar,   T.   A.,    554,    653. 
Crewe,    Lord,    31,    106,    108, 

131. 

Croft,  Mrs.  Henry,  420,  425. 
Croiner,    Lord,    143,    231. 
Cross,  K.C.,  Hon.  C.  W.,  731, 

738. 

Crowdy,    James    F.,    242. 
Crowley,  C.  C.  226. 
Crothers,    Hon.    T.    W.,    249. 

306,    381,    385. 
Cruikshank.  Brig. -Gen.  E.  A., 

749. 

Cruise,    Robert,   401. 
Crummy,    Dr.    Eber,    687. 
Cudmore,    Prof.    S.   A.,   517. 
Cullum,     M.D.,     Capt.    J.     A., 

719. 
Gumming      B.A.,     B.S.A.,    M., 

598,    606,    608. 
Cummings,   Mrs.   Willoughby, 

428-4-5. 

Cunningham,    J.   A.,    804. 
Curran,    Justice  J.    P.,    650. 
Currie,  C.B.,  Maj.-Gen.  A.  W., 

459,  464-5,  783. 
Currie,   Col.  J.  A.,   257,   268, 

401,    535. 

Curtin,    D.    Thomas,    36,    45. 
Curtis,   Lionel,    799. 
Curzon,   Lord,    133,   273. 
Cutten,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.,   607, 

617-18,    641. 
Cyr,    C.    L.,    639. 
Czernin,   Count,   76. 

D'Abernon,  Lord,  120. 
Dag«ett,    J.    B.,    619,    642. 
D'Aigle,     Lieut.-Col.     L.     C., 

352. 

Dal'on,    Hon.    Charles,     641. 
Dalrymple,     J.     E.,     792. 
D' Amours,    Abbe   J.    A.,    346. 
Dan'xeno,    Dr.    F.    B.,    487. 
Dandurand,     Hon.     R.,     404, 

792. 

Dandurand.    U.    H.,    558. 
Dane,    Fred,    485. 
Danco,    Signor,    31. 
Daniels,    losephus,    199,    200. 
Daniels,     K.C.,     Hon.     O.     T., 

600. 

Darke,    F    .N.,    704. 
Darling,   Frank,   548,   799. 
Darrow,  S.,  679. 
Darwin,   Rev.   Oliver,   688. 
D'Auteuil,  P.,  567,  575,  579. 
Dauth,    Mgr.   Gaspard,   594. 
Daviason,    A.    L.,    390. 
Davidson,    Sir    Charles,    278, 

2878. 

Davidson,    T.    S.,    498. 
Davidson,    Sir  W.   E.,    164. 
Davidson,   W.   W.,    698,   727. 
Davu  s,   L.   L.,   483. 
Davies,    riir   Louis,    244. 
Davis,    Senator   T.    0.,    704. 
Oaviion,    H.    P.,    194. 
Dawon,    Sir   Wm.,    608. 
Dawson,    G.   H      295. 
Dawson,    S.   E.,   801. 
Deacon,    B.    R.    W.     669. 
Deacon,    F.   H.,    388. 
Deacon,    T.    R.,    650-9. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


911 


Decarie,     Hon.    J.     L.,     558, 

500,   577. 

Decoppet,    M.    Camille,    86. 
D'Egville,  Howard,   181. 
Delage,    LL.D.,    Hon.    Cyrille, 

F.,    560,    577. 
Delano,    F.    A.,    197. 
Denison,   Col.  G.  T.,   322. 
Dennis,    Senator,    606. 
Dennis,   J.    S.,    791. 
Derby,     Earl    of,     102,     107, 

122,    143,    306-69. 
Desanlniers,  Dr.  E.  M.,   577, 

584. 

Desjardins,  Alphonse,  405. 
Desjardins,  Lieut. -Col.  L.  G., 

351. 

Desloges,    Misses,    526. 
Detweiler,  D.  B.,   555. 
Deventer,   General  Van,   173. 
Devlin,    E.    B.,    395,    427. 
Devline,    E.    H.,    699,    701-9- 

10. 
Devonshire,       H.       E.       The 

Duchess  of,  243-4. 
Denvonshire,      H.      E.,      The 

Duke  of,   239,   243-4,    315, 

437,    542. 
Devay,    John,    226. 
Dewart,     K.C.,     H.     Hartley, 

289,     501-3,     536-7,     539, 

665-6. 

.Dick,   Mrs.   John,    659. 
Dickson,   Hon.   W.   B.,   629. 
Dillon,    John,    139. 
Dinnick  A.  G.  0.,   301. 
Dinnick,  W.  S.,  443,  834-39. 
Dixon,     M.L.A.,     F.     J.,     430, 

659-60,    800. 

Dixon,   Lieut.   G.   B.,    546. 
Dixon,    J.,    726. 
Dixon,    J.    C.,    554. 
Dixon,    Lieut.   T.   B.,    546. 
Doan,    R.   W.,    488. 
Dobell,    General   Sir   Charles, 

90,   178,    191. 
Doherty,    Hon.    C.    J.,     387, 

391,     398,     403-1,     528-9, 

609. 

Dollard,  Rev.  J.  B.,   594. 
Donaldson,    Lieut. -Col.    S.   J., 

401. 

Donkin,    Hiram,    599. 
Donnelly,     Capt.     James     J., 

165. 
Donnelly,   Patrick,   754,   772, 

780. 
Donop,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  Stanley 

Yon,   192. 

Donovan,   A.   E.,    523,    536, 
Doty,     Madeleine     Zabriskie, 

38. 

Doughty,   Major   A.   G.,    450 
Douglas,    J.    C.,    602,    603. 
Douglas,    Dr.    Jas.,    550. 
Doull,   Bishop,    770. 
Downey,   Joseph   P.,   498. 
Draper,    P.    M.,    292,    333. 
Drayton,  Sir  H.  L.,  786,  796 
Drewry,    F.    L.,    679. 
Drummond,    Geo.    E.,    263. 
Drummond,   Huntly,    572. 
Drummond,   Lady,   441,   452 

3,    458. 

Drury,  E.  C.,  554. 
Ducharme,  S.,  530. 
Dugal,  L.  A.,  618,  621,  625 

630,    632. 
Dugas,   Justice   F.    O.,    591. 


Duff,  General  Sir  Beauchamp, 

96. 

Duff,    Pte.    G.    Clark,    483. 
Duff,    Hon.    James    S.,    483, 

496,    543,    545. 
Duff,   Hon.   L.   P.,   278,   283, 

286. 

Dumas,  J.  P.,   674,   675. 
Dumba,  Dr.,  224. 
Dunbar,   Col.   J.   S.,   439. 
Duncan,  Wm.,   759. 
Dunham,   S.   S.,   747. 
Dunlop,    D.    A.,    551. 
Dunning,    Hon.    C.    A.,    720, 

722,    724. 

Dunsmore,   R.   J.,    385. 
Dunsmuir,  Hon.  Jas.,  782. 
Dupre,   H.  E.,   799. 
Dyer,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  M.,  465. 
Dymond,   A.   M.,    546. 
Dymond,  Capt.  J.  M.,  546. 

Eaton,  Rev.  Dr.  C.  A.,   550. 
Eaton,  M.A.,  J.  W.,  726. 
Eaton,    Sir  John,    319. 
Eaton,  Major  R.  B.,  743. 
Eberts,  K.C.,   D.  M.,   776. 
Eccles,  Dr.  F.  R.,  550. 
Ecclestone,    G.   W.,    503. 
Edgar,    Col.    N.   S.,    718. 
Edgeeombe,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  T., 

683. 

Edie,  Miss  E.  M.,   687. 
Edinburgh,   Duke  of,   77. 
Edison,   T.   A.,   203. 
Edwards,    Dr.    J.    W.,     343, 

397. 

Edwards,   Mabel,  280. 
Edwards,    Hon.   W.   C.,    339, 

388. 

Elbert,   Frederick,   43. 
Elder,  M.D.,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  M. 

457. 

Elliot,   Dr.  C.  W.,  203. 
Elliott,    J.    C.,    523,    536. 
Elliott,   Prof.  W.  J.,   760. 
Ellis,   Dr.  J.  F.,   618. 
Ellison,    Price,    768. 
Elmsley,    D.S.O.,   Brig-Gen.   J. 

H.,  459,  460. 
Elwood,    Hon.    E.    L.,    707-8, 

718. 

Emard,  Bishop,  569. 
Embury,  Brig.-Gen.  J.  F.  L., 

460,    719. 
England,    Dr.   Grace   Ritchie, 

Englehart,    J.    L.,    486,    489, 

814-9. 

English,    W.   H.,   554. 
Ens,  Gerhard,  701,  704,  707- 

Q 

Esmonde,  Bart.,  Sir  T.  Grat- 

tan,    307. 
Esson,       C.M.G.,       Lieut.-Col. 

James  J.,    162. 
Evans,   H.  M.   E.,   744. 
Evans,  Lieut.-Col.  Kelly,  315, 

316. 

Evans,   W.   Sandford,   796. 
Eversley,    Lord,    188. 
Evert,    General,    69. 
Everts,    H.    A.,    711. 
Ewart,    H.   H.,    672. 
Ewart,  K.C.,  J.  S.,  249,  283, 

292,    675. 

'Ewing,    A.   F.,    738,    740. 
Eymann,    C.    E.,    724. 

Fairbairn,    Mrs.    R.    D.,    423, 


Falconbridge,   Sir  Glenhplme, 

444. 
Falconer,     Dr.     R.    A.,    549, 

802. 

Falconer,    Mrs.   R.   A.,   292. 
Falk,    J.   H.    T.,    659. 
Falkenhayn,      General     Von, 

45,    77. 
Falla,    D.S.O.,    Major    Norris 

S.,  162. 

Fallis,  M.L.A.,  J.  R.,  499,  500. 
Fallon,   Dr.  M.  F.,  435,  436, 

518,    530. 

Fanning,   Robt.,  405. 
Farley,   Cardinal,  436. 
Farmer,    S.  J.,   430,   446. 
Farrar,  Archdeacon,   390. 
Farrer.    Lord,    188. 
Farris,     Mrs,     J.     W.     deB., 

787. 

Farthing,   Dr.   J.   C.,    437. 
Faulds,    V.C.,    Pte.    Wm.    F., 

175. 
Faulkner,  R.F.C.,  Lieut.  Floyd, 

133. 

Faulkner,    Hon.    G.   E.,    608. 
Fay,   Robert,   226. 
Feeney,    Pte.    Cecil,    550. 
Fells,  Mrs.  Joseph,  203. 
Fennell,  Jr.,   M.   P.,   444. 
Fehr,    G.,    433. 
Ferdinand  I,  Czar,  40,  78. 
Ferguson,      K.C.,      Hon.      G. 

Howard,    384-6,    495,    500, 

502,  510,  523,  529,  535-6, 

539,    540,    543,    570. 
Ferguson,   K.C.,   W.   N.,   546. 
Ferley,   T.   Df  672-3. 
Ferte,    H.   H.   A.    La,    577. 
Fielding,    Hon.    W.    S.,    264, 

417. 

Fildes,  R.A.,   Sir  Luke,   120. 
Findley,    Thomas,    444,    824- 

7. 

Fingland,  Wm.,   647.     » 
Finlay,    Sir    Robert,    531. 
Finlayson,    D.   M.,    698. 
Finn,    0.S.O.,   Capt.   Bertram, 

162. 

Finn,   R.  E.,   608-9. 
Finnie,    D.   M.,    362. 
Firebrace,    Col.   F.,    793. 
Firth,    Sir    Algernon,    186. 
Fish,  K.C.,  J.  N.,  709. 
Fisher,     Rt.     Hon.     Andrew, 

Fisher,     Hon.     C.     W.,     736, 

744. 

Fisher,  Geo.,  659. 
Fisher    Hon.  S.  A.,  560,  799. 
Fisher,    W.    S.,    628. 
Fitzeerald,  Edward,  295. 
Fitzpatrick,  Sir  Charles,  307. 
Flavelle,     J.     W.,     265,     289, 

291-6,   320,   361,  417,  548. 
Flemming,    J.    K.,    625-6. 
Fleming,   R.   J-,   417. 
Fleming,    Sir   Sandford,   801. 
Fleming,  Mrs.  Sandford,  454. 
Flumerfelt,  Hon.  A.  C.,  752, 

755-8,    764. 
Foch,  General,   192. 
Fogenor,    Selmar,    461. 
Foley,   J.  A.,   727. 
Ford,   K.C.,   Frank,    750. 
Ford,    Henry,    203-4,    446. 
Forget,   Sir  R.,    589 
Forrest,   Rev.  Dr.  John,   607- 

8. 

Forster,  H.  E.,  768. 
Fortescue,   John,    191. 


912 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Foster,    Sir    George    E.,     31, 

182,    189,    239,    312,    366 

9,    370-1,    383,    403,    452, 

454,    694,    799. 
Foster,    J.    T.,    564. 
Foster,  W.  E.,  618,  621,  625, 

634-5. 

Foster,   Capt.   W.  W.,    782. 
Fotheringham,    M.D.,    Col.    J. 

T.,    457. 
Fowler,     Lieut.-Col.     G.     W., 

401. 

Foy,   Hon.   J.  J.,    501. 
Frklick,  Judge  E.  B.,  550. 
Frame,    K.C.,   J.    F.,    704-22. 
Francis  Joseph,  Emperor,  47, 

99. 

Francq,    Gu stave,    564. 
Fraser,     K.C.,     A.     W.,     388, 

534. 

Fraser,    C.   G.,   488. 
Fraser,    Prof.    D.   J.,    594. 
Fraser,     Sir    Frederick,     606. 
Fraser,  John,   287,   289,   448. 
Fraser,    J.    A.,    766. 
Fraser,    J.    B.,    792. 
Fraser,    J.    Z.,    554. 
Fraser,  Lovatt,  107. 
Fraser,   W.   A.,   425. 
Fremantle,  Sir  Edmund,  120. 
French,   F.  M.   Lord,   54,   84, 

297,    298,    452. 
Frcyseng,   E.  J.,    519. 
Friedrich,   Archduke,   69. 
Frost,  H.  L.,  800, 
Fryatt,    Capt.,    49. 
Fulmer,    H.    L.,    483. 
Fulton,   Rev.  Dr.  J.  M.,   744. 

Gaby,    F.    A.    513. 
Gadsby,    H.    F.,    255. 
Gadski,  Mine.  Johanna,  225. 
Gagnon,  Ernest,  801. 
Gagnon,    L.    A.,    638. 
Galipeault,       Antonin,       567, 

575,    577. 
Gallon,  W.  J.,   709. 
Galloway,   Gordon,   546. 
Galloway,    W.    O.,    484. 
Gait,    Hon.    A.    C.,    667,    669, 

670,    688. 

Gait,    G.   F.,    376,    668-82-3. 
Gait,  John,   683. 
Gamble,    G.    S.,    704. 
Gamey,  R.  R.,  498,  536. 
Gandier,    Dr.,    550. 
Gardiner,    Hon.    Albert,    152- 

3,    160. 

Gardiner,   A.   G.,    446. 
Gariepy,     Lieut.     Charles    E., 

352. 

Gariepy,   J.  H.,    744. 
Gariepy,    K.O.,    Hon.    Wilfrid, 

731-2,    734,    740,    743-4. 
Gardiner,    J.    G.,    698. 
Garneau,     Sir     George,     347, 

571-2. 

Garran,  Hon.  R.  B.,   153. 
Garrison,    L.    M.,    200,    202. 
Garry,    T.    H.,    698,    703. 
Garvin,   J.   L.,   261. 
Gaudet,     Lieut.-Col.     F.     M., 

350-1. 

Gault,   C.  Ernest,   566,   584. 
Gault,    D.S.O.,    Major    Hamil- 
ton, 463,  468. 
Gauthier,    L.   J.,    390. 
Gauthier,    Major   L.' P.,    401. 
Gavin,  F.  P.,  488. 
Gehle,   F.   W.,    27. 
Genest,  S.  N.,  393,  525,  532. 


Genet,    Col.    H.    A.,    465. 
Geoffrion,    Aime,    591. 
George,       Rt.      Hon.       David 

Lloyd,    28,    61,    63-4,    100, 

102,      104,      106-9,      110-1, 

130,    142,    171,    182,    192, 

231,    252,    264,    413,    452, 

542. 

George,  Mrs.  James,  423. 
George  H.  M.,   King,   35,    60, 

105-6,     109-10,     121,     147, 

158,      182,      191-92,      230, 

264,    405,    434,    452. 
George,    W.    K.,    793. 
Gerard,  James  W.,   224,   227. 
Germain,    K.C.,    Albon,    339. 
Gibbons,   Cardinal,   203,428. 
Gibbons.    Jos.,    806. 
Gibbs,    Philip,    465. 
Gibson,    Lady,    425. 
Gifford,   Thos.,   772. 
Gilehrist,   James,    620. 
Gillespie,     Lieut.-Col.    R.    A., 

683. 

Gillis,    Neil    J.,    597. 
Gilmour,    Dr.,    522. 
Girouard,    Sir   Percy,   416. 
Girouard,    Col.    R.    A.    de    la 

Bruere,    351,   411. 
Girou,*,   J.  E.,   587. 
Glass,  M.P.,  Francis,  406. 
Glenn,      Lieut.-Col.     J.      696, 

718. 

Glockling,   W.,    564. 
Glynn,   Martin   H.,   209. 
Glynn,    K.C.,    M.P..    Hon.    P. 

McM.,   158. 
Goddard,    B,A.,    Capt.    A.    S., 

745. 
Godfrey,    M.L.A.,    Dr.   Forbes, 

321. 
Godfrey,    J.    M.,    223-4,    426, 

571-2. 

Godley,   Gen.   Sir  A.  J.,   162. 
Godwin,     Lieut.     C.     R.     M, 

744. 

Goepel,  W.  J.,   762. 
Gohier,    Edouard,    796. 
Gold,    Rev.    W.    F.,    742. 
Golding,    W.    H.,    642. 
Goltz,    F.    M.    Von    der,    46, 

225-6. 

Gompers,    Samuel,    216,    431. 
Gonne,    Maude,    138. 
Good,  W.  C.,  554. 
Goode,  W.  A.  M.,   178. 
Gooderham,  Mrs.  A.  E.,  420, 

421,   424,   458. 
Gooderham,  Lieut.-Col.  A.  E., 

548    828-31. 
Gooderham,     M.L.A.,     G.     H., 

490. 

Goodridge,    Pte.    H.    H.,    165. 
Goodwin,    Dr.    W.   F.,    642. 
Goor,   M.,   443. 
Gordon,     C.     B.,     292,     275, 

361. 
Gordon,   Major  the   Rev.   Dr. 

C.   W.,    312. 
Gordon,     Rev.     Dr.     D.     M., 

549,    608. 

Gordon,    J.    S.,    787. 
Gordon,    Dr.    Margaret,    425. 
Gordon,    P.   H.,    706. 
Gore,     Senator    T.     P.,     206, 

224. 

Goremykin,    M.,    66. 
Gorrell,    Dr.    A.    S.    704. 
Gosden,   Robt.,   773-4,    779. 
Gosling,    H.,    187. 
Gosselin,    Joseph,    575-6. 


Gough,    Sir    Robert,    129. 
Gouin,   Sir  Loiner,    330,    351, 

412,     556-7,     563,     565-6, 

571,    573,    577,    579,    580- 

4,  592. 

Gould,   A.   R.,    625. 
Graevenitz,  General  Von,  52. 
Graham,   A.   A.,   726. 
Graham,         Rev.         Prinicpal 

Angus,    714. 
Graham,     Hon.    G.     P       394 

398,  403,  413-5,   528,   800. 
Graham,    Prof.    W.    C.,    687. 
Grainger,    M.    A.,    761. 
Grannan,   Phillip,   633. 
Grant,  Rev.  H.  R,,   392,   609- 

10,  612,  788. 

Grant,   MacCallum,   597,   608. 
Granville,    Earl,   31. 
Gravel,   Ludger,   330. 
Gravelle,    A.,   595. 
Graziani,   General,  27. 
Green,  Major  Byron,  448. 
Green,   Major  Hugh,   374. 
Green,    R.    F.,    439. 
Greenshields,  E.  B.,  792. 
Greenway,    J.   Frank.    676. 
Greenway,    S.   E.,    711. 
Greenwood,     M.P.,     Col.     Sir 

Hamar,    449. 

Greer,  Lieut.-Col.  R.  H.,  307, 
Gregory,    T.    W.,    316. 
Grcig,     A.    R.,     711. 
Greig,    G.    H.,    649. 
Greville-Harston,    Col.,    269. 
Grey    of    Falloden,    Account, 

28,    81-2,    106,    108,    191, 

230,  243,  369. 
Grey,  Lady,  242. 
Griesbach,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  A., 

465,    745. 

Griffith,    Arthur,    134. 
Griffiths,    M.P.,    Col.    Norton, 

78. 

Gro'ner,     General    Von,     45. 
Grosch,    S.    P.,    695. 
Guinness,     Lady    Gwendolyn, 

314,  315,  421. 
Guinness,  C.B.,  c.M.G.,  M.P., 

Capt.     the     Hon.     Rupert, 

314-5. 

Gunning,    Sir    Charles,    253. 
Gustave,    King,    86. 
Gutelius,    F.    P.,    382,    627. 
Guthrie,    K.C.,    Donald,    489. 
Guthrie,    Hugh,    391. 
Guthrie,     Lieut.-Col.     P.     A., 

265,    323,    617,    623,    630, 

638-9. 

Guy,    Geo.    L.,    648. 
Gwatkin,    Gen.,    W.    G.,    261, 

269,    298. 

Hachay,    M.L.A.,    J.    B.,    639. 
Hache,  Miss,  636. 
Haeckel,    Prof.    Ernest,    229. 
Hagarty,    Lieut.-Col.    E.    W., 

307. 
Haggard,  Sir  H.  Rider,   363, 

381. 

Haggart,    Alex..    668. 
Haggart,  Justice,  665,  669. 
Haggen,   M.E.,    E.   A.,    785. 
Hahn,   C.   C.,   555. 
Hahn,    Capt.   James   E.,    432. 
Haig,    Sir    Douglas,    28,    63, 

129-30,      152,      162,      164, 

192,   260-1,  291,  299,  465. 
Halbert,    R.   H.,    553-4. 
Haldane,    Lord,    531. 
Hale,  Win.  Bayard,  50. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


913 


Hales,  James,  392,  516,  523. 
Hall,   Rev.  Dr.  Alfred,   315. 
Hall,  Grant,   790. 
Hall.  M.  M.,   226. 
Hall,    W.    L.,    602,    604.       . 
Halsbury,  Lord,  143. 
Halsey,    F.   M.,    71. 
Ham,    A.    E.,    647. 
Hamelin,   Joseph,   674,    657. 
Hamid,    Abdul,    58. 
Hamilton,   Dr.   C.   J.,   546. 
Hamilton,    C.   M.,    724. 
Hamilton,   Sir  Ian,   63. 
Hamilton,    Mrs.    L.    A.,    423, 

444. 

Hamlin,   C.   S.,    197. 
Hammarskjoeld,   M.,   87. 
Hampson,   M.P.,  A.  J.,   158. 
Haney,  M.  J.,   361. 
Hankey,    Sir   Maurice,   450. 
Hanna,   D.  B.,   514,   794. 
Hanna,     Hon.    W.    J.,     482, 

483,    496,    520,    522,    540. 
Hannigan,    T.    J.,    492,    507. 
Har.nington,   H.   C.,   771. 
Hanotaux,   M.,    102.   449. 
Hansford,    Lieut.-Col.    J.    E., 

437,    683. 

Hansing,  H.  H.,   555. 
Harcourt,   K..C.,  P.  W.,   546. 
Harcourt,   Prof.    R.,   483. 
Harden,   Maximilien,    38,   43. 
Hardie,  Keir,  446. 
Hardie,   W.  D.   I*.,   805. 
Harding,   W.    P.   G.,    197. 
Hardinge  of  Penshurst,  Earl, 

142,    167-8,   170. 
Hardy,   E.  A.,   488. 
Hardy,    Thomas,    120. 
Harkness,   D.   R.,    392. 
Harnack,    Adolph,    44. 
Harris,    A.   G.,    483. 
Harris,  A.  H.,  254,  371,  372. 
Harris,   Sir  Charles,  447. 
Harris,   Lloyd,   281,    283. 
Harris,    R.   V.,    641. 
Harris,    D.D.,    Very    Rev.    W. 

R.,   548. 

Harrison,  Fred.  E.,  806. 
Harrison,  Prof.  T.  J.,  651-87. 
Hart,  Lieut.-Col.  E.  C.,  783. 
Hartington,  Marquess  of, 

243. 

Hartt,   Capt.   J.   I.,   494. 
Haslam,   J.   H.,    722. 
Haslam,  Rev.  R.  H.  A.,  172. 
Hastings,   G.  V.,   655. 
Hastings,  D.S.O.,  Major  N.  F., 

162. 
Hastings,    Lieut.-Col.   W.   H., 

683. 

Hathaway,    Frank,    799. 
Hattie,   Dr.  W.   H.,   598-9. 
Haultain,  Sir  F.  W.  G.,  705, 

715,  726. 

Haverson,  K.C.,  Jas.,  519. 
Hawke,   J.  T.,   625. 
Hawkes,    Arthur,    255. 
Hawkes,   A.   G.,    724. 
Hawthorthwaite,   J.   H.,    783 
Hay,    Pte.   A.   C.,    685. 
Hay,    E.,    361. 
Hay,   F.   Wellington,    500-1. 
Hay,   James,    200. 
Hayes,    Mayor,    638. 
Hayward,   Reginald,   751. 
Hayward,  Capt.  W.  H.,  780 

782. 

Hazell,  Mrs.   B.   M.,   420. 
Hazelton,   Robert,    377. 
Hazen,  Capt.  D.  King,  373. 

58 


Hazen,  Hon.  J.  D.,  270,  315, 

flooper,   S.,   669. 

371-4,  401,  407,  432,  439. 

Hoover,   Herbert  C.,   196. 

Hazen,  Lieut.  James  M.,  373. 

Home,    J.    W.,    662. 

Headley,  Lord,   181,   245. 

Home-Payne,    R.   M.,    794. 

Healy   John,    139. 

Horwood,  V.  W.,  665,  666-7. 

Hearst,    Hon.    W.    H.,    233, 

Floskin,   A.   E.,   669,   670. 

302,     480-1,      500,     502-4, 

Hoskins,    Jos.,    774. 

512,     515,     517-8,     520-3, 

Hotchkiss,    C.    S.,    735. 

539,    540-1-2. 

House,    Col.   E.   M.,    229. 

Heartz,    F.    R.,    640. 

Houston,    Wm.,   446. 

Hebden,   E.  F.,   362. 

Howden,   J.   H.,    665-6. 

Hebert,  E.  N.,  589,  590. 

Howe,    Earl,    131. 

Hebert,   Felix  H.,   572. 

Howe,  Lieut.  John,  618. 

Hebert,    Zepherin,    308,    572. 

Howe,    Hon.   Joseph,    618. 

3eeney,  Rev.  W.  Bertal,  685. 

Howell,  Chief  Justice  H.  M., 

Eleidmann,  Gustav,  373,  432. 

659. 

Hellmuth,    K.C..   I.    F.,    283. 

Howes,   B.S.A.,  E.   A.,   736. 

Helmcken,   K.C.,   H.   D  ,    771. 

Hoy,    Sir   W.   W.,    175. 

Hemphill,   A.  J.,   54. 

Hudson,    K.C.,    Hon.    A.    B., 

Henders,    R.    C.,    652,    653, 

648,   658,   660-1,   663,   674, 

683. 

678,   680-1. 

Henderson,  Arthur,  103,  151- 

Huebsch,   B.  "W.,   228. 

2. 

Huestis,  Mrs.  A.  M.,  423-4. 

Henderson,  Gen.  Sir  D.,  133. 

Huestis,   Rev.   C.   H.,    688. 

Henderson,  K.C.,  G.  F.,   284, 

Hughes,     Charles     E.,     211, 

488. 

214-5-6. 

Henderson,      Lieut.-Col.      the 

Hughes,     Brig.-Gen.     F.     G., 

Hon.  H.  G.,  244. 

155. 

Hendrie,    Sir   John    S.,    443, 

Hughes,      D.S.O.,      Brig.-Gen. 

494,  546. 

Garnet    B.,    459. 

Henrv.  Capt.  Blanchard,  572. 

Hughes,     Lieut.-Col.     J.     G., 

Heury,  Rev.  E.  A.,  788. 

162. 

Henry    of    Germany,    Prince, 

Hughes,  James  L.,   311. 

223. 

Hughes,  Mise  Laura,   446. 

Hensley,   G.  S.,   744. 
Hepburn,   Major  B.   R.,   401. 
Herbert,    Sir   Ivor,    120. 
Herman,   W.   F.,   727. 
Herner,   M.    C.,    651. 

Hughes,   Sir  Sam,   245,   250- 
1,      254-9,     260-9,     270-9, 
280-9,     296-7,     299,     303, 
309-10,     324-5,    353,    366, 
378,    399    409,    412,    416, 
432,  434,  442,  447-8,  450, 

Hertzog,  General,   174-5. 
Herve,    Gustave,    62. 
Hervey,  R.  G.,  601,  602,  614. 
Hett,   Major,    555. 
Hewins,  M.P.,  W.  A.  S.,  187. 

452,    455-6,    458,    501. 
Hughes,    Hon.    W.    M.,     31, 
146-9,    150-3,    158-9,    161, 
181,  183,  189,  233,  238-9, 

QfiQ 

Hexamer,   Dr.   C.   A.,   224. 
Hezzlewood,    Oliver,    321-3. 
Hibben,    President,   203. 
Hichens,    Lionel,   270. 
Higgs,   W.  G.,   152. 
Hill,   David  Jayne,   201. 
Hill,    C,B.,   Brig.-Gen.   F.   W., 
459,    464. 
Hilliard,   I.   F.,   523. 
Hincks.    Dr.   C.   M.,    547. 
Hindenburg,     Marshal     Von, 
20,  27,  38,  42,  45,  47,  65, 

Hughe's,     Brig.-Gen.    W.    St. 
Pierre,   459. 
Hughson,    B.A.,   J.    E.,    688. 
Hunter,    Sir   Archibald,    452. 
Hunter,  M.A.,  A.  F.,  488. 
Hunter,   Major  A.   T.,    451. 
Hunter,    Capt.    Charles,   455. 
Hunter,   J.    B.,    408. 
Hunter,  W.  H.,  554. 
Huntlev,   Marquess  of,    131. 
Hutchings,    E.   F.,   361,    668, 
683. 

69,  77. 
Hirst,    F.    W.,    24,    188,    446. 

Hutchinson,     Ph.D.,     A.     H., 

788 

Hitchcock,   A.   F.,   726. 

Hutchinson,    Dr.   J.    N.,    655. 

Hitchcock,     Senator     G.     M., 

Hutton,   C.B.,  Gen.  E.  T.  H., 

224. 
Hladvk,   V.   P.,   675. 
Hoadley,  Geo.,  738.  740. 

269. 
Hutton,  Prof.  Maurice,  488. 

Hobson,    A.   J.,    186. 
Hobson,    J.    A.,    113. 
Hobson,    R.,    445. 

Igel,    Herr    Von,    224,    226. 
Illingsworth,    A.    R.,    187. 
Inglis,    Wm.,    806. 

Hocken,    H.    C.,    394. 
Hodent,    Maurice,    342. 
Hodge,   M.P.,  Rt.  Hon.  John, 
152,    187. 

Ingrain',  A.  B.,  488. 
Ingram,    W.    R.,    804. 
Inkster,    Rev.   J.   G.,    763. 
Innes-Kerr,       D.S.O.,       Capt, 

Hodgetts,    Col.    C.    A.,    441. 
Hodgins,    K.C.,    T.,    488. 
Hodgins,  Wm.,   577. 

Lord   Alastair,    301. 
Tnouye,    Marquess,    83. 
Ireland,    C.  H.,    706. 

Hoffmann,    General,    57. 

Irish,   M.L.A.,  Mark   H.,   293, 

Holden,   Sir  Edward,  26,   39. 

295     328,    426,    521. 

Hollinger,    Ben..    551. 

Irvine,   Sir  W.  H.,   149. 

Holmes,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  J.  H., 

Islington,    Lord.    167. 

465. 

Iveagh,    Lord,    314. 

Holt,   Hamilton,    224,    228. 
Holt,   Sir  Herbert,   339,   361, 
799. 

Ivens,   C.   E.,   650. 
Iverach,   Wm.,   686. 
Ives,   W.  F.,   584. 

914 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Jackman,    Hon.    E.    M.,    166. 
Jackson,    G.   N.,    654. 
Jackson,  Admiral  Sir  Henry, 

28,   792-3. 

Jackson,   Prof.  T.   W.,    687. 
Jackson,    V.C.,   William,    155. 
Jacobs,  K.C.,  S.  W.,   799. 
Jagow,    Herr    Von,    49,    50, 

219,     229. 
Jane,   F.   T.,    199. 
James,    c  M.G.,    C.    C.,     483, 

606. 
Jamieson,    Lieut.-Col.    F.    C., 

744. 

Jamieson,   J.   A.,   588. 
Jamieson,   Mrs.   R.   R.,   736. 
Jarvis,   JEmilius,   315. 
Jellicoe,      Sir     John,      124-5, 

249,    314. 

Jenson,  Hon.  Jens.  A.,  153. 
Jerome,  Wm.  .Travers,  282. 
Joffre,  General,  28,  60-1,  64, 

130,    152,    192. 
Johnson,  J.  J.,  641. 
Johnston,  M.  B.,   780. 
Johnson,    Philips,    588. 
Johnson,    Hon.    T.    H.,    647, 

658-9,     660,     662-3,     674, 

680. 

Johnston,    A.,    796. 
Johnston,  E.  F.  B.,  284-6. 
Johnston,   G.   B.,   698. 
Johnston,  Sir  H.  H.,  175. 
Joicey,    Lord,    186. 
Jondreau,    Baptist,    852. 
Jones,  H.C.R.,  A.  L.,  317. 
Jones,    C.    C.,    637. 
Jones,   C.   Rice,   747. 
Jones,    D.    H.,   483,    655. 
Jones,    C.M.G.,    Surgeon-Gen. 

G.  C.,  454,  456-7-8. 
Jones,    J.    P.,    368. 
Jones,  Senator  O.  M.,  209. 
Jonquieres,    Admiral    de,    28. 
Jordan,    Dr.    D.    Starr,    224, 

228,    446. 

Jowett,  F.  W.,  113. 
Joy,  John  T.,  597. 
Joyce,  Simon,  601. 
Just,  C.  F.,  71. 

Kaltschmidt,   A.,   225. 
Kantel,   Mrs.   E.   A.,   425. 
Karl,   Prince  Auton,   78. 
Kastella,    A.,    433. 
Kauffman,  H.  W.  E.,  226. 
Keefe,   John,    629. 
Keegan,   Peter  C.,   629. 
Keenleyside,    C.    B.,    698. 
Keladin,    General,    69. 
Kelley,   H.   G.,   792. 
Kelly',  Rev.   Dr.  E.  V.,   172. 
Kelly,    John    J.,    773. 
Kelly,   Thomas,   664,   665-6-7. 
Kelso,   J.   J.,   482. 
Kemmis,     Lieut.-Col.     A.     C., 

744. 

Kemmis,   John,    738. 
Kemp,  Hon.  A.  E.,  254,  258, 

265,  327,  376-9,  453,  538. 
Kennedy,   A.,   711. 
Kennedy,    John,    746. 
Kennedy,    Sir   John,    588. 
Kennedy,  Hon.  M.,   641. 
Kenney,  John,  620. 
Kenny,   Justice,   136. 
Kent,   Eamorne,   138. 
Kent,   Hon.  James,   165. 
Kenyon-Slaney,    Capt.    R.    O. 

R.,    244. 
Kenyon,  Senator  W.  S.,  224. 


Keogh,    Sir  Alfred,    122. 
Kerby,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  W.,  749- 

50. 

Kerr,  John  Chipman,   618. 
Kent,    J.    G.,    840-3. 
Ketchen,     Brig.-Gen.     H.     D. 

B.,   459,   461. 

Kettle,  Prof.  T.  M.,  138,  144. 
Kidner,     Thomas,     B.,     380, 

382. 
Kiddell,    Maj.-Gen.    Leonard, 

129. 

King,  M.B.,  Hon.  J.  H.,  781. 
King,   W.   F.,    801 
Kingsmil!,    Vice-Adm.    C.    E., 

372. 

Kingston,  G.  A.,  494. 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  453. 
Kitchener,   F.   M.   Lord,    102- 

3.  106,  131,  154,  158,  260- 

i,    273.    405. 
Kittson,   H.   N.,   488. 
Klixick,   Dean,   787. 
Knight,   J.   A.,    610. 
Knott,  J.  A.,  688. 
Koenig,   Paul,   225. 
Koolbergen,  J.  A.,  Von,   226. 
Kopecki,   E.  W.,    671. 
Van  Koughnet,  Mr?.  A.,  422. 
Kresel,    Isidor   J.,    282. 
Krivtsov,   Senator  Alexis,   57. 
Krugor,  Jasper,   174. 
Kudacheff,    Prince,    32. 
Kulomozin,   M.,    71. 
Kuropatkin,   General,    69. 
Kylie,    Prof.    E.    J.,    548. 
Kyte,     G.     W.,     271,     276-7, 

281.   283-4,  286,   427. 

Labatt.    Col.   R.   W.,   440. 
Labelte,     Brig.-Gen.     A.     E., 

594. 
Labissonniere,     J.     A.,     576, 

582.    584. 
Lacaze,     Rear    Admiral,     28. 

64. 
Lacoste,   Sir  Alexandre,    350, 

799. 
Lafferty,     Col.     F.     D.,     269, 

280. 
Laflamme,    K.c.     N.   K.,    284, 

590. 

Lafleur,  K.C.,  Eugene,  609. 
Lafomaine      Hon.     E.,     388, 

392     563-4,    591. 
Lai,   Cardinal  de  530. 
Laird       Lieut.-Col.      H.     W., 

260. 
Lake,   R.   S.,    332,   424,    696, 

718 

I  amarohe,    P.    E.,    279,    398. 
Lambly,  W.  D.,   563. 
Lamont,  H  >n.  J    H.,  705. 
Landry,    Senator,    A.    C.    P., 

393-9,   526. 
Landry,    Hon.    D.    V.,     620, 

625,    628,    632-4.    . 
Lane,   Geo.,    750. 
Lang,    A.    R.,    555. 
Langley,    Hon.    George,    690, 

694,    707-8,    719-20,    724. 
Lansdowne,       Marquess       of, 

243. 
Lansing,    Hon.    Robert,    217- 

18,   220,   232-3,   509. 
Langstaff,    Mrs.    Elliott,    420. 
Laplante,  J.  B.  R.,  405. 
Laporte,    Henri,    376. 
Lapointe,    Ernest,    394. 
Lapointe,   L.   A.,   287-8,   564. 
Larandeau,      K.c.,      Charles, 
592. 


Largie,     Senator     Hugh     de, 

158. 

Larocque,    Bishop,    568. 
Larson,    B.,    698. 
Lash,   K.C.,   Z.   A.,   534,    794. 
Latta,    S.    J.,    698. 
Latulippe,    Dr.,    526. 
Laurier,     Sir     Wilfrid,     146, 

246,  273-4,  279,  286,  288, 

324,    327.    334,    336,    339, 

342-3,     351,     353,     390-1, 

394,     396-7,     399,     402-3, 

407,      409-12,      415,      417, 

448,    499,    530,    571,    672, 

799. 
Lavergne,  Armand,  309,  330, 

341,   343-6,  348,  353,  526, 

566-7,  574-6,  582-3,  596. 
Lavigneur,  Mayor,  330,  565. 
Law,  Rt.  Hon.  A.  Bonar, 

28,    31,    100,    105-6,    108, 

130,    147,    158,    162,    180- 

1,  188,  231,  289,  316,  447, 

468,   538,   543. 
Law,  M.P.,  B.  B.,  405. 
Leak,   v.c.,   John,    155. 
Lechitski,   General,    69. 
Leek,   Walter,    774. 
Leckie,   C.M.G.,   Brig.-Gen.   R. 

G.    E.,    459,    465. 
Leclerc,   Charles,   567. 
Lee,   C.   H.,   651. 
Lee,    M.P.,   Hon.   E.    P.,    163. 
Lee,   Geo.   W.,   489. 
Lee,    S.   C.,    651. 
Lees,   Judge,  W.  A.  D.,   748. 
Lefeaux,    W.   W.,    755. 
Legal,  Archbishop,  734. 
Legris,   Hon.  J.   H.,   339. 
Leitch,    M.L.A.,    Rev.    M.    L., 

700. 

Leitch,   Rev.   R.   H.,   434. 
Lemieux,    Sir    Francis,    564, 

596. 
Lemieux,       Hon.       Rodolphe, 

334,   336,   339,   351-3,   397, 

407-8,   413-14,   439. 
Lennox,    Lieut.-Col.    Herbert, 

549. 
Leonard,    Col.    R.    W.,    417, 

548. 
Leopold  of  Germany,   Prince, 

69. 

Leprohon,   Col.,   352. 
Lesage,    Emile,    123. 
Lesperance,  D.  O.,  595. 
Lessard,     O.B.,    Maj.-Gen.    F. 

L.,   268,  416,   444, 
Lesseps,    Count    Jacques    de, 

546. 

Letourneau,   S.,   584. 
Lewis,  Major  E.  N.,   401. 
Lewis,   F.    Orr.,    288-9. 
Lewis,    Lansing,    572. 
Lewis,   Miss,    454. 
Liebknecht,   Dr.  Karl,  43. 
Light  foot,    Lieut.-Col.    James, 

683. 
Lighthall,    K.C.,    W.    D.,    244, 

386,    571-2,    805. 
Lighthall,    Lieut.    W.    W.    S., 

468. 

Lignanti,  Eugene,  276,  280-1. 
Limerick,  Countess  of,  421. 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  104,  151, 

213. 

Lindsay,  Sergt.  James,  546. 
Lindsay,  John  F.,  699,  701, 

709. 

Lindsay,  Major  W.  B.,  465. 
Lindsey,  K.C.,  G.  G.  S.,  83, 

538. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


915 


Line,    B.D.,    Rev.    John,    638 
Linsingen,   General   Von,    69 
Lipsett,      C.M.G.,      Brig.-Gen 
L.   J.,    549,    465. 
Livingstone,  Capt.  C.  D.,  719 
Llangattock,      Major,      Lord, 

Manhard,  R.E.,  Capt.  W.  E 
465. 
Manley,    J.    D.,    716. 
Mann,  Sir  D.  D.,  417,  793-4 
Manning,   R.  J.,   726. 
Manson,   Hon.   Wm.   J      752 

Meighen,   Hon.   Arthur,   270 
276,    535,   538,    565. 
Meighen,  Col.  F.  S.,  572,  796. 
Melanson,  Oliver  M.,  630. 
Meldrum,    C.M.O.,    Lieut.-Col. 
Wm.,    162. 

132. 
Lloyd,    G.   E.,    726. 

757-9,    775. 
Mantle,    Major    A     F       69° 

Mellish,       K.C.,       Humphrey, 

Lloyd,    Lieut.,    437. 
Lobb,    A.    J.,    662. 
Lobel,    Rev.    Dr.,    51. 
Lochead,   M.L.A.,   D.   C.,   700, 
705-6     708 

711,    719. 
Mantle,   Geo.   A.,   695. 
Marceau,  Ernest,  588. 
March,    M.C.,    Capt.    J.    W 

608-9. 
Melvin,  Lieut.   (Rev.)   J.  W., 

Menard,   Gordien,   590. 
Menard,   P.   N.,   590. 

Lochead,    Lieut.  -Col.    W     M 
0.,    554. 
Lochner,  Louis  P.,  203-4 
Locke,   G.  H.,   488. 
Lodge,    Senator    Cabot,    207. 
Logan,   Fulton  Johnson,  597, 
608. 
Logic,  K.c.,  Brig.-Gen.  W.  A., 
263.  377,  546,  550. 
Logue,   Cardinal,   139. 
Long,  Rt.  Hon.  Walter  Hume, 

165. 
Marchand,   J.   O.,   405. 
Marcil,    Hon.    Charles,     339 
389,    397,    562. 
Margeson,    M.L.A.,    Major    J 
W,.    617. 
Marie,   H.  M.   Queen,   77. 
Marinkovitch,    M.,    3i. 
Marker,   C.   P.,   735. 
Markey,   F.   H.,    282,   284. 
Markieviecz,  Countess,  134-5 
137. 

Menken,    S.    S.,    198. 
Mercer,  C.B.,  Maj.-Gen.  M   S 
257,     459,     463. 
Merchant,    Dr.    F.    W.,    487 
524,    529. 
Mercier,    Cardinal,    54-56. 
Mercier,  Hon.  H.    558    577 
579. 
Meredith,    Sir   Vincent,    241, 
361. 
Meredith,    Sir    W.    R      278 
282,   286    526     570 

182, 
Longford,   Gen.   The  Earl  of, 
132. 

Marlow,     Lieut.-Col.    F.    W 
381.- 
Marquis,   G.   E.,   556,   560. 

Merrill,    A.  'L.,    711. 
Merritt,    Miss   Welland,    422, 

Longuet,    Deputy,   63. 
Loomis,   D.S.O.,   Brig.-Gen.   F 

Marriott,   Major  G.   W.,   744 
Marsh,   Arthur  R.,   36. 

Merritt,   Col.   Wm.   Hamilton, 
300-2. 

O.  W.,  459. 

Marshall,  Hon.  Duncan,  734 

Mersereau,   Col.,   352 

Loranger,    Aid.,    590. 

5,    745. 

Metcalfe,    G.   A.,    662. 

Loreburn,   Earl  of,   188. 
Lorse,   L.  F.,   194. 
Losonitch,    Mdle.,    444. 

Marehall,   H.   S.,  407. 
Marshall,    J.,    711. 
Marshall,   Lieut.-Col.  Noel  G 

Meyer,   G.  Von  L.,   201. 
Meyer,   Kuno,    138. 
Meyer,  Sir  Wm.,  171. 

Lougheed,    K.c.,    Sir    J.    A., 

L.,    441.    820-4. 

Meyer,  Walter,  554. 

379-80,    404-7,    750. 
Louise,    H.    R.    H     Princess 

Marshall,   N.  M.,   172. 
Marshall,    T.,    497,    514 

Michener,  Edward,  728,  737- 
40,   746 

452. 

Marshall,    Lieut.-Col.    W.    R. 

Middlebro,    W.    S.,    403. 

Love,  Victor,  774. 

546. 

Middleton,  Judge,  546. 

Lovett,   K.c.,  H.   A.,    748. 

Marsil,    Tancrede,    346,    584 

Midleton,  Viscount,  105,  143. 

Low,    Col.    R.    S.,    264. 

Martin,  E.  D.,   659. 

MignauJt,    Col.,    352. 

Lowe,    W.   J.,    499. 

Martin,    Henri,    86. 

Millen,    G.    H.,    388. 

Lowery,    Major   R.   W.,    744. 

Martin,    John    S.,    640. 

Miller,    Adolph   C.,    197. 

Lucas,     M.L.A.,     Alex.,     753, 

Martin,   K.C.,  Jos.,   774,   782. 

Miller,    M.L.A.,    Ernest,    758, 

760,   772,   785. 

Martin,    Kirwan,    572. 

772. 

Lucas,  K.c.,  Hon.  I.  B.,  488, 

Martin,  Mayor  Mederic,  565, 

Miller,   W.   R.,   565. 

495,  500,  502-4,  505,  508, 
510-11,    513-15,   530,    543. 

587-90. 
Martin,    Mrs.    Melville,    420. 

Mills,    Walter,    709. 
Milner,      Lord,      109,      158, 

Lugrin,   C.   H.,   252. 

Martin,    M.P.,    Hon.    W.    M., 

453. 

Lury,  J.  S.  de,  649. 

690,    720-1. 

Minto,   Lady,   242. 

Lyall,  H.  B.,   665. 

Martine,   Senator  J.  E.,  224. 

Minto,    The    Earl   of,    167. 

Lyantey,      General     Herbert, 

Mary,  H.  M.,  Queen,  35,  158, 

Mitchell,  Col.  C.  H.,  546. 

64,    84. 

422. 

Mitchell,    Hon.   C.    R.,    730-1, 

Lyle,  J.  M.,   444. 

Mason,    Brig.-Gen.   The  Hon. 

740,    742. 

Lyle,   Lieut.  J.   P.,   696,    718. 

James,     304,     312-3,     320, 

Mitchell,     Brig.-Gen.    J.     H., 

Lynch,   J.   C.,    140. 

350,    404,    441. 

460. 

Lynch,   Hon.    P.   J.     153. 

Mason,    W.    E.,    705,    708. 

Mitchel;  Hon.  J.  P.,  199,  203 

Lynn,  'Rev.   J.    E.,  '555. 

Massey-Treble,    Mrs.,    548. 

litchell,    J.   W.,    649. 

Lyon,  J.  W.,   507,   513,   515. 

Massey,  Rt.  Hon.  W.  N.,  147, 

Mitchell,     Dr.     R.     M.,     695, 

Lyttleton,  D.D.,  Hon.  E.,  191. 

160-1,     181-3,      189,     233, 

703. 

405. 

Mitchell,   K.C.,  V.   E.,    743. 

Massingham,  H.  W.,   188. 

fitchell,    K.C.,    Hon.    Walter 

Madigan,    J.    B.,    629. 

Masson,  D.SC.,  F.R.S.,  Prof.  D. 

G.,     561-2,     564-6,     575-9, 

Madison,   James,   390. 

Orme,    160. 

584. 

Maeterlinck,    Maurice,    56. 

Masten,    C.   A.,    527. 

Moffitt,  Florence,  424. 

Mageau,  M.L.A.,  Z.,  529,  530. 

Masters,  J.  E.,   638. 

Molloy,  T.  M.,   693. 

Magee,    Col.   Allan,    593. 

Mathers,   F.  F.,   598. 

onash,  C.B.,  Maj.-Gen.  John, 

Magee,    Knox,    669-70. 

Mathers,  Chief  Justice  T.  G., 

155. 

Magee,    R.   A.,    698,    700. 

244,  317,  322-4,   664,   683. 

ondou,   A.  A.,  279. 

Magill,    Dr.    R.,    368. 

Matheson,     Archbishop,     332, 

onro,   General   Sir   Charles, 

Magnon,    C.   J.,    560. 

680,    687-8. 

129. 

Maharg,    J.    A.,    723-4,    746. 

Mathieson,     Hon.     John     A., 

onroe,    President,   206. 

Mahan,    Dr.,    727. 

641. 

onsarratt,    C.   N.,    628. 

Mahon,    Hugh,    153,    159. 

Mathieu,   Wilfrid  J.,   596. 

ontagu,  Rt.  Hon.  E.  S.,  63, 

Mahoney,  P.  G.,  625-6. 

Maurice,    Maj.    Gen.    F.    B.. 

111,    132. 

Mainwaring,    J.    L.,    745. 

129. 

ontague,  Dr.  W.  H.,   665-7. 

Makins,    John   A.,    500,    501. 

Mavor,    Prof.    James,    509. 

core,   Corp.  A.   B.,   744. 

Malcolm,  G.  J.  H.,  662. 

Maxwell,   D.  F.,   628. 

oore,    Constable,    405. 

Malcolm,      Lieut.      MacBeth, 

Maxwell,  Gen.  Sir  John,  136- 

oore,    M.L.A.,    S.     R.,     696, 

696,    718. 

7. 

700,    705-6,     708. 

Mallon,  J.  W.,  489. 

Mayrand,,    G.,    584. 

oore,  Rev.  W.  Harvey,  606. 

916 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Moorehouse,  Dr.  W.  M.,  550. 
Morel,  E.  D.,  113. 
Morel,    H.,    498,    530. 
Morgan,    J.    P.,    121. 
Morin,    A.,    567. 
Morin,    J.    O.,    576. 
Morin,   Mrae.,   405. 
Morine,    K.C.,    Hon.    A.    B., 

165. 

Morley,    Lord,    167. 
Morphy,    M.P.,   H.    B.,    500. 
Morrill,  V.   E.,   805. 
Morris,    Sir    Edward,    165-6. 
Morris,    P.   H.,   440. 
Morrison,   Bishop,   608. 
Morrison,     D.S.O.,     Brig.-Gen. 

E.    W.    B.,    460. 
Morrison,   Dr.   James,   435. 
Morrison,    Justice,    769. 
Morrison,   J.   J.,    553. 
Morrissy,  C.  J.,   623. 
Morrissy,     Hon.     John,     620, 

623-4,    632. 
Mortensen,   P.,  433. 
Moss,    Major   Chas.    A.,    546. 
Mossop,  F.  W,  518. 
Motherwell,      Hon.      W.      R., 

692-4,    703,    716,    719-20, 

722,    724,    800. 
Moulin,   Rt.  Rev.  Frank  Du, 

550. 

Muir,    K.C.,    James,    750. 
Miiller,   Dr.  Lauro  S.,   89. 
Mulloy,      Lieut.-Col.      Lome, 

424,    572. 

Mulock,    Sir   Wm.,    244. 
Munns,   W.  A.,    727. 
Munro,  Donald,  626,  630. 
Munro,    Hugh,    497. 
Munroe,   M.D.,   Lieut.-Col.   H. 

E.,    719. 

Munson,   K.c.,   J.   H.,   315. 
Murdie,    Capt.   Robert,    719. 
Murdock,    James,    250,    429, 

790. 

Murphy,  Hon.  Charles,  407-8. 
Murphy,  Hon.  D.,  784. 
Murphy,   Mrs.   Arthur,    736. 
Murphy,    Denis,    489. 
Murray,    General    Sir    Archi- 
bald,   129,    191-2. 
Murray,  Miss  Christina,  726. 
Murray,    K.C.,    Hon.    George 

H.,  597-8,  601-3,  610,  612, 

614. 

Murray,   G.  M.,   326-7,   804. 
Murray,     Hon.    J.    A.,     619, 

624-5,    627-8,    630-1,    638. 
Murray,   Lieut.   Ralph,    638. 
Murray,   R.  H.,   609. 
Murray,    LI..D.,   President  W. 

C.,    718,    720. 
Murray,     LL.D.,     Walter     C., 

725-6. 

Murray,    Prof.    W.    C.,    445. 
Musgrove,    A.   H.,    498,    521, 

523. 

Musselman,  J.  B.,  723-4. 
Myles,  Lieut.  A.  W.,  681. 
Myrand,  Rev.  Father,  393, 

525-6. 

Macallum,    Prof   A.    B.,    445. 
Macaulay,  Judge,  800. 
MacDermott,   Sean,   138. 
Macdiarmid,      Hon.      F.      G., 

489-90,   495,   500,   514. 
MacDonagh,    Thomas,    137-8 
Macdonald,       Lieut. -Governor 

A.  C.,   640. 
Macdonald,  Gen.  D.  A.,  288. 


Macdonald,  M.P.,  E.  M.,  247, 

255,  278,  287,  406,  414-5, 

439,    606,    608. 
Macdonald,  Pte.  Gordon,  743. 
Macdonald,    Sir   H.   J.,   680. 
Macdonald,    J.    A.,    642. 
Macdonald,  Dr.  J.  A.,  445-6- 

88. 

Macdonald,    J.    B.,    489. 
Macdonald,  Col.  J.  F.,  288. 
Macdonald    L.,    641. 
Macdonald,  M.  A.,   332,   752- 

5,   766,   772-4,   776-7,   779- 

81. 

Macdonald,   P.   A.,   648,   655. 
Macdonald,      M.P.,      Ramsay, 

112,    113,    446, 
MacDonald,    Robert,    737. 
MacDonald,    W.,    523. 
Macdonald,   Sir  W.  C..   593. 
MacDonald,    W.   R.,    224. 
Macdonell,    Brig.-Gen.    A    C., 

439,    459,    463. 
Macdonell,   Brig.-Gen.   A.  H., 

467. 

Macdonnell,    J.    S.,    197. 
MacDougall,      Aid.     Andrew, 

719. 
MacDougall,  Maj.-Gen.  J.  C., 

298. 

MacFarland,  H.  B.  F.,   664. 
Macfarlane,   J.   A.,    719. 
Macgachen,    A.    F.    D.,    683. 
Macgowan,  A.  H.  B.,   766. 
Machin,     Lieut.-Col.     Harold, 

458. 

Machin,  Stanley,  186. 
MacKay,  Rev.  A.,  783. 
MacKay,     Dr.     A.     H.,     604. 
MacKay,    Prof.    H.    M.,    588. 
MacKay,   Prof.  Ira  D.,  446. 
Mackay,      Rev.      Dr.      John, 

754,    766-7,    779. 
MacKay,   C.B.,  Col.  The  Hon. 

Kenneth,     145. 
MacKay,    N.   F.,    772. 
MacKeen,    Hon.    David,    597, 

600,    617. 
Mackensen,    Baron    C.    Von, 

47,   77. 

Mackenzie,    Pte.   A.   M.,    546. 
Mackenzie,    A.    Stanley,    445, 

607. 

Mackenzie,    D.    S.,    733. 
MacKenzie,    Lieut.    F.   J.    A., 

772,   780,   782. 
Mackenzie,   K.C.,   P.   E.,   709. 
MacKenzie,    R.  J.,   239,    794. 
Mackenzie,.    Sir     Wm.,     514, 

Mackenzie-King,  Hon.  W.  L., 
800. 

Mackie,    O.B.,    G.    D.,    709. 

MacKinnon,  Rev.  Dr.  Clar- 
ence, 617. 

MacKinnon,  Rev.  M.  A.,  714- 
5,  688-9,  690. 

Mackintosh,  Capt.  Angus  A., 
244. 

Maclay,  Bart.,  Sir  J.  P.,  187. 

MacLean,    Donald,    726. 

MacLean,  Dr.  J.  A.,  687, 
748-9. 

MacLean,    Rev.    J.    N.,    680. 

Maclean,  M.P.,  W.  F.,  279, 
358,  417,  503,  535-6,  539. 

Maclellan,    Dr.,    608. 

Macleod,    Capt.    H.    J.,    749. 

MacMillan,   A.   S.,   598. 

MacMillan,    H.    R.,    760. 

MacMurchy,    Marjorie,    419. 


MacNeill,     Prof.    John,     136, 

139. 
Macpherson,  Rev.  Dr.  H.  P., 

607. 

Macpherson,    W.   M.,    792-3. 
MacTavish,  Judge  D.  B.,  406. 
MacTavish,    Rev.   Dr.    D.   B., 

550. 

McAdam,    Rev.    Father,    606. 
McAlpine,    W.    P.,    736. 
McAra,   Peter,   792. 
McArthur,  J.  D.,  656,  728-9. 
McArthur,    J.    P.,    736. 
McAvity,     Lieut.-Col.     J.     L., 

.639. 

McAvity,   Mrs.  Malcolm,   453. 
McBain.    Col.    Wm.,    280. 
McBeath,   Major,   782. 
McBride,  Sir  Richard,  751-2, 

757,   765,   767. 
McCallum,    Dr.   H.   A.,   550. 
McCann,    A.    D.,    626. 
McCarthy,  D' Alton,   334. 
McCaul,   K.C.,   C.   C.,    750. 
McCay,  Winsor,   140. 
McClelland,    J.    A.,    806. 
McClung,   Mrs.   Nellie,   427-8. 
McCall,    Arch.,    804. 
McColl,   D.   P.,    689,   711. 
McColl,  M.L.A.,  J.  A.,  735. 
McConnell,    J.   W.,    565. 
McCorkill,  Hon.  J.   C..   565. 
McCraney,  M.P..  Geo.  E.,  331, 

427. 

McCrory,   Rev.   Father,    572. 
McCrossan,  G.  E.,   754. 
McCraig,  Clarence  J.,  595. 
McCull6ugh,    Dr.,    522. 
McCurdy,    M.P.,    Fleming    B., 

264-5,    292,    387. 
McDiarmid,    H.    J.,    647. 
McDonald,  Angus,   654. 
McDonald,    A.    M.,    731. 
McDonald,   Duncan,   587-90. 
McDonald,  K.C.,  F.,  642. 
McDonald,   Geo.,   663. 
McDonald,   K.C.,  H.  Y.,    706, 

710. 

McDonald,  J.  A.,  640. 
McDonald,  J.  Fred.,   806. 
McDonald,   L.   T.,    704. 
McDonald,   Senator   W.,    608. 
McDonald,    Wm.,    498. 
McDougald,  Mrs.  A.  W.,  421. 
McDougall,     Justice     J.     M., 

590. 

McEwen.   W.   H.,    706. 
McFadyen,   A.   J.,    640. 
McFarlane,    J.    A.,    726. 
McFarlane,   P.  G.,   636. 
McGarry,  Hon.  T.  W.,  491-5, 

504-7,    540-1     543. 
McGee,    Capt.   Charles,    546. 
McGee,    Sergt.    Charles,    316. 
McGee,  D'Arcy,   525. 
McGee,  Lieut.  Frank,   546. 
McGee,  J.  J.,  546. 
McGee,    Capt.    W.    R.,    546. 
McGillivray,  A.,   650, 
McGiverin."    ex-M.P.,     H.     B., 

415,  799. 

McGoun,    Lieut.    Arch.,    468. 
McGrath,  M.L.C.,  Hon.  P.  T., 

165,    607. 

McGregor,   J.   D.,    722. 
McGregor,     M.L.A.,    Hon.     R. 

M.,    618. 
McGuire,     Dr.     G.     A.,     758, 

772. 

McGuire.    K.C.,    T.    H..    722. 
Mcluerney.   H.   O.,    629. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


917 


Mclnnes,  Col.  C.   S.,  292. 
Mclnnes,    K.C.,    Hector,    608. 
Mclutyre,    K.C.,   D.   M.,   488. 
Mclntyre,   Capt.,   719. 
McKay,   Alex.,   605. 
McKay,    Dr.   A.   C.,    444. 
McKay,  D.  N.,  642. 
McKay,  Rev.  Dr.  W.  J.,  438. 
McKenna,  Rt.  Hon.  Reginald, 

106,    108,   116-7,   364. 
McKenzie,  Allan,   729. 
McKenzie,   D.   D.,   288. 
McKenzie,   R.,   P53. 
McKeown,  Lieut.-Col.  Walter, 

45C. 

McKeown,    C.   R.,   536. 
McKinnon,     M.L.A.,     Donald, 

153. 
McKnight,     Lieut.     Locksley, 

745. 
McLaughlin,     Major     A.     E., 

546. 

McLaughlin,  Rev.  C.  J.,  436. 
McLaughlin.   Jos.,   591. 
McLaughlin,     Rev.     Prof.    J. 

F.,   550,   688. 

McLean,    M.P.,   A.    A.,    406. 
McLean,  Hon.  A.  J.,  742. 
McLean,    Daniel,    597. 
McLean,    H.    D.,    641. 
McLean,  Col.  H.  H.,  401. 
McLean,   M.P.,   Brig.-Gen.   H. 

H..   639. 
McLean,    W.    A.,    489,    490, 

558. 
McLennan,   Prof.  J.  C.,   133, 

444-5. 

McLeod,     Rev.    G.    B.,     446. 
McLeod,     Lieut.-Col.    H.    F., 

401. 
McLorg,     Judge     E.     A.     C., 

714-5. 

McLure,    Chestei,    640. 
McManns,   Miss  E.  J.,   550. 
McMartin,   Duncan,   551, 
McMartin,    John,    551. 
McMeans,      Lieyt.-Col.      Len- 

drum,    683. 

McMillan,   A.   J.,    649,    655. 
McMillan,    Sir    D.    H.,    685. 
McMillan.  Sir  William,   158. 
McMurchy,  Noiman,   726. 
McNab,     Hon.     A.     P.,     694, 
699,  700-1,  705,  708,  710 
720. 

McNab,   D.   C.     691. 
McNamara,    T.   J.,    123. 
McNaught,     C.M.G.,     W.     K. 

415,  503. 
McNaughton,  Mrs.  John,  701 

723-4 

McNeill,    Lieut.    James,    745 
McPhedran,    Dr.,    522. 
McPherson,   A.  J.,   695,   698 

9,    706. 
McPherson,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  D. 

681. 

McPherson,       K.C.,       M.L.A 
Hon.     W.     D.,     317,     454 
482-3,    497,    541. 
McRae,   Col.   A.   D.,   448 
McShane,    Rev.    Father    Ger 

aid,    572. 

McTaggart,   D.   E.,    782. 
McTaggart,    W.    E,    760. 
MeTavish,  W.  L.,   707. 
McVety,    J.    H.,    768,    784. 
McWilliams,    R.   F.,    655. 

Nanton,     A.     M.,     322,     668 

681-3. 
Nathan,    St.   Mathew,    135. 


Naumann,  Friedrich,  46.            Ott.  Rev.  Dr..  40. 

Needier,    Prof.    G,    H.,    548. 

Oulton,    B.A.,    Alice   E.,    788. 

Neely,  M.P.,  D.  B.,  401,  704. 

Outhwaite,   M.P.,  R.  L.,   103, 

Neild,    R.    R.,    762. 

114. 

Neill,  C.  E.,   639. 

Owen,  Very  Rev.  D.  T.,  550. 

Neilson,  Neil,  757. 

Owens,    E.K.,    Lieut.    W.    H., 

Nesbitt,    E.   W.,    427. 

314. 

Nesbitt,    K.C.,    Wallace,    284, 

Oxton,  S.  C.,  647. 

417,    511,    538. 

Neville,    C.M.G.,    C.V.O.,    Lord 

Pacaud,   L.  T.,   393. 

Richard,  242,  244. 

Paish,    Sir    George,    24,    27, 

Newcombe,    C.    K.,    72,    685. 

115,   796. 

Newlands,  Hon.  H.  W.,  705. 

Palmer,   M.P.,   A.   C.,    158. 

Newman,   R.   L.,    68. 

Palmer,  .  Frederick,    78,    461. 

Newton,   Douglas,   261. 
Newton,    F.    Y.,    657,    670-1, 

Palmer,    J.    D.,    628. 
Palmer,   Dr.   J.   M.,    637. 

674. 

Panet,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  L.,  439. 

Newton,  Lord,  52. 

Pankhurst,  Mrs.  Sylvia..  421- 

Newton,    R.,    619. 

2-44. 

Nicholas  I,  H.  J.  M.,   77. 

Panneton,   Hon.   L.   A.,   589, 

Nicholas,   Grand   Duke,   68. 

590. 

Nicholas,   King,   90. 
Nicholas,   H.   M.    Prince,   80. 

Papen,  Herr  Von,  224-6. 
Papineau,   M.C.,  Capt.  Talbot 

Nicholls,  Lieut.-Col.  Frederic, 

M.,    343,    416. 

283,    794,    804. 

Pagnuelo,  Lieut.-Col.  T.,  353. 

Nicholson,   Lieut.-Col.   G.   H., 

Paquet,   Eugene,  400. 

683. 

Pardee,     F.     F.,     276,     333, 

Nicholson,    M.A.,    J.    A.,    594. 

373,    398,    414. 

Nicholson,    W.    M.,    163. 
Nickle,   W.  F.,   397,   439. 
Nietzche,       Prof.      Friedrich, 

Parent,   Jacques,    657,   674. 
Parker,  Bart.,  M.P.,  Sir  Gil- 
bert,  449. 

46. 

Parker  J.  H.,   722. 

Nivelle,    General,    60,    64. 

Parker    M.D.,   C.M.G.,   Lieut.- 

Niven,   Capt.   H.  W.,   463. 

Col.  W.  H.,   162. 

Nixon,  W.  G.,  483. 
Nolin,   J.   O.,   700,    706,    708. 

Parkes,   M.P.,   E.,   186. 
Parkhurst,  Dr.,   390. 

Morris,  James  A.,  501-2. 
Norris    Hon.  T.  C.,  376,  644- 
5,    656-9,    661-2,   674,   678- 

Parliament,    N.,   497,   498. 
Parmoor,  Lord,  531. 
Parr,   Hon.   C.   J.,    163. 

9,    681-2. 
Northcliffe,     Lord,     85,     105, 

Parrock,  Rev.  Dr.  R.  A.,  594. 
Parsons,     S.     R-,     321,     572, 

107,    166,   369. 

804. 

Northey,   General,   173. 
Northrup,   M.P.,  W.   B.,   406. 

Parlby,   Mrs.,    747. 

Nurse,     Maj.-Gen.     Wm.     T., 

T>aSh^t  hM    Nicholas    75. 

192. 
Nuttall,  F.  E.,   687. 

Patenaude,  Hon.  E.  L  ,  329, 
330,  334,  336-7,  346,  565, 

O'Brien,  Bishop,  435,  518. 
O'Connell,    Dan,    546. 
O'Connell,   Sir  Maurice,   135. 
O'Connor,   T.   P.,  ,141. 
O'Connor,    K.O.,   W.  F.,    387. 
Odium,   Prof  E.,   753 
Odium,     Lieut.-Col.     V.     W., 

e  QO 

Paterson,  Miss  Edith  L.,  784. 
Paterson,    George,    671. 
Paterson,   Lieut.-Governor  T. 
•Mr     753 
Paton,  K.C'.,  Vincent  J.,  597. 
Patriarche,  Mrs.  H.  R.,  662. 
Patricia,   Princess,  239,  240- 

783. 
O'Dwyer,  Dr.  140. 
O'Farrell,    P.    A.,    537. 
Ogilvie,   Major,   287. 
O'Gorman,     Senator    J.     A., 

Patrick^Dr.   T.   A..   726. 
Patterson,   Rev.   F.  W.,   688. 
Patterson,   R.,   738. 
Pattullo,    Hon.    T.    D.,    332, 

O'Gorman,    Rev.   J.   J.,    434. 

754,    761.    781. 
PauzS,  F.   U.,   799. 

Olafson,    0.,    724. 
O'Leary,    J.    A.,     140,     211, 

Payette,    George,    564. 
Paynter,  J.   E.,   695. 

224 
O'Leary,    Col.    Richard,    317, 

Pearce,     Hon.    G.     F.,     149, 
153. 

628,    639. 
Oliver,     D.D.,     Capt.     p.    &•-, 

Pearce,  H.  H.,   774. 

438,    712. 
Oliver,     M.P.,     Hon.     Frank, 
331,    398,   401,   414,   439. 
Oliver,   John,    756-7,   781. 
O'Malley,    Very    Rev.    Dean, 
550. 
O'Malley,    King,    153. 
O'Meara,    v.c.,    Martin,    155, 
Okuma,  Marquess,  83. 
Onslow,   Earl  of,   314. 
Ormbsy,    Mrs.    A.    B      428. 
Osier,    Sir   Edmund,    548 
Osier!  Sir  William,  120,  122, 
456,    543. 

Pearson!   J.   A.,   405. 
Pease,  Arthur    187 
Pease,   E.  L.,   361,   362. 
Peat,  J.  H.,   638 
Peckover,   Lord,    114 
Pelland,   Etienne,   587 
Pelletier,    Rev.   Fr.  ,594 
Pelletier,  M.L.A.,  J.  H.,  639. 
Pelletier,   Hon.   L.   P.,    572. 
Peltzer,   M.,   31. 
Pendray,  J.  0.,   779. 
Penman,    Rev.   John,    802. 

918 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Pennington,      ex-M.P.,      Geo., 

595. 

Pepper,  Chas.,  G.,   595. 
Peret,   M.   Raoul,    62. 
Parley,  Sir  George,  243,  248, 

267,  278,  298-9,  365,  447- 

9,  452-3,   456,   535. 
Perley,  Lady,  453. 
Perrie,    John,    732. 
Perron,     K.c.,     Hon.     J.     L., 

578,    589,    591. 
Perry,    c.M.G.,   Commissioner, 

718. 

Perry,  Major  Kenneth,  719. 
Petain,   General,    60. 
Peters,   Dr.   Carl,    131. 
Peters,   F.   W.,    785. 
Peterson,    Clayton,    707,    710. 
Peterson,  Sir  Wm.,  593. 
Petre,    Capt.    Lord,    132. 
Phelan,   Senator,   224. 
Philippi,   Pastor  Fritz,   35. 
Phillipps-Wolley,     Sir     Clive, 

315. 

Picard,    Joseph,    564. 
Picard,    J.   H.,    744. 
Pichon,    Stephen,    62. 
Piddington,    Capt.    A.,    468. 
Pierce,    M.L.A.,    H.    C.,    698, 

700-1,    704,    706-8,    710. 
Finder,   J.   K.,    621,    632. 
Pineo,  A.  V.,  768. 
Pingle,   Major   C.    S.,    744. 
Pinkham,  Miss  Mary,  425. 
Piper,    C.    B.,    682. 
Place,  J.  T.  W.,  766,   772. 
Plante,      ex-M.L.A.,      Arthur, 

339. 

Plender,  Sir  W.,  117. 
Plummer,    Lieut.   Mary,    452. 
Plumptre.   Mrs.    H.    P.,    424. 
Plunkett,  Joseph,  138. 
Poincare",    President,    59,    61, 

64,    192,   230,   264,   449. 
Pokrowsky,   M.,   31,   66,   231. 
Ponsonby,  M.P.,  Arthur,   113. 
Pooley,  R.  H:,  670,  680,  767. 
Pope,   H.  C.,   709. 
Pope,    Sir  Joseph,   252,   411, 

570. 

Popplestone,    C.    E.,    637. 
Portelance,  Rev.  X.,   675. 
Pou,  E.  W.,  208. 
Poynton,   Hon.   Alex.,    153. 
Prefontaine,  Albert,  657,  660, 

663,    673-4. 
Prendergast,   Hon.   J.   E.   P., 

665-6,    675. 

Prenter,    Mrs,    Hector,    446. 
Price,   Dr.   O.   B.,    630. 
Price,    Samuel,    494. 
Price,  Theodore  H.,  24. 
Price,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  H.,  425, 

494. 

Prilegaieff,   M.,    31. 
Pringle,  Rev.  Dr.  John,  466, 

606. 

Pringle.  Lieut.,  466,   618. 
Pringle    K.    c.,    R.    A.,    406, 

670. 

Prismal,  Lieut.-Col.  E.,  298. 
Pritchard,  Major  R.  T.,  316. 
Prothero,  M.P.,  Rowland  E., 

1S7. 

Protopopoff,   A.  D.,   66. 
Proudfoot,      K.C.,     W.,      498, 

523,    536. 

Proulx,    Edmond,    427. 
Prud'Homme,    M.    H.,    443. 
Pugsley,      Hon.     Wm.,      255, 

270-1,  275,  277,  385    407- 

8,    427. 


Putnam,    G.   A.,    484. 
Putnam,  George  Haven,  223. 
Puttee,   Compt.  A.  W.,   430. 
Pyne,   Hon.   Dr.   R.   A.,   480, 

486-8,  494,  496,  500,  532, 

541-3. 

Queen,    Aid.    J.,    430. 

Racine,  Hon.  A.,  574. 
Raffatovich,   George,   685. 
Rai,   Lajpat,   169. 
Rainville,   M.P.,  J.   H.,   339. 
Ralston,   J.   L.,    601. 
Ramsay,  W.  L.,  722. 
Ramsay,   B.A.,   Wm.,    726. 
Rankin,  K.C.,  J.   B.,   488. 
Rankin,   Dr.  W.  H.,   550. 
Rasputin,   Monk,   65. 
Rathenbury,  F.  M.,  771. 
Rathom,  J.   R.,  407,   536. 
Rattray,     Lieut.-Col.     J.     G., 

465. 

Rawle,  Lieut.-Col.  W.  F.,  468. 
Rawlinson,     Sir    H.     S.,     63, 

129. 
Redmond,  John  E.,  134,  135, 

140-4. 

Redmond,    M.P.,    Major    Wil- 
liams,   144. 

Rees,  M.P.,  E.  B.,  263. 
Reford,  Mrs.  R.  W.,  324, 

425. 

Reid,   Capt.   Bruce,   164. 
Reid,   Col.  F.  A.,   448,   455. 
Reid,    Rt.    Hon.    Sir    George 

H.,    158. 

Reid,  Miss  Helen,  425. 
Reid,  Hon.  J.  D.,  387.  403-7, 

627,    791,    795. 
Reid,   John   F.,    724. 
Reid,     Lieut.-Col.    J.    Young, 

683. 
Reid,       Lieut.-Col.      Richard, 

453. 

Reiss,  Prof.  R.  A.,  57. 
Rennie,  Richard,  719. 
Rennie,  D.S.O.,  M.V.O.,  Brig.- 

Gen.    Robert,    459,    461. 
Renwick,   R.   A.,   760. 
Repington,    Colonel,    105. 
Respa,   Charles,   225. 
Reventlow,    Count   Zu,    35. 
Reynolds,   A.   J.,   554. 
Reynolds,  J.  B.,  650-1,  687. 
Rhodes,   E.   N.,   400. 
Rhondda,  Lori,  748. 
Ribot,  Alexandre,  28,  62,  64. 
Richard,   Gaston,   58. 
Richards,  Justice  A.  E.,  659. 
Richardson,    Bishop,    636. 
Richardson,   H.   A.,    361-2. 
Richardson,   H.   W.,    793. 
Riddell,   F.   W.,    724. 
Riddell,    Harold   G.,    745. 
Riddell,    Dr.   J.    H.,    749. 
Riddell,   Ph.D.,   W.   A.,   491. 
Riddell,   Hon.   Wm.   R.,   548. 
Riel,   Louis,    685. 
Riel,   Pte.   P.,    685. 
Rigg,   R.   A.,    333,    655,    659. 
Rintelen,   Franz  Von,   226. 
Riordon,   Carl,   302. 
Ritchie,  Maj.  W.  B.  A.,  617. 
Rivers-Bulkley,    Mrs.,    441. 
Roadhouse,   W.   Bert,   483. 
Robbins,   P.  A.,   551. 
Robert,  E.  A.,  567,  575,  591. 
Roberts,  J.  H.,   562-3. 
Roberts,    Lord,    258. 
Robertson,    D.,    768. 
Robertson,   Farquhar,   594. 


Robertson,     Sir     J.    -Forbes, 

120. 

Robertson,   Wm.,   708. 
Robertson,    General    Sir   Wil- 
liam,   28,    243,    299. 
Robichaud,  Martin,  621,  631. 
Robinson,    Hon.   C.   W.,    618, 

621,    625-6,    634. 
Robinson,    F.    J.,    700,    706, 

709. 

Robinson,    Prof.   Geo.,   787-8. 
Robinson,   Hiram,   388. 
Robinson,       D.C.M.,       Sergt.- 

Major   James,    595. 
Robinson,  Hon.  J.  A.,  166. 
Robinson,  Bishop,  J.  W.,  172. 
Robinson,   W.   G.,    698. 
Roblin,     Sir     R.     P.,     655-6, 

659. 

Robson,    Charles,    662. 
Robson,     K.C.,    H.    A.,     648, 

681-2. 
Roche,  Hon.  Dr.  W.  J.,   376, 

550,  644,  722. 
Roddick,    Sir   Thomas,    642. 
Roden,  Thomas,  804. 
Rodzianko,   M.,   231. 
Roedern,  Count  Von,  340. 
Rogers,  G.  B.,   282. 
Rogers,    F.    L.,    640. 
Rogers,    Mrs.    Geo.    McLeod, 

423. 

Rogers,   Jonathan,    770-1. 
Rogers,     Hon.     Robert,     286, 

292,     324,     382-5,     405-8, 

427,      627,      668-70,      699, 

704,   706-8. 
Rohan,    Capt.,    The    Due    de, 

64. 
Roland,  C.  F.,  654,  655,  681- 

Roosevelt,    Colonel   T.,    203-4, 

206,  209-16,  468. 
Root,    Elihu,   201,   216. 
Roques,   M.,   28. 
Rose,    Capt.    La,    685. 
Rosebery,   Earl  of,   186,   230, 

369,    494. 
ROSS,      C.M.G.,      M.L.A.,      M.D., 

Col.  A.  E.,  457,   543. 
Ross    A.   Guy,    588,    591. 
Sir  Charles,   296-7. 
D.   A.,    674. 


Henry  T.,    601. 
Major  J.  A.,   719. 


Ross 

Ross 

Ross     Lieut.    J.    H.,    719. 

Ross,    J.    K.    L.,    361,    594, 

607. 

Ross,    Lieut.-Col.   J.   L.,  440. 
Ross,   R.   A.,    445,   588. 
Ross,    W.    G.,    444,    594. 
Ross,  Hon.  W.  R.,   758,   760, 

761,    780. 

Rothermere,    Lord,    165,   264. 
Rowell,     K.c.,     N.     W.,     313, 

333,    415,    417.    492,    494, 

498-9,     502,     520,     522-3, 

529,   536-7,   544-6. 
Rowntree,    Prof.   L.   G.,   550. 
Roy,    K.O.,   Ferd.,    571. 
Roy,    Lieut.    G.    E.    Le,    744. 
Roy,    Lieut.-Col.    J.    N.,    565. 
Roy,  Mgr.  P.  E.,  562,  564. 
Runciman,   Rt.  Hon.   W.,  28, 

108,    119,    185. 
Ruspoli,    Prince,    31. 
Russell,  F.B.S.,  Hon.  B.,  114. 
Russell,  Senator  E.  J.,  152-3. 
Russell,  J.  H.  G.,   665. 
Russell,    T.    A.,    281.    283. 
Rustomjee,    Rustom,    172. 
Ruttan,   Prof.  R.  F.,  445. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


919 


Rutherford,  Hon.  A.  C.,  744. 
Rutherford,    Dr.   J.    G.,    653, 

722. 

Rutherford,    Rutledge,    36. 
Rutherford,  Dr.  W.  J.,  711. 
Ruttan,     Brig.-Gen.     H.     N., 

683. 

Rutter,   H.  C.,   642. 
Ryan,   John  J.,   226. 
Ryan,    Hon.    T.    J.,    158. 
Ryder,   Capt.   Geo.   P.,    639. 
Ryerson,  Miss  Laura  M.,  425. 
Ryrie,    C.M.G.,    Brig.-Gen.    G. 

de   L.,    155. 

Sakatani,    Baron,    31. 

Sakharoff,  General,   69. 

Salandra,    Signer,    73. 

Sales,    Thos.,    724. 

Salt,   Win.,    665-7. 

Salisbury,   Lord,   143. 

Sampson,   H.   E.,   706,   709. 

Samuel,   H.   L.,   181. 

Sanford,   Rev.  A.  M.,   788. 

Sarrail,   General,    64,    76. 

Sauve,  Arthur,  574,  576-9, 
582,  584,  586,  592. 

Sazonoff,  M.,  65,  66,  71, 
230. 

Scammell,  E.  H.,  381. 

Schack,   Baron  Von,  226. 

Scheidemann,    Philip,    43. 

Schiff,   Jacob   G.,   224,   228. 

Schmalz,  W.  H.,   555. 

Schofield,    E.    A.,    311. 

Schofield,  M.A.,  Prof.  S.  J., 
788. 

Schofield,   Prof.  W.   H.,   468. 

Schoiler,  C.E.,  Capt.  P.  C., 
665. 

Schooling,  John  Holt,  188. 

Schulthess,    M.,    86. 

Schuster,   Sir  Felix,   792-3. 

Schwaback,   Paul  Von,  44. 

Scriven,   Bishop,   437. 

Scott,   D'Arcy,   525. 

Scott,   F.   S.,   439. 

Scott,  Frank,  792. 

Scott,    George,    695. 

Scott,   Maj.-Gen.  H.   L.,   201. 

Scott,    Mrs.    John,    424,    428. 

Scott,   John  T.,   773-4,   782. 

Scott,   Col.   Wallace,    455. 

Scott,  Hon.  Walter,  376,  689, 
690,  696-7,  701,  704,  711- 
12,  714-15,  719,  720. 

Scott,  W.  E.,  759,   760,   785. 

Seaborn,  M.D.,  Lieut.-Col.  Ed- 
win, 550. 

Searls,  C.  A.,  288. 

Seath,  Major  David,  444, 
594. 

Seeley,  C.B.,  D.S.O.,  Brig.- 
Gen.  J.  E.  B.,  460. 

Seggie,   Corp.  J.  B.,   572. 

Selborne,  Earl  of,  120,  143. 

Sellheim,  Brig.-Gen.  V.  C. 
M.,  158. 

Seufft,  Arnold  V.,   35 

Sergeieff,  Sergt.  Alexander, 
57. 

Sevastopoulo,   M.,    31. 

Sevigny,    B.A.,    Hon.    Albert, 

400,  406,    565. 
SSvigny,   Mme.,   405. 
Sextan,  F.  H.,  599. 
Shankland,   E.  C.,   665. 
Sharp,    Rev.   D.   R..   392. 
Sharpe,  Lieut.-Col.  S.  S.,  401. 
Sharpe,   J.   W.,    482. 
Sharpe,     Lieut.-Col.     W.     H., 

401,  683. 


Sharpe,   Dr.  W.   D.,   444 
Sharpies,     Lieut.-Col.     J.    J., 

382. 
Shatford,    L.    W.,    766,    772, 

780. 
Shaughnessy,  Capt.  The  Hon. 

A.  T..   790. 
Shaughnessy.  Lord,  238,  258, 

319,   339,   785,   790-1. 
Shaughnessy,  Capt.  The  Hon. 

W.   J.,   790. 

Shaw,   Col.   A.   E.,   463,   465. 
Shaw,  Bernard,  139. 
Shaw,   Lord,   531. 
Sheard,  Dr.  Charles,  265. 
Shearman,   Justice,   142. 
Shears,   Lieut.   Norman,   468. 
Sheehy-Skeffington,    137. 
Suenck,   Baron,   79. 
Sheppard,    Hon.   J.   A.,    700, 

703,  705-8. 
Sheppard,   Rice,    747. 
Sherrard,    J.    H.,    286,    308, 

321,   804. 
Sherwood,  C.M.G.,  Col.  Sir  A. 

P.,   242,   244,   405-6. 
Shortt,   Mrs.   Adam,    386. 
Sifton,  Hon.  A.  L.,  728,  737- 

42. 

Sifton,  Sir  Clifford,  331,  417. 
Silver,  H.  R.,  641. 
Simms,  W.  P.,  66. 
Simon,    F.    W.,    648,    664-5, 

667. 

Simon,   Lieut.  J.  J.,   158. 
Simon,    M.P.,    Sir   John,    102, 

103,    188,    531. 
Simpson,    Cuthbert   A.,    641. 
Simpson,   James,    333,   430-1. 
Simpson,     S.    S.,     700,     701, 

706,    708. 
Simpson.    Dr.    R.   M.,    665-8, 

670. 

Sinclair,    Angus,    453. 
Sinnott,       Archbishop,       656, 

685. 

Sinton,    Robert,    704. 
Skaggs,  W.  H.,  223. 
Skelton,    Prof.   O.   D.,    722. 
Sladen,    A.  F.,    242,    244. 
Slater,   H.,    584. 
Sloan,   Hon.  Wm.,   332,   778, 

781. 

Smallman.    J.   B.,    550. 
Smart,  Lieut.-Col.  C.  A.,  584. 
Smartt,   Sir  Thomas,  175. 
Smith,    A.    H.,    796. 
Smith,   M  L.A.,  A.    S.,    704. 
Smith,   David,    687. 
Smith,    Dr.    E.    A..    625-6. 
Smith,  M.L.A.,  B.  Frank,  621, 

624,    626,    628,    632. 
Smith,    C.    N.,    799. 
Smith,    E.   L.   H.,    699,    701, 

704,  707.    709-10. 
Smith,    Sir   F.   H.,    187. 
Smith,   F.   W.,    642. 
Smith,   G.   P.,    744,   750. 
Smith.  Hon.  Geo.,  578. 
Smith,   H.   G.,    705. 

Smith,  C.M.G.,  I.S.O.,  Lieut.- 
Col.  Henry  R.,  244. 

Smith,    H.    R.,    405. 

Smith,   Senator  Hoke,   224. 

Smith,    Capt,   J.    C.,    692. 

Smith,    J.    M.,    694,    710. 

Smith,   L.  J.,   651. 

Smith,  Ralph,  332,  756,  781. 

Smith,  Mrs    Ralph,  779.. 

Smith,  R.  Home,  799,  800. 

Smith,  W.  Rathbone,  729, 
744. 


Smith,  Dr.  T.  F.  A.,  45. 
Smith,   Gen.  W.   E.   B.,   460. 
Smith,    Hon     W.    H.    Laird, 

153. 

Smith-Dorrien.  Sir  H.,  120. 
Smithers,    C.    F.,    791-3. 
Smuts,    Gen.    Jon    Christian, 

90.    173-4,    189. 
Smyth,  Rev.  Principal,  563. 
Smyth,   Major   W.   R.,    401. 
Snell.   J.    A..    711. 
Snider,    His    Honour    C.    J., 

806. 
Snowden,   M.r..   Phillip,    103, 

114. 

Scares,   Senhor,   31. 
Soloan,  Dr.  David,  606,  608. 
Sonnino,  Baron,   60,  231. 
Sophia,    Queen,    77,    79. 
Spanton,   Rev.  E    F.,   58. 
Speuce.  F.  S  ,  391. 
Spencej   Hon.   W.  G.,   153. 
Spencer,    M.L.I.,    Lieut.    Nel- 
son,   718,    744. 
Speyer,   James,   228. 
Spicer,  M.P.,  Sir  Albert,  186. 
Sprague,   D.  E.,   668,  685. 
Sproule,   Prof.  E.  A.,   6a7. 
Sproule,  G.  A.,   651. 
Sproule,     Hon.    T.    S.,    404, 

406. 

Squair,  Prof  John,  488. 
Squires,    Hon.   R.    A.,    165. 
Stacpoole,  H   de  Vere,  135. 
Stairs,   Denis,    618. 
Stairs,  Liput.  Geo.,  618. 
Stairs,  Graham,  618. 
Stairs,   Herbert,    618. 
Stairs,  Lieut.  John  C.,  618. 
Stairs,  Hon.  W.  J.,  618. 
Stanfield,  Frank    603. 
Stanfield,  M.J.  A.,  Frank,  642. 
Stanfield,  Lieut.-Col.  J.,  401, 

617. 

Stanfield,   M.P.,  John,   801. 
Stanley,    Dr.   G.    D.,    736-40. 
Stanton,     C.M.G.,     Lieut.-Col. 

E    A.,   242,   301. 
Stapleford,  M.A.,  E.  W.,  726. 
Staples,  W.  D.,  368. 
Stauffer,    Lieut.    J.    E.,    744. 
Steacey,  Col.  the  Rev.  R.  H., 

Steele,'  J.  Gordon,   640. 
Steele,  C.B.,  Maj.-Gen.  S.  B., 

298,   452. 

Steeves,  Dr.  E.  O.,  620. 
Steeves,   R.   P.,   619. 
Steiss,    Constable,   433. 
Shephens,   Geo.   W.,   280. 
Sterling,  John  T.,  748. 
Stevens.    H.   H.,    388-9,    753, 

786. 

Stevenson,   T.   A.,   523. 
Stevenson,  T.  J.,   805. 
Stewart,   Hon.  Alex.   780. 
Stewart,  Major  Alex.,  805. 
Stewart,  A.  J.  H.,   621,   631. 
Stewart,    Hon.    Charles,    732. 
Stewart,    C.    R.,    404. 
Stewart,  Major  D.,  401. 
Stewart,  J.   D.,  698,   703. 
Stewart,     Lieut.-Col.     J.     S., 

Stewart,  Major  Stewart,  758. 
Stewart,   Col.   J.   W.,    765. 
Stiles,   A.   W.,   461. 
Stimson,    Hon.    H.    L.,    203. 
Stone,  Senator  W.  J.,  207. 
Stanfield,     M.P.,     Lieut.     Col. 

John,    642. 
Strathcona,  Lady,  453. 


920 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Strauss,   Rev.   E.  J.  M.,   550. 

Thomson,  M.L.A.,  H.  B.,  762, 

Stuart,   Hon.   C.  A.,    748. 

775. 

Stuart-Wade,   C.  H.,   805. 

Thomson,   H.   S.,   766. 

Stuermer,    Boris   V.,    32,    66, 

Thomson,     M.P.,     Levi,     390, 

99. 

726. 

Sturgkh,    Count,    98. 

Thorburn,   M.P.,  W.,   292. 

Sullivan,    J.    L.,    773-4,    776. 

Thornton,   C.  J.,    390. 

Suite,   Benj.,   548. 

Thornton,    M.D.,    Hon.   R.    S., 

Sugrue,   J.   L.,    629,    638. 

642,   657,  660,   673-4,   676- 

Surveyor,   Arthur,   588. 

7. 

Sutherland,    Capt.   James   T., 

Tiffits,    A.    R.,    806. 

307,    317. 

Tidmarsh,    W.    F.,    640. 

Sutherland,  Hon.  W.  C.,  698, 

Tighe,    Maj.  -General,    173. 

700,    722. 

Tilley,   Lady,   638. 

Sutton,  Major  W.  S.(  626. 

Tilley,    Capt.   L.   P.   D.,    630, 

Swanson,    M.A.,    Ph.D.,    Prof. 

633,    639. 

W.   W.,    726. 

Tilley,  Sir  Leonard,  633. 

Sweeney,  F.  J.,  626. 

Tilley,   K.C.,   W.   N.,    531. 

Swift,    Col.,   466. 

Timmins,    L.    H.,    551,    642. 

Swinton,  Lt.-Col.  E.  D.,  131. 

Timmins,   N.  A.,   551,   642. 

Sydenham,   Lord,    126,    133. 

Tingley,  K.C.,  A.  R.    716. 

Sylvestre,   Jos.,   584. 

Tirpitz,  Admiral  Von,  45. 

Symon,      C.M.G.,      Lieut.-Col. 

Tisdall,    Hon.    C.    E,    752-3, 

Frank,  162. 

755,    758,    764,    774. 

Tittoni,  Sigiior,  31. 

Taft,  W.   H.,   204,   208,   214, 
216. 
Tagore,      Sir     Rabindranath, 

Tobin,    S.   G.,    736. 
Todd,    Major   J.    L.,    440. 
Tomlinson,    D.S.O.,    Capt.     L. 
W.,   175. 

1  69. 
Tait,    Sir   Thomas,    325-8. 

Tory,    Dr.   H.   M.,    744,    748- 
9     787 

Tait,  M.D.,  Major  W.  D.,  593. 
Talaat,    Bey,    48. 
Talbot,    P.    A.,    673-4. 
Tanner,    M.D.,    Lieut.-Col.    A. 

W74C 

Tory,  James  C.,   603-4. 
Totzke,  A.  F.,  700,  706,  708. 
Townsend,   Lieut.,    618. 
Tovnbee,    Arnold   J.,    53,    58. 

.,       <4O. 

Tanner,   K.C.,   Chas.   E.,   602, 
610,    612-15,    642. 
Tanner,  Lieut.  Fred,  618. 
Tauscher,  Hans,  225-6. 
Tappert,    Rev.    C.   R.,    554-5. 

Trant,   Wm.,    727. 
Trego,  W.  D.,   747. 
Treitschke,      Prof.      Heinrich 
Von,    46,    88. 
Tremain,    Lieut.-Col.    H.    B., 

A  rtl 

Taschereau,  Hon.  L.  A.,  334, 
557,    566,    574,    577,    580. 

4U  J.. 

Tremeudan,    A.    H.    de,    675, 

fiftft 

Tate,    Rev.    C.    M.,    771. 
Tate,    F.    C.,    703. 

Trepoff,  Alex.  F.,  66.  72,  230. 
Trevelyan,    M.P.,   C.   P.,    103, 

Tatsuke,    M.,    31. 

1  1  Q 

Taylor,    B.    W.,    225. 
Taylor,     M.P.,    Lieut.-Col.    J. 

J.  -Lo. 

Tudor,    Admiral,    133. 
Tudor,    Hon.    F.    G.,    152-3. 

D.,    401,    451. 
Taylor,    L.    D.,    753. 
Taylor,    Hon.    Taomas,     672, 
756,    758,    764,    766. 
Taylor,     Rev.     T.     Wardlaw, 

Tulk,   Lieut.  A.   E.,   770. 
Tupper,   Lady,   425. 
Tupper,   Sir  Charles  Hibbert, 
753-4,      757,     777-8,     780, 
783 

802. 
Teed,  K.C.,  M.  G.,  622-4,  629. 
Tees,  F.  J.,   594. 
Telfer,     M.A.,     Rev.     D.     H., 

Tupper,  Capt.  Reginald,  783. 
Tupper.    W.    E.,    806. 
Turgeon,  Hon.  Adelard,   346. 
Turgeon,    J.    G.,    742,    744. 

749. 
Tellier,  K.C.,  J.  M.,  345,  566. 
Terauchi,   Field  Marshal,   83. 

Turgeon,     Hon.     W.     F.     A., 
694,    697,    699,    701,    704, 
707-8     7^0 

Terry,   W.   S.,   443. 
Tessier,   Hon.  J.  A.,   558. 
Thacker,     o.M.a.,     Brig.-Gen. 

Turnbul'l,    R.  '  E.,    709. 
Turner,     Hon.     J.     H.,     751, 
765. 

P.    E.,    448. 

Turner,   Hon.   R.,   574. 

Thackeray,       C.M.G.,      D.S.O., 

Turner,  v.c.,  Gen.  K.  E.  W., 

Lieut.-Col.    E.   F.,    175. 

253,    268,    449,    459. 

Theriault,   Rev.   Fr.,    526. 

Turney,   A.   G.,    620. 

Thibaudeau,  Major  de  Blois, 

Turriff,  J.  G.,  401,  427,  535. 

744. 

Tuxford,     C.M.G.,     Brig.-Gen. 

Thibaudeau,  Mme.  J.  R.,  425 

G.    S.,    459,    465     719 

Thomas,    Albert,    28,    64. 

Tweddle,    A.    B.,    759. 

Thomas,    Mrs.    A.     V.,     428, 

Tweedie,   T.   M.   M.,    738. 

687. 

Tweedmouth,   Lord,   131. 

Thomas,   M.P.,  D.  A.,   270. 

Tye,  W.  F.,   588. 

Thomas,    M.P.,    Hon.    Josiah, 

158. 

Upham,    Geo.  W.,    626. 

Thompson,     M.P..     Lieut.-Col. 

Uppvall,   Prof.  A.  J.,   637. 

Alfred,    382. 

Ussher,    Col.    J.    F.   H,.    463. 

Thompson,   Dr.  Alfred,   400. 

Thompson,  Lieut.  H.  N.,  692. 

Vadner,  C.  S.,   550. 

Thompson,    Ross,    628. 

Vaillancourt,    J.    A.,    295. 

Thompson,    W.   F.,    758. 

Van  Allan,  E.  A.,   554, 

Vance,    Rev.    W.   H.,    392. 
Vanderlip,    F.    A.,    193,    197. 
Vanderveldt,   Emil,    56. 
Vardaman,     Senator     J.     K., 

224. 

Vassar-Smith,  Richard,  117. 
Vaughan-Lee,  Admiral,  133. 
Veitch,    Harry,    430. 
Veniot,   P.  J.,   621,   638. 
Venizelos,     M.,     79,     80,     81, 

100. 

Verville,    Alphonse,    592. 
Victor    Emmanuel,    King,    H. 

M.,  73,  79. 
Vierreck,    222. 
Villard,  Mrs.  Henry,  228. 
Villard,    Oswald   G.,    224. 
Vilhena,    M.   de,    31. 
Villeneuve,      E.     W.,     587-9, 

591-2. 
Viviani,    M.,    61. 

Waddie,    H.    J.,    804. 
Wade,  K.c.,  F.  C.,  412,   767, 

787. 

Wade,    R.    W.,    484. 
Wadsworth,    Senator    J.    W., 

203. 

Waldron,   Gordon,   501. 
Wales,   H.   R.   H.,   Prince  of, 

91,    191. 

Walker,    Judge,    D.   M..    655. 
Walker,    E.    C.,    548. 
Walker,    M.L.A.,   Frank,    744. 
Walker,    Lieut.   F.,    744. 
Walker,  H.  B.,   330,  593. 
Walker,    Mrs.    H.    B.,    241-2. 
Wallace,     Prof.    R.    C.,     649, 

654-5. 

Wallace,   M.P.,  T.   G.,   406. 
Wallace,   Thomas,    665. 
Walsh,  J.  C.,   141. 
Walsh,  M.P.,  Stephen,   105. 
Walters,    Mayor   C.   W.,    317, 

545. 

Warburg,  Paul  M.,  197,  228. 
Warburton,  G.  A.,  516,  517. 
Ward,  Mrs.  Humphrey,  112. 
Ward,  Sir  Joseph  G.,  160-1, 

163,    183. 

Ward,   Col.  W.   R.,   450. 
Wardle,   M.P.,  G.  J.,   187. 
Wardleworth,    T.   H.,    799. 
Warner,   D.  W.,   734,   747. 
Warren,   Mrs.  H.   D.,   544. 
Warren,   Wm.   R.,    695. 
Warner,    C.   M.,    488. 
Washburn,    Stanley,    65. 
Washington,      George,      104, 

140. 

Washington,  K.C.,  S.  F.,  248. 
Watkins,  M.P.,  Hon.  David, 

158. 
Watson,        C.B.,        Brig.-Gen. 

David,  459-61,  467. 
Watson,    George,    661. 
Watson,    G.    A.,    650. 
Watson,    J.    S.    H.,    771. 
Watson,    Senator    R.,   407-8. 
Watters,   J.   C.,    292,    333. 
Watts,    G.   W.,   269,   280. 
Waugh,    Mayor    R.    D.,    647, 

680,    682. 

Weardale,  Lord,  188. 
Webb,   C.I.E.,  Hon.  M.  de  P., 

171. 

Webster,    C.    H.,    681,    683. 
Webster,  Hon.  Wm.,   153. 
Wedel,    Prince    Von,    44. 
Weichel,    W.    G.,    389. 
Weir,    John,    747. 


INDEX  TO  NAMES 


921 


Weir,    B.A.,    L.L.B.,    John    A., 

726. 

Weir,    Hon.    R.    S.,    594. 
Weissmarf,    Henry,    216. 
Weldon,    ex-M.P.,    Dr.    R.    C., 

607. 
Welsh,     F.    W.,     773,     776-7, 

779. 

Westbrook,  F.   F.,   787. 
Westwood,  Rev.  Horace,  430. 
Wet,   General  De,   174. 
Wetmore,    Hon.    E.    L.,    705, 

726. 

Wharton,   J.   A.,    679. 
Whelan,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  D.,  434. 
Whidden,   Dr.   H.   P.,   688. 
White,    Gerald,    406. 
White,  Major  G.  V.,  401. 
White,   H.   S.,   546. 
White,   J.  Leigh,   630. 
White,    Peter,    483. 
White,  Sir  Thomas,  251,  276- 

8,  287,  326-7,  354-66,  381-, 

403,    406,    417,    440,    448, 

792  3. 

White,    Dr.   W.   W.,    642. 
Whitehouse,  M.P.,  J.  H.,  114. 
Whiteside,  M.L..A.,  F.  H.,  744. 
Whiting,    Rev.    R.,    446. 
Whitla,     K.C.,    H.    W.,     665, 

667. 

Whitman,    Wm.,    597. 
Whitney,    Sir   Jauies,    480. 
Whitson,    J.   F.,    485. 
Wigle,    B.A.,    Rev.    Hamilton, 

638. 

Wilson,  Dr.  R.  A.,  711. 
Wilhelm  II,  Emperor,  33,  36, 

40-1,  43,  47-8,  58,  79,  85, 

88,     128,     153,     169,     174, 

216. 

Wille-Bismarck,    General,    86. 
William,    H.    S.    H.,    Prince, 

78. 
Williams,  Lieut.-Col.  the  Rev. 

Cecil   G.,    308. 
Williams,   David,   488. 
Williams,   Col.   G.   H.,   424. 
Williams,   Major  the  Rev.  G. 

H.,   550. 


Williams,  John,    662. 

Williams,  Dr.  J.  J.,   527. 

Williams,  John   S.,    196. 

Williams,  Parker,    754,    766, 

772. 

Williams,  R.   H.,    704. 

Williams,  S.   J.,    555. 
Williams-Taylor,   Sir  F.,   362, 


Williams-Taylor,    Lady,    422, 

424. 
Williams,  Brig-Gen.  V.  A.  S., 

459,    463, 

Willison,    W.    A.,    461. 
Willoughby,   K.C.,   M.L  A.,   W. 

B.,    696-8,    701,    703,    712, 

717,    726-7. 
Willows,    A.,    686. 
Willson,    Heckles,    269. 
Wilson,    K.C.,    Charles,    770. 
Wilson,    C.    E.,    698. 
Wilson,     Brig.-Gen.     E.     W., 

572. 
Wilson,  Lieut.-Col.  F.  W.  E., 

455. 

Wilson.    G.    S.,    805. 
Wilson,   Sir  H.  H.,   63. 
Wilson,  J.  Lockie,  483. 
Wilson,    Mayor,    255. 
Wilson,   W.   A.,   722. 
Wilson,  Rev.  W.  D.,   392. 
Wilson,   W.   W.   W.,    662. 
Wilson,    Woodrow,    43,    100, 

140,      200,      204-16,     219, 

221,    224,    227-9,    231-3. 
Wilton,    M.L.A.,    J.    W.,    659, 

661,    681. 

Wilton,    Lieut..   W.    B.,    681. 
Wimbourne,   Lord,   109,    142, 

144. 
Winkler,       Hon.      Valentine, 

649-50,    659,   660,   663. 
Winter,  Hon.  M.  G.,  165. 
Wiseman,    Miss,   295,   426. 
Withers,   Hartley,    116. 
Witzell,    A.    J.,    630. 
Wolfe,    L.   A.   de,    606. 
Wood,  E.  R.,  295.,  302,  534, 

794. 
Wood,   Miss  F.   G.,   424. 


Wood,  G.  W.,  651. 
Wood,  H.  W.,  747. 
Wood,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Lieut. - 

Governor  Josiah,   629. 
Wood,   Lieut.  J.   G.   C.,    782. 
Wood,     Gen.    Leonard,     200, 

202,  468. 

Wood,  Wm.  R.,   663. 
Woodbridge,  P.  P.,  747. 
Woods,   J.   W.,   322,    799. 
Woodsworth,  Rev.  J.  F.,  446, 

799. 

Woodworth,  C.  M.,  771,  779. 
Workman,    Mark,    292. 
Wright,    A.    W.,    494. 
Wright,    Mrs.    Gordon,    423, 

428. 

Wright,  G.  F.,  722. 
Wright,   Wm.,    390. 
Wrong,   E.   Murray,    548. 
Wrong,     Prof.     G.    M.,     417, 

548. 
Wylie,   D.  J.,   696,   698,   700, 

704. 

Yeats,  W.  B.,  138. 
Yoakum,  Benjamin  F.,  276, 

280,    283,    285. 
Yorke.  Sir  Arthur,  792-3. 
Yorston,   W.   G.,    599. 
Young,  Hon.  Dr.  H.  E.,  727. 

754,     762-3,     766-7,     782, 

787. 

Young,   Sir  Lawrence,   793. 
Young,    Mayor,    718. 
Young,  K.C.,  McGregor,   531. 
Young,      C.M.G.,      Lieut.-Col. 

Robert,  162. 
Young,    Robert,    662. 
Young,    Gen.   S.   B.   M..    201. 
Young,  Lieut.  Stanley,  468. 
Young.    Wra.,    760. 
Younger,   Justice   R.,    52. 
Youngs,   Col.   J.   L.,   546. 
Yule,   Lieut.   L.   B.,   745. 

Zavitz,  Prof.  C.  A.,  483,  548. 
Zavitz,   E.  J.,  486. 
Zimmerman,    Dr     Alfred,    45, 
87. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


Acadia      University,      Wolfe- 

ville,     607. 

Africa,  German  East,  58,  82. 

After-the-War  Policy,  366-71. 

Agricultural   Credits   Act,    B. 

C.,   756,    758-9,   760. 

Agricultural  Credit  Plans, 
Western,  652-3,  662. 

Agriculture  in  Alberta,  745-8. 

Agriculture  in  B.  C.,  759-60. 

Agriculture,   Council  of,   799. 

Agriculture  in  Ontario,  483- 
4,  552-4. 

Agricultural  Policy,   374-6. 

Agriculture  in  Quebec,  556, 
559. 

Agriculture  in  Saskatchewan, 
692. 

Alberta,  Agricultural  Condi- 
tions of,  734-5,  736,  745-8. 

Alberta,  Budget  and  Fin- 
ances of,  730-1. 

Alberta,  Educational  Affairs 
in,  733-4. 

Alberta,  1916  Legislation  in, 
736,  741-3. 

Alberta,  License  and  Corrup- 
tion Charges  in,  736-40. 

Alberta,  Mining  Interests  of, 
748. 

Alberta,  Prohibition  and 
Woman  Suffrage  in,  741-2. 

Alberta,  Railway  Policy  in, 
728-9,  730. 

Alberta,  Sifton  Government 
and  Departments  in,  728- 
36. 

Alberta,  Telephones  in,  730, 
740. 

Alberta,  War  Action  of,  733, 
743-5,  749. 

Alberta  College,  Edmonton, 
749. 

Alberta  and  Great  Water- 
ways Ry.,  728,  741. 

Alberta,  University  of,  748-9. 

Aliens  in  Canada,  387,  431-2- 
3. 

Allied   Council  of  War,   27-8. 

Allies,  Gains  and  Losses  of 
British,  21-2. 

Allison  Case,  and  Sir  S. 
Hughes,  256,  272-9,  280- 
6. 

American  Commission  for 
Belgian  Relief,  53,  56, 
196. 

American  Rights  League, 
237. 

American  Truth  Society,  211, 
224. 

Anglican  Church  and  the 
War,  434,  437-8. 

Anglican  Theological  College, 
Vancouver,  787. 

Apple     Duty,     Federal,     760. 

Appointments,  Official  Sas- 
katchewan, 695. 

Appointments,  Ontario  Gov- 
ernment, 493. 

Aristocracy  in  the  War,  Bri- 
tish, 131-2. 


Armenian  Relief  Fund,   444. 

Armies  of  the  War,  22,  24-5, 
68-9,  143-4,  161-2,  170-1. 

Army,   The   Canadian,   253-4. 

Army  in  Britain,  Canadian, 
449,  450. 

Army  in  the  War,  British, 
18,  22,  38,  40,  44,  61-2, 
95-6,  129-33,  154-5,  162- 
4,  170-1,  174-5. 

Arsenal  at  Lindsay,  Domin 
ion,  262-3,  378. 

Australian  Army  at  the 
Front,  154-5. 

Australia,  Conscription  in, 
149-53. 

Australia,  Financial  Condi- 
tions in,  155-6. 

Australia,  German  Influence 
in,  147-8-9. 

Australia,  Military  Forces  of, 
143-5,  151. 

Australia,  Munitions  in,  157- 
8. 

Australia,    Navy   of,    147. 

Australia,  Recruiting  in,  145- 
3,  151. 

Australia,  Statistics  of,  158-9. 

Australia,  Trade  and  Produc- 
tion of,  156. 

Australia,  W.  M.  Hughes 
and,  146-53. 

Australian  War  Contribu- 
tions, 192. 

Australian  Premier  in  Cana- 
da, 146,  238-9. 

Austria  and  the  War,  22,  26, 
33,  42,  46-8,  56-7,  74-3, 
90-100,  231,  234. 

Automobiles  in   Quebec,    557. 

Aviation,   Canadian,   300-2. 

Bagdad  Railway,  20,  22,  45, 

47,  72. 
Balkans    and   the   War,    The, 

17,    75-81. 
Bank  Appointments,   804-5. 
Bank   Clearings,    795. 
Banks    and    the   War,    Cana- 
dian,   803-4. 
Banks    and    the    West.    728, 

740.  . 

Banks,     Sir     Thomas     White 

and,   357-8. 
Baptie  Hospital  Report,  The, 

457-8. 
Battalions.     Commanders     of 

Canadian,  305-6. 
Raralong   Case,    40. 
Behring  Sea  Arbitration,  784. 
Belgian     Relief     Funds,     53, 

196,  443,   717,   743. 
Belgian    Relief,    U.    S.    and, 

53,    56,    196. 
Belgians,   Exportation  of,   55- 

6,   89,   221. 
Belgium    and    the    War,    17, 

31-2,  53-6,  61,  78,  89,  192, 

221,   233-4,   235,   423. 
Bengal     and     North-Western 

Ry,   761. 
Berlin-Kitchener  Issue,  554-5. 

[922] 


I  Better  Schools  Movement, 
Saskatchewan,  691,  713-2. 

Biblical  School  Readings  in 
N.  B.,  636-7. 

Bi-lingual  Problem  at  Ottawa, 
392-9. 

Bi-lingual  Question,  The,  524- 
32,  566-71,  569,  574-5, 
578,  584,  586,  657,  676-7, 
711-4. 

Bi-lingual  Question  in  Que- 
bec, 338,  340-1,  342-3, 
344-5. 

Bi-lingual  Schools,  Nova 
Scotian,  605-6,  614. 

Bi-lingualism  and  the  War, 
566-71. 

Bishop's  College,  University 
of,  594. 

Black-Lilt,  British,  235-6. 

Blair  Incident  in  N.  B.,  622- 
3,  632. 

Blockade  of  Germany,  Bri- 
tish, 21,  22,  36-7-8. 

Boards  of  Trade,  B.  C.,  803. 

Boards  of  Trade,  Eastern 
Townships,  803. 

Boards  of  Trade,  Ontario, 
798. 

Boards  of  Trade,  Western 
N.  S.,  803. 

Bond    Sales,    Canadian,    804. 

Bonne  Entente  Movement, 
571-2. 

Borden,    Camp,   256,   263-4. 

Borden  Government,  After- 
War  Policy  of,  366-7-8. 

Borden  Government,  Bi-lin- 
gual Problem  and,  393-9, 

Borden  Government,  British 
Relations  of,  364,  447-8. 

Borden  Government,  Depart- 
mental Work  of,  366-87. 

Borden  Government,  Difficul- 
ties of,  245. 

Borden  Government  Difficul- 
ties with  Sir  S.  Hughes, 
250-1,  267. 

Borden  Government,  Enlist- 
ment Action  of,  248-9. 

Borden  Government,  Finan- 
cial Policy  of,  354-65. 

Borden  Government,  General 
Policy  of,  246,  253,  366. 

Borden  Government,  Liberal 
Criticism  of,  409-18. 

Borden  Government,  Muni- 
tions Policy  of,  269-74, 
289-96. 

Borden  Government.  National 
Service  Commission  and, 
251-2,  325-33. 

Borden  Government,  New 
Year  Messages  of,  253. 

Borden  Government,  Policy 
and  Speeches  in  Quebec, 
334-9. 

Borden  Government,  Prohibi- 
tion and  the,  387-92. 

Borden  Government  Recruit- 
ing Policy  of,  254-69,  303- 
24,  379,  383-4. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


923 


Borden  Government  Ross 
Rifles  and  Aviation,  296- 
302. 

Boycott,  Proposed  French- 
Canadian.  566. 

Boy  Scouts  of  Canada,  240-1 

Bradshaw  charges  in  Sas 
katchewan,  689,  696-704 
704-10. 

Brandon  College,  688. 

British  Columbia,  Agricul- 
tural Condition  of,  759, 
785. 

British  Columbia,  Bowser 
Government  and  Depart- 
ments in,  751-65. 

British  Columbia,  Budget 
and  Finances  of,  764-5. 

British  Columbia,  Bye-Elec 
tions  of  1916  in,  752-7, 
782. 

British  Columbia,  Education 
al  Conditions  in,  762-3. 

British  Columbia,  General 
Elections  in,  775-81. 

British  Columbia,  Legisla 
tion  in,  765,  767-71. 

British  Columbia,  Mining 
Conditions  of,  763,  785. 

British  Columbia,  New  Brew- 
ster  Government,  781-2. 

British  Columbia,  Opposition 
Charges  against  Govern- 
ment of,  766,  771-2. 

British  Columbia,  Progress 
and  Statistics  in,  751,  753, 
756-7,  758-9,  760-1,  775- 
7,  786. 

British  Columbia,  Prohibi- 
tion Legislation  in,  769-71, 
779,  781. 

British  Columbia,  Sir  C.  H. 
Tupper  Enters  Politics  of, 
754,  757,  777-8,  780. 

British  Columbia,  Vancouver 
Bye-election  Charges,  772- 

British    Columbia,    War    Ac- 
tion of,  782-3. 
British   Columbia,    University 

of,    766-7. 
British    Empire,    Armies    of, 

154-5,  162-4,  170-1,  174-5, 

177-8. 
British   Empire,   Conscription 

in,    149-53,    161-2,    176. 
British      Empire,      Financial 

Situation  of,    155-6,   160-1, 

171,  175-6,  178. 
British   Empire,  Fiscal  Unity 

of,     147-8,     180-1,     184-90. 
British  Empire,  Peace  Views 

of,    233. 

British   Empire,   Land  Settle- 
ment Plans  in,   157,  181. 
British     Empire,     Recruiting 

in,   143-4,  145-6,  151,  161- 

2,  190. 
British     Empire,     Voluntary 

Contributions  in,  160,  163, 

171,  178-80,  192. 
British   and  Foreign   Sailors' 

Society,  315. 
British     Labour     Conference, 

431. 
British   Sailors'    Relief  Fund, 

444,    681,    683,    618. 
Bruce   Hospital   Report,   The, 

455. 

Brusiloff  Campaign,  The,  18. 
Bulgaria    and   the    War,    33, 

40,  42,  48,  80-1,  97. 


Bullock    Charges    against    F. 

B.   Carvell,   282-3. 
Bye-Elections,   499-503. 

Cadet  Corps,  Alberta,  750. 

Cameroons,  Conquest  of,  191. 

Canada,  H.  R.  H.  the  Duke 
of  Connnught  in,  238-44. 

Canada  and  the  War,  238- 
479. 

Canadian  Army  Medical 
Corps,  381,  454-5-6,  457-8. 

Canadian  Clubs,  800. 

Canadian  Clubs,  Women's, 
800. 

Canadian  General  Electric 
Co.,  802. 

Canadian  Interests  in  Bri- 
tain, 266-7,  447-59. 

Canadian  Manufacturers* 
Association,  802. 

Canadian  Northern  Pacific 
Railway,  691,703,  728, 
752,  792-3. 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway, 
690-1.  703,  728,  788-9, 
790. 

Canadians  in  British  Regl 
ments,  476. 

Canals,   Canadian,   794. 

Canteens  in  England  Wet, 
451. 

Casualties,  Canadian.  468-9, 
475-6. 

Casualties,  Provincial  War, 
546,  684,  718-9. 

Casualties,  War,  21,  25,  38- 
9,  47,  63,  155,  468,  572, 
618,  684-5,  744-5,  783-4. 

Catholic  Church  and  the 
War,  54,  340,  346-8,  434- 
5,  568. 

Catholic  Youth,  Quebec  Asso- 
ciation of,  568. 

Causes  of  the  War,  42. 

Central  Canada  Railway,  728, 
739. 

Chippewa  Power  Scheme, 
507,  509-10,  512. 

Civic  Improvement  Council, 
Winnipeg,  803. 

Civil  Servants  and  the  War, 
545-6. 

Clarke  Government  in  N.  B., 
618-29. 

Clergymen,  Enlistment  of, 
438. 

Cobalt    Silver    Mines,    551-2. 

Coldwell  Amendments,  Mani- 
toba, 657,  677. 

Columbia  College,  New  West- 
minster, 787. 

Command  of  Canadians,  460. 

Committee,  Manitoba  Election 
Act,  660. 

Companies'  Case,  Privy  Coun- 
cil and,  797. 

Compensation  (Linuor)  Pro- 
posals, B.  C.,  770-1. 

Conferences,  Scandinavian, 
84-5. 

Connaught  in  Canada,  H. 
R.  H.  The  Duke  of.  238- 
44. 

nonnaught    Tunnel,    788. 

Conscription,    630. 

Conscription,  Hon.  F.  Oliver 
on,  414. 

Conscription  in  Australia, 
149-53. 

Conscription,  British,  103-4- 
5.  106-7. 


Conscription  in  Canada,  318, 
322-4,  332,  375-6,  384, 
410,  414,  429-30. 

Conscription  in  Ireland,  144. 

Conscriptiofc  in  New  Zea- 
land, 161-2. 

Conservative  Opposition  in 
Nova  Scotia,  612-4. 

Conservative  Policy,  Alberta, 
736-41. 

Conservative  Policy,  Saskat- 
chewan, 726-7. 

Constantinople,  Anglo-Rus- 
sian Agreement  as  to,  72. 

Conference,  Economic,  29-30. 

Co-operation  Mortgage  Pro- 
posals, 746. 

Co-operative  Movement,  West- 
ern, 653,  691,  724. 

Co-operative  Elevator  Co., 
Alberta,  742,  747-8,  799. 

Co-operative  Elevator  Co., 
Alberta  Farmers',  654. 

Cost   of  Living,   385-6. 

Cost  of  the  War,  25-7,  33. 

Courland  and  the  War,  17, 
20. 

Creuzot   Works,    French,    63. 

Dalhousie  University,  Hali- 
fax, 607. 

Davidson  Inquiry  and  Re- 
port, 287-9. 

Denmark  and  the  War,  84, 
88. 

Der    Courier,    Regina,    712. 

Deutachland,  20,  95,  220-1, 
537-8. 

Discipline,   Canadian,   451. 

Dispensary  System,  Saskat- 
chewan, 716-7. 

Dominion  Trust  Co.,  755, 
757,  784-5. 

Drolet  Street  Case,  Montreal, 
589-90. 

Economic  Conference,  Cana- 
da at  the,  368-9,  370. 

Economic  Conference  of 
Paris,  28-9,  30-1. 

Edmonton  and  Dunvegan 
Railway,  728-9. 

Education  in  Manitoba,  685- 
8. 

Education  in  Ontario,  486-7. 

Education  in  Quebec,  556, 
560-1,  593. 

Education,  See  Provinces. 

Elections  in   Quebec,   580-6. 

Electric  Railways,  796. 

Emmanuel  College,    726. 

Empire  Policy,  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment, 369-70. 

Enemy  Alien  in  Quebec 
Courts,  596. 

Enlistments,  Canadian,  303, 
312-3,  318. 

Equipment  in  Britain,  Cana- 
dian, 266-7,  450-1. 

Failures,    Canadian,    802. 

Fallen  Letter  to  the  Roman 
Consistory,  The,  530. 

Federal  Reserve  Board,  U. 
S..  196-7. 

Field  Comforts'  Commission. 
Canadian,  452-3. 

Finance,  War,  22.  25-7,  33, 
46-7,  62-3,  69-70,  74,  75, 
78,  £3-4,  115-8,  155-6, 
160-1,  175-6,  178,  354-5, 


924 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Financial  Policy,  Canadian, 
354-65, 

Financial  Appointments,  805- 
6. 

Fish  and  the  Army,  Cana- 
dian, 264-5,  374. 

Fisheries,  B.  C.,  786. 

Fisheries,  Canadian,  796, 
795. 

Forest   Fires,    Ontario,    483. 

Forests  and  Lumber,  B.  C., 
760-1. 

Fox  Industry  in  P.  E.  I., 
640. 

France  and  the  War,  17,  26, 
28  31-2,  42,  48,  59-63, 
89-100,  106,  129-30,  230, 
234,  247,  382. 

Free-Press,  Manitoba,  418, 
675-6. 

Free-trade  Advocacy,  West- 
ern, 645,  652,  721-2-3. 

Free  Trade  League,  797,  799. 

Free  Trade  Opinions,  West- 
ern, 746. 

French-Canadian  Batt.,  West- 
ern, 744. 

French-Canadian  Enlistment, 
348-53. 

French-Canadians  in  New 
England,  596. 

French-Canadians  for  Saskat- 
chewan, 727. 

French-Canadians  and  the 
War,  313,  330,  333-54. 

FundyTide  (Electric)  Power, 
Bay  of,  641. 

Galicia  and  the  War,  19,  20, 

23. 
Galipeault    Bill,    569,    574-5, 

578,    584. 

Gallipoli    and    the    War,    20. 
Gait    Commission   in    Manito- 
ba,  667-70. 
Garrison  Club,  Mr.  Lavergne 

and   the,    346. 
German-American       Journals 

banned,  433. 

German-Americans   and   Can- 
ada,   225-7. 
German    Banks    in    London, 

117-8. 
German   Influence  in  British 

Empire.  134-6,  147-8,  149. 
German    Influence   in    U.    S., 

211,   214-5-6,   221-5,   228. 
Germans,   Alberta  League  of, 

745. 
Germany,     Bagdad     Railway 

and,   45,   47.    . 
Germany,     British     Blockade 

and,  22-2,   36-7. 
Germany,    Casualties    of,    21, 

38-9. 
Germany,    Finances    of,     26, 

39,   40,    117-8. 
Germany,    Food    Scarcity    in, 

36-7. 
Germany,   General   Policy   of, 

41-4,   229. 
Germany,    Hatred   of   Britain 

in,    34-5. 
Germany     in     the     Balkans, 

75,    79,   80. 
Germany,  Its  Policy  in  Italy, 

72-3. 
Germany,    Its   Relations   with 

Scandinavia,   86-8. 
Germany,    Losses    cf,    18-19, 

21-3. 


Germany,     Naval    Policy     of, 

49-51. 
Germany,    Neutral   Policy   of, 

50-1,    83-9. 
Germany,      Peace      Proposals 

of,   42-3,  44,   227-9,   233-4. 
Germany,    Prisoners  held  by, 

39. 
Germany,   Public  Opinion  in, 

45-6. 
Germany,       Relations       with 

Austria    of,    47-8. 
Germany,    Russian    Intrigues 

of,    64-5. 

Germany,   Shipping  of,   45. 
Germany,    Socialism  in,   43-4. 
Germany,    Submarine    Action 

of,  49,  50-1,  84,  87-8,  216- 

21. 
Germany,  Successes  of,  17-18, 

19-21,    33-4,    46. 
Germany,     The    Kaiser    and, 

36,   40-1. 

Germany,    Treatment   of   Pri- 
soners by,   51-2. 
Germany,    War    Methods    of, 

48-59. 
Germany,  War  Operations  of, 

90-100. 
Germany,   Zeppelins  and,   45, 

90-3,    96-7,    99,    132-3. 
Gouin    Government    in    Que- 
bec,   557-64,    580-1. 
Governor-General    Appointed, 

New,   243-4. 
Government        Appointments, 

Dominion,    800. 
Grain    Growers'    Association, 

Manitoba,  650,  652-4,  683, 

799. 
Grain    Growers'    Association, 

Saskatchewan,    723-4. 
Grain    Growers'     Grain    Co., 

Manitoba,  654,  683. 
Grain  Growers'  Guide,  653-4. 
Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Rail- 
way, 691,  752,  775,  790-2. 
Grand  Trunk  Railway,  790-3. 
Great  Britain,  Army  Record 

of,     18,     22,     38,     40,    44, 

61-2,    95-6,    129-33. 
Great  Britain,  Belgian  Policy 

of,    32,    54,    56,    107. 
Great        Britain,        Blockade 

Policy   of,    21-2,    36-8,    84, 

125-6. 
Great       Britain,        Canadian 

High      Commissioner,      to, 

447-9. 
Great       Britain,        Canadian 

Loans  from  and  to,  359-60, 

361-2. 
Great       Britain,        Canadian 

Nickel   Question   and,    538- 

9. 

Great   Britain,   Canadian  Re- 
lations with,   364. 
Great       Britain,        Canadian 

Troops    and    Hospitals    in, 

447-59. 
Great       Britain,        Canadian 

Troops     and     Supplies    in, 

266-7. 
Great     Britain,     Conscription 

Policy   of,    103-6  7,    431. 
Great  Britain,  Cost  of  Living 

in,   119-20-1. 

Great   Britain,   Economic  Ac- 
tion of,   28-30. 
Great    Britain,    Finances    of, 

26-7,    115-8. 


Great  Britain,  Her  Policy  in 
Greece,  81. 

Great  Britain,  Hospitals  in, 
121-2. 

Great  Britain,  W.  M.  Hughes 
in,  146-53. 

Great  Britain,  Increased  Pro- 
duction in,  120-1. 

Great  Britain,  Indian  Policy 
of,  116-9. 

Great  Britain,  Industrial  Po- 
licy of,  31. 

Great  Britain,  Labour  Action 
in,  104,  112,  113-4. 

Great  Britain,  Liquor  Traffic 
in,  120,  388. 

Great  Britain,  Lloyd  George 
Government  in,  109-10. 

Great  Britain,  Munition  De- 
velopment in,  111-2-3. 

Great  Britain,  Naval  Record 
of,  122-9. 

Great  Britain,  Neutral  Coun- 
tries and,  83. 

Great  Britain,  Organization 
of,  101. 

Great  Britain,  Pacifists  in, 
101,  103,  113-4. 

Great  Britain,  Peace  and 
War  Policy  of,  106,  110, 
230-1,  233-4. 

Great  Britain,  Prisoners  in 
Germany,  51-3. 

Great  Britain,  Relations  with 
France  of,  60-1,  63. 

Great  Britain,  Relations  with 
Russia  of,  71-2. 

Great  Britain,  Russia's  Po- 
licy of,  32,  48. 

Great  Britain,  Scandinavian 
Policy  of,  87. 

Great  Britain,  Shipping  of, 
23,  127-8. 

Great  Britain,  Submarines 
and,  49,  125-8. 

Great  Britain,  Successes  of, 
19,  21-3,  101,  113. 

Great  Britain,  The  Asquith 
Ministry  in,  102-8. 

Great  Britain,  Trade  of,  118. 

Great  Britain,  U.  S.  Rela- 
tions of,  233-4,  235-7. 

Great  Britain,  War  Charities 
and  Funds,  121. 

Great  Britain,  War  Opera- 
tions of,  90-100,  122-8, 
129-33. 

Great  Britain,  Zeppelin  Raids 
on,  45,  90-3,  96-7,  99, 
132-3. 

Great  War  Veterans'  Asso- 
ciation, Winnipeg,  685. 

Greece  and  the  War,  17,  20, 
23,  58,  79-81,  84. 

Guigues  School  Affair,  The 
525. 

Hamilton,  War-Work  of,  545. 

Harbour  Commissioners, 

Montreal,  594. 

Hazelton-Choquette  Incident, 
377-8. 

Hearst  Government  in  On- 
tario, 480-94,  540-4. 

Hearst  Newspapers,  U.  S. 
and,  236-7. 

Heidmann   Incident.    372-3. 

Highway  Commissioners,  Sas- 
katchewan Board  of,  702. 

Holland  and  the  War,  84-5, 
88-9,  125,  126,  234. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


925 


Home  Rule  in  India,  169-70, 
172. 

Home  Rule  and  the  Rebel- 
lion, 140-3. 

Honours,  Canadian  War, 
476-7,  478-9. 

Honours.  Imperial,  242,  801. 

Honours,  Imperial  War,  719. 

Horses  and  the  War,  Cana- 
dian, 252-3. 

Hospitals  Abroad,  Canadian, 
453-8. 

Hudson  Bay  Railway,  656, 
794. 

Hungary  and  the  War,  47, 
68. 

Hydo-Electric  Commission, 
491-2,  503-15. 

Hydi9-Electric  Railways  As- 
sociation, 5t?-4-5. 

Immigration     Conference     at 

Chicago,     376. 
Imperial     Munitions     Board, 

289-95,    364. 

Immigration  Statistics,   795. 
I.  O.  D.  E.,  419-22,  681,  683, 

783. 
India,  British  policy  in,  166- 

70. 
India  and  the  War,  26,  167- 

9. 
Industrial  Appointments,  805- 

6. 
Industrial       Canada,       Shell 

Charges   of,   279. 
Industrial  Research  in  Cana- 
da,  444-5. 
Industry    and    the    War,    31, 

33. 
Initiative     Referendum     and 

Recall,    747,   778. 
Initiative     and     Referendum 

System,  657-9. 
Insurance  Appointments,  805- 

6. 
Intercolonial     Railway,     794, 

799. 
International    Law,     German 

Breaches  of,   49,   59. 
International  Nickel  Co.,  533- 

40. 
Ireland,    Conditions   in,    133- 

44. 
Ireland,    Rebellion    in,    92-3, 

96,    134-40,    142. 
Ireland,  Recruiting  in,  143-4. 
Irish-American  Alliance,  224. 
Irish  Republic,  Manifesto  of, 

138-9. 

Irrigation   Convention,    West- 
ern Canada,   798. 
Italy   and   the   War,    19,    21, 

23      26,     28,     31,     32,     60, 

72-5,  79,  96-100,  106,  230, 

234. 

Japan  and  the  War,  26,  31-2, 

42,  82-3,  226,  234. 
Judicial    Appointments,    801. 
Jutland,  Battle  of,  19,  23,  34, 

41,    94,    123-4-5. 

Kellly  Case  in  Manitoba,  664- 
Kilts,  Highlanders  and  their, 

King's  College,  Halifax,   607, 

643. 
Kitsilano      Indian      Reserve, 

772. 


Labour,  B.  C.  Federation  of, 
784. 

Labour,  Canadian  Federation 
of,  595. 

Labour  Conditions,  Australia, 
149,  152-3,  158,  159. 

Labour  Conditions  and  the 
War,  385. 

Labour  Interests,  British, 
104,  112-4. 

Labour   Party,    Ontario,    547. 

Labour  and  the  War,  Cana- 
dian, 429-31. 

L'Action  Catholique,  Quebec, 
346,  569. 

Ladies'  Guild  for  Sailors, 
Canadian,  444. 

La  Libre  Parole,  Winnipeg, 
675-6. 

Land  Settlement,  C.P.R., 
scheme,  789-90. 

Land  Settlement  Plan,  Cana- 
dian, 381,  692. 

Land  Settlement  Plan,  Em- 
pire, 157,  161. 

La  Patrie,  Montreal,  340, 
343,  347,  570. 

La  Presse,  Enlistment  Views 
of,  348-50. 

La  Presse,  Montreal,  340, 
348-50,  570. 

Laurier-Greenway,  Arrange 
ment,  673,  675. 

Laval  University,  Montreal, 
526,  569,  594. 

Law  Society  of  Alberta,  750. 

Law  Society  of  Ontario,  546. 

Le  Canada  Club,  Winnipeg, 
688. 

Le  Canada,  Montreal,  340, 
343. 

Le  Devoir,  Montreal,  Quoted, 
337,  342-3-4,  347,  566, 
583. 

Le  Droit,  Ottawa,  527,   570. 

Legislative  Council  of  N.  S., 
597. 

Legislature,  Extension  of  B. 
C.,  769. 

Le  Pays,  Montreal,  569,  595. 

Liberalism  in  British  Colum- 
bia, 754,  756-7,  776-8. 

Liberalism  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, 621-2. 

Liberalism  in  Nova  Scotia, 
610-4. 

Liberalism  in  Saskatchewan, 
720-1-2. 

Liberals  and  the  War,  Cana- 
dian, 327-8,  339-40,  404, 
409-18. 

Life  Insurance,  784,  804. 

Liquor  Licenses,  Ontario, 
482. 

Liquor   Traffic,    British,    388. 

Living,    Cost    of,    119-20-1. 

Loan    Corporations,    Ontario, 


Loans,     Canadian     National, 

360-1. 
Local  Government  Board,  Re- 

gina,    695. 

London,   War- work  of,   545. 
Lusitania,     209,     211,     213, 

214-5. 
Lutheran     College,     Outlook, 

726. 

Macedonia  and  the  War,   23, 

58. 
MacKay     Correspondence     in 

B     C.,    766-7,    786-7. 


Manitoba  Agricultural  Col- 
lege Investigation,  667-70. 

Manitoba,  Agriculture  in, 
649,  651-4. 

Manitoba,  Bi-lingunl  Question 
in,  657,  671-6,  686  721. 

Manitoba,  Educational  Condi- 
tions in,  657-8,  671-6,  676- 
7,  685-8. 

Manitoba,  Finances  of,  644-6. 

Manitoba,  Government  Ap- 
pointments in,  C56. 

Manitoba,  Initiative  and  Re- 
ferendum in,  657-9. 

Manitoba,  Legislation  in, 
656-63,  673-7. 

Manitoba,  Mineral  Resources 
of,  649,  654-5. 

Manitoba,  Norris  Government 
and  Departments  in,  644- 
50,  656-63,  673-7. 

Manitoba  Parliament  Build- 
ings Investigation,  648, 
663-7. 

Manitoba,  Progress  and  Sta- 
tistics of,  644-5,  649-50-1, 
654. 

Manitoba,  Prohibition  Car- 
ried in,  677-80. 

Manitoba,  War  Action  in, 
680-5. 

Manitoba,  Woman  Suffrage 
Carried  in,  658. 

Manitoba  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, 650-1,  687. 

Manitoba  College,  Winnipeg, 
688. 

Manitoba  Patriotic  Fund, 
681-2. 

Manitoba  Temperance  Act, 
678-9. 

Manitoba,  University  of, 
687-8. 

Maple  Leaf  Clubs,  452-3. 

Maritime  Provinces  Data, 
641-3. 

Martin  Government  in  Sas- 
katchewan, 719-22. 

Mathers'    Commission,    664-5. 

Meningitis   in   England,   459. 

Mennonites  in  Manitoba,  673, 
686. 

Medical  Council  of  Canada, 
642. 

Medicine,  Academy  of,  547. 

Mesopotamia,    21,    170-1. 

Methodist  Church  and  the 
War,  434,  436-7. 

Mexico,  German  plots  in,  222, 
226 

Militarism,  Sir  W.  Laurier 
and,  411-12. 

Military  Districts,  Canadian, 
258-9. 

Military  Hospitals  Commis- 
sion, 379-81-2,  718. 

Military  Promotions,  Cana- 
dian 479. 

Military  Service  Bill,  British, 
102,  104. 

Military  Training,  U.  S.,  201. 

Militia  Department,  Expendi- 
tures of,  363. 

Militia  Department,  Work  of, 
261-2. 

Militia,  Minister  of, 

(Hughes),  250-1,  254-69, 
270-89,  303-4,  363. 

Militia  Officers,  Treatment  of, 
262. 

Milling   in    Canada,    802. 


926 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Mineral  Production,  Ontario 
484,  550-2. 

Mineral  Production  by  Pro- 
vinces, 795-6. 

Mining    in    Alberta,    748. 

Mining  Dividends,  B.  C., 
785. 

Ministerial  Union,  B.  0.,  785 

Moewe,    21. 

Montenegro,   234. 

Montreal  in  1916,  City  of, 
586-93,  594-5. 

Montreal    Tramways,     591-2. 

Moose  Jaw  Presbyterian  Col 
lege,  726. 

Mount  Allison  University, 
637. 

Mount  Royal  College,  Cal- 
gary, 749. 

Municipal  Association,  On- 
tario, 803. 

Municipal  Hail  Commission, 
Saskatchewan,  695. 

Municipalities,  Canadian 

Union  of,  803. 

Munitions  in   Australia,    157. 

Munitions,  British,  111-2-3. 

Munitions  and  Electric 
Power,  295,  510. 

Munitions  Production,  Cana- 
dian, 253,  289-96. 

Munitions  in  Russia,    68. 

Munitions,  U.  S.  and,  194-5. 

Murray  Government  in  Nova 
Scotia,  597-604,  611-4. 

McGill  University,  Montreal, 
593-4. 

National    Committee    of    Wo- 
men,  419. 
National   Council   of  Women, 

419,   422. 
National     German     Alliance, 

221-2. 
National      Liberal      Advisory 

Committee,    798. 
National  Service  Commission, 

251-2,    325-33,    412. 
National          Transcontinental 

Ry.,    794. 
Nationalism   in   Quebec,    334- 

7,    3416,    566-7. 
Nationalism,    South    African, 

174-5. 
Naval  Enlistment  in  Canada, 

372-3,   374. 

Naval  Law,  International,  49. 
Naval  Recruiting  in  Canada, 

314-5. 

Navy  League,   B.  C.,   315. 
Navy    in    the    War,     British, 

122-9. 
Neutral      Nations,      Germany 

and,    50,    83-9. 
New    Brunswick,    Blair    and 

Morrissy   Incidents,    623-5, 

632. 

New  Brunswick,  Clarke  Gov- 
ernment of,   618-29. 
New  Brunswick,   Educational 

Interests  of,   630,   635-8. 
New  Brunswick,  Finances  of, 

634-5. 
New    Brunswick,    Legislation 

of,    629-34. 

New  Brunswick,   Liberal  Po- 
licy,   in,    621-2. 
New   Brunswick,    Prohibition 

Policy   in,    632-4. 
New      Brunswick,      Statistics 

and  Progress  in,  619,  620. 


New  Brunswick,  War  Action 
of,  630,  638-40. 

New  Brunswick,  University 
of,  637. 

Newfoundland  in  the  War, 
163-6. 

New    Ontario,     484-5-6. 

Newspaper  Conditions  as  to 
Paper,  799. 

New  Zealand,  Recruiting  and 
Conscription  in,  161-2. 

New  Zealand,  Statistics  of, 
163. 

New  Zealand,  War  Finances 
of,  160-1. 

Nickel  Production  and  Ex- 
port, 533-4. 

Nickel  Question  in  Parlia- 
ment, 535-6. 

Nickel  Question  in  Politics, 
536-40. 

Norris  Government  in  Mani- 
toba, 644-50,  656-63,  673- 

Norway  and  the  War,  50,  84 

5,    87-8. 
Nova    Scotia,    Education    in 

604-8,    612,    614. 
Nova     Scotia,     Finances     of 

603-4. 
Nova    Scotia,     General    Elec 

tions   in,    610-15. 
Nova  Scotia,  Government  and 

Departments    of,    597-604. 
Nova    Scotia,    Legislation    of, 

600-4. 
Nova    Scotia,     Progress    and 

Statistics  of,  597-600,  615- 

7. 
Nova    Scotia,    Prohibition   in, 

608-10. 
Nova   Scotia,   War  Action  of, 

617-8. 
N.   S.   College  of  Agriculture, 

606,   608. 
Nova     Scotia,     Progress     in, 

615-7. 
N.  S.  Technical  College,  606. 


Officers  in  England,  Cana- 
dian, 451-2. 

Oil-wells'  Investigation,  Al- 
berta, 748. 

Ontario   Agriculture,    522-4. 

Ontario,  Berlin-Kitchener  Is- 
sue in,  554-5. 

Ontario,  Bi-lingual  Policy  of, 
392-9,  500,  502.  524-32. 

Ontario  Budget  Speech,  491- 
2-3. 

Ontario,  Bye-elections  in, 
499-503. 

Ontario  Departmental  Re- 
ports, 482-90. 

Ontario,  Education  in,  486-7, 
496,  548-50. 

Ontario,  Hearst  Government 
in,  480-94,  540-4. 

Ontario,  Hydro-Electric  Po- 
licy of,  491-2,  503-15. 

Ontario,  1916  Legislation  in, 
494-7,  506,  508. 

Ontario,  Liberal  Policy  in, 
497-8. 

Ontario    Minerals,    550-2. 

Ontario,  Nickel  Question  in, 
501-3,  533-40. 

Ontario,  Prohibition  Policy 
of,  494,  501-2,  515-24. 

Ontario,  Roads  and  Labour 
Policy  of,  490-1, 


Ontario,  Mr.  Rowell  and  the 
War,  415,  499,  544-5. 

Ontario,  War  Policy  of,  540- 
46. 

Ontario,  Women  Suffrage  in, 
499. 

Ontario  Boards  of  Trade 
Association,  547. 

Ontario  Educational  Associa- 
tion, 488. 

Ontario  Library  Association, 
488. 

Ontario   Power  Co..   509-10. 

Ontario  Railway  Board,  448. 

Orpington,  Ontario  Military 
Hospital  at,  542-3. 

Overseas  Military  Council, 
448. 

Pacific  Coal  Mines  Co.  Case, 
784. 

Pacific  Great  Eastern  Rail- 
way, 754,  765,  767-8,  778. 

Organizations,  Heads  of  Chief 
Canadian,  750,  768,  786. 

Organizations,  Heads  of  Pro- 
vincial, 548,  596,  642-3, 
688,  727. 

Pacificism,    101,    103,    113-4. 

Pacificism  in  Canada,   445-6. 

Pacifists,    U.    S.,    203-4,    213. 

Pan-German   League,   44. 

Papal  Letter  re  Bi-lingual 
Question,  530-1,  569. 

Parcels  for  Prisoners,  459. 

Parliament  Buildings,  Burn- 
ing of,  404-7. 

Parliament  Buildings,  Otta- 
wa, 240. 

Parliament  Buildings  In- 
quiry, B.  C.,  771. 

Parliament  Buildings  Insur- 
ance, Alberta,  728. 

Parliament  Buildings,  Re- 
building of,  407-8. 

Parliament,  Extension  of, 
401-2,  410. 

Parliament  and  the  War,  399- 
404. 

Parliament,   Debates  of,   797. 

Parliamentary  Vacancies, 
798. 

"Patriotic  Acre"  Contribu- 
tion, 653,  683. 

Patriotic  Fund  Campaign, 
Montreal,  238. 

Patriotic  Fund,  Canadian, 
440-1,  790,  792-3. 

Patriotic  Ftfnd,  Provincial 
Gifts  to,  540,  565-6,  617, 
643,  681-2,  717-8,  721, 
743-4,  782-3. 

Patriotic  Funds,  Nationalist 
Opposition  to,  342,  345. 

Patriotic  Revenue  Act,  Sas- 
katchewan, 702,  718. 

Peace  Conference,  Labour, 
430-1. 

Peace   Discussions,    42-3,    61. 

Peace  Movement,  U.  S.,  204. 

Peace  Organizations,  U.  S., 
203-4. 

Pelland  Case,  Montreal,   587. 

Pensions,  Plans  and  Changes, 
439. 

Persia  and  the  War,  19,  27- 
2,  33,  68. 

Pictou  Academy,   608. 

Poland  and  the  War,  17,  20, 
40,  47-8,  53,  65,  72,  78, 
233,  423. 


Polish     League     of     Libert 

671. 

Polish  Relief  Fund,  717. 
Porcupine  Mines,  550-1. 
Portugal  and  the  War,  3 

81-2,    96,    234. 
Preparedness  for  Peace,  36* 

9,    382-3-4. 
Preparedness,    U.    S.,    198-9 

200-3,   206-7,   209. 
Presbyterian       Church       an 

Union,    800. 
Presbyterian     College,     Mo 

treal,    594. 
Presbyterians    and   the   War 

434,    438. 
Presidential  Elections,  U.  S 

205-16. 

Prince  Ed.  Island,  640-1. 
Prince  Rupert  and  Halibu 

Question,   758-9. 
Princess       Patricia's       Bat 

242,    462-3. 
Prisoners  of  War  Fund,  242 

683,    783. 
Prisoners    of    War    in    Ger 

many,  51-2-3. 
Privy  Council,  Imperial,  526 
7,  531-2,  547,  570,  797. 
Production,  Australian,  156 
Production,  Canadian,  795. 
Production,  U.  S.,  193-4. 
Production  and  the  War,  24 

121-2. 
Profits,  Proposed  Tax  on  all 

746. 
Profits,     Taxation     of     War 

355-6,    357-8. 
Prohibition  Act,  Alberta,  74f 

2. 
Prohibition    Action,    Federal 

387-92. 
Prohibition,    Agreements   for, 

516-7,    563,    679. 
Prohibition,  Arguments 

against,    518-20,   521,    679 
Prohibition,  Yukon  and,  798 
Prohibitory     Liquor    Legisla 
tion,    520-3,    563,     608-10, 
632-4,     677-80,     716-7. 
Prohibition  in  Australia,  160 
Prohibition    in    B.    C.,    766, 

769-70,   781. 
Prohibition    in    Nova    Scotia, 

608-10. 
Prohibition  in  Quebec,  562-4, 

578-9. 

Prohibition  Question  in  Bri- 
tain, 120. 

Prohibition,  Women  and,  428. 
Providence  Journal,  406,  527. 
Provinces,       Enlistment      in, 
303,  313. 

Quebec,  Budget  and  Finances 
of,  561-2. 

Quebec,  Conservative  Oppo- 
sition in,  574-5-6,  577-8- 
9,  582-3,  586. 

Quebec,  Education  in,  556, 
560-1,  593-4-5. 

Quebec,  General  Elections  in, 
580-6. 

Quebec,  Legislative  Sessions 
in,  573-80. 

Quebec,  Nationalism  and  Re- 
cruiting in,  333-53. 

Quebec,  Ontario  Bi-linqual- 
ism  and,  338,  340-1,  342, 
344-5,  393-4,  395-6,  398- 
9,  528,  530-1,  566-72. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


Quebec,  Policy  of  the  Gouin 
Government  in,  557-64 
580-1. 

Quebec,  Progress  and  Condi- 
tions in,  556-7. 

Quebec,  Prohibition  Issue  in, 
562-4,  576,  578-9. 

Quebec,  War  Policy  of,  564- 
6,  572-3,  594. 

Quebec    Bank,    802. 

Quebec  Bridge,   794. 

Quebec,  Recruiting  in.  313 
330,  333-54. 

Queen  Mary's  Needlework 
Guild,  422. 

Queen's  University,  Kingston, 
549. 

Radial  Railways,  Electric 
512-15. 

Rails  for  France,  Canadian, 
382. 

Railway  Statistics,  794,  788- 
93. 

Railways  in  Saskatchewan 
691. 

Railways  and  the  West,  728 

Reconstruction  after  War,  29 
30,  31. 

Recruiting,  British  Empire 
143-4,  145-6,  151,  161-2 

Recruiting  in  Canada,  254-6 
7,  259,  265,  303-18,  325 
6,  333-53,  364-5,  424-5 
617-8,  638-9,  683-4,  718 

Recruiting,  Cost  of,  308-9. 

Recruiting,   Leaders  in,    317 

Recruiting  Officers,  Domin 
ion,  305. 

Recruiting,  Opposition  to 
309-12,  333-348.  425. 

Recruiting,  Religious  Statis 
tics  of,  434. 

Recruiting,  Sir  W.  Laurier 
and,  409-10. 

Red  Cross,  British.  121,  443 
682,  718. 

Red  Cross,  Canadian,  241 
790,  792-3. 

led  Cross,  Provincial  Gifts 
to,  540,  565,  617,  681, 
682-3,  743-4,  782. 

Red   Cross,    Russian,    67. 

led  Cross  Society,  Canadian, 
423,  441-2. 

legina  College,   726. 

legina   Post   Inquiry,    721-2. 
Registration;  National,  424-5. 

Registration  Proposals,  Cana- 
dian, 318-22. 

Resources,  Ontario  Commit- 
tee on,  541. 

leturned  Soldiers'  Associa- 
tion, Manitoba,  635. 

leturned  Soldiers,  B.  C., 
768-9. 

liel   War    Incident,    685. 

loads,   Ontario,   490. 

loads  in  Quebec,   558. 

,oad-Work  Investigation, 
Manitoba,  670-1. 

,oss  Rifle,  The  255,  268, 
296-300. 

oumania  and  the  War,  19, 
20,  21-2-3,  42,  65,  76-8, 
96-100,  234,  423. 

ound  Table  Movement,  798. 

oyal  Bank  of  Canada,   802. 

oyal  Commissions,  Domin- 
ion, 804. 

oyal  Commissions  in  Saskat- 
chewan, 701,  703,  704-10. 


927 


Royal  Flying  Corps,   132-3. 
Royal    Military    College,    316. 
Royal     Society     of     Canada, 

Rural  Municipalities  Associa- 
tion, Alberta,  747. 

Rural  Municipalities  Associa- 
tion, Saskatchewan,  724. 

Russia  and  the  War,  20-1, 
23,  26,  28,  31-2,  33,  42, 
47-8,  57,  60,  64-72,  76-8- 
9,  83,  87,  90-100,  131, 
230-4,.  231,  533. 

Russian  Jews'  Relief  Fund, 
444. 

Russian  Reforms  Proposed 
67. 

Russian  Trade,   70. 

Ruthenians  in  Manitoba,  672- 
3,  674. 

St.   Eloi,   Battle  of,   461-2. 
St.   Francis  Xavier's  Univer- 
sity,  607-8. 
St.     Jean     Baptiste     Society, 

567,  571. 

St.  John  Ambulance  Associa- 
tion, 442,   683. 
St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  Order 

of,    425. 
St.    John   River   Commission, 

628-9. 
St.  John  Valley  Railway,  626- 

8. 
St.  John's  College,  Winnipeg, 

688. 

St.  Joseph's  University,   638. 
St.    Mary's    College,    Halifax, 

607. 

Salonika,    75,    79,    80. 
Saskatchewan,      Agricultural 

Conditions  in,   692-3,    694, 

722-4-5. 
Saskatchewan,  Bradshaw 

Charges  in,    689,    696-701, 

704-10. 
Saskatchewan,     Budget     and 

Finances  of,   690-1. 
Saskatchewan,       Educational 

Affairs  and  Conditions   in, 

690,  711-16,  721,  723,  725- 

6-7. 
Saskatchewan,   Last   Days  of 

Scott  Government  in,   689- 

95,    696-704,    714-5,    720. 
Saskatchewan,  Legislation  in, 

701-3. 
Saskatchewan,     New    Martin 

Government    in,    719-22. 
Saskatchewan,    Progress   and 

Statistics  in,   690-3,   694-5, 

724. 
Saskatchewan,         Prohibition 

Carried  in,   716-7. 
Saskatchewan,     Railway    Af- 
fairs  in,    691. 

Saskatchewan,     Royal     Com- 
missions   of    Inquiry,    704- 

10. 
Saskatchewan,     War     Policy 

and    Action    in     696,    717- 

9,    725-6. 
laskatchewan  Stock  Growers' 

Association,    724-5. 
iaskatchewan,    University  of, 

725-6. 
askatoon  Recruiting  League, 

423. 
ault     Express     Suppressed, 

798. 

cott    Act    Repeal    in    N.    S., 
608, 


928 


THE  CANADIAN  ANNUAL  REVIEW 


Scott  Government  in  Saskat- 
chewan, 689-95,  696-704, 
714-5,  720. 

Seager  Wheeler  World  Cham- 
pionships, 722. 

Secours  Rationale  of  Ontario, 
444. 

Segregation  of  Canadian 
Patients  in  England,  455- 
8. 

Separate  School  Controversy 
in  SaskatcheAvan,  689. 

Separate  Schools  in  N.  S., 
Alleged,  606.  614. 

Separate  School  Question  in 
Saskatchewan,  714-6. 

Separatists  in  Quebec,  341- 
2-3. 

Serbia  and  the  War,  17,  19, 
20,  31,  42,  57,  61,  75-6, 
78,  233-4,  423 

Serbian  Belief  Fund,   444. 

Shell  Charges,  Royal  Commis- 
sion on,  279-86. 

Shell  Committee,  Charges 
Against,  270-2,  273-9,  280- 
6. 

Shell  CommHtee,  Work  and 
Duties  of,  269-70,  274-3, 
289-95. 

Ship-building  in  B.  C.,  756-7, 
761-2. 

Ship-building  Industry,  Cana- 
dian, 374. 

Shipping  in  the  War,  23,  45, 
127-8. 

Simpson,    Case,    B.    M.,    670. 

Socialism,    German,    43-4. 

Soldiers'  Aid  Commission, 
Ontario,  543. 

Soldiers'  Vote  in  B.  C.,  780- 
1. 

Soldiers'  Vote  in  Saskatche- 
wan, 702. 

Somme,  Canadians  at  the, 
466-7. 

Somme,  Battle  of,  18,  22,  38, 
40,  44,  61-2,  95-6,  98, 
130-1. 

Singhees  Indian  Beserve,  B. 
C.,  771. 

Sons  of  Weil-Known  Cana- 
dians at  the  Front,  469-75. 

South  Africa,  Statistics  of, 
175-6. 

South  Africa  and  the  War, 
173-6. 

South  African  War  Contri- 
butions, 192 

South  America  and  the  War, 
89. 

Spain  and  the  War,  84-5, 
231,  234. 

Speakers'  Patriotic  League, 
Ontario,  541 

Stanstead    Colleg?.    594. 

Star,   Toronto,    438. 

Submarine  Warfare,  20,  49- 
51. 

Submarine  Warfare,  49-51, 
83-9,  125-8. 

Submarines  and  the  U.  S., 
216-21. 

Sweden  and  the  War,  84,  86- 
7,  125. 

Switzerland  and  the  War,  84- 
5-6,  231,  234. 

Syria  and  the  War,  58. 

Tanks,    British,    131. 
Tariff      Changes,      Canadian, 
355. 


Tariff  Policy,  Australian, 
156. 

Tariff  Policy,  British,  147-8, 
184-90. 

Telephones  in   Alberta,   730. 

T.  &  N.  O.  Railway,  489, 
492. 

Teutonic  Successes  of  1916, 
19-21. 

Tobacco  Fund,  Overseas,  444. 

Toronto  and  Hamilton  Elec- 
tric Railway,  514. 

Toronto-Hamilton  Highway, 
490,  496. 

Toronto,  University  of,  548-9. 

Toronto,    War-Work    of,    545. 

Toronto  Women's  Conserva- 
tive Club,  422. 

Toronto  Women's  Liberal 
Association,  422. 

Toronto  Women's  Patriotic 
League,  422. 

Town  Planning,  Canadian, 
482,  661. 

Trade,    Canadian,    795. 

Trade  Commission,   797. 

Trade  Council  of  U.  S.,  Na- 
tional Foreign,  31. 

Transportation  Policy,  Cana- 
dian, 371-2. 

The  Globe,  War  attitude  of, 
415-6. 

Trent  Electric  System,  510. 

Troops  in  Action,  Canadian, 
459-68. 

Turkey  and  the  War.  21,  26, 
33,  42,  48,  58,  72,  92-3- 
4,  96. 

U-53    incident,    220-1,    236-7. 

Ukrainians  of  Manitoba,  671. 

Ukrainians  in  Saskatchewan, 
713-4. 

Uniforms,  Unauthorized 

Wearing  of,  269. 

United  Farmers  of  Alberta, 
744-7,  799. 

United  Farmers  of  Ontario, 
553-4. 

United  Farm-Women  of  Al- 
berta, 747. 

United  Grain  Gowers  Ltd., 
799. 

United  States,  Belgian  Belief 
Commission  of,  53,  56, 
196. 

United  States,  Canadian 
Loans  from  and  to,  359- 
60. 

United  States,  Controversies 
with  Germany,  216-21. 

United  States,  Democratic 
Platform,  209-10. 

United  States  Federal  Be- 
serve Policy,  196-7. 

United  States,  Finances  of, 
27,  196-8. 

United  States,  German  influ- 
ence in,  211,  214-6,  221- 
5. 

United  States  Influence  in 
Ireland,  140. 

United  States  Military 
Strength,  198-9,  201-3. 

United  States,  Munition 
Work  in,  194-5. 

United  States  Naval  Posi- 
tion, 199-201. 

United  States,  Pacificism  in, 
202-4,  207,  210. 

United  States  Peace  Propos- 
als, 227-34> 


United    States    Preparedness, 

206-7,    209. 
United      States      Presidential 

Election,    205-16. 
United      States,      Republican 

Platform,  213-4. 
United     States,     Trade     and 

Production,    of,    193-4-5. 

Valcartier,   Troops  at,   254-5. 

Vancouver  Bye-Election  In- 
vestigation, 772-4. 

Vancouver  Harbour  Commis- 
sion, 786. 

Vancouver  and  Nanaimo 
Coal  Co.,  German  Control 
of,  783. 

Verdun,  Defence  of,  17-8,  59, 
60-1,    91-2,    98,    100,    129- 
30. 
\Vital  Statistics,  Ontario,  481. 

Vital  Statistics,   Quebec,   556. 

V.  A.  D.  Hospitals  in  Eng- 
land, 455-8. 

War    Cabinet,    British,     109, 

149. 

War  Committee,  British,  106. 
War    Contingent   Association, 

Canadian,    453. 
War     Contributions,     Provin- 
cial, 540,   564-5,   617,   681, 

717-8,    782-3. 
War,  Cost  of  the,  26-7. 
War   Council   of  France,    64. 
War    Jurisprudence,     Sir    F. 

Lemieux   on,    596. 
War      Purchasing      Commis- 
sion,   254,    272,    327,    376- 

9. 
War     Statistics,     21-2,     24-6, 

33. 
War-work   of  Manitoba,    680- 

5. 

Welland  Ship  Canal,  794. 
Wesley      College,      Winnipeg, 

688. 
Western   University,   London, 

550. 
Westminster  Hall,  Vancouver, 

787. 

Whilhelmina   Case,    236. 
Winnipeg  Telegram,  Changes 

in,    655. 
Winnipeg        Telegram        and 

Judge    Gait,    669-70. 
Winnipeg        Telegram        and 

Knott  Case,    688. 
Women      Suffrage,      Alberta, 

742. 
Woman    Suffrage    in    B.    C., 

769,  781. 
Woman  Suffrage  in  Manitoba, 

658. 

Women    in    England,     Cana- 
dian,   452-3. 
Women,      Manitoba     Pension 

for    Widowed,    659. 
Women    and    Munition-work, 

426-7. 

Woman   Suffrage,   427-8-9. 
Woman   Suffrage   in   Ontario, 

499. 
Women     vote     in     Australia, 

152. 

Women   and  the  War,   Cana- 
dian,   418-29. 
Women's      Canadian      Clubs, 

421,    423. 
Women's       Grain       Growers, 

419,    422. 


INDEX  OF  AFFAIRS 


929 


Women's  Grain  Growers' 
(Sask.)  Association,  701, 
723-4. 

"Women's  Institutes,  Ontario, 
419. 

Women's  Political  Equality 
League,  655-6. 

Woman's  Suffrage  in  Saskat- 
chewan, 701-2-3. 

Workmen's          Compensation 


Act,   B.   C.,   768. 
World-War,     Chronology     of, 

89-100. 
World-War,      Conditions     of, 

17-89. 
Workmen's          Compensation 

Board,   Ontario,   494. 

Y.   M.   C.    A.    and  the   War, 
546,    572, 


Yukon   and  Prohibition,   798. 
Ypres       Incident,       Hughes' 

Letter,  260-1. 
Ypres,  3rd  Battle  of,  94,  452, 

463-5. 


Zemstvo  Union  of  Russia,  67> 
Zeppelins,  45,  90-3,  96-7,  99, 
132-3. 


59 


0 


BINDING  SECT.  MAY  3 1 1960 


F 

5003 
C325 
v.16 


The  Canadian  annual  review  of 
public  affairs 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
CARDS  OR  SLIPS  FROM  THIS  POCKET 

UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO  LIBRARY